Mainstreaming Universal Accessibility in urban infrastructure projects in Yemen Practical Guidelines for Yemen A practical guide to improve accessibility in urban infrastructure projects in Yemen Lessons learned from YIUSEP-II © 2024 The World Bank Acknowledgement 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 This Practical Guidelines on Mainstreaming Universal Accessibility in Yemen was prepared Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org under the Programmatic Approach to Promoting Spatial, Economic, and Social Inclusion in Some rights reserved. Cities at the World Bank in collaboration with the Yemen Integrated Urban Services Emergency This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and Project (YIUSEP) and external contributors. The team consists of Narae Choi (Senior Urban conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Development Specialist), Hogeun Park (Urban Specialist), Elie Mahfouz (Consultant), Jonathan Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does Hasoloan (Urban Consultant), Wafa Al-Daily (EHAAR International), Abdulmalek Al-Jolahy not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colours, (DEEP), Marine Semichon (Humanity & Inclusion – Handicap International), and Bea Varnai denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any (Urbaconsulting). judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The work was one of the main activities under the initiative at the World Bank, Mainstreaming Universal Accessibility in the World Bank-financed urban operations. The initiative was financed Graphic Design: Alexis Despierres by the grant from the Quality Infrastructure Investment (QII) Partnership between the World Bank and the government of Japan. The initiative was composed of three interlinked activities. Cover photos: Left - Jack Malipan Travel Photography / Alamy Banque d’images - Anas Aldyab - Pexels • Activity 1: Raising awareness and building a shared understanding of UA • Activity 2: Developing strategies, guidelines, and tools for UA Rights and Permissions • Activity 3: Disseminating knowledge and lessons on UA mainstreaming widely The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages The team thanks the QII team for their generous support throughout the process of completing the dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, these grant activities. The team extends its special appreciation to the United Nations Office of for non-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Project Services (UNOPS), Yemeni Governments, Sana’a municipalities, and local counterparts Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. 2024. Guidelines for Yemen: for their support and active participation, who are the main actors in this valuable engagement Mainstreaming Universal Accessibility in Urban Infrastructure Projects in Yemen. in Yemen. © World Bank.” The team thank Angelica Nunez (Practice Manager for Urban, Resilience, Disaster Risk All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to Management, and Land) for her guidance and support. This guide also benefited from excellent World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC advice from peer reviewers: Alexandra Le Courtois (Senior Urban Development Specialist), 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Charlotte Vuyiswa McClain-Nhlapo (World Bank Disability Advisor), and Jane Jamieson (QII Program Manager). Finally, the team extends its appreciation to Victoria Stanley (Senior Land Administration Specialist), Yuko Arai (Senior Urban Specialist), and Zheng Judy Jia (Senior Urban Specialist), who have been passionate advocates for promoting inclusive development as part of the World Bank’s Inclusive Cities Community of Practice. 1 TABLE OF CONTENT 03 LOCALIZE / Disability and disablity inclusion in Yemen - P.19 01 Get started - P.5 03-1 Disability in Yemen 03-2 Legal framework for disability inclusion 03-3 Pathways for disability inclusion in the built environment P.20 P.22 P.24 03-3 YIUSEP-II, an opportunity for mainstreaming Universal Accessibility P.28 01-1 Purpose of this guide P.6 into urban rehabilitation 01-2 Why is this guide essential? P.7 02 UNDERSTAND / Definitions and concepts - P.9 04 OPERATIONALIZE / Practical guidance for mainstreaming Universal Accessibility in urban infrastructure projects - P.29 02-1 Disability and persons with disability P.10 02-2 Guiding concepts P.12 04-1 Reach P.32 04-2 Enter P.46 04-3 Circulate P.54 04-4 Use P.64 04-5 Cross-cutting issues P.71 05 Resources - P.75 05-1 Universal Accessibility Checklist P.76 05-2 Organizations of Persons with Disabilities P.77 05-3 References P.78 2 3 GLOSSARY ADA : Americans with Disabilities Act CRPD : Convention on the Rights of Persons with disabilities HI : Humanity Inclusion ICT : Information and communication technologies ID : Inclusive Design ILO : International Labor Organization YIUSEP : Yemen Integrated Urban Services Emergency Project OPDs : Organisation of Persons with disabilities Get started RECU : Reach, Enter, Circulate, Use UA : Universal Accessibility UD : Universal Design UNOPS : United Nations Office for Project Services WB : World Bank WBG : World Bank Group WHO : World Health Organization 4 5 01.1 01.2 Purpose of this guide Why is this guide essential? People who experience some form of cognitive, intellectual, psychosocial, Yemen has taken initial steps towards ensuring accessibility and the rights of sensorial and/or physical disabilities are particularly vulnerable to persons with disabilities by ratifying the Convention for the Rights of Persons with poverty and suffer disproportionately from social and economic stigma. Disabilities (CRPD) and the Welfare and Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons Act No. The intensification of inequalities affects persons with disabilities, their 61 of 1999 among others. Translating them into a reality where everyone, including caregivers, and communities. Conflicts, natural disasters and extreme persons with disabilities, can participate in daily activities and access places and climate events, aggravated by climate change, disproportionately put the services without facing barriers has been challenging. Additionally, armed conflict lives and livelihoods of persons with disabilities at risk and deteriorate their and war have undermined the implementation of regulations, strategic plans, and living conditions. commitments due to instability by limiting funding and institutional capacity to This guide aims to improve the way in which Universal Accessibility (UA) deliver services and programs. It has further exacerbated the existing inequalities is considered in the built environment in Yemen. Ensuring the accessibility and exclusion of persons with disabilities from the public realms, livelihood and of basic infrastructure and services is the primary step towards enabling opportunities, health and educational services, and humanitarian aid. persons with disabilities to fully participate in society and to access As the country faces a dire need to reconstruct and rehabilitate its physical economic, educational and vocational opportunities. environment and social fabric, there is a window of opportunity to Build Back Better, This guide provides practical instructions for applying UA principles at all including through the enhancement of accessibility considerations. Universal stages of a construction and infrastructure investment project, starting with accessibility can be achieved when designed and implemented in every place the planning and programming phase. and across the connections between places and services, including housing, Further, it offers several recommendations that can serve as a foundation workplaces, public facilities and public spaces (streets, parks, playgrounds), for developing comprehensive national accessibility guidelines in the transportation, leisure, and social amenities. future. Although the guide focuses on Yemen, it also contains relevant This guide is a contribution to mainstreaming Universal Accessibility in Yemen’s observations and guidance for countries displaying similar urban and socio- reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts and thereby ensuring that the rights of political contexts. persons with disabilities are upheld while creating an urban environment that is Following the introduction to the definitions and concepts of disability beneficial to the society as a whole. and accessibility in section 2 (Understand), the guide discusses Yemen’s disability inclusion and accessibility context in section 3 (Localize). Key takeaway in the framework of the mainstreaming Universal Accessibility in The main content of the guide can be found in section 4 (Operationalize), urban infrastructure projects in Yemen initiative: which presents practical recommendations on the design and • Promoting quick-win solutions with demonstration effects is effective for ensuring implementation of urban infrastructure. stakeholder buy-in and ownership, such as cost-efficient UA enhancements in the This practical guide is targeted at those involved in the construction, building design and surrounding areas. rehabilitation, and social inclusion sectors in Yemen, mainly: • Timing is key: introduce the Universal Accessibility approach as early as possible in • Contracting authorities (ministries, local authorities, landlords, private the project cycle. owners, etc.) • Designers, civil engineers, architects and other relevant professionals are interested • Policymakers of all levels in and engaged in Universal Accessibility. • Project managers in the fields of urban infrastructure and service • Enhance cross-sector dialogue and provide a space for persons with disabilities provision and their organizations to participate in all stages of the project, to ensure that • Urban planners, architects, and design officesOrganizations of Persons Universal Accessibility and inclusion are mainstreamed into the formulation of with Disabilities (OPDs) regulatory and legal frameworks, policy and project documents. • Staff of international organizations and financial institutions 1 World Bank (2018). Building Back Better – Achieving resilience through stronger, faster, and more inclusive post-disaster reconstruction. 6 7 UNDERSTAND Definitions and concepts "Yemen faces great challenges in the field of disability, Inclusion Humanity and these challenges are more complex in light of the difficult circumstances that the country is going through. The ongoing conflicts pose a greater challenges for vulnerable groups, and persons with disabilities in particular." Male interviewee, municipal employee 8 9 02.1 Disability and persons with disability “Persons with disabilities include those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual, We can all benefit or sensory impairments, which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others” (CRPD, Article 1). from accessibility! 16 percent of the world’s population lives with a disability2 and 80 percent of disabilities are invisible as they are in the form of chronic disease, chronic fatigue, mental and cognitive disabilities (DYS)3 and neurodiversity. Over the course of People carrying life, many individuals may also experience heavy loads Children disabling barriers for their daily activities due to temporary injuries, aging and pregnancy. Moreover, the risk is particularly higher for those living in fragile and conflict- prone situations and affected by natural disasters. DEEP Pregnant women People with a temporary injury IMPAIRMENT IMPAIRMENT + + BARRIER ACCESSIBLE = ENVIRONMENT DISABILITY = INCLUSION Persons Figure 2: Persons with Disabilities Older People with disabilities Anas Aldyab - Pexels Figure 1: To achieve inclusion, an accessible - Who is concerned by accessibility? environment must be provided and barriers lifted. 2 Word Health Organization (WHO) Disability – March 2023 3 Dyslexia: Difficulty with reading and spelling. Dysgraphia: Difficulty with handwriting and some fine motor skills. 10 Dyscalculia: Difficulty with arithmetic and mathematics. Dyspraxia: Difficulty with gross and fine motor coordination. 11 ABOUT TO CRASH? CAN YOU READ THIS? NOT STRONG ENOUGH? WHAT NOW? WHICH FLOOR? CAN YOU REACH THAT? LEFT-HANDED? 1 7 2 8 3 9 4 10 13 5 11 14 6 12 15 A C E B D F Tolerance for error Perceptible information Low physical strengh Equitable use Simple and intuitive Size and space Flexibility in use Figure 3: The 7 principles of Universal Design 02.2 Accessibility Journey and Reach – Enter – Circulate – Use (RECU) approach Guiding concepts The accessibility journey of reaching, entering, circulating and using places and services must be continuous and uninterrupted. If one element of the link is missing, all the efforts made to provide access to the other elements can render the journey incomplete and Accessibility and inclusion of therefore inaccessible. Figure 4 illustrates this concept. Application of an accessibility chain persons with disabilities can take place at different scales: at the city scale, in a neighborhood, and within each facility and building. Accessibility is one of the preconditions for Universal Accessibility goes further than the inclusion of persons with disabilities. accessibility by aiming to create fully When working with each node (for example, a facility or building) in the accessibility chain, Accessibility is about removing the barriers inclusive solutions and places designed to the RECU approach (Reach, Enter, Circulate, Use) provides a useful guidance for assessing that hinder persons with disabilities from reach people as with a diversity of needs. accessibility to guarantee the principle of a continuous accessibility across four stages: accessing places, services, opportunities, The goal is to accommodate people’s • Reach: Being able to access the service or space one needs to use. and information. Ensuring accessibility different needs in the way that the resulting • Enter: Being able to enter premises and buildings. enables persons with disabilities to live product, service, or environment can be • Circulate: Being able to move inside and outside premises and buildings. independently and participate fully in all used by everyone regardless of age, size, • Use: Being able to use all the services offered in the premises or building. aspects of life on an equal basis with others. ability, or disability. Universal Accessibility SHOPPING Accessibility covers not only the built goes beyond addressing physical barriers environment and means of transportation and represents an effort toward eliminating The accessibility journey but also information and communication stigma and broader social perception, SPORT SCHOOL and new technologies (ICT) in both rural acceptance, and accommodation of diverse ADMINISTRATION and urban areas4. human physical and mental limitations.5 WORK Universal Design, Design-for-all, or Inclusive HOME FRIENDS Design can be used interchangeably with DOCTOR Universal Accessibility. Figure 4: The Accessibility journey (Source: Humanity Inclusion, 2023) 4 Article 9 of the CRPD - Accessibility 12 5 Universal Design, A methodological approach, Froyen, H., 2012 13 Universal Accessibility principles Applying Universal Accessibility (Universal Design) in the design of a building or facility requires technical specifications and standards, which may vary across different contexts. In many situations in developing countries, applying state-of- the-art standards can be difficult. Yet, the following principles provide a useful guide for practitioners to understand universally accessible outcomes that they want to achieve through urban planning and infrastructure design. Principle N°1: Tolerance for Error - The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions. Principle N°2: Perceptible information - The design communicates necessary information Figure 5: A sports event (Albaralympy) for persons with disabilities organized by the Ministry of effectively to the user, regardless of ambient Principle N°6: Youth and Sport and the Minster of State, Aden governorate, the National Network for Advocating conditions or the user’s sensory abilities. Size and space for approach and use - the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the International Mission for the International Red Cross in December 11-14, 2023, Aden. Appropriate size and space is provided for Principle N°3: approach, reach, manipulation, and use Low physical effort - The design can be regardless of user’s body size, posture, or used efficiently and comfortably and with a mobility. Involving persons with disabilities: minimum of fatigue. a key principle of inclusion Principle N°7: The CRPD emphasizes the right of persons with disabilities to participate in decision- Principle N°4: Flexibility in use - The design making processes that affect them, including humanitarian and developmental decisions, Equitable use - The design is useful and accommodates a wide range of individual as well as decisions in relation to peacebuilding, reconciliation, and reconstruction marketable to people with diverse abilities. preferences and abilities. efforts. Their participation is important not only because of their rights but also because they can contribute to the process and outcome with their critical knowledge and skills. Principle N°5: Still, prescriptive standards can help realize Involving users with disabilities and Organizations of Persons with Disabilities (OPDs) Simple and intuitive use - Use of the design these outcomes and should be applied within infrastructure and construction projects is essential for ensuring that solutions or is easy to understand, regardless of the whenever possible. This guide will provide improvements meet the needs of the end users, including men and women with disabilities, user’s experience, knowledge, language practical guidance on some of the common who provide complementary perspectives to planning – therefore, a key principle of skills, or current concentration level. design features in the urban context. mainstreaming Universal Accessibility. 14 15 LIVED EXPERIENCE Sidewalks, streets, Restrooms and sanitation facilities in the public space public buildings and within buildings are and spaces, and often inaccessible to persons transportation systems with disabilities and lack appropriate signage, audio and public spaces that features for persons with are not designed with hearing impairments, sufficient accessibility in mind space and safety features to accommodate the needs of hinder the free persons with disabilities. "Before 2010, movement of persons there were efforts to prepare streets for easy with disabilities, Government buildings, offices, and other public facilities and safe transportation hamper their access to frequently lack the necessary for people with disabilities, educational and health adaptations to ensure universal including safe DEEP facilities, workplaces accessibility, including signage, sidewalks and ramps, braille, wheelchair accessible but all efforts were hampered and leisure. entrances and spaces within because of the instability in buildings, curb ramps, the country." automated doors, easy-to- read signs, even flooring, appropriate lighting, etc. Most sidewalks lack ramps or curb cuts and appropriate Female interviewee, person with disability signage making it difficult for individuals with mobility, visual and mental impairments to navigate urban areas independently. 16 17 LOCALIZE Disability and disability inclusion in Yemen "The economic situation in Yemen is currently DEEP very difficult, especially for all individuals with disabilities and those who lost their jobs due to the armed conflict and war." Female interviewee, person with disability 18 19 The ongoing armed conflict and war in Some of these constraints include barriers 03.1 Yemen have caused significant damage to accessing services such as humanitarian Disability in Yemen to the existing infrastructure and the built environment, while undermining, assistance, healthcare, education, and employment opportunities, and limited institutional and economic structures. opportunities for meaningful participation In Yemen, approximately 5 million people out of the total population of 34.5 million in 2023 Bombings and shelling have destroyed and representation in humanitarian program are estimated to have at least one form of disability. There is a high estimated prevalence of roads, buildings, and public space, development processes and governance, as children with disabilities, representing around 21 per cent of children between 5 and 17 6. making them even less accessible well as peacebuilding, reconstruction, and for everyone, including persons with conflict prevention efforts. 34.45 disabilities. Persons with disabilities have Total population (2023): been disproportionately affected by the armed conflict and war. Additionally, many MILLION individuals acquired disabilities because of the conflict. The majority of people who have with a median age of 19 and a life expectancy acquired disability during the armed On top of the prevailing challenges of of 67.8 years at birth 7. conflict did so because of injuries the armed conflict and war, persons with 17 million from airstrikes, landmines and other 70% disabilities in Yemen face additional hurdles explosive remnants. that strongly undermine their safety, dignity, and ability to participate fully in society. Person with disability, activist of persons with PEOPLE ARE FOOD INSECURE 9 disabilities are male. Yemen remains one of the most contaminated countries globally by landmines and explosive remnants of war 10 3.3% 0.2% 1.65 YEMENI YEMENI 3.5 million MEN WOMEN pregnant or In 2023 breastfeeding left with disability women and children under 5 MILLION older people required suffer from acute humanitarian assistance12 due to conflict, malnutrition, terrorism and which may Gender inequality armed conflict 8 cause physical and mental Yemen ranked URBAN GROWTH RATE 155 out of 156 development 3.9 % delays11 countries13 7 CIA World Factbook 8 UN Yemen per YEAR 9 World Food Programme: https://www.wfp.org/emergencies/yemen-emergency 10 OCHA (2024). Humanitarian Needs Overview, page 17. (an expected 11 OCHA (2024). Humanitarian Needs Overview, page 22. 16 million urban 12 OCHA (2024). Humanitarian Needs Overview, page 17. dwellers in 2030) 13 World Economic Forum, 2021 Humanity Inclusion 6 OCHA (2024). Humanitarian needs overview, page 24, and Unicef (2023) Yemen MICS 2022-2023 survey, page 242 20 21 PRINCIPLES OBJECTIVES ACTIONS UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Article 9 Accessibility Sustainable (CRPD) adopted in 2006 Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. Adopted in 2015 New Urban Agenda (NUA). Signature in 2007 Adopted in 2016 + ratification in 2009 by Yemen 03.2 Yemen has also signed treaties such as the Optional Protocol on the Rights of Persons Legal framework for with Disabilities (2006) (CRPD-OP) (ratified on 26/03/2009) and the Vocational disability inclusion Rehabilitation and Employment (for Disabled Persons) Convention (ILO Convention 159) (ratified on 18/11/1991). Unfortunately, efforts to craft and implement national regulations and action plans to promote the rights of persons with disabilities, in collaboration with international and Yemen has taken important steps to promote a legal national stakeholders, have largely come to a halt since the outbreak of armed conflict framework for disability inclusion. As early as 2002, the and war14. This includes regulatory and technical initiatives to integrate Universal Handicap Care and Rehabilitation Fund was established Accessibility standards into the design of government and public facilities and in the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs to support infrastructure. Additionally, law enforcement is weak, especially during the ongoing individuals with disabilities in Yemen. conflict, and there is little attention paid to the rights and specific needs of persons with Yemen is a signatory of the Convention on the Rights disabilities in conflict situations. of Persons with Disabilities on March 30, 2007, and proceeded to ratify it on March 26, 2009. 14 Humanity & Inclusion, Unshielded, Unseen: The Implementation of UNSC Resolution 2475 on the Protection of Persons 22 with Disabilities in Armed Conflict in Yemen, 2022. 23 03.3 Pathways for disability inclusion in the built environment Gaps: what is holding back? Priority setting and awareness raising Challenges for increasing Universal to elevate Universal Accessibility Accessibility in urban infrastructure projects as one of the guiding principles in are of technical, legal, social and financial urban development and infrastructure nature. projects, applied in policymaking processes, regulatory frameworks, and REGULATION project implementations. A considerable AND ENFORCEMENT: proportion of society has suffered There is a lack of inclusive planning and from injuries and disabilities because design policies, adequate regulatory and of the ongoing conflict and will benefit practical frameworks for enforcing existing from enhanced Universal Accessibility. legislation. The Yemeni Building Regulations Further, as the Yemeni population ages, are about 20 years old and require updates accessible infrastructure becomes to integrate Universal Accessibility. necessary to accommodate the elderly. AWARENESS, PRIORITY SETTING AND PARTICIPATION OF PERSONS WITH TECHNICAL AND PRACTICAL DISABILITIES: KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND Micah Albert (istock) The disability inclusion agenda in Yemen INFORMATION: could benefit from increased awareness, Actors in the construction industry such stronger political support, and more as developers, local authorities, designers, GENDER-BASED EXCLUSION: Peacebuilding processes can be made participation of persons with disabilities urban planners, architects, public officials Women tend to be disproportionately more inclusive and promote gender in policy- and decision-making. While and contractors have limited access to excluded from various aspects of public equality and integration of persons with the existing cultural and social norms are tools and knowledge about Accessibility and social life and suffer from spatial disabilities. The active engagement of fundamental impediments, the lack of action standards and limited experience with segregation. Unequal access amongst men persons with disabilities has both an is largely attributed to conflicting priorities enhancing the participation of persons and women to urban space and services instrumental value and a broader societal and the devastating effects of armed with disabilities in policymaking, regulatory is a major impediment towards achieving value. Gender15 and disability inclusion conflict on society, political systems and reforms, and design and planning Universal Accessibility. are interrelated: women and girls with infrastructure. processes disabilities tend to experience higher rates of gender-based violence, sexual abuse, Building institutional and technical neglect, maltreatment, and exploitation capacities to integrate Universal than women and girls without disabilities16. Accessibility standards at all stages of Correspondingly, efforts to enhance project implementation is crucial. This gender equality in the country will also must happen at various levels: professional benefit persons with disabilities. training, curricula integrating UA, capacity- building programs that incorporate UA. 24 25 DEEP examples of positive externalities and longer- durable and require fewer repairs compared to term benefits are outlined below. steps or uneven surfaces. RESOURCES: Accessible design benefits the whole society Over time and as capacities are built up, Lack of material and human resources and financial support in the current context are also to the whole society (such as parents with implementing Universal Accessibility will identified as barriers to enhancing Universal Accessibility in urban infrastructure projects in young children, persons carrying heavy weight become less time-consuming for all parties Yemen, especially in the short term, when immediate gains and benefits are predominant. such as street vendors, elderly people), not involved. Inclusive infrastructure fosters just persons with temporary or permanent overall social inclusion by allowing persons disabilities. with disabilities to participate more fully in Reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts Long-term vision for cost-benefit analysis. Retrofitting the existing infrastructure in the the community and economic life. This can of urban spaces and facilities, such as the The common perception among stakeholders future is more expensive than incorporating lead to reduced social support costs and rehabilitation of health, sports, educational is that integrating Universal Accessibility into Universal Accessibility features from the outset. improve overall community well-being, and and vocational facilities as well as urban urban infrastructure costs much more than While introducing universally accessible hence translate into broader societal benefits. infrastructure (roads, sidewalks, parks, ...) implementing “business-as-usual” projects. design may increase the initial costs, in terms Similarly, accessible infrastructure promotes offer opportunities to introduce Universal However, this perception overlooks the long- of human and financial resources (refer to physical activity and independence leading Accessibility (win-win projects). Building term benefits of socioeconomic impacts, such 5.1), it may result in long-term savings thanks to improved health outcomes and reduced back better by embedding resilience and as increased employment opportunities and to limited maintenance and repair costs. For healthcare costs in the long run. accessibility from the outset of the planning reduced need for individual support. They example, ramps and curb cuts are generally and design process can avoid future are indeed hard to quantify, but studies and 15 OHCRH (2023): A/78/174: Peacebuilding and the inclusion of persons with disabilities adjustments and retrofits, which will be more empirical data show that Universal Accessibility Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of persons with disabilities costly in the long run. can be cost-effective in the long run. Some 16 In his 2006 In-Depth Study on All Forms of Violence against Women, the Secretary-General observed that surveys conducted in Europe, North America and Australia have shown that over half of women with disabilities have experienced physical abuse, compared to one third of non-disabled women. A/61/122/Add.1, para. 152, citing to Human Rights Watch, “Women and girls with disabilities”, available 26 at: http://hrw.org/women/ disabled.html. 27 03.4 YIUSEP-II: an opportunity for mainstreaming Universal Accessibility into urban rehabilitation YIUSEP projects have running since 2016 under YIUSEP-II. Local implementation and OPERATIONALIZE under the wider umbrella reengagement project execution agencies vary according efforts of the World Bank in Yemen, with its financing totaling US$2.4 billion. to the sector of the subproject: Public Works for municipal service Practical guidance for mainstreaming Universal The World Bank’s efforts in Yemen center subprojects, Urban Water Project around promoting food security, resilience, Management Unit for water and sanitation livelihood opportunities, basic service projects, the Road Maintenance Fund for delivery, and human capital development, and preserving Yemeni institutions. urban roads. Accessibility in urban Furthermore, the YIUSEP Phase II YIUSEP-II projects also involve a wide (YIUSEP-II) is aligned with the strategic goals to end extreme poverty, mitigate range of stakeholders from local water and sanitation corporations, local infrastructure projects climate change, and boost shared service subscribers, communities and prosperity in a sustainable manner. residents, business entities and individual entrepreneurs, non-governmental As of March 2024, 430 subprojects are organizations and civil society organizations, to be financed under YIUSEP-II (2021- as well as international and humanitarian 2026) with approximately 141 subprojects organization, the United Nations, the completed and 161 projects are under government and public institutions at all implementation. The types of subprojects levels (ministries and their agencies, local that are of particular interest for enhanced authorities and municipal councils). Universal Accessibility include: the rehabilitation of roads and roundabouts, With infrastructure rehabilitation and intersections and sidewalks and the construction projects across 16 cities, there rehabilitation and restoration of parks and is an opportunity for introducing relatively public facilities. The initial assessment cost-effective and impactful Universal of several subprojects shows minimum Accessibility enhancements and to generate consideration of UA principles. lessons learned for upcoming phases or similar projects. YIUSEP-II also provides The United Nations Office for Project the right environment for mainstreaming Services (UNOPS) is the implementing and scaling up Universal Accessibility going agency for YIUSEP-II and is responsible for forward, given the number of subprojects the design specifications of subprojects that but also in terms of the broad range of are financed, procured, and implemented stakeholders engaged. 28 29 Within the portfolio of subprojects in • Implementing UA principles in urban The practical guidance outlined in this section This includes features such as accessible the Yemen Integrated Urban Services planning within Yemen, showcasing this builds on the iterative co-design process toilets, ramps, parking, signages, and Emergency Project phase 2 (YIUSEP-II), approach as a successful model for post- conducted with UNOPS, urban planning tactile, promoting inclusivity for all. the Al-Wahdah youth club sports facility conflict and post-war reconstruction professionals and persons with disabilities. • Iterative design for excellence: Through in Sana’a was earmarked to exemplify zones. collaborative reviews and refinements, the the integration of Universal Accessibility • Developing solutions informed by Stages of the co-design process: final design achieved a seamless blend of (UA) principles in urban infrastructure stakeholder and user feedback, most • Project Initiation: The owner of the Al- the sports club’s core requirements with projects through a co-design process. importantly, including feedback from Wahdah sports club proposed the project inclusive Accessibility standards. The objectives of the co-design persons with disabilities, while aligning idea and engaged a consultant to develop • Strengthening ownership: Intensive process are: them with global standards. the initial design. iterations enhanced the sense of • Ensuring the active inclusion and • UNOPS collaboration and user-centered ownership of the participating stakeholders • Creating a prototype urban development participation of persons with disabilities in refinement: UNOPS joined the project, towards this agenda. The process also project that embodies Universal urban environments. leading to design revisions with an served as a platform that connects Accessibility (UA) principles, serving • Enhancing the skills and expertise of local emphasis on accessibility and the needs of concerned communities (i.e., OPDs) with as a replicable model for Yemen and in authorities, implementing agencies, and the user community. the authorities, which could form a UA similar settings. professionals in Universal Accessibility • Site assessment: The UNOPS project network for future implementation. and inclusive urban planning. engineer and the technical assistance • Model project for future facilities: The specialized in accessibility specialists project outcome sets a benchmark for UA conducted site visits to gain a thorough integration in sports facilities within Yemen 1: Football playground - 2: Al-Wahdah Football academy understanding of of the existing and beyond. It demonstrates the power of 3: Basketball field (location of the YIUSEP II project site) environment and to inform design co-design in creating spaces that empower 4. Stadium under construction - 5. Administrative building + Café decisions. and serve all users. 6. Horse Arena - 7: Stable - 8: Electrical Generator Hangar - 9: Parking area • Iterative design consultations: Multiple in-person and virtual meetings were held The following guidelines and design with stakeholders (project team, World reviews propose a range of UA Bank team, including UA experts, the user enhancements that are organized as community and persons with disabilities) follows: to improve the design and ensure it • Key elements to be considered to ensure incorporates cost-efficient accessibility that persons with disabilities can Reach, features. Enter, Circulate and Use (RECU approach, • Final design approval: Following the refer to 2.2.2.) the facility. collaborative process and integration of • Good design practices and references to stakeholder input, the final design was international standards. approved and is ready for implementation. • Illustrations of the UA enhancement before and after the mainstreaming Universal Co-design outcomes for enhanced Accessibility initiative. inclusivity and impact: • Promoting accessibility: The co-design Although not exhaustive or in-depth in its process led to a deeper understanding scope, this guide aims to provide practical of the needs of persons with disabilities, guidance that can help think through resulting in comprehensive integration accessibility issues in designing a public of Universal Accessibility (UA) elements. facility with concrete examples applicable to Figure 6: View of the Al-Wahdah youth sports club in Yemen (Al-Wadah sports club design, UNOPS) similar projects. 30 31 04.1 Reach 4.1.1 Surroundings and mobility How far is the facility from public transport or other means of transportation? How can users get to the facility? Consequently, people with disabilities may Does clear and logical signage rely on less convenient and potentially more indicate routes to the facility expensive transportation options, such from the public road / public as private cars or taxis. In some cases, footpaths? individuals may have to resort to walking or using wheelchairs, even over long distances. The sports facility is situated in a vibrant area that hosts commercial and sports Addressing the Gap: activities. It is conveniently located at the To improve accessibility, Yemen’s intersection of the German Embassy Street transportation system requires significant and Beirut Street. Due to its proximity to key reform. Potential solutions include regulatory landmarks, the area attracts a significant reform to ensure accessibility features number of visitors. become a requirement and the provision of incentives for transportation providers However, reaching the sports facility may be to encourage the incremental adoption of challenging for some. Public transportation accessibility modifications. As persons with in Yemen typically does not accommodate disabilities, elderly people and other people the needs of persons with disabilities. who require assistance to move around Buses and other modes of transportation the city become paying customers, there often lack ramps or lifts for wheelchair is an increased incentive for transportation users, accessible seating, adequate providers to cater for the needs of these signage for persons with visual and people. hearing impairments (such as high-contrast Americans with Disabilities Act, braille), and To ensure that the user community and provide few designated spaces for persons the personnel of the sports facility can with disabilities during transit. In the easily access the Al-Wahdah sports club, absence of relevant regulations, appropriate it is essential to design appropriate and monitoring mechanisms and awareness conveniently close areas for vehicles to drop Figure 7: View of the campaigns, transportation owners lack off passengers (refer to 4.1.2. Parking Lots parking and drop-off incentives to invest in accessibility features. and 4.1.3. Drop-off area) area of the project site. 32 33 DEEP I have learned about solutions to integrate Universal Accessibility standards in the built environment and urban designs under public and private projects. During the engagement process, we have come up with a Figure 8: UA enhancements in the exterior design of the Al-Wahdah sports clear-cut and practical vision on localizing Universal Accessibility that can club (Al-Wahdah sports club design documents, UNOPS) contribute to promoting the inclusion of persons with disabilities within the current environment in Yemen. Co-design participant 34 35 4.1.2 Parking Lots If persons with disabilities reach the facility by car, are they able to park close to the entrance and accessible path? Are they able to navigate through space safely and comfortably? Are the dedicated bays logically grouped together and clearly signposted from the site entrance? It is crucial to provide accessible parking spaces designated for facility users and employees or service personnel with disabilities (see figure 10). Persons using wheelchairs or other mobility aids require more room than is typically provided in standard parking spaces to ensure safe usage. DEEP Figure 9: Photograph showcasing the parking area within the project site. Figure 11: The parking area (9) is clearly designated in the final design (Al-Wahdah sports club design documents, UNOPS) UA gap: Recommendations: The project site currently lacks essential Accessible parking areas are clearly accessibility features, such as designated designated and located in close proximity parking spaces, ramps, and paved to the entrance (see figure 12). Parking lots sidewalks, which would significantly improve must have a level access aisle, allowing ease of movement and access to the sports enough room for car doors and van lifts to facility see photo on the left-hand side open and for individuals to maneuver easily. (see figure 9). To optimize space, it is possible for two accessible parking spaces to share a single access aisle (refer to figure 12 and 13). Figure 10: Designated parking areas for persons with disabilities are located within the site (Al-Wahdah sports club design documents, UNOPS) 36 37 Figure 12: Drawing illustrating the main features of accessible parking spaces (Lacey, A. (2004). Designing an essential guide for public buildings for Accessibility. Centre for Accessible Environments and RIBA Enterprises. London, UK.) An accessible parking lot has the following features (refer to figure 12): • A wheelchair user can leave the space once the vehicle is parked. • Located close to an accessible entrance, compliance with international standards and the path from the parking space is regarding size, number, and proximity to accessible and therefore barrier-free. entrances. • Identified by floor markings (contrasting • Design for comfortable movement: color and international «handicap» Allocated ample space throughout the pictogram) and vertical signs. site to facilitate safe and easy movement • For a standard wheelchair size, as per for persons with disabilities, particularly UK standards, at least 3.60 m wide those using wheelchairs. (including a 1.20 m access/transfer area • Install clear signage: Utilized clear that can be shared between 2 vehicles) vertical signage to aid navigation and 6.00 m long (including a 1.20 m for persons with various disabilities, Figure 13: Detailed view of the improved design of parking lots with access/transfer area at the rear of the indicating accessible routes, facilities, enhanced UA features (Al-Wahdah sports club design documents, UNOPS) vehicle), so that a person in a wheelchair and key destinations. can enter or leave the vehicle without • Include ramps: Added ramps in difficulty. accordance with international standards at all transitions between levels, making UA enhancement. the walkways easily accessible for The updated designs incorporate the persons with disabilities. following elements (refer to figure 13): • Utilize tactile guidance: Install tactile • Prioritize accessible parking: Added paving to provide safe directional designated parking spaces for both guidance for persons with visual personal vehicles and minibuses impairments or for added safety in key for persons with disabilities. Ensure areas. 38 39 4.1.3 4.1.4 Drop-Off area Pathways Is there a safe drop-off and Is the pathway flat? Are there collection point for people curb cuts on both sides of using taxis or other means of the road? Are there obstacles transportation with clear, overhead? How would you For instance, a wheelchair user will face barrier-free access to the Recommendations: travel if you were a wheelchair difficulties moving conveniently and building? Are barriers, such as Drop-off areas should be as close as user or had a walking frame? encounter barriers along their way, such as fences, located on the way to possible to an accessible path and If you could not see, are there urban furniture, trees, narrow paths, or have the parking or drop-off areas? entrance for individuals who may have unmarked obstacles on the path? difficulties maneuvering even though the difficulty walking distances. They can be path may be wide enough for a person to UA gap: temporary (portable curb ramps, rubber UA gap: drive in a straight line. The parking area does not provide mats and traffic cones to delimitate The pathways inside the Al-Wahdah Part of the ground surface is poorly adapted designated drop off/loading areas. Visitors the area). When there is no accessible sports facility site are not always barrier- to persons moving around with a wheelchair and service personnel may have to find parking, a parking spot can be used free and convenient to travel for persons or a walking cane. their way through moving and parked temporarily as an accessible aisle. The with disabilities (refer to figures 15-17). vehicles and are potentially exposed to area should be identified with appropriate hazards. They may require assistance. signage and secured and comply with all recommendations under Pathways. UA enhancement: The updated technical designs create designated drop-off/loading areas located as close as possible to accessible entrances. They prescribe clear signage (International Symbol of Access) and ensure that there is an accessible walkway leading into the facility. DEEP DEEP DEEP DEEP DEEP Figure 14: Photograph showcasing the drop-off and parking area within Figure 15: Photographs taken within the Al-Wahdah sports facility and in surrounding areas illustrating.. the Al-Wahdah sports club project site. common barriers for circulation within the site. 40 41 DEEP Figure 17: Illustration of common barriers such as roadblocks and fences that can be encountered within the Al-Wahdah sports facility and may be difficult to circumvent for some users and visitors (DEEP, 2023) Recommendations: • Holes, grates, and grilles (e.g. tree The aim is to create uninterrupted and grilles), particularly if unmarked, can comfortable paths leading to or crossing be hazardous. The width (or diameter) an area. This includes paths from and should not exceed 2 cm. to surrounding roads, nearby bus stops, • Trees and plants should be planted designated accessible parking spaces, so that their roots or branches do not sidewalks within the facility and between encroach on the footpath. If planted areas drop-off points and the main entrance. To are adjacent to a footpath, care must be do so: taken to ensure that there is no difference • The path should not incorporate any in level that could constitute a tripping steps, humps, stairways, revolving hazard. The edges of planting beds doors, steps, or other obstacles. The located immediately adjacent to pedestrian width of the sidewalk must be sufficient walks should be clearly defined. and free of obstacles to allow safe • Street furniture, in particular bollards pedestrian movement. and posts, even when cantilevered, must • Adequate lighting for night-time use be easily detectable by blind or partially should be provided (refer to section sighted people (i.e. contrast visually with 4.3.6. Lighting). the surrounding landscape, be detectable • Ground surfaces should be stable, with a walking stick, etc.). Benches are to DEEP firm, slip-resistant even when wet, and be installed in the immediate vicinity of produce no glare. Joints between pavers paths, without encroaching on the path. Figure 16: Pathway within the Al-Wahdah sports facility (DEEP) with squared edges at the walking • Where sidewalks and pedestrian zones surface should be no greater than 6 mm. include curb cuts, these should have Cobblestones, pea-gravel walkways, chamfered edges. or pea-gravel finished concrete can be • Materials of contrasting color and texture challenging to persons with disabilities should be used to define the edges of and elderly or injured people without sidewalks, pavements, paths, and routes. sure-footing. Ground surfaces should • When a slope is necessary to overcome a avoid overcomplex patterns. difference in level, it must be less than 5%. 42 43 UA enhancement: • Clear Contrast: Used color and texture 4.1.5 accessibility. Accessible signage is installed The updated design incorporates the variations on pathway edges to aid Wayfinding and signage at site entrances, near public parking spaces, following enhancements (refer to figure 18). navigation, especially for visually Does the person who arrives at and at every point along the accessible route • Clear pathways: Removed barriers impaired users. the premises know how to find where users are given a choice of itinerary. such as unnecessary furniture. • Guidance & Seating: Installed tactile their way to a particular area or This signage is then applied to the entire route • Curb cuts: Added curb cuts with smooth guidance paving where appropriate. facility, even if they have a taken by visitors and staff, both inside and transitions and consistent design for Provide benches at regular intervals for visual, cognitive or hearing outside buildings, to facilitate orientation and easy wheelchair and walking aid use. resting without obstructing the path. impairment? identification. • Replace uneven surfaces with stable, Does clear and logical signage indicate slip-resistant materials. routes to and from: car parking areas, Useful guidance on accessible signage is accessible car parking areas, drop-off provided in Chapter 7: Signs of the ADA point, principal entrance to the facility? Accessibility Standards. Wayfinding and signage should be relevant UA enhancement: to solving the user’s experience of a place, • Specifications for improved signage should whatever the user’s ability, following the RECU be included in the procurement document concept and continuous chain of services for the contractors. and movement. “Sign readers may indeed • To enhance the arrival experience, utilize be anxious, confused, lost or nervous and a distinctive visual landmarks for immediate proportion will have a visual impairment that orientation, install tactile maps with makes location and understanding of a sign braille at major entrances for detailed more difficult than usual”. For these reasons, information, and provide interactive kiosks a successful sign system should be “clear, with audio and high-contrast visuals for concise and consistent”.10 comprehensive route planning. Information should be provided to the user to • Employ a consistent signage system assist with wayfinding at different moments: (uniform fonts, colors, and placement), Information ‘on arrival’, Orientation – ‘you are prioritize legibility with high-contrast design here’, Directional – ‘on route’, Identification and non-glare materials, and provide – ‘to identify location of facilities’. This also information in multiple formats (visual, comprises Safety signs. tactile, auditory) to ensure clear and accessible directional guidance. UA gap: • Ensure clear identification of destinations There is no signage to guide visitors to their and essential amenities by using prominent destination. s ignage that incorporates braille and tactile symbols alongside standard text for Recommendations: maximum accessibility. Smooth legibility of the entire pathway ensures • Prioritize safety and accessibility by utilizing intuitive spatial orientation. This relies on universally recognizable emergency the clarity of the layout (unobstructed views, signage that incorporates bold symbols, aligned street furniture, and signage etc.) and contrasting colors, and auditory cues for effective use of signage, which should be used immediate recognition and guidance (also Figure 18: The design showcases enhanced accessibility features in the Al-Wahdah sports facility sparingly but remains a crucial element for refer to 4.2.4 Emergency evacuations). (Al-Wahdah sports club design documents, UNOPS) 44 10 Peter Barker, and June Fraser (2024). Sign Design Guide – A guide to inclusive signage, 45 04.2 Enter We hope that in the future the Al-Wahdah sports club design will be a good example which can be disseminated widely and help raise awareness at different levels on Universal Accessibility and disability inclusion. United Nations Office for Project Figure 19: UA enhancements in the exterior design of the Al-Wahdah sports club (Al-Wahdah sports club design documents, UNOPS) Services (UNOPS) 46 47 4.2.1 Entrance If there are stairs to enter the building from the street, is there an alternative access via a lift or ramp which is close by? Is the route to the entrance clear of doors and windows that open out causing hazards? Are the entrances and the routes to them clearly signed? Figure 22: The design showcases enhanced Is the entrance wide enough to accessibility features at the Al-Wahdah sports facility entrance (Al-Wahdah sports accommodate all anticipated club design documents, UNOPS) user groups, and is it appropriate for the facility type? DEEP Figure 20 (left) Figure 21 (above): Common barriers encountered in the built environment across Sana’a (DEEP, 2023) Entrance doors must be one meter wide, easy to open, not too heavy, and equipped with a handle that can be easily grasped DEEP and opened with limited dexterity (with a closed fist). UA gap: The path leading to the main entrance Figure 23: The design showcases enhanced Accessing buildings is challenging without should be easily recognizable, stand accessibility features, such as ramps, at the Al-Wahdah sports facility main entrance proper ramps and gates that are too narrow. out visually and offer a stark contrast (Al-Wahdah sports club design documents, These are a few examples from the location to its immediate surroundings for easy UNOPS) of the sports facility. identification. The main entrance should provide weather protection, such as a Recommendations: canopy or a recessed entrance, especially The main access level to the building for if there are no automatic doors. Adequate users, service personnel and visitors is lighting should be installed near the accessible in continuity with the accessible main entrance for better visibility and exterior walkway. convenience. The area in front of the entrance doors Figure 24: The design showcases enhanced should be flat and even. Ideally, the UA enhancement: accessibility features at the Al-Wahdah threshold at the entrance should be on the To overcome accessibility challenges, the sports facility entrance (Al-Wahdah sports same level. Where this cannot be avoided, a updated designs account for ramps, slopes, club design documents, UNOPS) chamfered step is tolerated, with a height of handrails and dimensions compliant with 2 cm or less. accessibility standards (refer to figure 22-24). 48 49 4.2.2 Ramps If there are stairs to enter the building from the street, is there an alternative access via a lift or ramp which is appropriately nearby? Is the ramp easily distinguished from the footpath? Is there a stepped alternative (stairs)? Figure 26: The design showcases enhanced accessibility features (ramps) at the Al-Wahdah UA gap: sports facility side gate (Al-Wahdah sports club design documents, UNOPS) Building entrances and gates were designed in the original design without ramps, hindering accessibility for all users. Recommendations: If not carefully designed, ramps can be DEEP dangerous, problematic, and difficult to Figure 25: Photograph illustrating common barriers use (steepness, slippery surface, ...). Some at the entrances of buildings individuals find it difficult to use slopes, which is why stairs should be provided in addition to ramps. • When a difference in level cannot be • Ramp and landing surfaces should be avoided, an inclined surface (ramp) with firm, stable, and slip resistant. a gradient of 5% or less is provided to • If a door is situated at the top or overcome it, up to a gradient of 8% over bottom of a ramp, the landing must be a length of 2 m or less. sufficiently large to allow for proper • The ramp is at least 1.5 m wide and maneuvering space at the door. equipped with handrails on each side for • Where there are steps leading to the independent use. entrance, these should be equipped • A flat landing is required at the top and with handrails on both sides, contrasted bottom of each inclined surface, whatever stair nosing and tactile warning surfaces its length, as well as at an intermediate on landings (to warn blind and partially level (minimum 1.5m long) to avoid long sighted people). distances. • Ramps, runways, and landings with drop- UA enhancement: offs require edge protection, including a Ramps at the main entrances of the facility curb, barrier, or an extended surface. respecting UA standards have been • Every ramp shall have handrails on both incorporated to the updated technical sides, continuously extending beyond the designs. Ramps are clearly marked and ramp’s slope for safe and independent provide a visual connection into the use. entrance (refer to figures 26 and 27). Figure 27: The design showcases enhanced accessibility features (ramps) at the Al-Wahdah sports facility entrance (Al-Wahdah sports club design documents, UNOPS) 50 51 Recommendation: Every effort must be made to ensure that persons with disabilities, injured persons, pregnant women, and elderly people can quickly evacuate or be evacuated from a building in an emergency. It is therefore essential to identify the needs of persons with disabilities who may find themselves in an emergency, and to make the necessary arrangements and provide them with any assistance required. Figure 28: Emergency information signs indicate the location of, or directions to, emergency related Evacuation and transfer must be carried facilities such as assembly or muster points, first aid equipment, safety equipment, etc). An emergency information sign features a white symbol and/or text on a green background. out in complete safety, using a continuous, unobstructed route to the exit of the 4.2.3 building, to a clearly identified assembly Lobby and reception area point. Is the reception desk easily accessible? • Where reading, writing, or using a Several considerations include the Is it convenient to use for persons with keyboard are required, at least part of followings: disabilities? If sports chairs are used, the counter has the following features: • Identify which emergency exits are are the lobbies appropriately sized for - The maximum height is 0.80 m. suitable for people who may find it facilities with sports chair zones? - The lower part of the counter has a difficult walking long distances or using void at least 0.30 m deep, 0.60 m wide stairs (as a reminder, lifts may not be UA gap: and 0.70 m high, allowing a person in used during emergency evacuations of a The original design did not contemplate a a wheelchair to pass through with their building). reception area or lobby. feet and knees. • Ensure that emergency exits are not blocked or locked. Recommendation: All receptions desks, UA enhancement: • Keep exit signs clearly visible (specify counters and furniture in the entrance area A lobby area is reflected in the updated those without physical barriers). must be easy to locate, detect, reach, and design, with no further specifications • Ensure people can recognize the alarm use by a person with disabilities. provided. signal (audible and visual alarms). Reception desks should meet the following criteria: 4.2.4 UA enhancement: • They are designed for people standing Emergency evacuations The updated drawings incorporate and for wheelchair users (or individuals In case of emergency, where do people emergency exits strategically placed for Figure 29: The technical designs of short stature). It is also important to evacuate? Is the emergency exit free of quick access from various parts of the showcase the circulation after UA ensure that they are well lit to enable any barriers? facility and clearly marked with signage, enhancement (Al-Wahdah sports club people to fill in forms and lip-read the using both visual and audible alarms (refer design documents, UNOPS) receptionist. UA gap: to figure 29). Exit pathways were designed • They are equipped with a sound Emergency exists were not properly to be wide enough for wheelchairs, amplification system (e.g. an induction designed and located in the sports facility walkers, and potential crowding during an loop system) to facilitate communication in the original design, creating significant emergency, and use stable, non-slippery with hearing-impaired people. safety risks for all users surfaces even in wet or chaotic conditions. 52 53 04.3 4.3.2 Corridors and Passageways Circulate Are the building and site clear of clutter and barrier-free? 4.3.1 Sports chairs are wider than wheelchairs used for everyday mobility Internal Doors (some sports chairs require a design width of 1.2 m). Will sports chairs be UA gap: used within the facility? Are convenient The original design did not meet the needs wheelchairs turning and passing of the persons with disabilities and applied spaces provided? width and opening directions non-compliant Does the color scheme help with accessibility standards. differentiate between critical elements, for example the wall Recommendations: To accommodate the smooth and clear from the floor, doors from The number of doors in a building should movement of large groups, including adjacent walls? be kept to a minimum, since doors obstruct persons with disabilities and those using movement through a building for many sports wheelchairs with wide cambered UA gap: persons with disabilities as well as people wheels, the minimum width requirement for In the initial design corridors and • All doors located on pathways must be with large sports bags. internal doors should be 1200mm in ‘sports passageways were not designed to accessible to persons with disabilities chair zones’ and 875mm minimum for all accommodate the movement of persons and can be maneuvered by wheelchair other doors in the facility. with physical impairments and wheelchair users (90 cm clear opening width). This also applies for the single leaf of all users. A door maneuvering space must be double doors. (refer to figure 32). provided in front of each door. Swing doors should be designed to swing Recommendations: • Where passageways are too small, there to at least 90º. • Provide maneuvering spaces of 1.5 m by may be a door conflict. 1.5 m, with the possibility of a U-turn for a • Where a difference in level cannot be UA enhancement: wheelchair user. avoided at the same level, a slope or The updated design includes elements like • A minimum circulation width of 1.40 m ramp can be provided. outward-opening restrooms and emergency for structural aisles must be provided and exits for enhanced safety and ease of maintained even when the furniture layout UA enhancement: use. Each door along accessible routes is modified (beware of circulation spaces The following features were considered in is designed with a minimum width of 90 used as storage areas!). the updated design (refer to figures 30-32). cm and clear maneuvering space on both • Make it easier for visually impaired people • U-Turn zones: The design incorporated sides. Single, wider leaf doors (90 cm) were to find their way around, by providing a dedicated 1.5 m x 1.5 m areas to allow designed to ensure easier opening and physical demarcation on the floor (the wall for easy wheelchair U-turns. access for wheelchair users and persons along a corridor can serve as physical • Circulation aisles: The design maintained with reduced dexterity (refer to figure 30 guide for instance). In open spaces, it may a minimum width of 1.40 m throughout and 32). be necessary to supplement the system the facility. with visual and tactile warning surface • Floor demarcation: Clear physical Figure 30, 31 and 32: The illustrations on this page showcase the location and functional characteristics of doors located within the Al-Wahdah sports facility (Al-Wahdah sports club indicator (TWSI), the ‘guiding pattern’ guides, like tactile floor strips will be design documents, UNOPS) complying with the ISO 23599. utilized to assist with navigation. 54 55 4.3.3 • A handrail must be installed on the 4.3.4 Passenger elevators side wall where the car control panel Steps and stairs In front of the lift doors at is located, as well as a mirror on the Are there any steps located in UA gap: The basketball field is step each level, is there an wall opposite the doors (to enable the corridors or at the entrance that may free. However, the surrounding unobstructed space of wheelchair user to exit in reverse when constitute obstacles? Are there stepped areas showcase the importance of sufficient size to allow the size of the lift does not allow turning alternatives provided for ramps? incorporating accessibility standards waiting and maneuvering by around). to steps and stairs. wheelchair users? Opposite and • The landing controls and car lift controls adjacent to the lift doors are should be accessible. there raised numerals/ letters • In addition to visual information, an audio indicating the floor level? message should inform persons with visual impairments of the floor where the UA gap: lift stops, the status of the door (open or The original drawing of the sports facility closed) and the direction of travel of the lacked easy vertical movement options for lift (up or down). persons with disabilities. Only stairs were • The maneuvering space in front of provided (refer to figure 33). • the lift entrance must be at least 1.5 m × 1.5 m, and the landing must be Recommendations: accessible, i.e. level without steps. • The minimum size required for the interior of lift cars varies according to UA enhancement: the location and use of the building and An elevator was added to the design to must at least allow for the transportation facilitate the vertical movement of persons of a wheelchair user and an attendant. with disabilities. The design of stairs has Dimensional requirements for accessible changed to accommodate easy access to lifts are specified in ISO 8100-30. the VIP stage for the persons with visual • If the building is equipped with a lift, it impairment as well as older people (refer to should serve every storey, especially figure 33). areas open to the public. In flood- prone areas, a vertical lifting platform is preferable (because of the reduced lift pit size). DEEP Figure 33: Area indicated for the passenger elevator incorporated for enhanced accessibility (left: design before accessibility enhancement, right: design with accessibility enhancement) (Al-Wahdah Figure 34: Photograph showcasing a sidewalk located within the Al-Wahdah sports facility sports club design documents, UNOPS) 56 57 4.3.5 • The top surface of the handrail should Handrails be between 90 cm and 100cm from the Do the handrails contrast surface of the ramp or stair and landing. against the background so that • The cross-section of handrails shall be a they are easily distinguishable? rounded profile with a diameter of about Are there continuous handrails 40 m and its distance. on both sides of the stairs or ramp? • There should be a clearance (5-7 cm) between a handrail and any adjacent UA gap: wall surface. The original design did not consider • Handrails should provide visual contrast handrails that are friendly to be used by with the surroundings against which it is persons with disabilities. seen. • Handrails should terminate horizontally Recommendations: at least 30cm beyond the start and finish • Handrails are required on both sides of the ramp or the last nosing of a stair, of stairs and ramps and must be at both top and bottom. continuous with the full length of each stair flight or ramp, including UA enhancement: intermediate landings. The updated designs include stairs with • The staircase has a continuous handrail handrails on both sides, continuously Figure 35: Design of the steps and stairs within the on each side. The minimum width extending beyond the steps for independent basketball court (Al-Wahdah sports club design documents, UNOPS) between handrails is 1.20 m. use and safe landing (refer to figures 36 and 37). • When the unobstructed width of the Recommendations: stairs exceeds 2,7 m, a central handrail • Steps and stairs should be designed to • The minimum going of the step shall be should be installed. make them easier and safer to use for 26 cm. ambulant disabled people, such as older • The dimension of rise and going of steps people and blind or partially sighted should be consistent across a flight of people. stairs. • Steps, staircases and lifts are physical • Stair nosings are slip-resistant and elements that enable people to cope visually contrasted with the stair surface with changes of level, whether inside or color. They have a width of 3 cm. outside a building. Any change of level • Each stair landing should be equipped can create a physical barrier and a safety with a tactile walking surface indicator risk, particularly for people with reduced (TWSI), complying with the ISO 23599 mobility, visual impairment, or breathing for the ‘attention pattern’, with a difficulties, or who must carry heavy loads minimum width of 40cm and ensuring (such as luggage) or young children. visual and tactile contrast is provided. • A flight of steps should not contain more than 16 risers. UA enhancement: • Spiral and curved stairs should be avoided. The future facility incorporates a first floor, and • The riser of a step shall not be open. the designs incorporate accessibility elements Figure 36: Updated designs illustrating UA features Figure 37: Photograph showcasing common barriers • The maximum rise of the step shall be 18 cm. for the stairs (refer to figure 35). such as handrails (Al-Wahdah sports club design encountered within the Al-Wahdah sports facility documents, UNOPS) (Al-Wahdah sports club design documents, UNOPS) 58 59 Figure 38: Appropriate, visible, simple and clear signage and wayfinding elements provide the user with visual guidance and orientation. 4.3.7 4.3.6 • Ensure minimum required illuminance is Signage and wayfinding Lighting provided uniformly and minimize glare. Is the signage outside and inside Are areas with potential • Avoid placing light fixtures too far apart the facility large, clear and hazards sufficiently lit to from each other to prevent disorienting easy to read? avoid accidents? Is lighting patterns of light and dark, which can Is the signage also provided in • Signs should be used only when disposed in a way across the reduce visibility, especially people with low accessible formats, including necessary and at strategic points facility to enable smooth vision. braille? Is the signage at an (entrances, exits, information points, circulation, even for persons • Choose a design that enhances color appropriate height and position intersections, stairs, etc.). with visual impairments? and luminance contrast between areas, so it does not create a barrier • Sign location should be part of the with a minimum color rendering index of for people to navigate around? process of planning the building and the UA gap: Ra80, and preferably Ra90, to assist color Are all signs visible to people environment. The initial design did not reflect a sufficient discrimination. standing and to people using • Messages should be short, simple, and level of detail to incorporate lighting. • Most users, including those with visual wheelchairs, or people of small easily understood. impairments, prefer natural lighting that size or children? • Signs should be consistent, using Recommendations: does not cause glare. prescribed typefaces (sans serif), colors • Good artificial lighting is crucial for • Use light-colored surfaces for high UA gap: and contrast. everyone, ensuring that people with reflectance and dark surfaces sparingly The initial design did not reflect a sufficient • And signs should be well illuminated limited vision can use buildings safely and to add interest and help visually impaired level of detail to incorporate UA signage and with no glare. conveniently, and that people with hearing people identify surface junctions. wayfinding elements. impairments can read lips. UA enhancement: • Avoid sudden changes in illuminance UA enhancement: Recommendations: The intention is to incorporate signage and to prevent adaptation issues for visually The co-design process allowed for raising the Effective signage is crucial in helping wayfinding features within the facility at impaired people and older people. issue of lighting as an additional element to individuals with disabilities navigate sports appropriate places. The updated designs • Stairs, ramps, slopes, and hazards should incorporate to the technical designs and to be facilities smoothly. The four fundamental do not provide a sufficient level of detail to be well lit to prevent people from falling. taken into consideration to ensure accessibility. principles of signage design are: account for the intended UA enhancements. 60 61 4.3.8 Tactile walking surface indicators (TWSI) Can persons with visual impairments circulate within and outside of the facility independently and without putting themselves at risk? UA gap: Initially, the facility (both interior and outdoor spaces) lacked tactile surfaces to Source DEEP assist people with visual impairments in safely navigating space, particularly around Figure 39: A paved sidewalk within the Al-Wahdah sports facility. stairs and corridors. Figure 41: Tactiles from the main entrance to the key areas to aid persons with visual Recommendations: UA enhancement: and physical impairments to circulate within the facility independently and safely • Tactile walking indicators (TWSI) should Tactile indicators have been integrated to (Al-Wahdah sports club design documents, UNOPS) be provided at all intersections between the design, particularly in the entrance and walkways and the road. lobby area and the passageways leading • On sidewalks tactile walking indicators to sanitary facilities, changing rooms and should be used to guide visually seating and viewing areas (refer to figure impaired people. These are divided into 41). Similarly, tactiles are introduced to two types: the sidewalks within the Al-Wahdah sports • Guiding pattern tiles with raised strips facility site (refer to figure 40 and 42). showing direction and • Attention pattern tiles with circular markers indicating obstacles ahead. • Guiding pattern tiles shall be used to guide visually impaired persons to entrances, receptions, ticket counters, ticket checkpoints, automatic teller machines, and to avoid barriers in areas without directional information and instructions. • The surface of the tiles should contrast well in color with the surrounding ground or floor. Figure 40: Design details showcasing the tactiles incorporated to the sidewalks (Al-Wahdah sports Figure 42: Tactiles and wayfinding elements are also taken into consideration club design documents, UNOPS) in exterior circulation (Al-Wahdah sports club design documents, UNOPS) 62 63 04.4 Use 4.4.1 They are located in such a way as to limit Restrooms and long walking distance or using a wheelchair. Sanitary facilities • At least one universally accessible toilet Is there appropriate sanitary for each gender: men/boys and women/ provision to meet the needs of girls. man, women and children with • Where there are several universally disabilities? Is the sanitary accessible toilets, provide a choice of Figure 43: Restroom for both genders at the public area and the chan- provision located conveniently transfer options (left or right). ging rooms (Al-Wahdah sports club design documents, UNOPS) close to the entrance, changing • The minimum interior dimension is 1.5 m areas and sporting facilities? x 2.1 m, in compliance with best practice standards, with a rotation space of UA gap: 1.50 m that does not overlap the seat. The original designs did not incorporate • The door opens outwards. restrooms and sanitary facilities that were • Reinforce the wall structure, where designated for persons with disabilities, who installing grab bars. These grab bars were bound to use conventional sanitary enable people to stand or sit and/or facilities that were not always conveniently transfer. located or adapted to their needs • Provide tonal/color contrast between (maneuvering space, etc.). floors, walls, and equipment. • Lower urinals should be provided for Recommendations: people of short stature. Grab bars can Sanitary facilities should respond to the be fitted to some urinals. needs of the widest range of persons with In addition to toilets designed according to disabilities. Universal Accessibility standards, at least Universally accessible sanitary facilities one standard-size toilet (minimum width have larger interior dimensions to 80 cm) can be provided for people with accommodate wheelchair users, but are walking difficulties: with handrails on both designed for all people who require more sides, a clear length of 75 cm in front of the space, additional support (grab bars), bowl and the door opening outwards. wayfinding assistance, etc. UA enhancement: Restrooms were added to accommodate the needs of persons with physical, visual, and hearing disabilities: they are located on the ground floor and accessible for wheelchair users, and within a short distance to main interest areas within the Figure 44: Restroom specifications consider UA requirements for facility (refer to figures 43 and 44). wheelchair users (Al-Wahdah sports club design documents, UNOPS) 64 65 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.2 Shower facilities Ablution areas Changing rooms Are showers located in a convenient Do the designs integrate dedicated Does the layout of the changing area area of the facility? Do they incorporate areas for ablution that are adequate allow sufficient space for a wheelchair the needs of persons with different for persons with disabilities and easy user to move freely without obstructing kinds of disabilities, well equipped to reach. other users? Is there direct access from and free of hazard? the changing area to the shower area Ablution areas are not specifically Is there suitable sanitary provision in UA gap: considered in the technical designs. close proximity? Is the changing room Shower areas were not specifically close to the sports facility for convenient designated for male or female users in the Recommendations: access? Is the location of the changing original design. • Washbasins used for ablutions must be room clearly signposted? accessible to all, including persons with Recommendations: disabilities. UA gap: To accommodate a range of persons with • Some facilities may incorporate seats for The initial design did not include UA disabilities and to provide a degree of persons with difficulties standing. standards in the changing rooms. choice, universally accessible showers • Floor coverings must be non-slip even should be provided within the main shower when wet. Recommendations: areas of the sport facility for women and • Taps and accessories, such as soap and • The minimum number of accessible for men with different abilities and different towel dispensers, must be suitable for changing rooms can vary depending on supporting aids (these facilities should be use by persons with limited dexterity. the type and use of the building. gender segregated). • Changing rooms shall have a minimum • If two or more shower recesses are area of 4 m2. provided, at least one shall be designed • A fixed bench, with a clear space of for left-hand use and at least one for 1,5m x 1,5m beside it, should be set at Figure 45: The updated designs of the changing right-hand use. a height of 40 cm to 48 cm above floor rooms reflect the UA requirements (Al-Wahdah • The wet showering area should be level. sports club design documents, UNOPS) minimum 90 cm × 130 cm, with an • The bench should be no less than 500 additional transfer area. mm in depth and be provided with a • The shower area shall have a level entry. grab rail at a height of 750 mm above UA enhancement: The updated designs • All devices including shower head the floor. reflect special needs such as the required support should be located at accessible • Coat hooks should be set at different width and seating areas to accommodate height and withing an accessible reach heights: 850 mm to 1 100 mm, and at persons with disabilities. To ensure range: shower head at heights of 1 m least one additional hook at 1,8 m. accessibility, it will be important to carefully and 1,8 m) and taps, soap holders etc. All equipment should contrast in color with incorporate accessibility features to the situated between 90 cm and 1,10m from the surrounding environment. furniture (refer to figure 45). floor level. UA enhancement: Male and female showers were included in the design according to the UA standards (refer to figure 45). 66 67 4.4.5 Figure 46: View of the current Seating and basketball field and the seating areas. viewing areas Are there various seating styles available, for example chairs of different heights, and with and without arm rests? Is seating provided at intervals on long internal / external routes, and where people are likely to be waiting? Is there space in seating areas for wheelchair users and guide dogs DEEP DEEP Is the seating stable and easy to rise from? Is the seating with and without arms? Figure 47: UA enhancements in the seating and viewing areas reserving designated seats and UA gap: space for persons with mobility, The original design did not incorporate hearing and visual impairments. seating designated for persons with Armrests have been incorpo- disabilities. rated for elderly persons. First floor (Al-Wahdah sports club design documents, UNOPS) Recommendations: • Stadiums must ensure at least 1 per cent of their seating is wheelchair- accessible, offering views comparable to other seats. • Each accessible seat must include a companion seat; others have a space available for an assistance dog. • In larger stadiums (over 300 seats), Figure 48: UA enhancements in wheelchair seating must be distributed the seating and viewing areas. throughout various areas. These Armrests have been incor- locations must be connected to parking, porated for elderly persons. Ground floor. (Al-Wahdah sports transportation, and all public areas via club design documents, UNOPS) an accessible route. UA enhancement: The updated designs utilize different types of seats for persons with different disabilities (physical, visual, hearing) (refer to figures 47 and 48). 68 69 4.4.6 04.5 Furniture Is the furniture stable but movable to allow maximum Cross-cutting access? Are there clear, logical issues gangways? 4.5.1 Recommendations: Costing • All equipment and furniture must be • Wheelchair users, persons with walking Accessible and barrier-free construction costs of material or labor. Retrofitting is suitable for use by everyone, including difficulties and/or with low dexterity is always most cost-effective when costlier. women, men, and children with should be able to operate a lever- accessibility requirements are built into the The following table (figure 49) outlines the disabilities. operated tap, switch, etc. using the initial design. When access features are estimated costs for enhancing UA features • All furniture and equipment should closed fist, the elbow or the wrist. This included from the start, the entire design in the Al-Wahdah youth club facility, broken contrast with the background or be of a rule makes it easier for everyone to use could be developed to minimize additional down by category. The additional cost for color that contrasts with the door or wall, equipment, in line with the principles of enhanced UA features is established at 8 so that it can be easily located. Universal Accessibility. Some examples percent of the total project cost. • Seating should be designed with a of equipment concerned: locks (keys, backrest and armrest, and seats of latches, handles, etc.), taps, hand different heights should be available. pumps, toilet flushes, etc. DESCRIPTION USD UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY - RELATED WORKS Demolishing and Landscaping works 2,516 Flooring and Tiling Works 40,385 Windows, Doors, and Curtain wall Works 3,520 Miscellaneaous Works 22,491 Electrical lift (elevator) system work 30,000 Translation system device for deaf and dumb 5,000 Sanitary drainage system 840 TOTAL UA ENHANCEMENTS 104,752 TOTAL PROJECT 1,277,961 Sergey Strelkov (istock) Figure 49: Table presenting cost estimates for UA enhancements in the updated technical design Al-Wahdah DEEP sports club design documents, UNOPS) 70 71 4.5.2 4.5.3 Maintenance and Materials regular inspections Choose sustainable, locally sourced Is there an access strategy materials whenever possible, to limit costs setting out how equal access and environmental impact (and reduce will be provided and maintained carbon emissions linked to transport in for persons with disabilities particular). This choice also promotes the and staff? Does the building local economy and makes materials more maintenance manual identify resistant, as they are better adapted to local and emphasize the importance of weather conditions. Choose materials that good management in maintaining are easy to maintain (cleaning and repair). Anas Aldyab - Pexels quality access to the facility? 4.5.2 All facilities, equipment, furniture, surfaces, Feedback mechanisms areas must be kept in good condition. Have staff, trainers, coaches, managers We recommend starting with the short set This may involve renovations and repairs. received disability awareness training? of Washington group questions to identify If equipment is broken, light bulbs not DEEP Is there an accessibility expert or any functional limitations. replaced, paint peeling (and therefore the referee designated? • Do you experience difficulties using the contrast level reduced), some children and Figure 50: Photograph illustrating how Have the needs of people who are deaf Al-Wahdah Youth Club Multipurpose adults will no longer be able to access or inappropriate use and maintenance can or hard of hearing/learning disabilities Sports Facility? No/Yes constitute barriers and safety hazards even if the use the facility. mobility impairment/visual impairment • If you experience difficulties, please initial design incorporated UA features Ensure that local craftsmen can carry out been considered in the design and explain, I experience difficulties: the necessary maintenance and repair management of the facility? - to reach the facility, to get there. work, or train them if this is not the case, Please explain why. for example, for specific accessibility work. A user assessment, particularly of men - to enter within the building. Please and women with disabilities, can provide explain why. Hygiene and cleaning: useful information on the effectiveness - to circulate outside and within the All infrastructures must be cleaned of the facilities and equipment provided, building. Please explain why: regularly (garbage, leaves and dirt and enable improvements to be made in - to use equipment and services in drains, sanitary facilities, steps, etc.). anticipation of future developments. For provided outside and within the example, before redeveloping a facility or an facility. Please explain why. area within an existing facility, it is strongly • Do you have additional comments recommended that the user community be or suggestions to share about your consulted. If these involve children, don’t experience of the accessibility of hesitate to involve children with disabilities • Al-Wahdah Youth Club Multipurpose and their families in the assessment! Sports Facility? 72 73 Resources "The ability to move around urban spaces, to meet others and to access social services and ls ab - Pexe Anas Aldy enjoy free time without the help of others generates a sense of satisfaction and inclusion. This is why it is so crucial to ensure that the built environment is accessible for persons with disabilities." Seminar participant 74 75 05.1 05.2 Universal Organizations Accessibility of Persons with Checklist Disabilities REACH CIRCULATE To enhance disability- • Yemeni Association for the Care and Rehabilitation of the Disabled inclusive development • Yemeni Association for the Welfare of • Public or private transport stops nearby. • Horizontal circulation (Width of doors • Nearby parking: number of accessible and internal corridors, slopes, steps, and to ensure Universal the Blind parking spaces available, accessible barriers along the corridor, etc.) Accessibility it is crucial • Deaf Rehabilitation Welfare Association pathway to the entrance of the building. • Vertical circulation (stairs, lifts, ramps • Al-Aman Association for the Care of to include persons with Blind Women • External routes to reach the building: and stairs with handrails and ground, slopes, steps, holes, obstacles, level landings) disabilities and OPDs at all • Al Tahadi Association for the Care and etc. • Directional signage stages of the project cycle. Rehabilitation of Disabled Women • Signage for public transport, car parks, • Mine Survivors Association building entrances, etc. • Special Needs Association • Oksana Association for the Deaf • Dual Disabilities Association ENTER USE • Down Syndrome Association • Insistence Foundation • Accessible main entrance and • Switches (height, color, • Al-Iman Center for Intellectual service doors ergonomics, etc.) Disabilities • Accessible reception, counter, and • Facilities: accessible restrooms, • My Son Center display heights changing rooms, photocopiers, • Childhood Support Foundation • Maneuvering space for a wheelchair workshops, work areas, rest and eating • Human Care Foundation for People with user in the reception area areas, etc. Special Needs • Exit door (if different from entrance) and • Door handles, easy-to-use locks, • Light of Hope Foundation for Special emergency exit accessible to all lever taps, etc. Needs • Adapted furniture • Al Qasim Speech and Special Education Center • Yemeni Association for the Care and Rehabilitation of the Blind • Yemeni Forum for the Disabled • Association for the Care and Rehabilitation of the Blind • National Union of Disabled Associations 76 77 05.3 References • Handicap International (2014). Accessibility Guidelines for Making • Convention on the Rights of Persons with Barrier-Free Environment. Conduct an Disabilities (CRPD) Accessibility Audit in Low- and Middle- • International Organization for Income Countries. Gurung, G. 2012. Standardization ISO (2001). ISO • World Bank (2018). Non-Discrimination 21542:2021 - Building construction — and Disability. Good Practice Note. Accessibility and usability of the built Environment & Social Framework for IPF environment Operations. Washington DC: World Bank. • International Organization for • World Bank (2018).10 Commitments on Standardization ISO (2008) ISO Disability-Inclusive Development. 15392:2008(E) -Sustainability in building • World Bank (2018). Disability Inclusion construction. General principles, Geneva: and Accountability Framework. ISO. Washington DC World Bank. • ADA Standards for Accessible Design, • Hallegatte, S., Hallegatte, J., & Walsh, US DoJ B. (2018). Build Back Better: Achieving • ISO. n.d. Accessing My World. ISO. resilience through stronger, faster, National Disability Authority. n.d. Make and more inclusive post-disaster Your Buildings More Accessible. reconstruction. Washington, DC: International Organization for International Bank for Reconstruction and Standardization ISO Development • CABE (2006). The principles of inclusive • World Bank (2020). World Bank Group design. (They include you.) Strategy for Fragility, Conflict, and • Centre for Excellence in Universal Design. Violence 2020–2025. Washington DC: n.d. Building for Everyone: Technical World Bank. Guidance on Accessibility. • Humanity & Inclusion (2020) Disability and • World Bank (2008). Design for All: Accessibility Training Handout in Gaza Implications for Bank Operations. • International Organization for Migration Washington DC: World Bank. Iraq (2021). Accessible Construction • Prince Salman Center for Disability Toolkit.UNICEF (2022). Toolkit on Research (2010). Universal Accessibility, Accessibility. New York: United Nations. Built Environment Guidelines for the • World Bank (2022). Technical Note on Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 431H – 2010; Accessibility. Washington, DC: World Bank Riyadh. Accessed in January 2024 at: • The World Bank (2023). Universal http://v2.kscdr.org.sa/media/16933/uap- Design Guidelines, Central Sulawesi be-en.pdf Reconstruction • World Health Organization and World • The World Bank (2023). Urban Bank (2011). World Report on Disability. Accessibility Design Guideline, Vietnam World Health Organization (WHO) Press: • Center for Excellence in Universal Design Malta. (2024). Building for everyone booklets. McPhoto/Protze / Alamy Banque D’Images 78 79 80