The current state and future prospects of drones for development in Guatemala May 2023 1 Acknowledgements and disclaimer 4 Glossary and acronyms 5 1 Introduction and context 7 Contents 1.1 Overview of the report 9 2 Overview of Guatemala’s drone ecosystem 11 2.1 Maturity of the drone ecosystem in Guatemala 14 2.2 Ecosystem stakeholders 16 2.3 Regulation 20 3 Economic potential of drone services 25 3.1 Job creation 38 4 Drones for social development and environmental protection 44 4.1 Key drone applications for Guatemala and their benefits 46 5 Drone ecosystem development roadmap 58 Annexes 67 Bibliography 74 2 Boxes 1.1 Overview of the Aviation History in Guatemala 2.1 Overview of the UAS History in Guatemala 3.1 Agriculture Industry Outlook 3.2 Safety and Security Industry Outlook 3.3 Healthcare Industry Outlook 3.4 Environment and Culture Industry Outlook 3.5 Transportation and Logistics Industry Outlook 3.6 Media and Entertainment Industry Outlook 3.7 Public Infrastructure Industry Outlook 3.8 Telecommunications Industry Outlook 3.9 Forestry Industry Outlook 3.10 Oil and Gas Industry Outlook 3.11 Utilities Industry Outlook 4.1 Road Network Resilience Figures 2.1 Timeline with Key Drone-Related Events in Guatemala 2.2 UAS Market Value and Growth by Country, 2021-2026 2.3 Main Players in Guatemala Drones Ecosystem 3.1 Market Potential and Size of Commercial UAS Applications in Guatemala, 2021-2026 3.2 UAS Market Value and Growth by Industry, 2021-2026 3.3 Estimated Number of Direct Jobs Created, 2021-2026 3.4 Estimated Number of Indirect Jobs Created, 2021-2026 5.1 Drone Ecosystem Development Incentives for Guatemala 5.2 Strategic Drone Development Incentives for Guatemala 5.3 Illustrative Development Roadmap for Drone Ecosystem in Guatemala Tables 2.1 Guatemalan UAS Ecosystem Maturity Assessment Compared to Selected Regional Benchmark Countries 4.1 Maturity and Relevance of Drones Use Cases for Social Development and Environmental Protection 4.2 Public Sector Stakeholders to be Involved in Drone Pilot Projects for Social Development and Environmental Protection 3 This report was prepared by PwC Drone Powered Solutions - Global Centre of Excellence in Drone Technology in its advisory capacity to the World Bank Group and the Global Infrastructure Facility (GIF) in collaboration with PwC Guatemala. This report was prepared by a team led by: • Agnieszka Gajewska, Partner, PwC Global Government & Public Services Leader • Rony Maldonado, Partner, PwC Guatemala • Aleksander Buczkowski, Director, PwC Drone Powered Solutions • Maria Sanchez Arrieta, Senior Advisor and International Development Specialist, PwC Drone Powered Solutions The team is grateful for the support and contributions provided by: • Konrad Górski, Manager, PwC Drone Powered Solutions • Anhelina Kamenska, Senior Consultant, PwC Drone Powered Solutions Acknowledgements • Agnieszka Lisonek, Senior Consultant, PwC Drone Powered Solutions • Anna Drabarek, Senior Advisor, PwC Drone Powered Solutions and disclaimer • Kamil Bieniek, Consultant, PwC Drone Powered Solutions • Marta Khemich, Consultant, PwC Drone Powered Solutions • Liliana Goncalvez, Manager, PwC Guatemala • Rodolfo Bonilla, Consultant, PwC Guatemala The team would like to express gratitude for the guidance, comments, and inputs provided by: • Francis Argueta, General Director, Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil • Pedros Argueta, Drones, Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil • José Manuel Moreno, Business Owner • Francisco Sandoval, ASODRON The team consulted as well with World Bank Group colleagues, valuable data inputs and support for the report were provided by the following World Bank and GIF staff: • Charles E. Schlumberger, Lead Air Transport Specialist • Carlos Murgui Maties, Transport Specialist • Fabian Hinojosa, Senior Transport Specialist • Carlos Bellas Lamas, Senior Transport Specialist • Javier Montero Vivas, GIF, Research Analyst • João Reye Sabino, GIF, Senior Infrastructure Finance Specialist Thanks to: • GIF for financing this analytical work that will support the development of the drone industry in the LAC region and potentially opening up future scope for more private capital mobilization in these innovative sectors. Always at the forefront of innovation, their trust in the World Bank team and the consultants made this effort possible. This Report has been prepared in collaboration with PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) in its capacity as advisor to The World Bank Group and the Global Infrastructure Facility. Some information, statements, statistics, material, and commentary (together the “Information”) in this Report have been prepared by PwC from publicly available material and from discussions held with a range of stakeholders. PwC has relied upon the accuracy, currency and completeness of the Information provided by the stakeholders and takes no responsibility for the accuracy, reliability or correctness of the Information and acknowledges that changes in circumstances after the time of publication may impact the accuracy of the Information. The Information may change without notice and PwC is not in any way liable for the accuracy of any information used or relied upon by a third party. Furthermore, PwC has not independently validated or verified the Information provided to it for the purpose of the Report and the content of this Report does not in any way constitute an audit or assurance of any of the Information contained herein. PwC has provided advice solely for the benefit of The World Bank Group, the Global Infrastructure Facility and disclaims all liability and responsibility (including arising from its negligence) to any other parties for any loss, damage, cost, or expense incurred or arising out of any person using or relying upon the Information. Photo credits: Shutterstock.com. 4 Acronyms Definition ASODRON Asociación de The Guatemala Drone Operators Association is the first association of commercial Operadores de Drones and recreational pilots in Guatemala. The association promotes volunteering with de Guatemala entities that help Guatemalans in emergencies BIDLAB BID Lab The innovation laboratory of the Inter-American Development Bank Group. It seeks to empower poor and vulnerable populations and activate new and sustainable engines of inclusive growth in Latin America and the Caribbean BVLOS Beyond Visual Line of An operation in which the remote pilot or UAS observer does not maintain visual Sight contact with the UAS in the conduct of flight (due to surrounding obstacles or significant distance between pilot and drone) CAA Civil Aviation Authority A national or supranational statutory authority that oversees the regulation of civil Glossary and acronyms CAGR Compound Annual aviation, including the maintenance of an aircraft register Annualised average rate of growth between two given years, assuming growth Growth Rate takes place at an exponentially compounded rate CIG Cámara de Industria de Chamber of Industry of Guatemala is an institution committed to the economic and Guatemala social development in the country CIT Centre for Innovation Entity responsible for creating an ecosystem of innovations and entrepreneurships and Technology in Guatemala and across the region CONAP Consejo Nacional de The National Council for Protected Areas is the government agency whose mission Áreas Protegidas is the conservation and the sustainable use of the biological diversity and protected areas of Guatemala CONRED Coordinadora Nacional A Guatemalan government organisation created to prevent disasters or reduce their para la Reducción de impact on society, and coordinate disaster relief efforts Desastres DGAC Dirección General de The civil aviation authority of Guatemala Aeronáutica Civil ECLAC Economic Commission A United Nations regional commission to encourage economic cooperation in the for Latin America and the LAC region Caribbean FAO Food and Agriculture An international organization within the United Nations that efforts to defeat hunger Organization and improve nutrition and food security GDP Gross Domestic Product The standard measure of the value added created through the production of goods and services in a country during a certain period GHG Greenhouse Gas Emissions from human activities strengthen the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change. Most is carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas GPS Global Positioning A satellite-based radionavigation system System ICAO International Civil Specialised UN funded agency in charge of international air navigation and Aviation Organisation development of air transport, ensuring safe growth globally INAB El Instituto Nacional de The National Forest Institute of Guatemala contributes to rural and integral Bosques development achieving sustainable use, protection, conservation and recovery of forests and forestry lands IUCN International Union for An international organization working in the field of nature conservation and Conservation of Nature sustainable use of natural resources LAC Latin America and the The term LAC is used used to describe South America, Central America, Mexico, Caribbean and the islands of the Caribbean LACAC Latin American Civil It provides the Latin American civil aviation authorities with an appropriate Aviation Commission framework for cooperation and coordination of civil aviation related activities LiDAR Light Detection and LiDAR is a remote sensing method used to examine the surface of the Earth Ranging 5 Acronyms Definition MAGA Ministerio de Agricultura, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food promotes integral rural development Ganadería y through the transformation and modernization of the agricultural, forestry and Alimentación hydrobiological sector in Guatemala MBR Maya Biosphere A nature reserve in Guatemala managed by Guatemala's National Council of Reserve Protected Areas NDVI Normalized Difference A dimensionless index that describes the difference between visible and Vegetation Index near-infrared reflectance of vegetation cover and can be used to estimate the density of green on an land’s aeria NGO Non-governmental A non-profit organisation that furthers some social or humanitarian mission around organisation the globe PAHO Pan American Health An international public health agency working to improve the health and living Organization standards of the people of the Americas PNC Policía Nacional Civil The National Civil Police is the police force of Guatemala and an agency of the Guatemalan Ministry of the Interior. The PNC is in charge of protecting public order in the country PROBOSQUE Programa de Bosques An incentive program for the establishment, recovery, restoration, management, production and protection of forests in Guatemala R&D Research & The set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in Development developing new services or products and improving existing ones REDD+ Reducing Emissions A United Nations-backed framework that aims to curb climate change by stopping from Deforestation and the destruction of forests forest Degradation RPA Remotely Piloted Aircraft An unmanned aircraft that is piloted from a remote pilot station SGAIA Subdirección General de The General Sub-Directorate for Anti-Narcotic Information Analysis fights against Análisis de Información the illegal trafficking of drugs in Guatemala Antinarcótica UAS Unmanned Aerial Unmanned aircraft and the equipment to control it remotely System UAV Unmanned Aerial Aircraft operating or designed to operate autonomously or to be piloted remotely Vehicle without a pilot on board UNDP United Nations A United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and Development achieve sustainable economic growth and human development Programme UNICEF United Nations An agency responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children International Children's worldwide Emergency Fund USAID United States Agency for An independent agency of the U.S. federal government that is primarily responsible International for administering civilian foreign aid and development assistance Development UTM Unmanned Traffic Air traffic management ecosystem under development for autonomously controlled Management operations of UAS governmental institutions (e.g., the FAA, NASA, other federal partner agencies in the US) and industry UVG Universidad del Valle de A private, not-for-profit, secular university in Guatemala City, Guatemala Guatemala BVLOS Beyond Visual Line of An operation in which the remote pilot or UAS observer does not maintain visual Sight contact with the UAS in the conduct of flight (due to surrounding obstacles or significant distance between pilot and drone) WFP World Food Programme An international organization within the United Nations that provides food assistance worldwide 6 Guatemala, with a population of 17 million and a GDP per capita of US$4,603 in 2020, is the largest economy in Central 1 America. Although it is classified by the World Bank as an upper middle-income country, the country has one of the lowest GDP per capita in Latin America and the Caribbean.1 During the last three decades, the country had the lowest levels of volatility growth among its peers.2 The country’s geography, climate, population and spatial distributions are key characteristics that conditions service delivery, accessibility to public and private goods and services, socio-economic development and economic growth.3 Moreover, in the last two decades Guatemala’s Introduction and upper-middle income status has not translated into significant levels of poverty reduction, inequality reduction4 and a substantial context improvement in the quality of service delivery. Guatemala’s economy is highly reliant on agriculture – especially the production and exports of fruits, coffee, sugar, and rubber – with the sector employing over 30% of the country’s workforce.5 Moreover, other relevant industries including manufacturing – especially textiles, paper and furniture – and services, particularly tourism. Nowadays, Guatemala faces several social and environmental challenges that are shaping its development trajectory including high vulnerability and exposure to natural disasters, where climate change poses an incremental risk for the wellbeing and development of the country, followed by incremental unplanned urbanisation, exponential expansion of the agroindustry and livestock, and a substantial increment in informal and illegal extractive activities across the country.6 Likewise, the country faces institutional, governmental and infrastructure challenges due to low central government revenue that limits the capacity for public investment and basic public service delivery,7 leading to poor quality and limited coverage in key sectors such as education, water and sanitation, healthcare, roads and public infrastructure, as well as connectivity issues. All variables that explain the stagnation in developmental progress, large inequality, and social gaps, that according to the World Bank are leaving the country behind the rest of Latin America and the Caribbean. The transportation network, and roads in particular, are highly vulnerable to weather conditions and climate change, especially due to the overall poor condition of the road network, geography and a significant portion of unpaved road infrastructure. This leads to the transportation exclusion of a large part of the population, which has limited access to health care, education, markets, among others. 7 Guatemala has been a pioneer in the introduction of drone Box 1.1 Overview of the Aviation History in Guatemala technology to accelerate agricultural development,8 along with UAV regulations in the early 2010’s.9 Today, the country has a unique Guatemala’s history of aviation begins with Alberto de la Riva and Victor Ortiz back in 1910, opportunity to accelerate its digital transformation and expand the when both designed and built a glider that remains the first attempt to fly ever recorded in adoption of drones across several sectors of the economy to retake the Guatemala. According to official records the first plane flew in March 1912 motivating the development path and growth by accelerating the adoption of drone’s construction of Airport La Aurora Infrastructure that started to operate in 1923.11 The General solutions to tackle environmental and social problems and supervise infrastructure projects. Directorate of Civil Aeronautics (DGAC) was established on September 11, 1929, under the Ministry of Communications and Public Works.12 Later on, with the advancements in aviation the The technology has the capacity to serve several sectors of the functions and responsibilities of the DGAC were evolving and today the institution is in charge of economy, to positively impact the Sustainable Development Goals, to contribute to economic and social development, and to better serve regulating, managing, strengthening, facilitating and overseeing the aviation services and air communities across Guatemala. The drone market in Guatemala has transportation.13 Currently more than 12 airlines operate in Guatemala, and the Unmanned evolved in recent years and is becoming increasingly relevant to Aerial Systems introduction and adoption are in different stages of development depending on various industries. Both commercial and non-commercial entities have the industry where they are utilised. benefited from UAS adoption, as the technology can be implemented in various operations and can offer multiple advantages, including increased efficiency, reduced costs, and improved risk mitigation. There has therefore been a growing willingness from both the government and private entities to introduce and adopt drones as tools to facilitate the execution of jobs or operations that may have been considered complex or even dangerous in the past. Guatemala may still be at an early stage in terms of its drone ecosystem, but the country’s potential is substantial, and the opportunities for the flourishing drone industry in many sectors are enormous. For instance, the country may be relatively small in area, but due to its geography, especially its several mountains and volcanoes, the traditional method of supply transportation can be time-consuming, dangerous, and expensive. Implementing drones for goods and medicine deliveries can reduce time and increase safety. Drones are also likely to be adopted widely in environmental protection, where drones can access remote areas such as vast tropical forests, to monitor illegal timbering, for example, helping to combat deforestation. Sectors as diverse as agriculture, healthcare, security, and infrastructure are all projected to significantly increase their value in the drone market by 2026, in some cases growing by more than 30% in the next five years.10 8 This report aims to evaluate the current status of the drone ecosystem in Guatemala and considers ways to unlock the potential of drones by encouraging wider adoption. 1.1 To this aim, following the methodology utilised by PwC, a mapping of the current ecosystem was conducted, along with an analysis of the regulatory framework, a calculation of the market potential, and finally an evaluation of the initiatives necessary to ensure the expansion of the drone ecosystem over the next five years. Structure of the Report Overview of the report The first part of the report analyses the current status of The second part looks at the growth and market potential for The third section describes the non-commercial drone The last section provides an overview of key initiatives that the drone ecosystem in the UAVs, specifically regarding use applications currently present in need to be implemented by the country, identifying the main cases and the sectors which are the country and assesses which government and the relevant stakeholders and key players most relevant and have most of them have the most potential regulators to ensure the present in Guatemala, and the potential for investment and for successful development and development of the drone roles that they currently play in industry development. growth. Here it is also showcased ecosystem and the wider the sector. Additionally, this the relevance of drones in adoption of UAVs across key section explores the maturity of tackling social and sectors in Guatemala. the sector in the country, focusing environmental problems in the Recommendations are made for particularly on the components of country. activities and initiatives that aid the UAS ecosystem, including an the sector’s development, evaluation of the current situation increase digitalisation, raise drone regarding the regulatory awareness, and accelerate the framework, identifying main formalisation of the industry in bottlenecks, challenges and Guatemala. opportunities for improvement that can unlock the industry’s potential in the country. 9 References 1. The World Bank, “Guatemala Overview,” Website: Text/HTML, The World Bank, 12 September 2022, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guatemala/overview#1. 2. The World Bank. 2022. “Guatemala SCD Update Building a Stronger Social Contract through Productive, Inclusive and Sustainable Growth” (The World Bank, March 2022). https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/238631649104734450/pdf/Guatemala-Systemati c-Country-Diagnostic-Building-a-Stronger-Social-Contract-through-Productive-Inclusive-and-S ustainable-Growth.pdf. 3. Gustavo Arriola, Armando Ortuño, and UNDP team. 2022. “Desafíos y Oportunidades Para Guatemala: Hacia Una Agenda de Futuro La Celeridad Del Cambio, Una Mirada Territorial Del Desarrollo Humano 2002 - 2019” (Guatemala: UNDP, June 2022). https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2022-07/PNUD_GT_INDH%20Guatemala_ WEB_0.pdf. 4. The World Bank, “Guatemala Overview,” Website: Text/HTML, The World Bank, 12 September 2022, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guatemala/overview#1. 5. International Labour Organization. 2021. “Employment and Migration Guatemala 2021.” https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---americas/---ro-lima/---sro-san_jose/documents/pu blication/wcms_831273.pdf. 6. The World Bank. 2022. “Guatemala SCD Update Building a Stronger Social Contract through Productive, Inclusive and Sustainable Growth” (The World Bank, March 2022). https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/238631649104734450/pdf/Guatemala-Systemati c-Country-Diagnostic-Building-a-Stronger-Social-Contract-through-Productive-Inclusive-and-S ustainable-Growth.pdf. 7. The World Bank, “Guatemala Overview,” Website: Text/HTML, The World Bank, 12 September 2022, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guatemala/overview#1. 8. Aerobots, “Nosotros,” Website: Text/HTML, Aerobots, 12 September 2022, http://www.aerobots.gt/en/home/nosotros/. 9. Civil Aviation Authority Guatemala. 2013. “Civil Aviation Regulations Manual: RAC- 101: Regulation on Unmanned Aircraft, Modeling Aircraft and Fireworks.” https://www.dgac.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/RAC-OPS-1-SECCION-1.pdf. 10. PwC analysis on market size and market potential, second semester 2021. 11. Grajeda, Candy, “Historia de la aviación en Guatemala,” Website: Text/HTML, Guatemala, 12 September 2022, https://aprende.guatemala.com/historia/historia-aviacion-guatemala/#:~:text=El%2024%20de %20marzo%20de,pioneros%20de%20la%20aviaci%C3%B3n%20nacional. 12. Latin America Civil Aviation Commission, “Resena historica,” Website: PDF, 12 September 2022, https://clac-lacac.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/EM-GUA-RH.pdf. 13. DGAC Guatemala, “Mision y Vision,” Website: Text/HTML, DGAC Guatemala, 12 September 2022, https://www.dgac.gob.gt/institucional/mision_vision/. 10 Guatemala’s unique geography, natural hazards, and all their One of the challenges facing Guatemala is its high vulnerability to social and environmental challenges, make a strong case for natural disasters. Its geography also incorporates some of the most 2 the development of the drone ecosystem. However, for that to difficult terrain in the region, while a lack of infrastructure prevents take place the regulatory framework requires updating and the easy access to many areas in the country, limiting access to basic lack of easy access to information are a barrier to services. This all creates a complex situation for Guatemalans but development of the drone market. drones present multiple potential solutions in the form of rapid response, delivery, and infrastructure monitoring. An active and prosperous commercial drone ecosystem can be an increasingly important contributor to economic and social Guatemala is also one of the world’s largest producers of development across the Latin American region in general and sugarcane.5 As the product is the country’s most important export, Guatemala in particular. Some of the key challenges faced by the the government has allowed the implementation of new region can be solved by the introduction of drone technology, Overview of furthering the development of the ecosystem and improving living technologies to aid crop management. Globally, drones play an important role in the agriculture sector, allowing large areas of land conditions for the population. Guatemala’s drone In Guatemala, the drone ecosystem is at an early stage of to be covered quickly and efficiently, providing various services including spraying of fertilisers, and Guatemala was one of the development, both legally and commercially, and also in terms of ecosystem the perception of society and the authorities regarding drone earliest adopters of the technology for this use case. operations. Although Guatemala was one of the first countries in the region to establish drone regulations, back in 2013, further activities to develop and grow the drone sector have been relatively Most prospective use cases for drones in limited.1 Current legislation is restrictive to development, and some Guatemala6 components of the ecosystem are more established than others. Precision agriculture: Especially used in sugarcane crops Guatemalan drone ecosystem in numbers Road infrastructure maintenance: Drones are used for surveying and inspecting existing 2454 registered UAS units 2 roads and transportation infrastructure Construction sector: Drones are used in supervising civil engineering projects, for especially for linear infrastructure e.g. roads or 2 registered commercial UAS operators 3 rails Cadastral use: Municipalities are starting to use drones for mapping of territories 1 company designs and produces entertainment drones in Guatemala4 Entertainment and media: Drones are used for marketing purposes, tourism, and events (such as weddings, sports or cultural occasions) 11 Guatemala’s drone ecosystem has undergone significant development Box 2.1 Overview of the UAS History in Guatemala recently, with several stakeholders contributing to the maturation and evolution of the drone market. The agriculture and environmental sectors have been the main drivers of development in recent years, as selected government entities, universities, and private companies have Drones were first introduced in the country for agriculture purposes in the early 2010s,8 giving kicked off activities to enable the implementation of the technology on a way to a new era in agribusiness; modernising processes and making it easier for companies wider scale. to control and spray their crops throughout the country. Aerobots was the first Guatemalan Although regulations are due to be updated, the DGAC is taking steps company dedicated to developing drone services and solutions focused on agriculture, and forward – by, for instance, allowing BVLOS operations to be conducted also one of the first companies certified in BVLOS operations, allowing it to fly over 400ft high by those who meet the necessary requirements. Meanwhile, there has and provide multiple services.9 been an introduction of a wide variety of applications and drone services in the country, with companies such as Aerobots, Dron-A&S, Ciudad en el Cielo and others all positioning themselves in the Guatemalan market. Currently, a consultation process is being conducted by DGAC in order As part of the development of drones in Guatemala, in 2013 the General Office of Civil to understand how to better enable the drone ecosystem in the country. Aviation (Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil, or DGAC by its acronym in Spanish) This will likely involve collaboration with industry players and other implemented the first drone regulations in the country, due to a high demand for drones and partners on research & development activities, and the implementation to ensure safe integration of UAS into the airspace.10 These regulations were relatively basic of pilot projects to test technologies, as well as continuing to develop by today’s standards, but their implementation allowed drones to operate legally in drone regulations.7 Guatemala. Registration of drones was implemented in 2016,11 requiring an ID for each drone within Guatemala, thus allowing a basic form of tracking for UAVs and ensuring operators have the necessary permits to fly in the country. Unfortunately, the creation of regulations has not had a significant impact on building public awareness and acceptance of drone technology, as the information is not always easily accessible or widely disseminated. Despite this, the development in the applications of drones in the country has grown beyond the agriculture sector. It has evolved in the scientific research space – e.g., in the study of volcanoes and natural phenomena – and in the use of infrastructure inspections in civil engineering. These use cases have been implemented by government and private entities, bringing drone technology into the mainstream. In 2018, ASODRON (the Association of Drone Operators of Guatemala), a non-profit organisation promoting drones, made up of commercial and recreational pilots, was created. During the COVID-19 pandemic, ASODRON put activities on standby, but they are now recommencing operations.12 A new drone application appeared in the Guatemalan market in 2021, with Kemik13 and Aerobots14 starting to organise drone light shows to entertain the public during large-scale national events. 12 Figure 2.1 Timeline with Key Drone-Related Events in Guatemala The first commercial The first use of drone Ciudad en el Cielo The CIT of UVG uses drone operator technology for aerial becomes the second drones to carry out company, Aerobots, is maps and 3D modelling, company to be inspections of road created in Guatemala, to document historical registered as a drone sections26 for agricultural sites, analysis of the operator by DGAC20 services16 behaviour of looters and other research18 Aerobots is the first company to be certified for BVLOS operations in Guatemala21 Police started using drones for security purposes22 2010 2012 2013 2015 2016 2017 2018 2020 2021 The sugar cane industry DGAC publishes the DGAC launches drone ASODRON, the first Kemik starts to begins to use drones for Regulation for registration19 drone association in offer light shows precision agriculture, Unmanned Aircraft, Guatemala, is created23 using drones i.e., detection of Model aircraft and designed and diseases, pests, plant Fireworks, making it the produced in vigour and water first country in LAC to Local scientists learn Guatemala27 stress15 officially allow drone how to use drones to operations17 monitor volcanoes and to develop a deeper understanding of their characteristics24, 25 Source: PwC analysis of drone adoption and ecosystem maturity. Core analysis July 2022, updated during the second semester 2022. 13 The Guatemalan drone ecosystem is still in early stages of Regulations have been in place since 2013, but they are not easy development. When compared to other countries in the region to comply with, with a lengthy registration process presenting 2.1 there is a mixed picture, with some elements of the ecosystem multiple bottlenecks (discussed further in the report). The regulator demonstrating more relative maturity than others. is, however, progressive when compared to other countries in the Guatemalan industry has relatively low levels of digitalisation and region, as BVLOS operations are permitted under waivers. One of digital awareness, and therefore the use of digital technologies is, the challenges is related to digitalisation of the UAS related processes. Although drone registration is possible online, the broadly speaking, fairly limited, with drones no exception. Given the overall digitalisation of the workflow from the perspective of both limited demand for the technology, there are very few drone service regulator and user is still at an early stage. In addition, useful providers in the country. The availability of other ecosystem resources such as airspace maps showing no-fly zones are not elements, such as training, is also limited, therefore human capital currently available. and drone capabilities currently have reduced opportunities for Maturity of the development. drone ecosystem in Table 2.1 Guatemalan UAS Ecosystem Maturity Assessment Compared to Selected Regional Benchmark Countries Guatemala Component Maturity C Industry readiness Early adopters Selected companies Wide Adoption Supply & Demand C Access to UAS operators Mainly hobbyists Limited Wide, professionals C Training & Education Not available Available Widely available C Insurance Not available General Dedicated C Marketplace & Other Not available Basic Advanced C Execution of regulations Regulations Low Medium High C Approach to BVLOS Not available Waivers Allowed C Licensing & Examination Not available Operated by CAA Certified centers C Registration & Identification Not available Analog Digital Digital readiness C Flight authorisation time 2+ weeks 1-2 days Instant C Airspace maps No access Descriptive Digitalized C Identification & tracking Not available Digital flight plan Remote ID C Caribbean Source: PwC analysis of drone adoption and ecosystem maturity, July 2022, and updated during the second semester 2022. 14 Regional outlook Figure 2.2 UAS Services Regional Market Value and forecast Growth by Country, 2021-2026 Due to Guatemala’s size and overall economic situation, together with its relatively immature drone ecosystem, the market size for Estimated market value in 2021, Forecasted market value in 2026, CAGR drone services in the country is comparatively small. However, Country [USD Mn] [USD Mn] ’21-’26 there are numerous examples from LAC, including both smaller and larger countries, that show how fast a drone ecosystem can Brazil 67.0 321.6 37% develop. By 2026, the market value for UAS services in Guatemala is expected to reach 5.3 million USD.28 Mexico 19.1 100.2 39% Looking at its peers and neighbouring countries in Central America, Guatemala is well-positioned to develop its drone industry further. Argentina 18.8 94.7 38% Together with Panama, they are the most mature UAS ecosystem in the Colombia 11.9 67.8 42% region. Compared to other Central American countries, Panama has a Peru 11.7 64.3 41% relatively well-developed ecosystem. For example, there are multiple drone service providers in the country and several organisations Bolivia 7.6 39.3 39% providing drone training services. Venezuela 7.3 36.4 38% The perspective changes significantly when we compare Guatemala to the whole LAC region, especially to leading countries with already partly Chile 30.9 39% 6.3 developed drone ecosystems and substantial market potentials. Brazil is certainly the biggest and the most advanced market in the Paraguay 3.4 15.9 36% region when it comes to all ecosystem components. However, the market is mainly focused on agriculture use cases, and despite current C Caribbean 2.6 13.5 39% developments, Brazil still has significant potential for further growth. Ecuador 2.4 11.9 38% At the other end of the spectrum, countries within the Caribbean region are the least developed in terms of their drone ecosystems, primarily Suriname 2.2 10.7 37% due to limited demand for the technology. In addition, the regulatory environment is not well developed which creates additional barriers for Uruguay 1.6 7.8 37% foreign investment from companies looking to implement services such as UAS delivery. Nicaragua 1.3 6.4 37% In Mexico, regulations are progressive and respected by the UAS Guyana 1.1 5.9 39% community; however, the lack of BVLOS operations and prohibition for non-Mexican citizens to operate drones are limiting current Guatemala 1.0 5.3 39% development potential. In Colombia, the situation is similar to Guatemala in a way that both Honduras 0.9 5.1 43% public and private companies are slowly adopting drone technologies. For Colombia, the main growth driver is public safety, whereas in Panama 0.8 4.2 39% Guatemala it is agriculture. Costa Rica 0.6 3.1 39% Paraguay, meanwhile, has drone companies dedicated to UAV manufacturing – significantly, the country also has more drone Haiti 0.5 2.6 40% associations than Guatemala. Uruguay is a good example of a small country with an advanced drone El Salvador 0.4 2.0 38% ecosystem. Although its population is much smaller, the local UAS community is taking the industry forward firmly by testing various Belize 0.2 1.1 39% advanced use cases. The country also has drone manufacturing Total 168.6 849.4 38% companies regularly producing drones and developing new solutions for transportation and healthcare applications, as well as software developers working on flight automation, data management and processing, and finally on Unmanned Traffic Management software. Source: PwC analysis on market size and market potential, second semester 2021. 15 The UAS ecosystem in Guatemala is at an early stage of Besides end users and service providers, other stakeholders in development. A range of drone services is available across drone ecosystems globally include drone manufacturers, software 2.2 several industry sectors, presenting different technological developers, training providers, associations, and innovation advancements and maturity levels.29 accelerators – but these are all largely absent from the Guatemalan Over time, an increasing number of organisations have become ecosystem. aware of the potential of UAS, and both the public sector and private companies have begun experimenting with the technology by contracting specialised companies or building their own in-house capabilities. However, besides large agricultural companies, adoption of technology across other industry sectors is still limited. Ecosystem Figure 2.3 Main Players in Guatemala Drones Ecosystem NON-EXHAUSTIVE stakeholders Associations Innovation Accelerators End-Users Regulators and government agencies Training and Education Drone Services Providers Hardware and Software Developers Source: PwC analysis of drone adoption and ecosystem maturity. Core analysis July 2022, updated during the second semester 2022. 16 One of the main issues for the development of the ecosystem is that many UAS owners are not aware of the regulations or find them confusing since it is not easy to access the information from the DGAC. This situation is putting constraints on UAS owners to register the drones, and to register a commercial company. Francisco Sandoval, Director of ASODRON30 The drone market has a huge potential. That is because Guatemala´s road infrastructure is so poor and damaged, people have resorted to private jets and helicopters to get from one point to another. In fact, the country has one of the highest number of pilots per capita of the world, and also, one that has the most jets/helicopters per capita. Reality and need give the drones market a huge opportunity because by using them for goods transportation, for example, shipment time can be highly reduced, from hours to minutes, directly and indirectly impacting entire supply chains, facilitating solutions and reducing operational and logistics costs in the mid and long run. In the same line, there is potential in the utilisation of the technology for medical goods delivery, where the time of response is critical to save lives and connect rural communities to healthcare and lifesaving solutions. Jose Manuel Moreno, a Guatemalan business entrepreneur and UAS owner31 17 Hardware & Software Drone Service Providers There is very limited drone manufacturing in Guatemala. In the Guatemalan market there are a significant number of A few drone models of 100% Guatemalan origin have been service providers, but there is still space for both developed by local companies and researchers, but their industry-specialised companies and firms operating across production has not become widespread. sectors. Aerobots, founded in 2012,32 designs and manufactures 100% Many providers operate within agriculture. Guatemala was one Guatemalan agricultural drones with an infrared camera and of the first countries in the world to introduce drone spraying on autopilot mode for mapping fields, and detecting and locating a wide scale. More advanced precision agriculture applications crop problems.33 In 2021, on the 200th anniversary of – vegetation indices analysis, for example – have been adopted Independence Day, Guatemalan e-commerce company Kemik much more slowly, as they require more sophisticated software launched its Drones-Kemik project with ‘light show’ drones of solutions and know-how, but they are gradually gaining more 100% Guatemalan design, software and manufacturing.34 awareness throughout the market. Drone service providers such as Aerobots, Ciudad en el Cielo, Yumax, Agrodinco, These two companies also operate as distributors of Chinese VikingoTech, DDASO, Julio GIS&Drones and Drones Agrícolas drone brands XAG and DJI, respectively. Other retailers, such de Guatemala are focused on digitalizing agriculture in as MacroCity, as well as electronics stores (e.g., MAX), provide Guatemala. the Guatemalan market with a wide range of recreational and professional drone platforms. International hardware The drone market in Guatemala has been expanding, and manufacturers such as Swiss SenseFly, Wingtra and American besides agriculture, Applus+, Dron Análisis y Servicios UAV Systems International either distribute their drones (Dron-A&S), Genera, Innovación y Desarrollo de Ingeniería themselves or through partners in the country. (IDI), and AERIA offer services to the Infrastructure, Safety & Training & Education There are no local companies developing dedicated software Security, Environment & Culture, Media & Entertainment, Oil & Dedicated drone training is available in Guatemala but is Gas, Power & Utilities, Telecommunications, and Mining still emergent and mainly available directly from drone for drones or drone data analysis in Guatemala. In the absence industries. companies, i.e., hardware resellers and service providers. of local developers, Guatemalan service providers use software solutions from global software companies such as Pix4D, Esri, Organisations such as certified aviation schools don’t Leica Geosystems and others, distributed by retailers. provide courses for drone pilots, and specific training (on photogrammetry, for example) is limited. Online retailer and authorised DJI distributor MacroCity has a drone academy and offers a range of courses, from the essentials for those who have never flown a drone before to specialised photogrammetry courses for experts in cinematography, construction, mining, agriculture and other industries. Upon completion of the course, participants receive a diploma of participation.35 Another drone training provider is RTR Academy, an online academy for emerging technologies (including 3D graphics, virtual reality and blockchain, as well as drone technology). In November 2020, the company provided photogrammetry classes within the World Food Program.36 In Guatemala, international organisations, NGOs, and the government organise training for various stakeholders, including agricultural and forest communities, police, and firefighters. The objectives are to strengthen public safety, disaster management, nature preservation, environmental monitoring, and other efforts. 18 Associations Public and Commercial End Users ASODRON (Asociación de Operadores de Drones de In Guatemala, various commercial companies, public Guatemala), founded in 2018, is the only drone-related entities and NGOs use drones. Most Guatemalan association in the country. A group of recreational and companies decide to hire service providers instead of commercial pilots, ASODRON provides training to interested building in-house drone units. organisations, promotes drone pilot licensing, helps As mentioned, agriculture has been the driving force behind the Guatemalans in emergencies by volunteering with the National implementation of drone technology. Amongst other agricultural Coordinator for Disaster Reduction (CONRED), municipalities players, big sugar producers Pantaleón and La Union use and firefighters, etc., and aims to spread knowledge about the drones for data collection and spraying of plantations. technology.37 Drone applications in filmography services is one use case that Another responsibility of the association is to act as an has seen exponential growth and high demand in the country, intermediary between the DGAC and pilots, promoting a dialog from companies or individuals seeking to promote themselves or direct communication to propose initiatives that would impact and looking for unique material to use on social networks or the regulation and registration of drones. digital platforms. For instance, IRTRA, Hotel Santo Domingo ASODRON aims to represent all drone operators in Guatemala, and other companies in the real estate industry are actively across multiple industries, but in practice it consists mainly of hiring drones to create promotional materials. audiovisual creators. There is a pressing need to involve more Drone services have also been employed for security, drone players from other sectors to enrich the discussion and topographic use, 3D mapping, and applications in civil promote innovation. Considering the growing interest in the engineering, where drones are effectively used to supervise and technology, creating a forum for drone companies is essential. control processes, reducing the use of and risk to personnel. The Municipality of Guatemala, the National Police service and the U.S. Embassy of Guatemala all use drones to strengthen their safety & security activities. Innovation Accelerators (R&D) Research & development activities in drone technology are limited in Guatemala and driven by enthusiast students and academics. Private companies tend to rely on existing Other Players technology, modifying it where needed rather than creating There is a number of other secondary stakeholders which something radically new. directly or indirectly impact and shape of the drone However, universities are gradually becoming important players ecosystem. in innovation acceleration around drones. Some Guatemalan Guatemala, for instance, is a member state of the Latin students are getting opportunities to research the capabilities of American Civil Aviation Commission (LACAC), an international drone technology, and even participate in ‘hackathons’ (social consultative organisation that provides the CAAs with the events that promote innovation in coding). framework for discussing technical, juridical, and political Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (UVG) created the Centre matters of civil aviation and UAS. for Innovation and Technology (CIT) to promote economic and Additionally, supportive drone services are starting to further social development based on science and technology. CIT develop in Guatemala. explores and promotes drone applications, primarily in civil A few companies are active in drone maintenance services, engineering. showing that there is a big enough market for them to operate. 19 Overview of DGAC: Airspace Regulator in Guatemala 2.3 The Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil (General Office of Civil Aviation) is the civil aviation authority in Guatemala The DGAC is the entity responsible for regulating, managing, strengthening, facilitating and monitoring the provision of airport, navigation, and air transport services, in accordance with current legislation and international agreements ratified by Guatemala. The DGAC also supervises the construction and operation of aerodromes, and oversees the provision of navigation, air traffic control, and Regulation air transportation services, in accordance with international requirements and standards.38 Alongside these responsibilities, as Guatemala’s civil aviation authority, the DGAC creates UAV regulations, establishing the conditions in which a drone can operate. They also are responsible for authorising or denying drone operations which are outside of the regulations – BVLOS operations, for example.39 Guatemalan airspace is regulated by the Dirección General de This situation poses challenges for drone pilots and companies and Aeronáutica Civil (DGAC). In 2013, the DGAC established has an impact on compliance with regulations. Many drones remain regulation RAC-101, being the first regulation for drones in unregistered due to the high cost and slow process – in extreme Guatemala – and the first, in fact, anywhere in the region.40 The cases, the approval of drone operations can take over 12 months. agriculture and commercial farming sectors were early To improve the situation, the DGAC has launched an initiative to adopters of drones for crop spraying and pushed for the modify RAC-101, with the intention of updating the regulations to regulations. However, these laws have not been modified since address the development of the technology and improve conditions their establishment, and the regulatory framework could for drone operators in Guatemala. This initiative would aim to create benefit from being updated. new categories to correctly classify drone operators, and would also The DGAC has therefore been using an interim method: The establish an official licence for operations, certified and endorsed by organisation has been publishing notes and memorandums on their the DGAC, to provide the best conditions for drone operations in the website which have the power to add to or update the interpretation country. of the regulations according to DGAC mandate. However, these changes have not been formally added to RAC-101. 20 Overview of regulations The flight altitude limitation for drone operations is set at 120m (400ft) above ground level (AGL) and covers whole airspace in Guatemala. The height restriction follows international standards. It is established to help reduce the likelihood of drones interfering with manned Flight parameters aviation. Drone flights are only permitted at daylight unless the drone is equipped with adequate lighting. The DGAC (Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil / General Directorate of Civil Aeronautics) outlines geographical restrictions for drone operations. The general rule is for drone operators to maintain a 5-kilometer (3-mile) buffer zone around airports and other restricted areas. To date, DGAC has not officially published digital airspace maps for drone operators to verify the No-Fly Zones restrictions. Popular applications and drone manufacturers do show airspace restrictions, but as they are not officially endorsed, they can only be used for reference. Drone operators can still request authorizations for flights in restricted areas under special circumstances. Currently there are three weight categories of unmanned aircraft vehicles: • ‘Micro’: an UAV with a total weight of 100 grams or less. • ‘Small’: an UAV with take-off weight between 100 grams and 150 kilograms. • ‘Large’: Any of the below: UAV weight - an UAV with a wrapping capacity of more than 170 cubic metres. categories - An unmanned parachute powered with a launch mass of more than 150 kilograms. - A drone with a take-off weight greater than 150 kilograms. - An unmanned helicopter with a take-off weight greater than 100 kilograms. - An unmanned lifting device powered with a throwing mass greater than 100 kilograms.41 Currently there is no specific insurance for UAS operations in Guatemala, and no insurance which covers the drone itself. Insurance and flying However, the owner of an unmanned aircraft or drone shall be held responsible for any kind of over people injury and damage caused to third parties, people, or private property derived from aviation activities, or the consequences of operations in flight or on the ground. It is therefore obligatory for the drone operator to maintain a valid insurance policy covering them for incidents involving third parties, in case of accidents, indemnities, and civil liabilities.42 21 A special drone permit called an Operating Certificate (CO) is available from the DGAC, authorising drone operators to operate beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS), within restricted air zone flights, and above 120m. To qualify for a CO, the UAS must have certain systems in place and fulfil additional criteria: • Systems to enable the pilot to detect and avoid other users of the airspace • Communication systems for direct contact between the operator and the airport tower • Operator must have knowledge of aviation terminology to communicate properly with the Special authorization tower for BVLOS operations etc. • Risk analysis of the operation must be performed, demonstrating that it will not interfere with the operations of third parties or affect people in the vicinity The drone company applying for the certificate is assigned an operation number, in addition to the drone ID, so the operation can be tracked and assessed. Obtaining the certificate is complex. Authorization must be requested directly at the DGAC offices. At the time of publication, it has only ever been obtained by a single company – Aerobots, in 2017 – although permission has occasionally been granted to international organisations that have conducted research in the country.43 In Guatemala, drone pilot licences do not currently exist. However, the proposal to update RAC-101 includes a section on licences for aviation personnel, which will come into effect Pilot registration & when the regulation is updated. The requirements for a licence are that the drone operator licensing must attend an academy approved by the DGAC, take the necessary courses, and present proof of this training to the authorities.44 Drone registration requirement depends on its weight class and features. In case of drones for commercial use, a certification of the company is also required. In practice, the regulations are not fully enforced, and drones are often not registered due to the difficult process and relatively high cost of registration. Guatemalan regulations require all UAVs that fall within the categories established by the DGAC to complete the registration process in order to be provided with a badge or identification number. This process must be carried out, by both individuals and commercial UAV registration & entities, for operations to be legal in Guatemala. identification The registration process itself is relatively complex. Part of the registration can be done digitally, but the drone user is also required to attend scheduled appointments at DGAC in person. Given the number of steps in the process, the process can take up to 8 months. From the drone operators’ perspective, the procedure requires time and financial investments. The final cost of registration varies depending on the drone category and typically is a substantial value. Therefore, the factors describes above can be a barrier to technology testing and wider adoption. 22 References 1. Civil Aviation Authority Guatemala. 2013. “Civil Aviation Regulations Manual: RAC- 101: 15. Prensa Libre, “Drones benefician producción agrícola,” Website: Text/HTML, Prensa Libre, 12 Regulation on Unmanned Aircraft, Modeling Aircraft and Fireworks.” September 2022, https://www.prensalibre.com/efectivo/drones-aliados-del-agro/. https://www.dgac.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/RAC-OPS-1-SECCION-1.pdf. 16. Aerobots, “Nosotros,” Website: Text/HTML, Aerobots, 12 September 2022, 2. Interview with DGAC representative, conducted by PwC Poland and PwC Guatemala: March http://www.aerobots.gt/en/home/nosotros/. 2022. 17. Civil Aviation Authority Guatemala. 2013. “Civil Aviation Regulations Manual: RAC- 101: 3. DGAC. 2022. “Empresas Certificadas Con Drones (CO).” Regulation on Unmanned Aircraft, Modeling Aircraft and Fireworks.” https://www.dgac.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/CERTIFICADO-OPERATIVO-CON-DRO https://www.dgac.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/RAC-OPS-1-SECCION-1.pdf. NES.pdf. 18. Parque Nacional Tikal, “Tikal 3D mapping,” Website: Text/HTML, Parque Nacional Tikal, 12 4. Kemik, “Kemik drone production”, Website: Text/HTML, Kemik, 12 September 2022, September 2022, http://www.parque-tikal.com/#!/maps. https://www.facebook.com/kemik.gt/posts/3632127730231371. 19. Estrategia & Negocios “Guatemala comienza el registro de drones,” Website: Text/HTML, 5. Guatemala Sugar for Good, “¿Sabías que Guatemala es el segundo exportador de azúcar de Estrategia & Negocios, 12 September 2022, Latinoamérica y el quinto a nivel mundial?” Website: Text/HTML, Guatemala Sugar for Good, https://www.estrategiaynegocios.net/centroamericaymundo/guatemala-comienza-el-registro-d 12 September 2022, e-drones-HCEN1008935. https://sugarforgood.com/2021/12/21/guatemala-es-el-segundo-exportador-de-azucar-de-latino 20. Ciudad en el Cielo S.A, “Quiénes somos,” Website: Text/HTML, Ciudad en el Cielo S.A, 12 america-y-el-quinto-a-nivel-mundial/?lang=es#search-2. September 2022, 6. PwC analysis of drone adoption and ecosystem maturity. Core analysis July 2022, updated https://www.jefedrones.com/?fbclid=IwAR3bQOSXpXyERvVqCEasEHTV6jeMtg9WG7qVRypJ during the second semester 2022. 5Em_VVaBaDoyUVRPvGw. 7. Interview with DGAC representative, conducted by PwC Poland and PwC Guatemala: March 21. Prensa Libre, “Podrán volar drones de manera ilimitada,” Website: Text/HTML, Prensa Libre, 2022. 12 September 2022, https://www.prensalibre.com/economia/podran-volar-drones/. 8. Prensa Libre, “Drones benefician producción agrícola,” Website: Text/HTML, Prensa Libre, 12 22. Brecha Cero, “Guatemala utiliza drones para combatir el narcotráfico,” Website: Text/HTML, September 2022, https://www.prensalibre.com/efectivo/drones-aliados-del-agro/. Brecha Cero, 12 September 2022, https://brechacero.com/guatemala-utiliza-drones-para-combatir-el-narcotrafico/. 9. Prensa Libre, “Podrán volar drones de manera ilimitada,” Website: Text/HTML, Prensa Libre, 12 September 2022, https://www.prensalibre.com/economia/podran-volar-drones/. 23. Interview with ASODRON representative, conducted by PwC Poland and PwC Guatemala: March 2022. 10. Civil Aviation Authority Guatemala. 2013. “Civil Aviation Regulations Manual: RAC- 101: Regulation on Unmanned Aircraft, Modeling Aircraft and Fireworks.” 24. CONRED, “Monitoreo Volcánico,” Text/HTML, CONRED, 12 September 2022, https://www.dgac.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/RAC-OPS-1-SECCION-1.pdf. https://www.facebook.com/conredgt/posts/10156839909735349/. 11. Estrategia & Negocios “Guatemala comienza el registro de drones,” Website: Text/HTML, 25. SICA, “Conformación Pública del Consejo Científico de la CONRED,” Text/HTML, SICA, 12 Estrategia & Negocios, 12 September 2022, September 2022, https://www.estrategiaynegocios.net/centroamericaymundo/guatemala-comienza-el-registro-de https://www.sica.int/busqueda/Noticias.aspx?IDItem=55827&IDCat=3&IdEnt=22&Idm=1&IdmS -drones-HCEN1008935. tyle=1. 12. Interview with ASODRON representative, conducted by PwC Poland and PwC Guatemala: 26. Noticias UVG, “Cómo optimizar el uso de drones en las municipalidades de Guatemala?” March 2022. Website: Text/HTML, Noticias UVG, 8 September 2022, https://noticias.uvg.edu.gt/optimizacion-uso-drones-catastro-mazatenango-uvg/. 13. Kemik, “Show de Drones Kemik,” Website: Text/HTML, Kemik, 12 September 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bP5Md4GqulA. 27. Kemik, “Show de Drones Kemik,” Text/HTML, Kemik, 12 September 2022, https://www.facebook.com/kemik.gt/videos/show-de-drones-kemik/1813426158834191/?locale 14. ChapinTV, “Pepsi Blue te invita al primer show de drones en Guatemala,” Website: Text/HTML, =de_DE. ChapinTV, 12 September 2022, https://www.chapintv.com/noticia/pepsi-blue-te-invita-al-primer-show-de-drones-en-guatemala/. 28. PwC analysis of drone adoption and ecosystem maturity. Core analysis July 2022, updated during the second semester 2022. 23 References 29. PwC analysis of drone adoption and ecosystem maturity. Core analysis July 2022, updated 44. Interview with DGAC representative, conducted by PwC Poland and PwC Guatemala: during the second semester 2022. March 2022. 30. Interview with ASODRON representative, conducted by PwC Poland and PwC Guatemala: March 2022. 31. Interview with José Manuel Moreno entrepreneur and UAS owner, conducted by PwC Poland and PwC Guatemala: September, 2022. 32. Aerobots, “Nosotros,” Website: Text/HTML, Aerobots, 12 September 2022, http://www.aerobots.gt/en/home/nosotros/. 33. Guatemala.com,” Aerobots, drones aéreos para agricultura en Guatemala,” Website: Text/HTML, Guatemala.com, 12 September 2022, https://www.guatemala.com/desarrollo/innovacion/aerobots-drones-aereos-agricultura-guatem ala.html. 34. Kemik, “Show de Drones Kemik,” Website: Text/HTML, Kemik, 12 September 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bP5Md4GqulA. 35. MacroCity, “Cursos de piloto de drone,” Website: Text/HTML, MacroCity, 12 September 2022, https://macrocitygt.com/cursos-de-piloto-de-dron-guatemala/. 36. Academy RTR, “Clases de Fotogrametria con Drones DJI - World Food Program,” Website: Text/HTML, Academy RTR, 12 September 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XN6m0hcRXmY. 37. ASODRON, “Quienes Somos,” Website: Text/HTML, ASODRON, 12 September 2022, https://www.asodron.com/quienes-somos. 38. Interview with DGAC representative, conducted by PwC Poland and PwC Guatemala: March 2022. 39. Estrategia & Negocios “Guatemala comienza el registro de drones,” Website: Text/HTML, Estrategia & Negocios, 12 September 2022, https://www.estrategiaynegocios.net/centroamericaymundo/guatemala-comienza-el-registro-de -drones-HCEN1008935. 40. Civil Aviation Authority Guatemala. 2013. “Civil Aviation Regulations Manual: RAC- 101: Regulation on Unmanned Aircraft, Modeling Aircraft and Fireworks.” https://www.dgac.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/RAC-OPS-1-SECCION-1.pdf. 41. Civil Aviation Authority Guatemala. 2013. “Civil Aviation Regulations Manual: RAC- 101: Regulation on Unmanned Aircraft, Modeling Aircraft and Fireworks.” https://www.dgac.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/RAC-OPS-1-SECCION-1.pdf. 42. Interview with ASODRON representative, conducted by PwC Poland and PwC Guatemala: March 2022. 43. Prensa Libre, “Podrán volar drones de manera ilimitada,” Website: Text/HTML, Prensa Libre, 12 September 2022, https://www.prensalibre.com/economia/podran-volar-drones/. 24 Drone technology offers solutions to many of the social and The total market potential for UAS services in Guatemala is environmental challenges facing Guatemala and may improve forecasted to reach USD 35Mn in 2026, growing at a Compound 3 quality of life for the population, as well as significantly Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13% through 2021–2026. This contributing to basic service delivery. Beyond this, however, growth derives mostly from the maintenance and development of an expanded drone market also has the potential to stimulate the country’s infrastructure, as well as the utilisation of UAS the economy, through demand for services, and the creation of services in other important sectors for the economy of Guatemala – both direct and indirect jobs. agriculture in particular.1 Figure 3.1 Market Potential and Size of Commercial UAS Services in Guatemala, 2021-2026 Economic potential Market Commercial UAS services total market potential, 2021-2026 [USD Mn] potential of drone services +13% 35.2 32.7 30.4 24.7 26.0 19.4 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Market Commercial UAS services market value, 2021-2026 [USD Mn] size 5.3 +39% 3.9 2.9 2.1 1.5 1.0 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Source: PwC analysis on market size and market potential, second semester 2021. The revenue that the UAS sector will generate by provision of UAS services for two sectors – agriculture and safety & security – services to various industry players (through both the in-house and are forecasted to positively impact Guatemala’s economy. outsourced model) is estimated to be USD 5.3 Mn by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 39% (2021–2026). The increase in market size is mainly driven by a growing adoption of UAS technology, and therefore, it is more dynamic than the growth in total market potential.2 25 Figure 3.2 UAS Services Market Value and Growth by Industry, 2021-2026 CAGR Industry Forecasted market value in 2021, [USD Mn] Forecasted market value in 2026, [USD Mn] ’21-’26 Agriculture 0.57 2.37 33% Safety & Security 0.11 0.58 40% Healthcare – 0.40 127% Environment & 0.08 0.33 33% Culture Transport – 0.30 39% Media & 0.06 0.25 33% Entertainment Public Infrastructure 0.03 0.25 53% Telecommunication 0.03 0.24 48% Forestry 0.05 0.20 33% Oil & Gas 0.03 0.19 46% Utilities 0.05 0.12 18% Insurance 0.01 0.04 44% Mining 0.00 0.02 40% Total 1.02 5.30 39% Source: PwC analysis on market size and market potential, second semester 2021. 26 Box 3.1 Agriculture Industry Outlook Agriculture is the main engine of the Guatemalan economy. Guatemala is one of the world’s largest producers of coffee, sugar cane, melons, bananas, palm oil, and natural rubber. Drones have been used for agriculture in Guatemala since 2010, Agriculture is Guatemala’s main economic activity, and and for many large producers, including UAS technology in their precision agriculture practices has become essential. Drones therefore it is not surprising that it is estimated to help farmers save money and increase efficiency in multiple ways; allowing for the exact application of chemicals, increasing continue as the biggest market segment for drone crop yields, and automating processes that were previously difficult to carry out. services. This is also due to the maturity of the drone technology currently available in the sector, as well as the vast amount of agricultural land in the country. Market size prediction: 2.37 USD Mn by 2026; CAGR of 33% from 2021–2026 Industry Players: Aerobots, YUMAX Guatemala, VikingoTech, Drones Agrícolas de Guatemala, Genera, Agrodinco Current and potential sector applications: • Crop health monitoring - The Guatemalan Sugar Association (Asazgua) and Gremial de Palmicultores (Grepalma) use drones to monitor phytosanitary and nutritional status of plants, using vegetation indices for early identification of issues • Aerial application of pesticides, agrochemicals, and biological agents - Drones used for fertilising on coffee and banana farms are improving the economic and environmental sustainability of crop production - The sugar cane industry relies on the aerial application of agrochemicals including ripening agents, growth regulators, and pesticides - Transportation and release of biological agents such as Trichogramma exiguum eggs (for pest control) on sugarcane farms • Field inspection and crop counting - Drones give a general aerial overview, can reach crops in areas of difficult geographic access, and can monitor fires, floods, and pest outbreaks - Grepalma uses drones to take inventories of palm groves, prepare palm censuses, and monitor agricultural engineering works • Early fire detection - Constant analysis by thermal radar looks for temperature anomalies in the field, detecting fires as small as 3 metres from up to 5 kilometres away • Harvest estimation - High-resolution sensors capture detailed information for harvest estimation, while AI-augmented software can predict an approximate number of fruits, helping farmers with logistics and field management • Sowing* - Special feeder to release grains from the air; one drone can potentially sow 1 ha in 5 minutes * potential sector application 27 Box 3.2 Safety and Security Industry Outlook Guatemala has suffered from a high rate of violence for many years, including issues with organised crime and social conflicts. This has led to an evolution of the safety and security market, with 200 private security companies currently The use of UAS in safety & security is likely to be operating, and other commercial companies dedicated to developing complementary security services.3 Drones have started driven by use cases such as monitoring of national to be used to provide safety and security services, such as drone surveillance, detection of invaders by drones equipped with borders and main cities for safety purposes. thermal sensors, and drone monitoring of at-risk areas. They have provided support to the police, military, and private security personnel in the field, reducing their exposure to risk. Market size prediction: USD 0.58 Mn in 2026; CAGR of 40% from 2021–2026 Industry Players: Dron-A&S,4 Applus+ Public/Private Stakeholders: Ingenio la Union, EEGSA (Empresa Eléctrica de Guatemala), Cementos Progreso Current and potential sector applications: • Automated perimeter surveillance - Equipped with a high-resolution camera, drones can perform perimeter control of large areas without blind spots • Directed surveillance - Tool for remote security guard who needs to review large areas, monitor, or attend an incident location, or perform remote verification • Invader detection - Thermal cameras and zoom capabilities, combined with analytical software, can identify invaders or other threats • Escort drones* - To accompany VIPs or valuable goods by air to improve surveillance of a perimeter or area, to detect and prevent any interception or attack • Drone crime scene photography - Photography by drone avoids contamination during forensic mapping - Photographs taken from the air also provide a broader view of the entire area, obtaining different angles of the entire scene in a shorter amount of time - 3D visualisation of a crime scene can be created from photogrammetry * potential sector application 28 Box 3.3 Healthcare Industry Outlook In 2021, the Guatemalan healthcare system was ranked 105th in the world.6 Efforts have been made to improve the situation, but serious challenges remain, including the need to expand the coverage of essential services, to improve infrastructure and The adoption of UAS by the healthcare sector in basic equipment and other inputs, as well as encouraging better training.7 The rural poor, mainly indigenous people, suffer Guatemala may take longer, but if the solution is most from the lack of coverage. The use of drones in healthcare has already proved its usefulness and benefits in Rwanda, properly implemented, it has the potential to be the Malawi, the Dominican Republic, and other countries. Currently, drones aren’t being used or even tested in the healthcare UAS sector with the highest CAGR, and the third most sector in Guatemala, but the introduction of UAS technology has the potential to be truly transformative, enabling the important drone application by 2026.5 achievement of goals that have so far seemed impossible.8, 9 Market size prediction: 0.40 USD Mn in 2026; CAGR of 127% from 2021–2026 Industry Players: Aerobots10 Current and potential sector applications: • Delivery of medical supplies to remote communities* - Delivery of blood, vaccines, birth control, snake bite antidote, and other medical supplies to rural areas without the need for any additional infrastructure - Reaching people who require immediate medical attention within minutes could, in some cases, mean the difference between life and death - Aid in suppressing outbreaks of life-threatening communicable diseases such as diarrhoea, pneumonia, cholera, and tuberculosis11 • Medical corridor between health facilities* - Courier medicine, blood, or diagnostic samples between buildings - Reduce the time to receive necessary medical supplies or specimens, reduce wastage of resources and costs, increase the capacity of rural clinics for preventive medicine, and improve quality of healthcare in general • Medical emergency response* - Multifunctional instruments in times of natural disasters or other emergencies, detecting injured people in darkness, delivering necessary medical equipment - Using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to locate people trapped under collapsed buildings * potential sector application 29 Box 3.4 Environment and Culture Industry Outlook Guatemala is a megadiverse country, hosting a great variety of species for a small territory. However, it is also amongst the top ten countries in the world most affected by climate change.12 The protection of the country’s biodiversity has been the UAS applications in environment & culture are driven focus for many nonprofit organisations, including United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Rainforest Alliance, and by the need to protect Guatemala’s many areas of Utz Che’. Guatemala is also home to many important archaeological sites, such as Tikal, an ancient Mayan city that was environmental and archaeological significance, which declared a World Heritage Site in 1979. Monte Alto is another site, comprising more than 40 main structures and sculptures, represent an important national heritage, as well as an while El Mirador and Cancuén have the largest pyramid (La Danta) and the most amazing palaces in the Mayan world, increasing level of interest in the technology from respectively. industry players. Market size prediction: USD 0.33 Mn by 2026; CAGR of 33% from 2021–2026 Industry Players: Dron-A&S, Applus+13, IDI14 Current and potential sector applications: • Wildlife monitoring15 - Collection of data to facilitate conservation and monitoring of wild flora and fauna species, through monitoring and researching animals, mapping, and measuring plant species, and approximate counting of plants or animals - Specialised sensors can record or transmit (in real time) the behaviour of species, with minimal interference with their natural habitats • Wildlife protection16 - Noise-free surveillance microdrones carrying multiple payloads (such as night vision cameras, thermal imaging systems, and long-range zoom, high-resolution cameras) can help to guard endangered species and conservation areas • Archaeological heritage surveillance17 - Thermography sensors survey archaeological sites to help archaeologists locate buildings underground - Infrared sensors and GPS devices to carry out 3D mapping - Archaeologists use photogrammetry from drones for the study of cultural heritage • Contamination risk assessment18 - Thermographic, multispectral sensors and gas metres track pollutants to analyse and assess environmental contamination risk • Air quality monitoring* - Monitoring polluting gases and particulates, pollution source locating, environmental emergency monitoring, harmful gas detection, safety monitoring, industrial emission monitoring, and air quality research - Gas detection sensors to sample and comprehensively analyse ambient air at heights of up to 125 metres AGL • Climate risk management* - Creation of thermography maps of the city to identify so-called ”urban heat islands”19 - Cloud seeding to lower global temperature of the Earth20 * potential sector application 30 Box 3.5 Transportation and Logistics Industry Outlook The demand for delivery services and apps increased exponentially during the lockdowns of the COVID-19 pandemic. This has become a driver for businesses to develop their own delivery apps or incorporate new services in association with the It is only a matter of time before drones begin to be best known and used third-party apps, such as Uber Eats, PedidosYa and Hugo. In 2020, Hugo App launched a delivery adopted by the transportation & logistics sectors, as drone pilot as part of the COVID-19 emergency response,21 making deliveries to hospitals in El Salvador to provide food to there is a great deal of interest in this application from medical personnel. After the pilot, they made this type of delivery a regular service. The market grew at a rate of 30% during both local and regional players. Although forecasted 2020, reaching 50 orders per minute. growth for this sector is not substantial, the use of UAVs in the transport industry could lay a solid foundation for the development of a national UTM system. Market size prediction: USD 0.3 Mn in 2026; CAGR of 39% from 2021–2026 Industry Players: Aerobots, Hugo App Current and potential sector applications: • Food delivery*22 - Drones with temperature-controlled boxes can solve the last-mile problem for food delivery companies; orders can be transported to the client or pick-up point • Parcel delivery*23 - Long-endurance cargo drones can deliver packages in dense urban areas, as well as hard-to-reach, remote locations • Delivery of supplies* - Drones with payloads can be utilised for delivery of required supplies and work equipment, enhancing efficiency and accessibility of logistics in remote areas or challenging terrains * potential sector application 31 Box 3.6 Media and Entertainment Industry Outlook The use of drones by the media and entertainment sector in Guatemala is one of the most well-known uses in the country. Many companies providing photography, cinematography and marketing services incorporate drones in their operations. Given that, private users generally buy drones for leisure purposes, to capture unique images and videos for personal use, drone services for the media & entertainment industry are perhaps the most well-known and widespread. The most advanced drone application in this sector is drone light shows, which Market size prediction: 0.25 Mn by 2026; CAGR of 33% from 2021–2026 have recently attracted interest from national players and promise extensive growth. Industry Players: AereoDron, Digital Group X, Filmotions, AERIA, Dron-A&S, Vuelotenango, Kemik, plus informal market composed of individual drone owners Current and potential sector applications: • Video production24, 25 - Shots can be taken from a variety of unique and interesting angles • Aerial photography26 - Companies are taking advantage of drones’ high-quality professional photography, for promotion of Guatemala as a tourist destination, for example • Aerial recording and transmission of events27 - Replacing traditional audiovisual equipment (rail systems, cranes, and helicopters) at open-air events - Panoramic shots with a radius of up to 4 kilometres • Light shows28 - Hundreds or thousands of light show drones perform choreographic routines created with 3D animation tools, with specialised software creating a flight path 32 Box 3.7 Public Infrastructure Industry Outlook Guatemala has been working to create an adequate urban and interurban road structure, whilst maintaining and improving the network of productive secondary roads, and developing efficient cities, focusing on social housing and urban The public infrastructure consists of roads, railways, infrastructure.29 Recent natural disasters have caused landslides and flooding in the main streets of Guatemala City, as well airports and seaports. With development of machine as the collapse of bridges and destruction of main roads across the country. It is therefore a priority to invest in the recovery learning, identification of infrastructure imperfections is of these devastated areas.30 Currently, there are projects in development, which are likely to need constant supervision. easier making drone services more efficient. Drone Drones have the necessary capacity to support the infrastructure sector with supervision, mapping, the creation of digital services include construction progress monitoring, and elevation models, and inspection of new or existing infrastructure.31 asset and facility management. Market size prediction: USD 0.25 Mn in 2026; CAGR of 53% from 2021–2026 Industry Players: IDI,32 Dron-A&S,33 AERIA,34 Applus+ Current and potential sector applications: • Supervision of road and railway infrastructure construction - Drones with high-resolution cameras and LiDAR (laser scanning) can supervise, verify, or track progress of construction projects in real time, increasing safety and compliance - Collected data are transformed into engineering grade measurable maps and 3D models which can serve as an objective project documentation for purposes such as subcontractors control, adherence to design, litigation or insurance - Drone operations can be performed on each step of the construction process, from planning phase to completion and object handover, collected materials can be transformed into corporate advertising as well • Road infrastructure inspections35 - Inspection of engineering objects such as bridges, tunnels, road surfaces and assisting infrastructure for predictive maintenance purposes - High resolution imagery and dedicated inspection software solutions bring new range of possibilities for engineers, helping them to spot anomalies on an early stage in order to fix them or prevent further degradation - Inspection of structures that are difficult to access, but are crucial for objects’ safety and stability are facilitated with specialized drone platforms and sensors - Thermal sensors can detect and identify abnormalities, heat loss areas, destructive moisture spots or cracks in pavements and bridges • Support and documentation for planning, maintenance and risk assessment processes - Enhanced awareness of terrain circumstances benefits many aspects of engineering works related to earth movements, road infrastructure planning, design, construction as well as maintenance (preventive or operational) - 3D terrain data facilitate rendering of visualisations and performance of advanced analyses and risk assessments, including simulation of factors such as flooding, landslides or road network destruction due to natural factors - Drone-based maps and technical products are a proven and objective documentation for various purposes, including insurance, litigation, adherence to design or impact assessment 33 Box 3.8 Telecommunications Industry Outlook In Guatemala there are 8,500 telecommunications towers owned and operated by Claro36 and another 4,400 by Tigo.37 To properly maintain these many towers, two companies – the largest telecommunications firms in Guatemala – are using drone The telecommunications industry can significantly technology specialists. benefit from drone technology, especially asset management and maintenance. The ties between telecom infrastructure and UAS technology is expected to gain even more significance, as it will be used to enable connectivity for large-scale drone operations in Market size prediction: USD 0.24 Mn by 2026; CAGR of 48% from 2021–2026 the future. Industry Players: AERIA, Applus+,38, 39, 40 Dron-A&S41 Current and potential sector applications: • Remote inspection of telecommunications towers - Pre-outage inspections can determine if a high-risk tower needs an in-person, manual inspection - Live video feed enables technicians to direct the drone to suspicious areas - Aerial images help workers choose the necessary equipment for ascent • Autonomous inspection of telecommunications towers - Dedicated tower software platform can perform autonomous missions for all types of towers, using a single drone or multiple drones - Analytical software can produce high-resolution imagery, 3D reality models, AI analytics and insights, and virtual tours • Audits of telecommunications facilities - Ultra-high-resolution images of the entire tower can be used in combination with AI to automatically measure tower altitude and test multiple antenna parameters, such as tilt, azimuth, longitude, latitude, height, orientation, etc. • Thermal imaging surveys - Thermal imaging sensors facilitate the identification of potential failure points, such as insulator or wire overheating, missing components, wire joints or breaks, rusting metal and other defects - Geotagged data facilitates the decision-making process and follow-up logistics • Locating nests - Thermal sensors survey large areas and detect nest locations, removing the need for workers to climb the tower and be exposed to risk 34 Box 3.9 Forestry Industry Outlook Despite Guatemala having large expanses of forests, the use of drones in forestry is not yet normalised or systematised across the country. However, INAB is making efforts towards the development of adequate parameters and methodologies, The vast number of forests and the interest of allowing stakeholders to obtain geospatial information for the measurement, reporting and verification of forest cover. 42 responsible public institutions in drone technology are INAB’s core function is to manage and regulate forestry activity in Guatemala’s protected areas. 43 Drones support INAB in driving the adoption of UAVs in the forestry industry in many of their activities, including monitoring pests and fires. Guatemala. Market size prediction: USD 0.20 Mn in 2026; CAGR of 33% from 2021–2026 Industry Players: Dron-A&S Current and potential sector applications: • Aerial surveillance44 - Multispectral or high-resolution cameras allow forestry teams to analyse the current situation, prevent illegal activities, monitor forest fires, etc. • Tree health monitoring - Aerial monitoring allows the detection of groups of trees affected by pests like bark beetles - Photographs can either be analysed individually or processed as a whole, through the formation of an orthophoto or high-precision maps • Counting of trees45 - Software is used to make an approximate calculation of the current number of trees in the wider area, aiding in the better management of forests • Optimise tree location* - Collection of various data points for predictive planning and analysis, to increase the chances of maximum growth for newly planted trees • 3D images of forests* - 3D imagery can help in profiling individual trees quickly and repeatedly - Multispectral imaging and 3D point clouds can show overall health and growth - Leaf area analysis can help predict carbon exchange - Patterns of growth or health can be mapped to climatic or anthropological trends * potential sector application 35 Box 3.10 Oil and Gas Industry Outlook Guatemala has four oil extraction contracts, with Petrolera del Istmo S.A., Perenco, Petro Energy S.A, and Petro Latina Corporation. Guatemala produces 10,000 barrels of oil per day, but the Ministry of Energy and Mines intends to increase the With the increasing production of oil in Guatemala and number to 51,000 barrels in 2022.46 the availability of companies providing drone services for the industry, the application of UAVs in the Oil and Gas is forecasted to grow. Market size prediction: USD 0.19 Mn in 2026; CAGR of 46% from 2021–2026 Industry Players: Dron-A&S, Applus+, Geosystem Engineering, Flyability47 Current and potential sector applications: • Internal tank and pipe inspection48 - Indoor drones with LiDAR provide internal tank and pipe inspection services, allowing inspections to be carried out without the need for personnel to enter confined spaces, reducing risk to life and improving the quality of data • Oil and gas pipeline monitoring49, 50 - Regular monitoring can reduce the probability of leaks, fires, and explosions - Thermal cameras and other sensors obtain and send information to a specialist in real time • Inspection of offshore structures51 - High-endurance drone with high-resolution cameras and LiDAR are used for offshore inspection, improving safety, accuracy, and efficiency • Refinery inspection - Thermal sensors inspect oil refineries requiring continuous and constant monitoring - New drone models, with omnidirectional obstacle avoidance system comprised of dual visual and time-of-flight sensors, provide peace of mind • Chimney inspection - Providing a view of locations that are difficult for humans to access, such as chimneys and smokestacks, using visual and thermal inspection cameras 36 Box 3.11 Utilities Industry Outlook In 2017, the INDE (National Institute of Electricity) began to use drones for visual inspection, monitoring and photography of structures.52 The company continues to train its teams on how to operate drones to carry out maintenance and visual Drones are already used by Guatemalan utility inspection of an electric power transmission line. companies in some areas of their operations. As drone technology advances and services improve, it is expected that the utility industry will further adopt UAS in the country. Market size prediction: USD 0.12 Mn in 2026; CAGR of 18% from 2021–2026 Industry Players: Trecsa, AERIA Current and potential sector applications: • Industrial facilities inspection53 - Aerial inspection enables companies to inspect and document actual conditions and visualise damage in industrial facilities and machinery - High-resolution photo/video cameras, radiometric thermal cameras, and laser scanners can identify abnormalities like cracks, delamination, thermal bridges, corrosion, assembly faults or deformation, thermal losses, and leaks • Wind turbine inspection54 - Reduces costs and downtime, increases safety, and informs further maintenance • Inspection of power lines and transmission towers55, 56 - Abnormally high resistance, current flow, or heat on electricity infrastructure will lead to loss, potential damage, and abnormal operation - High-resolution thermal imaging cameras can inspect electrical supply or distribution systems, identifying system overload or excessive current, or issues with connections, wiring or components • Inspection of solar plants and panels57 - Undetected and unresolved solar site inefficiencies can lead to significant losses - Data is collected with high-resolution thermal cameras, processed with specialised software, and used for detailed reporting with actionable insights about detected hot spots, failures in a row of photovoltaic panels, diode failure, cracks or breaks in the glass, and darkening of panels • Sewer inspection* - Underground inspection and diagnostics on sewer networks - When wastewater systems cannot be inspected using traditional methods, e.g., in especially tight spaces, a drone is the only real solution possible • Inspection of dams, reservoirs, and water infrastructure* - Visual and thermal inspections can reveal cracking of the concrete, displacement of spillways due to soil movement, chipping of the surface that could disrupt structural integrity, damage of the spillway surface, penetration of invasive weeds * potential sector application 37 The projected growth of Guatemala’s drone ecosystem not only represents an increased demand for drone services and 3.1 technology, but also a requirement for human capital. It will therefore result in the creation of job opportunities, which will in turn benefit Guatemala’s economy and economic development. Direct jobs The development and wider adoption of drone technology in various sectors drives a need for specialists who are able to utilise the technology, and it is forecasted that the drone industry will create over 360 direct jobs in Guatemala by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 28% from 2021-2026. All Job creation these jobs are assumed to be performed either in-house (by internal drone programs) or by drone teams in organisations and by third-party drone service providers.58 Figure 3.3 Estimated Number of Direct Jobs Created, 2021-2026 CAGR ’21-’26 365 293 114 25% +28% 93 226 176 72 147 32% 131 59 116 105 42 91 25% 38 68 28 23 15 51 38% 37 17 12 14 8 9 12 5 61 38% 3 4 38 49 18 22 30 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 UAS operators Data processing specialists Analysts Machine Learning specialists Management *Number of created direct jobs was calculated in detail using bottom-up approach, and considering an in-house and outsourced model of delivering the UAS services Source: PwC analysis on market size and market potential, second semester 2021. 38 Trained drone operators will be needed across all use cases, Machine learning specialists will be needed, to train algorithms serving every industry sector, and therefore UAS operators will to recognize a large and varied range of objects on captured represent the second largest job specialty created by the data. The number of machine learning specialists is the industry. It is assumed that most of these duties will be smallest segment, but expected to see the fastest growth, outsourced. driven by increasing automation and adoption of artificial intelligence in companies’ daily operations. An increasing adoption of UAS technology will produce a growing volume of data, and data processing specialists will be Finally, management personnel will be responsible for the required to make the best use of it, processing geospatial data supervision of other employees, running projects in-house and and creating engineering products from the footage and other in specialised UAS companies. The number of managerial roles data gathered by drones. By 2026, data processing specialists is calculated based on the growth of other roles and the are predicted to represent the biggest share of direct maximum number of people one manager can supervise. employment created by the drone industry. Analysts have a supporting role in the work of data processing specialists, performing detailed analyses of the products following processing and preparation of analytical reports. Analysts’ jobs are forecasted to be created both in-house and by specialised companies (i.e., outsourced). 39 Indirect jobs Not all employment opportunities created by the growth of the drone service market will translate in just direct jobs opportunities. It is forecasted that the drone industry will create an even greater number of indirect jobs – 509 by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 35% from 2021 –2026.59 Figure 3.4 Estimated Number of Indirect Jobs Created, 2021-2026 CAGR ’21-’26 509 68 6% 423 11 41% 11 65 13% Many indirect roles will include jobs related to the enabling +35% environment. This means airspace traffic management, 334 9 10 regulatory bodies, training facilities, and UAS insurance providers, amongst others. Currently this represents the largest 60 proportion of indirect jobs, but the category is not likely to see dramatic growth. 9 7 By 2026, by far the largest proportion of indirect jobs will be 366 58% comprised of ‘beneficiaries’: jobs related to the purchasing of services and supervision of operations, in cases where large 171 294 companies outsource their UAS services. 142 Back-office jobs at UAS-focused companies – such as 57 220 marketing, finance, HR and procurement (i.e., those which do 114 53 5 not require sector specific skills) – comprise a small proportion 8 8% 50 4 of indirect jobs but are predicted to see substantial growth. This 7 also applies to sales jobs, i.e., those with responsibility for 6 2 74 28% 55 15 importing and sales of commercial and recreational UAS (it is 37 13 14 14 assumed that only part of the hardware will be purchased in 10 11 12 9 11 37% 4 5 8 7 16 20 24 specialised stores). 5 7 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Other indirect roles include research and development jobs (e.g., at universities) related to the creation of new, local Enablement services R&D Hardware and software development Other technologies, and engineering positions in local companies Product sales Beneficiaries Supporting staff (back office) manufacturing drone-related hardware and software. Finally, there are a range of other jobs created in industries *Number of created indirect jobs was estimated top-down on a basis of current assessment of a workforce or international benchmarks, such as media (journalism and blogs), events, in UAS as well as bottom-up where data available competitions (both sport and e.g., hackathons) and the UAS marketplace, which are all expected to see steady growth. Source: PwC analysis on market size and market potential, second semester 2021. 40 References 1. PwC analysis on market size and market potential, second semester 2021. 15. Dron-A&S, “Flora and fauna research with drone,” Website: Text/HTML, Dron-A&S, 12 September 2022, https://www.analisisyservicios.com/investigacionflorafaunacondron. 2. PwC analysis on market size and market potential, second semester 2021. 16. Applus+,”Protección de la fauna,” Website: Text/HTML, Applus+, 12 September 2022, 3. Ministry of the Interior, “220 Private Security companies are legally registered with DIGESSP," https://www.applus.com/gt/es/what-we-do/service-sheet/vigilancia-a%C3%A9rea-con-drones- 12 Septeber 2022, (vant). https://mingob.gob.gt/220-empresas-de-seguridad-privada-estan-legalmente-registradas-en-la digessp/#:~:text=Actualmente%20se%20cuenta%20con%20un,desde%20que%20surge%20l 17. DronA&S, ”Archaeological heritage surveillance,” Website: Text/HTML, Dron-A&S, 12 a%20Ley. September 2022, https://www.analisisyservicios.com/arqueologiacondron. 4. Dron-A&S, ”Security Support with Drone,” Website: Text/HTML, Dron-A&S, 12 September 18. IDI,”Contamination risk assessment,” Website: Text/HTML, IDI, 12 September 2022, 2022, https://www.analisisyservicios.com/soporteseguridadcondron. https://idi.com.gt/sig-y-monitoreo-ambiental/. 5. PwC analysis on market size and market potential, second semester 2021. 19. 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Dron-A&S, “Conteo de Plantas y Árboles,” Website: Text/HTML, Dron-A&S, 12 September https://idi.com.gt/inspeccion-con-drones/. 2022, https://www.analisisyservicios.com/forestalymedioambiente. 33. Dron-A&S, “Inspección de Obra Civil y Minería,” Website: Text/HTML, Dron-A&S, 12 46. Plaza Publica, “De contratos y barriles de petróleoOil Guatemala,” Website: Text/HTML,Plaza September 2022, https://www.analisisyservicios.com/inspecciondemineriayobracivil. Publica, 12 September 2022, https://www.plazapublica.com.gt/content/de-contratos-y-barriles-de-petroleo#:~:text=En%20la 34. AERIA, “Construcción,” Website: Text/HTML, AERIA, 12 September 2022, %20actualidad%20Guatemala%20produce,en%20los%20%C3%BAltimos%20quince%20a% https://www.aeriaservices.com/construccion/. C3%B1os. 35. Dron-A&S, “Inspección de Infraestructura,” Website: Text/HTML, Dron-A&S, 12 September 47. Flyability, “Geosystem Ingeniería Partners with Flyability to Bring World Class Indoor Drones 2022, https://www.analisisyservicios.com/inspecciondeinfraestructura. to Colombia, Panama, and Guatemala,” Website: Text/HTML,Flyability, 12 September 2022, 36. Portafolio, “Claro lanza servicio para concesionar espacio de sus torres en el país,” Website: https://www.flyability.com/news/geosystem-ingenieria-partnership. Text/HTML, Portafolio, 12 September 2022, 48. Applus+, “Servicios de inspección interna de tanques y tuberías,” Website: Text/HTML, https://www.portafolio.co/tendencias/claro-lanza-servicio-para-concesionar-espacio-de-sus-to Applus+, 12 September 2022, rres-en-el-pais-544659. https://www.applus.com/gt/es/what-we-do/service-sheet/servicios-de-inspecci%C3%B3n-inter 37. Prensa Libre, “Tigo telecom towers,” Website: Text/HTML, Prensa Libre, 12 September 2022, na-de-tanques-y-tuber%C3%ADas. https://www.prensalibre.com/economia/la-transnacional-millicom-tuvo-muchos-motivos-de-pe 49. Dron-A&S, “Inspección de Tuberías de Gas y Petroleo,” Website: Text/HTML, Dron-A&S, 12 so-para-comprar-tigo-guatemala-y-asi-lo-explico/. September 2022, https://www.analisisyservicios.com/inspecciontuberisgasypetroleo. 38. Applus+, “Cooperation with Claro Colombia,” Website: Text/HTML, Applus+, 12 September 50. Shell, “Drones In Shale Oil And Gas,” Website: Text/HTML, Shell, 12 September 2022, 2022, https://www.shell.com/energy-and-innovation/shale-oil-and-gas/drone-development-permian- https://www.applus.com/gt/es/about-us/success-stories/instalaci%C3%B3n-y-actualizaci%C3 basin.html. %B3n-de-la-red-m%C3%B3vil-de-telefon%C3%ADa-en-colombia. 39. Applus+, “Cooperation with Claro Peru,” Website: Text/HTML, Applus+, 12 September 2022, 51. Applus+, “Inspección plataformas offshore,” Website: Text/HTML, Applus+, 12 September 2022, https://www.applus.com/gt/es/about-us/success-stories/evaluaciones-estructurales-de-edificio https://www.applus.com/gt/es/what-we-do/service-sheet/inspecci%C3%B3n-plataforma-offsh s-y-torres-de-telecomunicaci%C3%B3n. ore. 42 References 52. National Institute of Electricity. 2019. “Art. 10 numeral 12 Ley de Acceso a la Información Pública.” https://www.inde.gob.gt/wp-content/themes/inde/files/_1563228964_6474_acceinf12jun19.pdf. 53. IDI, “Inspección con drones,” Website: Text/HTML, IDI, 12 September 2022, https://idi.com.gt/inspeccion-con-drones/. 54. Dron-A&S, “Inspección de Torres Eólicas,” Website: Text/HTML, Dron-A&S, 12 September 2022, https://www.analisisyservicios.com/inspecciondetorreseolicas. 55. Applus+, “Inspección de aerogeneradores/tendidos eléctricos,” Website: Text/HTML, Applus+, 12 September 2022, https://www.applus.com/gt/es/what-we-do/service-sheet/inspecci%C3%B3n-de-aerogenerador es-tendidos-el%C3%A9ctricos. 56. Repositorio Centroamericano SIIDCA-CSUCA, “Propuesta de la integración de drones, como recurso en el plan de mantenimiento de la sección de líneas de transmisión del sistema central de la empresa de transporte y control de energía eléctrica del INDE,” Website: Text/HTML, Applus+, 12 September 2022, https://repositoriosiidca.csuca.org/Record/RepoUSAC10923/Description#tabnav. 57. AERIA, “Inspección De Paneles Solares,” Website: Text/HTML, AERIA, 12 September 2022, https://www.aeriaservices.com/paneles-solares/. 58. PwC analysis on market size and market potential, second semester 2021. 59. PwC analysis on market size and market potential, second semester 2021. 43 Despite the efforts to improve its development levels, relevance to sustainability relate to environmental protection and Guatemala’s social, economic and environmental challenges monitoring, as the country is undergoing high levels of deforestation 4 continue to be substantial, and the country is one of the and illegal poaching and is also likely to suffer many of the nations in LAC with the least progress towards the damaging effects of climate change, including wildfires. Drones achievement of the sustainable development goals. Actions may also help in the fight against organised crime, as illegal need to be taken rapidly across multiple sectors in order for practices are widespread and cause both social and environmental the country to advance in the wellbeing of its citizens and harms.1 achieve the agenda 2030. The desire to do so is there, and Guatemalan authorities – such as the Ministry of Agriculture, the UAS have the potential to provide solutions to many of the National Coordinator for Disaster Reduction, the National Council of country’s social and environmental challenges. Protected Areas and the Ministry of the Interior – are already using A wider adoption of drones can make a significant difference to drones within their areas of responsibility to increase operational Drones for social Guatemalans timely access to high quality basic service delivery, efficiency. However, drones are currently only being implemented in especially relevant for healthcare – where there is currently no a limited number of development applications, and there is low development and application of drones – along with humanitarian aid, preparedness adoption of advanced use cases. and response to natural disasters, as well as further expand the environmental agricultural usage of this technology. Other use cases with high protection 44 Table 4.1 Maturity and Relevance of Drones Use Cases for Social Development and Environmental Protection Use case Drone application examples Maturity Relevance Social development and humanitarian applications Healthcare and medical Medical supplies and goods delivery to remote communities, Medical emergency response with drones, Air medical corridor between health goods delivery facilities, Medical test and sample drop-off and pick-up with drones Agriculture applications Crop health mapping using vegetation Indexes, Crop protection by drone spraying, Phytosanitary emergency response Support provided by humanitarian organisations during crises, e.g. On-site situation awareness for facilitation of decision-making, Food, Humanitarian aid sanitary and medicine delivery Pre-disaster mapping for vulnerability assessment and risk modelling, Emergency drone delivery, Damage assessment, 3D modelling for Disaster management infrastructure reconstruction during disaster recovery, Search and Rescue operations Urban planning and Informal settlement monitoring, City mapping and 3D models generation with photogrammetry software, Asset management, Capital project monitoring monitoring, Cadastral project monitoring, Cadastral information gathering Traffic flow analysis, Situational awareness and evidence collection in case of emergencies, Safety assessment, Data gathering for range of Road traffic monitoring studies: origin-destination, traffic volumes, parking, spot speed Road infrastructure Road infrastructure inspections for disaster and climate resilience, Road surface and structural damage monitoring, Post damage surveying, maintenance Baseline surveying for construction/reconstruction design, Construction or repair progress monitoring and documentation, Asset management Remote internet access Creation of a network of drones equipped with internet routers, Facilitating post-disaster connectivity Environmental protection applications Endangered species Wildlife monitoring, Animal and habitat management, Counting the number of plants and animals, Monitoring poaching incidents monitoring Environmental pollution Illegal activity monitoring, Air quality monitoring, Soil quality monitoring, Water quality monitoring monitoring Restoration and Mapping of future planting spots, Forest seeding, Aftercare with spraying drones, Progress mapping, Illegal activities reforestation Waste management and Landfill mapping, Capacity calculation, Monitoring methane emissions, Monitoring waste treatment, Fire risk monitoring landfill monitoring Wildfires Early fire detection, Situational awareness during wildfires, Search and Rescue operations Mosquitoes borne disease Identification of breeding sites, Releasing of sterilized male mosquitoes or mosquitos that carry Wolbachia bacteria, Spraying of Aquatain spread reduction liquid Level of maturity of the use case in Guatemala Relevance for Guatemala Mature use case Testing & piloting stage Limited or no evidence High relevance Moderate relevance Low relevance Souce: PwC analysis of environmental and social impact of drones. Core analysis conducted during the second semester of 2022. 45 USAID Guatemala Biodiversity Project, implemented by Chemonics International from July 2018 to July 2021, significantly contributed to 4.1 the adoption of drone technology in environmental protection and monitoring activities. For three years, drones were used for monitoring: Environmental protection and monitoring, including 1. Forest fires pollution monitoring 2. Macaw habitats Guatemala has a megadiverse ecosystem, and yet, at the same time, the country is facing serious environmental threats. 3. Turtle nesting trails Some of these threats include biodiversity loss, forest fires, 4. Mountainous, wetland, and hill-plain landscapes; monitoring illegal deforestation, wildlife capture and poaching, active fires, fire scar, and forest cover Key drone unsustainable fishing and livestock practices, and contamination with solid and liquid waste. applications for There are 349 protected areas that represent 33% of the More than 40 communities and farmers’ associations are part of Utz Che’ Community Forestry Association, responsible for protecting Guatemala and national territory. Many of these areas include historical, archaeological and recreational sites.2 more than 74,000 hectares of forest in the mountains of Guatemala.5 Community members use drones to modernise forest their benefits Drones are widely used by authorities and community organisations to monitor and protect the environment, but technology applications management, capture otherwise unattainable information on the health of forest plants, and monitor forest fires and pests such as are mostly limited to visual surveillance and wildlife monitoring. the pine weevil. In September 2015, the National Council of Protected Areas Commercial companies also deploy drones for environmental (CONAP), an entity that oversees the conservation of protected protection.6 For example, Trecsa, an energy transmission company, areas and the biological diversity of Guatemala, started using drone is trying to reduce its impact on the environment, and using drones technology to monitor activities in nature reserves.3 Deployed by for this purpose. Since 2017, during the implementation of its ‘Plan local communities, drones are applied to control and survey the for the Expansion of the Energy Transport System’, the company archaeological, cultural and natural heritage of the Maya Biosphere has been using drones to lay transmission lines.7 During Reserve (MBR) and Yaxha-Nakum-Naranjo National Park. 2017–2019, Trecsa managed to conserve 32.2 hectares of forest, CONAP, both in alliance with NGOs and independently, signs which represents more than 50 percent of the area of activities.8 concession contracts and conservation agreements with forestry In Guatemala, drone applications for environmental monitoring are communities aimed at the co-management of resources and limited to dry land, but drones have significant potential in marine consolidation of efforts on environmental protection, promoting ecosystem monitoring – for example, monitoring and measuring biodiversity and forest conservation. Due to the important role that bleaching corals like the Mesoamerican Reef System, considered drones play in this sector, CONAP, NGOs, and other stakeholder critically endangered by the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems.9 There is associations provide training, coaching and technical advice to the also potential to introduce air quality monitoring by drone.10 communities and public authorities to strengthen their technical and administrative capacities. Through patrols and drone overflights, community organisations contribute significantly to the detection and prevention of threats such as forest fires, illegal logging, hunting, and looting of valuable Mayan archaeological and cultural heritage in the MBR and Yaxha-Nakum-Naranjo National Park.4 46 Restoration and reforestation Wildfires Deforestation is a serious concern in Guatemala. From 2001 to Forest fires are one of the most significant threats to 2021, the country lost 1.63Mha of tree cover, equivalent to a biodiversity in Guatemala’s protected areas, and a significant 21% decrease of the total forestry area since 2000.11 Dominant source of GHG emissions. Between 2019–2020 alone, Guatemala drivers of tree cover loss in Guatemala are shifting agriculture registered 1,398 forest fires, affecting an area of 78,129 techniques and commodity-driven deforestation. hectares. One of the main causes of forest fires is land clearing by local farmers; however, there has also been an increase in The Guatemalan government and NGOs, both local and forest fires due to drought and high temperatures, a major threat international, are making efforts to restore forests, and sometimes that will be aggravated by climate change.16 use drones to monitor progress. However, applications of drones in reforestation efforts are currently limited to very infrequent Wildfire monitoring is the most widespread and established use of technology trials for visual monitoring of forest growth. drones for environmental protection and monitoring activities in Guatemala. Drones have been used to fight forest fires in the country Applications involving NDVI index or other more advanced uses of for several years, and both public authorities and forest communities the technology are currently out of sight. are actively deploying drones for wildfire monitoring. Since 2011, Guatemala has been working with the UN Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) The state began using drones for wildfire monitoring in 2016, when CONAP acquired the first drone to be used by the forest fire strategy.12 The REDD+ framework aims to: reduce the loss of department of the National System of Prevention and Control of forests; minimise the effects of climate change by financially compensating developing countries; and protect and manage Forest Incidents (SIPECIF).17 forests sustainably. In 2016, through REDD+ project support, In the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR), trained community patrols CONAP received additional drones to monitor protected areas.13 protect their lands from wildfires by employing drone and geospatial technologies for constant forest monitoring. This approach has In 2018, the National Forest Institute (INAB by its acronym in radically reduced forest fires: community-managed areas comprise Spanish) acquired drones to monitor progress and certification in the PINPEP (a program incentivizing owners of small areas of land 16% of the MBR, but account for only 1% of its forest fires.18 Significantly, annual forest fires only occur in areas of Petén where to plant trees or manage forests) and PROBOSQUE forestry community organisations are absent.19 programs. INAB evaluates whether the owners of forest plots are fulfilling their commitments regarding the establishment and In 2020, CONAP worked on the protocol for response to forest fires management of forest plantations.14 in protected areas, as part of the USAID Guatemala Biodiversity Project.20 Due to the success of drones in preventing forest fires in In 2019, during the reforestation of 90 hectares with 100 thousand MBR, one of the recommended actions for improvement is for all trees of different forest species, the Asociación de Desarrollo Verde conservation units to have at least one drone (and personnel trained de Guatemala (ASOVERDE) used drones to monitor tree survival in its use) to maintain constant overflights for the early detection of and detect tree damage during planting.15 threats. There is significant potential to expand drone use in reforestation In Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve, The Guatemala efforts. Possible future use cases include tree seeding by drone, Biodiversity Project provided training to forest firefighters through aerial mapping of future planting spots, and aftercare using practical workshops on forest fire control and prevention, in spraying drones. coordination with the U.S. Forest Department, CONRED, and INAB.21 47 CONRED also uses drones to assess the condition of critical infrastructure. Technology makes it possible to carry out damage assessments and needs analysis, as well as identification, evaluation, and analysis of threats such as cracks, landslides, structural collapses, floods, forest fires, lava flows, and lahars Disaster management (mudflows). Guatemala is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the Besides CONRED, other organisations used drones and drone world, with 83.3% of its GDP located in areas at risk of natural imagery to map and provide information on post-hurricane disasters.22 The country ranks in the top five countries globally Guatemala. In 2017, a team from the Pan American Development most affected by floods, hurricanes and earthquakes, with Foundation (PADF) and George Washington University (GWU) 40.8% of the population exposed to five or more threats at any travelled across Guatemala and used drones and geospatial given time. In fact, according to CONRED,23 during the rainy software to map vulnerable communities.26 Such data can be used season in 2021, the adverse weather caused over 55 incidents to improve the identification of at-risk areas and facilitate aid across the country – including floods, landslides, distribution during a disaster. infrastructure damage and collapse, among others – impacting over 1,400,000 people.24 In 2019, following the update to the disaster response protocols, emergency response workers in Guatemala City began using In disaster management, drones are mostly used for damage drones to carry out aerial damage assessments.27 assessment and on-site monitoring for situational awareness. It is especially relevant for remote inspections of roads and other In 2021, aerial photographs of Manchón Guamuchal were used to transportation infrastructure which is critical for quick and effective generate digital elevation models used in the simulations of floods response. and erosion of the lower basin of the Ocosito River, aiding in disaster prediction and prevention.28 However, this is a relatively CONRED is testing technology to expand applications to rare example of the application of drones in pre-disaster mapping infrastructure evaluation, but this is in initial stages and rarely used and risk modelling. Generally, there is a lack of advanced use in practice. cases for disaster management activities, leaving room for Since 2014, CONRED has been certified by DGAC to use drones technology expansion into applications like 3D modelling for for observation and analysis of natural threats in the country. infrastructure reconstruction and humanitarian response. CONRED uses drones for the monitoring of socio-organisational events, situational awareness for operational decision making, aerial photogrammetry, and reconnaissance in general.25 48 Box 4.1 Road network resilience Drones, combined with satellite imaging technology, can improve road Additionally, SAR (Synthetic-Aperture Radar) satellite data can deliver highly network resilience in multiple ways. The output data provided by these two detailed and accurate insights into vertical movements of the terrain, ground objects technologies differ significantly in terms of resolution and technical parameters. or infrastructure elements. Still, both can be used as complementary components of a broader prevention, These tools can help build a large-scale perspective on road network resilience and supervision and response system. flag risk areas after natural disasters or when planning infrastructure development. Satellite systems are able to provide near real-time information about Once the risk areas are identified or emergency information from the people in the significant areas such as cities, departments or entire countries. This field is provided, drones can be deployed to provide very high-resolution data facilitates a general reconnaissance, region-wide monitoring and global on the affected area. Drones can be used to generate survey data (typically with analyses performance. Currently, many satellite systems and data providers 2-3 cm resolution), visual inspections, and 3D models, among other outputs. are available, offering archive data delivery and on-demand data capture UAS have the ability to reach inaccessible places, hover over an area or provide services. In terms of quality, the resolution of the most popular satellite systems detailed images and videos of different objects. It offers unique value in road can reach a spatial resolution of even 30 cm per pixel. The data types can network sustainability, preventive maintenance, and infrastructure development cover standard visual data and infrared imaging, which can be suitable for works planning and supervision. environmental and water-related analyses. Pre-disaster Disaster response Post-disaster • Preventive supervision of road network and • Archive and on demand imagery of affected areas • Impact analyses and strategic reconstruction maintenance planning for situational awareness (depending on time planning • Regional and large scale awareness building sensitivity) • General rehabilitation and reconstruction Satellites areas support • Analysis of environmental impact and supervision for large areas • Flagging areas to be inspected in details consequences for the road network • Long-term development programmes support and supervision • Detailed inspections of crucial road infrastructure • Quick response image and video provision • Pre-design process support with accurate and elements (e.g. bridges, main roads, pavement • Assessment of disaster impact up-to-date image data condition) • Rescue and infrastructure reconstruction support, • Simulation and visualization process support with • Surveying of climate sensitive areas: mud terrain, including live image feed provision to rescue and reliable 3D and visual data Drones rivers, flooding areas, floodbanks, falling rocks road engineering teams • Reconstruction works supervision, subcontractors areas zones etc. • Reaching inaccessible places and cut-off areas work clearing • Road network maintenance and construction • Objective periodical documentation gathering works supervision, subcontractors work clearing • Adherence to design and quality control support 49 Humanitarian aid In recent years, the Republic of Guatemala has been affected by a variety of shocks and crises that have generated a wide range of humanitarian needs. The combination of a devastating 2020 hurricane season heightened volcanic activity, and the spread of COVID-19 in the country led to a decline in the Human Development Index. It is estimated that 4.8 million people are affected, including 3.8 million in urgent need of humanitarian assistance, and as a result, the UN launched a 2021-2022 Humanitarian Response Plan.29 In Guatemala, drones have only recently been adopted by humanitarians, and the sector is not yet properly developed. Humanitarian drone applications are largely connected with an emergency response to disasters (see above), where the technology is used for on-site situation awareness and damage assessment. Drones have been actively used to facilitate decision-making for response actions during the forest fire in the Atitlán volcano, the fire in Chiché, the eruption of the Pacaya volcano, and others. In June 2018, when the Fuego Volcano near Guatemala City erupted, GlobalMedic and the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) reacted immediately. Imagery captured by GlobalMedic’s UAVs identified the most vulnerable and affected communities, allowing responders on the ground to deliver aid where it was most needed.30 ECLAC used drones to capture photographic data of inaccessible survey sites for the purposes of damage and loss assessment, as well as the assessment of social, environmental and economic effects. Later, geospatial analysis using drone data was an essential evaluation tool for the housing, tourism, environmental, and trade sectors.31 At the end of 2020, Hurricane Eta made landfall on the northern Caribbean coast. Two weeks later, Hurricane Iota hit strongly, following a similar trajectory. The Red Cross, assisting the public authorities in their humanitarian work, deployed a drone for post-disaster damage assessment.32 There is also potential for drones to be used in search and rescue, and emergency drone delivery, further aiding humanitarian response. 50 The National Civil Police (PNC) has also actively deployed drone technology since 2017 and has formed separate Tactical Drone Units.37 Drone technology allows them to track suspected criminals, monitor properties to be searched, and surveil certain localities to prevent crimes. Since 2018, the PNC has been using drones for Public safety and drug enforcement aerial surveillance to guarantee security during Holy Week in Guatemala’s government has been striving to tackle violence Guatemala. Drones are regularly deployed during other large-scale and extortion by criminal organisations, as well as human-, events, such as presidential elections, to ensure the safety of arms- and drug-trafficking, which have posed problems in voters.38 parts of the country.33 The Global Organised Crime Index gives In May 2019, during an incident in Pavón prison, the PNC used a Guatemala the 8th highest criminality score among countries in drone to monitor the movement of prisoners who were armed with the Americas, and gang-related violence is one of the main weapons.39 Following this, police have occasionally used drones to factors leading people to leave the country (Global Initiative monitor the perimeters of prisons.40 Against Transnational Organised Crime, 2021). Guatemala is also Latin America’s third-largest opium producer (after In October 2020, the deployment of drones resulted in the capture Mexico and Colombia). Between January and May 2022, the of five people accused of practising shooting at an illegal range.41 seizure of drugs and assets from drug trafficking in Guatemala Also in 2020, a group of municipal police called ‘Jaguars’ started to exceeded 132.9 million dollars in value, demonstrating the use drones with thermal cameras to track suspects in the resolve of the authorities to solve the problem.34 municipality at night.42 Police and other task forces actively use drones for surveillance In 2021, police began using drones as flying loudspeakers, to and control of large mass gatherings, investigations or visual broadcast messages and create awareness among the vulnerable inspections, and special operations. In recent years, there has been population about police activities. The drones target crowded constant investment in technology and training, increasing the use locations to reach as many people as possible, inviting them to of thermal cameras, and the use of drones has become an report any criminal acts, for example.43 essential tool in the fight against drug trafficking. In 2020 and 2021, the Ministry of the Interior organised several The General Directorate of Criminal Investigation (SGIC) has been training programs on drone technology for agents of both the PNC using drones since at least 2017, to increase the safety of and SGAIA.44 personnel and operations – for reconnaissance of high-risk areas Although drones have already found a range of uses in crime before investigators and prosecutors enter, for instance.35 prevention and investigation, there is room for development in the In 2017, the General Sub-Directorate for Anti-Narcotic Information sector. Potential future use cases include search and rescue, and Analysis (SGAIA) began using drones to locate poppy and forensic analysis after traffic (and other) accidents. marijuana plantations grown in hard-to-reach areas.36 Technical personnel also operate drones to monitor the situation during eradications to counteract potential threats. 51 Agriculture and agricultural emergencies One of the most vulnerable groups in Guatemala is subsistence farming families. In most regions, around 1 in 5 households sells farm assets or livestock to cover immediate food needs. According to the FAO, the combined effects of COVID-19 and Hurricanes Eta and Iota in late 2020 led to a food security crisis in most parts of Guatemala and a situation of high stress to food security elsewhere.45 Agricultural drone applications in Guatemala are mature, but predominantly commercial. Non-commercial applications are rare and limited in their range of use cases and maturity. In July 2020, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food (MAGA) declared a state of phytosanitary emergency during an outbreak of locusts in Petén and Jutiapa.46 The Ministry, supported by local authorities and farmers, located the flying pests with drones and GPS, and sprayed crops in affected neighbourhoods using a combination of drones, helicopters, tractors and motorised pumps. In Petén, 1,076 hectares of crops were initially reported as being at risk, and 82.7 percent of this area was covered in just three weeks.47 In Jutiapa, technicians supervised by the MAGA worked on the disinfection and strict surveillance of an area of 345 hectares containing pasture and bean crops, deploying three drones and a high-precision navigation and geopositioning system to prevent the insect from becoming a threat to yields.48 After three weeks of joint efforts, epidemiologists reported a decrease in insect population levels in both regions of between 60 and 70 percent.49 Although the agricultural drone sector as a whole is well-established, there is still room for development. Crop spraying with drones already exists in the commercial world as a tool to reduce costs and use agricultural inputs more efficiently, but from a development perspective, there is also potential for them to be used in controlling the use of nitrogen. Excessive nitrogen application is costly for crop production, prolongs the vegetative growth period, delays maturity, decreases sugar content, attracts insect pests, and causes disease epidemics.50 It’s important to use fertilisers precisely, not just to increase production efficiency but also to reduce harmful impacts on the environment. Drones, together with satellite data, can be used to generate precise agriculture spraying maps, which are one of the best available solutions for reducing nitrogen use at scale and achieving nitrogen usage efficiency. 52 Drones are considered a viable option for addressing the delivery challenges and infrastructural inadequacies related to the transportation of medical goods. They deliver medical supplies, medicines, blood, vaccines, and diagnostic samples, amongst other items. Additionally, drones can transport emergency equipment such Healthcare and medical goods delivery as automated external defibrillators (AEDs) to reduce emergency The essential health service coverage across Guatemala is low response time. and requires urgent attention. More than six million people in The solution is especially relevant for areas which are remote, have Guatemala – approximately 35 percent of the country’s poor transportation infrastructure, or challenging geography (e.g., population – lack access to basic health and nutrition islands, mountains) with limited alternative transportation options. services.51 Limited public resources have inhibited the They are able to deliver medical goods in a reasonable time and at Government’s ability to meet the health needs of the growing a relatively affordable price relative to impact on health. There is population and comply with its constitutional obligation to also potential for drone usage in dense urban areas where air provide health services as a public good. transport can save time in emergencies. Major challenges around healthcare professionals still characterize While UAS services are not yet being used for healthcare the sector. According to studies Guatemala has 7 time less doctors applications, given appropriate investment in the technology and and nurses per 10,000 inhabitants than the suggested ratio by initiatives to encourage the ecosystem, drones can be adopted PAHO (25 professionals per 10,000 inhabitants).52 Severe rapidly by the sector. This would have a high social impact on local disparities are observed between urban and rural districts, where communities, directly impacting the health of Guatemalans in the the lowest concentration of medical professionals can be found in most remote places. rural low income areas.53 This can lead to a slew of medical Moreover, the adoption of UAS in healthcare use cases could ailments, but it also means that these people receive less benefit the precarious health system in Guatemala in multiple ways; progressive services, and if a person wants to access a specialist, increasing the agility of its processes, increasing its coverage they need to travel. throughout the country, and enabling it to be supported more Currently, there is no application of drones in the healthcare sector easily.54 Drones can improve supply chains to health centres and in Guatemala, and given the country’s geographical and social hospitals throughout the country, creating a much more efficient and challenges, their introduction would be beneficial to public health. connected hospital network. 53 Table 4.2 Public Sector Stakeholders to be Involved in Drone Pilot Projects for Social Development and Environmental Protection Use cases Stakeholders and Potential Partners Social development and humanitarian applications Healthcare and medical goods delivery Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare Ministry of Agriculture, Stockbreeding and Food Agriculture applications SESAN – Secretary for Food and Nutritional Security SOSEP – Secretary for Social Projects of the First Lady Humanitarian aid Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Ministry of National Defense Disaster management National Coordination for Disaster Reduction (CONRED) Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología Ministry of Communications, Transport, Public Infrastructure and Housing Urban planning and monitoring SEGEPLAN – Secretary for Planning and Programming of the Presidency Road traffic monitoring Ministry of Communications, Transport, Public Infrastructure and Housing Ministry of Communications, Transport, Public Infrastructure and Housing Road infrastructure maintenance Unit for the Execution of Road Conservation (COVIAL) Remote internet access Ministry of Communications, Transport, Public Infrastructure and Housing Environmental protection applications Endangered species monitoring Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Environmental pollution monitoring Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Restoration and reforestation Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Waste management and landfill monitoring Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Wildfires Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Mosquitoes borne disease spread reduction Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare 54 References 1. PwC analysis of environmental and social impact of drones. Core analysis conducted during 14. INAB. 2018. “INAB Recibe Donación De Drones, Para Monitoreo De Bosques.” the second semester of 2022. https://www.inab.gob.gt/images/boletines/2018/marzo/boletindrones.pdf. 2. Guatemala Country Office. 2022. “Biennial report 2019—2020.” 15. INAB. 2019. “Revistas Forestales De Guatemala.” https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2022-001-En.pdf. https://www.inab.gob.gt/images/revista_forestal/Revista%20Forestal%20-%20Edicion%204.pd f. 3. Prensa Libre, “Drones resguardarán áreas protegidas de Guatemala, dice Conap,” Website: Text/HTML, Prensa Libre, 12 September 2022, 16. Green Climate Fund. 2022. “Readiness Proposal.” https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/comunitario/utilizaran-drones-para-resguardar-areas-pr https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/20220228-advancing-national-appr otegidas-de-guatemala/. oach-fire-management-guatemala-guatemala-isfmi-pty-ltd.pdf. 4. USAID. 2021. “Guatemala Biodiversity Project, Final Report.” 17. SISTEMA DE GESTION. 2017. “Información de Procesos de Contrataciones, Ejercicio 2016, https://chemonics.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Guatemala_Bio_Final_Report_2021_CLEA Periodo Diciembre.” N.pdf. http://138.117.140.116/Documentos/2016/ART10/11/ARTICULO%2010%20NUMERAL%2011 %20DICIEMBRE.pdf. 5. UNPD, “Healing the Earth’s Lungs,” Website: Text/HTML, UNPD, 12 September 2022, https://stories.undp.org/healing-the-earths-lungs. 18. Cultural Survival, “The Communities Know We are Managing the Forest Well: Rainforest and Sacred Site in Guatemala at Risk of Privatization by U.S. Archaeologist,” Website: Text/HTML, 6. Trecsa, “Primer lugar por proyecto de conservación forestal y absorción de carbono,” Website: Cultural Survival, 12 September 2022, Text/HTML, Trecsa, 12 September 2022, https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/communities-know-we-are-managing-forest-well-rainfore https://www.trecsa.com.gt/gestion-ambiental/trecsa-primer-lugar-por-proyecto-de-conservacion- st-and-sacred-site-guatemala-risk. forestal-y-absorcion-de-carbono/. 19. United Nations Economic Commission For Europe Food and Agriculture Organization of the 7. Trecsa Grupo Energía Bogotá. 2019. “Informe de sostenibilidad.” United Nations. 2010. “International Forest Fire News (IFFN) No. 39 (January–June 2010), p. https://trecsa.com.gt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Informe-Sostenibilidad-Trecsa-2019.pdf. 52–58 https://gfmc.online/wp-content/uploads/06-IFFN-39-Guatemala-1.pdf. 8. Trecsa, “Logran conservar 32.2 hectáreas de bosque durante ejecución del Plan de Expansión 20. USAID. 2020. “Insumos Para El Protocolo Institucional De Respuesta A Incendios Forestales de Transporte de Energía,” Website: Text/HTML, Trecsa, 12 September 2022, En Áreas Protegidas Y Compilación De Lecciones Aprendidas Sobre Incendios Forestales En https://www.trecsa.com.gt/gestion-ambiental/logran-conservar-32-2-hectareas-de-bosque-dura La Reserva Biósfera Maya.” nte-ejecucion-del-plan-de-expansion-de-transporte-de-energia/. https://conap.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/17.-Insumos-para-protocolo-de-respuesta-a- 9. Reef Resilience Network, “Reef scale mapping,” Website: Text/HTML, Reef Resilience Incendios-Forestales-CONAP.pdf. Network, 08 September 2022, 21. CONAP. 2021. “SISTEMATIZACIÓN DE ACTIVIDADES RESERVA DE BIOSFERA SIERRA https://reefresilience.org/management-strategies/remote-sensing-and-mapping/mapping-at-diffe DE LAS MINAS Proyecto de Biodiversidad de USAID Guatemala.” rent-scales/reef-scale-mapping/. https://conap.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/21.-Sistematizacion-acciones-Proyecto_Biod 10. Rohi, G., Ejofodomi, O., & Ofualagba, G. 2020. “Autonomous monitoring, analysis, and iversidad_USAID_Guatemala_Reserva_Biosfera_Sierra_Minas.pdf. countering of air pollution using environmental drones”. Heliyon, 6(1), e03252. 22. Climate Change Knowledge Portal, “Guatemala,” Website: Text/HTML, Climate Change https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03252. Knowledge Portal, 12 September 2022, 11. Global Forest Watch, “Deforestation numbers,” Website: Text/HTML, Global Forest Watch, 12 https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/guatemala/vulnerability. September 2022, https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/GTM/. 23. Conred, “Drones, Tecnología En Gestión Integral Del Riesgo,” Website: Text/HTML, Conred, 12. Mongabay, “Guatemala’s REDD+ program draws a range of opinions and results,” Website: 12 September 2022, https://conred.gob.gt/drones-tecnologia-en-gestion-integral-del-riesgo/. Text/HTML, Mongabay, 12 September 2022, 24. Swissinfo, “Guatemala suma 29 muertes por las lluvias en 2021 y 1,4 millones de afectados,” https://news.mongabay.com/2016/03/guatemalas-redd-program-draws-a-diversity-of-opinions-a Website: Text/HTML, Swissinfo, 12 September 2022, nd-results/. https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/guatemala-lluvias_guatemala-suma-29-muertes-por-las-lluvias-e 13. CONAP, “El Marn Entrega Equipo Al Conap Para Fortalecimiento Institucional,” Website: n-2021-y-1-4-millones-de-afectados/46993124#:~:text=Ciudad%20de%20Guatemala%2C%20 Text/HTML, CONAP, 12 September 2022, http://138.117.140.116/Noticias3/MARNE.aspx. 30%20sep,las%20autoridades%20de%20protecci%C3%B3n%20civil. 55 References 25. CONRED, “Se-Conred Certificada Por Dgac Para Utilizar Mini-Drones,” Website: Text/HTML, 37. Gobierno de Guatemala, “Capturados, dinero en efectivo y armas decomisa la PNC en aldeas CONRED, 12 September 2022, de Morales Izabal,” Website: Text/HTML, Gobierno de Guatemala, 12 September 2022, https://conred.gob.gt/se-conred-certificada-por-dgac-para-utilizar-mini-drones/. https://mingob.gob.gt/capturados-dinero-en-efectivo-y-armas-decomisa-la-pnc-en-aldeas-de- morales-izabal/. 26. PreventionWeb, “Maps, drones bring lifesaving information to disaster-prone Guatemala,” Website: Text/HTML, PreventionWeb, 12 September 2022, 38. Emisoras Unidas, “PNC utiliza drones para garantizar la seguridad durante la Semana https://www.preventionweb.net/news/maps-drones-bring-lifesaving-information-disaster-prone- Mayor,” Website: Text/HTML, Emisoras Unidas, 12 September 2022, guatemala. https://emisorasunidas.com/2018/03/28/pnc-utiliza-drones-para-garantizar-la-seguridad-durant e-la-semana-mayor/. 27. UNDRR, “A system for order and engagement - Guatemala City, Guatemala,” Website: Text/HTML, UNDRR, 12 September 2022, 39. PNC de Guatemala, “Agentes de la #SGAIA de la #PNC continúan realizando operativos de https://www.undrr.org/news/system-order-and-engagement-guatemala-city-guatemala. seguridad perimetral y monitoreo a través de drones en los centros carcelarios de Pavón y Pavoncito,” Website: Text/HTML, PNC de Guatemala, 12 September 2022, 28. USAID. 2021. “SISTEMATIZACIÓN DE LAS ACCIONES EN LA COSTA DEL PACÍFICO.”https://conap.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/32.-Sistematizacion_acciones_P https://twitter.com/pncdeguatemala/status/1160633821101985792?lang=bg. royecto_Biodiversidad_USAID_Guatemala_Costa_Pacifico.pdf. 40. PNC de Guatemala, “Equipos tácticos de drones de las #SGAIA realizan monitoreo aéreo y brindan seguridad perimetral a centros carcelarios,” Website: Text/HTML, PNC de Guatemala, 29. OCHA. 2021. Guatemala: Humanitarian Response Plan (August 2021 to December 2022). 12 September 2022, https://reliefweb.int/report/guatemala/guatemala-humanitarian-response-plan-august-2021-dec https://twitter.com/pncdeguatemala/status/1160609831893573633?lang=ar. ember-2022. 41. Prensa Libre, “PNC evalúa la compra de 10 drones para rastreo de zonas e investigación 30. GlobalMedic, “Guatemala Volcano Response 2018,” Website: Text/HTML, GlobalMedic, 12 criminal,” Website: Text/HTML, Prensa Libre, 12 September 2022, September 2022, https://globalmedic.ca/guatemala-volcano-response-2018/. https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/justicia/pnc-evalua-la-compra-de-10-drones-para-rastr 31. UN ECLAC. 2020. “The use of technology and innovative approaches in disaster and risk eo-de-zonas-e-investigacion-criminal/. management.” 42. SOY502, “Utilizan visión nocturna para combatir la delincuencia en Santa Catarina Pinula,” https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/publication/files/45990/S2000547_en.pdf. Website: Text/HTML, SOY502, 12 September 2022, 32. IFRC Internal. 2020. “Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA), Guatemala: Hurricane Eta &Iota.” https://www.soy502.com/articulo/vision-nocturna-persecuciones-santa-catarina-pinula-32419. https://adore.ifrc.org/Download.aspx?FileId=372169. 43. PNC de Guatemala, “PNC utiliza drones en acciones preventivas y de seguridad,” Website: 33. Human Right Watch, “World Report 2021: Guatemala,” Website: Text/HTML, Human Right Text/HTML, PNC de Guatemala, 12 September 2022, Watch, 12 September 2022, https://twitter.com/pncdeguatemala/status/1381071175976108033. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/guatemala. 44. Gobierno de Guatemala, “Policías antinarcóticos son capacitados en el uso de drones, para la 34. Prensa Libre, “World Report 2021: Guatemala,” Website: Text/HTML, Prensa Libre, 12 búsqueda y localización de ilícitos,” Website: Text/HTML, Gobierno de Guatemala, 12 September 2022, September 2022, https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/justicia/decomiso-al-narcotrafico-en-guatemala-suma- https://mingob.gob.gt/policias-antinarcoticos-son-capacitados-en-el-uso-de-drones-para-la-bus 132-millones-de-dolares-en-2022-breaking/. queda-y-localizacion-de-ilicitos/. 35. PNC de Guatemala, “#NoMásExtorsión los drones de SGIC permiten tener vistas aéreas de 45. FAO. 2022. Guatemala: Humanitarian Response Plan 2022. los lugares donde Investigadores y fiscales ingresan,” Website: Text/HTML, PNC de https://reliefweb.int/report/guatemala/guatemala-humanitarian-response-plan-2022. Guatemala, 12 September 2022, 46. Prensa Libre, “Un dron, GPS y varios químicos son parte del equipo que el Maga usará en https://twitter.com/PNCdeGuatemala/status/873881290923270144. Petén para identificar y erradicar langostas voladoras,” Website: Text/HTML, Prensa Libre, 12 36. PNC de Guatemala, “Con el uso de drone, agentes de SGAIA facilitan la localización de September 2022, plantaciones de droga, en aldea Inmortal Libertad, Tejutla, San Marcos,” Website: Text/HTML, https://www.prensalibre.com/ciudades/peten/un-dron-gps-y-varios-quimicos-son-parte-del-equ PNC de Guatemala, 12 September 2022, ipo-que-el-maga-usara-en-peten-para-identificar-y-erradicar-langostas-voladoras/. https://twitter.com/pncdeguatemala/status/844668491533815808. 56 References 47. Gobierno de Guatemala, “Disminuyen poblaciones de langosta voladora tras fumigaciones,” Website: Text/HTML, Gobierno de Guatemala, 12 September 2022, https://www.maga.gob.gt/disminuyen-poblaciones-de-langosta-voladora-tras-fumigaciones/. 48. Gobierno de Guatemala, “Estado de emergencia fitosanitaria refuerza combate a la langosta”, Website: Text/HTML, Gobierno de Guatemala, 12 September 2022, https://www.maga.gob.gt/estado-de-emergencia-fitosanitaria-refuerza-combate-a-la-langosta/. 49. Gobierno de Guatemala, “Continúan acciones para controlar la Langosta Voladora en Petén”, Website: Text/HTML, Gobierno de Guatemala, 12 September 2022, https://www.maga.gob.gt/continuan-acciones-para-controlar-la-langosta-voladora-en-peten. 50. Anas, M., Liao, F., Verma, K.K. et al. “Fate of nitrogen in agriculture and environment: agronomic, eco-physiological and molecular approaches to improve nitrogen use efficiency.” Biol Res 53, 47 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-020-00312-4. 51. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “SDG Country Profile: Guatemala,” Website: Text/HTML, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 12 September 2022, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/countryprofiles/GTM#goal. 52. Naciones Unidas Guatemala. 2021. “Análisis Común de País actualización al 2021.” https://guatemala.un.org/sites/default/files/2021-07/CCA%202021.pdf. 53. Guatemala. Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social – MSPAS/Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS) en Guatemala. 2015. “Desigualdades en Salud en Guatemala.” https://www.paho.org/gut/dmdocuments/Desigualdades%20en%20Salud%20en%20Guatemal a.pdf. 54. USAID. 2022. “Health and Nutrition Guatemala.” https://www.usaid.gov/guatemala/health-nutrition. 57 Guatemala is well-positioned to build an advanced drone Implementing such a drone agenda should be a joint effort of all of the ecosystem. It could be significantly accelerated and streamlined ecosystem players with a critical role of the public sector. Public 5 if the country adopts and follows a long-term growth strategy. institutions are closely related to all the essential activities. Their Analysis of the best practices from around the world shows that commitment to the adoption of UAS is a vital element and driving developing a well-functioning and balanced drone ecosystem requires force behind the development of the drone ecosystem. a solid foundation and a holistic approach. It goes beyond the As regulators, operators and accelerators as well as public end-users well-structured regulatory framework. It requires digitalised processes, of drone services, they are the driving force behind establishing informed stakeholders, a well-educated workforce and innovative transparent processes and coherent procedures, advocating for entrepreneurs and, finally, a clear governance structure. digitalisation and automation, and driving innovation and adoption of technologies between the private and public sectors. Developing a long-term drone sector growth strategy for Guatemala should feature all of these elements. Therefore, we have proposed Moreover, public institutions should educate their employees and Drone ecosystem structuring it into five main pillars. Each of the pillars is further detailed transparently interact with all stakeholders to raise awareness of the with particular initiatives. benefits of drone technology and stimulate its adoption. development roadmap Proposed strategic pillars for the development of the drone ecosystem: Regulation and processes: clear governance structure, well-defined roles and responsibilities of stakeholders, 1 and transparent processes and procedures to facilitate straightforward compliance with regulations Digitalisation and automation: digitalisation of processes and services provided by public institutions, gradual 2 introduction of digital Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM) services to control and safely integrate UAS into the airspace Awareness and promotion: building awareness among society and fostering innovation by connecting 3 start-ups, industry, and research Knowledge and education: developing human capital by providing access to knowledge, educating users 4 and stakeholders about regulations, best practices, etc.; also supporting innovation and research Demand and entrepreneurship: stimulating innovation and technology adoption by providing means to 5 accelerate market entry and instruments to activate and scale the market 58 1 2 3 Regulations and Processes Digitalisation and Automation Awareness and Promotion The rapid growth of the drone industry creates a significant Besides having an up-to-date regulatory framework and a Building trust and awareness among public stakeholders, challenge for DGAC, specifically to establish a regulatory sufficient number of market players, a thriving and mature society and industry is critical for a fast-developing drone framework that meets safety requirements as well as the drone ecosystem will need to be gradually digitalised in ecosystem. needs and expectations of business and stimulates growth order to reach the next stage of development. digitalisation Holding conferences, hackathons, webinars and other and innovation within the sector. is the cornerstone of success for the drone sector in events – not just in Guatemala City, but in other cities with Guatemala, and it therefore requires attention from DGAC Since the drone regulations were established in 2013, driven by market potential – will promote Guatemala as a place for authorities. agricultural demand, they haven’t been significantly updated, innovative drone research and entrepreneurship. and today they do not meet both local and international market A high level of digitalisation and automation is critical to support Universities and knowledge centres can also play a part by requirements. Regulations are adapting too slowly, and this is safe, secure, and efficient access to airspace for large numbers facilitating access to information about pilot projects, use one of the biggest barriers to market development. of drones. A straightforward online process enables better cases, regulations and processes. control over the number of registered drones and also increases For Guatemala, the first step in its UAS ecosystem Additionally, awareness and promotion of drone technology can the compliance rate. Manual management of the process is development should be the clarification and simplification of the be boosted by the creation of drone communities and time-consuming for DGAC and creates a bottleneck in the drone registration process. With the revision and updating of publications. Developing and sharing drone-related reports and process. regulations, the establishment of strict monitoring procedures, publications will also enhance understanding of the UAS and clear communication of all these changes, the high rate of The digitalisation could start with basic services such as drone ecosystem, its regional potential, benefits, and limitations. non-compliance with legislation should be decreased and pilot registration and the publication of digital airspace It is also key to promote any local and regional companies and considerably. maps with up-to-date information. organisations developing drone technologies, among business, A forward-looking regulatory framework enables the In the future, the digitalisation of more complex services could government, private and public institutions and other related development of the market for innovative drone services – e.g., be considered, such as flight authorization, airspace stakeholders. drone transportation – and attracts investors and innovators, deconfliction, and remote ID tracking. There have already been some successful examples of these which in turn leads to the creation of jobs and economic growth. sorts of initiatives. For instance, AERIA has partnered with Cámara de Industria de Guatemala (CIG), an NGO aiming to promote Guatemalan economic development. As part of the supplier fair organised by CIG,1 AERIA presented a virtual stand featuring drone services.2 Despite the level of maturity of the ecosystem and innovation challenges, Guatemala has been marking its presence internationally in hackathons, such as the international Hackathon ‘ActInSpace’ organised by the French National Centre for Space Studies (CNES) and supported by the European Space Agency (ESA). The event, which focuses on indigenous communities, was won by Four Guatemalans in 2020 with their DDASO drone project. Following the announcement of the win, the Latin American and Caribbean Indigenous Development Fund (FILAC) stated they were motivated to promote similar hackathons in the future.3 59 4 5 Knowledge and Education Demand and Entrepreneurship The development of the UAS sector involves significant Collaborative working groups between the private and human capital in terms of pilots, engineers, data analysts, public sectors and business forums can create space for geospatial and machine-learning experts, lawyers, the discussion of innovations, business requirements, and managers, and much more. Education of the future new technology solutions or necessities. This leads to workforce is, therefore, a key. greater technology adoption and new market opportunities, and stimulates demand for drone products and services in Universities have an essential role to play, adjusting their both sectors. curriculums to fulfil the need for a skilled workforce – including engineers and data scientists. Moreover, they could facilitate The creation of innovation-support programs, incubators and access to information and research. accelerators facilitates the development of breakthrough ideas, and helps start-ups grow by providing workspace, seed funding, Additionally, it is crucial to enable broad access to UAS training. mentoring, and training. The BIDLAB and UNICEF innovation The training centres should be the cornerstone of education in funds support new ideas and pilot schemes for Guatemalan the sector, teaching a standardised training curriculum and UAS service providers and technology start-ups – but to providing officially approved certification so that new pilots can achieve the most vibrant tech and start-up community be trained according to the same high standards, with a development, there is a need for a national initiative. significant focus on airspace safety. Another key element of entrepreneurship activation is to have The Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at Da Vinci University of Guatemala (UDV) offers classes on precision agriculture, supportive legislation. Regulatory requirements or recommendations related to the digitalisation of various specifically the use of drones and GPS.4 Meanwhile, the Centre industries could improve the performance of public projects and for Innovation and Technology (CIT) at the Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (UVG) actively deploys drones for civil strengthen control over public assets, while indirectly activating and stimulating demand for UAS services. engineering, giving students the opportunity to try out technology in practice.5 Legislation aimed at encouraging and strengthening entrepreneurship also affects drone companies. For example, Addressing the UAS ecosystem’s critical challenges can be the drone company Yumax has registered through the facilitated by exchange programs between countries, Entrepreneurial Societies policy created by the Mercantile universities and associations, enabling overseas experts to Registry. This new law incentivizes entrepreneurs by lowering share their knowledge and apply it to Guatemala’s reality. Fellowship and exchange programs also help to grow human the cost of creating a company and providing benefits including the ability to receive contributions of up to 500,000 quetzals capital and attract talented professionals to public agencies and (around 64,500 USD) tax-free and permitted capital of up to 5 research institutions.6 million quetzals (around 645,500 USD).10 There are currently 50 During recent years, Guatemalan humanitarians, companies registered in this scheme, and 70% of them are volcanologists,7 scientists, and environmentalists received a technology firms. This type of regime makes it easier to variety of training, and opportunities to test drone technology, formalise new ventures and is therefore hugely important for the from the international community, as part of WFP,8 REDD+,9 development of the drone market. and university knowledge exchange programs. 60 Specific initiatives Looking at global best practices and benchmarks, studying how drone ecosystems develop over time, and following discussions with local stakeholders, the report suggests the following twenty initiatives that could be considered by decision makers in Guatemala in order to unlock the drone’s potential in the country: Figure 5.1 Selected Drone Ecosystem Development Incentives for Guatemala Strategic Drone Development incentives for Guatemala Regulations and Digitalisation and Awareness and Knowledge Demand and 1 2 3 4 5 Processes Automation Promotion and Education Entrepreneurship 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 Increase availability (and Digitalise basic services: Develop UAS related Facilitate easy access to Organise working groups affordability) of drone drone registration, pilot publications about the information/ knowledge and business forums registration, enhancing registration, drone market, use cases, pilot on regulations and between public and registration rates company registration projects technology private players to match demand with supply 1.2 2.2 3.2 4.2 Improve institutional Design approach to Facilitate conferences, Create and certify UAS 5.2 capacity to accelerate remote drone tracking by hackathons, events and training centres, and Enable incubators and compliance with ID, with wide consultation webinars to share design drone training accelerators for UAS regulation and processes information among curricula service providers and 2.3 stakeholders technology startups 4.3 Make digital airspace 1.3 3.3 Design and update 5.3 maps publicly accessible Improve institutional Facilitate creation of UAS curricula of universities Identify regulatory capacities of public communities, and research institutes to opportunities for bodies associations, forums support UAS-related stimulating UAS demand education in various sectors 1.4 3.4 Enhance regulations to Promote UAS technology 4.4 meet current and future outside of capital city Enable and enhance requirements of airspace funding opportunities to users invest in scientific and technological research for 1.5 UAS Create emergency drone use waiver for BVLOS 4.5 related to drone Facilitate and enhance transportation exchange programs and secondments between countries (also outside of Guatemala City) Source: PwC analysis of drone sector enabling initiatives, August and September 2022. 61 Some of the initiatives are easier to implement than others, so they have been categorised according to impact, complexity and cost. Regardless of their categorization in order for Guatemala to advance to a mature ecosystem and unlock the real potential of drones in the country, the correct mixture and sequencing of these initiatives is strongly recommended.11 This categorization could be used for additional assessment during the development or adjustment of the roadmap: Figure 5.2 Strategic Drone Development Incentives for Guatemala Impact 1.2 Design and establish 1.5 clear and transparent Create emergency drone use waiver for processes 2.1 BVLOS related to drone transportation 1.3 Digitalize basic High Improve institutional capacities of public services: drone bodies 1.1 registration, pilot 1.4 2.2 Increase availability certification Enhance regulations Design approach to (and affordability) of to meet remote drone drone registration requirements tracking by ID There are a number of initiatives which bring a lower level of impact 2.3 but are less expensive and complex; these can be considered as 4.1 4.2 Make digital airspace 4.3 ‘starter’ initiatives to bring some initial positive effects and lay a solid Facilitate easy access to information/ Create and certify maps publicly Design and update curricula foundation for further efforts.12 knowledge on regulations and technology UAS training centers accessible of universities Although most Awareness and Promotion initiatives are categorised Medium as medium-cost and low-impact, in ecosystems with this level of maturity, their implementation is crucial to empower others and 3.3 4.4 facilitate technology adoption in general. The Knowledge and 5.1 Facilitate creation of Enable funding to 5.2 Organise working groups and business Education and Demand and Entrepreneurship initiatives are UAS communities, invest in scientific Enable incubators and accelerators forums medium in both impact and cost, and they represent the core efforts associations, forums research for UAS involving various stakeholders. In the long run the most impactful initiatives, requiring significant 5.3 efforts, are related to Regulations and Processes, as well as Identify regulatory Digitalisation and Automation. They have different complexity, 3.1 opportunities for involve mostly governmental bodies and regulators, and should be Develop UAS related publications stimulating UAS demand 3.4 considered the most pivotal initiatives. Low Promote UAS technology outside The graph shows that initiatives with higher impact and complexity 4.5 typically require more costs. Complex initiatives mostly require the of capital city 3.2 Facilitate exchange cooperation and coordination of several stakeholders to implement Facilitate conferences, hackathons, programs and events and webinars secondments them; therefore, prior communication between and coordination of between countries stakeholders will be required. Complex initiatives also require more time to prepare and deploy, so Low Medium High should be addressed earlier in the process. However, some Complexity complex initiatives will bring more value if implemented after less impactful and complex ones. Cost Low Medium High Source: PwC analysis of drone sector enabling initiatives, August and September 2022. 62 The Five-Year roadmap Guatemala's drone ecosystem development consists of three phases. Where initiatives from the five different categories are implemented simultaneously, creating synergy and becoming more The implementation of these initiatives requires proper planning to bring maximum value. advanced in successive phases.13 Considering the stages of organic growth, from basic to more advanced and impactful initiatives, a five-year ecosystem development roadmap has been proposed. Figure 5.3 Illustrative Development Roadmap for Drone Ecosystem in Guatemala Ecosystem kick off and crucial incentives Building competencies Building maturity and sustainability Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 to Year 5 1.1 Increase availability (and affordability) of drone 1.4 Enhance regulations to meet current and future requirements of airspace users registration, enhance registration rates Regulations and Processes 1.2 Design and establish clear and transparent processes and communicate them to the public 1.3 Improve institutional capacities of public bodies 1.5 Create emergency drone use waiver for BVLOS related to drone transportation 2.1 Digitalize basic services: drone registration, pilot certification 2.3 Make digital airspace maps publicly accessible Digitalisation and Automation 2.2 Design approach to remote drone tracking by ID with wide consultation 3.1 Develop UAS related publications about the market, use cases, pilot projects 3.4 Promote UAS technology outside of capital city Awareness and Promotion 3.3 Facilitate creation of UAS communities, associations, forums 3.2 Facilitate conferences, hackathons, events and webinars to share information among stakeholders 4.1 Facilitate easy access to information/knowledge on regulations and technology 4.3 Design and update curricula of universities and research institutes to support UAS-related education Knowledge 4.2 Create and certify UAS training centers, design training curriculum and Education 4.4 Enable and enhance funding opportunities to invest in scientific and technological research for UAS 4.5 Facilitate exchange programs and secondments between countries (also outside of Guatemala City) 5.1 Organise working groups and business forums between public and private players to match demand with supply Demand and Entrepreneurship 5.2 Enable incubators and accelerators for UAS service providers and technology startups Source: PwC analysis of drone sector enabling initiatives, August and September 2022. 63 Ecosystem unlocked through the implementation of 1 crucial initiatives Guatemala’s drone ecosystem is in the early stage of development. During the first phase that is ambitioned to last for one year, it’s necessary to begin work in all directions, enabling further progress and establishing a foundation for more advanced efforts. Ecosystem development should begin with the least complex and costly initiatives, which are more manageable, and are therefore a good way to warm up the ecosystem, start a discussion within civil society, and create the first connections between stakeholders. First-year activities should include reviewing the legislation on drone registration and other processes, digitalizing basic services, working on promotional materials, establishing ways to distribute these materials, and creating UAS training centres. Building competencies 2 The second phase that is also ambitioned for one year should be focused on building competencies. Once the crucial initiatives are in place, more advanced ones can be implemented. Most of the previous initiatives should be completed and in place, and the more advanced activities can be introduced, to enhance the demand for UAS services and drone technology. Intensified work with Regulations and Digitalisation is envisioned to start in the second half of the second year. Building maturity and sustainability 3 The third phase is when the most time-consuming and complex initiatives should be implemented, to enable the drone ecosystem, facilitate cooperation between stakeholders, increase business activities, and to strengthen and spread knowledge about the technology. Work on regulations and digitalisation should be finalised. Alongside this, advanced initiatives in Knowledge and Education should be a driving force for innovation and further ecosystem development. This phase should also see the popularisation of drone events and the launch of incubators. Critically, ecosystem development doesn’t end after the implementation of such initiatives. It is essential to constantly track changes in the investment, business environment, and the technology itself, as well as keeping regulations up to date to ensure the sustainability of the ecosystem. 64 DRONES CAN BECOME A GAME-CHANGER TO INTRODUCE INNOVATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY TO TACKLE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES IN LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN Using Remotely Piloted Aircrafts (RPA) – known as drones can be a game-changer in bringing innovative solutions for development in Latin America and the Caribbean. Notably Rwanda, Ghana and other African countries are benefiting from the use of this technology to save lives delivering medicines or other life-saving products. In fact, based on the lessons learned from the African Drone Forum (Lake Kivu Challenge), carried out by the Word Bank Transport GP under the Unlocking Drones for Development Project, important analytical and advisory work was pursued to unlock the potential of the introduction of RPAs to change people’s lives in Africa. Following a similar goal – under the support of the Global Infrastructure Facility (GIF) – the World Bank Transport GP engaged into analyzing how to unlock the drones potential in Latin America and the Caribbean, including a general assessment of the ecosystem, regulations and the identification of roadmaps for enabling growth and adoption. Hence, an important component of this work relates with the deployment of pilot projects and increase the capacity of the private sector to scale up drones in the coming years. Undeniably, in the region several countries are moving forward quickly, linking the use of technology for commercial agriculture where Guatemala has been a pioneer, as well as further introduction of RPAs in infrastructure monitoring, and the entertainment industry. However, there are other sectors that can benefit and grow with the adoption of drones. This report is therefore presenting a detailed review which identified key drivers and market fundamentals for commercial operations in critical sectors such as healthcare and infrastructure, while assessing opportunities, regulatory frameworks, market players and obstacles for developing drones’ applications in Guatemala in particular, and in the LAC context in general, as the drone use for delivering medicines and goods is still rare. The overall objective is for the World Bank to support the client countries to learn and open their skies to this quickly developing sector, and provide potential future support in operations by including drones' subcomponents – such as in road and environmental projects in Brazil and Central America, supporting deforestation control, wildfire combat and climate resilience of roads, or supporting the development of regulatory frameworks for drones in Haiti and the use of them for delivering medicines or other products, and, who knows, potentially opening this sector to other operations all along the LAC Region, using drones for good and to achieve our main goals – shared prosperity and end poverty! Carlos Bellas Lamas, World Bank, Senior Transport Specialist 65 References 1. Camara De Industria De Guatemala, “Ferias de proveedores,” Text/HTML, Camara De Industria De Guatemala, 12 September 2022, https://eventos.industriaguate.com/eventovirtualingreso/eyJpdiI6IjhQUWRpcmVjYkZzbTJlUVR IOHVWUGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTjFValpsYUFUQ1wvNzdaWHZHVmV6Qnc9PSIsIm1hYyI6ImQ 2OWIxNDVjNDMzOWZjZGIyZjIxNjdkYWNmMTNlNzA0OWJjYzg1YjViY2E1NDliMzY2MDM2N TgzZjM2MmNmNDUifQ==/eyJpdiI6IjRkWDlqbGdWaGZEcWRNYWJLSjVkZnc9PSIsInZhbHVlI joiNFhlMHBrMmJFelwvVHV1YUxoR1BxaHc9PSIsIm1hYyI6ImQ3NzRlMWNjNmE4ZTYwOTE 0ZDRmZTdiNDU3MDBjZDA5OWRkMmI2ODA0ZjZhM2JlMTMzOTVlZjdiZWJkNWI2YTIifQ==? fbclid=IwAR2qNu8sv72Djwm9JaqHjNgnSd5sM7Iea_pUO69IRZ3NdYseI3_xtOw2pgclid=IwAR 2qNu8sv72Djwm9JaqHjNgnSd5sM7Iea_pUO69IRZ3NdYseI3_xtOw2pg. 2. AERIA, “Cámara de Industria de Guatemala,” Text/HTML, AERIA, 12 September 2022, https://www.facebook.com/AeriaServices/posts/180547210569427. 3. AERIA, “¡Ven a dar un vistazo a nuestro Stand Virtual de Cámara de Industria de Guatemala!” Text/HTML, AERIA, 12 September 2022, https://www.facebook.com/AeriaServices/posts/305017548122392. 4. Da Vinci University, “Facultad de Ciencias Agronomicas,” Website: Text/HTML, Da Vinci University, 12 September 2022, https://udv.edu.gt/facultad/facultad-de-ciencias-agronomicas/. 5. Universidad del Valle, “Drones Ingenieria,” Website: Text/HTML, Universidad del Valle, 12 September 2022, https://noticias.uvg.edu.gt/drones-ingenieria-civil-historia-uvg/-civil-historia-uvg/. 6. Universidad de Jaén, “Estudio con drones en la selva de Guatemala,” Website: Text/HTML, Universidad de Jaén, 12 September 2022, https://eps.ujaen.es/en/node/716. 7. University of Bristol, “UK team shares drone expertise to help Guatemalans better prepare for volcanic eruptions,” Website: Text/HTML, University of Bristol, 12 September 2022, https://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2018/november/drone-expertise-volcanic-eruptions.html. 8. PreventionWeb, “Drone Workshops Will Help Central America,” Website: Text/HTML, PreventionWeb, 12 September 2022, https://www.preventionweb.net/news/drone-workshops-will-help-central-america. 9. FAO, “Drones para fortalecer el sistema de monitoreo, reporte y verificación de Redd+,” Website: Text/HTML, FAO, 12 September 2022, https://www.fao.org/guatemala/noticias/detail-events/ar/c/1073536/. 10. Gobierno de Guatemala, “Ventajas de las Sociedades de Emprendimiento,” Website: Text/HTML, Gobierno de Guatemala, 12 September 2022, https://guatemala.gob.gt/ventajas-de-las-sociedades-de-emprendimiento/. 11. PwC analysis of drone sector enabling initiatives, August and September 2022. 12. PwC analysis of drone sector enabling initiatives, August and September 2022. 13. PwC analysis of drone sector enabling initiatives, August and September 2022. 66 Annexes 67 Drone Ecosystem Assessment Methodology Drone ecosystem assessment is a key part of the benchmarking analysis used to identify international best practices across countries in the LAC region, including Guatemala. For this exercise, vital drone landscape elements and components were identified and analysed deeply to determine their maturity. This approach allowed for an ecosystem study conducted from different dimensions, thus enabling the identification of its strengths and weaknesses, development opportunities, and key recommendations. The following is a list of all the components analysed, their explanation, and maturity scale ranking: UAS Ecosystem Components Component Maturity Comment Industry Readiness Early adopters Selected companies Wide Adoption Readiness and willingness of the industry players to purchase UAS-related services. Number of UAS operators providing required services on the market, their level of skills and Supply & Demand Access to UAS Operators Mainly hobbyists Limited Wide, professionals professionalisation of the services. Training & Education Not available Available Widely available Availability and number of schools offering courses for UAS operators. Availability of insurance providers, type of available policies (adjustment Insurance Not available General Dedicated to specific requirements) and presence of UAS-specific policies. Availability of additional services, such as marketplaces for UAS services, repair and maintenance services Marketplace & Other Not available Basic Advanced providers ensuring safe and smooth functioning of the hardware etc. Execution of Regulations Low Medium High Effectiveness of regulations measured by compliance to it, easiness to comply. Regulations Approach to BVLOS Not available Waivers Allowed Possibilities to fly Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS). Licensing & Examination Not available Operated by CAA Certified centers Existence and organisation of processes to license and examine UAS operators. Registration & Identification Not available Analog Digital Requirement to register UAS and availability of comprehensive UAS identification system. Digital readiness Flight Authorisation Time 2+ weeks 1-2 days Instant Time needed to get an approval to fly an UAS in controlled airspace. Availability, type, level of advancement and access to airspace maps that contribute to easiness of the use of Airspace Maps No access Descriptive Digitalised UAS technology. Presence and/or advancement of the technology to provide UAS operations tracking, drone identification and Identification & Tracking Not available Digital flight plan Remote ID verification of flight plans. In this analysis, three components vital for the drone ecosystem are included: supply and demand, For the regulations component, an overview of the key elements of the drone regulatory regulations, and digital readiness. framework focusing on a drone operator’s journey was developed, from purchasing the hardware to planning a mission, and actually executing the flight to collect the data. To analyse the demand and supply dynamics, the industry player's maturity to buy drone services was assessed, as well as the providers' readiness to offer them. The maturity of auxiliary services As part of the digital readiness analysis, the digital tools facilitating the drone ecosystem were providers, including drone hardware and software resellers, training and education centres, identified and the availability of these tools in the region was assessed. hardware repair companies, and drone insurers, was also taken into consideration. Source: PwC analysis 68 Players Assessment Methodology In order to provide a comprehensive overview of the drone ecosystem in Guatemala, the methodology involved identifying and mapping key market stakeholders, categorising them, assessing their roles and maturity levels, conducting qualitative and quantitative analysis, and identifying the leading players in the country. All the stakeholders have been divided into several categories and subcategories. Considering that some organisations may be involved in more than one category, to better represent the actual state of their competencies in Guatemala, two approaches were used when conducting the quantitative assessment of companies: by core category only and a second including additional activities performed by them. Players Categorisation Description Category Subcategory Description Regulators and Aviation Regulators and Aviation Bodies Organisations responsible for UAS regulations and controlling the airspace. Bodies Associations & Other Associations & Other Influencers Local organisations, aviation clubs, and associations that influence the drone ecosystem. Influencers Hardware Manufacturers and Producers Manufacturers of drones for commercial and recreational use. Hardware & Software Software Developers Developers of drone-related software, e.g. flight control, data management, data analysis. Drone Service Providers Drone Service Providers Companies providing commercial services using drones, e.g. drone operations, consulting services. Companies and organisations providing drone pilot training and other relevant courses e.g. photogrammetry Training & Education Training & Education data processing. Research & Development Universities and research institutions that work on drone technology and its applications. Innovation Accelerators Funds & Investors Companies and organisations providing funding to drone startups, drone programs, etc. Companies and organisations using services of drone Operators or having their own drone division for End Users End Users internal usage. Drone Insurance Insurance companies providing drone insurance services and dedicated drone insurance companies. Official resellers of hardware and software, as well as specialised marketplaces for drone companies and Other Resellers of Hardware and Software enthusiasts. Other Other drone-related organisations not included in categories mentioned above. Source: PwC analysis 69 Drone Regulatory Framework Assessment Methodology As part of the regulatory assessment conducted for the 35 selected LAC countries, a more in-depth analysis was performed for Guatemala. This research aimed to define the developmental stage of each framework, capture additional relevant elements, highlight local particularities, identify drivers for growth, and uncover existing barriers. These findings are essential for navigating and improving established regulatory processes, ultimately unlocking the full potential of drone adoption. Overview of the Regulatory Frameworks Research Elements Covered from the Drone Regulations In assessing the drone regulatory framework of Guatemala, the In order to provide relevant scoring system, the following aspects were analysed: following steps were taken: • Evaluation of the country’s regulations in a descriptive manner, Drone regulations officially in place Permitted drone flight altitudes involving analysis of available legislative documents. • Conducting interviews with the local civil aviation authority (DGAC) to Drone regulation adoption year BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line of Sight) flights gather additional information on the current state of the regulatory framework and delve into peculiarities. Drones prohibition Insurance requirements • Outlining the key regulatory elements crucial for market development. • Developing a comprehensive scoring system, as part of the analysis of the 35 LAC countries, based on previously defined regulatory elements, Drone registration and identification= Flying over crowds presented in the table on the right. Pilot training and certification Drone weight classes / categories differentiation Flight Management processes establishment / Unmanned Traffic Management services (UTM) The index that determines the stage of drone regulations development in Guatemala was based on PwC-developed criteria for the analysis Country Ratings in the Assessment Index for LAC: of the 35 LAC countries. The main principles were as follows: Advanced With the regulatory and UAS ecosystem local understanding, and as part of the larger LAC study, a scoring system to weight each category was developed by PwC. While including each and every category and dimensions considered in the analysis, the most points awarded categories were the ones related to fundamental drones ecosystem elements, being: Intermediate • Official drone regulations • Unmanned Traffic Management initiatives • Drone registration • Insurance Early Stage From the perspective of global trends and successful benchmark countries, these elements were found crucial for safe and sustainable ecosystem. The analysis allowed to categorise the level of maturity of the UAS regulatory framework at country level. No Regulations Source: PwC analysis 70 Methodology to Assess the Market Potential of Drone Services The market assessment of drone services in Guatemala comes as a part of a broader analysis conducted for 35 selected countries in the LAC region. The market model was prepared during 2021 and data sources for the previous years were used to assess the market size and showcase the potential of drone services up to 2026. The methodology of the analysis used in the report comprises 2 estimation approaches: one that was bottom-up and the other which was top-down. These were used to define: • the total market potential that represents the value that the total market could reach if all current works were performed by UAS; and • the total market size that represents the current size of the market, taking into account the current adoption of UAS technology. The transition from market potential to market size is achieved by taking into account a technology adoption rate represented by applicability. Current drone initiatives, the maturity of enablement services, and international benchmarks were all taken into account to estimate the applicability of different use cases in Guatemala and other LAC countries. Estimation Approach Total Market Potential • Represents the value if all current work done by traditional methods is replaced by Bottom-up Total Market drones. • Estimation of the market on the basis of identified drivers (market Potential • Growth of the market potential is dependent on growth of the infrastructure (e.g. growth in segments) that contribute to the final market value (entire market). pipelines length or infrastructure development). • Final market value was calculated as the volume of infrastructure, data etc. multiplied by the price of the services to be performed in relation to Total Market Size the infrastructure. Total Market Size • Represents the current forecasted use of UAS technology. • A comprehensive approach was used for a detailed calculation of the (Realised Potential) • Growth is dependent on infrastructure (similarly as total market potential), but it also market potential depends on adoption of UAS technology which is what makes it more dynamic. Top-down Market Share* • Estimation of the value based on reliable data for entire market and • Represents the value of the market that can be captured by a specific company or entity Market factors for extrapolation. taking into account also other players operating on the market. Share • Simplified approach used for high-level estimations. *Market share was not a subject of analysis for this project In order to understand which sectors have the biggest impact on the economy in each of the 35 LAC countries, 30 UAS use cases that have been broadly adopted globally, and at the same time are the most relevant to the local market, have been taken into account. Despite the robustness of the model, several key limitations should be considered. These include the reliability and availability of data across Guatemala and other LAC countries and its industrial sectors, the unpredictable pace of technological progression and policy changes, potential fluctuations in global and local economic conditions, assumptions related to the 30 UAS use cases, unforeseen geopolitical events, and various environmental factors. All of these elements have the potential to significantly impact the accuracy of the projected market potential and size in the analysis. To showcase the rapid pace of drone technology adoption and the demand for its services, the forecast of the number of commercial UAS of various types such as Multi-rotor, Fixed-wing, VTOL, and Tethered drones was created until 2026. Following the enablement of the commercial market and establishment of all necessary processes, the development of the recreational UAS market is expected to increase and the forecasted number of recreational drones until 2026 stands as the part of conducted analysis. The analysis also showcases the direct and indirect job creation potential of the UAS commercial service industry until 2026. As part of the applied methodology, a number of direct jobs created was calculated in detail using a bottom-up approach and considering both in-house and outsourced models of delivering UAS services. The number of indirect jobs created was estimated with a top-down approach on the basis of a current assessment of international workforce benchmarks, as well as a bottom-up approach where data is available. The list of selected direct and indirect job categories is specified in two tables below: Direct Jobs Indirect Jobs Defined Category Specification Defined Category Specification Execution of drone operations for all use cases and Enablement Services Jobs that include the following functions: airspace traffic management, regulatory bodies, training facilities, insurance providers. Drone Operators sectors. Product Sales People who sell hardware in specialised stores (which constitute only part of total sales). Data Processing Processing geospatial data and creating engineering Specialists products from the footage gathered by drones. R&D Specialists in research centres related to work on the development of new global and local technologies. Perform detailed analyses of the products after People at major companies that will purchase UAS services from the market in the outsourced model and manage completion of Analysts Beneficiaries processing and preparation of analytical reports. the projects. Hardware and Software Machine Learning Development and implementation of machine learning Engineering positions in local companies that are manufacturing drone-related hardware and software. Development Specialists algorithms. Support Staff (back-office) Jobs in UAS-focused companies in departments such as marketing, finance, HR, and procurement. Management Supervision activities. All other jobs created by the sector in industries such as media (journalism and blogs), events and UAS competitions (both sport Other and e.g. hackathons), and the wider marketplace. Source: PwC analysis 71 Methodology Used to Measure the Maturity and Relevance of Drone Use Cases for Social Development and Environmental Protection Guatemala’s social and environmental challenges require long-lasting and innovative solutions, where the further adoption of drones can strengthen the country’s efforts towards development and the SDG’s attainment. As part of the study to unlock the country’s potential and address current issues, 14 development use cases were selected: healthcare and medical goods delivery, agriculture applications, humanitarian aid, disaster management, urban planning and monitoring, road traffic monitoring, road infrastructure maintenance, remote internet access, endangered species monitoring, environmental pollution monitoring, restoration and reforestation, waste management and landfill monitoring, wildfires, and mosquitoes-borne disease spread reduction. The comprehensive analysis of drone applications for each of the use cases results in a detailed description and deep understanding of the potential and requirements for the implementation of drone technology in development activities. The maturity threshold of use cases was divided into three categories: • mature use cases (advanced and permanent implementation of drone technology); • testing and piloting stage (presence of drone-related tests, pilots, and research projects); and • limited or no evidence (the application of drones was not identified or was applied a lot of years ago with no further advancements). The table below represents the approach that was used to measure the relevance level of use cases for Guatemala. The relevancy threshold was divided into three categories: low, medium, and high and these are based on the value distribution for each use case across the country. The Relevance Level of Use Cases for Guatemala Relevancy Threshold Relevance Use Case Measurement Criteria Low Medium High for Guatemala Healthcare and Medical Goods Delivery Healthcare delivery needs in rural areas. <5 5-13 >13 14 Agriculture Applications Fertiliser use intensity (kg/ha). <100 100-200 >200 133 Humanitarian Aid WorldRisk Index 2021 as a result of exposure and vulnerability to natural disasters. <6 6-15 >15 20 Disaster Management Number of people affected by floods (UN OCHA) [mln]. <0.9 0.9-3 >3 1 Urban Planning and Monitoring The percentage of urban population living in slums. <10 10-30 >30 31 Road Traffic Monitoring Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100 000 population) for 2019. <10 10-30 >30 23 The Road quality indicator for 2019 published by the World Economic Forum, when 1 Road Infrastructure Maintenance is undeveloped road infrastructure and 7 is extensive and efficient by international >5 3.5-5 <3,5 2.4 standards. Remote Internet Access Proportion of population covered by at least a 4G mobile network (%). >95 70-95 <70 100 Endangered Species Monitoring Red List Index. <0.7 0.7-0.85 >0.85 0,71 Environmental Pollution Monitoring Annual mean concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in µg/m3 for 2016. <15 15-25 >25 30 Restoration and Reforestation Annual forest area net change rate (%) 2020. >0 -0.3-0 <-0.3 -0,54 Waste Management and Landfill Monitoring Share of the population covered by waste collection and transport services. >95 80-95 <80 77,7 Wildfires Annual values change of burned areas against average for 2019. <0 0-35 >35 -0,07 Mosquitoes-borne Disease Spread Reduction Malaria incidence rate (per 1,000 population at risk). <0.05 0.05-10 >10 0,18 Source: PwC analysis 72 Methodology to Develop Strategic Drone Development Initiatives for Guatemala To ensure the expansion and advancement of the drone ecosystem in Guatemala, strategic drone development initiatives were created as a result of an in-depth analysis of global best practices and local requirements. The applied methodology consisted of five phases with the primary objective of identifying strategic initiatives to strengthen the country’s ecosystem foundations. Additionally, it aimed to identify advanced initiatives and programs that could unlock the ecosystem's potential for growth and further drone adoption The Implemented Phased Approach 1 Drone Ecosystem Framework for Achieving Strategic Drone Development Initiatives Governance Overarching 1 The proposed Drone Ecosystem Entrepreneurship Technology Training & Education Framework defines eleven elements Enabling divided into three categories: Foundational, Enabling, and Funding & Financing Awareness Research & Development Overarching. These elements summarise all the important aspects Regulations Processes of the long-term vision for a Foundational competitive drone sector and are Operations Sustainability relevant to achieving maximum growth in the UAS sector. 2 Global Best Practices 2 Global and LAC region best practices have been analysed in terms of drone-related initiatives and programmes that bring relevant 3 Drone Ecosystem Development Pillars impact into the ecosystem. Regulations and Digitalisation and Demand and Awareness and Promotion Knowledge and Education 3 The analysis of global best practices Processes Automation Entrepreneurship showed that elements of the Drone Ecosystem Framework are often • Clear regulatory • Digitalisation of • Building trust and • Growing human capital by • Stimulating innovation by being developed simultaneously as framework to ensure processes to facilitate awareness among public providing access to high providing entrepreneurs part of a larger drone strategy safety while stimulating ease of providing services stakeholders, society and quality education to with the means to followed by interconnected initiatives. innovation and enabling for SMEs and scaling industry to facilitate the stimulate scaling and accelerate their market All the initiatives have been future use cases. capacity of public adoption of innovative rendering of innovation. entry and scaling the summarised into five main pillars. institutions. and relevant UAS development of the • Transparent processes • Facilitating sustainable solutions. technology. and procedures to • Implementation of digital airspace safety by 4 A deep analysis of the Guatemalan facilitate straightforward unmanned traffic • Fostering innovation by educating users and • Stimulating demand for drone market and interviews with compliance with management services to connecting startups, stakeholders about drone products and stakeholders were conducted to regulations and related control and safely industry and research. regulations, best services by providing understand and define Guatemala's processes. integrate UAS into the practices and responsible instruments to activate specific needs and requirements. airspace. behaviours. the market. 5 Based on these inputs, a list of 20 Strategic Drone Development Initiatives for Guatemala required to 4 Guatemalan Needs and Requirements harmoniously develop different elements of the drone ecosystem in a long-term and sustainable way was created. 5 Strategic Drone Development Initiatives for Guatemala Source: PwC analysis 73 Bibliography • Academy RTR, “Clases de Fotogrametria con Drones DJI - World Food Program,” Website: • Applus+, “Inspección plataformas offshore,” Website: Text/HTML, Applus+, 12 September 2022, Text/HTML, Academy RTR, 12 September 2022, https://www.applus.com/gt/es/what-we-do/service-sheet/inspecci%C3%B3n-plataforma-offshore https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XN6m0hcRXmY. • Applus+, “Servicios de inspección interna de tanques y tuberías,” Website: Text/HTML, • AERIA, “¡Ven a dar un vistazo a nuestro Stand Virtual de Cámara de Industria de Guatemala!” Applus+, 12 September 2022, Text/HTML, AERIA, 12 September 2022, https://www.applus.com/gt/es/what-we-do/service-sheet/servicios-de-inspecci%C3%B3n-intern https://www.facebook.com/AeriaServices/posts/305017548122392. a-de-tanques-y-tuber%C3%ADas. • AERIA, “Cámara de Industria de Guatemala,” Text/HTML, AERIA, 12 September 2022, • Applus+,”Protección de la fauna,” Website: Text/HTML, Applus+, 12 September 2022, https://www.facebook.com/AeriaServices/posts/180547210569427. https://www.applus.com/gt/es/what-we-do/service-sheet/vigilancia-a%C3%A9rea-con-drones-(v ant). • AERIA, “Construcción,” Website: Text/HTML, AERIA, 12 September 2022, https://www.aeriaservices.com/construccion/. • ASODRON, “Quienes Somos,” Website: Text/HTML, ASODRON, 12 September 2022, https://www.asodron.com/quienes-somos. • AERIA, “Inspección De Paneles Solares,” Website: Text/HTML, AERIA, 12 September 2022, https://www.aeriaservices.com/paneles-solares/. • Brecha Cero, “Guatemala utiliza drones para combatir el narcotráfico,” Website: Text/HTML, Brecha Cero, 12 September 2022, • Aerobots, “Nosotros,” Website: Text/HTML, Aerobots, 12 September 2022, https://brechacero.com/guatemala-utiliza-drones-para-combatir-el-narcotrafico/. http://www.aerobots.gt/en/home/nosotros/. • Camara De Industria De Guatemala, “Ferias de proveedores,” Text/HTML, Camara De Industria • Aerobots, ”Aerobots making history by initiating drone delivery in Guatemala,” Website: De Guatemala, 12 September 2022, Text/HTML, Aerobots, 12 September 2022, https://eventos.industriaguate.com/eventovirtualingreso/eyJpdiI6IjhQUWRpcmVjYkZzbTJlUVRI https://www.linkedin.com/posts/aerobots-inc-_delivery-after-18-minutes-of-flight-time-activity-681 OHVWUGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTjFValpsYUFUQ1wvNzdaWHZHVmV6Qnc9PSIsIm1hYyI6ImQ2 1058475079122944-8TLM?utm_source=linkedin_share&utm_medium=member_desktop_web. 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