OPERATIONAL BRIEF Sustainable Fisheries BLUE ECONOMY FOR RESILIENT AFRICA PROGRAM © 2022 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 | Internet: www.worldbank.org Acknowledgments This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank Group with external contributions. “The World Bank Group” refers to the legally separate organizations of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), This brief was written by Darshani De Silva (Senior In addition, the team received incisive and helpful advice, the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Environmental Specialist). 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(Lead Environmental Specialist), Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez (Lead Consultant), Christian Peter (Practice Manager), Lia Carol Sieghart (Practice Manager), and Sanjay Srivastava (Practice Manager). BLUE ECONOMY FOR RESILIENT AFRICA PROGRAM I 1 About the Blue Economy for Resilient Africa Program The Blue Economy generated nearly US$300 billion for the Key Messages African continent in 2018, creating 49 million jobs in the process. These and other crucial benefits—most notably food security, livelihoods, biodiversity, and resilience to the effects of climate change—are entirely dependent on the health and productivity of coastal and marine areas. By safeguarding productive coastal landscapes, countries will be in a better position to take full advantage of future Blue Economy opportunities, which range from sustainable To develop a resilient Blue Economy, Africa’s coastal blue energy to aquaculture to blue carbon. economies need to put in place effective measures to protect its marine and coastal resources, especially its fisheries. The World Bank’s Blue Economy for Resilient Africa Program, announced at COP27, will provide multisectoral analytical, financial, and policy support to Africa’s coastal countries and island states to help them leverage the opportunities—and manage the risks—inherent These measures include putting in place a strong and in scaling up their Blue Economies. effective policy and regulatory framework, which could include forming new marine protected areas and/or no-take zones. About this series of briefs Stronger capacity for sustainable fisheries management could involve working with fish farming communities to adopt climate- resilient aquaculture or mariculture, and implementing climate adaptation programs to strengthen the fisheries value chain.  The Blue Solutions for Africa series of operational briefs captures how a thriving Blue Economy can help African countries better manage the development challenges Implementing these measures will build resilience to climate they face while supporting economic growth, sustainable change, enhance food security, support the sustainable livelihoods, and the health of these precious ecosystems. livelihoods of vulnerable fishing communities, and facilitate the creation of more and better jobs within the fishery value chain.  THE BRIEFS COVER THE FOLLOWING THEMATIC AREAS Regional cooperation and coordination are needed to limit • Climate change • Data management and the negative and enhance the positive externalities generated by knowledge creation • Coastal and marine national actions.  biodiversity and habitats • Innovative financing instruments • Sustainable fisheries • Developing and incentivizing • Marine pollution institutions • Jobs and livelihoods © Shutterstock • New frontiers of innovation • Participatory marine spatial planning © Freepik BLUE ECONOMY FOR RESILIENT AFRICA PROGRAM I 3 Introduction Climate change will have implications for the sustainability of Africa’s fisheries sector, with knock-on consequences for local livelihoods, income, nutrition security, and economic development. The Challenge The effects of climate change are already being felt in some parts of Africa produces 7 percent of the the continent’s vast coastline, where changes in species productivity total global fisheries and aquaculture and fish growth have been observed. production, according to estimates by To better withstand climate change and the amplifying effects of human-induced changes to the marine the Food and Agriculture Organization environment, countries need to work across borders and at different levels to develop and scale solutions that foster sustainability, adaptation, and resilience. Partnership with and between regional organizations, of the United Nations (FAO). neighboring governments, and local communities will be key. This brief describes the nature of these challenges and what can be done to address them before describing how the World Bank contributes to climate solutions based on knowledge creation, partnership across borders and scales, and innovative financing ranging from The FAO further estimates that in 2020, global All along the African coast, fishing communities concessional public financing to private investment to projects that seek to ensure the financial inclusion of production totaled a record 214 million tons, report changes in fishing patterns and species fishery communities. generating more than US$151 billion in exports, caught. In 2013, the World Bank Group surveyed and employing an estimated 58.5 million people 463 fishermen in Morocco, who reported fewer in primary production alone. Of this number, fishing days because of weather events, changes 21 percent were women and most were small- in species caught, increased sea temperatures, scale, artisanal fishers, and fish farmers in developing countries. and shifts in current patterns. In Liberia, the number of fishing days has decreased because of longer rainy seasons. Across the world, those who depend on fisheries for their livelihoods, income, and nutrition security Tropical West African countries stand to are especially vulnerable to climate change, be the most affected by climate change. which poses a significant threat to fisheries due Simulation models forecast that the maximum to ocean acidification, increasing sea-surface catch potential will decrease by 30 percent temperatures, and more intense storm events. by 2050 in many tropical countries, including The most extensive impact of El Niño episode occurred Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, in 2015/2016, globally affecting around 60 million people Liberia, and São Tomé and Príncipe. The through flash flooding, long dry season, and extreme cold Horn of Africa, including countries in the coasts of the Red weather. These effects are multiplying the impacts of human- Sea and Gulf of Aden and Nigeria, also face substantial induced stressors such as pollution, overfishing, and illegal economic risk through changes in their fisheries. All African fishing, which are altering fisheries’ ecological systems. coastal countries will need to rethink their approach to fisheries management in response to climate change. Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change, given the unique characteristics of its marine Aquatic foods contribute 50 percent or more ecosystems and high socioeconomic reliance on of total animal protein intake in several African fisheries for food, jobs, livelihoods, and revenues. countries, including Sierra Leone, Ghana, and Variations of significance have already been Mozambique. This is much higher than the 2019 recorded for rainfall, extreme climatic events global average of 17 percent, or 10.1kg per (such as storms), sea surface temperatures, and sea-level capita. This figure could be an underestimate rise. Estuaries along the tropical African coastline are also because the contribution of subsistence fisheries, small- being severely affected by increased salinity due to climate scale fisheries, and informal cross-border trade tend to be change. This is negatively impacting mangroves, which under-recorded. are critical fish nurseries, in turn driving food shortages, malnutrition, and reduced livelihoods in several countries. 4 I SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES © Andrea Borgarello / World Bank BLUE ECONOMY FOR RESILIENT AFRICA PROGRAM I 5 What is Needed Climate change threatens to reverse progress made in the Coastal economies that depend fight against hunger and malnutrition. Climate change significantly on fishery resources need augments and intensifies risks to food security for the to put in place the following measures most vulnerable countries and populations through loss to protect these resources and build of rural livelihoods and income, loss of marine and coastal resilience to climate change, so helping ecosystems, and livelihoods, and food insecurity and to safeguard livelihoods and jobs while breakdown of food systems. strengthening food and nutrition security. Climate change will also have broader Fisheries-dependent economies also Strengthen the fisheries policy and regulatory framework impacts through effects on trade flows, face climate change impacts not linked to to ensure climate-resilient fisheries and aquaculture management. food markets and price stability, and could coastal or marine systems. These include introduce new risks for human health. Greatly the migration of human populations to follow expanded efforts to respond to climate changes in fish distribution; effects on fishery change are needed immediately to safeguard infrastructure due to sea level rise and the capacity of food systems to ensure food security. increased storm surges; and an increase in losses throughout Build capacity to support sustainably fisheries management, the production and distribution chain due to changes in the including addressing illegal, unreported and unregulated fisheries. Fisheries are a transboundary resource with frequency, distribution, or intensity of weather events. The transboundary challenges. Threats such vulnerability of fisheries and fishing communities depends as marine pollution and depletion of living not only on their exposure and sensitivity to change, but also marine resources due to illegal, unreported, on a lack of ability to anticipate these changes and adapt. Take action to protect the fishery resources and their ecosystems and unregulated fishing—especially along such as creating marine protected areas or no-take zones; helping the West African coastline, Red Sea and Investing in the climate resilience and fish-farming communities adopt climate-resilient aquaculture/ South-West Indian Ocean—are of transboundary nature sustainability of fisheries will accrue the mariculture and diversifying their livelihoods; strengthening the that necessitates regional cooperation to define their benefits the sector brings to the coastal fishery value chain so that it is better able to withstand climate causes, effects, and coordinated management actions. The economies and food security. The World Bank and other externalities; and raising awareness about the impacts countries face common constraints regarding their fisheries Group estimated that in 2012, the potential of climate change on the fisheries sector. sector: insufficient governance, insufficient human and gains from good governance of fisheries institutional capacity, and a fragile business environment. were in the order of US$50 billion per year from improvement in production efficiency alone. When market gains are also considered, sustainable net economic benefits—that is, Protect public assets such as fishery infrastructure from net returns to capital including transfers to government, climate impacts through climate-informed planning and design. and net returns to labor—are estimated to exceed US$100 Policy, planning, and budgets should be developed with a climate- resilience lens. billion per year. Building resilience can also help achieve the “triple dividend” of reduced severity of economic setbacks; productive investments that enable fishers and fishery value- chain businesses to take positive risks; and co-benefits of resilient measures. Support good governance across the sector that enables all affected stakeholders, including fishing communities, the public sector, and business to make climate-informed and coordinated decisions on how to sustainably use marine resources, including through marine spatial planning. Many marine and coastal challenges that are regional in nature, and addressing them jointly will be beneficial to the countries involved. As a transboundary natural asset, ensuring the health and resilience of fishery resources for long- term sustainability requires regional cooperation and coordination to limit © Andrea Borgarello / World Bank negative and enhance positive externalities generated by national actions. © Freepik 6 I SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES © Madjiguene Seck / World Bank How the World Bank Group Contributes to Solutions • Mozambique completed a Blue Economy diagnostic and developed a national marine spatial plan (POEMN) for its territorial waters, which came into effect in November 2021. The marine spatial plan was developed under the World Bank’s First South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Governance and Shared Growth Project, which provided financial and technical support to the government of Mozambique for the development of the MSP. The POEMN also established a multisectoral mechanism that focuses on climate resilience in current uses, including fisheries and potential future uses of marine space. The World Bank Group partners with countries and regions in Africa in piloting and scaling • The regional Program for Sustainable Fishery Development in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (SFISH) integrated climate resilient actions into subnational fishery planning. sustainable, climate-adapted fisheries solutions, drawing on its ever-growing knowledge base to develop and refine solutions that support sustainable, climate-resilient fishery management. To date, World Bank Group’s support to fisheries in African regions and countries has focused on: • Integrating climate-resilient elements into fishery diagnostics, planning tools, and investments to Case study secure ecosystem health and protect fishery sector assets. • Taking local action towards sustainability and resilience of fisheries. MANAGING LOCAL MARINE RESOURCES BY WORKING ACROSS BORDERS © Madjiguene Seck / World Bank • Community co-management of resources and strengthening the value chain for economic and food security. The World Bank Group with Global Environment Facility financing • Creating knowledge for better awareness, planning, and decision-making. supported the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Strategic Ecosystem Management Project. • Regional fisheries management as a model for regional consensus on conservation of resources and development of the sector. The project has to date produced conservation and management plans that draw on site-specific climate vulnerability indicators combined with inputs from different levels of stakeholders in a flexible and iterative way. Integrating climate resilience in fishery The management plans stipulate agreed rules governing the use of nets and fishing restrictions relating to spawning period while being reflective of diagnostics, spatial planning tools, and investments social norms. In Africa, the program has achieved the following to date: Sustainability and climate resilience are crucial for the health of Africa’s fisheries and the millions of people who depend on them for their economic and physical wellbeing. The World Bank Group seeks to ensure that • Two new marine protected areas (MPAs) have been declared: one in Sudan (in climate resilience is woven into the decision-making tools used when developing spatial plans and making the Sanganeb Marine National Park and Dungonab Bay area) and one in Egypt investment decisions. (Qula’an eco-village at Wadi el Gemal National Park). WITH WORLD BANK SUPPORT, THE FOLLOWING HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED: • A Standardized Monitoring Protocol Manual has been adopted by member countries for monitoring and reporting on marine ecosystem health and climate change stressors. Fishers have used this manual to conduct monitoring and surveillance at the Moucha Maskalli Islands MPA (Djibouti). • Morocco completed a Blue Economy diagnostic, which contributed to the development of a national marine spatial plan built around climate change considerations. The World Bank Group is now supporting Morocco’s Department • Effective, coordinated, multi-level Strategic Ecosystem Management ensures that the oceans offer triple of Maritime Fisheries in piloting the marine spatial plan at the sub-national level along Agadir, on the 180km benefits: biodiversity preservation, sustainability of fishery resources, and carbon storage. coastline of the Souss Massa region, to identify the best possible location for a marine protected area (MPA) that aims to promote the recovery of fish stocks and protect marine ecosystems. In the national context, the creation of The follow-on US$45 million Program for Sustainable Fishery Development in Red Sea and Gulf of Aden sees the World new MPAs contributes towards Morocco’s international commitments to form a network of protected areas covering Bank Group reinforce the message with the Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red at least 10 percent of the country’s coastline. MPAs protect habitats and maintain the vital marine processes and Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA) and its member states that marine management is a transboundary, regional matter. fisheries and will provide climate resilience. 8 I SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES BLUE ECONOMY FOR RESILIENT AFRICA PROGRAM I 9 Taking local actions towards Case study sustainability and resilience of fisheries COMMUNITY CO-MANAGEMENT IMPROVES PRODUCTIVITY The World Bank’s West Africa Regional Fisheries Program helped several African countries engage in IN SENEGAL activities that aim to improve the resilience of their fishery resources: The World Bank’s West Africa Regional Fisheries Program has helped 12 community management pilots in • Mauritania developed an electronic fishery monitoring, control, and surveillance (MCS) system that reduces false Senegal scale up and develop and implement resource management measures, with one site reporting a 133 reporting and provides real-time information to inform action, making it the first country to use such an electronic percent improvement in productivity after management measures were implemented. reporting system. Fishery associations formed with the support of Senegal’s Ministère des Pêches et de l’Economie Maritime (Ministry • Senegal is replicating Mauritania’s success with electronic monitoring under the recently approved World Bank Group-financed Senegal Natural Resource Management Project. of Fisheries and Maritime Economy) went on to develop several resource management regulations and enhancement measures, including: • Kenya launched a US$49.8 million Kenya Marine Fisheries and Socio-Economic Development (KEMSFED) project to eliminate or reduce illegal, unreported, or unregulated fishing in its territorial waters. According to unpublished • Declaring protected fishing zones and artificial reef immersion zones within marine protected areas research by the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kenya loses US$100 million annually to illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, primarily through the activities of larger vessels operating offshore. The • ‎ estrictions Imposing gear r KEMSFED Project supports: (i) the development of new regulations to improve fisheries management and provide opportunities for the Blue Economy sector in Kenya (for example, managements plans for priority species, nearshore • Specifying closed seasons for fishing. management plans, and a Blue Economy strategy); (ii) the development of fisheries information monitoring systems, surveys, and assessments to better understand the stocks of priorities fisheries (such as prawns, octopus, tuna, and These and other measures have led to noticeable improvements in marine resources, including an increase in snappers) and population changes; (iii) the installation of a robust MCS strategy, which includes the implementation fish sizes at all sites and productivity gains. One community-led fisheries management pilot site even reported of a vessel monitoring system to monitor licensed, foreign vessels, control overfishing, and improve patrolling of territorial seas. reaching 133 percent productivity. In some communities, the program also helped fishers undertake alternative livelihoods to fishing by enabling direct lines of commercial micro-‎finance and block grants for public infrastructure and/or the ‎start-up of enterprises by associations. In partnership with Credit Mutuel Senegal, a local micro-finance institution, 405 Community co-management of resources micro-loans (355 of which were to women entrepreneurs) were given to fishers and ‎non-fisher residents in targeted communities. Ninety-two percent of these loans have already been repaid, with 98 percent of supported and strengthening the value chain for economic activities showing profitability. and food security The World Bank Group works with partner countries to develop community co-management systems, which sees the government and users share responsibility for managing aquatic resources. Community co-management is an effective method for sustaining aquatic resources—and the livelihoods of communities depending on them. The World Bank’s approach to strengthening the value chain involves investing in fishery value chains, accruing short- to long-term economic benefits while strengthening nutrition security. To date, the World Bank has partnered with countries to implement co-management systems in the following African countries: • In Senegal, 12 community management pilots initiated through a predecessor project (the Senegal Integrated Marine and Coastal Resources Project) have been expanded under the West Africa Regional Fisheries Program. Of these, eight were granted management rights in legally ‎recognized (gazetted) co- management areas‎. • In Kenya, the Marine Fisheries and Socio-Economic Development project is working to organize local and women’s groups to enable them to access matching grants that will allow them to purchase fishing equipment, add value to their fishing business, and acquire the knowledge and skills for better marine-based livelihoods opportunities. As in many African countries, fishing in Kenya is a male-dominated activity, with women’s involvement limited to preparing and selling fried or dried fish. 10 I SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES © Madjiguene Seck / World Bank © Madjiguene Seck / World Bank Creating knowledge for better Regional fisheries management awareness, planning, and decision-making The World Bank Group supports regional organizations In the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region, the World Bank that are mandated to manage fisheries across country Group SFISH program is supporting the finalization, The World Bank Group is constantly working to develop its stakeholder-centric knowledge base in order to both strengthen borders and between economic zones. Key among these adoption, and ratification of a cooperation protocol between awareness of climate change and resilience, and ensure that governance decisions are based on the best available science. organizations are the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission PERSGA member states. The protocol was developed Key knowledge products produced include Climate Change and Marine Fisheries in Africa: Assessing Vulnerability and in West Africa, the South-West Indian Ocean Fisheries to meet a need created by the absence of a dedicated Strengthening Adaptation Capacity, which was developed under the World Bank’s Regional Partnership for African Fisheries Commission, and PERSGA. regional fishery management organization. It aims to Policy Reform operation. This report is one of the few studies available that assesses the climate vulnerability of marine improve coordination among the member states and within fisheries at both country and continent level. The report has informed sustainable planning in several countries, and the The World Bank’s support for the South-West Indian Ocean different interest groups and institutions within the states; methodology used has been further refined and deployed at the country scale in Cabo Verde. Fisheries Commission has allowed the organization to strengthen knowledge of the status of fish stocks in various cooperate on the collection and sharing of fishery data, territorial waters and beyond; develop regional solutions for The World Bank Group also supports efforts by research institutes to improve knowledge on fish stocks and monitor the impact among other initiatives. This has enhanced regional fisheries monitoring, controlling, and surveillance systems to benefit of climate change. Specifically, it has helped the following entities create knowledge for better management of fisheries at the governance by allowing all parties to monitor fisheries data from economy of scale; identify low-cost technologies for regional level: and track compliance with regional agreements. Greater effective production and regional trade; and address the regional cooperation will enhance the countries’ ability to risks and impacts of climate change. To the north-east, in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden To the east of Africa, the World Bank partnered influence international agreements, such as the Regional region, the World Bank is working closely with with FAO’s South-West Indian Ocean Fisheries Minimum Terms and Conditions. PERSGA to improve scientific knowledge of both Commission on developing collaborations with anthropogenic and climate-induced changes that Indian Ocean coastal states to monitor the health impact the effective management of living marine and resilience of tuna fisheries in the region. resources in the area, including fishery resources. This knowledge will inform collective decision-making and plans for national actions to protect critical ecosystems. Effective and accurate communication of current scientific knowledge is a key component of the World Bank’s approach to building sustainable and climate-adapted fisheries in Africa. This includes training local media channels to raise broad awareness about the value of marine resources and promote their sustainable management. To date, the following media education drives have been supported, among others: In Senegal, the World Bank Group supported the In Ghana, African journalists received training production of weekly, hour-long videos in which on fact-based fisheries reporting in workshops government and community representatives supported by the World Bank Group in discussed (in French or the local language, partnership with the African Union Inter-African Wolof) various topics relating to marine Bureau for Animal Resources, the United States ecosystems and livelihoods, including marine plastic Agency for International Development (USAID), pollution, aquaculture, co-management, coastal erosion, and the West Africa Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission. and forced migration. The weekly shows, which are available Accurate reporting helps to build awareness about what on La Voix du Littoral’s (the Voice of the Coast’s) YouTube is needed to secure the sustainable production of fishery and Facebook pages, were initially supported by Nordic resources, so creating an enabling environment for reforms. Development Fund and are now funded under the World Bank- managed West Africa Coastal Areas Management Program. The World Bank Group encourages knowledge-sharing among development partners to ensure harmonized investments and better use of financing while providing guidance to national and local partners, especially in fragile and conflict-affected countries, where knowledge creation is often a challenge. © Madjiguene Seck / World Bank BLUE ECONOMY FOR RESILIENT AFRICA PROGRAM I 13 © Andrea Borgarello / World Bank Hazard Exposure Vulnerability ECOLOGICAL Sensitivity Policy feedback Adaptation capacity Risk of marine species under climate impacts What Success Vulnerability SOCIO- Hazard Exposure Sensitivity ECONOMIC will Look Like Adaptation capacity Climate change will have implications for the sustainability To withstand the consequences of these changes, Africa’s of Africa’s fisheries sector throughout the value chain. fisheries sector needs ongoing and future investment Species productivity and fish growth are already changing into solutions that foster sustainability, adaptation, and Social-ecological risks of Policy relevant due to shifts in the distribution of fish, compounded resilience. Success will depend on the continent’s ability climate change soloutions by human-induced changes. Fishing operations are to understand local climate vulnerabilities and the risk they expected to be affected by extreme weather events such pose to fisheries, as well as how these relate to the socio- Figure 1: Linked socio-ecological risk framework as cyclones and storm surges in the short term, as well ecological systems of many coastal countries (see Figure 1). Source: Adapted from Climate Change and Marine as sea-level rise and increased temperatures in the long Importantly, it will depend on the continent’s ability to transform Fisheries in Africa: Assessing Vulnerability and term. Climate-driven changes in fish availability, quality, and scale demonstrated solutions at the local, country, and Strengthening Adaptation Capacity. processing, and trading will affect fish prices and market regional levels. access, altering fish-related incomes and access to food. Climate-driven changes in The continuing development of preventive community- Acknowledging the negative consequences that climate fish availability, quality, and ecosystem-based approaches that go beyond the change and other stressors have on the stability, resilience, management of a select few commercially important species and productivity of fisheries will enable decision-makers to provides a better basis for addressing climate-induced make better use of climate change-related information in processing, and trading changes. Tools will be required to cope and recover from impacts that cannot be avoided. planning and management adaptations. By striking a balance between prevention and preparedness, coastal states can become less vulnerable to climate risks and impacts and will affect fish prices and market access, Adaptation strategies for fisheries management should be built around flexibility and the adaptability to new information, sustain their fishery sector for economic development and food security. altering fish-related hence good decision-making and governance practices. Fishery communities, the public sector, and business all incomes and access to food. have an important role to play in fishery management. Regional cooperation to manage transboundary challenges are also essential for sustainability and climate resilience. Multiple financing mechanisms (from concessional public financing to private investment), as well as effort to ensure the financial inclusion of fishery communities, will be needed. 14 I SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES BLUE ECONOMY FOR RESILIENT AFRICA PROGRAM I 15