Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure | A Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure June 2024 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: +1-202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. 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All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org Design and layout: ULTRA Designs, Inc. Cover photo: Indonesian engineer on construction site. Credit: rudi_suardi Photo: A little girl with her mother inside a relief camp in Turkey after an earthquake destroyed the homes of thousands of people. Credit: 1001nights. The note was prepared by Mirtha Escobar, Arjola Limani, and Zoe Elena Trohanis, representing the joint efforts of the Global Thematic Area on Resilient Infrastructure Acknowledgements and the Gender Equality cross-cutting thematic area within the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). The note benefited from excellent contributions from the following reviewers: Tamara Babayan, Nicholas James Callender, Kamila Galeza, Karla Dominguez Gonzalez, and Akiko Kishiue. Special thanks to Cristina Otano, Natalia Romero, and Moussa Sidibe for their guidance and insights. The note benefited from editing services offered by the World Bank’s Global Corporate Solutions, and graphic design support was provided by ULTRA Designs, Inc. Erika Vargas offered valuable communications and knowledge management support throughout the process. Funding for the study was provided by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery Umbrella. ii | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure Acknowledgements........................................................................................................... i Table of Contents Preface.................................................................................................................................. iii Executive Summary........................................................................................................... iv Abbreviations and Acronyms.......................................................................................... v Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology....................................................................................................................... 2 Resilient and Inclusive Transportation Infrastructure .............................................. 4 Gender Entry Points, Gaps, Interventions, and Indicators for Public Transportation............................................................................................................. 6 Key Takeaways .......................................................................................................... 12 Resilient and Inclusive Water Infrastructure .............................................................. 13 Gender Entry Points, Gaps, Interventions, and Indicators for Water.............. 14 Key Takeaways .......................................................................................................... 21 Resilient and Inclusive Energy Infrastructure . ........................................................... 22 ............ 23 Gender Entry Points, Gaps, Interventions, and Indicators for Energy. Key Takeaways .......................................................................................................... 31 References .......................................................................................................................... 32 Bibliography. ....................................................................................................................... 35 Transport ..................................................................................................................... 35 Water ............................................................................................................................ 35 Energy .......................................................................................................................... 36 Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure | iii The Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery’s Commitment to Gender Equality Preface The Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) provides countries with financial and analytical support in alignment with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction’s call for inclusive disaster risk management (DRM). GFDRR also offers technical assistance to integrate social inclusion into disaster risk management programs. The 2021-2025 strategy of GFDRR emphasizes social inclusion and gender equality as cross-cutting themes, ensuring that disaster risk management programs are designed to benefit all, especially women and vulnerable groups. GFDRR’s commitment to inclusive disaster risk management and gender equality also aligns with the World Bank Group’s Gender Strategy 2024–2030, which seeks to eliminate gender-based violence (GBV), expand economic opportunities for women, and foster women’s leadership roles. GFDRR maintains a substantial grant portfolio focused on resilient infrastructure. From fiscal 2019 to fiscal 2023, the Japan–World Bank Program for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Management approved 124 resilient infrastructure grants and 24 just- in-time grants, totaling US$44.8 million. However, while 70 percent of the resilient infrastructure portfolio integrates gender considerations, only 30 percent have monitoring mechanisms to address gender disparities. This discrepancy highlights the need for additional resources and targeted actions to systematically identify and close gender gaps. By improving monitoring strategies and emphasizing gender- responsive approaches, GFDRR can better support countries in developing more inclusive, resilient infrastructure. iv | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure Natural hazards disproportionately affect women due to existing social and eco- Executive nomic inequalities, increasing their vulnerability and exposure to GBV and eco- Summary nomic instability during disasters. This report highlights the necessity of integrating gender-sensitive approaches into infrastructure development to address these dis- parities effectively. Utilizing the World Bank’s Gender Tag methodology, the report identifies gender gaps, proposes targeted interventions, and establishes indicators for monitoring and evaluation. This report presents a strategic framework for incorporating gender perspectives into resilient infrastructure development, focusing on the transportation, water, and energy sectors. The aim is to enhance disaster resilience while promoting gen- der equality, aligning with the commitments of the GFDRR and the World Bank Group’s initiatives in inclusive DRM and gender equality. › Transportation Sector: Women face significant barriers in mobility, safety, and accessibility, particularly during disasters. The report recommends financial support for women’s transportation during emergencies, community-based transportation networks, and improved safety measures. These interventions aim to ensure that transportation infrastructure is inclusive, resilient, and supports women’s economic activities during and after disasters. › Water Sector: Access to safe sanitation facilities is often limited for women, particularly during disasters. The report advocates for the provision of safe sanitation facilities, distribution of menstrual hygiene products, and inclusive decision-making forums. These measures are designed to improve women’s health, safety, and participation in water management, thereby enhancing community resilience. › Energy Sector: Women have limited access to renewable energy resources and face health risks from traditional cooking methods. The report suggests training programs for women in renewable energy, promotion of clean cooking solutions, and gender-responsive policies. These interventions are aimed at reducing health risks, improving women’s economic opportunities, and ensuring sustainable energy access during disasters. Recommendations: The report emphasizes the need to develop transportation and water infrastructure that prioritizes women’s safety and accessibility, advocates for women’s participation in policy-making processes, and provides targeted employ- ment and training programs in the transportation, water, and energy sectors. Addi- tionally, promoting community-led initiatives with women in leadership roles is crucial for improving disaster preparedness and response. Incorporating gender considerations into resilient infrastructure development is essential for reducing vulnerability and enhancing recovery in disaster-prone areas. By focusing on inclusive and equitable strategies, the World Bank and GFDRR aim to build infrastructure that meets the needs of all community members, particularly women, thus fostering sustainable and resilient development. Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure | v DRM disaster risk management Abbreviations GBV gender-based violence and Acronyms GDP gross domestic product GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery LPG liquefied petroleum gas SDGs Sustainable Development Goals WASH water, sanitation, and hygiene Photo: Mother carrying her child, walking home in a poor area of town during a flood in Nonthaburi, Thailand. Credit: MMassel. vi | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure | 1 A lthough natural hazards are inherently neutral, their effects dispropor- tionally burden vulnerable groups, including women. Disaster impacts Introduction depend on hazard type, intensity, exposure, and preparedness, as well as local social dynamics and gender norms. Gender dynamics shape exposure, vulnerability, and coping capacity, ultimately influencing how communi- ties prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. For example, women dis- proportionately rely on natural resources for livelihoods, lack access to affordable housing in safer areas, and experience economic disadvantages that hinder their ability to cope, adapt, and recover (OECD 2022b). Additionally, in the aftermath of an event, women are more likely to stay behind to assume primary caregiving responsibilities for children, the injured, and the elderly (UN Women 2022). They also face heightened risks, including GBV and exploitation after disasters, especially when displaced. In 2018, women accounted for 75 percent of all displaced persons globally because of natural hazards such as droughts and floods (Asian Develop- ment Bank 2023). Acknowledging these specific vulnerabilities is essential to building inclusive resil- ience. This concept focuses on empowering communities and systems to recover from disasters in a way that includes and supports all individuals, particularly the vulnerable.. This holistic approach to DRM considers the needs of different social In the aftermath of an event, groups and acknowledges that gender inequality not only exacerbates disaster women are more likely to stay impacts but often worsens societal disparities (UNDRR 2023). By understanding the behind to assume primary unique challenges faced by women, DRM programs can better respond to the dif- caregiving responsibilities for ferentiated gender needs within their communities, ensuring that resilience-build- children, the injured, and the ing efforts are truly inclusive and effective. elderly… Integrating gender perspectives into resilient infrastructure is crucial to ensuring that disaster management efforts effectively address the distinct roles and responsibilities of men and women. For example, during the 2017 monsoon season in Bangladesh, women and girls were more affected by flooding because of cultural barriers that prevented them from swimming or leaving their homes (Care International 2017). Women’s insights therefore help design resilient infrastructure that enhances safety, privacy, and accessibility, and infrastructure planning that considers the needs of women, men, girls, and boys leads to more effective and sustainable solutions. Incorporating gender perspectives also promotes gender equality and women’s empowerment by addressing structural barriers to participation in mobility, services, and employment. Research shows that a gender- inclusive approach in pre- and post-disaster environments can reduce instances of GBV while expanding economic opportunities and avenues for skill development (Erman et al. 2021). Furthermore, increasing women’s representation in leadership, decision-making, and risk governance promotes more inclusive, sustainable, and resilient strategies (UNDRR 2023). The DRM cycle encompasses four phases—risk identification, risk reduction, emergency preparedness, and post-disaster response and recovery—each offering multiple entry points for enhancing inclusion. For purposes of this note, we have cat- egorized the entry points and interventions into two groups (1) risk reduction and emergency preparedness and (2) post-disaster response and recovery. These phases 2 | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure collectively offer opportunities for diverse and inclusive participation in planning, constructing, and maintaining resilient infrastructure (GFDRR 2021a). For example, early warning systems must account for different needs and vulnerabilities to deliv- er timely support to everyone during emergencies, and recovery requires equitable resource allocation to address the unique needs of vulnerable groups. Adopting inclu- sive efforts at every phase of the DRM cycle promotes socially equitable disaster management practices that are safer and more resilient. This note provides specific entry points for integrating gender considerations throughout the cycle. Despite progress in integrating gender-sensitive approaches into sectors per- Methodology taining to resilient infrastructure, a gap remains in understanding how gender intersects with resilience, especially during disaster shocks. Women’s increased susceptibility is rooted in preexisting social and economic inequalities, such as limited access to resources, lower socioeconomic status, and restricted mobility, which leave them disproportionately affected by shocks such as natural disasters (UN 2020). Infrastructure planning that overlooks women’s specific priorities and challenges cannot adequately address these needs, particularly following disasters. This note aims to guide the integration of a gender perspective into resilient infra- structure development by emphasizing the disproportionate impact of disasters on women. In addition to providing valuable insights and identifying the intersection of climate and disaster resilience, infrastructure, and gender, this note offers a per- spective that complements existing sector-specific resources to enhance women’s resilience and ensure that their needs are met by infrastructure projects during cri- ses. Incorporating gender considerations into resilient infrastructure development is crucial for ensuring long-term sustainability and effectiveness, as it can reduce the vulnerability of women and better support their recovery from disaster-related shocks (UNOPS 2022). To identify and address resilient infrastructure gender gaps, this note draws from the available literature, desk research, and a review of the resilient-infrastructure grant portfolio of the GFDRR. The approach for identifying entry points in gender gaps is grounded in the World Bank’s results-oriented Gender Tag methodology, which relies on gender analysis to inform interventions and results indicators aimed at narrowing gender gaps (World Bank 2023b). It follows a three-step logical framework: 1. Gender gap analysis: A project begins with an analysis to identify existing gender gaps relevant to its scope. This involves assessing disparities in access, resources, and opportunities between genders (World Bank 2022b). 2. Interventions: Based on this analysis, a tailored set of interventions is developed to specifically target and address these identified gaps. These interventions are integrated into the overall project strategy to ensure effective implementation. 3. Indicators for monitoring and evaluation: Clear, measurable indicators are established to assess the effectiveness of these actions and measure progress toward closing the gender gaps. These benchmarks provide the foundation for ongoing monitoring and evaluation throughout the project’s life cycle. Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure | 3 Although this note emphasizes the need to incorporate gender perspectives into the development of resilient infrastructure to improve equity and effectiveness, it does not offer a comprehensive gender analysis or a detailed implementation guide. Similarly, it does not replace the necessity of customized and nuanced assessments tailored to local contexts. Instead, it provides an overview for integrat- ing gender considerations and stresses the importance of adapting strategies to the unique needs and dynamics of different communities in the transportation, water, and energy sectors. This note focuses on the transportation, water, and energy sectors because of their significant potential to address and reduce gender inequalities during disasters through consistent service delivery. These sectors that are crucial in everyday life become particularly vital during crises, as disasters can severely disrupt their func- tionality and cause widespread challenges for affected communities. In addition, traditional infrastructure planning in transportation, water, and energy frequently This note focuses on the overlooks women’s specific priorities and challenges, resulting in solutions that inad- transportation, water, and equately address their needs during disasters and leave them without continued ser- energy sectors because of vice delivery during crises. Nearly half of GFDRR’s resilient infrastructure grants are their significant potential to directed toward transportation, water, and energy activities, demonstrating the high address and reduce gender demand for investments in these areas. As such, these sectors present an opportunity inequalities during disasters to enhance the inclusivity of interventions to ensure equitable access and benefits. through consistent service Transportation: Reliable transportation is essential for women’s economic mobility delivery. and labor force participation. The World Bank identifies lack of transportation as a significant barrier to women’s employment in developing countries, reducing their participation by an estimated 16.5 percent (World Bank 2023a). When disasters occur, disruptions in mobility disproportionately impact women because of their specific travel patterns and accessibility needs. Disasters can also hinder emergency response efforts, making it harder for women to access essential services or evac- uate safely. According to McKinsey, achieving gender parity in labor markets could increase global GDP by up to US$28 trillion by 2025 (Bose 2010). Water: Access to a safe and adequate water supply is essential for women’s roles in agriculture, caregiving, and community participation. Disasters can disrupt water supply and sanitation systems, directly impacting women who are often responsible for securing and managing household water. For example, inadequate sanitation in India alone results in US$213 million in annual economic losses due to illness-related absenteeism, with women bearing much of the caregiving burden (Asian Develop- ment Bank 2023). These impacts are exacerbated during disasters, as water scarcity or contamination can lead to a surge in illness, particularly affecting women’s roles. Energy: Reliable and sustainable energy is crucial for maintaining livelihoods, health, and safety. A lack of progress in clean cooking solutions imposes significant economic costs, exceeding US$2.4 trillion annually, while disproportionately affect- ing women’s health and increasing their vulnerability to disasters (Clean Cooking Alliance 2020). When disasters disrupt energy supplies, women are more likely to experience adverse health effects because of increased reliance on unsafe cooking methods and limited access to electricity. 4 | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure Photo: Passengers on a train at Rishikesh railway station. Credit: ozgurdonmaz Resilient and Transportation infrastructure is highly vulnerable to natural hazards such as floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes (Daniels and MacArthur 2022). Systematically identi- Inclusive fying and addressing these vulnerabilities is essential to minimize potential damage Transportation and disruptions to the movement of goods and people. Incorporating the distinct travel and mobility needs of men and women is crucial for this assessment, given Infrastructure their differing travel patterns and ways of accessing public spaces (Legovini et al. 2022). Research shows that women face notable disparities in safety, affordability, and accessibility in transportation, which are often exacerbated during disasters (GFDRR 2018). To promote inclusivity and resilience in transportation systems, it is crucial to incorporate gender considerations throughout the entire DRM cycle, including during emergency preparedness and throughout post-disaster recovery efforts. This approach fosters women’s mobility and supports their economic activ- ities in the face of disasters. Transportation policy makers and planners therefore need to adopt gender-re- sponsive approaches that consider the specific needs of both women and men. Enhancing transportation safety, accessibility, and reliability for women encourages sustainable mobility patterns and reduces carbon emissions (OECD 2022a). One way to promote gender awareness in transportation is by addressing the imbalance in employment rates and decision-making roles between genders. This involves ensuring that women have equal opportunities for jobs and leadership positions in the transportation sector. Legovini et al. estimate that more than 20 million addi- tional women would work in the transportation industry if gender parity in employ- ment was achieved (2022). Box 1 provides an example of a project that involved women in decision-making and planning to enhance women’s resilience consider- ations in DRM. Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure | 5 BOX 1. Gender Interventions or Urban Transportation in Cabo Verde Project overview: The Improving Connectivity and Urban Infrastructure in Cabo Verde project (World Bank Project ID P178644) is working to enhance climate-resilient transportation and urban infrastructure. By integrating gender consider- ations into DRM strategies, the project aims to establish a more resilient and inclusive transportation network that better supports women’s needs during disasters. Key interventions: 1. Community engagement and leadership » Formation of women-led committees: Establishing women-led community committees ensures women’s perspectives are integral to DRM planning and implementation. Women leaders accurately represent their community’s needs, especially those related to mobility and safety, which helps shape a more inclusive and effective disaster preparedness framework. Their involvement ensures the transportation system is responsive to their unique travel patterns, evacuation challenges, and caregiving responsibilities. » Capacity building: Leadership and negotiation training empower women to advocate for their community’s needs in DRM, and equipping them with these skills strengthens their ability to negotiate resources and lead local disaster response initiatives. Women’s participation makes the transportation and DRM strategies more resilient and equitable. 2. Mobility enhancements » Consultative process: Engaging in consultations and using gender-sensitive analytics offers valuable insights into women’s mobility challenges, particularly during disasters. Analyzing these data helps to develop targeted interventions that enhance women’s travel safety and ensure that vulnerable groups can access essential services securely and efficiently during disaster shocks. » Infrastructure improvements: Prioritizing walking infrastructure and route planning based on women’s travel patterns helps them safely access emergency services and evacuation routes. Urban design features like well-lit playgrounds and public spaces can reduce harassment and assault risks during evacuations, contributing to more secure transit. 3. Disaster response coordination » Facilitating communication: Establishing communication channels between women in communities and emergency assistance providers ensures an efficient information flow. This proactive coordination helps identify needs promptly and provides critical aid to affected groups without delays. Impact: These interventions aim to strengthen the resilience of women by prioritizing their safety and mobility in disaster response and urban planning efforts. By integrating their perspectives into DRM strategies, these measures tackle existing disparities and promote long-term sustainability in the transportation sector. This comprehensive approach builds a resil- ient transportation network and effective disaster response system while advancing gender equality across Cabo Verde. Source: World Bank 2023c. 6 | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure Establishing gender-informed transportation policies is also crucial for achieving several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Women typically adopt more sus- tainable mobility habits, such as using public transport, cycling, or walking, which directly supports SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) by promoting sus- tainable urban transport systems. These behaviors also contribute to SDG 5 (Gen- der Equality) by addressing gender imbalances in transportation access and use. Improvements in transportation infrastructure and services are pivotal in optimizing the use of women’s time and resources (Agénor and Agénor 2023). For instance, research shows that 46 percent of women in Serbia rely on multiple buses for daily travel, while this figure is significantly lower, 17 percent, for men (Vukanovic, Kur- shitashvili, and Carvajal 2021), illustrating the need for gender-responsive transport planning to enhance accessibility and inclusivity. Gender Entry Points, Gaps, Interventions, and Indicators for Public Transportation The integration of gender considerations into urban mobility and public transportation investments is needed throughout the DRM cycle to build resilient solutions. The resilient infrastructure entry points for mobility and transportation systems shed light on the key gaps and opportunities for improvement, and they provide a focus for strategies that promote equitable access and inclusive transportation policies. Table 1 discusses these gaps as well as suggested interventions and monitoring and evaluation indicators for the following transportation subsectors: Urban mobility encompasses the movement of people and goods within cities using various modes such as walking, cycling, public transit, and private vehicles, as well as emerging options like shared mobility and micromobility (OECD 2020). It addresses accessibility, affordability, and convenience, encompassing infrastructure, services, technology, and policies to ensure seamless and sustainable movement in urban environments. Public transportation, a key component of urban mobility, includes mass transit systems such as buses, trams, and subways that are designed to efficiently transport large numbers of people. The development of accessible infrastructure such as stations and terminals is necessary to address the diverse needs of passengers, including those with disabilities, the elderly, and families with children (Mead 2021; UN 2016). Women frequently rely on public transportation for multi-stop, non-work-related journeys (Dominguez Gonzalez et al. 2018). However, these transportation systems often prioritize commuter routes between home and work, potentially neglecting the diverse mobility patterns of women (Legovini et al. 2022; World Bank 2020). Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure | 7 TABLE 1. Targeted Gender Entry Points and Interventions for DRM of Urban Mobility and Public Transportation1 Entry Point DRM Phase 1. Limited mobility options: Enhancing gender equity in urban transportation systems requires addressing the specific mobility Risk reduction and preparedness ✔ challenges women face because of their limited access to both private and public transportation. Developing resilient and inclusive public transportation systems that cater to the diverse needs of all Response and recovery community members before, during, and after disasters involves promoting everyone’s safe and reliable mobility under varying conditions. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › Emergencies often exacerbate Introduce vouchers or subsidies: Women benefiting from transportation existing gender disparities in mobility, Provide financial support through vouchers or subsidies: with women facing particular vouchers or subsidies for women to › Number of women who use financial barriers to reliable and affordable access private transportation services assistance for transportation during transportation. These challenges are during emergencies that cause major emergencies compounded by financial barriers disruption to public transportation › Number of women use transportation and limited access to private systems. This action aims to mitigate the vouchers or subsidies during an transportation services, which also financial barriers that prevent women emergency [Good Practice] disproportionately affects women, from accessing safer transportation especially those with caregiving or alternatives when public transportation household responsibilities. is not available or safe. › Lack of information about available Establish community-based Community-based transportation transportation options and emergency transportation networks: Implement services: services further limits women’s ability safe and reliable community-based › Percentage increase in the uptake to make informed decisions during transportation initiatives that are of community-based transportation crises, impacting their safety. specifically designed to cater to services by women during › Because of inadequate access to women’s needs during emergencies. emergencies transportation, women may face These networks can include volunteer- › Increased representation of women significant barriers to reaching driven services or partnerships with in technical and managerial positions essential services such as shelters or local transportation providers to ensure within community organizations and health facilities. This lack of mobility that transportation options are available bodies that make transportation exacerbates existing inequalities. and accessible to women. decisions. [Good Practice] Entry Point DRM Phase 2. Safety concerns: Addressing safety concerns in public spaces is crucial for encouraging women to use transportation services Risk reduction and preparedness ✔ confidently, which is particularly important during disasters. Safer transportation environments can also mitigate the impact of GBV and harassment, enhancing women’s ability to move freely before, Response and recovery during, and after emergencies. 1 Note: This table was created following the application of the World Bank’s Gender Tag methodology. It highlights previously identified gender gaps, interventions, and indicators derived from this approach. To assess the impact of selected interventions, good practice measures have also been determined; however, their applicability depends on the unique context of each project or initiative. 8 | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure TABLE 1. Cont. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › In emergency transportation Establish reliable emergency Reduction in reported incidents of GBV scenarios, women often face communication systems: Implement and harassment: increased risks of GBV and advanced, user-friendly communication › Percentage decrease in reported harassment, which are exacerbated systems within all emergency incidents of GBV and harassment by inadequate emergency transportation services that allow against women during emergency communication systems, poor visibility passengers, especially women, to report transportation situations as a direct at transportation stops, and a lack of safety concerns or incidents instantly. indicator of improved safety and surveillance measures. These factors This could include panic buttons in effectiveness of the implemented contribute to a sense of insecurity vehicles, emergency call lines, and communication systems and among women and can deter them mobile app features designed to alert surveillance measures. from using emergency transportation authorities or transportation service › Percentage increase in women’s usage services when needed. operators in real-time. of formal reporting mechanisms (e.g., › Furthermore, the absence of a formal panic buttons, apps, emergency call mechanism to report and document lines) within emergency transportation incidents of GBV and harassment services, reflecting greater trust in leaves these issues unaddressed the system and improved response and allows perpetrators to remain mechanisms. [Good Practice unaccountable, perpetuating a cycle Response time to safety concerns or of violence and harassment against incidents: women in emergency transportation › Percentage of reported incidents settings. or safety concerns that receive a response from authorities or service operators within an established target time (e.g., under 5 minutes) as a measure of the efficiency of emergency communication systems. › Percentage increase in the resolution rate of incidents of GBV and harassment after being reported through formal communication systems, ensuring accountability and timely action. [Good Practice] Establish a reporting mechanism Utilization of the emergency reporting for GBV and harassment: Develop a system: comprehensive reporting mechanism › Percentage increase of women that documents and tracks all reported passengers using newly implemented incidents of GBV and harassment emergency communication systems during emergencies. This mechanism and reporting mechanisms to report should ensure confidentiality and safety concerns privacy for the victims while facilitating › Percentage increase of reported the collection of data essential for safety concerns by women passengers improving safety measures and holding that receive timely and effective perpetrators accountable. responses [Good Practice] Ensuring Gender and Disability Inclusion in School Infrastructure | 9 TABLE 1. Cont. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators Enable rapid deployment of safety Improvement in women’s perceptions features in response to emergencies: of safety: Establish a protocol for the quick › Changes in women’s perceptions deployment of additional safety of safety during emergency measures, such as increased security transportation through personnel, temporary shelters, and implementation and post- emergency communication devices at implementation surveys, aiming transportation hubs, ensuring that these for a significant improvement in measures are responsive to the unique feelings of security and trust in challenges presented by emergencies. the transportation services’ safety measures Entry Point DRM Phase 3. Infrastructure accessibility: Existing transportation infrastructure and emergency evacuation plans in cities often do not adequately Risk reduction and preparedness ✔ accommodate the needs of women, especially women with disabilities who have varied movement abilities and accessibility requirements or who are caring for dependents with similar needs. This leads to increased vulnerability for all affected parties during Response and recovery ✔ disasters. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › There is a lack of systematic Develop and implement inclusive Family-friendly transportation options: evaluation and adaptation of public evacuation plans: To ensure that › Percentage increase in the use of transportation infrastructure to meet transportation services accommodate family-friendly transportation services the diverse mobility needs of women. individuals, caregivers, families with during and after disasters, with a This is particularly true for women children, pregnant women, elderly focus on women with disabilities and/ with disabilities or those caring for people, and those with diverse mobility or caregiving responsibilities persons with disabilities, which can capabilities and accessibility needs. hinder their ability to evacuate or Conduct accessibility assessments and Inclusivity and accessibility: access services during emergencies. gather feedback: Perform thorough › Percentage improvement in › The lack of infrastructure for mobility accessibility assessments of public accessible emergency transportation needs is exacerbated during disasters, transportation infrastructure to infrastructure, including roads, impeding evacuation efforts. There identify and address physical barriers evacuation centers, and public is a lack of systematic evaluation and that impede women with diverse transportation, for women with adaptation of public transportation mobility needs, particularly those with disabilities or those caring for infrastructure to meet the diverse disabilities or caring for persons with children, family members with mobility needs of women, particularly disabilities. Ensure the inclusivity of disabilities, and elderly family those with disabilities or those caring infrastructure design by implementing members for persons with disabilities, which feedback mechanisms, such as surveys › Number of physical barriers can hinder their ability to evacuate or and consultations, with women who identified and percentage reduction access services during emergencies. have specific mobility requirements. in barriers after implementation of improvements [Good Practice] › Percentage of public transportation infrastructure with implemented modifications for improved accessibility 10 | Case Studies and Entry Points TABLE 1. Cont. Entry Point DRM Phase 4. Lack of information: Providing comprehensive and accessible information about transportation options and emergency services Risk reduction and preparedness ✔ is essential to empowering women. Improved information dissemination supports women’s autonomy and decision-making, enabling them to navigate public transportation systems more Response and recovery effectively during disaster scenarios. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › There is a crucial need for Develop communication strategies: Awareness and understanding of communication strategies that are not Implement comprehensive transportation options: only comprehensive and widespread communication strategies to › Percentage increase in women’s but also specifically designed to disseminate information about awareness and understanding reach women with varied needs and available public transportation options, of transportation options during circumstances. Information must be emergency services, and evacuation emergencies accessible in multiple formats (visual, routes. Ensure that the communication › Percentage increase in engagement auditory, textual, and tactile) and is accessible and understandable and metrics for transportation options languages to ensure that all women, specifically targets women to empower during emergencies (for example, regardless of their literacy levels or them with the information needed social media interactions, website sensory capabilities, can understand to make informed decisions during traffic, community meeting and act upon the information emergencies. attendance) provided. Conduct effectiveness assessment Knowledge and preparedness › By improving the dissemination of through surveys and feedback: Conduct enhancement: information and ensuring it is tailored pre- and post-disaster surveys to assess › Number of women equipped to the needs of women, emergency women’s knowledge and understanding with knowledge of or critical response efforts can significantly of key information related to information related to evacuation enhance women’s ability to make evacuation, public transportation routes, transportation services, and informed decisions during crises. This options, and available emergency emergency resources during and after change not only aids in their safety resources. Track the effectiveness of disasters and mobility but also empowers information dissemination channels them to play a more active role › Percentage of women reached through feedback mechanisms, in their communities’ emergency through each information including focus groups, interviews, or preparedness and response activities. dissemination channel and the community forums. reported effectiveness of each channel in conveying critical information related to evacuation routes, transportation services, and emergency resources during and after disasters [Good Practice] Entry Point DRM Phase 5. Societal norms: Societal norms and gender roles often restrict Risk reduction and preparedness ✔ women’s independence and mobility. This limitation is exacerbated during emergencies, where traditional roles may hinder women’s ability to evacuate or promptly access help. Response and recovery Ensuring Gender and Disability Inclusion in School Infrastructure | 11 TABLE 1. Cont. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › The underrepresentation of women Advocate for increased representation: Women’s autonomy and in decision-making bodies related to Push for greater inclusion of women in empowerment: DRM and transportation planning decision-making bodies related to DRM › Percentage increase in results in planning processes that may and transportation planning to ensure women’s reported autonomy not fully consider or meet women’s that women’s needs and perspectives and empowerment in making specific needs and preferences. are adequately represented. transportation-related decisions › Engaging men as allies in promoting during disasters gender equality is essential to Increased gender equality efforts: challenging and changing traditional › Percentage increase in male gender norms, supporting women’s engagement in gender equality efforts decision-making autonomy, and within the transportation sector, as contributing to a more equitable measured by surveys and interviews community response during disasters. [Good Practice] Entry Point DRM Phase 6. Economic barriers: Economic constraints can significantly impact Risk reduction and preparedness ✔ women’s access to transportation, affecting their ability to evacuate or seek help during emergencies. Response and recovery ✔ Gender Gap Interventions Indicators › The economic barriers that restrict Provide emergency transportation Increased access to transportation: women’s ability to access safe, reliable vouchers: Introduce vouchers that › Percentage increase in women’s ability transportation during emergencies women can use to access transportation to access transportation options can delay evacuation and access to services during disasters without during and after disasters [Good medical care. This issue is particularly financial strain. Distribute these Practice] acute for women from low-income vouchers through channels such as households or those facing sudden community centers, local authorities, financial hardships because of a and women’s organizations to ensure disaster. wide and equitable distribution. Entry Point DRM Phase 7. Health and hygiene concerns: Incorporating considerations for women’s health and hygiene needs into public transportation Risk reduction and preparedness planning is crucial for creating inclusive systems. This need becomes even more important in a post-disaster setting, where access to sanitary facilities and health care services must be maintained to support women’s well-being and disaster and climate change Response and recovery ✔ resilience. Gender Gap Interventions Indicators › Emergency response and Provide accessible menstrual hygiene Improved facilities and services: transportation plans frequently fail and incontinence products: Ensure that › Percentage increase in gender- to consider the specific health and transportation hubs and evacuation responsive health and hygiene hygiene needs of women, including centers offer a variety of menstrual facilities at transportation hubs and those of different ages and with varied hygiene and incontinence products that evacuation centers health conditions. This oversight can cater to the diverse needs of women lead to inadequate support for women of all ages and health conditions. This during critical times, hindering their action addresses a fundamental aspect ability to move safely and access of women’s health and dignity during necessary services. emergencies. 12 | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure Key Takeaways › Enhance safety and accessibility: Develop public transportation that prioritizes safety and accessibility, with features such as emergency communication tools. This approach focuses on promoting women’s safety and independence during disasters and daily life, which fosters greater participation in economic activities and resilience in recovery efforts. › Redesign public transportation systems: Design public transportation systems with features catering to the caregiving roles women often assume, as well as persons with disabilities. Include safety measures, priority seating, and space for strollers, walkers, wheelchairs, and mobility scooters to enhance usability during daily commutes and provide practical support in evacuation scenarios. › Implement inclusive policies: Advocate for inclusive participation in the development and implementation of urban mobility and public transportation policies through inclusive consultation processes with women, persons with disabilities, and those of varying age and educational attainment. Policies shaped by diverse user experiences promote resilient, adaptable, and effective urban transportation systems for daily user needs and emergency scenarios. › Engage with stakeholders and build capacity: Expand stakeholder engagement by integrating more women into urban mobility and public transportation planning and leadership roles. Foster innovative solutions led by women to improve the effectiveness and resilience of disaster response and public transportation systems. Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure | 13 Women collecting water in buckets in Xai Xai, Mozambique. Credit: Carla Edwards The water sector plays a crucial role in community resilience, particularly in sup- porting sustainable development. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services ensure safe drinking water, appropriate sanitation facilities, and proper hygiene Resilient and practices. Related initiatives include providing clean water sources, constructing Inclusive Water toilets and sewage systems, and educating communities about hygiene habits such as handwashing (World Bank 2020). Wastewater management involves the Infrastructure collection, treatment, and safe disposal of wastewater to prevent environmental pollution and safeguard public health (High Tide Technologies 2023), such as the construction of wastewater treatment plants, implementation of reuse strategies, and enforcement of regulations to protect water quality and ecosystems. Women often lead community practices in WASH and water management; they maintain public health and environmental sustainability through effective household sani- tation practices and proper waste disposal, as well as active participation in ini- tiatives such as community-led sanitation projects and water conservation efforts (Silva 2023). Their leadership also enhances awareness and promotes responsible wastewater disposal, which significantly contributes to the community’s well-being (UN Women 2016). Women are also pivotal in agricultural activities related to water management. Women ensure efficient water distribution through their roles in planting, growing crops, and maintaining irrigation systems in several ways. First, their active involve- ment in agriculture means they understand local water needs and can manage irrigation schedules effectively, ensuring crops receive adequate water at crucial growth stages. Second, women often use techniques like rainwater harvesting and small-scale irrigation to optimize water use, minimizing wastage and enhancing agricultural productivity. By integrating gender-responsive approaches in water 14 | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure management, including equitable access and decision-making, women contribute significantly to sustainable water distribution practices, essential for agricultur- al resilience and food security in their communities (Njie and Ndiaye 2013). The recognition and support of women’s roles in water management can lead to more resilient communities that are better equipped to maintain water security amid cli- mate change and disasters (Water for Women 2021). For instance, communities can further improve their water use, efficiency, and sustainability by building women’s capacity and empowering them as key stakeholders in irrigation, WASH, and waste- water management. Adopting gender-inclusive strategies in the water sector is therefore necessary for supporting sustainable development and particularly for mitigating disaster impacts. In disaster settings, the water sector’s vital role in ensuring water availabil- ity for sanitation and health is often compromised (EPA 2022). Women often shoul- der the burden of caring for affected family members post-disaster, so the resulting lack of clean water leads to significant health risks and increased unpaid domestic labor that disproportionately affects women (Marquez 2022). For example, after Hurricane Maria, Puerto Rican women demonstrated remarkable resilience and adaptability by managing their families’ water needs and sustained household func- tions despite the absence of water and power (OECD 2021b). Furthermore, women with disabilities experience compounded challenges following disasters because existing emergency sanitation facilities often lack the necessary accommodations (UNDRR 2015b). Following a disaster, integrating gender perspectives into WASH, wastewa- ter management, and agricultural water management can effectively target the disproportionate impacts on women while promoting their empowerment and well-being. As outlined in box 2, the Zimbabwe Idai Recovery Project exemplified how to address women’s urgent water security needs after a cyclone hit in 2019. Strategic investments in water security that cater to the needs of vulnerable groups, including women, can also bolster resilience to climate change and reap benefits such as income generation, poverty reduction, and women’s empowerment. Enhancing WASH services for women can simultaneously reduce greenhouse gas emissions from untreated wastewater and improve health by mitigating disease transmission and protecting women from GBV and the hardships of open defecation, which leads to an ongoing and sustained impact, not just post-disaster but continuously (OECD 2021a). Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure | 15 BOX 2. Gender Interventions from the Zimbabwe Idai Recovery Project Project overview: The Zimbabwe Idai Recovery Project (World Bank Project ID P171114) was designed to effectively address the urgent and mid-term recovery needs of individuals and communities affected by Cyclone Idai in 2019. Through a multifaceted approach, including immediate support for cyclone recovery, medium-term recovery, and resilience-building, the project catalyzed sustainable recovery efforts and fostered the long-term well-being and resilience of affected commu- nities in Zimbabwe. Key interventions: 1. GBV considerations » Safer latrines and water points: Constructing safer latrines and strategically locating water points not only reduced the distances women and girls had to travel daily but also minimized their exposure to potential violence, which is especially critical during post-disaster periods when disrupted social and physical environments can raise travel and GBV risks. » Enhanced lighting at night: Implementing adequate nighttime lighting in community areas significantly enhanced safety, enabling women to move more freely and securely at night. 2. Empowerment of women » Access to new roles: By providing women access to roles previously unavailable to them, such as village pump minders and latrine builders, the project not only empowered women but also ensured their direct involvement in the rebuilding and resilience efforts post-disaster, promoting quicker community recovery and sustainable gender equality. » Skill development through training: Training 40 women as village pump minders and 24 as latrine builders equipped those women with vital skills for maintaining critical infrastructure that is necessary for effective disaster response and recovery. This empowerment also translates into enhanced community resilience. » Improved latrine design: Enhancing latrine designs with features such as locks, privacy screens, and hygiene kits increased the safety and dignity of women in the aftermath of the disaster—when women’s privacy and security are often compromised. » Gender-friendly sanitation facilities: Ensuring that staffing for sanitation facilities had a minimum 50 percent female recruitment rate promoted gender equality in service access and management, which is necessary for balanced recovery efforts. 3. Supportive environment for caregivers » Menstruation-related sick leave: The provision of sick leave for menstruation-related issues ensured that women received full salaries during such absences. This important support mechanism maintains the economic stability of female caregivers during disaster recovery. Impact: These interventions collectively contributed to promoting positive gender outcomes and fostering empowerment, equality, and safety for women in cyclone-affected communities. By prioritizing women’s unique needs and reducing risks such as GBV, these measures ensured safer access to essential services. The interventions also empowered women through new skill development and employment opportunities, enhancing their confidence and roles within the community. Further- more, improved sanitation designs and supportive policies created a safer and more dignified environment. These efforts helped to build a more inclusive, resilient recovery to benefit all community members. Source: World Bank 2019. 16 | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure Gender Entry Points, Gaps, Interventions, and Indicators for Water This section explores the connections between WASH, wastewater management, irrigation, agricultural water management, DRM, and gender considerations. It highlights the critical need for targeted interventions to promote gender-inclusive practices in water resource management, and tables 2 and 3 identify gaps as well as suggested interventions and monitoring and evaluation indicators for the following water subsectors: The WASH and wastewater management (table 2) subsectors contribute to the balanced and sustainable utilization of water resources across agricultural and environmental domains (FAO 2017). In disaster-prone areas, women and girls face heightened risks of waterborne diseases and sanitation-related health issues. For example, ensuring separate and secure sanitation facilities for women in disaster shelters can safeguard their health, mitigate GBV, and enhance resilience against disease outbreaks. Moreover, gender disparities in decision-making and resource distribution can undermine disaster resilience, so ensuring the participation of women—who are often responsible for water and sanitation practices—is needed to develop sustainable initiatives. By involving women in community-led projects like wastewater treatment and recycling, resilience in sanitation systems is enhanced, environmental pollution is reduced, and disaster impacts on water quality are mitigated. Irrigation and agricultural water management (table 3) are fundamental components for efficiently utilizing water resources in agriculture. This subsector encompasses various elements, including the implementation of irrigation systems and the adoption of water-efficient farming practices to optimize water use. Women, who are predominantly responsible for agricultural activities such as crop cultivation and livestock rearing, especially in rural regions, face increased workloads and stress during water scarcity or droughts, necessitating additional efforts for water collection and management to sustain agricultural production. Limited access to water resources can impede women’s capacity to grow food for their families and generate income, exacerbating food insecurity and economic vulnerabilities. Moreover, women’s constrained decision-making authority and limited control over land and water resources heighten their susceptibility to climate-related risks. In the aftermath of disasters, women often face the most severe social and economic repercussions, grappling with disruptions to agricultural production and water access that impact their livelihoods, food security, and well-being. In addition, the increased caregiving responsibilities, loss of income opportunities, and barriers to accessing essential services further compound the challenges that women face during disaster recovery. Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure | 17 TABLE 2. Gender Gaps, Suggested Interventions, and Indicators in WASH and Wastewater Management2 Entry Point DRM Phase 1. Access to sanitation facilities: Gender disparities affect access to sanitation facilities, particularly in disaster-prone areas. After Risk reduction and preparedness disasters occur, women and girls may experience limited access to safe and private sanitation facilities, which can compromise their dignity, safety, and health. This gap is further exacerbated for marginalized groups, including female-headed households, elderly Response and recovery ✔ women, women with disabilities, and pregnant women, with specific sanitation needs. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › Women and girls, particularly in Establish safe and private sanitation Access to safe and private sanitation disaster-prone areas, face significant facilities: Develop and implement facilities: challenges in accessing safe and initiatives to establish safe and › Proportion of disaster-affected private sanitation facilities, which private sanitation facilities in disaster- populations, particularly women and can compromise their dignity, safety, prone areas, prioritizing the needs girls, with access to safe and private and health, particularly during of women and girls. These facilities sanitation facilities emergencies. Marginalized groups, should be accessible for individuals including female-headed households, with disabilities, gender-sensitive, elderly women, women with and equipped with adequate hygiene disabilities, and pregnant women, are amenities to ensure the dignity and particularly vulnerable due to their safety of users. specific sanitation requirements. Ensure availability of menstrual hygiene Increase in availability of menstrual › Disasters exacerbate existing products: Incorporate menstrual hygiene products: gender disparities in sanitation hygiene products into emergency › Percentage increase in the availability access, as infrastructure damage response kits to ensure that women and of menstrual hygiene products in and displacement can further limit girls have access to essential supplies disaster response kits and distribution women’s access to adequate facilities. during disasters. Establish distribution channels, comparing pre-disaster In emergencies, the lack of safe and channels to provide menstrual hygiene and post-disaster levels to assess private sanitation facilities increases products to vulnerable populations, the effectiveness of supply chain the risk of GBV and negatively affects including marginalized groups and those interventions [Good Practice] women’s overall well-being. living in remote areas. Entry Point DRM Phase 2. Participation in decision-making: Women’s participation in decision-making processes related to sanitation and wastewater Risk reduction and preparedness ✔ management is often limited, leading to the neglect of their perspectives and needs. In particular, women’s voices are frequently underrepresented in disaster preparedness and response efforts, resulting in sanitation interventions that may not fully address women’s concerns or prioritize their safety. This lack of gender- Response and recovery inclusive decision-making processes hinders the effectiveness and sustainability of resulting sanitation initiatives. 2 Note: This table was created following the application of the World Bank’s Gender Tag methodology. It highlights previously identified gender gaps, interventions, and indicators derived from this approach. To assess the impact of selected interventions, good practice measures have also been determined; however, their applicability depends on the unique context of each project or initiative. 18 | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure TABLE 2. Cont. Gender gap Interventions Indicators › Social, cultural, and institutional Promote gender-inclusive decision- Representation of women in decision- barriers often constrain women’s making forums: Advocate for the making forums: participation in decision-making establishment of gender-inclusive › Proportion of women participating processes related to sanitation decision-making forums and platforms in decision-making forums and and wastewater management. For at the community, local government, committees related to sanitation and example, traditional gender roles and and organizational levels. Ensure wastewater management before, stereotypes may exclude women that women are actively engaged in during, and after disasters, compared from leadership positions and sanitation planning, implementation, with overall population demographics decision-making forums in sanitation and monitoring processes to reflect to assess the level of gender initiatives. their perspectives and priorities before, inclusivity [Good Practice] › Gender-inclusive decision-making during, and after disasters. processes are essential for ensuring Offer capacity building and leadership Integration of women’s perspectives in the effectiveness and sustainability training: Provide capacity building sanitation plans: of sanitation initiatives, particularly in and leadership training programs for › Percentage of sanitation plans disaster-affected communities. When women and girls in disaster-affected and policies integrating women’s women’s voices are not adequately communities, equipping them with the perspectives and priorities [Good represented, sanitation interventions skills and confidence to participate Practice] may overlook key challenges and fail effectively in decision-making processes to gain community buy-in, leading to Community perception of gender related to sanitation and wastewater limited impact and long-term viability. inclusivity: management. Empower women to › Percentage of community members take on leadership roles and advocate recognizing gender inclusivity in for their inclusion in decision-making sanitation decision-making processes bodies. › Proportion of community members aware of women’s participation and influence in local sanitation initiatives, assessed through surveys and qualitative research, to identify areas for improvement and ensure accountability. Entry Point DRM Phase 3. Economic empowerment and employment opportunities: Gendered employment disparities persist in the sanitation and Risk reduction and preparedness wastewater management sectors, both during normal circumstances and following disasters. During disaster response and recovery, women may have even fewer sanitation and wastewater management employment opportunities, impeding their economic Response and recovery ✔ empowerment and hindering communities’ overall resilience to future disasters. Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure | 19 TABLE 2. Cont. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › Women’s access to livelihood Promote gender-responsive training Women employed in sanitation sectors: opportunities in sanitation and programs: Develop and implement › Percentage of women employed wastewater management may gender-responsive vocational training in sanitation and wastewater be particularly constrained after programs in sanitation and wastewater management professions, tracking a disaster, due to infrastructure management, aimed at increasing changes over time to assess progress damage, loss of assets, and economic women’s participation in relevant in workforce gender parity [Good disruptions. These challenges professions. Provide targeted support Practice] can exacerbate existing gender and mentorship to women seeking Gender pay gap in sanitation disparities, impeding women’s employment in these sectors to address professions: ability to secure employment, skill gaps and enhance job readiness. › Percentage decrease in the gender participate in reconstruction efforts, pay gap within sanitation-related and access training and resources, professions, comparing the average ultimately hindering their economic earnings of male and female workers empowerment and reducing their in similar roles to identify disparities contributions to community resilience. and inform efforts to promote equal › Gender-related employment pay [Good Practice] disparities within the sanitation and wastewater management sectors are › Address discriminatory practices: Women engaged in disaster recovery related to women’s limited access to Advocate for policies and initiatives projects: vocational training and educational that address discriminatory practices › Number of women engaged in opportunities as well as discriminatory and promote gender equality within disaster recovery and reconstruction hiring practices. the sanitation workforce. Encourage projects related to sanitation and employers to adopt gender-sensitive wastewater management, evaluating recruitment, hiring, and promotion the extent to which women are practices to create gender-inclusive participating in post-disaster and -equitable work environments. livelihood opportunities and economic recovery efforts [Good Practice] Note: This table was created following the application of the World Bank’s Gender Tag methodology. It highlights previously identified gender gaps, interventions, and indicators derived from this approach. To assess the impact of selected interventions, good practice measures have also been determined; however, their applicability depends on the unique context of each project or initiative. 20 | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure TABLE 3. Gender Gaps, Suggested Interventions, and Indicators in Irrigation and Agricultural Water Management3 Entry Point DRM Phase 1. Limited participation: DRM strategies in irrigation and agricultural water Risk reduction and management often lack gender awareness and gender sensitivity. This deficiency preparedness ✔ hinders the development of effective water management practices that can mitigate the impact of droughts or water scarcity and reduce vulnerability to Response and recovery climate-related disasters. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › Women often face disproportionate Develop gender-sensitive disaster Representation of women in solar risks and vulnerabilities in agriculture- risk reduction strategies: Create and energy decision-making: related disasters because of unequal implement gender-sensitive disaster › Percentage increase in the number access to resources, decision-making risk reduction strategies specifically of women in DRM planning power, and information. Incorporating tailored to irrigation and agricultural activities, such as participation gender-sensitive approaches in DRM water management. These strategies in workshops, meetings, and for agriculture is essential to addressing should consider the unique vulnerabilities decision-making forums (assessing these disparities and enhancing the and capacities of women farmers, the extent to which women are resilience of farming communities. incorporating their perspectives and actively involved in shaping DRM › By actively involving women in disaster experiences into all stages of planning, strategies and initiatives) [Good risk reduction strategies, agricultural implementation, and monitoring. Practice] water management initiatives can Establish women-led groups or Integration of gender perspectives better respond to the diverse needs committees: Facilitate the formation in solar energy policies: and priorities of both men and women of women-led groups or committees › Percentage increase in women’s farmers, ultimately strengthening overall that actively participate in DRM efforts participation and leadership resilience to disasters. within agricultural communities. These roles within women-led groups groups should provide a platform for or committees involved in DRM women to voice their concerns, contribute activities (demonstrating progress to decision-making processes, and toward gender equity in decision- collaborate with other stakeholders in making and empowerment within resilience-building activities. agricultural communities) [Good Practice] Entry Point DRM Phase 2. Unequal access to economic opportunities: Post-disaster aid and recovery initiatives often exhibit gender disparities, leading to unequal access to economic Risk reduction and opportunities. Farmers, particularly women farmers, face significant challenges in preparedness accessing resources and support to rebuild irrigation systems after disasters. This gender gap in accessing economic recovery opportunities exacerbates existing inequalities, hindering women’s ability to restore vital infrastructure and impeding Response and recovery ✔ overall economic recovery efforts. 3 Note: This table was created following the application of the World Bank’s Gender Tag methodology. It highlights previously identified gender gaps, interventions, and indicators derived from this approach. To assess the impact of selected interventions, good practice measures have also been determined; however, their applicability depends on the unique context of each project or initiative. Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure | 21 TABLE 3. Cont. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › Post-disaster aid and recovery initiatives Develop gender-responsive aid and Percentage of women farmers often fail to adequately address gender- recovery programs: Develop and benefiting from aid: specific needs. Women farmers, who implement gender-responsive aid and › Percentage increase of women constitute a significant portion of recovery programs that prioritize the farmers who receive assistance agricultural laborers, encounter barriers needs of women farmers, ensuring and support through post-disaster to accessing resources and support equitable access to resources and aid and recovery programs aimed because of systemic gender inequalities. support for rebuilding irrigation and other at rebuilding irrigation systems › The unequal distribution of economic agricultural infrastructure and systems. [Good Practice] recovery opportunities exacerbates preexisting gender disparities in Provide financial inclusion initiatives: Access to financial resources: agriculture. Women’s limited access Introduce financial inclusion initiatives › Percentage increase in the to resources and support hampers tailored to women farmers, such as participation of women farmers their ability to restore vital irrigation microfinance programs and women- in financial inclusion initiatives infrastructure, perpetuating a cycle of focused agricultural credit schemes, to specifically designed for them, economic marginalization and hindering enhance their access to financial resources such as microfinance programs overall economic recovery efforts in for rebuilding irrigation infrastructure. and women-focused agricultural disaster-affected areas. credit schemes [Good Practice] Key Takeaways › Redesign WASH facilities: Construct disaster-resilient sanitation facilities that are accessible and safe for women and girls, thereby reducing health risks and protecting against GBV in both daily life and post-disaster settings. › Conduct community engagement in water safety and conservation: Foster community engagement programs led by women to promote water conservation and safety planning. These initiatives empower women while ensuring the sustainability and resilience of local water resources. › Enhance gender-sensitive water resource management: Implement water management practices that actively include women in decision-making, which ensures that water resource management is resilient to disasters and reflective of the entire community’s needs. This strategy enhances sustainable resource use and disaster preparedness. › Improve economic opportunities through water-related employment: Enhance economic security and disaster resilience by creating inclusive employment programs in the water sector, specifically those designed to improve women’s job opportunities and involvement in water management. 22 | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure Women cooking together in an outdoor kitchen in Colombia. Credit: Sirlenys Paut The energy sector is fundamental to DRM and community resilience—and climate Resilient and resilience in particular—because it offers dependable, sustainable energy sourc- es and is foundational in mitigation and adaptation strategies. Renewable energy Inclusive Energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower produce minimal to no greenhouse gas Infrastructure emissions during electricity generation, thus significantly contributing to climate change mitigation and reducing the sector’s carbon footprint. Moreover, renewable energy plays a crucial role in safeguarding environmental resources, expediting eco- nomic growth, and enhancing public health. Its continued development and adop- tion are paramount for building a more sustainable and resilient energy future that contributes to environmental conservation, economic growth, and public health (EERE 2023). Recognizing the benefits of renewable energy for climate resilience, the sector still remains vulnerable to extreme weather events and climate change, leading to frequent and severe power crises. Approximately two-thirds of power crises are climate-related, and adverse incidents are projected to worsen with future climate change, potentially resulting in significant asset and economic losses (IPCC 2023; UNDRR 2023). Integrating gender considerations into energy infrastructure planning and man- agement enhances community resilience. Reliable energy sources are especially crucial for women in disaster scenarios due to their increased responsibilities in post-disaster care. These energy sources provide women with the means to stay connected with family and authorities, obtain important updates, and utilize and obtain critical services, including health care. Targeted interventions to promote gender equality and resilience in the energy sector require an understanding of Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure | 23 energy access disparities across socioeconomic levels, which requires using gen- der-disaggregated data from household surveys (ESMAP 2020). Notably, renewable energy, particularly solar panel use, also assumes a pivotal role in empowering women during disasters. Despite their significant role in house- holds, women are often excluded from discussions about energy plans, yet capturing women’s knowledge is necessary for identifying community needs and leveraging renewable energy solutions for disaster resilience. Accordingly, gender-responsive interventions are needed to ensure continuous access to power during disasters, which is critical for the functioning of emergency, lighting, and communications services (Ungari, Schomer, and Rysankova 2022). The prioritization of gender- inclusive policies and programs, such as support for women in solar energy entre- preneurship, directly enhances community resilience. To enhance energy systems’ resilience during disasters, it is imperative to integrate gender-responsive and disability-inclusive approaches into energy infrastructure planning and development. Some examples include prioritizing clean cooking solu- tions and solar photovoltaic technologies, including improved cookstoves and solar cookers, to empower and safeguard women during and after disasters. Addition- ally, integrating solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies for powering mobility aids and medical equipment is crucial for enhancing energy resilience during disasters. By leveraging PV systems, especially in contexts where reliable electricity supply is disrupted, individuals with disabilities who rely on mobility devices or medical equipment can maintain independence and health safety. This approach addresses immediate needs during crises and contributes to long-term resilience by ensuring continuous access to essential services. Recognizing the diverse energy needs with- in disability communities underscores the importance of inclusive energy planning that supports both immediate and sustained access to vital resources. Understand- ing the intersectionality of gender, energy access, and disaster resilience is vital for fostering more sustainable communities (OECD 2019). As a reflection of these principles, box 3 showcases impactful interventions to improve the lives of women in disaster-prone regions in Rwanda. Positive results of the Rwanda Energy Access and Quality Improvement Project include subsidies for improved cookstoves and training programs that have not only reduced health risks associated with traditional cooking methods but also empowered women to actively participate in disaster preparedness activities. 24 | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure BOX 3. Gender Interventions of the Rwanda Energy Access and Quality Improvement Project Project overview: The Rwanda Energy Access and Quality Improvement Project (World Bank Project ID P172594) is work- ing to enhance access to clean energy solutions, particularly improved cookstoves, as a means to address health disparities, improve energy efficiency, and strengthen community resilience. Key interventions: 1. Subsidies for improved cookstoves » Gender-targeted subsidies: Provide subsidies tailored to women and vulnerable households to increase access to improved cookstoves. These subsidies are designed to reduce cooking-related health risks, improve energy efficiency, and enhance community resilience by mitigating disaster impacts such as fires. 2. Awareness raising and training » Community training: Conduct training programs to educate communities, especially women, on the benefits and proper use of improved cookstoves. » Women’s empowerment: Implement capacity-building initiatives that empower women to advocate for clean cooking solutions. 3. Community engagement and participation » Women’s involvement: Ensure women’s active involvement in project planning and implementation through community engagement initiatives. Impact: The Rwanda Energy Access and Quality Improvement Project is a good example of how targeted interventions can greatly enhance women’s resilience during disasters. Improved cookstoves that rely on sustainable and efficient fuel sourc- es reduce dependence on traditional fuels, which may become scarce during emergencies, and ensure that families have a reliable cooking method even in times of crisis. The cookstoves also reduce indoor air pollution, leading to better health outcomes and fewer respiratory issues for women, which is particularly important during disasters because of limited health care access. In addition, the improved cookstoves’ energy efficiency conserves critical fuel supplies, allowing households and more specifically women to maintain cooking practices even when supply chains are disrupted. This initiative bolsters disaster preparedness for households and communities and strengthens their resilience by ensuring continuous access to cooking methods. Source: World Bank 2022c. Gender Entry Points, Gaps, Interventions, and Indicators for Energy With the global increases in climate-related disasters and calls for gender equality, it is necessary to integrate solar energy, DRM, and gender considerations. Doing so is essential for creating effective interventions. This section emphasizes the energy sector’s need to adopt gender-inclusive practices to enhance the resilience of the sector and affected communities against disaster shocks, with a particular focus on solar energy. Solar panel use assumes a pivotal role in empowering women during disasters due to its widespread accessibility and direct impact on community resilience. Tables 4 and 5 discuss gaps as well as suggested interventions and mon- itoring and evaluation indicators for the following energy subsectors: Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure | 25 › Solar energy and DRM (table 4): Because solar energy plays a vital role in increasing disaster resilience, integrating gender considerations into solar energy initiatives can ensure that women’s specific needs and vulnerabilities are addressed throughout the DRM cycle. For instance, promoting women’s participation in solar energy projects and training programs enhances women’s capacity to contribute to disaster preparedness and response efforts. Additionally, gender- sensitive approaches to solar energy infrastructure planning and management can empower and mitigate the disproportionate impact of disasters on women. › Safety, Clean cooking solutions, and disaster resilience (table 5): Clean cooking interventions, including electric stoves, induction cooktops, and clean-burning cookstoves, are essential for promoting sustainable development, improving health outcomes, and addressing gender disparities. Yet economic disparities and cultural norms often hinder access to these technologies, and in disaster- prone areas, infrastructure vulnerabilities, fuel supply disruptions, cost barriers, and a lack of emergency preparedness pose significant obstacles to their accessibility and reliability during disasters. To address these challenges, targeted interventions are needed to promote the adoption of clean cooking solutions and enhance disaster resilience among vulnerable population groups, particularly women. For example, relevant initiatives could include subsidy provision for clean cooking technologies, awareness raising about clean cooking technologies’ benefits, and strengthened emergency preparedness and response mechanisms. TABLE 4. Gender Gaps, Suggested Interventions, and Indicators in the Solar Industry4 Entry Point DRM Phase 1. Training and skill development: For the solar industry, addressing gender imbalances in training and skill development is not just about equity—it is Risk reduction and preparedness ✔ necessary to ensure a more robust response to immediate energy needs following disasters and enhance the energy infrastructure’s long-term Response and recovery sustainability and resilience in the face of climate change. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › The dominance of men in technical Develop training programs: Develop and Women’s participation rate: and installation roles within the implement training programs specifically › Percentage of women in technical solar industry restricts training designed to encourage and support and installation roles within the solar and job opportunities for women, women’s participation in technical and industry in disaster-affected areas especially in disaster-affected areas. installation roles within the solar industry. compared with men [Good Practice] This limitation hinders the broader Build local capacity: Establish mentorship Mentorship opportunities: inclusion of women in deploying opportunities for women to work › Number of mentorship partnerships solar panels during emergencies. alongside experienced professionals in established between women and the solar industry. experienced professionals in the solar industry, specifically in regions prone to or recovering from disasters [Good Practice] 4 Note: This table was created following the application of the World Bank’s Gender Tag methodology. It highlights previously identified gender gaps, interventions, and indicators derived from this approach. To assess the impact of selected interventions, good practice measures have also been determined; however, their applicability depends on the unique context of each project or initiative. 26 | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure TABLE 4. Cont. Entry Point DRM Phase 2. Decision-making: In numerous communities, the decision-making landscape within the solar energy sector remains significantly skewed, with women Risk reduction and preparedness ✔ occupying marginalized positions. By integrating women into decision-making roles, solar energy initiatives are more responsive to local needs, contributing Response and recovery to more democratic, equitable, and resilient energy landscapes. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › The underrepresentation of Create inclusive decision-making Representation of women in solar women in decision-making roles processes: Ensure that community energy decision-making: for solar energy projects can dialogues and decision-making forums › Percentage of disaster-related lead to inefficiencies and delays involve women in discussions related to community dialogues and decision- in addressing solar panel issues, solar panel installation, maintenance, and making forums on solar energy that especially during disasters. disaster preparedness. include women participants › There is a lack of inclusive decision- Advocate for gender-responsive policies: Involvement of women in solar energy making processes in solar energy Advocate for the implementation of policy making: projects, which fails to take into gender-responsive policies within solar › Percentage of women actively involved account the diverse perspectives projects and community initiatives. in decision-making processes through and needs of the entire community community dialogues [Good Practice] and leads to less effective solutions. › Percentage of women actively involved in the development of solar energy policies specifically aimed at disaster management [Good Practice] Entry Point DRM Phase 3. Economic opportunities: Addressing the gender pay gap within the solar panel sector is essential for enhancing women’s economic resilience, particularly Risk reduction and preparedness in the aftermath of disasters. These disparities not only diminish women’s financial stability but also their capacity to lead and contribute to recovery and Response and recovery ✔ resilience-building efforts in their communities. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › The gender pay gap in the solar Implement and enforce equal pay Economic resilience of women in the panel industry means that women policies: Ensure that women receive fair solar sector: earn less than men for comparable compensation for their work, particularly › Percentage increase in the economic roles. This disparity undermines in roles comparable to those of their resilience of women in the solar energy women’s economic resilience, male counterparts. Equal pay not only sector during and after disasters affecting their ability to recover promotes gender equality but also from disasters, sustain livelihoods, enhances women’s economic resilience and participate actively in the during crises. workforce. Create inclusive support programs: Women’s workforce participation during Ensure these programs are inclusive of and after disasters: the unique challenges women face by › Percentage increase in the economic providing financial support, training, resilience of women in the solar energy and essential resources to bolster their sector during and after disasters economic resilience. By being inclusive, these programs recognize and address the diverse needs and circumstances of women, fostering their empowerment and participation in economic activities. Note: This table was created following the application of the World Bank’s Gender Tag methodology. It highlights previously identified gender gaps, interventions, and indicators derived from this approach. To assess the impact of selected interventions, good practice measures have also been determined; however, their applicability depends on the unique context of each project or initiative. Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure | 27 TABLE 5. Gender Gaps, Suggested Interventions, and Indicators in Clean Cooking Technologies Entry Point DRM Phase 1. Access to clean cooking technologies: Enhanced access to clean cooking technologies is crucial during disaster situations, particularly for women’s safety and health. In many disaster scenarios, disruptions in conventional Risk reduction and preparedness cooking methods can exacerbate health risks and increase vulnerabilities, especially for women who often bear the responsibility for household cooking. Providing reliable access to clean and efficient cooking technologies not only mitigates these health risks but also reduces the burden of fuel collection and improves overall resilience. By ensuring that women have Response and recovery ✔ access to safe cooking methods, communities can better withstand the challenges posed by disasters and promote sustainable recovery efforts. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › Women have limited access to clean Offer capacity building for clean Improved capacity for clean cooking cooking technologies because of cooking technologies: Provide training technology: economic disparities or cultural and capacity-building programs for › Percentage of women who receive norms that prioritize men’s control women to facilitate access to and use training in the use and maintenance of over resources. and maintenance of clean cooking clean cooking technologies › Women displaced by disasters may technologies. lack access to clean cooking facilities, Establish mobile clean cooking: Access to mobile clean cooking units: forcing them to resort to open fires Establish mobile clean cooking units › Number of mobile clean cooking units or inefficient stoves in temporary for quick setup in emergency shelters. established in emergency shelters and shelters, which can contribute to utilized by women [Good Practice] indoor air pollution and health risks. Entry Point DRM Phase 2. Fuel collection and availability: In disasters, disrupted access to clean fuels exacerbates vulnerabilities and disproportionately affects women because Risk reduction and preparedness ✔ of their traditional roles in cooking and fuel gathering. Ensuring safe and accessible clean fuels mitigates these risks, safeguarding women’s health and Response and recovery security, and, by extension, enhancing community resilience. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › Access to clean fuels like LPG or Provide accessible and affordable Access to financial resources for clean biogas becomes scarcer during clean fuels: Ensure that clean fuels fuels: disasters, increasing the burden remain accessible and affordable, even › Percentage of displaced women with on women to find alternative—and during crises. Subsidies, vouchers, access to safe and affordable fuel frequently unsafe—cooking fuels. or relief programs can increase clean sources, including grants, subsidies, or fuel accessibility for vulnerable relief programs [Good Practice] populations. Build resilient distribution networks Networks for clean cooking technologies: for clean cooking: Establish › Percentage of clean cooking technology distribution networks for clean and fuel distribution networks that cooking technologies and fuels that remain fully operational during and after are resilient to disaster disruptions. disasters 28 | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure TABLE 5. Cont. Entry Point DRM Phase 3. Safety concerns: Addressing safety concerns related to clean cooking technologies in post-disaster settings is crucial for building resilience and Risk reduction and preparedness safeguarding communities, particularly vulnerable groups such as women and children. In disaster-affected areas, disruptions to energy infrastructure often lead to increased reliance on alternative cooking methods that can pose significant safety risks, such as indoor air pollution and fire hazards. Response and recovery ✔ These risks disproportionately affect women, who typically bear the responsibility for cooking and household management. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › There is inadequate attention to Offer clean cooking technology Capacity building: safety concerns related to clean training: Conduct workshops that › Number of women who receive hands- cooking technologies, which teach women how to safely use clean on training and demonstrations on the compromises the protection of cooking technologies in temporary safe and efficient use of clean cooking vulnerable groups like women and shelters or displacement camps. technologies specifically tailored for children. Also, provide hands-on training and disaster scenarios › There is a lack of robust safety demonstrations. measures to safeguard equipment Design safe cooking areas: Set up Safe cooking areas: and resources from theft, damage, or designated safe cooking areas or › Number of designated safe cooking misuse, which is vital for sustaining community kitchens equipped with areas or community kitchens established safe cooking practices essential secure and shared clean cooking in displacement camps [Good Practice] to the community’s health and technologies to reduce the risk of resilience. theft. Provide access to safe and affordable Access to safe and affordable fuel: fuel sources: Ensure that displaced › Percentage of displaced women with women have access to safe and access to safe and affordable fuel affordable fuel sources to reduce the sources following disasters [Good need for risky and unsafe cooking Practice] practices. Entry Point DRM Phase 4. Decision-making power and gender-responsive policies: Elevating women’s roles in decision-making and crafting gender-responsive policies are crucial Risk reduction and preparedness for the effective adoption of clean cooking technologies amid disasters. This ✔ approach not only ensures that clean cooking solutions are accessible and practical for women but also guarantees that women’s unique needs and Response and recovery challenges are prioritized in both policy development and implementation processes. Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure | 29 TABLE 5. Cont. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › Women may have limited decision- Involve women in decision-making Representation of women in decision- making power within households or processes for clean cooking making: communities regarding clean cooking solutions that respond to disasters: › Percentage increase in women’s solutions, hindering their ability to Women often have unique insights decision-making power within adapt during disasters. into household dynamics, cooking households or communities regarding › Gender-specific needs related to practices, and safety concerns during clean cooking solutions [Good Practice] clean cooking may not be adequately disasters. By involving them in addressed in policies, leaving women decision-making processes, initiatives underserved. can be tailored to address women’s specific needs and challenges, leading to more resilient and equitable outcomes. Develop gender-sensitive Involvement of women in policy making: communication materials and › Increase in women’s participation in campaigns: Gender-sensitive disaster preparedness activities because communication is essential for of communication campaigns [Good effectively reaching and engaging Practice] women in disaster preparedness and › Percentage increase in the integration of response activities. Tailoring messages gender-specific needs related to clean to resonate with women’s experiences cooking in policies and regulations and concerns can increase women’s awareness and empower them to adopt clean cooking practices, ultimately contributing to greater resilience. Provide emergency kits with portable Gender sensitivity in disaster policies: stoves for women’s safety: Equipping › Percentage of women receiving gender- women with portable stoves designed responsive emergency kits for their needs enhances their ability › Percentage of women who frequently to cook safely and sustainably during use the portable stoves provided in disasters, reducing the reliance on emergency kits hazardous alternatives such as open › Reduction in health and safety incidents fires. This action promotes women’s related to cooking among women using autonomy, resilience, and well-being the supplied portable stoves during in crises emergencies [Good Practice Entry Point DRM Phase 5. GBV: In displacement situations or crowded emergency shelters, women face amplified risks of GBV while performing essential daily activities such Risk reduction and preparedness as cooking or collecting fuel. By fostering environments where displaced women can perform their daily tasks without fear, women can uphold their Response and recovery dignity, and gender equality is promoted even during crises. ✔ 30 | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure TABLE 5. Cont. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › Women’s need to travel long Establish women-only fuel Increased women participation: distances to obtain fuel or use shared distribution points: In the event of a › Percentage of women using women-only cooking spaces following disasters disaster, establish women-only fuel fuel distribution points [Good Practice] heightens their vulnerability to GBV. distribution points in central locations › Percentage of women who report to reduce the need for women to feeling safe when using women-only travel long distances in search of fuel. fuel distribution points and communal Ensure these points are well-managed cooking areas during disaster events and secure to enhance their safety. Create community watch programs: Increased community participation: Form community watch programs › Number of reported incidents of GBV in where women and community shelters and other emergency settings members take turns monitoring where community watch and education communal cooking and fuel collection programs are active, during or following areas to enhance safety. disasters [Good Practice] › Women’s increased vulnerability Support GBV prevention engagement: Increased GBV prevention initiatives: to GBV in displacement situations Engage the whole community, including › Percentage of men actively participating because of fuel and cooking duties men, in discussions about GBV in GBV prevention activities in areas points to systemic causes of unsafe, prevention. Encourage men to actively affected by disasters inaccessible resource provision. participate in creating safer cooking and fuel collection environments. Entry Point DRM Phase 6. Data and research gaps: Addressing the data and research gaps in gender- disaggregated information on clean cooking practices amid disasters is Risk reduction and preparedness ✔ essential for formulating precise interventions and understanding gender- specific challenges. This focused approach not only aids in closing the gender gap in disaster resilience but also ensures that interventions are accurately Response and recovery aligned with the needs of those most affected. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators › The lack of gender-disaggregated Encourage the active participation of Percentage of women enumerators: data on clean cooking practices women in data collection: › Percentage of women from affected during disasters hinders the Engage women from the affected communities trained and engaged as development of targeted communities as enumerators for data enumerators for data collection activities interventions and the ability to collection activities related to clean related to clean cooking practices during address gender disparities. cooking practices during disasters. disaster response efforts Provide comprehensive training to › Percentage of women from affected equip them with the necessary skills communities holding leadership and knowledge to effectively conduct positions in programs specifically surveys, interviews, and assessments. designed for disaster response and recovery related to clean cooking practices [Good Practice] Engage women in tool design: Women’s involvement in tool design: Involve women in the design of data › Number of disaster intervention tools collection tools to capture the unique and programs designed with the clean cooking challenges they face. involvement of women › Percentage of community members who rate the gender sensitivity of disaster interventions as effective Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure | 31 TABLE 5. Cont. Gender Gaps Interventions Indicators Use gender-disaggregated data for Percentage of gender-responsive clean targeted interventions: Utilize the cooking interventions implemented: collected data to design interventions › Number of gender-responsive clean that specifically address women’s cooking solutions developed and clean cooking needs during disasters. implemented specifically for disaster- affected areas [Good Practice] › Percentage of women users who report satisfaction with the implemented clean cooking solutions in disaster contexts › Reduction in time spent by women on cooking and fuel collection activities following a disaster [Good Practice] Note: This table was created following the application of the World Bank’s Gender Tag methodology. It highlights previously identified gender gaps, interventions, and indicators derived from this approach. To assess the impact of selected interventions, good practice measures have also been determined; however, their applicability depends on the unique context of each project or initiative. Key Takeaways › Provide financial support for women to explore solar entrepreneurship: Support for women starting solar businesses creates a larger supply of essential energy solutions during disasters, particularly when traditional energy sources are unavailable or disrupted. This continuity in a community’s access to power improves community resilience. › Advance gender equity in solar energy: Enhance women’s participation and leadership roles in renewable energy. Provide comprehensive training and support to empower women to effectively manage renewable energy resources in disaster-prone areas, which strengthens community resilience. › Promote clean cooking technologies: Advocate for clean cooking technologies that minimize women’s health risks and improve their living conditions. Ensure that these technologies are sustainable and capable of withstanding disruptions typical in disaster scenarios so they maintain their effectiveness and benefits over time. › Prioritize clean cooking technologies and fuel source accessibility: Ensure that clean cooking technologies and fuel sources are readily accessible to women, particularly in areas prone to disasters, by leveraging local retailers, mobile outreach services, community networks, education programs, and public awareness campaigns. These approaches aim to empower women with direct access to essential resources, promoting resilience and health benefits within their communities. › Support DRM policies and advocacy on clean cooking: Advocate for policies that prioritize clean cooking solutions in disaster preparedness and response plans, ensuring that women’s needs and preferences are considered in decision- making processes. 32 | Entry Points for Integrating Gender Considerations in Resilient Infrastructure Agénor, P.-R., and M. 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