Policy Research Working Paper 11001 Trade Policy, Green Goods and the Labor Market Evidence from the Philippines Souleymane Coulibaly Angella Faith Montfaucon Natnael Simachew Nigatu Regina Seri-Atsebi Economic Policy Global Department December 2024 Policy Research Working Paper 11001 Abstract Green goods trade will matter for the transition to a low-car- goods trade, as there is a positive correlation between bon global economy as well as for its adaptive capacity to imports and exports of green goods. However, increased climate events. This study explores green goods trade and exports could reduce the number of high-skilled workers, related trade policies in the Philippines and its relationship while imports might increase the shares of female workers with the labor markets. The paper finds that the country’s within industries. Green goods imports also correlate with green goods trade is limited due to certain costly non-tar- higher earnings across industries. The study suggests that iff measures affecting energy transition and other types of trade policy reforms may lead to labor shifts, necessitating green goods. Of about 90 measures, five are identified as complementary policies for affected workers when making reform candidates. Reforming these could enhance green trade policies more climate-friendly. This paper is a product of the Economic Policy Global Department. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at amontfaucon@worldbank.org. The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Produced by the Research Support Team Trade Policy, Green Goods and the Labor Market: Evidence from the Philippines∗ † Souleymane Coulibaly, Angella Faith Montfaucon, Natnael Simachew Nigatu, and Regina Seri-Atsebi World Bank JEL Classification : D22, F13, F16, F18, Q56. Keywords : Green goods, Non-Tariff Measures, Female worker, Skills. ∗ The findings in this paper are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank and its affiliated organizations. The authors are grateful to Gonzalo J. Varela and Kevin Chua for peer reviewing an earlier version of the paper. We also thank Ralph Van Doorn, Jaime Frias, Israel Osorio-Rodarte, Karen Enriquez, Ruijie Cheng for useful discussions. We thank Bayu Agnimaruto for help in putting together the panel data on non-tariff measures for ASEAN countries. This work benefited from the support of the Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Trade and Development 2 financed by DFID (United Kingdom), SECO (Switzerland), SIDA (Sweden), the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan’s Ministry of Finance, and the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies. All errors are our own. † Corresponding author. 1 Introduction Trade in green goods can be defined as the international imports/exports of eco-friendly and sustainable products and services. According to Kang (2020) and based on the Green Goods and Services - North American Industry Classification System (GGS-NAICS) 2012 classifica- tion, green industry products can be classified into five categories: i) energy from renewable resources; ii) energy efficiency; iii) pollution reduction and removal; greenhouse gas reduc- tion, and recycling; iv) natural resources, and v) environmental compliance, education and training, and public awareness and reuse. In addition, they are products and technologies that do not consume many resources and are environmentally friendly in their production and utilization (Li et al., 2022). In recent decades, trade in green goods has become more im- portant for international competitiveness since countries worldwide recognize the importance of addressing environmental challenges and transitioning to a more sustainable economy. At the global level, the advantages of being engaged in green trade are numerous. First, it can boost economic growth by generating jobs and increasing the development of green industries (Bowen, 2012). Second, countries can gain a comparative advantage in their exports (Gong et al., 2020), for example, by focusing on one product where they have the advantage and reduce their dependence on non-renewable imports. Third, being involved in green trade could drive innovation, research, and development in the country to increase its competitiveness in the global market (Liu et al., 2022a,b). Overall, the promotion of green goods could contribute to mitigating the impacts of climate change, increase compliance with international commitments on climate change and reinforce a country’s reputation as a sustainable trading partner. Regarding the relationship between trade in environmental goods and labor markets, green trade can indeed imply some trade policies that could affect workers. For instance, shifting towards green trade may require workers in traditional fossil fuel-based industries to re-skill or upgrade their skills to be employed in renewable energy projects, which are stringent regarding the skills and alignment with international reforms. Thus, although 1 green trade can spur the demand for skilled and semi-skilled workers in new green emerging industries, it can also raise concerns about gender inequality (McFarland, 2013; Rocha and Piermartini, 2023) or skills intensity and income inequality (OCDE, 2014), even depending on the types of green goods industries or sectors. This paper examines the green goods trade landscape in the Philippines to understand the current level, evolution over time, and predominant green industries sectors. We estimate the ad valorem equivalent (AVE) of non-tariff measures (NTMs) on green goods to assess the cost of regulations on green goods imports and identify the most burdensome NTMs and candidates for regulatory climate-friendly trade policy reform. Finally, since reforms of NTMs will increase imports and exports of green goods, we assess the relationship between the imports and exports of green goods in the labor markets. This is done using trade data and labor force survey data at the industry level for the Philippines. The Philippines makes for a compelling case for this analysis. As this country is vul- nerable to climate change impacts like extreme weather events, agricultural disruptions, or rising sea levels, bolding the green trade can support the country’s transition towards a more sustainable area, enhance resilience, and alleviate environmental risks. First, as the Philip- pines heavily relies on fossil fuel imports, investing in green energy such as hydropower, wind, or solar can reduce the dependence on fossil fuel imports. Second, regarding international commitments, since the Philippines is a member of several agreements in addressing climate change issues like the ASEAN agreement, participating in green trade can help this coun- try align with international obligations and enhance its commitment to addressing climate change. Finally, and more importantly, promoting green goods imports and exports can drive job creation, increase wages for people, and support economic growth (World Bank Group, 2022). The paper finds that the Philippines’ share of green goods trade is relatively low, partly due to the high incidence of NTMs on imports of green goods. The paper finds five measures out of about 90 as reform candidates, which are costly and have a higher incidence 2 on energy transition and other types of green goods and technologies. These measures are reform candidates, where the underlying regulations are recommended to be reviewed. These reforms would increase the imports and exports of green goods, especially since green goods imports are linked with higher green goods exports. We find that higher green goods exports negatively correlates with the share of high-skilled workers within industries. In contrast, green goods imports are associated with an increase in the share of female workers within industries. Green goods imports are positively correlated with workers’ earnings across industries but not within industries. Overall, NTM reforms likely lead to labor reallocations across industries. Since we do not address endogeneity issues, these results on labor do not necessarily represent causality but provide insight into possible relationships and the need for complementary policies for affected workers when reforming trade policy in line with environmental policies. We contribute to the literature in two main aspects. First, we provide a recent assess- ment of the green trade landscape and its possible implications for the labor markets in the Philippines. Second, we investigate the trade costs of NTMs in the context of environmental goods in the Philippines, identify the NTMs that are the most restrictive, and explore their relationship with labor markets (gender, skill intensity, and annual earnings of workers). To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to carry out this kind of study in the Philippines since most of the research papers are focused on European countries or other Asian countries. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the data description on the green goods trade landscape and possible distributional implications. Section 3 estimates the effect of trade policies on green goods and workers. Section 4 investigates the possible reltionship of reforming NTMs and thereby increasing green goods trade, on workers’ gender and skill intensity. Section 5 presents the concluding remarks. 3 2 Green Goods Trade Landscape and Labor Markets 2.1 Data We rely on data on NTMs, tariffs, and trade values from UNCTAD and WITS from 2014 to 2020 to calculate the AVEs. The data is disaggregated at the 6-digit level of the HS product classification. The NTM data is from the UNCTAD TRAINS (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - Trade Analysis Information System) dataset, while the tariff and trade data are from the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) dataset. The NTM data uses a cut-off query every December 31st to get the annual period from 2008 to 2020, although the data was collected in 2015 and then again in 2018 in collaboration with the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA). The limit to this data is that this is not a true panel but a “manufactured” panel. The second database used is the Philippines Labor Force Survey (LFS), which provides insights into the employment status of individuals in the labor force. It includes data on annual earnings, workers’ industrial affiliation, occupation, education level, and other re- lated labor market aspects. The LFS data is collected quarterly, and for this analysis, we focused on the surveys conducted between 2010 and 2020 at the month of October to ensure consistency. It is important to note that the LFS invites different individuals in each round, making it a repeated cross-sectional dataset rather than a proper panel dataset. Although the data is based on samples – it includes weights that allow to make generalizations about the total labor force. These two databases were merged with additional datasets that identify products clas- sified as green goods. The green goods referred to in this note are based on the list of green products defined by the Green Transition Navigator (GTN)–a compilation of the APEC, OECD, and WTO green goods classifications. To arrive at our final database, we followed the following steps: first, we cleaned the trade data and ensured consistent HS product clas- sification was used across the years. Next, we merged this data with the GTN list of green 4 goods at the HS6 level, which identified 19 different types of green goods. However, as the LFS data did not directly contain product-level information, we used the HS6-level product data to establish links with the possible 2-digit ISIC4 Rev 2 industrial classification. The trade data and green goods indicators were then aggregated at the industry level, showing export and import values, as well as the share of green goods within each industry. Finally, this aggregated data was merged with the Labor Force Survey data using the 2-digit industry classification. It is worth noting that the Philippines’ industrial classification is very similar to the ISIC4 at the 2-digit level, allowing for a meaningful integration of the datasets. The construction of the datasets, as displayed in Figure 1, allow to see trade activities in green goods in industries and also directly linked with the workers performing these tasks. Figure 1: Data sources 2.2 Philippines’ Green Trade Landscape The share of green goods trade in the Philippines has declined in recent years, with imports and exports averaging 10.8 percent and 9.3 percent over 2014-2020 (Figure 2). The share of EG imports has declined from 11.1 percent in 2014 to 7.6 percent in 2020 Figure 2 (A). We 5 observe a more significant decline in the share of EG exports from 8.3 percent to 3.9 percent Figure 2 (B). This decline in recent years has resulted in the share of green goods trade in the Philippines falling below the regional average (Figure 3). Relative to other ASEAN countries, we notice that in 2019, the share of green goods imports in the Philippines estimated at 7.8 percent is around 1 percent behind the regional average (8.6 percent), while countries like Brunei Dar Es Salam outperformed with a share of 13.9 percent (Figure 3, A). Similarly, the share of EGs exports estimated at 3.9percent is below the regional average (4.3 percent) and far behind some countries like China (9.3 percent) (Figure 3, B). This landscape reveals that efforts may need to be made to enhance green goods trade in the Philippines to return to the decade average. Green goods trade is spread across various industries, but the Industrial-Manufacturing- Transportation (IMT) cluster industries dominate value-wise in the Philippines. The top three industries with the highest shares of green goods imports are the Manufacturing of rubber and plastic products; Other Manufacturing; and Manufacturing of fabricated metal products, as depicted in Figure 4, A. Regarding the exports, the Manufacturing of paper and paper products, Manufacturing of rubber and plastic products, and Manufacturing of other non-metallic mineral products have a higher share of green goods (Figure 4, B). However, the Manufacturing of computers, electronics, and optics products, Manufacturing of electri- cal equipment, and Manufacturing of machinery and equipment (IMT cluster) take the top spots for volume. 6 Figure 2: Share of EG imports values in total imports and Share of EG exports values in total exports (%) in the Philippines, 2014-2020 (A) Share of EG Imports values in Total Imports (%) (B) Share of EG Exports values in Total Exports (%) Source: WITS and GTN Figure 3: Share of EG imports values in total imports and Share of EG exports values in total exports (%) in the Philippines and other ASEAN countries,2019 (A) Share of EG imports values in total imports (%) (B) Share of EG exports values in total exports (%) Source: WITS and GTN Green goods imports mainly consist of intermediate products (53.2 percent), capital goods (39.1 percent), and a small share of consumption products (7.6 percent), meaning they have the potential for greening the manufacturing process and being used for exports. Within intermediate products, the largest shares of environmental goods are Efficient Con- sumption of Energy Technologies and Carbon Capture and Storage (47.5 percent), Waste Water Management and Potable Water Treatment (28.5 percent), and Renewable Energy (22.3 percent). These categories contain some goods used as inputs for green exports and purposed for end use, as displayed in Figure A1. There is a positive relationship between the share of imports and exports of green goods 7 Figure 4: % Share of green goods imported by industries (A) and exported by industries at 2-digit ISIC level 2018-2020 (average) (B) (A) (B) Note: Only industries with some levels of green goods imports and exports are listed. The bubble size indicates the volume of the green trade. Source: WITS and GTN within industries, suggesting the importance of importing for exporting and the role of GVC participation. Figure A2, plotting the relationship between green goods imports and exports within industries, shows that green goods imports are positively associated with green goods exports. In fact, industries that import green goods are more likely also to export green goods. This suggests the positive relationship between exports and imports could be driven by imports of intermediate products and increased global value chain participation. This is in line with empirical evidence that shows that imported inputs have productivity gains (YoungGak and Tomohiko, 2019; Camino-Mogro and Carrillo-Maldonado, 2023) and enhance exports (Pane and Patunru, 2023; Requena et al., 2022; Bas and Strauss-Kahn, 2014) and product upgrading (Feng et al., 2016). Hence, we focus on policies affecting imports of green goods, as these will affect both imports and exports. 8 2.3 Green Goods Trade and the Labor Market Looking at the correlation between the green goods trade and the labor market, it is found that a higher share of green goods imports is positively correlated with the proportion of female workers. In contrast, this correlation is weaker in the green goods export sector. Indeed, Figure 5, A plots the correlation between the share of green imports and the share of female workers within each industry from 2018 to 2020. We observe a positive correlation between imports and the share of female workers at the industry level, notably for industries including the manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers, and semi-trailers; the manufacture of paper and paper products; the manufacture of electrical equipment of the manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products. However, in Figure 5, B related to exports, we observe a less pronounced correlation between green goods exports and the share of female workers within the industry. This suggests that the Philippines’ strong participation in the IMT cluster is a relevant opportunity to green its economy and increase female participation in GVCs with the right complementary policies. Figure 5: Green goods trade and labor market gender in the Philippines (A) Green goods imports and % of female workers (B) Green goods exports and % of female workers Source: WITS and GTN Regarding the distributional impacts of green trade on the skill intensity proxied by 9 the number of college graduates within each industry, the correlation between skills and green goods imports is positive, while it is negative with green goods exports. Figure 6(A) displays the correlation between green goods imports and skills intensity from 2018 to 2020. This chart reveals a positive correlation between the share of green goods imports and the share of college graduates within industries, particularly in industries like the Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products. Contrarily, Figure 6(B) reveals the relationship between green goods exports and skills; the correlation is negative. Therefore, the shift towards green goods imports (i.e., green intermediate products) would create highly skilled and better-quality jobs, likely through technology spillovers. Figure 6: Green goods trade and skills intensity in the Philippines (A) Green goods imports and skills intensity (B) Green goods exports and skills intensity Note: The bubble size measures the number of college graduates within each industry. Source: WITS and GTN and Labor Force Survey 2.4 Trade Policies and Green Goods Incidence of NTMs NTMs are usually in place to address legitimate public policy objectives such as consumer health and safety. However, some may be distorting to trade and increasing costs unneces- sarily, while others may be attempting to achieve policy objectives better addressed by other 10 instruments that are non-trade related. Among the standard measures used to understand the share of products and trade affected by NTMs, the Coverage Ratio and Frequency Ratio are computed. The Frequency Ratio provides the percentage of products affected by one or more NTMs in total imported products. The Coverage Ratio is the share of imports affected by one or more NTMs in total imports (Disdier et al., 2020). The FR is calculated as follows: k N T Mjkt F Rjt = (1) Njt where F Rjt is the frequency ratio of country j in year t; N T Mjkt is the presence of a specific NTM for each product k by country j in year t, and Njt is the total number of products at six digits HS by country j at year t. For the Coverage Ratio (CR), the equation is estimated as follows: k Vjkt ∗ N T Mjkt CRjt = ∗ 100 (2) k Vjt where CRjt is the Coverage Ratio of country j in year t, Vjkt is the import value of good k by country j in year t, and N T Mjkt is the presence of a specific NTM for each product k by country j in year t that takes a value of 1 if present and 0 if otherwise. Many NTMs apply to imported products in the Philippines (Table A9), including on capital goods (Table A10), intermediate goods (Table A12), raw materials (Table A13) and consumption goods (Table A11). These span a wide range of products as detailed in Table A14 to Table A21. NTMs apply to a large share of almost all types of green products in the Philippines in both value and product shares. The products most affected by NTMs are Air Pollution Control, Clean Up or Remediation of Soil and Water; and Efficient Consumption of Energy Technologies and Carbon Capture and Storage. Figure 7 displays the list of NTMs affecting at least 1 percent of all green goods product 11 categories. It shows that there is heterogeneity in the kinds of measures that affect green goods imports in the Philippines. For example, Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) as well as Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) affect 100 percent of all HS-6 products classified as green goods but also affect 100 percent of other goods in the 2014-2020 period. There are differences with other measures, however. For example, Non-automatic import-licensing procedures (E1) affect around 75 percent of import values of green goods but only affect 44 percent of non-green goods. Similarly, testing requirements (B82), and labeling requirements (B31) all apply more to green goods than non-green goods. This is consistent with other findings that suggest that tariffs favor dirty goods Brenton and Chemutai (2021) and it would seem this is the case for NTMs. Some of the low averages of NTM incidence mask disparities within the types of green goods, as some are subject to more measures than others. For example, while the average for certification requirement for all green goods is just 11 percent of import value, this measure affects 100 percent of air pollution control products and is higher than average for some types of green goods (Figure 8). The relatively lower average is due to the measure not affecting all other products not displayed in Figure 8. Similarly, while the import license fee has a low average, it applies to 30 percent of imports of water supply. While the above results demonstrate the incidence of green goods is high, these do not necessarily imply that such NTMs are costly. To assess whether these NTMs are increasing the cost of green goods imports, the literature usually embarks on a more systematic analysis, by estimating the ad valorem equivalents of NTMs as demonstrated in the next section. 12 Figure 7: Average FR and CR top 20 NTMs on Green Goods in the Philippines, 2014-2020 Source: Author’s calculations based on WITS and UNCTAD data; Note FR=Frequency ratio; CR= Coverage ratio Figure 8: Average Frequency Ratio and Coverage Ratio of Certification requirements (B83) on different types of Green Goods in PH 2014-2020 (%) Source: Author’s calculations based on WITS and UNCTAD data. Note: Those with 0% are ommitted 13 2.5 Trade Policies and the Labor Market High-skill-intensive industries are strongly associated with lower average duty rates, while there is a weak negative relationship between the duty rate and the share of females working in industries. Looking at the correlation between the share of skill intensity proxied by the share of college graduates and the average duty rate within industries in green trade, it is observed that skill-intensive industries experience a lower average duty rate (Figure 9 A). However, the relationship between the share of female workers and the average duty rate within industries is slightly negative (Figure 9 B). Then, import liberalization in green trade could increase the share of high-skilled workers and, to a lesser extent, increase female labor market participation. Higher-skill industries are associated with higher NTMs, while industries with higher shares of females are associated with lower NTMs. The share of college graduates in an industry is positively correlated with the number of NTMs applied to products produced by the industries they work for (Figure 10 A). This means that high-skilled workers tend to work more often in industries that produce heavily regulated products. In contrast, the share of female workers within industries has a weak negative relationship with the number of NTMs applied to products produced by the industries where they work (Figure 10 B). Since the correlations between the NTMs and labor markets are different from those between the tariffs and labor markets, it could be said that lowering NTMs and tariffs in general in green trade across the board could have differentiated effects across gender and education groups. 14 Figure 9: Correlations between the share of college graduates and average duty within in- dustries, and the share of female workers and average duty rate within industries (A) Sh. of college graduates and average duty rate within industries (B) Sh. of female workers and average duty rate within industries Note: The bubble size measures the value of imported green goods. Source: WITS and GTN and Labor Force Survey Figure 10: Correlations between the share of college graduates and average number of NTMs per products within industries, and the share of female workers and average number of NTMs per products within industries (A) Sh. of college grad. and av. nb. of NTMs/products within ind. (B) Sh. of fem. workers and av. nb. of NTMs/products within ind. Note: The bubble size measures value of green good trade (export and import) Source: WITS and GTN and Labor Force Survey 15 3 Estimating the Effect of Trade Policies on Green Goods In this section, we estimate the ad valorem equivalents of NTMs to assess which NTMs impose significant costs on imports of green goods, then assess the relationship between the NTMs derived from that analysis on workers. 3.1 Ad Valorem Equivalents of NTMs Methods To analyze the costs of NTMs, we estimate the tariff ad-valorem equivalent (AVE). AVEs of non-tariff measures (NTMs) involve estimating the uniform tariff that will result in the same trade impacts on the import of a product due to the presence of the NTMs. The AVE of an NTM is often interpreted as measuring the distortion imposed by the NTM on the domestic economy (Montfaucon et al., 2023). As a methodology, we follow Looi Kee et al. (2009) and Montfaucon et al. (2023) to estimate the ad-valorem tariff equivalents (AVE) of NTMs on green goods in the Philippines over the period 2014-2020. They are estimated by comparing the trade effect of NTMs to the one from tariffs. Specifically, it is theorized that the total effect of NTMs is a product of trade elasticity and AVEs. The following regression specification is then estimated using the Philippines import data as follows: p lnV kt = στkt + βn N T Mnkt + δt + ϵkt (3) n=1 Where: lnV kt is the logarithm of import value of good k in year t; τkt is the tariff rate on good k in year t;1 N T Mnkt is the dummy where 1 is the indicator variable denoting the imposition of a specific 1 τkt = ln(1 + tarif fkt ) 16 NTM, affecting the good k in year t; correspond to the types of NTMs. In each case all other NTMs in the data are controlled as well; δt is the time-fixed effect that serves as a control for shocks to a given year; ϵkt is the error term. We control for aggregate country-year and product-year-level fixed effects when estimating product groups and cross-country estimations. Then, we compute the AVE following this ratio: βn AV En = (4) σ The AVE is defined as the ratio between the estimated coefficient of NTM and the estimated coefficient of ad-valorem tariff, both of which we already derived from Equation (3). This allows turning NTMs into “tariff units” since NTMs are regulatory text which are represented by a dummy variable. The AVE from Equation (4) is only feasible and calculated if the estimated coefficient βn and σ are statistically significant. Discussion NTMs have a high cost in the Philippines on green goods imports. Among all the mea- sures, 4 NTMs on Environmental Goods are remarkably high, including Conformity assess- ment related to technical barriers to trade not elsewhere specified (B89); Product regis- tration/approval requirements (B81); Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853); and Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42). They impose significant costs and, in many cases, are higher than the same measures of non-Green Goods, as shown in Figure 11 (A). For example, while the tariff equivalent of Conformity assessment related to technical barriers to trade not elsewhere specified (B89) is estimated at 99.1% for green goods, it represents only 20% for other non-green goods. 17 What share of green goods do these affect? Conformity assessment related to technical barriers to trade not elsewhere specified (B89) affects only a small share of green goods (2.4 percent value and 6.2 percent products), with no category being particularly affected. The highest share is water supply with 3 percent. Therefore, reforms in this measure is unlikely to have any significant impact. This is the case for the rest of the measures, suggesting they may be costly but not widely applied. However, Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) affect just over 40 percent of both value and product share and is likely to have more impact if reviewed for possible reform. In addition, considering the tariff equivalent on the types of green goods, Figure 11 (B) reveals that the relative cost of green goods types is also significantly higher in the Philip- pines compared to the other ASEAN countries. This is the case for the case of B42 and B85 (of which B853 is a subset), notably on products such as Cleaner or More Resource Efficient Technologies and Products and Environmentally Preferable Products based on End-Use or Disposal Characteristics. However, these estimates are done on only 12 NTMs with the highest coverage ratios for the PH (Figure 7 shows the top 12, this estimation drops the bottom 12 from this list) and then compared to ASEAN countries, mainly due to compu- tational practicality. Nevertheless, this reveals that B42 is indeed an important measure whose underlying regulations may need to be reviewed when considering climate-friendly trade reform. 18 Figure 11: AVEs of NTMs on all Green Goods (%) (A) AVEs of NTMs on Green Goods (%) in PH (B) AVEs of NTMs on Green Goods PH Relative to ASEAN (%) Source: Author estimations from UNCTAD NTM data and Philippines WITS Data. As green goods are heterogeneous in their use and type, we estimate the AVE of NTMs on specific green good types. Breaking down trade policies that affect types of green goods, we find that AVEs of NTMs on specific EGs in the Philippines are very high, imposing high costs in energy transition products and other EGs. Regarding the energy transition products (Figure 12). The products for which these NTMs lead to higher costs are on renewable energy products. We find that these measures also affect a large share of the energy transition products, suggesting any reforms that will decrease the costs will likely have large impact (Table 1). Therefore, the underlying regu- lations behind these measures need to be reviewed in order to increase imports of products that can facilitate energy transition for the Philippines. 19 Figure 12: AVE of NTMs on Energy Transition Products (%) Source: Philippines WITS Data. Full results from the AVE regressions are provided in Table A3 Table 1: Share of energy transition affected by costly NTMs in PH (reform Candidates) Energy Efficiency Heat and Energy Management Renewable Energy Non-automatic import-licensing other than covered under SPs and TBT (E1) 93 54 87 Labelling requirements (B31) 100 68 69 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 61 32 50 Testing requirements (B82) 86 32 50 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 75 30 49 Source: Author estimations Regarding the other environmental goods, the results also show that specific measures increase the cost of imports for specific types of green goods (Figure 13). Notably, the measures are consistent in most of the cases, with the addition of Testing requirements (B82) which has an AVE of 19.7 percent for Air Pollution Control products and affects 66 percent of products in this category (Table 2). 20 Figure 13: AVE of NTMs on other Environmental Goods (%) Source: Philippines WITS Data. Full results from the AVE regressions are provided in Table A4 Table 2: Share of other green goods affected by costly NTMs in PH (reform candidates) Air Cleaner or More Environmental Monitoring, Management of Solid Natural 3 Pollution Resource Efficient Analysis and Assessment and Hazardous Waste Resource Control Technologies Equipment and Recycling Systems Protection Labelling requirements (B31) 83 47 66 89 50 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other (E1) 93 87 90 81 0 TBT regulations on transport and storage (B42) 65 28 31 70 0 Testing requirements (B82) 66 26 26 68 0 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 65 26 26 67 0 Source: Author estimations Based on the analysis of both incidence and cost, Table 1 and Table 2 provide 5 mea- sures that could potentially improve access to green technologies for the Philippines by re- ducing costs associated with non-tariff-related regulations. These are Labelling requirements (B31), Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered (E1), Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42), Testing requirements (B82) and Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859). These measures affect green goods in the Philippines more than other countries in the region (Figure 14). The in- crease in green goods from these reforms, while important in climate action and adaptation, 21 would likely have varied impacts on various industries and workers within those industries, depending on the intensity and level of trade in green goods. Figure 14: Affected import values of 5 Reform candidate NTMs in the PH relative to regional peers (%) Source: Author calculations based on WITS and UNCTAD Data. Comparator countries include Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam The next section assesses how an increase in green goods may affect workers in the Philippines, to identify complimentary reforms in addition to the trade policy reforms, that would make gains more equitable. 22 4 Could an Increase in Green Trade Affect Workers? There are multiple mechanisms for why green goods trade could affect labor markets differ- ently. Sector-specific skills needs for the production process involving green goods are not evenly distributed across genders and skill groups. Green industries often require specialized skills and knowledge related to sustainability and environmental technologies. The availabil- ity of these skills and the preferences of female workers towards these sectors can influence the share of female workers within green industries. If women possess the necessary skills and are more inclined towards environmentally focused sectors, the share of female workers in these industries may be relatively higher. For example, a study by International Renew- able Energy Agency shows that renewable energy employs about 32% women, compared to 22% in the energy sector overall (IRENA, 2019).2 Moreover, the skill level required in the production of green goods could be higher. The 2022 LinkedIn Global Green Skill Report (LinkedInEconomicGraph, 2022) found that in 2021 there were only 62 women for every 100 men considered green talent — a number that has been stagnant since 2015.3 The sorting pattern of workers into industries with a higher share of green goods exports can be influenced by social norms and stereotypes that shape career choices and the represen- tation of different genders and skill levels. For instance, the perception of green industries as environmentally conscious and socially responsible may attract a specific pool of workers, such as skilled college graduates (OCDE, 2014).4 The expansion of green goods exports has the potential to increase the demand for labor across all types of industries, and it can be particularly advantageous for previously under- represented groups. As the demand for labor in the green goods sector grows, the likelihood of employment opportunities for these underrepresented groups also increases like any other 2 https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Jan/Renewable-Energy-A-Gender-Perspective 3 https://economicgraph.linkedin.com/content/dam/me/economicgraph/en-us/global-green-skills- report/global-green-skills-report-pdf/li-green-economy-report-2022.pdf 4 https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/302d43f1-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/302d43f1-en 23 export (Rocha and Piermartini, 2023).5 This shift in demand may create new job opportuni- ties that were previously scarce for individuals who faced difficulties in finding employment. Furthermore, this shift in demand towards green goods may require more specific skills and tasks, which can open up new opportunities for individuals who may have struggled to find jobs in the past. The expanding green goods market not only affects specific industries, but also has broader implications for the overall labor market. 4.1 Methods In this study, we investigate the correlation between the share of green goods trade, the share of female workers, the share of high skilled workers, and annual earnings by linking customs-level trade data with the Philippines Labor Force Survey at the 2-digit industry level. The first analysis focuses on understanding the relationship between green goods trade and the share of female workers and high-skilled workers across different industries as well as within industries (see Equation (5)). EmploymentSharejt = µ + σGGExpjt + βGGImpjt + γADjt + δj + ϵjt (5) The second set of regressions focuses on the annual earnings of individual i working in industry j at time t (see Equation (6)). AnnualEarningsijt = µ + σGGExpjt + βGGImpjt + ψZit + γADjt + δj + ϵjt (6) EmploymentSharejt measures the proportion of female workers and high-skilled workers 5 https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2023/06/trade-drives-gender-equality-and- development-rocha-piermartini 24 within 2-digit industry j at time t. AnnualEarningsijt measures annual earnings of individ- ual i working in industry j ’ at time t. GGExpjt and GGImpjt measure the share of green goods export and import, respectively, in total exports and imports within 2-digit ISIC in- dustries. σj is the industry fixed effect; µ is the constant term; AD is the average duty; and finally, ϵjt /ϵijt is the error term. To facilitate interpretation, these percentages are multiplied by 100. The calculations are based on the Labor Force Survey, incorporating appropriate weights. While incorporating additional control variables would enhance the precision of our estimation, we encountered limitations in doing so due to data constraints. Despite attempts to merge the data with the firm-level survey conducted by the Philippines Statistical Authority, the lack of identical sampling frames between the Labor Force Survey and the firm-level survey posed challenges in the merging and weighting procedures. The annual earnings data is obtained from a cross-sectional Labor Force Survey. The richness of this database allows us to incorporate various observable characteristics in a Mincer-style regression, including gender, age, marital status, education, and industrial af- filiation. However, due to the cross-sectional nature of the data, we are unable to control for unobservable characteristics that may impact earnings, such as inherent talent – which could introduce biases. The annual earnings variable is represented in natural logarithm form, while the green goods trade variables are expressed as shares out of 100. The gender variable assumes a value of zero for male workers and one for female workers. Education level is categorized into eight different groups, ranging from no schooling to incomplete elementary education, elementary graduate, incomplete high school, high school graduate, vocational ed- ucation, incomplete college, and college graduate and above. The marital status variable is a dummy variable that takes a value of one if an individual is married and zero otherwise. Age is a self-explanatory variable that represents the age of the individual. Estimating the impact of green goods trade on labor market outcomes is susceptible to endogeneity issues. Firstly, firms make decisions regarding both their trading activities 25 and labor market choices simultaneously, based on their specific needs. Secondly, techno- logical advancements can influence both green goods trade and labor market outcomes. For instance, labor-saving and efficient green technologies may increase exports while simultane- ously reducing labor demand and/or lowering wages. Consequently, the estimation process encounters endogeneity challenges. We have attempted to address these issues by explor- ing potential instrumental variables, but the first-stage F-statistics did not reach statistical significance. Furthermore, due to limitations in data availability, we were unable to control for essential factors such as land, capital, and other relevant variables, which could lead to omitted variable bias. As a result, it is important to interpret all regression results as correlations rather than causal relationships. Given the aforementioned limitations, it is crucial to exercise caution when interpreting the findings and avoid making causal claims. The estimated results should be viewed as indicative of potential associations rather than definitive causal effects. 4.2 Discussion This paper (Table 3) uncovers important insights regarding the relationship between green goods trade and the composition of the workforce, particularly the share of female workers and high-skilled workers. By accounting for industry fixed effects, we provide a comprehen- sive analysis of these relationships. On average, there is no correlation between gender composition and green goods trade – but within-industry analysis conveys a different message. On average, we find no correlation between the share of green goods exports and imports, and the share of female workers as shown in column (1). However, when industry fixed effects are considered, a positive correla- tion emerges between the import of green goods within an industry and the share of females working in that industry (Column 2). A one unit change in the share of green goods import is associated with 0.28 units change in the share of females (both shares are measured out of 100). This indicates that green goods imports have the potential to enhance the gender 26 composition of specific industries, thereby reducing the gender gap. Table 3: Relationship between the green goods trade, the share of females, and the share of high skilled workers in the Philippines Share of females Share of high skilled (1) (2) (3) (4) Green Goods Export Share -0.0018 -0.0976 -0.557*** -0.198* (-0.02) (-1.12) (-5.75) (-1.74) Green Goods Import Share 0.0792 0.276** -0.0638 0.199 (0.57) (1.99) (-0.62) (1.47) Industry FE No Yes No Yes N 435 435 435 435 adj. R-sq 0.003 0.608 0.064 0.723 Note: Industry fixed effects are at two-digit ISIC level. T-statistics in parenthesis. Robust standard errors. There is a negative correlation between High-Skilled Workers and Green Goods Ex- ports. Our analysis reveals a negative correlation between the share of green goods exports and the share of high-skilled workers. A one unit change in the share of green goods export is associated with 0.56 units change in the share of high skilled workers. Importantly, this negative relationship persists even after accounting for industry fixed effects (Column 4) – albeit with a smaller magnitude (-0.20 units). This finding suggests that the lower complex- ity of green goods exported from the Philippines may explain this association. Surprisingly, there is no statistically significant correlation between green goods imports and the share of high-skilled workers, irrespective of the inclusion of industry fixed effects. This diverges 27 from the negative correlation observed in the descriptive analysis. These findings highlight the potential role of green goods imports in promoting gen- der equality within specific industries. However, the negative relationship between green goods exports and the share of high-skilled workers necessitates further examination. Un- derstanding the underlying factors driving these relationships is crucial for guiding effective policy decisions. It is important to note that these findings are specific to the context of the Philippines and may not directly apply to other countries. Moreover, the conclusions drawn are based on available data and require cautious interpretation as that correlation does not imply causation. Further research is necessary to deepen our understanding of the intricate dynamics between green goods trade and workforce composition. On average, green goods imports are positively correlated with the earnings of workers across industries. A comprehensive examination of the relationship between green goods imports and workers’ earnings across industries reveals insightful findings as reported in Table 4. In Column (1), encompassing all workers, the results demonstrate a positive cor- relation. Specifically, a 10 percentage point increase in the share of green goods imports corresponds to a 0.1 percent increase in annual earnings. Expanding the analysis to focus on gender, Columns (2) and (3) shed light on male and female workers, respectively. The share of green goods imports exhibits a positive correlation with the earnings of both genders. Ad- ditionally, Columns (4) and (5) replicate the analysis for high-skilled and low-skilled workers. These groups also display a positive correlation, although the magnitude is relatively lower for high-skilled workers compared to other cohorts. Conversely, the export of green goods does not demonstrate a statistically significant relationship with workers’ annual earnings. However, when incorporating industry fixed effects (Table 5), the previously observed positive correlations become non-significant. This finding contradicts the descriptive statis- tics presented, where independent analyses of import-earning and export-earning relation- ships suggest that green goods importing industries tend to offer better compensation com- pared to those with lower import levels. Nevertheless, an increase in green goods imports 28 within industries does not appear to be directly associated with earnings. While the results from the Table 5 do indicate some compositional changes favoring females and low-skilled workers, these changes are not strong enough to establish income-level correlations. Table 4: Relationship between the green goods trade and earning across gender and skill levels (without industry fixed effects) All Male Female High skilled Low skilled (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Annual Earnings Green Goods Export Share 0.00149 0.00399 -0.00233 0.000207 0.00388 (0.64) (1.66) (-0.79) (0.07) (1.24) Green Goods Import Share 0.0105*** 0.00875*** 0.0121*** 0.00484** 0.0166*** (4.72) (4.04) (3.79) (2.07) (5.28) Industry FE No No No No No Workers control Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes N 77544 52868 24676 15708 61836 adj. R-sq 0.365 0.360 0.388 0.036 0.123 Note: Results are based on repeated cross-sectional labor force survey data that are merged with industry level trade data. Industry fixed effects are at two-digit ISIC Rev 4 level. Worker’s control includes age, age squared, gender, marital status and 8 groups of educations in column (1). In column (2) and (3) gender is excluded while in column (4) and (5) education is not included as these regression are gender and skill based, respectively. Standard errors clustered at industry level. t-statistics in parentheses. p < .10, ** p < .05, *** p < .01 29 Table 5: Relationship between the green goods trade and earning across gender and skill levels (with industry fixed effects) All Male Female High skilled Low skilled (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Annual Earnings Green Goods Export Share 0.000644 0.00007 0.00128 -0.00014 0.00154 (0.44) (0.06) (0.69) (-0.16) (0.73) Green Goods Import Share -0.00141 -0.0003 -0.003 0.00019 -0.00259 (-0.49) (-0.19) (-0.64) (0.10) (-0.70) Industry FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Workers control Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes N 77544 52868 24676 15708 61836 Adj. R2 0.441 0.444 0.456 0.267 0.255 Note: Results are based on repeated cross-sectional labor force survey data that are merged with industry level trade data. Industry fixed effects are at two-digit ISIC Rev 4 level. Worker’s control includes age, age squared, gender, marital status and 8 groups of educations in column (1). In column (2) and (3) gender is excluded while in column (4) and (5) education is not included as these regression are gender and skill based, respectively. Standard errors clustered at industry level. t-statistics in parentheses. p < .10, ** p < .05, *** p < .01 5 Conclusion This paper examines the green goods trade landscape in the Philippines to understand its current level, its evolution over time, its situation compared to peer countries, and the predominant green industry sectors. Second, we estimate the ad valorem equivalent (AVE) of non-tariff measures (NTMs) on green goods to assess the cost of regulations on green goods imports and identify the most burdensome NTMs and candidates for regulatory climate- friendly trade policy reform. Finally, since reforms on NTMs will increase imports and 30 exports of green goods, we assess the relationship between the imports and exports of green goods in the labor markets. This is done using trade data and labor force survey data at the industry level for the Philippines. The paper finds that the Philippines’ share of green goods trade is relatively low, partly due to the high incidence of NTMs on imports of green goods. The paper finds 5 measures out of about 90 as reform candidates, which are costly and have a higher incidence on energy transition and other types of green goods and technologies. These measures are Labelling requirements (B31), Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1), Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42), Testing requirements (B82) and Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859). These measures are reform candidates, where the underlying regulations are recommended to be reviewed. As these reforms would increase the imports and exports of green goods, especially since green goods imports are linked with higher green good exports, we also assess the possible effect on workers. We find that higher green goods exports negatively correlates with the share of high-skilled workers within industries. In contrast, green goods imports are associated with an increase in the share of female workers within industries. Green goods imports are positively correlated with workers’ earnings across industries but not within industries. Overall, NTM reforms likely lead to labor reallocations across industries. 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Tomohiko (2019): “The Effect of Imported Intermediate Inputs on Firm Performance: Firm and Establishment Level Evidence from Japan (Japanese),” Discussion Papers (Japanese) 19016, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI). 33 Appendix A1.1 Appendix: Additional Figures Figure A1: Green Goods Based on End-Use Classification and Function (% share within each category) Source: Green Transition Navigator (GTN) list of green goods 34 Figure A2: Share of Green Goods Exports and Imports within Industries (% share within each category) Note: Only industries with some levels of green good exports are listed. The bubble size indicates the volume of the green trade. Source: WITS and GTN data 35 A2.2 Additional Regression Tables Table A1: Estimation for AVE of NTM between green goods and other goods, for Philippines only, considering all NTMs (in line with Figure 11 (A)) Green Others Est. S.E. Est. S.E. GTNC X Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 1.074*** (0.362) 0.555*** (0.081) GTNC X Product registration/approval requirements (B81) 3.171*** (0.621) 0.481*** (0.087) GTNC X Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853) 2.040*** (0.675) 0.102 (0.209) GTNC X Conformity assessment related to technical barriers to trade not elsewhere speci (B89) 5.168*** (1.25) 0.233** (0.104) GTNC X Tariff 5.214*** (1.653) 1.162*** (0.351) GTNC X Other NTM Controls Yes Constant 15.220*** Observations 25437 R2 0.133 Adj R-squared 0.131 Within R-squared 0.129 Root MSE 2.615 Time FE Yes Note: This table contains the estimation results for the AVE of NTM by green goods for Philippines only considering all NTMs, in line with Figure 11 (A). Results are presented in separate columns for clarity. "Green" correspond to broad green good categories, "Others" correspond to non-green goods. Standard errors are in parentheses. ***, **, * denote statistical significance at the 1%, the 5% and the 10 % level, respectively. The full table is available upon request. Table A2: Estimation for AVEs of specific green goods types in the Philippines relative to other ASEAN countries considering all NTMs (in line with Figure 11 (B)) Cleaner or More Resource Environmentally Preferable Efficient Technologies and Products based on End-Use Products or Disposal Characteristics Est. S.E. Est. S.E. Philippines X Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 4.211*** (1.583) - - Others X Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 4.440*** (1.502) -5.447 (4.093) Philippines X Traceability requirements (B85) 4.763** (2.103) - - Others X Product identity requirements (B85) 4.064*** (1.500) - - Philippines X Import licence fees (F65) - - -9.464*** (3.279) Others X Import licence fees (F65) - - - - Philippines X Tariff 14.999*** (3.778) -32.094*** (10.908) Others X Tariff 0.484 (1.141) 1.260 (5.864) Other Control NTMs Yes Yes Constant 13.503*** (0.799) 11.017*** (1.696) Observations 1503 248 R2 0.739 0.767 Adj R-squared 0.649 0.606 Within R-squared 0.165 0.265 Root MSE 1.867 1.788 Product-Year FE Yes Yes Country-Year FE Yes Yes Note: This table contains the estimation results for the AVE of NTM by green goods type for Philippines relative to ASEAN, considering all NTMs, in line with Figure 11 (A). Results are presented in separate columns for clarity. - denotes a missing coefficient due to insufficient or no observations. Standard errors are in parentheses. ***, **, * denote statistical significance at the 1%, the 5% and the 10 % level, respectively. Others countries include: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. The full table is available upon request. 36 Table A3: Estimation for AVEs of NTMs on Energy transition products in the Philippines only considering the most prevalent NTMs (in line with Figure 12) Energy Efficiency Heat and Energy Man- Renewable Energy agement Est. S.E. Est. S.E. Est. S.E. Labelling requirements (B31) - - 1.575** (0.757) -0.385 (0.365) Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 0.121 (0.109) 3.018*** (0.782) 2.299*** (0.317) Testing requirements (B82) 0.148 (0.177) 3.464* (1.773) 0.101 (0.857) Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 2.187*** (0.126) 2.911*** (0.458) 4.620*** (1.099) Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) -0.473*** (0.117) -1.315** (0.645) -3.923*** (0.937) Licensing for specified use (E112) -0.544*** (0.120) 2.752*** (0.613) -5.455*** (0.677) Tariff -10.443*** (2.301) 18.353*** (3.847) -4.594* (2.472) Other Control NTMs Yes Yes Yes Constant 16.122*** (0.123) 14.443*** (0.868) 9.534*** (1.843) Observations 20 164 368 R2 0.985 0.371 0.174 Adj R-squared 0.969 0.312 0.133 Root MSE 0.167 1.620 2.097 Time FE Yes Yes Yes Note: This table contains the estimation results for the AVE of NTM by green goods type for Philippines only considering the most prevalent NTMs, in line with Figure 12. Results are presented in separate columns for clarity. Standard errors are in parentheses. ***, **, * denote statistical significance at the 1%, the 5% and the 10 % level, respectively. - denotes a missing coefficient due to insufficient or no observations. The full table is available upon request. 37 Table A4: Estimations for AVE of NTMs on other environmental goods in the Philippines only considering the most prevalent NTMs (in line with Figure 13) Air Pollution Control Cleaner or More Resource Env.Preferable Prod. based on Man. of Solid and Hazardous Natural Resource Protection Efficient Techn. and Prod. End-Use or Disposal Charact. Waste and Recy. Syst. Est. S.E. Est. S.E. Est. S.E. Est. S.E. Est. S.E. Labelling requirements (B31) 1.610*** (0.482) 0.993* (0.593) - - 0.369 (0.623) -48.712*** (14.621) Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 4.740*** (1.206) 5.941*** (0.620) - - 0.040 (1.141) - - Testing requirements (B82) 2.814*** (0.672) 0.964 (1.535) - - 1.319 (0.940) - - Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) - - - - - - 3.148** (1.269) - - Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) -0.145 (1.016) -3.918*** (0.830) -3.034*** (1.085) 2.664*** (0.402) - - Tariff 14.300*** (4.291) 32.786*** (3.105) -30.877** (13.734) 14.440*** (3.783) -549.876*** (160.722) Other Control NTMs Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Constant 15.095*** (0.901) 16.632*** (0.930) 75.576* (38.899) 14.970*** (0.812) 90.348*** (22.511) Observations 185 254 39 225 20 R2 0.440 0.432 0.350 0.243 0.924 Adj R-squared 0.394 0.401 0.177 0.196 0.880 Root MSE 1.627 2.396 2.836 1.695 0.966 Time FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Note: This table contains the estimation results for the AVE of NTM by green goods type for Philippines only considering the most prevalent NTMs, in line with Figure 13. Results are presented in separate columns for clarity. Standard errors are in parentheses. ***, **, * denote statistical significance at the 1%, the 5% and the 10 % level, respectively. - denotes a missing coefficient due to insufficient or no observations. The full table is available upon request. Table A5: Estimation for significant AVE for all goods for Philippines relative to ASEAN countries considering all NTMs, 2014-2020 Est. S.E. Philippines X Packaging requirements (B33) -0.569*** (0.12) Philippines X Product quality, safety or performance requirements (B7) -0.366*** (0.1) Philippines X Certification requirements (B83) -0.977*** (0.095) Philippines X Import monitoring, surveillance and automatic licensing measures (C4) -2.618*** (0.217) Others X Packaging requirements (B33) 0.354*** (0.058) Others X Product quality, safety or performance requirements (B7) -0.054 (0.035) Others X Certification requirements (B83) 0.003 (0.054) Others X Import monitoring, surveillance and automatic licensing measures (C4) 0.912*** (0.072) Philippines X Tariff -2.500*** (0.294) Others X Tariff -4.544*** (0.095) Philippines X Other NTM Control Yes Others X Other NTM Control Yes Constant 13.828*** (0.051) Observations 156918 R2 0.733 Adj R-squared 0.664 Within R-squared 0.0505 Root MSE 1.953 Product-Year FE Yes Country-Year FE Yes Note: This table contains the estimation results for the AVEs for all goods for Philippines related to the ASEAN countries considering all NTMs. Standard errors are in parentheses. ***, **, * denote statistical significance at the 1%, the 5% and the 10 % level, respectively. Others countries included: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. The full table is available upon request. 38 Table A6: Estimation for significant AVE of NTMs by SNA classification for Philippines relative to ASEAN countries considering all NTMs, 2014-2020 Capital Consumption Intermediate Raw Material Est. S.E. Est. S.E. Est. S.E. Est. S.E. SNA X Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain substances (B21) - - - - - - 0.999*** (0.296) SNA X Labelling requirements (B31) - - - - - - -0.413*** (0.1) SNA X Marking requirements (B32) - - - - -0.220** (0.101) - - SNA X Packaging requirements (B33) - - - - -0.166* (0.086) 0.482*** (0.119) SNA X Technical barriers to trade regulations on production processes (B41) - - 0.438 (0.812) 0.001 (0.263) 1.300 (1.571) SNA X Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 0.739*** (0.102) 0.307*** (0.086) -0.220* (0.12) SNA X Certification requirements (B83) - - -0.440*** (0.09) - - 0.353** (0.144) SNA X Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853) 0.697* (0.411) 1.207*** (0.334) - - - - SNA X Conformity assessment related to technical barriers to trade not elsewhere speci (B89) - - 0.262*** (0.082) - - - - SNA X Requirement to pass through specified port of customs (C3) - - - - - - -0.761*** (0.077) SNA X Import monitoring, surveillance and automatic licensing measures (C4) - - 0.326 (0.209) - - 0.180 (0.35) SNA X Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) - - 0.771*** (0.087) 0.716*** (0.081) 0.672*** (0.108) SNA X Licensing procedure with no specific ex ante criteria (E111) - - - - 1.027*** (0.15) - - SNA X Licensing for specified use (E112) 0.876*** (0.233) - - - - - - SNA X Licensing linked with local production (E113) - - 0.393 (0.307) - - - - SNA X Prohibition for non-economic reasons (E32) - - - - 1.089*** (0.086) - - SNA X Import licence fees (F65) 0.289** (0.146) 0.649*** (0.073) - - - - SNA X Philippines X Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain substances (B21) - - - - - - -0.653* (0.336) SNA X Philippines X Labelling requirements (B31) - - - - - - -0.588*** (0.227) SNA X Philippines X Marking requirements (B32) - - - - -1.770*** (0.376) - - SNA X Philippines X Packaging requirements (B33) - - - - -0.487*** (0.148) -4.110* (2.232) SNA X Philippines X Technical barriers to trade regulations on production processes (B41) - - -2.182** (0.936) -1.315*** (0.44) -5.111** (2.171) SNA X Philippines X Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) -0.427* (0.225) - - -0.313** (0.154) -0.689*** (0.231) SNA X Philippines X Certification requirements (B83) - - -0.785*** (0.242) - - -1.225*** (0.282) SNA X Philippines X Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853) -1.544*** (0.526) -4.886*** (1.381) - - - - SNA X Philippines X Conformity assessment related to technical barriers to trade not elsewhere speci (B89) - - -0.545*** (0.148) - - - - SNA X Philippines X Requirement to pass through specified port of customs (C3) - - - - - - -2.927* (1.613) SNA X Philippines X Import monitoring, surveillance and automatic licensing measures (C4) - - -3.081*** (0.346) - - -2.668** (1.083) SNA X Philippines X Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) - - -0.611*** (0.142) -0.467*** (0.097) -0.545** (0.272) SNA X Philippines X Licensing procedure with no specific eX Philippines X ante criteria (E111) - - - - -0.719*** (0.149) - - SNA X Philippines X Licensing for specified use (E112) -0.786*** (0.248) - - - - - - SNA X Philippines X Licensing linked with local production (E113) - - -1.208** (0.517) - - - - SNA X Philippines X Quotas (E2) -3.745** (1.527) - - - - - - SNA X Philippines X Prohibition for non-economic reasons (E32) - - - - -1.057*** (0.387) - - SNA X Philippines X Import licence fees (F65) -1.547*** (0.516) -1.454*** (0.203) - - - - SNA X Philippines X Measure affecting competition (H) - - -0.216* (0.121) - - - - Philippines X Tariff -2.405*** (0.326) -2.405*** (0.326) -2.405*** (0.326) -2.405*** (0.326) Others X Tariff -3.953*** (0.098) -3.953*** (0.098) -3.953*** (0.098) -3.953*** (0.098) SNA X Other NTM Yes SNA X Philippines X Other NTM Yes Constant 13.889*** (0.086) 13.889*** (0.086) 13.889*** (0.086) 13.889*** (0.086) Observations 154969 R2 0.742 Adj R-squared 0.676 Within R-squared 0.0846 Root MSE 1.919 Product-Year FE Yes Country-Year FE Yes Note: This table contains the estimation results for the significant AVE of NTM by Industry level classification of goods (SNA) for Philippines related to the ASEAN countries considering all NTMs. Standard errors are in parentheses. ***, **, * denote statistical significance at the 1%, the 5% and the 10 % level, respectively. Others countries included: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. - denotes a missing coefficient due to insufficient or no observations. The full table is available upon request. 39 Table A7: Estimations for significant AVE of NTMs by HS Section of goods for Philippines relative to ASEAN countries considering the most prevalent NTMs, 2014-2020 Vegetable Ani. or Veget. By Prod. Chemical Plastics and Rubber Skin and Leather Est. S.E. Est. S.E. Est. S.E. Est. S.E. Est. S.E. HS X Labelling requirements (B31) -0.04 (0.074) 0.089 (0.164) -0.326*** (0.051) 0.065 (0.087) -1.015*** (0.197) HS X Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) -0.271*** (0.08) 0.234 (0.197) 0.108 (0.069) -0.461 (0.32) 2.270*** (0.402) HS X Testing requirements (B82) 0.057 (0.135) 0.510* (0.297) -0.1 (0.074) 0.191 (0.128) 0.789 (0.784) HS X Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 0.184 (0.621) -1.266 (0.894) 0.370*** (0.091) -1.431*** (0.315) - - HS X Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 0.311*** (0.1) -0.209 (0.228) 0.382*** (0.049) 0.108 (0.129) -0.195 (0.226) HS X Licensing for specified use (E112) -0.385 (0.579) 0.954 (0.596) 0.406*** (0.088) 0.099 (0.511) - - HS X Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) - - - - - - - - - - HS X Labelling requirements (B31) X Philippines - - - - 0.283*** (0.091) -0.612*** (0.184) 1.004*** (0.335) HS X Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) X Philippines 0.049 (0.158) -2.266*** (0.548) 0.111 (0.163) 0.79 (0.622) -0.116 (1.371) HS X Testing requirements (B82) X Philippines 1.718*** (0.571) - - -0.707*** (0.223) 0.790* (0.459) - - HS X Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) X Philippines - - - - -0.112 (0.264) - - - - HS X Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) X Philippines - - - - -0.016 (0.143) -0.644 (0.464) -1.396*** (0.427) HS X Licensing for specified use (E112) X Philippines -3.425*** (0.621) - - - - 0.073 (0.657) - - HS X Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) X Philippines -1.055 (1.351) -0.304 (1.465) -0.73 (1.334) -0.244 (1.52) -2.898** (1.357) Philippines X Tariff -1.107*** (0.319) -1.107*** (0.319) -1.107*** (0.319) -1.107*** (0.319) -1.107*** (0.319) Others X Tariff -4.398*** (0.099) -4.398*** (0.099) -4.398*** (0.099) -4.398*** (0.099) -4.398*** (0.099) HS X Other NTM Yes HS X Other NTM X Philippines Yes Constant 14.003*** (0.206) 14.003*** (0.206) 14.003*** (0.206) 14.003*** (0.206) 14.003*** (0.206) Observations 156918 R2 0.739 Adj R-squared 0.672 Within R-squared 0.0727 Root MSE 1.931 Product-Year FE Yes Country-Year FE Yes Note: This table contains the estimation results for the significant AVE of NTM by HS sections of goods for Philippines related to the ASEAN countries considering the most prevalent NTMs. Standard errors are in parentheses. ***, **, * denote statistical significance at the 1%, the 5% and the 10 % level, respectively. Others countries included: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet Nam. - denotes a missing coefficient due to insufficient or no observations. The full table is available upon request. Table A8: Estimations for significant AVE of NTMs by HS Section of goods for Philippines relative to ASEAN countries considering the most prevalent NTMs, 2014-2020, con’t Pulp and Papers Metals Machinery and Vehicles, Aircraft, Arms and Ammunition Mechanical Appliances and Vessels Est. S.E. Est. S.E. Est. S.E. Est. S.E. Est. S.E. HS X Labelling requirements (B31) -0.117 (0.115) -0.110* (0.062) -0.091* (0.051) 0.347*** (0.117) -1.504 (1.647) HS X Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 1.474*** (0.159) -0.264* (0.154) 0.448*** (0.069) 0.735*** (0.177) -1.95 (2.126) HS X Testing requirements (B82) -0.478** (0.221) -0.536*** (0.104) -0.220*** (0.083) -0.325** (0.147) - - HS X Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 0.418** (0.208) -0.18 (0.227) 0.237** (0.104) -0.315* (0.171) - - HS X Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) -0.682*** (0.177) 0.560*** (0.112) -0.03 (0.046) 0.420*** (0.108) 0.145 (0.631) HS X Licensing for specified use (E112) -1.454** (0.708) -0.005 (0.254) 0.007 (0.128) - - - - HS X Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) - - - - - - - - - - HS X Labelling requirements (B31) X Philippines -0.193 (0.209) 0.169 (0.111) -0.512** (0.201) 0.026 (0.226) 3.218 (2.202) HS X Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) X Philippines -1.598 (1.467) 0.834*** (0.271) 0.261 (0.35) -0.674 (0.528) 1.872 (2.261) HS X Testing requirements (B82) X Philippines - - -0.396 (0.293) -0.332 (0.897) 0.448 (0.77) - - HS X Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) X Philippines -1.050*** (0.384) - - 0.104 (0.944) -0.903 (0.932) - - HS X Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) X Philippines 3.989*** (1.131) -0.358** (0.18) -0.664*** (0.222) -1.676*** (0.312) 1.977 (1.611) HS X Licensing for specified use (E112) X Philippines - - -0.092 (0.293) -0.475*** (0.167) 0.872*** (0.3) 1.575* (0.821) HS X Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) X Philippines -4.149*** (1.602) -0.281 (1.343) -0.828 (1.341) -0.977 (1.351) -5.287** (2.617) Philippines X Tariff -1.107*** (0.319) -1.107*** (0.319) -1.107*** (0.319) -1.107*** (0.319) -1.107*** (0.319) Others X Tariff -4.398*** (0.099) -4.398*** (0.099) -4.398*** (0.099) -4.398*** (0.099) -4.398*** (0.099) HS X Other NTM Yes HS X Other NTM X Philippines Yes Constant 14.003*** (0.206) 14.003*** (0.206) 14.003*** (0.206) 14.003*** (0.206) 14.003*** (0.206) Observations 156918 R2 0.739 Adj R-squared 0.672 Within R-squared 0.0727 Root MSE 1.931 Product-Year FE Yes Country-Year FE Yes Note: This table contains the estimation results for the significant AVE of NTM by HS sections of goods for Philippines related to the ASEAN countries considering the most prevalent NTMs. Standard errors are in parentheses. ***, **, * denote statistical significance at the 1%, the 5% and the 10 % level, respectively. Others countries included: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet Nam. - denotes a missing coefficient due to insufficient or no observations. The full table is available upon request. 40 Table A9: Average Coverage Ratio and Frequency Ratio (%) over sample period 2014-2020 for Philippines - All products Country NTM Code NTM labels Avg. CR (%) Avg. FR (%) Philippines F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines B32 Marking requirements (B32) 94.70 90.37 Philippines F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.73 85.76 Philippines D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 82.48 46.59 Philippines B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 81.80 59.46 Philippines B82 Testing requirements (B82) 62.84 18.17 Philippines B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 62.67 17.43 Philippines B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 62.43 23.08 Philippines H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines E112 Licensing for specified use (E112) 50.78 20.31 Philippines B83 Certification requirements (B83) 44.57 24.48 Philippines B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 38.23 6.77 Philippines B41 Technical barriers to trade regulations on production processes (B41) 33.53 3.01 Philippines G19 Advance payment requirements not elsewhere specified (G19) 33.53 3.01 Philippines B81 Product registration/approval requirements (B81) 33.21 9.67 Philippines B7 Product quality, safety or performance requirements (B7) 29.83 2.74 Philippines E211 Global allocation (E211) 27.51 0.30 Philippines E2 Quotas (E2) 21.69 1.10 Philippines B85 Traceability requirements (B85) 21.24 2.62 Philippines B853 Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853) 20.96 0.85 Philippines E119 Licensing for economic reasons not elsewhere specified (E119) 20.69 5.61 Philippines F65 Import licence fees (F65) 10.97 22.34 Philippines B21 Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain substances (B21) 5.44 14.29 Philippines E111 Licensing procedure with no specific ex ante criteria (E111) 4.87 5.62 Philippines F12 Reference prices (F12) 4.87 5.62 Philippines B89 Conformity assessment related to technical barriers to trade not elsewhere speci (B89) 4.04 10.86 Philippines B33 Packaging requirements (B33) 1.79 4.51 Philippines G9 Finance measures not elsewhere specified (G9) 0.47 0.26 Philippines E113 Licensing linked with local production (E113) 0.25 1.15 Philippines F73 Taxes and charges for sensitive product categories (F73) 0.17 1.62 Philippines B6 Product identity requirements (B6) 0.15 0.04 Philippines G11 Advance import deposits (G11) 0.15 0.02 Philippines F79 Internal taxes and charges levied on imports not elsewhere specified (F79) 0.07 0.06 Philippines B19 Import authorization/licensing related to technical barriers to trade not elsewh (B19) 0.06 0.21 Philippines B22 Restricted use of certain substances (B22) 0.05 0.02 Philippines C1 Pre-shipment inspection (C1) 0.03 0.04 Philippines E32 Prohibition for non-economic reasons (E32) 0.02 0.19 Philippines E232 Country allocation ()E232 0.02 0.04 Philippines I2 Trade-balancing measures (I2) 0.02 0.04 Philippines H9 Measures affecting competition not elsewhere specified (H9) 0.02 0.04 Philippines C4 Import monitoring, surveillance and automatic licensing measures (C4) 0.02 0.56 Philippines F61 Custom inspection, processing and servicing fees (F61) 0.00 0.01 Philippines B851 Origin of materials and parts (B851) 0.00 0.04 Philippines J2 Restrictions on distribution channels (J2) 0.00 0.04 Philippines C3 Requirement to pass through specified port of customs (C3) 0.00 0.04 Philippines B852 Processing history (B852) 0.00 0.01 Values for which FR and CR are equal to 0 are dropped. 41 Table A10: Average Coverage Ratio and Frequency Ratio (%) over sample period 2014-2020 for Philippines - SNA Classification of goods - Capital Country SNA Classification NTM Code NTM labels Avg. CR (%) Avg. FR (%) Philippines Capital C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Capital F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Capital B32 Marking requirements (B32) 90.87 94.53 Philippines Capital F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.77 85.92 Philippines Capital D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Capital E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 75.87 93.04 Philippines Capital E112 Licensing for specified use (E112) 71.44 85.40 Philippines Capital B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 70.00 84.08 Philippines Capital H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Capital B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 45.32 65.88 Philippines Capital B82 Testing requirements (B82) 44.97 62.41 Philippines Capital B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 44.69 61.99 Philippines Capital E119 Licensing for economic reasons not elsewhere specified (E119) 26.39 4.05 Philippines Capital B7 Product quality, safety or performance requirements (B7) 16.74 5.04 Philippines Capital F12 Reference prices (F12) 16.03 0.99 Philippines Capital E111 Licensing procedure with no specific ex ante criteria (E111) 16.03 0.99 Philippines Capital B83 Certification requirements (B83) 11.52 7.02 Philippines Capital B81 Product registration/approval requirements (B81) 9.05 6.65 Philippines Capital E211 Global allocation (E211) 8.14 1.59 Philippines Capital B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 6.48 6.01 Philippines Capital B853 Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853) 1.79 1.51 Philippines Capital B85 Traceability requirements (B85) 0.64 0.58 Philippines Capital G19 Advance payment requirements not elsewhere specified (G19) 0.51 1.45 Philippines Capital B41 Technical barriers to trade regulations on production processes (B41) 0.51 1.45 Philippines Capital E113 Licensing linked with local production (E113) 0.28 0.87 Philippines Capital F65 Import licence fees (F65) 0.13 1.09 Philippines Capital E2 Quotas (E2) 0.01 0.14 Values for which FR and CR are equal to 0 are dropped. 42 Table A11: Average Coverage Ratio and Frequency Ratio (%) over sample period 2014-2020 for Philippines - SNA Classification of goods - Consumption Country SNA Classification NTM Code NTM labels Avg. CR (%) Avg. FR (%) Philippines Consumption C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Consumption F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Consumption B32 Marking requirements (B32) 91.87 90.34 Philippines Consumption F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.72 85.77 Philippines Consumption D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Consumption B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 77.17 81.67 Philippines Consumption E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 63.48 39.80 Philippines Consumption F65 Import licence fees (F65) 63.27 47.34 Philippines Consumption B83 Certification requirements (B83) 62.74 48.61 Philippines Consumption H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Consumption B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 44.30 20.52 Philippines Consumption B21 Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain substances (B21) 43.02 42.67 Philippines Consumption B89 Conformity assessment related to technical barriers to trade not elsewhere speci (B89) 30.64 31.06 Philippines Consumption B81 Product registration/approval requirements (B81) 24.96 4.74 Philippines Consumption B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 18.30 3.59 Philippines Consumption B82 Testing requirements (B82) 14.82 6.28 Philippines Consumption B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 13.07 5.78 Philippines Consumption E112 Licensing for specified use (E112) 12.76 6.59 Philippines Consumption B33 Packaging requirements (B33) 8.30 0.63 Philippines Consumption E119 Licensing for economic reasons not elsewhere specified (E119) 4.78 3.93 Philippines Consumption G19 Advance payment requirements not elsewhere specified (G19) 4.55 1.78 Philippines Consumption B41 Technical barriers to trade regulations on production processes (B41) 4.55 1.78 Philippines Consumption B7 Product quality, safety or performance requirements (B7) 2.93 3.03 Philippines Consumption B6 Product identity requirements (B6) 1.92 0.08 Philippines Consumption G11 Advance import deposits (G11) 1.92 0.08 Philippines Consumption I2 Trade-balancing measures (I2) 0.24 0.03 Philippines Consumption E232 Country allocation ()E232 0.24 0.03 Philippines Consumption H9 Measures affecting competition not elsewhere specified (H9) 0.24 0.03 Philippines Consumption C4 Import monitoring, surveillance and automatic licensing measures (C4) 0.23 2.15 Philippines Consumption F12 Reference prices (F12) 0.22 0.89 Philippines Consumption E111 Licensing procedure with no specific ex ante criteria (E111) 0.22 0.89 Philippines Consumption B85 Traceability requirements (B85) 0.09 0.30 Philippines Consumption F61 Custom inspection, processing and servicing fees (F61) 0.06 0.05 Philippines Consumption E113 Licensing linked with local production (E113) 0.03 0.44 Philippines Consumption E211 Global allocation (E211) 0.01 0.07 Philippines Consumption B853 Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853) 0.01 0.22 Philippines Consumption E2 Quotas (E2) 0.01 0.22 Philippines Consumption B19 Import authorization/licensing related to technical barriers to trade not elsewh (B19) 0.01 0.03 Values for which FR and CR are equal to 0 are dropped. 43 Table A12: Average Coverage Ratio and Frequency Ratio (%) over sample period 2014-2020 for Philippines - SNA Classification of goods - Intermediate Country SNA Classification NTM Code NTM labels Avg. CR (%) Avg. FR (%) Philippines Intermediate F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Intermediate C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Intermediate B32 Marking requirements (B32) 96.32 88.87 Philippines Intermediate F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Intermediate D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Intermediate B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 83.54 40.75 Philippines Intermediate E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 83.21 32.86 Philippines Intermediate B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 74.87 13.28 Philippines Intermediate B82 Testing requirements (B82) 74.68 13.90 Philippines Intermediate B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 72.72 14.44 Philippines Intermediate E112 Licensing for specified use (E112) 64.56 14.77 Philippines Intermediate H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Intermediate B83 Certification requirements (B83) 56.36 10.83 Philippines Intermediate B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 55.85 8.88 Philippines Intermediate B81 Product registration/approval requirements (B81) 51.91 13.85 Philippines Intermediate G19 Advance payment requirements not elsewhere specified (G19) 51.53 4.51 Philippines Intermediate B41 Technical barriers to trade regulations on production processes (B41) 51.53 4.51 Philippines Intermediate B7 Product quality, safety or performance requirements (B7) 47.32 1.05 Philippines Intermediate E211 Global allocation (E211) 46.69 0.14 Philippines Intermediate E2 Quotas (E2) 38.97 1.77 Philippines Intermediate B85 Traceability requirements (B85) 37.92 4.34 Philippines Intermediate B853 Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853) 37.01 0.89 Philippines Intermediate F65 Import licence fees (F65) 6.44 8.77 Philippines Intermediate F12 Reference prices (F12) 2.79 10.12 Philippines Intermediate E111 Licensing procedure with no specific ex ante criteria (E111) 2.79 10.12 Philippines Intermediate B33 Packaging requirements (B33) 2.10 8.15 Philippines Intermediate G9 Finance measures not elsewhere specified (G9) 0.85 0.51 Philippines Intermediate B21 Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain substances (B21) 0.85 1.81 Philippines Intermediate E119 Licensing for economic reasons not elsewhere specified (E119) 0.69 2.93 Philippines Intermediate B89 Conformity assessment related to technical barriers to trade not elsewhere speci (B89) 0.49 0.64 Philippines Intermediate F73 Taxes and charges for sensitive product categories (F73) 0.28 2.91 Philippines Intermediate E113 Licensing linked with local production (E113) 0.14 0.25 Philippines Intermediate B22 Restricted use of certain substances (B22) 0.09 0.04 Philippines Intermediate B19 Import authorization/licensing related to technical barriers to trade not elsewh (B19) 0.04 0.26 Philippines Intermediate E32 Prohibition for non-economic reasons (E32) 0.04 0.36 Philippines Intermediate B851 Origin of materials and parts (B851) 0.01 0.07 Philippines Intermediate J2 Restrictions on distribution channels (J2) 0.01 0.07 Philippines Intermediate B852 Processing history (B852) 0.00 0.02 Values for which FR and CR are equal to 0 are dropped. 44 Table A13: Average Coverage Ratio and Frequency Ratio (%) over sample period 2014-2020 for Philippines - SNA Classification of goods - Raw Material Country SNA Classification NTM Code NTM labels Avg. CR (%) Avg. FR (%) Philippines Raw Material C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Raw Material F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Raw Material B32 Marking requirements (B32) 98.41 93.49 Philippines Raw Material E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 95.13 78.78 Philippines Raw Material B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 88.22 72.61 Philippines Raw Material F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.74 Philippines Raw Material D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Raw Material E119 Licensing for economic reasons not elsewhere specified (E119) 73.24 26.33 Philippines Raw Material B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 72.61 20.29 Philippines Raw Material B82 Testing requirements (B82) 66.11 13.22 Philippines Raw Material B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 65.74 12.01 Philippines Raw Material H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Raw Material F65 Import licence fees (F65) 25.79 52.85 Philippines Raw Material B83 Certification requirements (B83) 19.05 52.06 Philippines Raw Material B21 Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain substances (B21) 17.57 24.17 Philippines Raw Material B89 Conformity assessment related to technical barriers to trade not elsewhere speci (B89) 13.95 22.73 Philippines Raw Material B81 Product registration/approval requirements (B81) 7.48 3.26 Philippines Raw Material E113 Licensing linked with local production (E113) 1.12 8.25 Philippines Raw Material F79 Internal taxes and charges levied on imports not elsewhere specified (F79) 0.71 0.59 Philippines Raw Material B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 0.41 3.09 Philippines Raw Material B19 Import authorization/licensing related to technical barriers to trade not elsewh (B19) 0.30 0.56 Philippines Raw Material C1 Pre-shipment inspection (C1) 0.29 0.39 Philippines Raw Material B853 Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853) 0.24 0.56 Philippines Raw Material B33 Packaging requirements (B33) 0.10 1.57 Philippines Raw Material B85 Traceability requirements (B85) 0.09 1.38 Philippines Raw Material F73 Taxes and charges for sensitive product categories (F73) 0.09 1.18 Philippines Raw Material F12 Reference prices (F12) 0.08 0.67 Philippines Raw Material E111 Licensing procedure with no specific ex ante criteria (E111) 0.08 0.67 Philippines Raw Material I2 Trade-balancing measures (I2) 0.02 0.34 Philippines Raw Material H9 Measures affecting competition not elsewhere specified (H9) 0.02 0.34 Philippines Raw Material E232 Country allocation ()E232 0.02 0.34 Philippines Raw Material C3 Requirement to pass through specified port of customs (C3) 0.01 0.20 Philippines Raw Material G19 Advance payment requirements not elsewhere specified (G19) 0.01 0.20 Philippines Raw Material B41 Technical barriers to trade regulations on production processes (B41) 0.01 0.20 Philippines Raw Material B7 Product quality, safety or performance requirements (B7) 0.01 0.51 Philippines Raw Material B6 Product identity requirements (B6) 0.00 0.20 Philippines Raw Material E2 Quotas (E2) 0.00 0.20 Philippines Raw Material C4 Import monitoring, surveillance and automatic licensing measures (C4) 0.00 0.20 Philippines Raw Material E112 Licensing for specified use (E112) 0.00 0.20 Values for which FR and CR are equal to 0 are dropped. 45 Table A14: Average Coverage Ratio and Frequency Ratio (%) over sample period 2014-2020 for Philippines - By HS sections (Animal, Animal or Vegetable By products) Country HS section HS section code NTM Code NTM labels Avg. CR (%) Avg. FR (%) Philippines Animal 01 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Animal 01 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Animal 01 F65 Import licence fees (F65) 99.86 93.26 Philippines Animal 01 B83 Certification requirements (B83) 99.61 97.57 Philippines Animal 01 B21 Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain substances (B21) 92.13 75.47 Philippines Animal 01 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 85.78 85.75 Philippines Animal 01 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Animal 01 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Animal 01 B89 Conformity assessment related to technical barriers to trade not elsewhere speci (B89) 70.49 60.65 Philippines Animal 01 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Animal 01 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 46.06 36.23 Philippines Animal 01 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 41.70 34.04 Philippines Animal 01 B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 19.14 7.20 Philippines Animal 01 B7 Product quality, safety or performance requirements (B7) 7.47 15.09 Philippines Animal 01 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 0.91 0.50 Philippines Animal 01 B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 0.33 0.27 Philippines Animal 01 C3 Requirement to pass through specified port of customs (C3) 0.02 0.27 Philippines Animal 01 E113 Licensing linked with local production (E113) 0.02 0.27 Philippines Animal or Vegetable Byproducts 03 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Animal or Vegetable Byproducts 03 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Animal or Vegetable Byproducts 03 B83 Certification requirements (B83) 99.91 98.51 Philippines Animal or Vegetable Byproducts 03 F65 Import licence fees (F65) 99.87 93.75 Philippines Animal or Vegetable Byproducts 03 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 99.25 95.83 Philippines Animal or Vegetable Byproducts 03 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 98.86 95.54 Philippines Animal or Vegetable Byproducts 03 B21 Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain substances (B21) 95.10 79.17 Philippines Animal or Vegetable Byproducts 03 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Animal or Vegetable Byproducts 03 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Animal or Vegetable Byproducts 03 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Animal or Vegetable Byproducts 03 B89 Conformity assessment related to technical barriers to trade not elsewhere speci (B89) 71.43 71.43 Philippines Animal or Vegetable Byproducts 03 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Animal or Vegetable Byproducts 03 B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 4.95 11.90 Values for which FR and CR are equal to 0 are dropped. 46 Table A15: Average Coverage Ratio and Frequency Ratio (%) over sample period 2014-2020 for Philippines - By HS sections (Arms and Ammunition, Chemical) Country HS section HS section code NTM Code NTM labels Avg. CR (%) Avg. FR (%) Philippines Arms and Ammunition 19 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Arms and Ammunition 19 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Arms and Ammunition 19 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 99.99 94.44 Philippines Arms and Ammunition 19 B81 Product registration/approval requirements (B81) 99.76 88.89 Philippines Arms and Ammunition 19 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 99.76 88.89 Philippines Arms and Ammunition 19 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 99.76 88.89 Philippines Arms and Ammunition 19 B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 99.76 88.89 Philippines Arms and Ammunition 19 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Arms and Ammunition 19 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Arms and Ammunition 19 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Arms and Ammunition 19 E2 Quotas (E2) 78.95 66.67 Philippines Arms and Ammunition 19 B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 77.21 61.11 Philippines Arms and Ammunition 19 B853 Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853) 77.21 61.11 Philippines Arms and Ammunition 19 B85 Traceability requirements (B85) 65.96 72.22 Philippines Arms and Ammunition 19 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Arms and Ammunition 19 E112 Licensing for specified use (E112) 52.50 44.44 Philippines Chemical 06 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Chemical 06 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Chemical 06 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 91.98 87.06 Philippines Chemical 06 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Chemical 06 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Chemical 06 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 77.01 33.20 Philippines Chemical 06 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 69.05 44.78 Philippines Chemical 06 B81 Product registration/approval requirements (B81) 68.58 46.41 Philippines Chemical 06 B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 66.59 23.45 Philippines Chemical 06 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Chemical 06 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 42.56 9.48 Philippines Chemical 06 B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 39.34 6.68 Philippines Chemical 06 F65 Import licence fees (F65) 38.50 19.95 Philippines Chemical 06 B83 Certification requirements (B83) 32.74 16.79 Philippines Chemical 06 B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 27.89 14.81 Philippines Chemical 06 B33 Packaging requirements (B33) 22.63 26.91 Philippines Chemical 06 E2 Quotas (E2) 15.22 4.95 Philippines Chemical 06 B85 Traceability requirements (B85) 7.63 12.85 Philippines Chemical 06 E119 Licensing for economic reasons not elsewhere specified (E119) 3.72 3.80 Philippines Chemical 06 B7 Product quality, safety or performance requirements (B7) 3.43 2.76 Philippines Chemical 06 F73 Taxes and charges for sensitive product categories (F73) 2.03 9.08 Philippines Chemical 06 B853 Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853) 0.73 1.88 Philippines Chemical 06 G9 Finance measures not elsewhere specified (G9) 0.50 0.35 Philippines Chemical 06 E32 Prohibition for non-economic reasons (E32) 0.28 1.15 Philippines Chemical 06 B19 Import authorization/licensing related to technical barriers to trade not elsewh (B19) 0.26 0.71 Philippines Chemical 06 B21 Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain substances (B21) 0.25 2.53 Philippines Chemical 06 G19 Advance payment requirements not elsewhere specified (G19) 0.18 0.58 Philippines Chemical 06 B41 Technical barriers to trade regulations on production processes (B41) 0.18 0.58 Philippines Chemical 06 E113 Licensing linked with local production (E113) 0.12 0.69 Philippines Chemical 06 B851 Origin of materials and parts (B851) 0.04 0.23 Philippines Chemical 06 J2 Restrictions on distribution channels (J2) 0.04 0.23 Philippines Chemical 06 B852 Processing history (B852) 0.01 0.07 Values for which FR and CR are equal to 0 are dropped. 47 Table A16: Average Coverage Ratio and Frequency Ratio (%) over sample period 2014-2020 for Philippines - By HS sections (Footwear Headgear and Other Apparel, Machinery and Mechanical Appliances, Metals) Country HS section HS section code NTM Code NTM labels Avg. CR (%) Avg. FR (%) Philippines Footwear Headgear and Other Apparel 12 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Footwear Headgear and Other Apparel 12 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Footwear Headgear and Other Apparel 12 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 94.28 78.72 Philippines Footwear Headgear and Other Apparel 12 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Footwear Headgear and Other Apparel 12 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Footwear Headgear and Other Apparel 12 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Footwear Headgear and Other Apparel 12 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Footwear Headgear and Other Apparel 12 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 4.21 2.13 Philippines Footwear Headgear and Other Apparel 12 B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 4.21 2.13 Philippines Footwear Headgear and Other Apparel 12 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 4.21 2.13 Philippines Footwear Headgear and Other Apparel 12 B83 Certification requirements (B83) 4.21 2.13 Philippines Footwear Headgear and Other Apparel 12 B41 Technical barriers to trade regulations on production processes (B41) 4.21 2.13 Philippines Footwear Headgear and Other Apparel 12 B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 4.21 2.13 Philippines Footwear Headgear and Other Apparel 12 G19 Advance payment requirements not elsewhere specified (G19) 4.21 2.13 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 97.74 97.20 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 89.69 95.32 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 89.35 85.33 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 88.42 81.34 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 88.34 81.18 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 88.21 81.05 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 E112 Licensing for specified use (E112) 80.16 83.61 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 B7 Product quality, safety or performance requirements (B7) 56.38 5.07 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 B83 Certification requirements (B83) 55.89 9.97 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 B81 Product registration/approval requirements (B81) 54.28 2.05 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 E211 Global allocation (E211) 54.28 2.05 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 54.15 8.07 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 G19 Advance payment requirements not elsewhere specified (G19) 53.33 6.53 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 B41 Technical barriers to trade regulations on production processes (B41) 53.33 6.53 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 B853 Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853) 40.56 0.88 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 E2 Quotas (E2) 40.40 0.38 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 B85 Traceability requirements (B85) 40.40 0.38 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 B21 Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain substances (B21) 0.03 0.13 Philippines Machinery and Mechanical Appliances 16 E119 Licensing for economic reasons not elsewhere specified (E119) 0.00 0.13 Philippines Metals 15 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Metals 15 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Metals 15 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 85.77 86.53 Philippines Metals 15 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Metals 15 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Metals 15 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Metals 15 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 46.21 41.13 Philippines Metals 15 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 38.60 47.55 Philippines Metals 15 E111 Licensing procedure with no specific ex ante criteria (E111) 33.56 9.74 Philippines Metals 15 F12 Reference prices (F12) 33.56 9.74 Philippines Metals 15 E112 Licensing for specified use (E112) 23.15 19.36 Philippines Metals 15 B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 18.99 15.45 Philippines Metals 15 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 18.99 15.45 Philippines Metals 15 B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 18.96 10.07 Philippines Metals 15 G19 Advance payment requirements not elsewhere specified (G19) 18.67 9.77 Philippines Metals 15 B41 Technical barriers to trade regulations on production processes (B41) 18.67 9.77 Philippines Metals 15 B83 Certification requirements (B83) 18.67 9.77 Philippines Metals 15 B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 2.28 7.64 Philippines Metals 15 E119 Licensing for economic reasons not elsewhere specified (E119) 2.26 8.17 Philippines Metals 15 B21 Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain substances (B21) 1.98 2.13 Philippines Metals 15 B81 Product registration/approval requirements (B81) 0.28 1.24 Philippines Metals 15 B853 Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853) 0.14 0.30 Values for which FR and CR are equal to 0 are dropped. 48 Table A17: Average Coverage Ratio and Frequency Ratio (%) over sample period 2014- 2020 for Philippines - By HS sections (Mineral, Miscellaneous, Optical Medical Clocks and Musical) Country HS section HS section code NTM Code NTM labels Avg. CR (%) Avg. FR (%) Philippines Mineral 05 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Mineral 05 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Mineral 05 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 99.86 92.57 Philippines Mineral 05 E119 Licensing for economic reasons not elsewhere specified (E119) 99.76 79.05 Philippines Mineral 05 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 94.83 88.32 Philippines Mineral 05 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 93.01 28.19 Philippines Mineral 05 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Mineral 05 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Mineral 05 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 75.53 21.43 Philippines Mineral 05 B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 75.22 20.27 Philippines Mineral 05 B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 62.88 26.06 Philippines Mineral 05 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Mineral 05 B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 32.39 4.63 Philippines Mineral 05 B83 Certification requirements (B83) 32.17 7.43 Philippines Mineral 05 G19 Advance payment requirements not elsewhere specified (G19) 32.08 2.70 Philippines Mineral 05 B41 Technical barriers to trade regulations on production processes (B41) 32.08 2.70 Philippines Mineral 05 F65 Import licence fees (F65) 4.12 4.73 Philippines Mineral 05 B81 Product registration/approval requirements (B81) 0.01 2.03 Philippines Mineral 05 B853 Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853) 0.00 0.77 Philippines Mineral 05 B21 Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain substances (B21) 0.00 2.70 Philippines Mineral 05 B7 Product quality, safety or performance requirements (B7) 0.00 0.39 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 97.60 81.50 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 97.06 87.00 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 84.59 18.97 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 79.08 10.30 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 73.12 14.29 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 70.56 13.11 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 E112 Licensing for specified use (E112) 61.53 1.64 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 59.51 10.07 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 B83 Certification requirements (B83) 11.31 11.01 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 B85 Traceability requirements (B85) 6.33 3.28 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 B7 Product quality, safety or performance requirements (B7) 3.66 2.69 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 B33 Packaging requirements (B33) 2.51 0.82 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 B81 Product registration/approval requirements (B81) 2.51 0.82 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 B22 Restricted use of certain substances (B22) 2.51 0.82 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 B41 Technical barriers to trade regulations on production processes (B41) 2.42 6.56 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 G19 Advance payment requirements not elsewhere specified (G19) 2.42 6.56 Philippines Miscellaneous 20 B21 Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain substances (B21) 0.00 0.82 Philippines Optical Medical Clocks and Musical 18 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Optical Medical Clocks and Musical 18 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Optical Medical Clocks and Musical 18 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 87.98 88.10 Philippines Optical Medical Clocks and Musical 18 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Optical Medical Clocks and Musical 18 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Optical Medical Clocks and Musical 18 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 83.97 69.39 Philippines Optical Medical Clocks and Musical 18 E112 Licensing for specified use (E112) 78.16 53.81 Philippines Optical Medical Clocks and Musical 18 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 62.62 60.68 Philippines Optical Medical Clocks and Musical 18 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Optical Medical Clocks and Musical 18 B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 40.11 29.93 Philippines Optical Medical Clocks and Musical 18 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 23.44 16.67 Philippines Optical Medical Clocks and Musical 18 B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 23.44 16.67 Philippines Optical Medical Clocks and Musical 18 B81 Product registration/approval requirements (B81) 21.87 17.14 Philippines Optical Medical Clocks and Musical 18 B7 Product quality, safety or performance requirements (B7) 12.60 4.90 Philippines Optical Medical Clocks and Musical 18 B21 Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain substances (B21) 1.25 0.48 Philippines Optical Medical Clocks and Musical 18 B853 Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853) 0.56 0.20 Values for which FR and CR are equal to 0 are dropped. 49 Table A18: Average Coverage Ratio and Frequency Ratio (%) over sample period 2014-2020 for Philippines - By HS sections (Pearls and Precious Metals, Plastics and Rubber, Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages) Country HS section HS section code NTM Code NTM labels Avg. CR (%) Avg. FR (%) Philippines Pearls and Precious Metals 14 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Pearls and Precious Metals 14 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Pearls and Precious Metals 14 E119 Licensing for economic reasons not elsewhere specified (E119) 87.05 94.34 Philippines Pearls and Precious Metals 14 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 87.05 94.34 Philippines Pearls and Precious Metals 14 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 85.71 86.79 Philippines Pearls and Precious Metals 14 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Pearls and Precious Metals 14 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Pearls and Precious Metals 14 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Pearls and Precious Metals 14 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 16.82 33.96 Philippines Pearls and Precious Metals 14 B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 4.69 9.16 Philippines Pearls and Precious Metals 14 B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 4.69 7.55 Philippines Pearls and Precious Metals 14 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 4.69 7.55 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 85.72 85.99 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 36.74 37.18 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 E111 Licensing procedure with no specific ex ante criteria (E111) 28.24 13.53 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 F12 Reference prices (F12) 28.24 13.53 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 21.11 23.24 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 15.91 8.89 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 E112 Licensing for specified use (E112) 13.13 16.27 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 B83 Certification requirements (B83) 10.44 8.48 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 10.28 9.57 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 10.28 9.57 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 G19 Advance payment requirements not elsewhere specified (G19) 10.20 7.66 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 B41 Technical barriers to trade regulations on production processes (B41) 10.20 7.66 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 0.33 2.73 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 B85 Traceability requirements (B85) 0.29 1.30 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 B81 Product registration/approval requirements (B81) 0.24 0.82 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 F65 Import licence fees (F65) 0.24 0.82 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 B33 Packaging requirements (B33) 0.24 0.82 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 F73 Taxes and charges for sensitive product categories (F73) 0.24 0.82 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 B19 Import authorization/licensing related to technical barriers to trade not elsewh (B19) 0.23 0.68 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 B853 Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853) 0.18 0.62 Philippines Plastics and Rubber 07 E2 Quotas (E2) 0.04 0.48 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 99.35 96.66 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 98.07 98.60 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 B83 Certification requirements (B83) 93.36 97.53 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 F65 Import licence fees (F65) 91.54 94.86 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 86.98 87.98 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 B21 Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain substances (B21) 66.79 84.11 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 B89 Conformity assessment related to technical barriers to trade not elsewhere speci (B89) 48.77 60.41 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 43.89 55.41 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 E119 Licensing for economic reasons not elsewhere specified (E119) 9.25 12.62 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 6.34 1.67 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 F79 Internal taxes and charges levied on imports not elsewhere specified (F79) 3.49 1.40 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 E113 Licensing linked with local production (E113) 3.04 0.47 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 B853 Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853) 1.07 0.80 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 H9 Measures affecting competition not elsewhere specified (H9) 1.00 1.00 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 I2 Trade-balancing measures (I2) 1.00 1.00 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 E232 Country allocation ()E232 1.00 1.00 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 E111 Licensing procedure with no specific ex ante criteria (E111) 0.68 4.41 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 F12 Reference prices (F12) 0.68 4.41 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 0.39 0.53 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 B6 Product identity requirements (B6) 0.01 0.47 Philippines Prepared Foodstuffs and Beverages 04 B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 0.01 0.47 Values for which FR and CR are equal to 0 are dropped. 50 Table A19: Average Coverage Ratio and Frequency Ratio (%) over sample period 2014-2020 for Philippines - By HS sections (Pulp and Papers, Skin and Leather, Stone Plaster and Cement, Textiles and Clothing) Country HS section HS section code NTM Code NTM labels Avg. CR (%) Avg. FR (%) Philippines Pulp and Papers 10 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Pulp and Papers 10 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Pulp and Papers 10 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Pulp and Papers 10 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Pulp and Papers 10 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Pulp and Papers 10 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Pulp and Papers 10 B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 30.91 9.12 Philippines Pulp and Papers 10 G9 Finance measures not elsewhere specified (G9) 28.66 7.80 Philippines Pulp and Papers 10 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 22.54 39.72 Philippines Pulp and Papers 10 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 1.79 1.22 Philippines Pulp and Papers 10 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 0.42 0.71 Philippines Pulp and Papers 10 B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 0.42 0.71 Philippines Skin and Leather 08 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Skin and Leather 08 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Skin and Leather 08 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 85.72 85.92 Philippines Skin and Leather 08 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Skin and Leather 08 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Skin and Leather 08 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Skin and Leather 08 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 39.45 52.17 Philippines Skin and Leather 08 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 4.15 18.84 Philippines Skin and Leather 08 B83 Certification requirements (B83) 4.13 17.39 Philippines Skin and Leather 08 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 0.02 1.45 Philippines Skin and Leather 08 B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 0.02 1.45 Philippines Skin and Leather 08 B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 0.02 1.45 Philippines Stone Plaster and Cement 13 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Stone Plaster and Cement 13 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Stone Plaster and Cement 13 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 95.33 75.52 Philippines Stone Plaster and Cement 13 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 85.93 85.91 Philippines Stone Plaster and Cement 13 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Stone Plaster and Cement 13 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Stone Plaster and Cement 13 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 85.30 29.37 Philippines Stone Plaster and Cement 13 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 79.10 13.29 Philippines Stone Plaster and Cement 13 B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 79.10 13.29 Philippines Stone Plaster and Cement 13 B41 Technical barriers to trade regulations on production processes (B41) 77.45 11.89 Philippines Stone Plaster and Cement 13 B83 Certification requirements (B83) 77.45 11.89 Philippines Stone Plaster and Cement 13 B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 77.45 11.89 Philippines Stone Plaster and Cement 13 G19 Advance payment requirements not elsewhere specified (G19) 77.45 11.89 Philippines Stone Plaster and Cement 13 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Stone Plaster and Cement 13 E112 Licensing for specified use (E112) 8.22 17.48 Philippines Stone Plaster and Cement 13 B81 Product registration/approval requirements (B81) 1.98 6.99 Philippines Stone Plaster and Cement 13 B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 1.65 1.40 Philippines Textiles and Clothing 11 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Textiles and Clothing 11 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Textiles and Clothing 11 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 86.52 88.33 Philippines Textiles and Clothing 11 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Textiles and Clothing 11 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Textiles and Clothing 11 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Textiles and Clothing 11 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 29.47 45.31 Philippines Textiles and Clothing 11 F12 Reference prices (F12) 13.30 25.30 Philippines Textiles and Clothing 11 E111 Licensing procedure with no specific ex ante criteria (E111) 13.30 25.30 Philippines Textiles and Clothing 11 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 2.87 3.50 Philippines Textiles and Clothing 11 F65 Import licence fees (F65) 1.90 2.37 Philippines Textiles and Clothing 11 E112 Licensing for specified use (E112) 1.85 0.62 Philippines Textiles and Clothing 11 B83 Certification requirements (B83) 0.93 2.67 Philippines Textiles and Clothing 11 B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 0.09 0.21 Values for which FR and CR are equal to 0 are dropped. 51 Table A20: Average Coverage Ratio and Frequency Ratio (%) over sample period 2014-2020 for Philippines - By HS sections (Vegetables) Country HS section HS section code NTM Code NTM labels Avg. CR (%) Avg. FR (%) Philippines Vegetable 02 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Vegetable 02 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Vegetable 02 F65 Import licence fees (F65) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Vegetable 02 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Vegetable 02 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Vegetable 02 B21 Tolerance limits for residues of or contamination by certain substances (B21) 92.23 75.00 Philippines Vegetable 02 B83 Certification requirements (B83) 90.98 96.61 Philippines Vegetable 02 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 90.23 85.90 Philippines Vegetable 02 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Vegetable 02 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Vegetable 02 B89 Conformity assessment related to technical barriers to trade not elsewhere speci (B89) 70.76 63.78 Philippines Vegetable 02 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Vegetable 02 E119 Licensing for economic reasons not elsewhere specified (E119) 28.49 0.65 Philippines Vegetable 02 B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 7.95 18.92 Philippines Vegetable 02 B6 Product identity requirements (B6) 6.82 0.37 Philippines Vegetable 02 G11 Advance import deposits (G11) 6.82 0.37 Philippines Vegetable 02 E113 Licensing linked with local production (E113) 5.88 14.61 Philippines Vegetable 02 B81 Product registration/approval requirements (B81) 2.12 3.11 Philippines Vegetable 02 B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 2.10 3.20 Philippines Vegetable 02 B19 Import authorization/licensing related to technical barriers to trade not elsewh (B19) 1.64 1.21 Philippines Vegetable 02 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 1.53 0.97 Philippines Vegetable 02 C1 Pre-shipment inspection (C1) 1.47 0.65 Philippines Vegetable 02 E112 Licensing for specified use (E112) 0.84 9.74 Philippines Vegetable 02 C4 Import monitoring, surveillance and automatic licensing measures (C4) 0.84 9.74 Philippines Vegetable 02 F73 Taxes and charges for sensitive product categories (F73) 0.57 2.23 Philippines Vegetable 02 B85 Traceability requirements (B85) 0.57 2.23 Philippines Vegetable 02 B33 Packaging requirements (B33) 0.57 2.23 Philippines Vegetable 02 F61 Custom inspection, processing and servicing fees (F61) 0.20 0.23 Philippines Vegetable 02 C3 Requirement to pass through specified port of customs (C3) 0.06 0.32 Values for which FR and CR are equal to 0 are dropped. 52 Table A21: Average Coverage Ratio and Frequency Ratio (%) over sample period 2014-2020 for Philippines - By HS sections (Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels, Wood and Articles of Wood, Work of Arts Country HS section HS section code NTM Code NTM labels Avg. CR (%) Avg. FR (%) Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 E112 Licensing for specified use (E112) 88.21 80.42 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 86.42 87.01 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.85 87.51 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 82.16 80.42 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 E119 Licensing for economic reasons not elsewhere specified (E119) 62.95 18.18 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 61.38 54.35 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 F12 Reference prices (F12) 38.54 4.80 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 E111 Licensing procedure with no specific ex ante criteria (E111) 38.54 4.80 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 B83 Certification requirements (B83) 11.86 18.88 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 8.37 18.18 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 B7 Product quality, safety or performance requirements (B7) 7.70 9.59 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 B42 Technical barriers to trade regulations on transport and storage (B42) 3.59 11.19 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 B853 Distribution and location of products after delivery (B853) 3.53 3.90 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 3.51 10.99 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 3.42 9.79 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 B81 Product registration/approval requirements (B81) 1.28 12.59 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 E113 Licensing linked with local production (E113) 0.69 6.29 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 F65 Import licence fees (F65) 0.20 1.90 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 B41 Technical barriers to trade regulations on production processes (B41) 0.01 0.70 Philippines Vehicles Aircraft and Vessels 17 G19 Advance payment requirements not elsewhere specified (G19) 0.01 0.70 Philippines Wood and Articles of Wood 09 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Wood and Articles of Wood 09 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Wood and Articles of Wood 09 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Wood and Articles of Wood 09 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 99.97 99.17 Philippines Wood and Articles of Wood 09 F65 Import licence fees (F65) 87.14 80.99 Philippines Wood and Articles of Wood 09 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Wood and Articles of Wood 09 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Wood and Articles of Wood 09 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Wood and Articles of Wood 09 B84 Inspection requirements (B84) 21.83 4.96 Philippines Wood and Articles of Wood 09 B82 Testing requirements (B82) 21.40 3.31 Philippines Wood and Articles of Wood 09 G19 Advance payment requirements not elsewhere specified (G19) 21.40 3.31 Philippines Wood and Articles of Wood 09 B41 Technical barriers to trade regulations on production processes (B41) 21.40 3.31 Philippines Wood and Articles of Wood 09 B859 Traceability requirements not elsewhere specified (B859) 21.40 3.31 Philippines Wood and Articles of Wood 09 B83 Certification requirements (B83) 21.40 3.31 Philippines Wood and Articles of Wood 09 E1 Non-automatic import-licensing procedures other than authorizations covered unde (E1) 21.40 3.31 Philippines Work of Arts 21 F62 Merchandise-handling or -storing fees (F62) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Work of Arts 21 C9 Other formalities not elsewhere specified (C9) 100.00 100.00 Philippines Work of Arts 21 B32 Marking requirements (B32) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Work of Arts 21 D31 General (multilateral) safeguards (D31) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Work of Arts 21 F69 Additional charges not elsewhere specified (F69) 85.71 85.71 Philippines Work of Arts 21 H Measure affecting competition (H) 57.14 57.14 Philippines Work of Arts 21 B31 Labelling requirements (B31) 0.67 14.29 Values for which FR and CR are equal to 0 are dropped. 53