1 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s To wa r d S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t a n d N o r t h A f r i c a 2014/31 90889 A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRACTIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE THE BOTTOM LINE Tracking Progress Toward Sustainable Energy for All in the Where does the region stand on the quest for sustainable Middle East and North Africa energy for all? In 2010, the region had an electrification Why is this important? based on rigorous—yet practical, given available databases—technical rate of 94 percent, and 97 measures. This note is based on that framework (World Bank 2014). percent of the population had Tracking regional trends is critical to monitoring SE4ALL will publish an updated version of the GTF in 2015. access to nonsolid fuel for the progress of the Sustainable Energy for All The primary indicators and data sources that the GTF uses to cooking. The penetration of (SE4ALL) initiative track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals are summarized below. renewable energy is very low. • Energy access. Access to modern energy services is measured Energy intensity lies below the In declaring 2012 the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for by the percentage of the population with an electricity global average but is increasing All,” the UN General Assembly established three global objectives connection and the percentage of the population with access to rather than declining. Access to be accomplished by 2030: to ensure universal access to modern nonsolid fuels.2 These data are collected using household surveys to modern energy services is energy services,1 to double the 2010 share of renewable energy in and reported in the World Bank’s Global Electrification Database not a problem, but the SE4ALL the global energy mix, and to double the global rate of improvement and the World Health Organization’s Household Energy Database. goals for renewable energy and in energy efficiency relative to the period 1990–2010 (SE4ALL 2012). • Renewable energy. The share of renewable energy in the energy efficiency pose serious The SE4ALL objectives are global, with individual countries setting energy mix is measured by the percentage of total final energy challenges. their own national targets in a way that is consistent with the overall consumption that is derived from renewable energy resources. spirit of the initiative. Because countries differ greatly in their ability Data used to calculate this indicator are obtained from energy to pursue the three objectives, some will make more rapid progress balances published by the International Energy Agency and the in one area while others will excel elsewhere, depending on their United Nations. respective starting points and comparative advantages as well as on Elisa Portale is an • Energy efficiency. The rate of improvement of energy efficiency the resources and support that they are able to marshal. energy economist in is approximated by the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) To sustain momentum for the achievement of the SE4ALL the Energy Sector of energy intensity, where energy intensity is the ratio of total Management Assistance objectives, a means of charting global progress to 2030 is needed. primary energy consumption to gross domestic product (GDP) Program (ESMAP) of the The World Bank and the International Energy Agency led a consortium measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Data used to World Bank’s Energy and Extractives of 15 international agencies to establish the SE4ALL Global Tracking calculate energy intensity are obtained from energy balances Global Practice. Framework (GTF), which provides a system for regular global reporting, published by the International Energy Agency and the United Joeri de Wit is an Nations. energy economist in 1 The universal access goal will be achieved when every person on the planet has access the Bank’s Energy and to modern energy services provided through electricity, clean cooking fuels, clean heating fuels, Extractives Global and energy for productive use and community services. The term “modern cooking solutions” refers to solutions that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including liquefied petroleum gas), 2 Solid fuels are defined to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural Practice. or solid/liquid fuels paired with stoves exhibiting overall emissions rates at or near those of and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed biomass (such as pellets and briquettes), and liquefied petroleum gas (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). 2 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s To wa r d S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t a n d N o r t h A f r i c a Figure 1. The electricity access deficit in the region in 2010 can be found online at http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/ sustainable-energy-for-all. What progress has been made toward universal Rural 90% access to energy services? “The challenge of Without access 6% In 2010, the region had an electrification rate of Urban electrification remains With access 10% 94 percent, and 97 percent of the population had 94% particularly significant in access to nonsolid fuel for cooking the Republic of Yemen and Achieving universal access to modern energy services is the “first Djibouti, where less than among equals” of the three complementary goals of SE4ALL. Despite Source: World Bank 2014. half of the population has progress in this region, a huge energy access deficit remains. access to electricity. Yemen Electricity. Access to electricity in flexible, reliable, and sustain- This note uses GTF data to provide a regional and country able forms brings a range of social and economic benefits, enabling is also the MNA country perspective on the three SE4ALL goals in the Middle East and North people to leap from poverty to a better future, enhancing the quality with the largest absolute Africa (MNA) region. The first section considers energy access. 3 of household life, and stimulating the broader economy. In 2010, the access deficit: More than The following sections look at the renewable energy and energy MNA region had an electrification rate of 94 percent (figure 1), nearly 13 million Yemenis lacked efficiency goals. All data underlying the information in this note two-thirds of whom live in urban areas. The 6 percent of the popula- tion who lack access to electricity constitute 18 million (1.5 percent) access to electricity in 3 For a list of countries that fall under Middle East and North Africa according to the World of the 1.2 billion people worldwide who lack access to electricity. 2010.” Bank regional classification system, see http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending- Eighteen million people is close to the entire population of the Syrian groups Arab Republic or the combined populations of Jordan, Libya, and Lebanon. Figure 2. Electrification rates and deficits by country, 2010 The challenge of electrification remains particularly significant in the Republic of Yemen and Djibouti, where a. Electrification rates (%) b. Access deficit (millions of less than half of the population has access to electricity. people without access) Yemen is also the MNA country with the largest absolute Yemen 13.27 Libya 100 access deficit: More than 13 million Yemenis lacked access Syria 1.49 Lebanon 99.9 Iran 1.18 Egypt 99.6 to electricity in 2010 (figure 2). Iraq 0.63 Tunisia 99.5 The share of the region’s population with access to Dijibouti 0.45 Jordan 99.4 electricity rose from 86 percent (192 million people) in Morocco 0.35 Algeria 99.3 Egypt 0.32 Morocco 98.9 1990 to approximately 94 percent (313 million people) in Algeria 0.25 Iran 98.4 2010, rate of access that was well above the global aver- West Bank 0.24 Iraq 98.0 age (which increased from 76 percent to 83 percent over Tunisia 0.05 West Bank 94.1 Jordan 0.04 Syria 92.7 the same period). As 120 million people gained access to Lebanon 0 Dijibouti 49.7 electricity (7 percent of the 1.7 billion people who gained Libya 0 Yemen 44.8 access between 1990 and 2010), the population grew by Source: World Bank 2014. 3 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s To wa r d S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t a n d N o r t h A f r i c a Figure 3. Progress in access to electricity in urban and rural areas, 1990–2010 Population with access in 1990 Rural 81 39 16 Incremental access in 1990-2010 Population without access in 2010 “Most of the incremental Urban 112 81 2 electrification in the region Total 192 120 18 over the period 1990–2010 occurred in urban areas, 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 population (million) where an additional 81 million people gained Source: World Bank 2014. access to electricity, about twice the increase in rural areas.” 106 million. Access thus outpaced population growth by about 14 modest growth in rural populations allowed the rural electrification million people. rate to increase more steeply, from 74 to 88 percent, despite a much Most of the incremental electrification in the region over the lower level of electrification effort overall in the rural space (figure 3). period 1990–2010 occurred in urban areas, where an additional 81 The Arab Republic of Egypt made particularly rapid progress, million people gained access to electricity, about twice the increase electrifying an average of 1.3 million annually in the 20 years after in rural areas (39 million people). The region’s urban electrification 1990, for an annual growth rate of 1.6 percent (figure 4). The global rate grew from 96 to 99 percent during the same period. More average annual increase in access was 1.3 percent for the period. Figure 4. Annual increases in access to electricity, 1990–2010 Annual incremental population growth Annual incremental access growth 2 Annual growth in access (%) 4 annual growth in access (%) 3 population (million) 1 2 1 0 0 Egypt Iran Morocco Iraq Algeria Syria Yemen Jordan Tunisia Libya West Bank Lebanon Dijibouti Source: World Bank 2014. 4 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s To wa r d S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t a n d N o r t h A f r i c a Figure 5. Access to nonsolid fuels by country, 2010 In 2010, 97 percent of the region’s population had access to nonsolid fuel for cooking. But nine million people still lack it (eight a. Access to nonsolid fuel (%) b. Deficit in access to nonsolid million of them in Yemen). Although a small fraction (0.3 percent) of fuel (millions of people the 2.8 billion who lack access globally, the region’s deficit is equal without access) to the entire population of Tunisia. Egypt 100 Yemen 7.99 The challenge of access to nonsolid fuel remains particularly “The challenge of access Iran 100 Morocco 0.74 significant in Yemen, where only two out of three people have access Syria 100 Iraq 0.13 to nonsolid fuel remains Libya 100 Dijibouti 0.12 to nonsolid fuel (figure 5). particularly significant in Jordan 100 Egypt 0.01 The share of the region’s population with access to nonsolid Lebanon 100 Iran 0.01 fuel for cooking rose from 86 percent (192 million people) in 1990 Yemen, where only two Algeria 100 Algeria 0 Tunisia 100 Syria 0 to approximately 97 percent (318 million people) in 2010. Access is out of three people have far above the global level, which rose from 47 percent (2.5 billion Iraq 100 Tunisia 0 access to nonsolid fuel.” Morocco 98 Libya 0 people) in 1990 to approximately 59 percent (4.1 billion people) Dijibouti 87 Jordan 0 Yemen 67 Lebanon 0 in 2010. Between 1990 and 2010, as 126 million people gained access to Source: World Bank 2014. nonsolid fuel, the region’s population grew by 106 million. Access Note: Percentages rounded to nearest whole number. thus outpaced population growth by about 20 million people. The MNA region represents 8 percent of the global increase in population Cooking fuels. The World Health Organization estimates that with access to nonsolid fuel for the period 1990–2010. in 2012 about 4.3 million deaths occurred worldwide because of Egypt made particularly rapid progress, providing access to non- exposure to household air pollution caused by smoke from the solid fuel to an average of 1.4 million new users each year after 1990, incomplete combustion of fuels such as wood, coal, and kerosene. for an annual growth rate of 1.8 percent (figure 6). The global average Use of such fuels for cooking also poses substantial risks to safety, annual increase in access was 1.1 percent for the same period. causing burns and injuries. Figure 6. Annual increases in access to nonsolid fuels, 1990–2010 2 3 Annual incremental population growth annual growth in access (%) Annual incremental access growth Annual growth in access (%) population (million) 2 1 1 0 0 Egypt Iran Iraq Algeria Morocco Syria Yemen Tunisia Jordan Libya Lebanon Dijibouti Source: World Bank 2014. 5 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s To wa r d S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t a n d N o r t h A f r i c a How has the share of renewable energy evolved? Figure 7.  Total final consumption of renewable energy by technology, 1990–2010 The penetration of renewable energy is very low 0.4 4 Global consumption of renewable energy grew from 40 exajoules (EJ) Other RE 0.3 Hydro in 1990 to almost 60 EJ in 2010. Meanwhile, global total final energy Modern biomass consumption (TFEC) grew at a comparable pace of 1.1 percent during 0.3 3 Traditional biomass “The low penetration of 1990–2000 and 2.0 percent during 2000–10. As a result, the share of RE share in TFEC renewable energy is a renewable energy in the global energy mix remained relatively stable, 0.2 exajoules percent 2 regional phenomenon but rising from 16.6 percent in 1990 to 18 percent in 2010. 0.2 varies somewhat across The penetration of renewable energy in the MNA region is much lower. In fact, the share of renewables in the region’s TFEC declined 0.1 countries.” 1 from 3.5 percent in 1990 to 2.3 percent in 2010 (figure 7). Traditional 0.1 biomass and hydropower each account for about 40 percent of the 0.3 exajoules of renewable energy consumed, while modern biomass 0 0 accounts for most of the rest, except for the small share of wind and 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 solar power.4 Source: World Bank 2014. 4 The UN Food and Agriculture Organization defines traditional biomass as “woodfuels, agricultural by-products, and dung burned for cooking and heating purposes.” In developing The low penetration of renewable energy is a regional phenom- countries, traditional biomass is still widely harvested and used in an unsustainable and unsafe enon but varies somewhat across countries (figure 8). Countries that way. It is mostly traded informally and non-commercially. So-called modern biomass, by con- trast, is produced in a sustainable manner from solid wastes and residues from agriculture and source at least 2 percent of their energy needs from renewables forestry. The informal term “modern renewables” as used in this note denotes all renewables except traditional biomass. do so with traditional biomass and hydropower. Jordan is a distinct exception, as it derives 3 Figure 8. Renewable energy’s share of total final energy consumption, 2010 percent of TFEC from solar power. World Wind power grew at a MENA remarkable average annual rate of 43 percent between 1990 Tunisia and 2010, double the global Morocco Traditional biomass rate in CAGR terms (figure 9). Egypt, Arab. Rep. Modern biomass Wind power has a significant Lebanon Hydro presence in Morocco and Egypt. Jordan Liquid biofuels Solar power grew in MNA at half Libya Wind Solar the global rate, while biomass Iraq Syrian Arab Republic Biogas and hydro were on par with Geothermal Yemen, Republic global rates. No significant con- Waste Iran, Islamic Rep. sumption of other renewable Algeria resources was registered. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 percent Source: World Bank 2014. 6 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s To wa r d S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t a n d N o r t h A f r i c a Figure 9. Annual regional and world growth in renewable energy consumption by technology, 1990–2010 compound annual growth rate (%) 60 50 48.3 40 “Modern biomass and MNA 30 World 25.0 hydropower account for 20 16.7 the bulk of the shifts in 10 11.1 11.4 5.1 6.6 4.5 penetration of modern 0 2.3 1.2 2.5 1.9 2.0 2.3 renewables; in Lebanon Traditional biomass Modern biomass Hydro Geothermal Waste Liquid biofuels Solar Biogas Wind and Jordan, however, solar Source: World Bank 2014. energy is important as well.” Figure 10. Change in consumption of modern forms of renewable energy in How does the region fare on energy selected countries as a percentage of TFEC, 1990–2000 efficiency? Morocco Energy intensity lies below the global average Tunisia Modern biomass but is increasing Jordan Hydro Libya Energy intensity. Globally, energy intensity decreased by Liquid biofuels Iraq –1.3 percent annually (in CAGR terms) over the 20 years Wind Iran, Islamic Rep. Solar between 1990 and 2010. With this as the starting point for Syrian Arab Republic Biogas Geothermal measuring future progress in global energy efficiency, the Yemen, Republic Waste SE4ALL global objective is therefore an annual reduction in Lebanon energy intensity of -2.6 percent for the period 2010–30. Egypt, Arab. Rep. The MNA region has an average energy intensity of 6.7 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 MJ/$2005, below the global average of 7.9 MJ/$2005 (figure percent 11). However, MNA is the only region in which average Source: World Bank 2014. energy intensity increased between 1990 and 2010—at an annual rate of 0.9 percent per year. Furthermore, the rate of increase has accelerated over time, from 0.7 percent Between 1990 and 2010, Morocco achieved the largest net gain per year between 1990 and 2000 to 1 percent per year between 2000 in modern renewables as a share of TFEC, at around 1.4 percent. and 2010. At the country level, energy intensity increased most rap- At the other extreme, the share of modern renewables in Egypt idly in the Islamic Republic of Iran and decreased most rapidly in Iraq. declined by 2 percent (figure 10). With the penetration of all renew- In 2010, Iran and Iraq were the region’s two most energy-intensive ables in the region averaging around 2.3 percent, these shifts are countries, consuming 11.6 MJ/$2005 and 15.5 MJ/$2005 respectively. significant. Modern biomass and hydropower account for the bulk Tunisia was the least energy-intensive country, consuming 4.5 of the shifts in penetration of modern renewables; in Lebanon and MJ/$2005. Jordan, however, solar energy is important as well. 7 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s To wa r d S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t a n d N o r t h A f r i c a Figure 11. Level of energy intensity in 2010 and change in level, 1990–2010 a. Primary energy intensity, 2010 b. Energy intensity CAGR, 1990–2010 World 7.9 World -1.3 MNA 6.7 MNA 0.9 “The MNA region has an Tunisia 4.5 Iraq -3.3 average energy intensity Morocco 5.0 Jordan -1.6 of 6.7 MJ/$2005, below Lebanon 5.1 Syrian Arab Republic -1.2 Yemen, Rep. 5.3 Tunisia -1.1 the global average of Algeria 6.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. -0.4 7.9 MJ/$2005. However, Dijibouti 6.7 Libya 0.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. 6.8 Lebanon 0.2 MNA is the only region Libya 7.9 Algeria 0.3 in which average energy Syrian Arab Republic 9.4 Yemen, Rep. 0.4 Jordan 9.5 Morocco 0.8 intensity increased Iran, Islamic Rep. 11.6 Dijibouti 1.3 Iraq 15.5 Iran, Islamic Rep. 1.5 between 1990 and 2010— 0 5 10 15 20 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 at an annual rate of MJ/$2005 percent 0.9 percent per year. Source: World Bank 2014. Energy intensity is an imperfect proxy for energy efficiency. This Figure 12. Energy intensity by sector, 1990 and 2010 is because energy intensity is affected by other factors, such as shifts in the structure of the economy over time, typically from less Other sectors 7.4 World energy-intensive agriculture to higher energy-intensive industry and 5.5 then back toward lower energy-intensive services. In MNA, a shift 6.7 MNA 8.1 toward more energy intensive sectors, particularly between 2000 and 9.0 2010, contributed to the observed increase in energy intensity. Within World Industry 6.8 sectors, energy intensity increased in agriculture and “other sectors” 5.4 but not in industry (figure 12).5 MNA 5.3 Energy savings. Energy savings in a given year are calculated 3.3 Agriculture World 2.1 Energy intensity 1990 as the difference between (i) the energy that would have been Energy intensity 2010 2.4 consumed in that year given the GDP and the level of energy MNA 3.2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5 Final energy consumption can be broadly divided among the following major economic MJ/$2005 PPP sectors: agriculture, industry, residential, transport, and services. For the purpose of the Global Tracking Framework, residential, transport, and services are aggregated into a single category of “other sectors” (due to data limitations). Using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index decomposi- Source: World Bank 2014. tion approach, we control for changes in economy wide energy intensity that are due to shifts in the relative weights of the industrial, agricultural and other sectors (in $2005 PPP terms). 8 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s To wa r d S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t a n d N o r t h A f r i c a Figure 13. Energy savings owing to realized improvements in At the country level, the largest energy savings, both in absolute energy intensity, 1990–2010 terms and as a percentage of energy supply over the last two decades, were registered in Iraq, undoubtedly as a consequence 20 Total primary energy supply of the unique political and economic climate in that country (figure 18 16 Primary energy savings 14). Energy savings in Jordan, Syria, and Tunisia amounted to at least “Energy savings in 14 10 percent of energy consumption and those in Egypt, 4 percent of Jordan, Syria, and Tunisia 12 energy consumption. Other countries of the region saw negative 10 energy savings relative to 1990 levels of energy intensity. exajoules amounted to at least 8 6 10 percent of energy 4 Where is the region headed? consumption.” 2 0 Access to modern energy services is not a problem, 1990 2000 2010 but the SE4ALL goals for renewable energy and Source: World Bank 2014. energy efficiency pose serious challenges Monitoring progress at the regional and country level provides a much intensity in 1990, and (ii) actual energy consumption in that year. clearer picture of how the region is moving toward the SE4All goals. The region’s overall energy intensity has not changed much since With respect to access to modern energy services, the region did 1990, except during the mid-1990s and mid 2000s, when it fell and not present major challenges in 2010. Yemen was the only country rose again, producing a “temporary savings” (figure 13). In 2010 the registering a significant deficit in access to both electricity and region consumed 0.3 exajoules more energy (or 1.6 percent of its nonsolid fuel. primary energy use that year) than it would have consumed if energy The very low penetration of renewable energy in 2010 presents intensity had remained at 1990 levels. an opportunity for the region to meet the SE4ALL goal by doubling its Figure 14. Cumulative primary energy supply, cumulative energy savings, and cumulative energy savings as a share of cumulative primary energy supply, 1990–2010 a. Cumulative primary energy supply b. Cumulative energy savings c. Savings as a share of supply (exajoules) (exajoules) (percent) Iran, Islamic Rep. 118 Iraq 24 Iraq 99 Egypt, Arab Rep. 42 Syrian Arab 2 Jordan 15 Algeria 25 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2 Syrian Arab 14 Iraq 24 Tunisia 1 Tunisia 12 Libya 14 Jordan 1 Egypt, Arab Rep. 4 Syrian Arab 14 Dijibouti 0 Algeria -4 Morocco 10 Yemen Rep. 0 Yemen Rep. -11 Tunisia 6 Lebanon -1 Morocco -11 Jordan 5 Algeria -1 Lebanon -15 Yemen Rep. 4 Morocco -1 Iran, Islamic Rep. -19 Lebanon 4 Libya -3 Libya -19 Dijibouti 0 Iran, Islamic Rep. -22 Dijibouti -20 9 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s To wa r d S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t a n d N o r t h A f r i c a low current level. However, unless current trends are changed, the References MAKE FURTHER expansion of renewable energy will not keep pace with the projected SE4ALL (Sustainable Energy for All Initiative). 2012. In Support of the CONNECTIONS expansion of energy demand in the region. Objective to Achieve Universal Access to Modern Energy Services With regard to energy efficiency, although the region’s energy-in- by 2030. Technical Report of Task Force 1: New York. http://www. Live Wire 2014/28. “Tracking tensity levels were below the global average in 2010, it is still the only sustainableenergyforall.org/about-us. Progress Toward Providing one in which energy intensity increased between 1990 and 2010. World Bank. 2014. Global Tracking Framework. Sustainable Energy for Sustainable Energy for All in East Given the scale of the challenge inherent in meeting the three All. Report 85415, Washington, DC. http://documents.worldbank. Asia and the Pacific,” by Elisa SE4ALL goals, it is clear that a combination of bold policy measures org/curated/en/2014/01/19164902/global-tracking-framework. Portale and Joeri de Wit. coupled with a supportive regulatory and institutional environment is required to support the requisite ramping up of delivery capacity and Preparation of this note benefitted from comments by Morgan Bazilian, lead Live Wire 2014/29. “Tracking financial flows to the energy sector. energy specialist in the World Bank’s Energy and Extractives Global Practice, Progress Toward Providing and Vivien Foster, a manager in that practice. Sustainable Energy for All in Eastern Europe and Central Asia,” by Elisa Portale and Joeri de Wit. Live Wire 2014/30. “Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy for All in Latin America and the Caribbean,” by Elisa Portale and Joeri de Wit. Live Wire 2014/32. “Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy for All in South Asia,” by Elisa Portale and Joeri de Wit. Live Wire 2014/33. “Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy for All in Sub-Saharan Africa,” by Elisa Portale and Joeri de Wit. 10 Get Connected to Live Wire Get Connected to Live Wire Live Wires are designed for easy reading on the screen and for downloading The Live Wire series of online knowledge notes is an initiative of the World Bank Group’s Energy and self-printing in color or “Live Wire is designed and Extractives Global Practice, reflecting the emphasis on knowledge management and solu- black and white. tions-oriented knowledge that is emerging from the ongoing change process within the Bank for practitioners inside Group. 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This note is based on that frame- g su v i d i n had an electrification rate of Why is this important? ess Toward Pro work (World Bank 2014). SE4ALL will publish an updated version of 1 Tracking Progr 95 percent, and 52 percent of the population had access Tracking regional trends is critical to monitoring the GTF in 2015. to nonsolid fuel for cooking. the progress of the Sustainable Energy for All The primary indicators and data sources that the GTF uses to track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals are summarized below. consumption of renewable (SE4ALL) initiative C T I V E S G L O B A L P R A C T I C E EXTRA • Energy access. Access to modern energy services is measured energy decreased G E N O T E overall S E R I E S F OR THE ENERGY & Year of Sustainable Energy for A KNO WLED In declaring 2012 the “International by the percentage of the population with an electricity between 1990 and 2010, though All,” the UN General Assembly established three objectives to be connection and the percentage of the population with access Energy modern forms grew rapidly. d Providing Sustainable accomplished by 2030: to ensure universal access to modern energy to nonsolid fuels.2 These data are collected using household energy intensity levels are high Tracking Progress Towar services,1 to double the 2010 share of renewable energy in the global surveys and reported in the World Bank’s Global Electrification but declining rapidly. overall THE BOTTOM LINE energy mix, and to double the global rate of improvement in energy e and Central Asia trends are positive, but bold Database and the World Health Organization’s Household Energy for All in Eastern Europ stand efficiency relative to the period 1990–2010 (SE4ALL 2012). where does the region policy measures will be required setting Database. The SE4ALL objectives are global, with individual countries on that frame- on the quest for sustainable to sustain progress. note is based renewable energy in the their own national targets databases— technical in a measures. way that is Thisconsistent with the overall of • Renewable energy. The share of energy for all? The region will publish an updated version energy mix is measured by the percentage of total final energy SE4ALL differ greatly in their ability Why is this important? spirit ofwork (World Bank the initiative. Because2014). countries to has near-universal access g objectives, some will make more rapid progress consumption that is derived from renewable energy resources. of is critical to monitorin to pursue the the GTF three in 2015. that the GTF uses to electricity, and 93 percent Tracking regional trends for All in one areaThe while will excel and othersindicators primary data sources elsewhere, depending on their below. Data used to calculate this indicator are obtained from energy the population has access Sustainab le Energy goals are summarized balances published by the International Energy Agency and the the progress of the towardand the three SE4ALL comparative advantages as well as on respective track starting progresspoints to nonsolid fuel for cooking. modern to are energy services is measured United Nations. initiative the resources and Energy access. Access support that they able to marshal. despite relatively abundant (SE4ALL) with an electricity connection Elisa Portale is an l Year of Sustainable Energy for To sustain percentage of by the momentum for the the population achievement of the SE4ALL 2• Energy efficiency. The rate of improvement of energy efficiency hydropower, the share In declaring 2012 the “Internationa energy economist in with access to nonsolid fuels. three global objectives objectives, andathe means of charting percentage of the population global progress to 2030 is needed. is approximated by the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly established the Energy Sector surveys and reported access to modern universalAssistance The World TheseBank and data are the collected International using household Energy Agency led a consor- of energy intensity, where energy intensity is the ratio of total consumption has remained to be accomplished by 2030: to ensure Management Database and the World of theenergy intium of 15 renewable international in the World Bank’s Global agencies toElectrification establish the SE4ALL Global primary energy consumption to gross domestic product (GDP) energy the 2010 share of Program (ESMAP) relatively low. very high energy services, to double Database. measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Data used to 1 t ’s Household provides Energy a system for regular rate of improvemen World Bank’s Energy and Extractives Tracking Framework Health (GTF), which Organization intensity levels have come and to double the global energy in the energy the global energy mix, Global Practice. (SE4ALL 2012). global reporting, based on Renewable energy. rigorous—yet of renewable The sharepractical, given available calculate energy intensity are obtained from energy balances questions the period 1990–2010 consumption down rapidly. The big in energy efficiency relative to percentage of total final energy published by the International Energy Agency and the United evolve Joeri withde Wit is an countries setting individual mix is measured by the Data used to are how renewables will The SE4ALL objectives are global, overall renewable energy resources. on the planet has access the from published Nations. inwith when every person picks up energy economist in a way that is consistent 1 The that is derived universal access goal will be achieved balances when energy demand their own national targets the Bank’s Energy and this indicator are obtained to modern energy services provided in their ability from energy through electricity, clean cooking fuels, clean heating fuels, recent rates countries differ greatly calculate productive use and community services. The term “modern solutions” cookingNations. again and whether Because and energy for and the United Solid fuels are defined to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural spirit of the initiative. Extractives Global Energy Agency 2 some will make more rapid progress by the refers to solutions International that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including liquefied petroleum gas), those of efficiency is and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed biomass (such as pellets and briquettes), and of decline in energy intensity to pursue the three objectives, Practice. on their or solid/liquid fuels paired with stoves exhibiting efficiency. The rate of overall improvemen emissions rates at ort of energy near will excel elsewhere, depending Energy other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). of energy will continue. in one area while others liquefied petroleum gas (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). on annual growth rate (CAGR) and comparative advantages as well as approximated by the compound of total primary energy respective starting points intensity is the ratio that they are able to marshal. intensity, where energy the resources and support (GDP) measured in purchas- of the SE4ALL consumption to gross domestic product for the achievement energy intensity Elisa Portale is an To sustain momentum terms. Data used to calculate charting global progress to 2030 is needed. ing power parity (PPP) the International energy economist in objectives, a means of balances published by the Energy Sector International Energy Agency led a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the United Nations. Management Assistance agencies to establish the the GTF to provide a regional and tium of 15 international for regular This note uses data from Program (ESMAP) of the which provides a system for Eastern Tracking Framework (GTF), the three pillars of SE4ALL World Bank’s Energy and Extractives on rigorous—yet practical, given available country perspective on Global Practice. global reporting, based has access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when every person on the planet The universal access goal heating fuels, clean cooking fuels, clean energy economist in 1 agricultural provided through electricity, biomass (wood, charcoal, to modern energy services The term “modern cooking solutions” to include both traditional and briquettes), and Solid fuels are defined the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and energy for productive petroleum gas), and so on), processed fuels (including liquefied and forest residues, dung, involve electricity or gaseous at or near those of Extractives Global refers to solutions that overall emissions rates other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting Practice. or solid/liquid fuels paired (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). liquefied petroleum gas 11 D o y o u h av e s o m e t h i n g t o s ay ? S ay i t i n L i v e W i r e ! Contribute to If you can’t spare the time to contribute to Live Wire, but have an idea for a topic, or case we should cover, let us know! Do you have something to say? We welcome your ideas through any of the following Say it in Live Wire! channels: Via the Communities of Those working on the front lines of energy and extractives development in emerging economies Practice in which you are have a wealth of technical knowledge and case experience to share with their colleagues but active seldom have the time to write for publication. By participating in the Energy Live Wire offers prospective authors a support system to make sharing your knowledge as easy as and Extractives Global possible: Practice’s annual Live Wire • Trained writers among our staff will be assigned upon request to draft Live Wire stories with series review meeting staff active in operations. By communicating directly • A professional series editor ensures that the writing is punchy and accessible. with the team (contact • A professional graphic designer assures that the final product looks great—a feather in your cap! Morgan Bazilian, mbazilian@ worldbank.org) Live Wire aims to raise the profile of operational staff wherever they are based; those with hands-on knowledge to share. That’s your payoff! It’s a chance to model good uroPe and cenT ral asia 2014/29 all in easTern e ble energy for “knowledge citizenship” and participate in the ongoing change process at the Bank, v i d i n g s u s Ta i n a ess Toward Pro 1 Tracking Progr where knowledge management is becoming everybody’s business. A KNOWLEDGE NOT E SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRACT IVES GLOBAL PRAC TICE rgy Providing Sustainable Ene Tracking Progress Toward 2014/28 o r a l l i n e a s T a s i a a n d T h e Pa c i f i c 1 Tracking Progres s To wa r d P r o v i d i n g s u s Ta i n a b l e e n e r g y f LINE THE BOTTOM pe and Cen tral Asia for All in Eastern Euro stand where does the region on the quest for sustaina ble based on that frame- measures. This note is databases—technical of energy for all? The region publish an updated version Bank 2014). SE4ALL will has near-universal access to Why is this important? NERGY & EXTRACTIVES GLOB work (World AL PRACTICE A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE E electricity, and 93 percent of g regiona l trends is critical to monitoring the GTF in 2015. data sources that the GTF uses to Trackin The primary indicator s and the population has access s of the Sustain able Energy for All the three SE4ALL goals are summari zed below. the progres track progress toward is measured Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy nonsolid fuel for cooking. to modern energy services THE BOTTOM LINE to Your Name Here despite relatively abundan t (SE4ALL) initiative Energy access. Access population with an electricity connection ional Year of Sustainab le Energy for by the percentage of the to nonsolid fuels. 2 hydropower, the share for All in East Asia and the Pacific where does the region stand In declaring 2012 the “Internat objectives and the percentage of the population with access of renewables in energy established three global ld surveys and reported on the quest for sustainable All,” the UN General Assembly access to modern These data are collected using househo universal the World Become an author 2030: to ensure and energy for all? in 2010, eaP consumption has remained to be accomplished by le energy in Bank’s Global Electrifica tion Database very high energy the 2010 share of renewab in measures. the World This note is based on that frame- . low. energy services, to double 1 databases—technical Database of had an electrification raterelatively Why is this important? rate of improvement Health Organiza tion’s Household Energy of intensity levels have come and to double the global work (World Bank 2014). SE4ALL will publish an updated version share of renewable energy in the energy 95 percent, and 52 percent the global energy mix, 0 (SE4ALL 2012). Renewable energy. The down rapidly. The Tracking regional big question s trends is critical to monitoring to the period 1990–201 the GTF in 2015. total final energy consump tion of the population had access in energy efficiency relative l countries setting d by the percentage of of Live Wire and global, with individua mix is measure sources that the GTF uses to resources. Data used to are how renewab theles will evolve progress of the Sustainable Energy objective for All s are The primary indicators and data to nonsolid fuel for cooking. The SE4ALL t with the overall that is derived from renewable energy when energy demand picks up targets in a way that is consisten track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals are summarized below. from energy balances published consumption of renewable (SE4ALL) initiative their own national greatly in their ability calculate this indicator are obtained energy decreased overall again and whether recent rates spirit of the initiative. Because countries differ • Energy access. Access to modern energy services and the United Nations. is measured Agency Energy for more rapid progress nal by the Internatio an electricityEnergy 2012 the “International Year intensity of Sustainable objectives, some will make efficiency is contribute to your In declaring of decline in energy by the percentage of the population with of improvement of energy between 1990 and 2010, though to pursue the three three objectives to be e, depending on their Energy efficiency. The rate access energy will continue. All,” the UN General Assembly established in one area while others will excel elsewher and the percentage of the by population with growth rate (CAGR) of modern forms grew rapidly. access to modern energy connection es as well as on approximated the compound annual accomplished by 2030: to ensure universal and comparative advantag collected using household ratio of total primary energy energy intensity levels are high respective starting points energy in the global to nonsolid fuels.2 These data arewhere to marshal. intensity, energy intensity is the services,1 to double the 2010 share of renewable the resources and support that they are able and reported in the World Bank’s Global Electrification (GDP) measured in purchas- but declining rapidly. overall surveys to gross domestic product practice and career! to double the global rate of improvement in energy achievem ent of the SE4ALL consump tion intensity energy mix, Portale is and an To sustain momentum for the Database and the World Health Organization’s Household used to calculate energy DataEnergy trends are positive, but bold Elisa 2012). to 2030 is needed. ing power parity (PPP) terms. efficiency relative in to the period 1990–2010 (SE4ALL global progress the Internatio nal policy measures will be required energy economist charting objectives, a means of countries setting Database. balances published by The Sector the Energy SE4ALL objectives are global, with individual International Energy Agency led a consor- are obtained from energy to sustain progress. The World Bank and the with the overall • SE4ALL the Renewable Global energy. The of renewable shareAgency Energy and the energy United the inNations. their ownent Assistance national targets in a way thatinternatio is consistent nal agencies to establish and Managem tium of 15 mix is measured by the percentage of totalfromfinalthe GTF to provide a regional energy Program (ESMAP) of the the initiative. Because countries differ greatly their ability inwhich provides a system for regular energy This note uses data for Eastern spirit of Framewo rk (GTF), pillars resources. of SE4ALL Tracking from renewable energy the three World Bank’s Energy and Extractives to pursue the three objectives, some will make more onrapid progress rigorous— yet practical, given available consumption that is derived country perspective on global reporting, based Data used to calculate this indicator are obtained from energy Global Practice.in one area while others will excel elsewhere, depending on their has access by the International Energy Agency and the on the planetpublished Joeri de Wit is respective an starting points and comparative access advantages as well as onevery person balances goal will be achieved when in 1 The universal clean cooking fuels, clean heating fuels, agricultural energy economistand they are able provided through electricity, to marshal. United Nations. biomass (wood, charcoal, the resources support that to modern energy services The term “modern cooking solutions” Solid fuels are defined to include both traditional and briquettes), and the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 Elisa Portale is an for productive of the SE4ALL • Energy efficiency. liquefied petroleum gas), The rate of improvement andofsoenergy efficiency on), processed To sustain momentum for andthe achievement energy involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including and forest residues, dung, energy economist in Extractives Global refers to solutions that at or near those of lignite). coal and rate (CAGR) 2030 is needed. overall emissions rates is approximated by the compound annual other solid fuels (such as growth objectives, a means of charting global progress to or solid/liquid fuels paired with stoves exhibiting the Energy Sector Practice. nableenergyforall.org). is the ratio of total Energy petroleum gas (www.sustai Agency led a consor- of energy intensity, where energy intensity Management Assistance The World Bank and the International liquefied Program (ESMAP) of the tium of 15 international agencies to establish the SE4ALL Global primary energy consumption to gross domestic product (GDP) World Bank’s Energy and Extractives Tracking Framework (GTF), which provides a system for regular measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Data used to Global Practice. global reporting, based on rigorous—yet practical, given available calculate energy intensity are obtained from energy balances Joeri de Wit is an published by the International Energy Agency and the United planet has access Nations. energy economist in 1 The universal access goal will be achieved when every person on the fuels, clean heating fuels, the Bank’s Energy and to modern energy services provided through electricity, clean cooking cooking solutions” and energy for productive use and community services. The term “modern agricultural Extractives Global liquefied petroleum gas), 2 Solid fuels are defined to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, refers to solutions that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including pellets and briquettes), and rates at or near those of and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed biomass (such as Practice. or solid/liquid fuels paired with stoves exhibiting overall emissions other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). liquefied petroleum gas (www.sustainableenergyforall.org).