Policy Research Working Paper 11201 Socioemotional Skills in Sub-Saharan Africa Validating and Comparing Behavioral and Self-Reported Measures Clara Delavallade Smita Das Léa Rouanet Aidan Clerkin Chris Gonzalez Julian Jamison Africa Region Gender Innovation Lab September 2025 Policy Research Working Paper 11201 Abstract This paper validates a new set of behavioral measures for economic outcomes, and self-reports are more predictive socioemotional skills across three Sub-Saharan African of mental health. In two countries, changes in behav- countries—Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, and Tanzania—and ioral socioemotional skills over time significantly predict compares them to widely used self-reported measures. labor market improvements—an effect not observed with The behavioral measures demonstrate strong psychomet- self-reports—highlighting their value for program evalua- ric properties and are significantly associated with key tion. Correlations between measurement types are modest, outcomes, particularly in employment and income. Rela- with variation often driven more by measurement modality tionship management skills emerge as the most consistent than underlying skill differences. These findings suggest that predictors of economic outcomes, especially when measured behavioral measures can offer more reliable instruments behaviorally. Behavioral measures show weaker associations for policy and intervention design in low-income settings. with social desirability bias and stronger correlations with This paper is a product of the Gender Innovation Lab, Africa Region. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at cdelavallade@worldbank.org. The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Produced by the Research Support Team Socioemotional Skills in Sub-Saharan Africa: Validating and Comparing Behavioral and Self-Reported Measures Clara Delavallade, Smita Das, Léa Rouanet, Aidan Clerkin, Chris Gonzalez, Julian Jamison1 Authorized for distribution by Michael B. O'Sullivan, Lead Economist, Office of the Chief Economist, Africa Region, World Bank Group JEL classification codes : J24, I31, O15 Keywords : Socioemotional skills, Behavioral measures, Economic empowerment, Labor market, Mental health 1 Delavallade: World Bank, cdelavallade@worldbank.org; Das: Innovations for Poverty Action, World Bank, sdas@poverty- action.org; Rouanet: World Bank, lrouanet@worldbank.org; Clerkin: Ireland’s Educational Research Centre, aidan.clerkin@erc.ie; Gonzales: University of California Davis, chrgonzales@ucdavis.edu; Jamison: University of Exeter, julison@gmail.com. We thank our colleagues from the Africa Gender Innovation Lab and participants in its seminar, the Global Youth Economic Opportunities Summit, IPA and CIES conferences, and World Bank webinars, for useful suggestions. We also thank Josephine Tassy for insightful research assistance. We thank Diego Bazaldua, Rachel Cassidy, Heba Elgazzar, Ayodele Fashogbon, Steven Glazerman, Nathanael Goldberg, Markus Goldstein, Meredith Gould, Hillary Johnson, Angui Kacou, Elijah Kipchumba, Julietha Komba, Estelle Koussoubé, Victoria Levin, Samantha de Martino, Mona Mensmann, Emeka Nweke, Wale Ogunleye, Sreelakshmi Papineni, Shauna Sweet, Munshi Sulaiman, Catherine Thomas, and Diego Ubfal, as well as Alkimia and EDRC for substantial inputs either to the design of the measures or their field testing. This work was funded by the Wellspring Philanthropic Fund and the Umbrella Facility for Gender Equality. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank Group, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. Context for the study Socioemotional skills (SES; sometimes referred to as soft skills) have demonstrated their promise for improving outcomes ranging from educational attainment, to employment, to mental health [1]. SES are individuals’ abilities to understand themselves and manage emotions, decisions, and relationships to achieve their goals. They are recognized as foundational [2], transferable across occupations [3] and settings (home, school, work, community), and are growing in importance with the rise of artificial intelligence [4] and remote work [5]. While they have long been highlighted in business curricula (i.e., Masters in Business Administration) in high-income countries, they are increasingly recognized for their potential to improve outcomes for small-scale entrepreneurs in low- and middle-income countries [6,7]. In contexts like Côte d’Ivoire, where moving toward upper-middle-income country (UMIC) status is a central objective of the forthcoming 2026–2030 National Development Plan, SES — especially those tied to perseverance, problem-solving, and personal initiative — are seen as vital components of labor and human capital development, with a strong potential to boost the economic participation of young women. However, the current SES literature does not fully unpack whether some SES are rewarded more or face backlash – especially for women [8,9] – relative to others, whether particular skills are foundational for the formation of others, which programs effectively improve which skills, and how the returns to SES may differ with a population’s demographics, aspirations, social norms, and available opportunities. Central to this effort is the difficulty of defining, differentiating, and measuring these skills. Overlapping and overcrowded definitions make it difficult to compare results across studies and extract policy lessons tied to teaching, hiring, or screening based on these skills. There has been a notable misalignment between the skills that are taught and those which are key for labor outcomes. For example, while most evidence on SES training focuses on intrapersonal skills [6,9,10,11,12], several studies have highlighted the growing importance of interpersonal skills [4,5,13]. Here, we adopt the Effective Socio-emotional Skills to Gain Economic Empowerment (ESTEEM) framework of 14 SES to unpack which skills matter for employment and mental health, and we undertake an extensive process to measure these skills in Sub-Saharan Africa.2 We use data from three randomized controlled trials: beneficiaries of an agribusiness program in Nigeria; a population interested in SES training in Tanzania that was not in full time education, employment or training (NEET); and applicants to a youth employment program in Côte d’Ivoire. Because these studies targeted different populations, the results are not directly comparable across countries. However, this variation allows us to examine – leveraging large sample sizes – how SES matter for three groups who may stand to benefit most from opportunities to enhance such skills. For each of the 14 skills, we assembled and developed both self-report scales and behavioral measures. Though we attempted to use existing measures, we soon learned about the dearth of measures that have been adapted and validated in LMICs, a key contribution of this work. [14] validate the self-report scales. Here, we validate the behavioral measures and, additionally, examine 2A comprehensive description of the framework, measurement tools and broader research agenda is available on the ESTEEM website: https://poverty-action.org/socio-emotional-skills. 2 the relationships between SES measures and outcomes tied to employment and mental health, also comparing the use of self-reports and behavioral measures. Summary of key findings We find that the behavioral measures meet psychometric standards for reliability and factor structure when the full form of the measures is utilized. All behavioral skill measures significantly correlate with a large majority of outcomes. Behavioral measures tend to be more strongly related to economic outcomes, while self-reports are more strongly related to mental health outcomes. In particular, behavioral measures of relationship management skills are most consistently associated with income across contexts. Across samples, we find that behavioral measures correlate positively with labor outcomes, with the exception of the NEET sample in Tanzania. The strongest effects are seen with the agribusiness sample in Nigeria. Behavioral measures consistently correlate positively with income aspirations, decision- making power, mental health, and attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV) across samples. We also find that changes in behavioral measures are often predictive of labor outcomes, highlighting their promise for use in program evaluation. No such relationship is observed using self-reported measures. Unpacking socioemotional skills To identify the SES influencing labor outcomes and gender-differentiated returns to skills, we developed an SES framework. The list of skills was designed to be granular enough to identify expected gender differences, and as comprehensive and conceptually mutually exclusive as possible. This was informed by a literature review on skills linked to economic outcomes, intrahousehold bargaining, and gender disparities in returns, complemented by an analysis of existing SES frameworks to minimize overlap. Focus groups in Nigeria were used to further refine the framework by highlighting the SES most relevant to respondents. Our final framework utilizes categories similar to the Emotional Intelligence [15] and CASEL (2021) frameworks: a two-by-two categorization of skills based on whether they are self- or socially-oriented (intrapersonal or interpersonal), and awareness- or management-oriented (see Figure 1). These skills can be further disaggregated into agentic skills or communal skills [14] to examine gender differences in line with social role theory [16]. The final list of skills includes two self-awareness skills (emotional awareness, self-awareness), two social awareness skills (listening, empathy), five self-management skills (emotional regulation, self-control, perseverance, personal initiative, and problem- solving/decision-making), and five relationship management skills (expressiveness, interpersonal relatedness, influence, negotiation, and collaboration). We report results for aggregate skill levels based on these categories, as well as the 14 individual skills. Measuring socioemotional skills Measuring SES is particularly difficult because of the numerous skills and categorizations involved. Behaviors associated with each skill can vary with context and culture, and the most predictive measurement method may vary with the type of outcome. Moreover, measures can be subject to several forms of bias [17], and many existing measures have not been held to high psychometric standards and have not been validated in LMICs. 3 Figure 1 – ESTEEM Skills framework Data collection in our contexts required several criteria. Measures needed to be administered offline through household surveys, and they could not require high cognitive ability nor written and digital literacy. In addition, an assessment could not last more than five minutes per skill. Measures were developed through an extensive process of (i) reviewing open-source measures to take advantage of existing resources whenever possible, (ii) interviews with local individuals to critically source scenarios and behavioral responses, and focus groups to understand which behaviors were associated with various skills, (iii) obtaining feedback from subject matter experts such as psychologists and implementers to ensure content validity, (iv) a comprehensive translation, backtranslation, and reconciliation process, (v) cognitive interviews in each setting to assess understanding, (vi) thorough enumerator training, (vii) exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and (viii) iterating to improve measures across contexts, which involved dropping or rephrasing items after each round of data collection. While we aimed to utilize performance-based tasks whenever feasible, we often found that available open-source measures did not meet our criteria. Specifically, these measures frequently assess a narrow portion of a given construct, exceed a five-minute duration, or present challenges in being administered offline or in evaluating interpersonal skills without direct social interaction. Several performance-based tasks were tested and were unsuccessful. However, a few tasks remained promising and were used with a subset of samples (e.g., a frustrating task requiring counting triangles was sometimes used to measure perseverance). Enumerators asked questions and coded responses to assess listening comprehension, problem-solving/decision-making, influence, and self- awareness. Self-control was measured by enumerator observations of respondent focus during the survey, and by a continuous performance task in which respondents had to tap or not tap on the letter “X”. The frequent inability of tasks to meet project requirements resulted in replacing many with situational judgement tests (SJTs). SJTs are increasingly used in work settings and medical school admissions [18]. While SJTs could measure performance as well as knowledge of skills, the use of behavioral responses reduces socially desirability bias. SJTs are also context-specific, unlike general self-reports, making it easier for participants to understand and evaluate likely behaviors in a survey. For example, an individual may be proactive in a home setting but not at work, causing self-reports to depend more on general confidence and the value associated with a skill. Our design of SJTs included several differentiating design elements: (i) the behaviors after each scenario mapped to the self-report 4 items such that both measures examined the same concept; (ii) two to three scenarios were included per skill to examine the manifestation of skills in several areas that matter for economic empowerment; (iii) to reduce cognitive load, individuals were asked how likely they were to take each action, rather than choosing between a list of actions; and (iv) scoring took advantage of the relative responses to each follow-up question. Aims of the current study This paper has three main aims: (i) to validate an array of new behavioral measures for a range of SES in three Sub-Saharan African contexts; (ii) to compare these behavioral measures with self-report measures of the same skills; and (iii) to identify which, if any, of these measures and skills are consistently associated with key economic and other outcomes for participants. For brevity, our discussion here of the substantive interpretation of results for each skill or skill aggregate with each outcome is necessarily limited. We highlight examples throughout to illustrate key findings but acknowledge that the choice of examples in each case must necessarily be somewhat selective, and we invite readers to review the complete results for each skill and each outcome in the Extended Data and Supplementary Information. The three samples (described in the Methods section) comprise participants in an agribusiness program in urban and rural settings in Nigeria, mainly aged 18-40; NEET youth aged 18-24 in vulnerable neighborhoods in urban Tanzania; and vulnerable youth aged 15-29 applying to a youth employment program in urban settings in Côte d’Ivoire.3 As the most broadly representative sample of the three, the Nigerian data therefore provide the strongest basis for evaluating the SES measures in some respects. However, the Nigerian sample size is also significantly smaller than in the other two countries and therefore has more limited statistical power (see Methods and Extended Data for details). It should also be noted that the behavioral measures administered in Côte d’Ivoire include only eight of the 14 skills, which are abbreviated versions of instruments used in Nigeria and Tanzania. Validating behavioral measures of socioemotional skills First, we present psychometric information for the new behavioral measures and correlations between the behavioral measures of SES. Summary of psychometric details of behavioral measures In general, the new behavioral measures demonstrated excellent psychometric properties across all three national contexts. High internal consistency (Cronbach’s α ≥ .7) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) fit indices indicated a strong fit to the observed data (CFI ≥ .95, TLI ≥ .95, RMSEA ≤ .08, SRMR ≤ .08) in almost all cases. A small number of exceptions can be noted. The sole measure showing unsatisfactory psychometric data across all indices was self-control in Tanzania (in contrast, this measure performed well in Nigeria and was not used in Côte d’Ivoire). 3 More precisely, data was drawn from surveying beneficiaries of (i) the Agro Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support (APPEALS) program in Nigeria, developed by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in collaboration with the World Bank; (ii) the Socioemotional Skills program implemented by BRAC in Tanzania, with support from the World Bank and Alkimia Consulting; (iii) the Pro-Jeunes program in Côte d’Ivoire 5 Also in Tanzania, Cronbach’s α for emotional regulation (.68) was slightly below the target threshold, but CFA fit indices showed an excellent fit (CFI=.998, TLI=.997, RMSEA=.04, SRMR=.02), indicating little reason for concern overall. For all other measures in Tanzania, psychometric data indicated excellent measurement properties. In Côte d’Ivoire, Cronbach’s α was below the desired threshold for several measures, most clearly for problem-solving/decision-making at .45 (α was close to or above .6 in other cases where it fell below .7). However, for each of these measures, CFA fit indices indicated an excellent fit to the data. For emotional regulation in Côte d’Ivoire, Cronbach’s α and SRMR values were within the target thresholds and CFI (.945) and TLI (.908) figures suggested a good rather than excellent fit, but the RMSEA value (.15) was unsatisfactory. CFA fit indices for all other measures were excellent. In Nigeria, Cronbach’s α for generalized self-efficacy (.65) was slightly lower than desired, but the CFA fit indices indicated strong measurement properties overall. Cronbach’s α for the other behavioral measures ranged from .70 to .90. Generally, CFA fit indices for all measures in Nigeria indicated an excellent fit to the observed data. Full psychometric data for these behavioral measures, as well as the corresponding self-report measures of SES described further below, are provided in the accompanying Methods. Correlations between behavioral measures of socioemotional skills As expected, in most cases the observed correlations between SES as assessed by behavioral measures are statistically significant, positive, and often moderate to large in magnitude (Supplementary Information Tables S1-S3). The exception is active listening and listening comprehension, both being task-based measures, which exhibit significant negative correlations with a relatively large proportion of other SES. Otherwise, correlations are generally in the expected direction. Notable correlations in Nigeria are observed among relationship management skills: between empathy and relatedness (r=.55, p<.001), relatedness and collaboration (r=.61, p<.001), and collaboration and negotiation (r=.58, p<.001). In Côte d’Ivoire, notable correlations are observed among self- management skills: between problem-solving/decision-making and self-awareness (r=.48, p<.001) and personal initiative and expressiveness (r=.41, p<.001). Some exceptions to this general pattern can be noted in Tanzania (and especially for items that are negatively framed in the survey instrument). For example, the behavioral measures for problem-solving/decision-making and perseverance exhibit unexpected null or negative correlations with other SES. Here, notable correlations are observed between personal initiative and networking (r=.47, p<.001), expressiveness and collaboration (r=.41, p<.001), maintaining relationships and negotiation (r=.43, p<.001), and between empathy and each of influence (r=.52, p<.001), negotiation (r=.50, p<.001), and collaboration (r=.46, p<.001). 6 Key outcomes associated with behavioral measures of socioemotional skills Our data demonstrate overall that all skills are significantly and positively associated with a majority of labor market, mental health and gender norms outcomes. Tables 1-3 present standardized regression coefficients for the behavioral measures, showing the associations of various SES with key outcomes. Regression results with unstandardized coefficients are presented in Extended Data Tables A1-A3. Outcomes are coded such that positive coefficients represent a positive association with the more preferable outcomes (e.g., less anxiety, higher income, being employed). Across the three countries, nearly all behavioral measures are significantly positively associated, to varying degrees, with better outcomes in terms of employment, hours of work, income aspirations, anxiety/mental health, and attitudes towards IPV. In addition, in some samples, positive associations are largely prevalent for income (Nigeria and Côte d’Ivoire), job search (Côte d’Ivoire), and decision- making power, wellbeing, and depression (Tanzania). In Tanzania, the strongest positive associations are seen in relation to decision-making power – for example, a one standard deviation (SD) increase in collaboration skills is associated with a .242 SD increase in decision-making power (p<.001). Strong positive relationships between SES and depression (e.g., βpersonal initiative=.183, p<.001) or anxiety (e.g., βself-awareness=.216, p<.001) are also observed. In Nigeria, the strongest positive associations include self-control and income (β=.133, p<.001), emotional regulation and anxiety (β=.131, p<.001), and perseverance and employment (β=.129, p<.001). In Côte d’Ivoire, the strongest associations are between problem-solving/decision- making (β=.084, p<.001) and perseverance (β=.080, p<.001) and NEET status, with similar magnitudes seen for employment. However, whereas the observed significant associations in Côte d’Ivoire are generally positive in direction, as expected, a limited number of significant negative associations between SES and outcomes are observed in Nigeria and Tanzania. These associations are concentrated mostly in relation to three outcomes in Nigeria (job search, wellbeing, and less time spent on household chores), where a negative association with job search may be linked to the participation of the sample in an agribusiness program, and the negative association with time spent on household chores is congruent with the positive association with labor outcomes. However, a negative association with wellbeing is more difficult to explain, particularly given the positive association with mental health indices. In Tanzania, negative associations are observed for several labor outcomes, which may be tied to the lack of economic opportunities in this NEET sample. A few individual skills consistently stand out across the samples in which they are measured. Collaboration, negotiation, influence, and empathy are associated with employment and often with related variables such as NEET status and hours of work. The aggregate for relationship management is also associated with employment. Problem- solving/decision-making is positively associated with income, and results for perseverance are promising. The awareness aggregate is associated with income aspirations. Emotional awareness, emotional regulation, personal initiative, and almost all interpersonal skills were consistently associated with improved anxiety. Relatedness and self-management aggregate skills were associated with improved attitudes toward IPV. Finally, three skills were associated with less restrictive gender norms: emotional regulation, perseverance, and problem-solving/decision- making. As a robustness check, similar analyses were conducted with only the subsample of participants in 7 each country who are self-employed (Supplementary Information Tables S4-S6) on the basis that this group is more directly comparable across countries, especially for economic outcomes, given that the broader interventions in each country targeted different populations. Overall, the results show that many of the associations between socio-emotional skills (SES) and outcomes observed in the full samples are preserved among the self-employed, with some limited country-specific differences. In Nigeria, very similar patterns are found, with the main difference being that hours of work are positively associated with a slightly narrower range of SES in the subsample. This consistency may be expected given that the Nigerian sample contained the highest proportion of self-employed participants. In the other two countries, some differences can be seen. Most notably, in Tanzania, behavioral SES are positively associated with income and wellbeing among the self-employed (whereas negative associations were observed in the full sample) and there is little association between SES and attitudes towards the acceptability of IPV among the self-employed (compared to mainly significant, albeit small, associations in the full sample). Finally, in Côte d’Ivoire, the only outcomes that showed significant associations with behavioral SES among the self-employed are income aspirations (positively) and attitudes toward IPV (negatively) -- both of which are also associated with SES in the full sample, along with several additional outcomes, including better job search, decision-making beliefs, and mental health. 8 Table 1. Standardized coefficients: regression of socioemotional skills (behavioral measures) on outcomes – Nigeria Decision- Wellbeing Anxiety IPV Time on Owns Hours Job Income making acceptable household Employed business Income NEET worked Search Aspirations power chores Emotional awareness 0.033 0.088* 0.064* 0.023 -0.002 0.016 0.091*** 0.000 0.027 0.058* 0.065* -0.064* Self-awareness 0.044 0.029 0.013 0.048 0.015 0.018 0.057* -0.034 -0.025 0.106*** 0.064* -0.067** Emotional regulation 0.001 -0.058 -0.028 -0.010 -0.113*** 0.034 -0.052 0.082** -0.088** 0.131*** 0.037 0.005 Self-control 0.113** 0.131* 0.133*** 0.076* 0.104*** -0.024 -0.013 0.017 -0.033 0.027 0.028 -0.035 Perseverance 0.129*** 0.047 0.078** 0.127*** 0.065* -0.061* 0.004 0.055 -0.141*** 0.007 0.047 -0.091*** Personal initiative 0.047 0.088* -0.006 0.035 0.051 0.017 0.055 -0.034 0.035 0.065* 0.029 -0.006 PSDM -0.000 -0.006 0.122*** 0.021 0.094** -0.066* 0.008 -0.001 -0.110*** 0.050 0.004 -0.117*** Active listening 0.072* 0.076 0.049 0.096** -0.033 -0.018 -0.012 -0.038 0.030 -0.117*** 0.009 0.097*** Listening comp. -0.081* 0.067 0.004 -0.098* -0.079** -0.046 0.035 -0.042 -0.001 -0.009 0.072* 0.103*** Empathy 0.072* -0.045 0.006 0.091* 0.050 -0.045 -0.006 0.039 -0.099*** 0.017 0.049 -0.161*** Expressiveness 0.047 0.053 0.089** 0.025 0.056 -0.080** -0.032 0.009 -0.050 0.084** 0.004 -0.131*** Maintaining relations 0.013 -0.045 -0.026 0.022 0.007 -0.044 -0.015 0.032 -0.032 0.083** 0.070* -0.094*** Networking -0.000 -0.016 0.066* 0.022 -0.001 -0.034 0.082** 0.046 -0.017 0.112*** 0.072* -0.087** Influence 0.100** -0.074 0.078** 0.101** 0.069* -0.066* -0.020 0.055 -0.099** 0.080** 0.050* -0.116*** Negotiation 0.084* -0.017 0.012 0.065 0.084** -0.040 0.012 0.027 -0.116*** 0.067* 0.030 -0.126*** Collaboration 0.110** 0.022 0.031 0.085* 0.097** -0.061* -0.018 0.007 -0.126*** 0.052 0.058* -0.167*** GSE 0.061 -0.102* 0.015 0.059 0.072* -0.046 -0.010 0.056* -0.077** 0.065* 0.046 -0.110*** Agg: Self-awareness 0.046 0.071 0.047 0.044 0.010 0.020 0.095*** -0.020 0.004 0.098*** 0.077** -0.079** Agg: Social awareness 0.054 0.061 0.068* 0.056 -0.028 -0.061* -0.004 -0.022 -0.027 -0.060* 0.056* 0.028 Agg: Self-management 0.097** 0.050 0.103*** 0.083* 0.059* -0.045 -0.011 0.042 -0.138*** 0.093** 0.059* -0.076** Agg: Relationship mgt 0.086* -0.017 0.098** 0.077* 0.082** -0.079** -0.002 0.038 -0.111*** 0.114*** 0.067* -0.160*** Agg: Intrapersonal 0.102** 0.079* 0.111*** 0.091* 0.059* -0.031 0.041 0.021 -0.109*** 0.113*** 0.089** -0.101*** Agg: Interpersonal 0.095** 0.010 0.109*** 0.089* 0.060* -0.092** -0.003 0.024 -0.108*** 0.077** 0.079** -0.127*** Agg: Awareness 0.068* 0.091* 0.081** 0.071* -0.016 -0.032 0.059* -0.029 -0.016 0.022 0.090** -0.033 Agg: Management 0.105** -0.000 0.115*** 0.092* 0.080** -0.085** -0.013 0.035 -0.139*** 0.109*** 0.079** -0.121*** Agg: All SES 0.112** 0.033 0.127*** 0.104** 0.066* -0.089** 0.009 0.019 -0.122*** 0.101*** 0.099*** -0.116*** Note: Models control for age, gender, education level, marital status, and cognitive ability. Ns range from 659 to 1354 across skill/outcome combinations. NEET: Not in Education, Employment or Training. IPV: Intimate Partner Violence. Income aspirations based on inverse hyperbolic sine (IHS) and winsorized at the 95th percentile. Outcome variables are coded such that positive coefficients represent a positive association with the more preferable outcome (e.g., less anxiety, higher income, being employed). All socioemotional skills were measured via Situational Judgement Test. Coefficients shown here are XY standardised; raw coefficients are available in Extended Data Table A1 . *p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001 9 Table 2. Standardized coefficients: regression of socioemotional skills (behavioral measures) on outcomes – Tanzania Decision- Wellbeing Depression Anxiety IPV Time on Owns Hours Job Income making acceptable household Employed business Income NEET worked Search Aspirations power chores Emotional awareness -0.022 -0.045** -0.023* -0.008 0.004 -0.002 0.009 0.136*** -0.043*** 0.072*** 0.079*** 0.035** 0.039*** Self-awareness -0.037** -0.060*** -0.054*** -0.037** 0.006 -0.015 0.036** 0.198*** -0.076*** 0.184*** 0.216*** -0.009 0.034** Emotional regulation 0.048*** 0.030* 0.004 0.031* -0.004 -0.043** -0.027* -0.001 0.055*** 0.024* 0.055*** 0.069*** 0.014 Self-control* -0.018 -0.047** -0.022* -0.024 0.032** 0.024 0.013 0.073*** 0.007 0.002 -0.005 0.031* 0.009 Perseverance* -0.005 -0.005 0.015 -0.011 0.012 0.036** -0.017 -0.040*** 0.015 -0.088*** -0.043*** -0.012 -0.013 Personal initiative -0.044*** -0.043** -0.046*** -0.041** -0.013 -0.003 0.037** 0.178*** -0.078*** 0.183*** 0.196*** 0.027* 0.042*** PSDM 0.029* 0.054*** 0.052*** 0.027* 0.001 0.015 0.025 -0.083*** 0.031** -0.063*** -0.063*** 0.045*** 0.020 Active listening* -0.009 0.001 0.003 0.011 -0.037*** 0.012 0.039** -0.038** -0.015 0.061*** 0.037** 0.027* 0.072*** Listening comp.* -0.115* -0.039 -0.163*** -0.086 0.001 0.040 0.146** 0.075 -0.167*** 0.158*** 0.132** 0.151** 0.052 Empathy 0.073* -0.018 -0.016 0.083* 0.115** -0.005 0.032 0.182*** 0.104*** -0.020 -0.001 -0.093** -0.039 Expressiveness 0.011 -0.018 -0.019 0.002 0.035*** -0.034* -0.006 0.071*** 0.008 0.015 0.035** -0.005 0.040*** Maintaining relations 0.066*** 0.035* 0.008 0.058*** 0.024* -0.038** -0.019 0.060*** 0.083*** 0.080*** 0.076*** 0.048*** 0.044*** Networking -0.032* -0.035* -0.049*** -0.026* 0.005 -0.006 0.042*** 0.129*** -0.087*** 0.155*** 0.162*** 0.012 0.042*** Influence 0.044** 0.001 -0.017 0.034* 0.037*** -0.044** -0.035** 0.164*** 0.012 0.058*** 0.086*** -0.016 0.060*** Negotiation 0.038** -0.034* -0.007 0.024 0.053*** -0.010 0.012 0.179*** 0.036** 0.079*** 0.107*** 0.004 0.034** Collaboration 0.076* 0.064 -0.012 0.072* 0.093* -0.008 -0.006 0.242*** 0.118*** 0.056* 0.089** -0.049 -0.078** GSE 0.037** -0.001 -0.014 0.021 0.027** -0.028* -0.013 0.147*** 0.011 0.047*** 0.076*** -0.043*** 0.065*** Agg: Self-awareness -0.035** -0.059*** -0.045*** -0.026 0.005 -0.010 0.030* 0.194*** -0.067*** 0.150*** 0.171*** 0.017 0.041*** Agg: Social awareness -0.015 -0.001 0.000 0.003 -0.001 0.005 0.065*** 0.004 0.005 0.030* 0.023 0.058*** 0.081*** Agg: Self-management 0.001 -0.011 -0.001 -0.012 0.012 0.012 0.018 0.058*** 0.015 0.019 0.057*** 0.070*** 0.032** Agg: Relationship mgt 0.028* -0.026 -0.036** 0.018 0.054*** -0.047*** 0.015 0.199*** 0.025* 0.131*** 0.152*** -0.000 0.045*** Agg: Intrapersonal -0.023 -0.047** -0.027* -0.028* 0.013 0.006 0.032** 0.154*** -0.025* 0.099*** 0.137*** 0.061*** 0.047*** Agg: Interpersonal 0.017 -0.024 -0.030** 0.017 0.045** -0.038** 0.044*** 0.175*** 0.024* 0.128*** 0.143*** 0.027* 0.078*** Agg: Awareness -0.032* -0.039** -0.028* -0.014 0.003 -0.003 0.065*** 0.126*** -0.039*** 0.117*** 0.125*** 0.052*** 0.083*** Agg: Management 0.017 -0.031* -0.028* 0.003 0.048*** -0.035* 0.022 0.178*** 0.030* 0.108*** 0.140*** 0.033** 0.052*** Agg: All SES -0.004 -0.047** -0.034** -0.007 0.038** -0.028* 0.048*** 0.197*** 0.009 0.137*** 0.166*** 0.079*** Note: Models control for age, gender, education level, marital status, and cognitive ability. Ns range from 546 to 7028 across skill/outcome combinations. NEET: Not in Education, Employment or Training. IPV: Intimate Partner Violence. Income aspirations based on inverse hyperbolic sine (IHS) and winsorized at the 95th percentile. Outcome variables are coded such that positive coefficients represent a positive association with the more preferable outcome (e.g., less anxiety, higher income, being employed). Socioemotional skills marked with * were measured via a task; all other skills were measured via a Situational Judgement Test. Coefficients shown here are XY standardised; raw coefficients are available in Extended Data Table A2 . *p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001 10 Table 3. Standardized coefficients: regression of socioemotional skills (behavioral measures) on outcomes – Côte d’Ivoire Decision- Decision- Life Positive IPV Time on Owns Hours Job Income making making satisfaction mental acceptable household Employed business Income NEET worked Search Aspirations beliefs power health chores Emotional awareness 0.027 -0.027* 0.009 0.040 0.001 -0.014 -0.005 0.005 0.005 0.009 -0.067*** -0.006 -0.013 Self-awareness 0.044* 0.009 0.036** 0.058** 0.021 0.025 0.053*** 0.005 0.010 -0.009 0.025 0.079*** 0.009 Emotional regulation 0.027 0.015 0.018 0.036 0.012 0.019 0.019 0.014 0.034*** 0.015 0.084*** 0.069*** -0.002 Perseverance 0.082*** 0.044** 0.043*** 0.080*** 0.044*** 0.035* 0.026* 0.005 -0.005 0.004 0.048* 0.063*** 0.012 Personal initiative 0.065*** 0.037** 0.007 0.068*** 0.020 0.058*** 0.027** 0.035*** -0.007 -0.008 0.021 0.038*** -0.014 PSDM 0.079*** 0.039** 0.027* 0.084*** 0.038** 0.062*** 0.083*** 0.019 0.008 -0.004 0.036 0.066*** -0.001 Expressiveness 0.058** 0.023 0.019 0.053* 0.019 0.040** 0.051*** 0.030** 0.003 0.014 0.029 0.039** -0.006 Collaboration 0.043** 0.017 0.029* 0.044** 0.036* 0.003 0.033* 0.011 -0.028** -0.003 0.032 -0.010 -0.016 Agg: Self-awareness 0.044* -0.013 0.028* 0.061** 0.013 0.005 0.029* 0.005 0.009 0.001 -0.028 0.044*** -0.003 Agg: Social awareness - - - - - - - - - - - - - Agg: Self- 0.038 0.021 0.000 0.043* 0.010 0.044** 0.037** 0.025* 0.020* -0.001 0.049* 0.047*** -0.015 management Agg: Relationship mgt 0.062*** 0.022 0.016 0.065*** 0.017 0.020 0.049*** 0.025* -0.002 0.008 0.050** 0.058*** -0.007 Agg: Intrapersonal 0.049* 0.009 0.014 0.061** 0.013 0.036* 0.039** 0.020 0.020* 0.001 0.017 0.051*** -0.014 Agg: Interpersonal 0.062*** 0.022 0.016 0.065*** 0.017 0.020 0.049*** 0.025* -0.002 0.008 0.050** 0.058*** -0.007 Agg: Awareness 0.044* -0.013 0.028* 0.061** 0.013 0.005 0.029* 0.005 0.009 0.001 -0.028 0.044*** -0.003 Agg: Management 0.060** 0.027* 0.010 0.064** 0.016 0.039* 0.047*** 0.030** 0.012 0.005 0.062** 0.059*** -0.013 Agg: All SES 0.064*** 0.017 0.019 0.073*** 0.017 0.034* 0.046*** 0.025* 0.014 0.005 0.037 0.059*** -0.013 Note: Models control for age, gender, education level, marital status, and cognitive ability. Ns range from 2314 to 8589 across skill/outcome combinations. Data from behavioral measures for remaining SES not available in Côte d’Ivoire. NEET: Not in Education, Employment or Training. IPV: Intimate Partner Violence. Income aspirations based on inverse hyperbolic sine (IHS) and winsorized at the 95th percentile. Outcome variables are coded such that positive coefficients represent a positive association with the more preferable outcome (e.g., less anxiety, higher income, being employed). All socioemotional skills were measured via Situational Judgement Test. Coefficients shown here are XY standardised; raw coefficients are available in Extended Data Table A3 . *p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001 11 Comparing behavioral and self-report measures of socioemotional skills This section presents direct comparisons of self-report and behavioral measures with the aim of identifying which measurement type shows the clearest associations with key outcomes and can therefore be most useful for applied research or policy making. Selected key outcomes are used to illustrate both the magnitude of the relationship between SES and these outcomes, and the differing extent of the association between self-report and behavioral measures and these outcomes. Correlations between behavioral measures and self-reports of skills Raw correlations between the self-report and behavioral measures of the same SES range from low to moderate (null to r=0.41) – on par with the literature [19] – with stronger correlations for aggregate measures (Extended Data Table A4). In Nigeria, correlations for individual SES over both measurement types range from null to r=.30 (self-awareness), with overall aggregated SES more strongly related at r=.35 and the highest correlation for aggregate intrapersonal skills at r=.41. Correlations in Tanzania range from r=.02 (respectful listening) to r=.15 (collaboration). Again, correlations are higher at the aggregate level with the strongest relationship being r=.25 between the self-report and behavioral measures for overall SES. The data from Côte d’Ivoire show similar patterns with raw correlations for individual SES ranging from null (collaboration) to r=.28 (problem- solving), and a highest correlation of r=.36 for overall (aggregate) SES. Partial correlations – controlling for age, gender, education, cognitive ability and marital status – are similar in magnitude to these raw correlations. Socioemotional skills associated with changes in outcomes over time The association of the self-reported and behavioral measures with changes in outcomes was tested by regressing each outcome variable at endline onto the baseline and endline SES measurements, controlling for baseline levels of the outcome of interest and key demographic and background characteristics. Including SES at both timepoints enables us to examine how both baseline SES and changes in SES over time are related to changes in important outcomes. We also examine gender- differentiated results in this section, to shed light on how socioemotional skills relate to economic prospects and mental health differently for men and women. Examining the behavioral measures in Nigeria (Supplementary Information Table S7), increases in aggregate SES and in several individual SES including self-awareness, perseverance, personal initiative and influence are associated with improvements in participants’ employment status, as are baseline levels of generalized self-efficacy. Baseline measures of aggregate SES and some individual SES such as emotional awareness, problem-solving/decision-making, empathy and maintaining relationships are associated with reductions in the time spent on household chores over the course of the study. However, improvements in problem-solving/decision-making abilities over the same span are associated with increased time on chores. In Tanzania (Supplementary Information Table S8), strengthened SES over time are associated with a range of improved outcomes. These include improved employment status, owning a business, monthly income, future income aspirations, decision-making power, and wellbeing, as well as reduced NEET status, depression, and anxiety. Aggregate measures of SES are more strongly associated with improvements in decision-making power. Weaker associations are seen between increased business ownership, and relationship management or interpersonal skills. Increased SES is associated with 12 greater acceptance of IPV and reductions in time spent on household chores, with improved relationship management skills associated with both outcomes. In Côte d’Ivoire (Supplementary Information Table S9), improvements in SES over time as measured behaviorally was associated with reductions in NEET status, with the strongest relationship seen for increased awareness, and relationship management and interpersonal skills. Improved SES is also associated with reductions in acceptance of IPV, albeit with smaller coefficients. However, increases in relationship management and interpersonal skills are associated with lower decision-making power by endline. Changes in several outcomes are also associated with SES levels at baseline, including (positively) income aspirations, decision-making beliefs, and (negatively) life satisfaction. Comparing behavioral versus self-report measures of socioemotional skills for three key outcomes: Employment status, income, and anxiety These data indicate that behavioral measures slightly dominate self-reported indicators of SES in their association with and prediction of a variety of outcomes. However, nuances appear based on the outcomes, skills and population of interest. To illustrate this, Figure 2 presents a summary of these concurrent and predictive findings for three key outcomes – employment status, income, and anxiety – and compares the aggregate SES scales in both measurement types. As shown, behavioral measures of SES generally show stronger concurrent associations with employment status and monthly income than self-reported measures. This tendency is clearest in Nigeria and, to a lesser extent, in Tanzania – albeit that the observed associations in Tanzania often suggest a negative impact of SES, especially for income. Patterns are more mixed in Côte d’Ivoire, where the differences in effect size between behavioral and self-report measures are also smaller. Here, behavioral measures show stronger associations than self-reports with employment status, but some self-reported measures show slightly stronger concurrent associations with income. For an employment-related behavior such as job search, the clearest pattern in Tanzania and Côte d’Ivoire is for specific aggregated SES to be associated with outcomes regardless of the measurement type, albeit that negative associations are observed in Tanzania with behavioral measures. The most relevant skill domains are relationship management, interpersonal, management, and overall SES. In contrast, only behavioral indicators show significant associations in Nigeria, with (similarly to Tanzania) stronger SES predicting less frequent job search behaviors. Another economic behavior, hours of work, is significantly associated with several behavioral SES in Tanzania and Nigeria but with self-reported SES in Côte d’Ivoire. SES in both measurement types are strongly associated with mental health outcomes such as anxiety in both Nigeria and Tanzania (corresponding data for anxiety are not available in Côte d’Ivoire). Self- reported measures tend to display stronger concurrent associations in Nigeria, while behavioral measures are more strongly associated with anxiety in Tanzania. In general, at the level of aggregate SES indicators, both behavioral and self-report methods provide good explanatory power in Tanzania and Côte d’Ivoire for the level of income aspirations, decision- making power/beliefs, mental health outcomes (depression and anxiety), and attitudes towards IPV. In Nigeria, anxiety and attitudes towards IPV are also significantly associated with SES in both measurement types, but decision-making power and income aspirations are more clearly related to self-reported SES only. Looking at the predictive associations of changes in SES over time with changes in outcomes (Figure 2), we see that changes in self-reported skills are more strongly predictive of changes in employment 13 status in Tanzania and Côte d’Ivoire, while changes in behavioral measures of skills are more predictive in Nigeria. Fewer significant associations are found in terms of the predictive associations of SES with income. Where positive associations with income are observed, they generally reflect changes in behavioral measures (e.g., for social awareness). For anxiety, changes in both self-report and behavioral measures are associated with significant predictive associations in Tanzania (the only country where such data are available), with slightly stronger effect sizes for the self-reported indicators. In summary, behavioral measures of SES tend to show significant concurrent associations with key outcomes more consistently and to a greater extent than self-reported measures, particularly in the Nigerian sample, with a more mixed pattern for predictive associations. As noted above, these patterns vary by outcome and by country, suggesting a need for careful consideration of the most appropriate measurement types to use for future studies of SES in Sub-Saharan African settings. 14 Figure 2: Variation by country and measurement type in the concurrent and predictive association of socioemotional skills with employment status, income, and anxiety Note: Models control for age, gender, education level, marital status, and cognitive ability. Coefficients shown here are XY standardized. Data for anxiety are not available in Côte d’Ivoire or (for predictive effects only) or Nigeria. The “SR vs Beh” column compares the magnitude of the self-report and behavioral coefficients for each SES as follows: “*/**/***” indicates a significant difference at the relevant alpha level; “ns” indicates no significant difference;“--” indicates that no comparison is possible (e.g., because data for only one measurement type are available). *p<.05; **p<.01;***p<.001 15 Heterogeneity in socioemotional skills Heterogeneity analyses were carried out to assess how SES and responses to measurement type vary by key demographic and attitudinal characteristics. By gender Gender differences in SES vary by measurement type and country. Gender differences are observed much more often for self-reports than for behavioral measures in Tanzania [20]. By contrast, significant gender effects are found in Côte d’Ivoire using both measurement types, while few gender differences are found on either type in Nigeria. In Tanzania, men self-report significantly higher scores than women for almost all SES (non- significant exceptions being self-control, listening, and respectful listening), but few gender differences in performance are found on the behavioral measures. Where differences in behavioral measures are seen, they indicate an advantage for women in emotional awareness (β =-.057, p<.001) and active listening (β =-.016, p<.05), and for men in emotional regulation, influence, and negotiation (β =ranging from .057 to .101). Greater consistency between the self-report and behavioral measures is seen in Côte d’Ivoire and Nigeria. In Côte d’Ivoire, both self-reports and behavioral measures indicate significant gender differences for almost all SES, generally in favor of men. In Nigeria, in contrast, few differences in SES between men and women are recorded in either measurement type. Among the few exceptions are significantly higher scores for men in (self-report) emotional regulation and (behavioral) influence. Gender differences in relationships between socioemotional skills and outcomes In addition to gender differences in levels of SES, some gender interactions can be observed in the association of SES with outcomes. As an example, Figure 3 presents aggregate SES with income, separated by gender and measurement type. Gender interaction effects for the full range of individual skills on income, and all other outcomes, are presented in Supplementary Information Tables S9-S12. The gender interaction terms between self-reported SES aggregates and income in Tanzania are non- significant. However, via behavioral measures, a significantly stronger positive association with relationship management (β =.398, p<.01) and significantly stronger negative association with social awareness on income (β =-.506, p<.001) are seen for men. Gender interaction terms are not significant in Côte d’Ivoire (β ranging from -.019 to -.254) or in Nigeria (β ranging from -.040 to .091) in either measurement type. Nonetheless, as shown in Figure 3, SES (in both self-report and behavioral measures) are particularly strongly associated with women’s level of income in Côte d’Ivoire, while skills measured behaviorally are particularly strongly associated with income for women in Nigeria. In general, SES among women show stronger associations with income than for men in Côte d’Ivoire, while SES are positively associated with income for both genders in Nigeria. Beyond income, other gender-differentiated associations between SES and outcomes emerge. Improvements in self-reported relationship management and interpersonal skills are associated with greater improvements in business ownership for women than for men at endline. On the other hand, behavioral measures indicating improved relationship management and management skills 16 are associated with greater increases in hours of work and time spent on household chores among men. In terms of broader gender interaction patterns, improved aggregate SES (behavioral) is associated with greater improvements for men in employment status, self-employment, and hours of work. Meanwhile, improvements in a range of self-reported aggregate SES are associated with greater increases for men in decision-making beliefs, decision-making power, and life satisfaction. In contrast, increases in self-reported aggregate self-awareness and relationship management skills are associated with decreases in income aspirations for men relative to women. At the overall level, improvements in aggregate SES (behavioral) are associated with particular increases for men in income aspirations but decreases for men relative to women in job search, decision-making power, wellbeing and time on household chores. Figure 3: Association of aggregate socioemotional skills with income, by gender and measurement type Note: No data available for self-awareness/social awareness self-reports in Nigeria or social awareness behavioral measures in Côte d’Ivoire. *p<.05; **p<.01;***p<.001. Statistically significant effects are outlined and in darker shades; non-significant effects in lighter shades. In general, relatively few significant gender interactions for self-reported measures are observed for most outcomes across all three countries. Occasional gender interactions for self-reports are seen mostly in favor of men in Tanzania (for outcomes such as better job search and anxiety), in favor of women in Côte d’Ivoire (for decision-making beliefs/power) and in favor of women in Nigeria for 17 decision-making power, while men in Nigeria self-reported higher SES alongside lower time on household chores. Behavioral measures tend to show gender interaction effects across a wider range of outcomes. In Nigeria, some gender interactions are found for aggregate SES on (favoring women) owning a business and hours of work and (favoring men) income aspirations, wellbeing, and attitudes to IPV acceptability. No interactions are found in Nigeria for employment, income, NEET, better job search, decision-making power, anxiety, or time on household chores. In Tanzania, at least one significant gender interaction for aggregate skills was found for employment status, owning a business, income, NEET status, better job search, income aspirations, and time spent on household chores, with some interactions favoring men and others favoring women. No aggregate gender interactions are found for hours of work, decision-making power, wellbeing, depression, or anxiety. In Côte d’Ivoire, some gender interactions favoring women are found for employment status, self-employment, NEET status, hours of work, income aspirations, and decision-making beliefs/power (usually involving the aggregate relationship management and management skills), while other outcomes show no corresponding interactions. By age Patterns of heterogeneity in SES by age differ by country (Extended Data Tables A5-A10). Age- related effects are most apparent in Côte d’Ivoire, where older participants recorded significantly stronger skills on both self-report and behavioral measures (β ranging from .003-.026) for most SES, with only a few non-significant exceptions. In Tanzania, age is positively associated with stronger SES on most self-report measures but only one behavioral measure (expressiveness), with clear differences at the aggregate level (βAll_SES-SR=.017, p<.001; βAll_SES-BEH=.001, ns). Fewer age-related differences are found in Nigeria, albeit with a slight tendency, similar to Tanzania, for greater SES differences by age on aggregate self-report than on behavioral measures. By education As with age, differences in SES by level of education are clearest in Côte d’Ivoire (Extended Data Tables A5-A10). Education is positively related to most SES in Côte d’Ivoire, but perseverance (behavioral; β=-.007) and emotional awareness (self-report; β=-.004) show significant negative associations. Education is also positively associated with some SES in Tanzania, albeit more clearly for behavioral than self-report measures of skills, with many self-report skills showing non-significant differences. Two behavioral measures –active listening (β=-.01) and collaboration (β=-.04) – are significantly negatively associated with education in Tanzania. Relatively few significant differences by education level are found among the Nigerian sample. Those that are observed tend to be related to behavioral measures of skills rather than self-reports. By social desirability Overall, while social desirability effects are common for both self-report and behavioral measures, effects are stronger among self-report measures. In two countries, behavioral measures of aggregate social awareness (Tanzania), aggregate awareness (Tanzania, Côte d’Ivoire) and aggregate self- awareness (Côte d’Ivoire) show no significant relationships with social desirability, in contrast to the equivalent self-report measures. In Nigeria, no such distinctions are observed. In all three countries, we observe a tendency to give socially desirable answers generally positively associated with SES (Extended Data Tables A5-A10). 18 By attitudes toward gender equity In Côte d’Ivoire and Nigeria, the vast majority of individual and aggregate SES show significant positive associations with beliefs about gender equality or the empowerment of women (Extended Data Tables A5-A10), although the magnitude of the coefficients is notably stronger in Nigeria. This is true for both self-report and behavioral measures of skills. In Tanzania, aggregate behavioral indicators of SES tend to show significant associations with gender equity beliefs (aside from – as for social desirability – social awareness and awareness), whereas aggregate self-report indicators generally show no significant relationship (aside from social awareness and self-management). By gender norms At the aggregate level, more conservative gender norms were associated with significantly weaker SES in Tanzania but significantly stronger SES in Côte d’Ivoire – in both countries, regardless of the measurement type (Extended Data Tables A5-A10). Patterns in Nigeria were slightly more mixed but, as in Tanzania, generally showed that more conservative gender norms were associated with weaker SES. Similar findings were observed at the level of individual SES, with generally negative associations between gender norms and (self-reported or behaviorally-measured) SES in Tanzania and Nigeria, and positive associations in Côte d’Ivoire. Which skills matter most for key outcomes? The previous sections have focused primarily on the measurement of SES. In this final section, we turn attention to participant outcomes and examine which SES are most important for these outcomes. As in previous sections, the answers vary by the outcome of interest, the national and sample context, and the type of measurement. Briefly: for a key outcome such as income, problem-solving/decision-making (behavioral) is the only skill that was significantly positively associated in all three countries. Perseverance (behavioral) is also significantly positively associated with higher income in Nigeria and Côte d’Ivoire. No self- reported skills are consistently associated with higher income across all countries, although generalized self- efficacy (self-report) is positively associated with income in Tanzania and Côte d’Ivoire. For employment status, collaboration (behavioral), negotiation (behavioral), and empathy (behavioral) are significantly associated with stronger employment outcomes in two of the three countries. Personal initiative (behavioral) is also positively associated with employment in Côte d’Ivoire and Nigeria, but negatively in Tanzania. In general, self-management and relationship management skills such as perseverance, personal initiative, problem-solving/decision-making, collaboration, and expressiveness emerge as being significant for several employment outcomes and employment-related behaviors. Overall, behavioral measures tend to be more strongly related to economic outcomes such as these (both positively and negatively) while self-reports are more strongly related to mental health-related outcomes. For example, self-reported skills such as emotional regulation, emotional awareness, self- awareness, self-control, perseverance, personal initiative and problem-solving/decision-making tend to be important for mental health and wellbeing outcomes, albeit to different degrees across countries depending on the outcome (e.g., mental health, anxiety, depression, life satisfaction). 19 Conclusions Acknowledging the importance and relative neglected of socioemotional or soft skills, especially in lower-income and vulnerable settings, we studied 14 distinct dimensions of SES, using both behavioral and self-reported measures, within policy-relevant populations in three Sub-Saharan African countries. We successfully validated the new behavioral measures psychometrically. We then compared the two measurement approaches to one another and to individual-level outcomes. Broadly speaking, we find that economic outcomes such as employment and income are more strongly correlated with the behavioral measures, while more psychosocial outcomes, such as decision-making, mental health, and IPV, are more strongly correlated with self-report measures. The specific SES most strongly correlated with both types of outcomes include emotional and relationship management skills, like problem-solving/decision-making, collaboration, and negotiation. In many cases the magnitudes of these links are moderate to large relative to the typical effects found in psychological science [21], particularly those of other pre-registered studies [22] – for example, we find effect sizes of .42 for self-reported emotional regulation on anxiety in Nigeria, .17 for self- reported self-control on mental health in Côte d’Ivoire, and .24 for behavioral collaboration on decision-making power in Tanzania. This suggests that there remains considerable low-hanging fruit with respect to taking SES into account in policy programming and targeting, in curriculum development, and in optimal contextual adaptation. It may also be possible to proactively modify such skills [23] and thereby improve outcomes further. In two countries, changes in behavioral SES over time predicted improvements in labor outcomes, pointing to their potential role in program evaluation. No such predictive associations were observed for self-reported measures. In Tanzania, however, results were weaker or negative. This may reflect the limited economic opportunities faced by the NEET sample, which could reduce the returns to socioemotional skills. These unexpected patterns warrant further investigation. In addition to exploring these various policy implications, further work is needed at the foundational level. Our study is comprehensive compared to much existing literature, yet it involved specific convenience populations (albeit highly relevant ones), a subset of all possible SES, and in the end found sometimes mixed results. One important conclusion is that, similar to other important inputs and predictors, soft skills involve a complex and subtle set of interlinking dynamics across people and environments. Further research could improve the external validity of these findings by conducting similar analysis in different contexts and by evaluating the increasing number of policy interventions — such as TVET adaptations or youth employment initiatives — that either directly build SES or indirectly reveal their value. 20 References [1] Smithers, L. G., Sawyer, A. C., Chittleborough, C. R., Davies, N. M., Davey Smith, G., & Lynch, J. W. (2018). A systematic review and meta-analysis of effects of early life non-cognitive skills on academic, psychosocial, cognitive and health outcomes. 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Gender differences in socio- emotional skills and economic outcomes. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 10197. [14] Marsh, V., Delavallade, C., Das, S., Rouanet, L., Koroknay-Palicz, T., & McDaniel, D. (2025). Assessing Workplace Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Skills in Africa. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper; 11128. [15] Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. Bantam. [16] Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2012). Social role theory. Handbook of theories of social psychology, 2(9), 458-476. [17] Duckworth, A. L., & Yeager, D. S. (2015). Measurement matters: Assessing personal qualities other than cognitive ability for educational purposes. Educational researcher, 44(4), 237-251. [18] Webster, E. S., Paton, L. W., Crampton, P. E., & Tiffin, P. A. (2020). Situational judgement test 21 validity for selection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medical Education, 54(10), 888-902. [19] Dang J, King KM, Inzlicht M. (2020) Why Are Self-Report and Behavioral Measures Weakly Correlated? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(4):267-269. [20] Cassidy, R., Das, S., Delavallade, C., Kipchumba, E., & Komba, J. (2024). Do Men Really Have Greater Socio-Emotional Skills Than Women? Evidence from Tanzanian Youth. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper; 10873. [21] Funder DC, Ozer DJ. (2019) Evaluating Effect Size in Psychological Research: Sense and Nonsense. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 2(2):156-168. [22] Schäfer, T., & Schwarz, M. A. (2019). The meaningfulness of effect sizes in psychological research: Differences between sub-disciplines and the impact of potential biases. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 813. [23] Blattman, C., Chaskel, S., Jamison, J. C., & Sheridan, M. (2023). Cognitive behavioral therapy reduces crime and violence over ten years: Experimental evidence. American Economic Review: Insights, 5(4), 527-545. 22 Socio-Emotional Skills in Sub-Saharan Africa: Validating and Comparing Measures June 2025 Methods The measures reported here were developed as part of a series of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed at understanding the impact of enhanced socio-emotional skills (SES) in three Sub- Saharan African countries: Tanzania, Côte d’Ivoire and Nigeria. Longitudinal data are gathered at either two (baseline, endline) or three (baseline, midline, endline) timepoints for each RCT. As the current focus is on validation and comparison of the measures, examination of treatment effects for the intervention and control groups will be reported separately. Details of the study design and analysis plan are pre-registered at Open Science Framework registries. Measurement of Socio-Emotional Skills A framework of 14 relevant SES and a suite of measures for assessing those skills were developed for the overall project, as described previously by Cassidy et al. (2024). An important feature of the current work was the development of multiple methods targeting the same SES, notably including behavioral measures, enabling comparisons as to which indicators can yield the most valid and meaningful measurement outcomes. The framework of 14 skills was developed – based on existing frameworks, focus group discussions, and literature on gender differences and economic empowerment – to span the range of SES and to limit conceptual overlap. Measures of each skill in the framework were developed after extensive research on existing measures, consulting with psychologists and external reviewers, and using iterative development based on previous rounds of data collection prior to the current study. A core distinction was made between self-report and behavioral indicators of SES, with behavioral measures developed in part to mitigate the effects of social desirability and other biases in self- report measures of SES as reported in earlier studies. Behavioral measures included Household Informant Interviews (HII), Situational Judgement Tests (SJTs), and coding of demonstrated skills via direct observation during a task. However, initial attempts to conduct HIIs were subsequently discontinued based on the time required to locate participating individuals during household surveys. For task-based assessment of SES, existing tasks were prioritized when they were available and met the time and feasibility requirements of the study. An example of a task measuring perseverance is shown in the Supplementary Information. When a task for a given SES was not available, behavioral tendency SJTs were utilized, which ask respondents how they would likely behave in a given situation. The questions were developed using critical incident sourcing and focus groups, and response options were developed based on (i) interviews with entrepreneurs and (ii) the content structure of the self-report scale for the same skill. These scenario-based measures were expected to make the socially desirable response less clear, and to allow for context-specific measures and multiple scenarios where SES could be relevant for economic outcomes. We altered 1 the traditional format of such a test so that each item could be asked separately without requiring much cognitive load, and a visual scale could be used to increase the usage of the entire scale. The scenario was followed by several possible “good actions” (i.e., those aligning with positive use of the skill) and “poor actions” (those not aligning with use of the skill). The measures were adapted in each country to use local names and currency. An example of an SJT is shown in Figure M1. Figure M1. Example of a Situational Judgement Test You are in charge of the decorations for an annual meeting. Your employee, [local name], was supposed to bring the flowers and they didn't reach on time for the meeting. The customer is angry at you and threatening to not work with you next year. You feel ashamed that you failed the customer. • How likely are you to: Yell at your employee, [local name]? • How likely are you to: Talk to your employee immediately so they know how angry you are? • How likely are you to: Become so stressed that you get upset at others? • How likely are you to: Take time to relax and calm down before you talk to your employee? • How likely are you to: Discuss your stress with someone you trust? • How likely are you to: Change how you think about the situation so you're less angry? • How long are you likely to feel stressed or upset: Less than an hour, a few hours, the whole day, a few days, or longer? In each country, the research team undertook cognitive interviews with participants to ensure that questions were clearly understood. An extensive translation and backtranslation process was utilized, where the original text and backtranslations were carefully compared and the reviewer (often a psychologist) made notes for future translations. Materials were developed in English and made available in Swahili (Tanzania), Yoruba and Hausa (Nigeria), and French (Côte d’Ivoire). At each stage of data collection, the team examined the psychometric qualities of each measure and adjusted the measure as needed by dropping items, adding items, or revising translations. Here, the research team aimed to meet the following psychometric thresholds (Bland & Altman, 1997; Hu & Bentler, 1998; Steiner, 1994): internal consistency measured by Cronbach’s alpha ≥ .7, CFI/TLI ≥ .95, RMSEA/SRMR ≥ .08, proportion of variance explained ≥ .5. These guidelines were used as rules of thumb rather than as strict cutoffs. For example, items were not dropped if they were essential to maintaining the content validity of a measure and the internal consistency/CFI/TLI threshold were not met by 0.05, the RMSEA/SRMR threshold by 0.02, or the proportion of variance explained by 0.1. Table M1 summarizes the SES assessed in this study and the measures developed for each for the overall study. As shown, a self-report measure and at least two behavioral measures were available for each SES, with the exception of personal initiative (one self-report and one behavioral measure). The deployment of these measures across the three national settings varied slightly, as described in the following country-specific sections using the variable codes given in the following tables. Table M1. Self-report and behavioral measures developed for each socio-emotional skill Skill Definition Self- HHI SJT Tasks Report Emotional The ability to identify and accept one’s X X X Awareness emotions Self-Awareness The ability to identify and interpret one’s X X X own thoughts and behaviors and to evaluate one’s strengths and weakness 2 Emotional The ability to maintain or change one’s own X X X Regulation emotions by controlling one’s thoughts and behavioral responses Self-Control The ability to focus one’s attention, stay on X X X Continuous Performance task, break habits, restrain impulses and Task, Enumerator keep good self-discipline questions [both measuring attention focus] Perseverance The ability to sustain effort despite setbacks X X X Triangle test Personal The ability to develop long-term goals, to X X Initiative seek opportunities to improve one’s self and to be motivated to put these plans and goals into action Problem-Solving/ The ability to approach a problem by X X X Task embedded in SJT Decision-Making gathering information, generating a number [measuring creativity] of solutions and evaluating the consequences of these solutions before acting Listening The ability to attend to what other people X X Questions after a story are saying, taking time to understand other’s [measuring listening point of view, ask clarifying questions and comprehension], not interrupting at inappropriate times Enumerator coding of behaviors [measuring active listening] Empathy The ability to understand another’s X X X Scenarios+SAM scale viewpoint or thoughts and have emotional concern for another’s situation or experience Expressiveness The ability to explain ideas in a way that X X X others will understand and openly express one’s opinion Influence The ability to communicate in a manner that X X Task embedded in SJT changes other’s perspectives and to adapt [measuring knowledge of one’s behavior in situationally appropriate how to use skill] ways to influence others Relatedness The ability to take actions intended to build X X X trust and benefit others, initiate and maintain relationships and be respectful, encouraging and caring towards others. Two key dimensions are examined here: Maintaining Relationships (Kindness) and Initiating Relationships (Networking). Negotiation The ability to identify one’s own and other’s X X X interests during a disagreement and to change one’s own behaviors, thoughts and feelings as a strategy for resolving interpersonal problems and achieving one’s goals 3 Collaboration The ability to take other’s perspective, listen X X SMS simulated and communicate in groups of two or more conversation people, identify situations involving group problem-solving and decision-making, and organizing and coordinate team members to create shared plans and goals Notes: X indicates data was collected. HHI stands for "Household Informant" and SJT for "Situational Judgment Test". Table M2 describes the format of the 14 self-report scales in more detail, including sample items. Table M2. Description of self-report measures N N response SES items options Sample item Emotional Awareness 7 5 When I am stressed, I take time to reflect on the true cause of my feelings. Self-Awareness 8 5 I understand my own behaviors. Emotional Regulation 10 5 When I feel nervous, I know what to do to feel more relaxed. Self-Control 9 5 I do things that feel good in the moment, but I will regret later on. [reverse-coded] Perseverance 8 5 I finish whatever I begin. Personal Initiative 11 5 I am particularly good at making my ideas a reality. Problem-Solving/Decision-Making 13 5 I compare all my options before making a decision. Listening 7 5 Even when I want to share my opinion, I can listen to others’ opinions first. Empathy 9 5 I can quickly sense when someone in the group is uncomfortable. Expressiveness 9 5 I ask for what I need when I need it. Influence 10 5 People pay attention when I express my ideas. Relatedness 13 5 I am good at getting to know people. When I disagree with someone, I am able to give up some things I want to solve Negotiation 8 5 our disagreement. Collaboration 7 5 When I work with others, I tell others my ideas and ask for theirs in return. Tables M3 and Table M4 describe psychometric information for the behavioral and self-report measures (including subscales), showing Cronbach’s α as an indicator of internal consistency and four key fit indices (CFI, TLI, RMSEA, SRMR) from Confirmatory Factor Analyses of each scale. With some (partial) exceptions – described in the main text – the measures generally showed acceptable to excellent measurement properties. 4 Table M3. Psychometric information for behavioral measures in the current study Tanzania Côte d’Ivoire Nigeria Cronbach’s Cronbach’s Cronbach’s CFI TLI RMSEA SRMR CFI TLI RMSEA SRMR CFI TLI RMSEA SRMR SES α α α Emotional awareness 0.804 0.998 0.996 0.043 0.023 0.586 0.995 0.984 0.067 0.024 0.756 0.996 0.993 0.053 0.029 Self-awareness 0.842 0.998 0.997 0.042 0.029 0.648 0.998 0.997 0.035 0.020 0.702 0.995 0.992 0.051 0.035 Emotional regulation 0.681 0.998 0.997 0.037 0.024 0.757 0.945 0.908 0.148 0.074 0.734 0.992 0.990 0.058 0.042 Self-control 0.549 0.894 0.681 0.279 0.103 - - - - - 0.841 0.990 0.984 0.087 0.051 Perseverance - - - - - 0.706 0.997 0.991 0.063 0.023 0.895 0.997 0.996 0.065 0.031 Personal initiative 0.861 0.996 0.995 0.041 0.029 0.659 0.990 0.986 0.062 0.046 0.817 0.996 0.994 0.042 0.033 Problem-solving/ Decision-making 0.901 0.998 0.997 0.034 0.027 0.448 0.999 0.998 0.026 0.011 0.857 0.997 0.996 0.042 0.029 Listening 0.807 1.000 0.999 0.044 0.032 - - - - - 0.827 0.999 0.999 0.030 0.025 Active listening 0.933 - - - - - - 0.902 0.999 0.998 0.076 0.015 Listening comprehension 0.732 - - - - - - 0.737 1.000 1.001 0.000 0.010 Empathy 0.868 0.996 0.995 0.049 0.038 - - - - - 0.842 0.989 0.987 0.071 0.045 Expressiveness 0.772 0.999 0.999 0.029 0.023 0.723 0.986 0.977 0.073 0.039 0.740 0.999 0.999 0.021 0.022 Relatedness 0.823 0.996 0.995 0.038 0.030 - - - - - 0.852 0.982 0.979 0.069 0.050 Maintaining relations 0.761 0.995 0.990 0.071 0.039 - - - - - 0.750 0.985 0.978 0.082 0.049 Networking 0.813 0.999 0.998 0.030 0.018 - - - - - 0.833 0.996 0.995 0.046 0.031 Influence 0.787 0.988 0.980 0.092 0.052 - - - - - 0.811 0.999 0.998 0.034 0.021 Negotiation 0.864 0.990 0.987 0.062 0.045 0.804 0.978 0.970 0.062 0.039 0.761 0.988 0.986 0.045 0.037 Collaboration 0.823 1.000 0.999 0.013 0.022 0.617 0.998 0.996 0.030 0.022 0.822 0.993 0.991 0.065 0.037 General self-efficacy 0.742 1.000 0.999 0.017 0.009 - - - - - 0.646 0.996 0.988 0.058 0.024 Note: Some scores were measured but could not be subjected to psychometric analysis due to their structure; these are indicated with “ - “. Statistics are reported from the earliest available measure in the study. For skills not measured in the initial survey but captured in later rounds or cohorts, we report the earliest available subsequent data. Ns: Tanzania range from 1143-4739 across SES; Côte d’Ivoire range from 1152-2687; Nigeria range from 358-1302. 5 Table M4. Psychometric information for self-report scales in the current study Tanzania Côte d’Ivoire Nigeria Cronbach’s Cronbach’s Cronbach’s CFI TLI RMSEA SRMR CFI TLI RMSEA SRMR CFI TLI RMSEA SRMR SES α α α Emotional awareness 0.696 0.997 0.995 0.040 0.020 0.656 0.992 0.987 0.049 0.035 0.814 0.995 0.992 0.061 0.046 Self-awareness 0.821 0.993 0.991 0.065 0.037 0.728 0.988 0.984 0.065 0.044 0.864 0.996 0.994 0.068 0.046 Emotional regulation 0.756 0.996 0.994 0.046 0.027 0.671 0.984 0.977 0.079 0.048 0.914 0.995 0.994 0.081 0.039 Self-control 0.797 0.992 0.984 0.096 0.037 0.769 0.993 0.988 0.065 0.035 0.915 0.995 0.993 0.110 0.044 Perseverance 0.655 0.990 0.984 0.058 0.036 0.717 0.994 0.992 0.052 0.035 0.859 0.996 0.995 0.057 0.031 Personal initiative 0.824 0.991 0.988 0.064 0.043 0.747 0.979 0.973 0.090 0.062 0.889 0.994 0.992 0.068 0.042 Problem-solving/ Decision-making 0.840 0.986 0.983 0.060 0.045 0.702 0.977 0.972 0.062 0.052 0.898 0.988 0.986 0.079 0.053 Listening 0.610 0.996 0.994 0.050 0.034 0.519 0.995 0.992 0.052 0.042 0.838 0.997 0.995 0.054 0.046 Active listening 0.811 - 0.716 - 0.752 0.996 0.988 0.078 0.039 Respectful listening 0.731 0.999 0.998 0.037 0.013 0.694 - 0.816 - Empathy 0.734 0.992 0.988 0.056 0.034 0.711 0.987 0.981 0.081 0.052 0.858 0.993 0.991 0.072 0.042 Expressiveness 0.742 0.983 0.977 0.072 0.045 0.590 0.995 0.990 0.045 0.027 0.860 0.998 0.998 0.040 0.037 Relatedness 0.821 0.984 0.979 0.102 0.066 0.822 0.984 0.979 0.102 0.066 0.895 0.995 0.994 0.055 0.035 Maintaining relations 0.811 0.997 0.996 0.052 0.026 0.791 0.997 0.994 0.082 0.030 0.853 0.998 0.997 0.051 0.026 Networking 0.706 0.997 0.992 0.061 0.021 0.639 1.000 0.999 0.016 0.012 0.822 0.997 0.996 0.056 0.027 Influence 0.713 0.999 0.998 0.026 0.015 0.576 0.990 0.980 0.080 0.043 0.849 1.000 0.999 0.015 0.037 Negotiation 0.767 0.999 0.998 0.031 0.017 0.725 0.986 0.980 0.077 0.050 0.884 0.997 0.996 0.061 0.030 Collaboration 0.787 0.992 0.986 0.084 0.043 0.812 0.989 0.984 0.097 0.053 0.790 0.989 0.982 0.087 0.058 General self-efficacy 0.716 0.979 0.973 0.061 0.047 0.650 0.944 0.926 0.098 0.076 0.841 0.980 0.974 0.093 0.063 Note: Statistics are reported from the earliest available measure in the study. For skills not measured in the initial survey but captured in later rounds or cohorts, we report the earliest available subsequent data. Ns: Tanzania 4750; Côte d’Ivoire 1156; Nigeria range from 358-5168 across SES. 6 Table M5 describes the key outcome variables of the study, which were examined for their relationship to the various SES. Variation in data collected across the three countries is described below using the variable codes given here. Table M5. Description of outcome measures Outcome category Code Outcome Description Education O-1 Attending school Dummy variable equal to 1 if respondent is currently in school or attending training Labor O-2 Employment status Dummy variable equal to 1 if respondent has received any income from work in the past 30 days O-3 Own business Dummy variable equal to 1 if respondent owns their own business O-4 NEET Dummy variable equal to 1 if respondent is not working or in education/training O-5 Income Inverse Hyperbolic Sine of income from the past 30 days (winsorized at the 95th percentile) among those who work O-6 Hours of work Continuous variable of the number of hours worked per week (winsorized at the 95th percentile) O-7 Job search Dummy variable equal to 1 if respondent has searched for a job in the past 30 days Beliefs O-8 Income aspirations (a) Inverse Hyperbolic Sine of income that respondent aspires to; (b. O-9 Gender equity Values ranging from 0 to 1 representing respondent’s endorsement of discriminatory gender attitudes Economic O-10 Decision-making power Values ranging from 0 to 10 representing respondent’s ability to make empowerment their own financial choices Well-being O-11 Mental health: Depression PHQ-8 scale O-12 Mental health: Anxiety GAD-7 scale O-13 Attitudes towards Intimate Values ranging from 0 to 1 representing the respondent’s attitudes Partner Violence (IPV) towards domestic violence. 0-14 Time on household duties Weekly time spent on household chores and child/elder care (continuous variable, winsorized at the 95th percentile) 0-15 Well-being Value ranging from 0 to 10 representing the respondent's assessment of their current situation Tables M6 describes the set of covariates which were used as control variables in multivariate analyses relating SES to the key outcomes. Variation in data collected across the three countries is described below using the variable codes given here. Table M6. Description of covariates used as control variables Covariate category Code Covariate Description C-1 Gender [Male] Dummy variable equal to 1 if respondent is male C-2 Age (a) Integer representing years of age; (b) Dummy variable Demographic equal to 1 if the individual is over the age of 21 C-3 Marital status Dummy variable equal to 1 if respondent is married or cohabitating C-4 Social Desirability BIDR scale with two dimensions: Impression management (deliberate self-presentation to an audience) and Self- Beliefs deceptive positivity (self-reporting that is positively biased) C-5 Gender Norms Values raning for 0 to 10 representing the respondents endorsement of traditional gender norms C-6 Educational attainment Integer of the number of years completed in formal education (range: 0 to 14) Skill C-7 Cognitive ability Value ranging from 0 to 1 (averaging score for Raven’s Progressive Matrices items) Behavioral measure C-8 SJT gender Dummy variable equal to 1 if the gender of the individual in characteristics the SJT scenario is male. Enumerator C-9 Gender Dummy variable equal to 1 if enumerator is male characteristics 7 Country 1: Tanzania Sample The sample in Tanzania was selected from three regions (Dodoma, Dar es Salaam and Iringa) and focused on urban and peri-urban settings. Eligible participants were aged between 18 and 24 at baseline, and were neither in full-time education nor full-time salaried employment. Data were gathered at three time points: baseline (May-June 2021; n=472800 participants), midline (February- March 2022; n=1159) and endline (October-November 2022; n=1143). Training for the associated RCT was provided in October and November 2021. Descriptive statistics are provided in Supplementary Information Table S14. Data were collected in person by trained enumerators who administered structured surveys and interactive assessments, including: (i) self-reports (SR) on attitudes and perceived skills; (ii) hypothetical inference items (HII) based on situational vignettes; (iii) situational judgment tests (SJT) involving realistic scenarios with multiple response options; and (iv) behavioral tasks scored through structured observation. All tools targeted the socio-emotional skills covered in the training. Sessions typically lasted 2 to 2.5 hours. Participants received a transport stipend, a light meal, and access to the assigned training program. Measures: Socio-emotional skills Data were collected in Tanzania for each SES twice, at baseline and endline. Table M7 provides the measures used at each point, showing that SJTs were most often used as the behavioral measure, accounting for 9 of the SES at baseline and 11 at endline. Table M7. Data collected in Tanzania Behavioral measures Time point Self-report measure HII SJT Task 9 SES 5 SES Baseline All 14 SES 0 (SES-1, SES-2, SES-3, SES-6, SES-7, SES- (SES-4, SES-5, SES-8, SES-9, SES-14) 10, SES-11, SES-12, SES-13) 11 SES 3 SES Endline All 14 SES 0 (As above plus SES-9 and SES-14) (SES-4, SES-5, SES-8) Note: HII (Household Informant Interview); SJT (Situational Judgement Test). Measures: Key outcomes Data for all of the key outcomes were collected in Tanzania. Measures: Covariates/Control variables Data for all of the control variables were collected, with the caveat that measurement of C-4 (social desirability) was limited to the ‘impression management’ dimension. Country 2: Côte d'Ivoire Sample The Ivorian sample were applicants to a vocational program aimed at vulnerable youth in urban settings, living in Abidjan and Bassam. Eligible applicants were aged between 15 and 29 years old at baseline, and participation required basic literacy and numeracy skills (screening carried out by the program implementer). Data were collected from 5,500 applicants in three treatment groups at baseline, with follow-up data available from 1,910 applicants assigned to the control group. Descriptive statistics are provided in Supplementary Information Table S15. Data were collected in person by trained enumerators who collected data through a mixture of in- person and phone interviews. These sessions typically took two hours to complete. In return for their participation at all time points, participants received 2,000 Ivorian francs (approximately USD3- USD4). 8 Measures: Socio-emotional skills Data were collected in Côte d'Ivoire for each SES on three occasions. Table M8 shows the measures used at each point. HIIs were most commonly used as the behavioral measure at baseline for the first treatment cohort, but as noted above, were subsequently discontinued with SJTs used more frequently in later rounds. The SJTs administered in Côte d'Ivoire were abbreviated versions of the SJTs used in Nigeria and Tanzania. Table M8. Data collected in Côte d'Ivoire Self-report Behavioral measures Time point measure HII SJT Task 11 SES (all except SES-6, 3 SES Baseline All 14 SES SES-12, SES-14) (for first 0 (SES-5, SES-6, SES-14) treatment group only) 7 SES Midline All 14 SES 0 0 (SES-1, SES-2, SES-3, SES-6, SES-10, SES-13, SES-14) 9 SES Endline All 14 SES 0 (SES-1, SES-2, SES-3, SES-5, SES-6, SES-7, SES-10, 0 SES-13, SES-14) Note: HII (Household Informant Interview); SJT (Situational Judgement Test). Measures: Key outcomes Data for all of the key outcomes were collected in Côte d'Ivoire. Measures: Covariates/Control variables Data for all of the control variables were collected at least once. Although most variables are available at all timepoints, some exceptions can be noted. Specifically, C-7 (cognitive ability) was collected only at baseline, while data for C-4 (social desirability) are available at all timepoints for the third treatment cohort but only at follow-up timepoints for the first and second cohorts. Country 3: Nigeria Sample Participants in Nigeria were applicants to an agribusiness program being conducted in six states (Kano, Kaduna, Kogi, Lagos, Enugu, and Cross River) in both urban and rural settings. All participants were aged at least 18, with an upper age limit of 40 for men (no such limit was applied to women). Program participants had completed at least secondary school and received training on business- related and technical skills. As shown in Supplementary Table S13, the Nigerian sample was, on average, older, better-educated, more likely to be married, and more likely to be self-employed than the Tanzanian or Ivorian samples. Within Nigeria, SES data are available from two distinct but overlapping samples. The full sample (n=1,500) is the control group from a larger RCT, for which data were collected only in the final round. However, data from an additional earlier timepoint are also available for a random subsample (n=1,085) of this group. 9 Measures: Socio-emotional skills Table M9 presents the SES measures used in Nigeria. Table M9. Data collected in Nigeria Behavioral measures Sample Self-report measure HII SJT Task 6 SES Full sample 1 SES (SES-5, SES-6, SES-7, SES-9, 0 13 SES (n=1500) (SES-8) SES-12, SES-13) Random subsample 3 SES All 14 SES 0 All 14 SES (n=1085) (SES-4, SES-5, SES-8) Note: HII (Household Informant Interview); SJT (Situational Judgement Test). Measures: Key outcomes Data for all of the key outcomes except O-11 (depression) were collected in Nigeria. Measures: Covariates/Control variables Data for all of the control variables were collected. However, data for C-4 (social desirability) are not available at baseline (only at follow-up). Analysis plan The analyses reported in this paper were pre-specified and registered in advance and can be viewed, along with other study details, at https://osf.io/f9x5j. As the current paper focuses on the validation of behavioral measures and comparison of behavioral to self-report measures, within-country data were pooled across all available rounds of data collection unless otherwise specified. Due to the non-representative nature of the samples (which were based on program applicants) and varying national contexts, analyses were conducted separately for each country. Any treatment effects of the RCT interventions that are part of the broader study are not considered here, as they will be the focus of subsequent reporting. Examination of patterns of missing data determined that data were generally MCAR within each round of data collection with missing data therefore addressed in analyses by listwise deletion in each model for simplicity of analysis. All analyses take account of the nested structure of the data via cluster-robust standard errors to guard against Type I error. Wherever data are available, results are reported for each sample for all 14 skills. Results are also reported for generalized self-efficacy, which overlaps with other items, and for 9 overlapping skill aggregates identified in prior work (Cassidy et al., 2024): a) intrapersonal awareness (includes 2 skills – emotional awareness and self-awareness); b) social awareness (includes 2 skills – listening and empathy); c) self-management (includes 5 skills – emotional regulation, self-control, perseverance, personal initiative, problem solving & decision-making); d) relationship management (includes 5 skills – expressiveness, interpersonal relatedness, influence, negotiation, and collaboration); e) awareness (includes 4 skills in the intrapersonal awareness and social awareness categories); f) management (includes 10 skills in the self-management and relationship management categories); 10 g) intrapersonal (includes 7 skills in the intrapersonal awareness and self-management categories); h) interpersonal (includes 7 skills in the social awareness and relationship management categories); and i) all skills. Finally, disaggregated results are reported where data are available for subscales of a particular skill. In particular, we report results for multiple dimensions of listening (respectful, active, comprehension), interpersonal relatedness (networking, maintaining relationships), and self-control (inattentiveness, impulsiveness). 11 Socio-Emotional Skills in Sub-Saharan Africa: Validating and Comparing Measures Extended Data June 2025 1 Table A1. Raw coefficients: regression of socioemotional skills (behavioral measures) on outcomes – Nigeria Decision- Wellbeing Anxiety IPV Time on Owns Hours Job Income making acceptable household Employed business Income NEET Work Search Aspirations power chores Emotional awareness 0.092 0.240* 0.107* 0.063 -0.009 0.051 0.191*** 0.000 0.068 0.056* 0.341* -0.157* Self-awareness 0.189 0.119 0.033 0.199 0.095 0.083 0.189* -0.027 -0.096 0.150*** 0.500* -0.253** Emotional regulation 0.001 -0.107 -0.030 -0.019 -0.331*** 0.079 -0.078 0.028** -0.154** 0.087*** 0.135 0.008 Self-control 0.435** 0.487* 0.298*** 0.426* 0.594*** -0.149 -0.061 0.018 -0.169 0.052 0.308 -0.119 Perseverance 0.246*** 0.087 0.087** 0.244*** 0.186* -0.142* 0.006 0.020 -0.248*** 0.005 0.179 -0.152*** Personal initiative 0.187 0.343* -0.015 0.135 0.303 0.080 0.170 -0.025 0.125 0.100** 0.213 -0.021 PSDM -0.001 -0.010 0.129*** 0.038 0.248** -0.148* 0.011 -0.000 -0.188*** 0.032 0.014 -0.180*** Active listening 0.127* 0.130 0.051 0.165** -0.088 -0.039 -0.017 -0.013 0.048 -0.072*** 0.032 0.150*** Listening comp. -0.216* 0.172 0.006 -0.257* -0.314** -0.148 0.076 -0.020 -0.001 -0.008 0.325* 0.240*** Empathy 0.124* -0.076 0.006 0.158* 0.135 -0.096 -0.008 0.013 -0.158*** 0.011 0.174 -0.255*** Expressiveness 0.094 0.107 0.103** 0.051 0.176 -0.202** -0.046 0.004 -0.093 0.060** 0.018 -0.243*** Maintaining relations 0.044 -0.146 -0.049 0.073 0.036 -0.172 -0.036 0.020 -0.096 0.097** 0.454* -0.282*** Networking -0.001 -0.060 0.146* 0.082 -0.004 -0.155 0.222** 0.033 -0.059 0.150*** 0.499* -0.284** Influence 0.175** -0.126 0.081** 0.174** 0.180* -0.138* -0.027 0.018 -0.158** 0.048** 0.182* -0.177*** Negotiation 0.183* -0.038 0.014 0.142 0.288** -0.106 0.018 0.011 -0.235*** 0.052* 0.131 -0.253*** Collaboration 0.214** 0.042 0.034 0.166* 0.294** -0.146* -0.026 0.003 -0.225*** 0.036 0.242* -0.297*** GSE 0.097 -0.161* 0.014 0.094 0.179* -0.091 -0.012 0.017* -0.114** 0.037* 0.154 -0.161*** Agg: Self-awareness 0.112 0.167 0.068 0.102 0.035 0.054 0.171*** -0.009 0.008 0.081*** 0.345** -0.168** Agg: Social awareness 0.169 0.185 0.126* 0.177 -0.134 -0.233* -0.010 -0.013 -0.080 -0.066* 0.336* 0.077 Agg: Self-management 0.324** 0.163 0.203*** 0.288* 0.294* -0.185 -0.026 0.027 -0.438*** 0.114** 0.406* -0.219** Agg: Relationship mgt 0.227* -0.044 0.152** 0.199* 0.324** -0.248** -0.004 0.018 -0.261*** 0.104*** 0.348* -0.367*** Agg: Intrapersonal 0.396** 0.298* 0.252*** 0.357* 0.338* -0.147 0.114 0.015 -0.394*** 0.156*** 0.693** -0.336*** Agg: Interpersonal 0.319** 0.033 0.216*** 0.295* 0.300* -0.375** -0.007 0.015 -0.329*** 0.091** 0.536** -0.372*** Agg: Awareness 0.206* 0.267* 0.144** 0.212* -0.071 -0.121 0.125* -0.016 -0.045 0.023 0.512*** -0.087 Agg: Management 0.333** -0.001 0.216*** 0.294* 0.375** -0.330** -0.029 0.021 -0.404*** 0.122*** 0.514** -0.330*** Agg: All SES 0.438** 0.124 0.294*** 0.413** 0.383* -0.427** 0.025 0.014 -0.441*** 0.142*** 0.799*** -0.389*** Note: Models control for age, gender, education level, marital status, and cognitive ability. Ns range from 659 to 1354 across skill/outcome combinations. NEET: Not in Education, Employment or Training. IPV: Intimate Partner Violence. Income aspirations based on inverse hyperbolic sine (IHS) and winsorized at the 95th percentile. Outcome variables are coded such that positive coefficients represent a positive association with the more preferable outcome (e.g., less anxiety, higher income, being employed). All socioemotional skills were measured via Situational Judgement Test. *p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001 2 Table A2. Raw coefficients: regression of socioemotional skills (behavioral measures) on outcomes – Tanzania Decision- Wellbeing Depression Anxiety IPV Time on Owns Hours Job Income making acceptable household Employed business Income NEET Work Search Aspirations power chores Emotional awareness -0.063 -0.127** -0.081* -0.022 0.112 -0.005 0.010 0.069*** -0.097*** 0.405*** 0.059*** 0.010** 0.162*** Self-awareness -0.142** -0.227*** -0.251*** -0.140** 0.214 -0.057 0.056** 0.136*** -0.230*** 1.381*** 0.218*** -0.003 0.193** Emotional regulation 0.081*** 0.049* 0.008 0.053* -0.062 -0.070** -0.018* -0.000 0.073*** 0.080* 0.025*** 0.012*** 0.034 Self-control* -0.058 -0.147** -0.085* -0.074 1.007** 0.074 0.016 0.041*** 0.018 0.011 -0.004 0.010* 0.041 Perseverance* -0.002 -0.002 0.009 -0.005 0.060 0.017** -0.003 -0.003*** 0.006 -0.085*** -0.006*** -0.001 -0.009 Personal initiative -0.170*** -0.166** -0.215*** -0.157** -0.517 -0.011 0.058** 0.122*** -0.236*** 1.382*** 0.199*** 0.011* 0.236*** PSDM 0.106* 0.197*** 0.231*** 0.101* 0.046 0.052 0.037 -0.055*** 0.091** -0.453*** -0.062*** 0.017*** 0.107 Active listening* -0.060 0.010 0.020 0.071 -2.346*** 0.078 0.102** -0.045** -0.076 0.783*** 0.064** 0.018* 0.682*** Listening comp.* -0.147* -0.050 -0.252*** -0.110 0.007 0.050 0.076** 0.017 -0.169*** 0.399*** 0.045** 0.020** 0.098 Empathy 0.146* -0.037 -0.039 0.168* 2.953** -0.010 0.022 0.066*** 0.148*** -0.092 -0.000 -0.020** -0.112 Expressiveness 0.016 -0.027 -0.034 0.003 0.534*** -0.050* -0.004 0.019*** 0.009 0.042 0.014** -0.001 0.087*** Maintaining relations 0.116*** 0.060* 0.016 0.101*** 0.423* -0.065** -0.014 0.018*** 0.114*** 0.275*** 0.035*** 0.008*** 0.111*** Networking -0.116* -0.126* -0.213*** -0.095* 0.179 -0.020 0.061*** 0.084*** -0.246*** 1.094*** 0.154*** 0.004 0.224*** Influence 0.074** 0.001 -0.035 0.058* 0.607*** -0.072** -0.024** 0.049*** 0.016 0.191*** 0.039*** -0.003 0.149*** Negotiation 0.079** -0.070* -0.019 0.051 1.092*** -0.020 0.010 0.068*** 0.060** 0.325*** 0.059*** 0.001 0.106** Collaboration 0.159* 0.135 -0.030 0.151* 2.532* -0.016 -0.004 0.092*** 0.174*** 0.263* 0.057** -0.011 -0.234** GSE 0.056** -0.001 -0.026 0.032 0.415** -0.041* -0.008 0.040*** 0.013 0.140*** 0.031*** -0.007*** 0.144*** Agg: Self-awareness -0.079** -0.135*** -0.124*** -0.058 0.120 -0.021 0.028* 0.079*** -0.121*** 0.673*** 0.103*** 0.004 0.138*** Agg: Social awareness -0.046 -0.003 0.002 0.010 -0.030 0.014 0.080*** 0.002 0.013 0.180* 0.019 0.018*** 0.362*** Agg: Self-management 0.003 -0.047 -0.006 -0.052 0.530 0.052 0.031 0.045*** 0.052 0.164 0.065*** 0.030*** 0.203** Agg: Relationship mgt 0.093* -0.085 -0.143** 0.060 1.746*** -0.150*** 0.020 0.118*** 0.066* 0.851*** 0.134*** -0.000 0.219*** Agg: Intrapersonal -0.101 -0.207** -0.146* -0.123* 0.574 0.026 0.058** 0.124*** -0.089* 0.862*** 0.162*** 0.027*** 0.304*** Agg: Interpersonal 0.072 -0.101 -0.156** 0.072 1.883** -0.158** 0.077*** 0.134*** 0.081* 1.073*** 0.162*** 0.012* 0.491*** Agg: Awareness -0.092* -0.109** -0.098* -0.039 0.073 -0.008 0.075*** 0.064*** -0.087*** 0.654*** 0.094*** 0.015*** 0.348*** Agg: Management 0.080 -0.140* -0.157* 0.013 2.208*** -0.155* 0.040 0.146*** 0.107* 0.972*** 0.169*** 0.015** 0.351*** Agg: All SES -0.021 -0.244** -0.212** -0.037 1.974** -0.144* 0.100*** 0.185*** 0.035 1.403*** 0.229*** 0.024*** 0.606*** Note: Models control for age, gender, education level, marital status, and cognitive ability. Ns range from 546 to 7028 across skill/outcome combinations. NEET: Not in Education, Employment or Training. IPV: Intimate Partner Violence. Income aspirations based on inverse hyperbolic sine (IHS) and winsorized at the 95th percentile. Outcome variables are coded such that positive coefficients represent a positive association with the more preferable outcome (e.g., less anxiety, higher income, being employed). Socioemotional skills marked with * were measured via a task; all other skills were measured via a Situational Judgement Test. *p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001 3 Table A3. Raw coefficients: regression of socioemotional skills (behavioral measures) on outcomes – Côte d’Ivoire Decision- Decision- Life Positive IPV Time on Owns Hours Income making making satisfaction mental acceptable household Employed business Income NEET Work Job Search Aspirations beliefs power health chores Emotional awareness 0.071 -0.069* 0.071 0.102 0.241 -0.035 -0.011 0.038 0.018 0.024 -0.488*** -0.020 -0.210 Self-awareness 0.167* 0.033 0.397** 0.221** 7.135 0.094 0.161*** 0.059 0.054 -0.035 0.281 0.390*** 0.228 Emotional regulation 0.083 0.047 0.160 0.112 3.438 0.058 0.048 0.140 0.148*** 0.050 0.727*** 0.277*** -0.035 Perseverance 0.189*** 0.100** 0.282*** 0.184*** 9.157*** 0.079* 0.048* 0.034 -0.016 0.010 0.315* 0.178*** 0.177 Personal initiative 0.215*** 0.119** 0.070 0.224*** 5.852 0.188*** 0.079** 0.374*** -0.031 -0.029 0.200 0.165*** -0.288 PSDM 0.275*** 0.132** 0.266* 0.290*** 11.720** 0.212*** 0.231*** 0.216 0.039 -0.013 0.373 0.284*** -0.011 Expressiveness 0.192** 0.075 0.182 0.173* 5.478 0.128** 0.134*** 0.316** 0.012 0.048 0.264 0.164** -0.126 Collaboration 0.018** 0.007 0.037* 0.019** 1.408* 0.001 0.014* 0.015 -0.017** -0.002 0.143 -0.005 -0.043 Agg: Self-awareness 0.104* -0.029 0.189* 0.145** 2.791 0.012 0.054* 0.040 0.029 0.002 -0.175 0.138*** -0.045 Agg: Social awareness - - - - - - - - - - - - - Agg: Self-management 0.118 0.065 0.004 0.134* 2.825 0.135** 0.092** 0.258* 0.088* -0.002 0.426* 0.187*** -0.297 Agg: Relationship mgt 0.179*** 0.064 0.131 0.188*** 4.418 0.056 0.114*** 0.233* -0.009 0.024 0.375** 0.215*** -0.132 Agg: Intrapersonal 0.161* 0.030 0.135 0.199** 3.927 0.115* 0.102** 0.214 0.091* 0.002 0.156 0.217*** -0.292 Agg: Interpersonal 0.179*** 0.064 0.131 0.188*** 4.418 0.056 0.114*** 0.233* -0.009 0.024 0.375** 0.215*** -0.132 Agg: Awareness 0.104* -0.029 0.189* 0.145** 2.791 0.012 0.054* 0.040 0.029 0.002 -0.175 0.138*** -0.045 Agg: Management 0.215** 0.096* 0.107 0.227** 5.257 0.137* 0.133*** 0.348** 0.059 0.018 0.578** 0.270*** -0.301 Agg: All SES 0.226*** 0.060 0.190 0.257*** 5.559 0.118* 0.131*** 0.289* 0.067 0.017 0.353 0.273*** -0.290 Note: Models control for age, gender, education level, marital status, and cognitive ability. Ns range from 2314 to 8589 across skill/outcome combinations. Data from behavioral measures for remaining SES not available in Côte d’Ivoire. NEET: Not in Education, Employment or Training. IPV: Intimate Partner Violence. Income aspirations based on inverse hyperbolic sine (IHS) and winsorized at the 95th percentile. Outcome variables are coded such that positive coefficients represent a positive association with the more preferable outcome (e.g., less anxiety, higher income, being employed). All socioemotional skills were measured via Situational Judgement Test. *p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001 4 Table A4. Correlations between self-report and behavioral measures for each socioemotional skill Nigeria Tanzania Côte d’Ivoire SES r (raw) r (partial) r (raw) r (partial) r (raw) r (partial) Emotional awareness - - 0.078*** 0.069*** 0.054*** 0.053*** Self-awareness 0.298*** 0.339*** 0.133*** 0.128*** 0.221*** 0.209*** Emotional regulation - - 0.048*** 0.051*** 0.184*** 0.178*** Self-control 0.220*** 0.223** 0.044*** 0.045*** - - Perseverance 0.142** 0.166* 0.037** 0.027* 0.083*** 0.075*** Personal initiative 0.292*** 0.387*** 0.135*** 0.129*** 0.189*** 0.183*** PSDM 0.113*** 0.154*** -0.030* -0.025* 0.276*** 0.259*** Listening 0.114* 0.105 0.039** -0.005 - - Active Listening 0.090 0.102 0.079*** 0.065*** - - Listening comp. 0.113* 0.086 0.016 -0.027* - - Empathy 0.134*** 0.134*** 0.117*** 0.118*** - - Expressiveness - - 0.039** 0.047*** 0.225*** 0.209*** Relatedness 0.267*** 0.346*** 0.132*** 0.128*** - - Maintaining Relationships 0.126*** 0.143*** 0.109*** 0.104*** - - Networking 0.212*** 0.293*** 0.101*** 0.093*** - - Influence 0.145** 0.245*** 0.080*** 0.080*** - - Kindness 0.126*** 0.143*** 0.109*** 0.104*** - - Networking 0.212*** 0.293*** 0.101*** 0.093*** - - Negotiation 0.077*** 0.068** 0.069*** 0.079*** - - Collaboration - - 0.148*** 0.144*** 0.020 0.035*** GSE 0.131*** 0.148*** 0.049*** 0.055*** - - Agg: Self-awareness 0.205*** 0.215** 0.117*** 0.113*** 0.174*** 0.172*** Agg: Social awareness 0.215*** 0.245*** 0.110*** 0.106*** - - Agg: Self-management 0.361*** 0.388*** 0.105*** 0.095*** 0.261*** 0.254*** Agg: Relationship mgt 0.198*** 0.210*** 0.158*** 0.149*** 0.297*** 0.282*** Agg: Intrapersonal 0.406*** 0.457*** 0.152*** 0.143*** 0.290*** 0.285*** Agg: Interpersonal 0.221*** 0.235*** 0.226*** 0.217*** 0.320*** 0.302*** Agg: Awareness 0.302*** 0.346*** 0.191*** 0.186*** 0.234*** 0.220*** Agg: Management 0.321*** 0.336*** 0.190*** 0.179*** 0.351*** 0.338*** Agg: All SES 0.353*** 0.378*** 0.246*** 0.235*** 0.358*** 0.343*** * p≤.05; ** p≤.01; *** p≤.001 Partial correlations control for age, gender, marital status, education, and round of data collection. 5 Table A5. Bivariate relationships between socioemotional skills and contextual variables – Nigeria, self-report measures Gender Years of Social Attitudes to Gender Age SES (male) education desirability gender equity norms Odds ratio β β β β β Emotional Awareness 0.027 -0.001 -0.033 -0.012 - - Self Aware 0.019 0.003 -0.006 0.068 - - Emotional Regulation 0.055 0.002 -0.019 -0.003 - - Self control 0.008 0.004 -0.050 0.211 - - Perseverance 0.031 0.002 0.003 0.265*** - -0.003 Personal Initiative 0.023 0.001 0.006 0.231*** - -0.008 PSDM 0.020 0.001 0.004 0.249*** - -0.006 Listening -0.012 -0.002 -0.021 0.063 - - Active listening -0.026 -0.004 -0.023 0.083 - - Respectful Listening 0.006 0.000 -0.018 0.037 - - Empathy 0.019 -0.000 0.004 0.221*** - -0.008 Expressiveness -0.025 -0.007* -0.041 0.064 - - Relatedness 0.002 -0.000 0.006 0.147*** - -0.003 Maintaining Relations 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.258*** - -0.002 Networking 0.007 -0.001 0.013 0.199*** - -0.004 Influence 0.022 -0.003 -0.022 0.093 - - Negotiation 0.014 0.000 0.004 0.252*** - 0.004 Collaboration 0.005 -0.005 -0.039 0.023 - - GSE 0.029* 0.001 0.006 0.246*** - -0.006 Agg: Self-awareness - - - - - - Agg: Social awareness - - - - - - Agg: Self-management 0.075** 0.005* 0.012 0.707*** - 0.016 Agg: Relationship mgt 0.014 -0.000 0.014 0.533*** - -0.001 Agg: Intrapersonal 0.077** 0.004* 0.012 0.707*** - 0.016 Agg: Interpersonal 0.017 -0.000 0.014 0.540*** - -0.006 Agg: Awareness - - - - - - Agg: Management 0.057 0.003 0.016 0.736*** - 0.010 Agg: All SES 0.054 0.002 0.016 0.711*** - 0.006 * p≤.05; ** p≤.01; *** p≤.001 6 Table A6. Bivariate relationships between socioemotional skills and contextual variables – Nigeria, behavioral measures Gender Years of Social Attitudes to Gender Age SES (male) education desirability gender equity norms Odds ratio β β β β β Emotional Awareness -0.018 0.001 0.007 -0.030 - -0.013 Self Aware 0.045 0.004 0.074*** 0.947*** - 0.100*** Emotional Regulation 0.056 0.007* 0.020 0.478*** - 0.053*** Self control 0.008 0.017** -0.093*** 0.320** - - Perseverance 0.021 0.006* 0.020 0.842*** - 0.089*** Personal Initiative -0.004 0.001 0.036 0.774*** - 0.050*** PSDM 0.041 0.002 0.025 0.729*** - 0.077*** Listening 0.020 0.004* 0.010 -0.042 - 0.006 Active listening 0.019 -0.001 -0.010 -0.150** - -0.031* Listening comp. 0.012 -0.006** 0.023 -0.103** - -0.021* Empathy -0.004 0.004 0.042* 1.087*** - 0.086*** Expressiveness 0.086* 0.007** 0.023 0.615*** - 0.072*** Relatedness 0.000 0.001 0.019* 0.492*** - 0.030*** Maintaining Relations 0.002 0.002 0.022* 0.567*** - 0.048*** Networking -0.015 0.001 0.007 0.353*** - 0.005 Influence 0.121** 0.006* 0.029 0.883*** - 0.108*** Negotiation 0.004 0.005* 0.051*** 0.789*** - 0.046*** Collaboration 0.025 0.005 0.043** 0.968*** - 0.099*** GSE 0.092 -0.001 0.047* 1.076*** - 0.099*** Agg: Self-awareness -0.013 0.002 0.023 0.225*** - -0.019* Agg: Social awareness 0.017 -0.001 0.016 0.207*** - 0.014* Agg: Self-management 0.009 0.004* 0.004 0.505*** - 0.045*** Agg: Relationship mgt 0.031 0.006** 0.024* 0.789*** - 0.078*** Agg: Intrapersonal 0.002 0.003* 0.009 0.423*** - 0.028*** Agg: Interpersonal 0.026 0.004* 0.022* 0.594*** - 0.057*** Agg: Awareness 0.006 0.000 0.024* 0.268*** - 0.002 Agg: Management 0.021 0.005** 0.011 0.643*** - 0.063*** Agg: All SES 0.013 0.003** 0.013 0.509*** - 0.045*** * p≤.05; ** p≤.01; *** p≤.001 7 Table A7. Bivariate relationships between socioemotional skills and contextual variables – Tanzania, self-report measures Gender Years of Social Attitudes to Gender Age SES (male) education desirability gender equity norms Odds ratio β β β β β Emotional Awareness 0.050*** 0.009*** -0.065*** 0.050*** -0.083*** -0.001 Self Aware 0.035*** 0.006*** -0.048*** 0.095*** 0.030* -0.010*** Emotional Regulation 0.055*** 0.007*** -0.022 0.107*** 0.013 -0.004 Self control -0.040 0.001 0.021 0.669*** 0.410*** 0.012* Perseverance 0.042*** 0.007*** -0.069*** 0.097*** -0.046** -0.010*** Personal Initiative 0.039*** 0.008*** -0.053*** 0.092*** -0.012 -0.010*** PSDM 0.057*** 0.008*** -0.064*** 0.061*** -0.036* -0.007** Listening 0.008 0.003 0.016 0.359*** 0.167*** -0.008* Active Listening 0.045*** 0.003 -0.046** 0.139*** 0.028 -0.012*** Respectful Listening -0.020 0.004 0.055 0.516*** 0.278*** -0.005 Empathy 0.060*** 0.009*** -0.041** 0.090*** 0.004 -0.010*** Expressiveness 0.046*** 0.008*** -0.058*** 0.056*** -0.035* -0.003 Relatedness 0.058*** 0.010*** -0.051*** 0.094*** 0.009 -0.009*** Maintaining Relations 0.022* 0.009*** -0.023 0.129*** 0.031* -0.011*** Networking 0.108*** 0.013*** -0.093*** 0.027 -0.037 -0.005 Influence 0.053*** 0.008*** -0.058*** 0.105*** 0.015 -0.005 Negotiation 0.048*** 0.009*** -0.065*** 0.125*** 0.027 -0.003 Collaboration 0.037*** 0.007*** -0.063*** 0.134*** 0.058*** -0.007* GSE 0.062*** 0.010*** -0.064*** 0.053*** -0.051*** -0.010*** Agg: Self-awareness 0.100*** 0.018*** -0.138*** 0.178*** -0.057 -0.014* Agg: Social awareness 0.078*** 0.012*** -0.059* 0.348*** 0.099*** -0.017*** Agg: Self-management 0.090*** 0.015*** -0.097*** 0.329*** 0.061* -0.013** Agg: Relationship mgt 0.117*** 0.021*** -0.141*** 0.233*** 0.025 -0.013* Agg: Intrapersonal 0.092*** 0.016*** -0.109*** 0.286*** 0.026 -0.013** Agg: Interpersonal 0.104*** 0.018*** -0.114*** 0.272*** 0.049 -0.014** Agg: Awareness 0.108*** 0.018*** -0.113*** 0.350*** 0.044 -0.020*** Agg: Management 0.104*** 0.018*** -0.121*** 0.277*** 0.041 -0.013** Agg: All SES 0.099*** 0.017*** -0.112*** 0.278*** 0.039 -0.014** * p≤.05; ** p≤.01; *** p≤.001 8 Table A8. Bivariate relationships between socioemotional skills and contextual variables – Tanzania, behavioral measures Gender Years of Social Attitudes to Gender Age SES (male) education desirability gender equity norms Odds ratio β β β β β Emotional Awareness -0.057*** -0.000 0.035 0.004 0.018 -0.037*** Self Aware 0.012 -0.002 0.022 0.091*** 0.081*** -0.034*** Emotional Regulation 0.101*** 0.004 0.056 0.260*** 0.427*** 0.038*** Self control -0.009 0.003 0.008 0.051** 0.021 0.002 Perseverance 0.085 -0.001 -0.131 0.170 -0.180 0.095*** Personal Initiative -0.012 -0.002 0.019 0.068*** 0.040* -0.025*** PSDM 0.003 0.000 0.007 -0.048*** -0.029 0.009* Listening -0.023 -0.000 -0.061*** -0.046*** -0.034 -0.031*** Active Listening -0.016* 0.000 -0.043*** -0.043*** -0.016 -0.017*** Listening comp. -0.017 -0.000 -0.025 0.002 -0.014 -0.001 Empathy -0.028 -0.009 -0.028 0.442*** 0.417*** -0.002 Expressiveness 0.021 0.013* 0.235*** 0.224*** 0.235*** 0.002 Relatedness -0.018 -0.000 -0.025 0.078*** 0.122*** -0.028*** Maintaining Relations 0.005 0.006 0.067 0.305*** 0.458*** 0.001 Networking -0.002 -0.002 -0.014 0.068*** 0.059** -0.028*** Influence 0.057* 0.003 0.081* 0.423*** 0.330*** -0.024** Negotiation 0.062** -0.003 0.109*** 0.338*** 0.422*** -0.038*** Collaboration 0.008 0.001 0.077 0.293*** 0.559*** -0.031* GSE 0.026 0.004 0.122** 0.424*** 0.262*** -0.016 Agg: Self-awareness -0.028 -0.003 0.039 0.091*** 0.091** -0.059*** Agg: Social awareness -0.032* -0.000 -0.100*** -0.031 -0.002 -0.015*** Agg: Self-management 0.013 0.002 0.016 0.082*** 0.080*** 0.006 Agg: Relationship mgt 0.019 0.001 0.054** 0.246*** 0.275*** -0.027*** Agg: Intrapersonal 0.001 0.000 0.021 0.085*** 0.081*** -0.012*** Agg: Interpersonal 0.001 0.000 0.003 0.154*** 0.182*** -0.023*** Agg: Awareness -0.038* -0.001 -0.056* 0.023 0.045 -0.041*** Agg: Management 0.014 0.002 0.035* 0.171*** 0.187*** -0.012*** Agg: All SES -0.001 0.001 0.011 0.123*** 0.137*** -0.018*** * p≤.05; ** p≤.01; *** p≤.001 9 Table A9. Bivariate relationships between socioemotional skills and contextual variables – Côte d’Ivoire, self-report measures Gender Years of Social Attitudes to Gender Age SES (male) education desirability gender equity norms Odds ratio β β β β β Emotional Awareness 0.047*** 0.005*** -0.004*** 0.006*** 0.003*** 0.009*** Self Aware 0.059*** 0.004*** 0.003** 0.006*** 0.001* 0.008*** Emotional Regulation 0.047*** 0.004*** 0.004*** 0.006*** 0.002** 0.005** Self control 0.036* 0.026*** 0.035*** 0.028*** 0.003* 0.027*** Perseverance 0.046*** 0.004*** 0.005*** 0.008*** 0.001* 0.007*** Personal Initiative 0.061*** 0.002 0.005*** 0.005*** 0.002** 0.004* PSDM 0.041*** 0.006*** 0.007*** 0.006*** 0.002*** 0.006*** Listening 0.010 0.006*** 0.022*** 0.009*** 0.004*** 0.012*** Active Listening 0.030*** 0.001 0.006*** 0.003*** 0.001 0.003* Respectful Listening -0.002 0.010*** 0.034*** 0.013*** 0.006*** 0.019*** Empathy 0.036*** 0.003** 0.006*** 0.006*** 0.002** 0.005** Expressiveness 0.056*** 0.004** 0.008*** 0.005*** 0.003*** 0.008*** Relatedness 0.050*** 0.006*** 0.010*** 0.006*** 0.003*** 0.006*** Maintaining Relations 0.011 0.003* 0.010*** 0.007*** 0.001 0.005 Networking 0.097*** 0.009*** 0.012*** 0.007*** 0.006*** 0.007* Influence 0.053*** 0.001 0.003* 0.004*** 0.002** 0.005** Negotiation 0.031*** 0.004*** 0.005*** 0.005*** 0.002** 0.007*** Collaboration 0.038*** 0.004*** 0.009*** 0.005*** 0.001* 0.005*** GSE 0.043*** 0.006*** 0.004*** 0.007*** 0.002** 0.009*** Agg: Self-awareness 0.140*** 0.012*** -0.001 0.015*** 0.006*** 0.022*** Agg: Social awareness 0.063*** 0.008*** 0.026*** 0.014*** 0.005*** 0.016*** Agg: Self-management 0.121*** 0.016*** 0.021*** 0.022*** 0.005*** 0.020*** Agg: Relationship mgt 0.128*** 0.011*** 0.020*** 0.014*** 0.006*** 0.018*** Agg: Intrapersonal 0.126*** 0.015*** 0.015*** 0.020*** 0.005*** 0.020*** Agg: Interpersonal 0.103*** 0.010*** 0.022*** 0.014*** 0.005*** 0.017*** Agg: Awareness 0.094*** 0.010*** 0.015*** 0.015*** 0.005*** 0.018*** Agg: Management 0.124*** 0.013*** 0.021*** 0.018*** 0.005*** 0.019*** Agg: All SES 0.114*** 0.012*** 0.019*** 0.017*** 0.005*** 0.018*** * p≤.05; ** p≤.01; *** p≤.001 10 Table A10. Bivariate relationships between socioemotional skills and contextual variables – Côte d’Ivoire, behavioral measures Gender Years of Social Attitudes to Gender Age SES (male) education desirability gender equity norms Odds ratio β β β β β Emotional Awareness -0.037* 0.003 0.005* -0.005*** 0.000 -0.001 Self Aware 0.079*** 0.007*** 0.017*** 0.005*** 0.003** 0.016*** Emotional Regulation 0.100*** 0.004* 0.003 0.009*** 0.003* 0.027*** Self control - - - - - - Perseverance -0.015 0.014*** 0.009*** 0.010*** 0.007*** 0.011* Personal Initiative 0.015 0.004** 0.013*** 0.005*** 0.005*** 0.008** PSDM 0.035* 0.009*** 0.022*** 0.005*** 0.006*** 0.020*** Listening - - - - - - Active Listening - - - - - - Listening comp. - - - - - - Empathy - - - - - - Expressiveness 0.068*** 0.007*** 0.013*** 0.005*** 0.005*** 0.011*** Relatedness - - - - - - Maintaining Relations - - - - - - Networking - - - - - - Influence - - - - - - Negotiation - - - - - - Collaboration -0.014 -0.010 0.045*** -0.005 0.018* -0.098*** GSE - - - - - - Agg: Self-awareness 0.054** 0.009*** 0.021*** 0.001 0.003 0.015*** Agg: Social awareness - - - - - - Agg: Self-management 0.059*** 0.005* 0.015*** 0.005*** 0.004** 0.022*** Agg: Relationship mgt 0.064*** 0.013*** 0.022*** 0.006*** 0.006*** 0.014*** Agg: Intrapersonal 0.055*** 0.006** 0.017*** 0.004*** 0.003* 0.019*** Agg: Interpersonal 0.064*** 0.013*** 0.022*** 0.006*** 0.006*** 0.014*** Agg: Awareness 0.054** 0.009*** 0.021*** 0.001 0.003 0.015*** Agg: Management 0.057*** 0.009*** 0.017*** 0.006*** 0.005*** 0.020*** Agg: All SES 0.055*** 0.009*** 0.018*** 0.004*** 0.004*** 0.018*** * p≤.05; ** p≤.01; *** p≤.001 11 S1. Nigeria Convergent and Divergent Pairwise Correlations Within Self Report and Behavioral Variables SJT: Emot. SJT: Self Aware - SJT: Emot Reg SJT: Self Perseverance SJT: Pers Init. SJT: PSDM - SJT: Active SJT: Listening SJT: Empathy Expressive - Maintaining - SJT: Relatedness - Relatedness - SJT: Negot - SJT: Collab - SJT: GSE - Aware - naive Aware - naive naive, - naive, control - score 2 (0-28) naive score, naive, SJT: Listening Listening - Comprehensi naive, naive, naive, Networking - naive, naive, naive, naive, naive, Beh: score with score with gemoetric, geometric, naive, higher is geometric, geometric, naive, naive, on - naive, geometric, geometric, geometric, naive, geometric, geometric, geometric, geometric Beh: geometric, Beh: Self Beh: Social Beh: Self Relationship Beh: Beh: Beh: Beh: cfa varlist cfa varlist rel rel geometric better rel relative geometric geometric geometric relative Beh: Empathy relative relative geometric relative relative relative relative Collaboration relative Awareness Awareness Management Management Intrapersonal Interpersonal Awareness Management Beh: All SES SJT: Emot. Aware - naive score with cfa varlist 1.000 SJT: Self Aware - naive score with cfa varlist 0.281### 1.000 SJT: Self Aware - naive, gemoetric, rel 0.022 0.326### 1.000 SJT: Emot Reg - naive, geometric, rel -0.252### 0.015 0.132### 1.000 SJT: Self control - naive, geometric -0.246### 0.048 - - 1.000 Perseverance score 2 (0-28) higher is better -0.061 0.131# - - 0.254### 1.000 SJT: Pers Init. - naive score, geometric, rel 0.004 0.242### 0.352### 0.118### 0.488### 0.279### 1.000 SJT: PSDM - naive, geometric, relative 0.041# 0.174### 0.433### 0.112### 0.511### 0.286### 0.262### 1.000 SJT: Listening - naive, geometric 0.036 0.198### -0.036 0.037 -0.014 0.086 0.826### 0.029 1.000 SJT: Active Listening - naive, geometric 0.038 0.009 -0.144### -0.097### 0.054 0.154## -0.008 -0.104### 0.029 1.000 SJT: Listening Comprehension - naive, geometric 0.102### 0.056## -0.107### -0.011 -0.146## -0.078 -0.030 -0.086### -0.029 0.370### 1.000 SJT: Empathy - naive, geometric, relative 0.014 0.174### 0.424### 0.190### - - 0.434### 0.501### -0.040 -0.178### -0.120### 1.000 Beh: Empathy - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Expressive - naive, geometric, relative 0.018 0.122### 0.306### 0.077### - - 0.282### 0.403### -0.159### -0.150### -0.073### 0.380### - 1.000 SJT: Maintaining - naive, geometric, relative -0.014 0.156### 0.371### 0.256### - - 0.400### 0.431### -0.001 -0.166### -0.125### 0.546### - 0.298### 1.000 SJT: Networking - naive, geometric 0.157### 0.346### 0.213### 0.093### 0.270### 0.216### 0.227### 0.290### 0.095### -0.051## 0.032 0.341### - 0.227### 0.352### 1.000 SJT: Relatedness - naive, geometric, relative 0.098### 0.287### 0.369### 0.225### - - 0.448### 0.461### -0.001 -0.145### -0.067## 0.553### - 0.324### 0.874### 0.760### 1.000 SJT: Relatedness - naive, geometric, relative -0.029 0.169### 0.462### 0.194### 0.504### 0.265### 0.208### 0.506### 0.029 -0.117### -0.084### 0.552### - 0.396### 0.423### 0.269### 0.443### 1.000 SJT: Negot - naive, geometric, relative 0.051# 0.214### 0.430### 0.180### - - 0.482### 0.541### -0.013 -0.196### -0.140### 0.566### - 0.408### 0.537### 0.369### 0.562### 0.523### 1.000 SJT: Collab - naive, geometric relative -0.013 0.162### 0.466### 0.147### - - 0.404### 0.541### -0.103### -0.200### -0.166### 0.663### - 0.502### 0.465### 0.292### 0.475### 0.613### 0.582### 1.000 Beh: Collaboration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: GSE - naive, geometric, relative -0.019 0.160### 0.433### 0.136### - - 0.330### 0.456### -0.060# -0.128### -0.096### 0.449### - 0.323### 0.379### 0.258### 0.396### 0.836### 0.435### 0.508### - 1.000 Beh: Self Awareness 0.815### 0.776### 0.209### -0.152### -0.137## 0.044 0.070### 0.142### 0.035 0.029 0.102### 0.112### - 0.084### 0.094### 0.315### 0.247### 0.085### 0.167### 0.088### - 0.083### 1.000 Beh: Social Awareness 0.073### 0.128### 0.102### 0.051# 0.256### 0.156## 0.110### 0.174### 0.019 0.677### 0.696### 0.406### - 0.093### 0.150### 0.172### 0.196### 0.198### 0.134### 0.175### - 0.132### 0.126### 1.000 Beh: Self Management -0.032 0.274### 0.412### 0.457### 0.597### 0.348### 0.343### 0.688### 0.071## -0.083### -0.060## 0.526### - 0.350### 0.505### 0.375### 0.548### 0.523### 0.553### 0.528### - 0.450### 0.145### 0.232### 1.000 Beh: Relationship Management 0.030 0.288### 0.525### 0.220### 0.625### 0.328### 0.303### 0.620### 0.046 -0.174### -0.122### 0.707### - 0.660### 0.709### 0.569### 0.793### 0.757### 0.787### 0.805### - 0.641### 0.192### 0.234### 0.672### 1.000 Beh: Intrapersonal 0.356### 0.585### 0.431### 0.293### 0.473### 0.324### 0.307### 0.629### 0.070## -0.050# -0.003 0.473### - 0.318### 0.449### 0.452### 0.558### 0.467### 0.527### 0.462### - 0.402### 0.587### 0.249### 0.886### 0.636### 1.000 Beh: Interpersonal 0.052## 0.292### 0.490### 0.208### 0.593### 0.323### 0.298### 0.592### 0.046 0.095### 0.145### 0.755### - 0.603### 0.666### 0.547### 0.755### 0.717### 0.728### 0.757### - 0.601### 0.210### 0.558### 0.656### 0.937### 0.632### 1.000 Beh: Awareness 0.558### 0.573### 0.205### -0.059## 0.115# 0.138## 0.122### 0.212### 0.035 0.498### 0.558### 0.357### - 0.120### 0.166### 0.319### 0.295### 0.194### 0.202### 0.179### - 0.145### 0.711### 0.788### 0.256### 0.286### 0.542### 0.526### 1.000 Beh: Management 0.003 0.305### 0.524### 0.337### 0.650### 0.356### 0.336### 0.704### 0.054# -0.147### -0.103### 0.694### - 0.594### 0.688### 0.536### 0.763### 0.724### 0.762### 0.765### - 0.620### 0.186### 0.257### 0.870### 0.949### 0.799### 0.901### 0.298### 1.000 Beh: All SES 0.188### 0.447### 0.515### 0.266### 0.574### 0.341### 0.321### 0.670### 0.056# 0.043# 0.097### 0.714### - 0.546### 0.645### 0.561### 0.752### 0.679### 0.720### 0.712### - 0.578### 0.394### 0.480### 0.824### 0.901### 0.858### 0.940### 0.586### 0.948### 1.000 Note: # = p < .05, ## = p < .01, ### = p <.001 S2. Tanzania Convergent and Divergent Pairwise Correlations Within Self Report and Behavioral Variables SJT: Self SJT: Pers SJT: Beh: Aware - SJT: Self Init. - naive Beh: Relatedness Relatedness Relationshi Beh: naive, Beh: control - Beh: score, Listening Beh: : naive Beh: - naive, Beh: Beh: Beh: Self p Beh: Beh: Beh: Emotional gemoetric, Emotional naive, Perseveranc geometric, Beh: Active Comprehen Beh: Beh: Expressiven score with Maintaining geometric, Beh: Beh: Collaboratio Collaboratio Beh: Self Beh: Social Manageme Manageme Intraperson Interperson Beh: Manageme Awareness rel Regulation geometric e rel Beh: PSDM Listening Listening sion Empathy Empathy ess cfa varlist Relations relative Influence Negotation n n Beh: GSE Awareness Awareness nt nt al al Awareness nt Beh: All SES Beh: Emotional Awareness 1.000 SJT: Self Aware - naive, gemoetric, rel - - Beh: Emotional Regulation -0.157### - 1.000 SJT: Self control - naive, geometric - - - . Beh: Perseverance -0.073### - 0.054### . 1.000 SJT: Pers Init. - naive score, geometric, rel - - - . - - Beh: PSDM -0.058### - 0.096### . -0.034## - 1.000 Beh: Listening 0.162### - -0.057### . 0.022 - 0.010 1.000 Beh: Active Listening 0.129### - -0.094### . 0.008 - 0.013 0.921### 1.000 Beh: Listening Comprehension 0.080### - 0.058### . 0.039## - -0.044### 0.297### 0.070### 1.000 Beh: Empathy 0.144### - 0.058# . 0.033 - 0.026 -0.068# -0.111### 0.048 1.000 Beh: Empathy 0.001 - 0.042### . -0.079### - 0.011 0.014 0.008 0.025# -0.033 1.000 Beh: Expressiveness -0.023 - 0.164### . 0.006 - 0.057### -0.049### -0.072### -0.029# 0.352### 0.031## 1.000 Relatedness: naive score with cfa varlist 0.346### - 0.024# . -0.053### - 0.006 0.193### 0.145### 0.083### 0.185### 0.057### 0.020 1.000 Beh: Maintaining Relations 0.012 - 0.283### . -0.036## - 0.070### 0.002 -0.020 0.026# 0.279### 0.082### 0.245### 0.486### 1.000 SJT: Relatedness - naive, geometric, relative - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - Beh: Influence 0.034## - 0.229### . 0.005 - -0.016 -0.089### -0.128### -0.029# 0.519### 0.012 0.303### 0.122### 0.313### - 1.000 Beh: Negotation 0.132### - 0.249### . -0.033## - 0.046### -0.071### -0.118### 0.034## 0.501### -0.001 0.293### 0.247### 0.433### - 0.557### 1.000 Beh: Collaboration 0.071# - 0.180### . 0.037 - -0.030 -0.255### -0.281### -0.057 0.458### -0.042 0.409### 0.028 0.252### - 0.609### 0.629### 1.000 Beh: Collaboration -0.006 - -0.029# . -0.034## - -0.047### -0.019 -0.068### 0.051### - -0.076### 0.024 -0.014 -0.026 - 0.031# 0.006 - 1.000 Beh: GSE -0.030# - 0.160### . -0.003 - -0.043### -0.102### -0.139### -0.029# 0.442### -0.013 0.253### 0.048### 0.232### - 0.858### 0.451### 0.558### 0.049### 1.000 Beh: Self Awareness 0.845### - -0.081### . -0.062### - -0.072### 0.160### 0.118### 0.020 0.215### -0.008 0.040### 0.488### 0.117### - 0.177### 0.259### 0.168### 0.032# 0.119### 1.000 Beh: Social Awareness 0.114### - 0.007 . 0.008 - 0.037## 0.735### 0.671### 0.128### 0.482### 0.459### 0.020 0.177### 0.073### - -0.018 -0.015 0.059# -0.039## -0.053### 0.130### 1.000 Beh: Self Management 0.070### - 0.496### . 0.430### - 0.460### 0.061### 0.012 0.017 0.211### -0.008 0.131### 0.178### 0.193### - 0.222### 0.253### 0.251### -0.056### 0.162### 0.180### 0.081### 1.000 Beh: Relationship Management 0.160### - 0.234### . -0.013 - 0.021 -0.005 -0.074### 0.018 0.596### 0.005 0.541### 0.465### 0.590### - 0.695### 0.731### 0.773### 0.312### 0.572### 0.332### 0.053### 0.284### 1.000 Beh: Intrapersonal 0.519### - 0.320### . 0.285### - 0.300### 0.134### 0.073### 0.024 0.274### -0.011 0.120### 0.397### 0.203### - 0.262### 0.327### 0.280### -0.030# 0.185### 0.686### 0.133### 0.839### 0.390### 1.000 Beh: Interpersonal 0.192### - 0.204### . -0.008 - 0.037## 0.340### 0.251### 0.076### 0.703### 0.218### 0.473### 0.482### 0.541### - 0.589### 0.621### 0.679### 0.250### 0.467### 0.347### 0.513### 0.283### 0.884### 0.399### 1.000 Beh: Awareness 0.611### - -0.045### . -0.033## - -0.019 0.616### 0.544### 0.102### 0.450### 0.317### 0.039### 0.431### 0.125### - 0.099### 0.152### 0.142### -0.008 0.038## 0.718### 0.783### 0.170### 0.247### 0.523### 0.578### 1.000 Beh: Management 0.150### - 0.410### . 0.195### - 0.239### 0.020 -0.057### 0.017 0.555### -0.003 0.470### 0.429### 0.533### - 0.630### 0.669### 0.709### 0.198### 0.510### 0.331### 0.075### 0.697### 0.886### 0.698### 0.798### 0.260### 1.000 Beh: All SES 0.395### - 0.297### . 0.137### - 0.178### 0.295### 0.203### 0.061### 0.625### 0.138### 0.387### 0.526### 0.470### - 0.537### 0.587### 0.611### 0.148### 0.415### 0.585### 0.414### 0.621### 0.800### 0.783### 0.883### 0.656### 0.899### 1.000 Note: # = p < .05, ## = p < .01, ### = p <.001 # S3. Cote d'Ivoire Convergent and Divergent Pairwise Correlations Within Self Report and Behavioral Variables SJT: Pers SJT: SJT: Self SJT: Emot Persevera Init. - Listening SJT: SJT: SJT: SJT: SJT: Beh: Aware - Reg - SJT: Self nce score naive SJT: PSDM SJT: SJT: Active Comprehe Empathy - Expressive Maintainin SJT: Relatedne Relatedne SJT: Negot SJT: GSE - Relationsh naive, naive, control - SJT: 2 (0-28) score, naive, Listening - Listening - nsion - naive, naive, g - naive, Networkin ss - naive, ss - naive, naive, SJT: Collab Beh: naive, Beh: Self ip Beh: Beh: Beh: SJT: Emot. SJT: Self gemoetric, SJT: Emot. geometric, naive, Persevera higher is SJT: Pers geometric, geometric, naive, naive, naive, geometric, Beh: SJT: geometric, geometric, g - naive, geometric, geometric, geometric, - naive, Collaborat geometric, Beh: Self Beh: Social Managem Managem Intraperso Interperso Beh: Managem Beh: All Aware Aware rel Reg rel geometric nce better Init. rel SJT: PSDM relative geometric geometric geometric relative Empathy Expressive relative relative geometric relative relative relative geometric SJT: Collab ion relative Awareness Awareness ent ent nal nal Awareness ent SES SJT: Emot. Aware 1.000 SJT: Self Aware 0.278### 1.000 SJT: Self Aware - naive, gemoetric, rel - - - SJT: Emot. Reg 0.199### 0.387### - 1.000 SJT: Emot Reg - naive, geometric, rel - - - - - SJT: Self control - naive, geometric - - - - - - SJT: Perseverance -0.138### 0.059### - -0.052### - - 1.000 Perseverance score 2 (0-28) higher is better - - - - - - - - SJT: Pers Init. 0.163### 0.323### - 0.273### - - 0.001 - 1.000 SJT: Pers Init. - naive score, geometric, rel - - - - - - - - - - SJT: PSDM 0.186### 0.480### - 0.306### - - 0.096### - 0.417### - 1.000 SJT: PSDM - naive, geometric, relative - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Listening - naive, geometric - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Active Listening - naive, geometric - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Listening Comprehension - naive, geometr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Empathy - naive, geometric, relative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Beh: Empathy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Expressive 0.215### 0.408### - 0.287### - - 0.020 - 0.410### - 0.383### - - - - - - 1.000 SJT: Expressive - naive, geometric, relative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Maintaining - naive, geometric, relative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Networking - naive, geometric - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Relatedness - naive, geometric, relative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Relatedness - naive, geometric, relative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Negot - naive, geometric, relative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Collab - naive, geometric - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Collab -0.031## 0.005 - -0.008 - - 0.073### - 0.020 - 0.021 - - - - - - 0.011 - - - - - - - 1.000 Beh: Collaboration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: GSE - naive, geometric, relative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Beh: Self Awareness 0.798### 0.787### - 0.360### - - -0.054### - 0.300### - 0.407### - - - - - - 0.386### - - - - - - - 0.036## - - 1.000 Beh: Social Awareness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Beh: Self Management 0.277### 0.458### - 0.664### - - -0.386### - 0.703### - 0.668### - - - - - - 0.431### - - - - - - - -0.004 - - 0.459### - 1.000 Beh: Relationship Management 0.268### 0.470### - 0.353### - - 0.057### - 0.401### - 0.407### - - - - - - 0.713### - - - - - - - 0.426### - - 0.468### - 0.465### 1.000 Beh: Intrapersonal 0.561### 0.681### - 0.633### - - -0.296### - 0.626### - 0.656### - - - - - - 0.480### - - - - - - - 0.020 - - 0.780### - 0.914### 0.547### 1.000 Beh: Interpersonal 0.268### 0.470### - 0.353### - - 0.057### - 0.401### - 0.407### - - - - - - 0.713### - - - - - - - 0.426### - - 0.468### - 0.465### 1.000### 0.547### 1.000 Beh: Awareness 0.798### 0.787### - 0.360### - - -0.054### - 0.300### - 0.407### - - - - - - 0.386### - - - - - - - 0.036## - - 1.000### - 0.459### 0.468### 0.780### 0.468### 1.000 Beh: Management 0.327### 0.542### - 0.616### - - -0.226### - 0.656### - 0.648### - - - - - - 0.659### - - - - - - - 0.196### - - 0.547### - 0.890### 0.817### 0.877### 0.817### 0.547### 1.000 Beh: All SES 0.519### 0.682### - 0.600### - - -0.194### - 0.607### - 0.640### - - - - - - 0.642### - - - - - - - 0.171### - - 0.757### - 0.847### 0.797### 0.942### 0.797### 0.757### 0.961### 1.000 Note: # = p < .05, ## = p < .01, ### = p <.001 S4. Nigeria Main Effect Between Outcome and SES Variables Attending School IHS monthly income Hours of Work Better Job Search Income Aspirations ( Decision Making Pow Well Being Index Anxiety Index IPV Acceptability Ind Time Household Cho Norms2 Variable Label Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N SR: Emotional Awareness -0.258 141 0.130 141 0.216 141 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Self Aware 0.101 141 0.207 141 0.248 141 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Emotional Regulation -0.058 141 0.283# 141 0.129 141 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Self control 0.388 141 0.448### 141 0.032 141 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Perseverance -0.089 783 0.039 768 0.076 783 0.003 636 0.156# 642 0.018 579 -0.005 642 0.028 641 0.022 642 0.041 783 -0.051 642 SR: Personal Initiative -0.148 783 0.079 768 0.147 783 -0.004 636 0.143 642 -0.004 579 0.009 642 0.047# 641 0.025 642 -0.020 783 -0.031 642 SR: PSDM -0.265# 783 0.086 768 0.123 783 0.020 636 0.157 642 0.012 579 0.020 642 0.063# 641 0.021 642 -0.038 783 -0.058 642 SR:Listening 0.159 141 0.076 141 0.136 141 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Active listening 0.085 281 0.032 277 0.189 281 0.023 138 -0.042 140 0.016 130 -0.017 140 -0.032 140 -0.033 140 0.139 281 -0.086 140 SR: Respectful Listening 0.320 281 -0.123 277 0.033 281 0.026 138 -0.151 140 0.026 130 -0.003 140 -0.052 140 -0.002 140 0.146 281 -0.034 140 SR: Empathy -0.337## 783 -0.027 768 -0.079 783 -0.010 636 0.156# 642 -0.002 579 0.038 642 0.069## 641 0.020 642 -0.045 783 -0.019 642 SR: Expressiveness -0.130 141 0.139 141 0.122 141 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Relatedness -0.225# 783 0.020 768 -0.030 783 -0.007 636 0.077 642 -0.000 579 0.086 642 0.073## 641 0.035## 642 -0.019 783 -0.012 642 SR: Maintaining Relations -0.194 783 0.029 768 0.031 783 -0.005 636 0.101 642 -0.009 579 -0.015 642 0.070## 641 0.040## 642 -0.065 783 0.004 642 SR: Networking -0.213# 783 -0.003 768 -0.093 783 -0.007 636 0.038 642 0.008 579 0.171## 642 0.063## 641 0.024# 642 0.033 783 -0.025 642 SR: Influence 0.093 141 0.029 141 0.207 141 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Negotiation -0.114 783 0.014 768 -0.221# 783 -0.008 636 0.098 642 -0.016 579 0.078 642 0.047# 641 0.031## 642 -0.016 783 0.051 642 SR: Collaboration 0.529 141 0.193 141 0.115 141 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR:GSE -0.287# 783 0.080 768 0.182 783 0.027 636 0.190# 642 0.012 579 -0.002 642 0.053# 641 0.022 642 -0.024 783 -0.089 642 SJT: Emot. Aware - naive score with cfa varlist -0.224# 782 0.113## 767 -0.016 782 -0.007 636 0.072 641 0.007 578 0.034 641 0.036 641 0.007 641 -0.163# 782 -0.047 641 SJT: Self Aware - naive score with cfa varlist -0.103 782 0.045 767 0.036 782 0.001 636 0.103 641 -0.021 578 -0.008 641 0.057# 641 0.022 641 -0.172## 782 0.024 641 SJT: Emot Reg - naive, geometric, rel 0.113 782 0.014 767 -0.332### 782 0.018 636 -0.088 641 0.022 578 -0.144# 641 0.086### 641 0.015 641 0.056 782 0.090 641 SJT: Self control - post -0.140 783 0.138## 768 0.207# 783 0.021 636 -0.032 642 0.007 579 0.009 642 0.025 641 -0.005 642 -0.014 783 -0.014 642 Perseverance score 2 (0-28) higher is better - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Pers Init. - naive score, geometric -0.068 782 0.025 767 0.199 782 0.003 636 0.030 641 -0.026 578 0.050 641 0.003 641 0.005 641 -0.090 782 -0.132 641 SJT: PSDM - naive, geometric, relative -0.055 758 0.157### 744 0.238# 758 -0.039# 612 0.063 617 0.005 561 -0.139# 617 0.083### 617 0.010 617 -0.173## 758 0.246### 617 SJT: Listening - naive, geometric 0.203 542 0.070 532 0.055 542 -0.012 397 -0.110 401 0.020 357 0.284## 401 0.055# 400 0.003 401 0.079 542 -0.061 401 SJT: Active Listening - naive, geometric -0.079 783 0.041 768 -0.093 783 -0.001 636 -0.071 642 -0.012 579 -0.013 642 -0.085### 641 -0.005 642 0.136# 783 -0.029 642 SJT: Listening Comprehension - naive, geometric 0.023 783 -0.049 768 -0.230# 783 -0.022 636 0.097 642 -0.022 579 -0.129 642 -0.018 641 0.015 642 0.158## 783 -0.042 642 SJT: Empathy - naive, geometric, relative 0.022 777 0.080 762 0.088 777 -0.026 632 0.045 637 0.009 574 -0.191## 637 0.053# 637 0.013 637 -0.179## 777 0.338### 637 SJT: Expressive - naive, geometric, relative -0.258# 781 0.115### 766 0.195# 781 -0.043# 635 -0.021 640 0.018 577 -0.070 640 0.084### 640 0.004 640 -0.149# 781 0.334### 640 SJT: Relatedness - naive, geometric -0.069 782 0.025 767 0.017 782 -0.009 636 0.139## 641 0.004 578 0.049 641 0.049 641 0.028# 641 -0.182## 782 0.055 641 SJT: Maintaining - naive, geometric, relative 0.083 782 0.031 767 0.016 782 -0.026 636 0.010 641 0.005 578 -0.091 641 0.085## 641 0.021 641 -0.127# 782 0.216## 641 SJT: Networking - naive, geometric -0.185 782 0.086# 767 0.002 782 -0.028 636 0.145## 641 0.025 578 -0.023 641 0.074## 641 0.019 641 -0.193## 782 0.114 641 SJT: Influence - naive, geometric, relative -0.078 781 0.094# 766 0.189 781 -0.043## 636 -0.021 640 0.009 577 -0.076 640 0.079### 640 0.019# 640 -0.175### 781 0.366### 640 SJT: Negot - naive, geometric, relative -0.094 782 0.096# 767 0.264## 782 -0.035# 636 0.047 641 0.019 578 -0.184## 641 0.074## 641 0.015 641 -0.147# 782 0.148# 641 SJT: Collab - naive, geometric relative -0.101 777 0.122## 762 0.163 777 -0.041## 631 0.012 636 0.002 573 -0.105 636 0.074### 636 0.024# 636 -0.226### 777 0.315### 636 SJT: GSE - naive, geometric, relative -0.139 782 0.076# 767 0.273## 782 -0.031# 636 -0.018 641 0.007 578 0.032 641 0.064## 641 0.024## 641 -0.157## 782 0.312### 641 SR: Self Awareness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Social Awareness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Self Management -0.109 783 0.086 768 0.094 783 0.000 636 0.177# 642 0.016 579 0.036 642 0.137### 641 0.027# 642 -0.051 783 0.064 642 SR: Relationship Management -0.176 783 0.020 768 -0.109 783 -0.007 636 0.088 642 -0.006 579 0.088 642 0.068## 641 0.036## 642 -0.020 783 0.010 642 SR: Intrapersonal -0.105 783 0.073 768 0.092 783 0.000 636 0.177# 642 0.016 579 0.036 642 0.137### 641 0.027# 642 -0.058 783 0.064 642 SR: Interpersonal -0.223# 783 0.008 768 -0.100 783 -0.009 636 0.113 642 -0.005 579 0.078 642 0.072### 641 0.033## 642 -0.028 783 0.002 642 SR: Awareness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Management -0.146 783 0.050 768 -0.006 783 -0.004 636 0.143 642 0.006 579 0.065 642 0.111### 641 0.033## 642 -0.042 783 0.041 642 SR: All SES -0.178 783 0.038 768 -0.015 783 -0.005 636 0.149 642 0.005 579 0.062 642 0.107### 641 0.032## 642 -0.045 783 0.032 642 Beh: Self Awareness -0.209# 782 0.100## 767 0.009 782 -0.003 636 0.105# 641 -0.008 578 0.017 641 0.056# 641 0.017 641 -0.200### 782 -0.017 641 Beh: Social Awareness 0.010 777 0.032 762 -0.156 777 -0.025 632 -0.045 637 -0.014 574 -0.181## 637 -0.033 637 0.007 637 0.058 777 0.138# 637 Beh: Self Management -0.061 756 0.134### 742 0.121 756 -0.024 611 0.015 616 0.012 560 -0.149# 616 0.091### 616 0.021# 616 -0.100 756 0.176## 616 Beh: Relationship Management -0.142 776 0.136## 761 0.208# 776 -0.052## 631 0.040 635 0.017 572 -0.136 635 0.111### 635 0.024# 635 -0.233### 776 0.365### 635 Beh: Intrapersonal -0.138 756 0.154### 742 0.115 756 -0.022 611 0.059 616 0.008 560 -0.116 616 0.093### 616 0.025# 616 -0.160## 756 0.135# 616 Beh: Interpersonal -0.129 775 0.122## 760 0.117 775 -0.054## 631 0.018 635 0.009 572 -0.184## 635 0.084### 635 0.023# 635 -0.179## 775 0.367### 635 Beh: Awareness -0.110 777 0.086# 762 -0.107 777 -0.021 632 0.030 637 -0.014 574 -0.118 637 0.011 637 0.016 637 -0.082 777 0.093 637 Beh: Management -0.144 751 0.161### 737 0.218# 751 -0.050## 607 0.037 611 0.014 555 -0.150# 611 0.114### 611 0.027## 611 -0.164## 751 0.328### 611 Beh: All SES -0.147 750 0.159### 736 0.159 750 -0.050## 607 0.043 611 0.008 555 -0.166# 611 0.101### 611 0.029## 611 -0.159## 750 0.311### 611 SJT: Self Aware - oth -0.044 783 0.185### 768 0.082 783 -0.046# 636 0.092 642 0.009 579 0.070 642 0.028 641 0.006 642 -0.048 783 0.354### 642 SJT: Emot Reg - Negative Items 0.111 782 -0.016 767 -0.270## 782 -0.006 636 -0.106# 641 0.025 578 -0.167## 641 0.046# 641 0.007 641 0.074 782 0.136# 641 SJT: Self control - post -0.140 783 0.138## 768 0.207# 783 0.021 636 -0.032 642 0.007 579 0.009 642 0.025 641 -0.005 642 -0.014 783 -0.014 642 SJT: PSDM - methods -0.287# 722 0.148 141 0.486## 141 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Beh: Relatedness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Influence task: methods -0.273 722 0.162 141 0.518### 141 - - - - - - - - Beh: Collaboration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Note: # = p < .05, ## = p < .01, ### = p <.001 S5. Tanzania Main Effect Between Outcome and SES Variables Attending School IHS monthly income Hours of Work Better Job Search Income Aspirations ( Decision Making Pow Well-being Index Depression scale GAD-7 Anxiety IPV Acceptability Ind Time Household Chores Variable Label Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N SR: Emotional Awareness -0.474 1897 0.120 1897 0.058 1892 0.261# 1897 0.168### 1897 -0.002 1875 0.147 1897 0.637## 1897 0.068# 1897 0.000 1897 -0.016 1897 SR: Self Aware 0.166 1897 -0.093 1897 -0.028 1892 0.050 1897 0.071 1897 0.089### 1875 0.060 1897 0.751## 1897 0.124## 1897 -0.011 1897 0.157 1897 SR: Emotional Regulation -0.694# 1897 0.096 1897 0.494 1892 0.251# 1897 0.099# 1897 0.036 1875 0.078 1897 0.173 1897 0.024 1897 -0.005 1897 0.114 1897 SR: Self control -0.116 1897 -0.111### 1897 0.454 1892 -0.079 1897 0.001 1897 0.082### 1875 0.115## 1897 0.515### 1897 0.091### 1897 0.010 1897 0.073 1897 SR: Perseverance -0.448 1896 -0.038 1896 -0.414 1891 -0.014 1896 0.111# 1896 0.035 1874 -0.064 1896 0.612# 1896 0.064 1896 -0.008 1896 0.072 1896 SR: Personal Initiative -0.330 1897 -0.015 1897 -0.036 1892 -0.017 1897 0.199### 1897 0.066## 1875 0.016 1897 0.169 1897 0.012 1897 -0.013 1897 0.095 1897 SR: PSDM -0.062 1897 -0.008 1897 0.160 1892 -0.003 1897 0.158## 1897 0.053# 1875 0.228# 1897 0.409 1897 0.021 1897 0.001 1897 -0.040 1897 SR: Listening 0.083 1897 -0.083 1897 0.448 1892 -0.021 1897 0.045 1897 0.063### 1875 0.147# 1897 0.531## 1897 0.091### 1897 0.006 1897 0.334## 1897 SR: Active Listening -0.306 1897 -0.036 1897 1.042 1892 0.132 1897 0.091# 1897 0.039# 1875 0.032 1897 0.029 1897 -0.001 1897 -0.017 1897 -0.085 1897 SR: Respectful Listening 0.207 1897 -0.061 1897 0.052 1892 -0.035 1897 0.008 1897 0.039### 1875 0.096# 1897 0.434### 1897 0.072### 1897 0.008 1897 0.252### 1897 SR: Empathy -0.252 1897 0.025 1897 0.947 1892 0.187 1897 0.126# 1897 0.036 1875 0.163 1897 0.355 1897 0.026 1897 0.005 1897 0.083 1897 SR: Expressiveness -0.058 1897 0.072 1897 0.382 1892 0.478### 1897 0.126## 1897 -0.001 1875 0.081 1897 0.343 1897 0.042 1897 -0.014 1897 0.149 1897 SR: Relatedness -0.079 1897 0.038 1897 -0.118 1892 0.253# 1897 0.148## 1897 0.006 1875 -0.008 1897 0.376 1897 0.047 1897 -0.014 1897 0.059 1897 SR: Maintaining Relations -0.227 1897 -0.056 1897 0.175 1892 0.137 1897 0.140## 1897 0.055## 1875 0.112 1897 0.029 1897 0.032 1897 -0.027 1897 0.322# 1897 SR: Networking 0.039 1897 0.087 1897 -0.253 1892 0.258## 1897 0.083# 1897 -0.038## 1875 -0.089 1897 0.375# 1897 0.028 1897 0.002 1897 -0.128 1897 SR: Influence -0.233 1897 0.073 1897 0.708 1892 0.358## 1897 0.160### 1897 0.001 1875 0.169# 1897 0.018 1897 0.022 1897 -0.009 1897 0.193 1897 SR: Negotiation -0.091 1897 -0.075 1897 0.940 1892 0.269# 1897 0.074 1897 0.021 1875 0.008 1897 0.276 1897 0.055 1897 0.010 1897 -0.099 1897 SR: Collaboration -0.389 1897 -0.086 1897 0.107 1892 0.222 1897 0.081 1897 0.034 1875 0.056 1897 -0.316 1897 0.004 1897 -0.005 1897 0.263 1897 SR: GSE -0.376 1897 0.045 1897 -0.522 1892 -0.021 1897 0.151## 1897 0.048# 1875 0.216# 1897 0.327 1897 0.008 1897 -0.010 1897 0.098 1897 Beh: Emotional Awareness 0.023 1893 0.067 1893 -0.073 1888 -0.121 1893 0.047 1893 0.073### 1871 -0.008 1893 0.248 1893 0.038# 1893 -0.004 1893 0.087 1893 Beh: Self Aware -0.046 1893 -0.010 1893 0.200 1888 -0.169 1893 0.122### 1893 0.152### 1871 -0.022 1893 1.510### 1893 0.220### 1893 -0.018# 1893 0.072 1893 Beh: Emotional Regulation -0.480## 1893 -0.051 1893 0.041 1888 -0.149## 1893 -0.000 1893 0.002 1871 0.018 1893 0.078 1893 0.020 1893 0.015### 1893 0.127# 1893 Beh: Self control 0.071 1897 0.119## 1897 0.996# 1892 0.137 1897 -0.020 1897 0.070### 1875 0.089 1897 -0.048 1897 -0.015 1897 0.000 1897 -0.096 1897 Beh: Perseverance 0.035 1893 0.014# 1893 0.060 1888 0.054### 1893 -0.006 1893 -0.004 1871 0.020# 1893 -0.158### 1893 -0.016### 1893 -0.001 1893 0.064### 1893 Beh: Personal Initiative 0.175 1892 -0.021 1892 -0.643 1887 -0.199# 1892 0.112## 1892 0.138### 1870 -0.135# 1892 1.344### 1892 0.189### 1892 -0.007 1892 -0.006 1892 Beh: PSDM -0.744## 1835 0.140## 1835 0.146 1831 0.107 1835 -0.029 1835 -0.074### 1814 -0.077 1835 -0.921### 1835 -0.124### 1835 0.025## 1835 0.203 1835 Listening 0.930# 1893 0.054 1893 -1.092# 1888 -0.036 1893 0.054 1893 -0.019 1871 -0.021 1893 0.603## 1893 0.060# 1893 -0.014 1893 0.618### 1893 Beh: Active Listening 1.531# 1893 0.011 1893 -2.652## 1888 -0.133 1893 0.050 1893 -0.096### 1871 -0.015 1893 0.648 1893 0.052 1893 -0.032# 1893 1.049### 1893 Beh: Listening Comprehension 0.587 1893 0.049 1893 -0.124 1888 0.167 1893 0.021 1893 0.031 1871 -0.083 1893 0.381 1893 0.021 1893 0.016 1893 0.234 1893 Beh: Empathy -0.557 359 -0.023 441 3.351## 441 0.035 441 0.046 441 0.092### 435 0.180## 441 0.189 441 0.028 441 -0.000 441 -0.244 441 Beh: Expressiveness -0.041 1893 0.002 1893 0.682## 1888 -0.075 1893 0.019 1893 0.026### 1871 0.051 1893 0.074 1893 0.017 1893 0.002 1893 -0.066 1893 Relatedness: naive score with cfa va -0.192 1893 -0.027 1893 0.978 1888 -0.148 1893 0.117### 1893 0.125### 1871 -0.055 1893 1.263### 1893 0.166### 1893 -0.009 1893 0.140 1893 Beh: Maintaining Relations -0.234 1893 -0.033 1893 0.473# 1888 -0.136## 1893 0.021 1893 0.050### 1871 0.109## 1893 0.447### 1893 0.067### 1893 0.001 1893 0.129# 1893 Beh: Networking -0.048 1893 -0.066 1893 0.365 1888 -0.096 1893 0.093## 1893 0.091### 1871 -0.159## 1893 1.104### 1893 0.155### 1893 -0.004 1893 0.152 1893 Beh: Influence -0.156 1893 -0.068## 1893 0.597# 1888 -0.099# 1893 0.003 1893 0.077### 1871 0.070# 1893 0.346### 1893 0.051### 1893 0.007 1893 0.064 1893 Beh: Negotation -0.298 1893 -0.028 1893 1.033## 1888 -0.068 1893 0.043# 1893 0.083### 1871 0.082# 1893 0.389### 1893 0.064### 1893 0.005 1893 0.029 1893 Beh: Collaboration -0.374 359 -0.041 441 2.361 441 -0.077 441 -0.026 441 0.110### 435 0.192## 441 0.602## 441 0.093## 441 0.002 441 -0.329# 441 Beh: GSE -0.087 1893 -0.046# 1893 0.442# 1888 -0.065 1893 0.016 1893 0.063### 1871 0.052# 1893 0.275### 1893 0.038### 1893 0.000 1893 0.083 1893 SR: Self Awareness -0.094 1897 0.013 1897 0.005 1892 0.097 1897 0.069## 1897 0.022# 1875 0.056 1897 0.394## 1897 0.053## 1897 -0.003 1897 0.033 1897 SR: Social Awareness 0.016 1897 -0.036 1897 0.545 1892 0.104 1897 0.063# 1897 0.038### 1875 0.060 1897 0.338# 1897 0.041# 1897 -0.001 1897 0.090 1897 SR: Self Management -0.317 1897 -0.040 1897 0.351 1892 -0.012 1897 0.097### 1897 0.071### 1875 0.101 1897 0.480## 1897 0.064## 1897 -0.000 1897 0.059 1897 SR: Relationship Management -0.098 1897 0.003 1897 0.200 1892 0.193## 1897 0.073## 1897 0.006 1875 0.030 1897 0.103 1897 0.021 1897 -0.004 1897 0.071 1897 SR: Intrapersonal -0.268 1897 -0.023 1897 0.257 1892 0.036 1897 0.102### 1897 0.062### 1875 0.099 1897 0.530### 1897 0.070### 1897 -0.002 1897 0.058 1897 SR: Interpersonal -0.069 1897 -0.010 1897 0.345 1892 0.189## 1897 0.080## 1897 0.018 1875 0.044 1897 0.197 1897 0.031 1897 -0.004 1897 0.087 1897 SR: Awareness -0.031 1897 -0.013 1897 0.297 1892 0.102 1897 0.067## 1897 0.031### 1875 0.059 1897 0.370## 1897 0.047## 1897 -0.002 1897 0.065 1897 SR: Management -0.217 1897 -0.016 1897 0.315 1892 0.142 1897 0.101### 1897 0.037## 1875 0.069 1897 0.299 1897 0.045# 1897 -0.003 1897 0.082 1897 SR: All SES -0.169 1897 -0.017 1897 0.363 1892 0.149 1897 0.103### 1897 0.041## 1875 0.077 1897 0.383# 1897 0.054# 1897 -0.003 1897 0.088 1897 Beh: Self Awareness 0.003 1893 0.023 1893 0.026 1888 -0.106# 1893 0.066### 1893 0.083### 1871 -0.005 1893 0.620### 1893 0.089### 1893 -0.008 1893 0.061 1893 Beh: Social Awareness 0.560# 1892 0.117## 1892 -0.075 1888 0.098 1892 0.034 1892 0.013 1870 0.104# 1892 -0.032 1892 -0.001 1892 -0.004 1892 0.435### 1892 Beh: Self Management -0.527 1835 0.142# 1835 0.677 1831 0.100 1835 0.010 1835 0.065### 1814 0.033 1835 -0.418 1835 -0.028 1835 0.021# 1835 0.387## 1835 Beh: Relationship Management -0.392 1889 -0.077 1889 1.782## 1884 -0.212## 1889 0.084## 1889 0.156### 1867 0.156## 1889 1.180### 1889 0.170### 1889 0.003 1889 -0.012 1889 Beh: Intrapersonal -0.368 1835 0.135# 1835 0.583 1831 -0.042 1835 0.087# 1835 0.146### 1814 0.025 1835 0.381 1835 0.082## 1835 0.008 1835 0.345## 1835 Beh: Interpersonal -0.236 1888 0.000 1888 1.969## 1884 -0.176 1888 0.120## 1888 0.188### 1866 0.246### 1888 1.334### 1888 0.194### 1888 -0.001 1888 0.275# 1888 Beh: Awareness 0.390 1892 0.092# 1892 -0.025 1888 -0.026 1892 0.076## 1892 0.077### 1870 0.064 1892 0.495### 1892 0.073### 1892 -0.009 1892 0.330### 1892 Beh: Management -0.713# 1831 -0.016 1831 2.309## 1827 -0.183 1831 0.097# 1831 0.206### 1810 0.192# 1831 1.088### 1831 0.172### 1831 0.014 1831 0.148 1831 Beh: All SES -0.524 1830 0.085 1830 2.009# 1827 -0.177 1830 0.154## 1830 0.248### 1809 0.230# 1830 1.362### 1830 0.213### 1830 0.001 1830 0.411# 1830 Self Aware: SJT oth -0.243 1882 0.017 1882 0.488 1877 -0.402# 1882 0.256### 1882 0.025 1860 -0.024 1882 1.477### 1882 0.150## 1882 -0.049### 1882 -0.644## 1882 Emot Reg: negative items -0.136### 1890 -0.008 1890 0.071 1885 -0.031### 1890 0.003 1890 0.003# 1868 0.002 1890 0.014 1890 0.004 1890 0.002## 1890 0.025# 1890 Beh: Self control 0.071 1897 0.119## 1897 0.996# 1892 0.137 1897 -0.020 1897 0.070### 1875 0.089 1897 -0.048 1897 -0.015 1897 0.000 1897 -0.096 1897 Beh: PSDM, methods -0.058 1897 0.049 1897 1.984### 1892 -0.019 1897 0.065## 1897 0.061### 1875 -0.036 1897 0.808### 1897 0.095### 1897 0.015# 1897 -0.349### 1897 Beh: Relatedness -0.257# 1892 0.022 1892 -0.106 1888 0.008 1892 -0.011 1892 -0.004 1870 -0.004 1892 -0.444### 1892 -0.054### 1892 -0.002 1892 0.007 1892 Beh: Influence - oth -0.122 1897 -0.024 1897 1.624### 1892 -0.006 1897 0.047# 1897 0.058### 1875 0.010 1897 0.888### 1897 0.098### 1897 0.012 1897 -0.344### 1897 Beh: Collaboration 0.039 1451 0.007 1451 -0.004 1446 -0.001 1451 0.054## 1451 0.018# 1435 0.059 1451 0.577### 1451 0.060### 1451 -0.010# 1451 -0.191### 1451 Note: # = p < .05, ## = p < .01, ### = p <.001 S6. Cite d'Ivoire Main Effect Between Outcome and SES Variables Atteneding School Income Hours of Work (w5) Better Job Search Income Aspirations ( Decision Making Beli Decision Making Part Life Satisfaction Inde Mental Health Score GBV Attitudes Time Household Chores Variable Label Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N Beta N SR: Emot. Aware -0.147# 3435 0.156# 3435 6.103# 3435 0.039 3435 0.063# 3395 0.369### 3303 0.071 3434 0.048 3435 -0.026 1311 0.017# 3434 0.619## 2826 SR: Self Aware -0.119 3435 0.069 3435 4.706 3435 0.039 3435 0.046 3395 0.078 3303 -0.024 3434 0.028 3435 0.345# 1311 0.002 3434 -0.080 2826 SR: Emot. Reg -0.049 3435 -0.014 3435 6.388# 3435 0.072 3435 0.029 3395 0.049 3303 -0.036 3434 0.008 3435 0.331# 1311 0.009 3434 -0.125 2826 SR: Self control -0.099 3435 0.025 3435 3.604 3435 0.077 3435 0.026 3395 0.035 3303 0.098# 3434 -0.077# 3435 0.808### 1311 0.045### 3434 0.177 2826 SR: Perseverance -0.063 3435 0.061 3435 2.860 3435 0.015 3435 0.040 3395 0.166 3303 -0.011 3434 0.026 3435 0.442## 1311 0.010 3434 0.173 2826 SR: Pers Init -0.073 3435 0.025 3435 7.542## 3435 0.075 3435 0.085## 3395 0.194# 3303 -0.001 3434 -0.003 3435 0.282# 1311 0.001 3434 0.457# 2826 SR: PSDM -0.055 3435 0.030 3435 7.293# 3435 0.034 3435 0.101### 3395 0.192# 3303 -0.013 3434 0.010 3435 0.455## 1311 0.022## 3434 0.117 2826 SR: Listening 0.045 3434 -0.010 3434 2.596 3434 0.109## 3434 -0.017 3394 -0.041 3303 -0.030 3434 -0.072# 3434 0.273# 1311 0.026### 3434 0.264 2826 SR: Active listening -0.022 3434 -0.018 3434 3.942 3434 0.059 3434 0.075## 3394 -0.105 3303 -0.034 3434 -0.024 3434 0.028 1311 0.005 3434 0.454 2826 SR: Respectful Listening 0.051 3435 0.003 3435 1.444 3435 0.089# 3435 -0.043 3395 0.011 3303 -0.017 3434 -0.067 3435 0.276# 1311 0.026### 3434 0.158 2826 SR: Empathy -0.076 3435 -0.076 3435 4.830 3435 0.049 3435 0.065# 3395 0.097 3303 -0.049 3434 0.010 3435 0.039 1311 0.017# 3434 0.361 2826 SR: Expressiveness -0.039 3434 0.086 3434 4.009 3434 0.071 3434 0.072# 3394 0.294## 3302 0.004 3433 0.023 3434 0.344## 1311 0.011 3433 0.032 2825 SR: Relatedness -0.042 3435 0.038 3435 6.249# 3435 0.110## 3435 0.084## 3395 0.084 3303 0.020 3434 0.003 3435 0.074 1311 0.015# 3434 0.370 2826 SR: Maintaining Relaltionships -0.050 3435 -0.240### 3435 4.393 3435 0.050 3435 0.068### 3395 0.086 3303 0.079# 3434 0.053# 3435 -0.006 1311 -0.003 3434 0.629 2826 SR: Networking -0.006 3434 0.109 3434 5.220 3434 0.103# 3434 0.073# 3394 0.174 3302 0.051 3433 -0.010 3434 0.092 1311 0.011 3433 0.299 2825 SR: Influence -0.017 3435 0.040 3435 3.170 3435 0.101# 3435 0.041 3395 0.106 3303 -0.019 3434 0.011 3435 0.258 1311 0.001 3434 -0.046 2826 SR: Negotiation -0.038 3435 -0.027 3435 1.151 3435 0.006 3435 0.014 3395 0.106 3303 0.007 3434 -0.039 3435 -0.056 1311 0.016# 3434 0.329 2826 SR: Collaboration -0.142# 3435 0.015 3435 4.795 3435 0.088# 3435 0.060# 3395 -0.029 3303 -0.030 3434 0.012 3435 -0.002 1311 0.006 3434 0.356 2826 SR: GSE -0.005 3435 0.111 3435 5.973# 3435 0.034 3435 0.091## 3395 0.221# 3303 0.002 3434 0.048 3435 0.508### 1311 0.020# 3434 0.090 2826 SJT: Emot. Aware -0.000 3075 0.047 3075 -2.598 3075 -0.066 3075 -0.020 3051 -0.003 2943 -0.065 3074 0.060 3075 -0.355## 1311 -0.006 3074 -0.172 2515 SJT: Self Aware 0.086 3074 0.115 3074 -0.206 3074 -0.005 3074 0.094### 3050 0.024 2942 0.034 3073 -0.017 3074 0.081 1311 0.035### 3073 0.029 2515 SJT: Emot. Reg 0.009 3075 -0.007 3075 0.195 3075 0.006 3075 0.057# 3051 0.125 2943 0.068 3074 0.030 3075 0.313# 1311 0.024## 3074 -0.322 2515 SJT: Perseverance 0.017 2833 0.077 2833 -0.014 2833 0.080 2833 -0.001 2809 -0.048 2736 -0.007 2832 0.044 2833 0.223 1069 0.035### 2832 0.071 2329 SJT: Pers Init. 0.104 3434 -0.002 3434 -0.028 3434 0.098# 3434 0.056# 3394 0.054 3302 -0.066 3433 0.018 3434 0.189 1311 0.014 3433 0.089 2825 SJT: PSDM 0.041 2833 0.138 2833 4.413 2833 0.087 2833 0.107### 2809 0.041 2736 -0.012 2832 -0.030 2833 0.075 1070 0.022# 2832 0.291 2329 SJT: Expressive 0.156# 3074 0.099 3074 -3.648 3074 0.061 3074 0.089### 3050 0.176 2942 -0.018 3073 0.005 3074 0.234 1311 0.015 3073 -0.048 2514 SJT: Collab -0.073 3431 -0.030 3431 5.102 3431 0.012 3431 0.030 3391 -0.073 3299 -0.088## 3430 0.001 3431 0.130 1310 0.000 3430 -0.085 2822 SR: Self Awareness -0.155# 3435 0.127 3435 6.148# 3435 0.045 3435 0.062# 3395 0.249## 3303 0.025 3434 0.043 3435 0.185 1311 0.011 3434 0.292 2826 SR: Social Awareness -0.025 3434 -0.043 3434 4.903 3434 0.092# 3434 0.048 3394 0.002 3303 -0.048 3434 -0.039 3434 0.172 1311 0.023## 3434 0.473 2826 SR: Self Management -0.100 3435 0.038 3435 7.883## 3435 0.076 3435 0.081## 3395 0.187# 3303 0.011 3434 -0.010 3435 0.660### 1311 0.024## 3434 0.239 2826 SR: Relationship Management -0.073 3434 0.038 3434 4.839 3434 0.094# 3434 0.068# 3394 0.141 3302 -0.004 3433 0.002 3434 0.154 1311 0.013 3433 0.267 2825 SR: Intrapersonal -0.132 3435 0.074 3435 7.930## 3435 0.071 3435 0.082## 3395 0.227# 3303 0.017 3434 0.009 3435 0.555### 1311 0.022## 3434 0.277 2826 SR: Interpersonal -0.061 3433 0.011 3433 5.293 3433 0.101# 3433 0.067## 3393 0.099 3302 -0.022 3433 -0.014 3433 0.176 1311 0.018# 3433 0.368 2825 SR: Awareness -0.099 3434 0.037 3434 6.268# 3434 0.082# 3434 0.063# 3394 0.128 3303 -0.018 3434 -0.003 3434 0.205 1311 0.020## 3434 0.453 2826 SR: Management -0.094 3434 0.042 3434 6.776# 3434 0.092# 3434 0.081## 3394 0.178# 3302 0.003 3433 -0.004 3434 0.422## 1311 0.020## 3433 0.276 2825 SR: All SES -0.101 3433 0.043 3433 6.929# 3433 0.093# 3433 0.078## 3393 0.168 3302 -0.004 3433 -0.004 3433 0.369# 1311 0.021## 3433 0.349 2825 Beh: Self Awareness 0.052 3074 0.103 3074 -1.899 3074 -0.048 3074 0.044 3050 0.012 2942 -0.024 3073 0.030 3074 -0.191 1311 0.018# 3073 -0.097 2515 Beh: Social Awareness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Beh: Self Management 0.070 2823 0.037 2823 1.981 2823 0.056 2823 0.088## 2804 0.111 2726 0.000 2822 -0.019 2823 0.184 1069 0.012 2822 -0.010 2321 Beh: Relationship Management 0.145 3069 0.069 3069 -1.934 3069 -0.003 3069 0.078## 3046 0.088 2937 -0.048 3068 0.001 3069 0.256 1310 0.019# 3068 -0.045 2509 Beh: Intrapersonal 0.061 2822 0.082 2822 0.347 2822 0.021 2822 0.083## 2803 0.079 2725 -0.012 2821 -0.002 2822 -0.006 1069 0.017# 2821 -0.063 2321 Beh: Interpersonal 0.145 3069 0.069 3069 -1.934 3069 -0.003 3069 0.078## 3046 0.088 2937 -0.048 3068 0.001 3069 0.256 1310 0.019# 3068 -0.045 2509 Beh: Awareness 0.052 3074 0.103 3074 -1.899 3074 -0.048 3074 0.044 3050 0.012 2942 -0.024 3073 0.030 3074 -0.191 1311 0.018# 3073 -0.097 2515 Beh: Management 0.112 2820 0.090 2820 0.218 2820 0.036 2820 0.095## 2801 0.146 2723 -0.024 2819 -0.015 2820 0.231 1069 0.018# 2819 0.005 2318 Beh: All SES 0.097 2819 0.110 2819 -0.562 2819 0.015 2819 0.089## 2800 0.113 2722 -0.028 2818 -0.004 2819 0.091 1069 0.020# 2818 -0.036 2318 SJT: Self Aware - oth - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Emot Reg - Negative Items - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Self control - post - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: PSDM - methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Relatedness - naive, geometric - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Influence task: methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Beh: Collaboration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Note: # = p < .05, ## = p < .01, ### = p <.001 S7. Nigeria Main Effect Between Outcome at EndLine and SES Variables at Baseline and Endline Employment Status Own business [0,1] IHS monthly income Hours of Work Time Household Chores Variable Label Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size SR: Emotional Awareness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Self Aware - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Emotional Regulation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Emot. Reg - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Self control - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Perseverance 0.024 -0.062 316 -0.018 -0.168 316 -0.118# -0.07 308 -0.107 -0.04 316 0.036 -0.081 316 SR: Personal Initiative 0.035 -0.095 316 0.036 -0.128 316 -0.09 -0.011 308 -0.112 -0.027 316 0.014 -0.076 316 SR: PSDM 0.066 -0.081 316 -0.055 -0.101 316 -0.057 -0.003 308 -0.028 -0.027 316 0.069 -0.069 316 SR:Listening - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Active listening - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Respectful Listening - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Empathy 0.115 -0.093 316 -0.103 -0.144 316 -0.083 -0.044 308 -0.046 -0.097 316 0.006 -0.105 316 SR: Expressiveness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Relatedness 0.109 -0.095 316 -0.01 -0.145 316 -0.091 0.002 308 -0.031 -0.071 316 0.049 -0.124# 316 SR: Maintaining 0.102 -0.092 316 -0.043 -0.108 316 -0.037 0.003 308 0.02 -0.057 316 0.032 -0.124# 316 SR: Networking 0.095 -0.069 316 0.02 -0.158 316 -0.135## 0 308 -0.091 -0.073 316 0.053 -0.105 316 SR: Influence - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Negotiation -0.007 -0.073 316 -0.02 -0.113 316 -0.017 -0.049 308 -0.044 -0.097 316 0.076 -0.061 316 SR: Collaboration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR:GSE 0.048 -0.075 316 -0.06 -0.157 316 -0.07 0.003 308 -0.048 -0.008 316 0.055 -0.078 316 SJT: Emot. Aware - naive score with cfa varlist -0.102 0.057 315 -0.113 -0.05 315 0.096 0.04 307 0.102# 0.028 315 -0.063 -0.172# 315 SJT: Self Aware - naive score with cfa varlist, relative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Emot Reg - naive, geometric, rel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Self control - naive, geometric - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Perseverance - naive score with cfa varlist 0.231## 0.007 315 0.015 0.111 315 -0.052 0.160# 307 -0.021 0.059 315 0.017 -0.039 315 SJT: Pers Init. - naive score, geometric, rel 0.212## 0.02 316 0.119 0.063 316 -0.044 -0.057 308 0.003 0.033 316 0.069 -0.024 316 SJT: PSDM - naive, geometric, relative 0.073 -0.03 304 -0.031 0.086 304 0.024 0.117 298 0.002 0.04 304 0.117# -0.097 304 SJT: Listening - naive, geometric -0.084 0.035 184 -0.046 0.096 184 0.066 -0.054 177 0.049 0.033 184 -0.046 0.149 184 SJT: Active Listening - naive, geometric 0.119 0.024 316 0.054 0.076 316 0.111# 0.051 308 0.087 -0.03 316 -0.023 0.004 316 SJT: Listening Comprehension - naive, geometric -0.045 -0.024 316 0.035 0.19 316 0.118 0.098 308 0.109# 0.04 316 0.044 -0.054 316 SJT: Empathy - naive, geometric, relative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Expressive - naive, geometric, relative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Maintaining - naive, geometric, relative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Networking - naive, geometric 0.043 0.023 315 0.056 -0.08 315 -0.096# 0.038 308 0.028 -0.064 315 0.038 -0.086 315 SJT: Relatedness - naive, geometric, relative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Influence - naive, geometric, relative 0.166# 0.024 316 -0.273# 0.086 316 0.013 0.114 308 0.006 0.037 316 0.028 -0.076 316 SJT: Negot - naive, geometric, relative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Collab - naive, geometric relative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: GSE - naive, geometric, relative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Self Awareness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Social Awareness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Self Management 0.1 -0.104 316 -0.055 -0.157 316 -0.107 0.024 308 -0.096 -0.038 316 0.058 -0.093 316 SR: Relationship Management 0.076 -0.096 316 -0.01 -0.175 316 -0.077 -0.015 308 -0.062 -0.081 316 0.068 -0.109 316 SR: Intrapersonal 0.101 -0.116 316 -0.055 -0.159 316 -0.123# 0.025 308 -0.108 -0.037 316 0.059 -0.093 316 SR: Interpersonal 0.091 -0.097 316 -0.036 -0.176 316 -0.081 -0.023 308 -0.062 -0.089 316 0.068 -0.114 316 SR: Awareness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Management 0.097 -0.107 316 -0.035 -0.177 316 -0.096 0.007 308 -0.082 -0.062 316 0.069 -0.109 316 SR: All SES 0.104 -0.112 316 -0.047 -0.175 316 -0.104# 0 308 -0.086 -0.068 316 0.069 -0.111 316 Beh: Self Awareness -0.06 0.073 315 -0.179 -0.024 315 0.108 0.053 307 0.132# 0.081 315 -0.014 -0.202# 315 Beh: Social Awareness 0.081 -0.018 313 0.059 0.121 313 0.129# 0.147# 305 0.093 0.026 313 0.001 -0.112 313 Beh: Self Management 0.180# -0.036 303 -0.014 0.039 303 -0.084 0.135# 297 -0.012 -0.004 303 0.053 -0.042 303 Beh: Relationship Management 0.174# -0.026 308 -0.067 -0.029 308 0.034 0.136 301 0.007 0.081 308 0.04 -0.153# 308 Beh: Intrapersonal 0.093 -0.007 302 -0.129 0.015 302 -0.021 0.147# 296 0.027 0.038 302 0.049 -0.136# 302 Beh: Interpersonal 0.175# -0.02 307 -0.045 0.015 307 0.087 0.173# 300 0.044 0.07 307 0.031 -0.171# 307 Beh: Awareness 0.029 0.024 312 -0.074 0.064 312 0.145# 0.132# 304 0.137# 0.065 312 -0.007 -0.214# 312 Beh: Management 0.185# -0.039 295 -0.108 -0.028 295 -0.043 0.163# 290 -0.018 0.053 295 0.043 -0.116# 295 Beh: All SES 0.147# -0.024 293 -0.133 -0.013 293 0.021 0.180# 288 0.027 0.05 293 0.035 -0.175# 293 SJT: Self Aware - oth 0.250### -0.114 316 0.028 -0.006 316 -0.088 0.207# 308 -0.068 0 316 -0.023 -0.038 316 SJT: Emot Reg - negative items 0.163# -0.092 316 0.202 -0.08 316 -0.083 0.11 308 -0.067 -0.053 316 -0.038 0.061 316 SJT: Self control - post 0.064 -0.008 316 -0.021 0.007 316 0.01 0.045 308 0.054 -0.018 316 -0.001 0.042 316 SJT: PSDM - methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Beh: Relatedness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Influence task: methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Beh: Collaboration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Note: # = p < .05, ## = p < .01, ### = p <.001 S8. Tanzania Main Effect Between Outcome at EndLine and SES Variables at Baseline and Endline Attending School Employment Status Own business [0,1] IHS monthly income NEET Hours of Work Better Job Search Income Aspirations (1yr) Decision Making Power Well-being Ind Depression s GAD-7 Anxie IPV Acceptability Index Time Household Chores Variable Label Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baselin Sample Size Beta Endlin Beta Base Sample S Beta End Beta Bas Sample Beta En Beta B Samp SR: Emotional Awareness 0.124 -0.03 1143 0.036 -0.022 1143 0.02 0.02 1143 0.035 -0.013 1142 0.059 -0.025 114 -0.00 -0.04 21 0.04 0.05 11 0.140### -0.0 1 0.0 0.0 - -0 0.091## 0.140### 0.098## SR: Self Aware 0.106 0.018 1143 0.032 0.005 1143 0.008 0.012 1143 -0.002 -0.012 1142 0.052 0.001 114 0.177## -0.01 21 0.028 -0.0 11 0.084## -0.085## 1 0.119### -0. -0 -0 0.077## 0.127### 0.086# 0.085## SR: Emotional Regulation 0.022 0.015 1143 0.027 -0.047 1143 0.007 -0.028 1143 0.016 -0.036 1142 0.029 -0.041 114 0.04 -0.05 21 0.085## -0.0 11 0.108### -0.0 1 0.100### -0. -0 -0 0.102### 0.058# SR: Self control -0.031 0.087 1143 0.057 -0.061 1143 -0.007 -0.094## 1143 -0.002 -0.025 1142 0.055 -0.036 114 0.094 0.02 21 -0.00 -0.0 11 -0.0 0.01 1 0.101### -0. 0.140### -0 0.078# 0.105## -0.058# 0.083# SR: Perseverance 0.075 0.026 1140 0.034 -0.068# 1140 -0.015 -0.036 1140 0.03 -0.046 1139 0.047 -0.067# 114 0.01 -0.00 21 0.084# -0.0 11 0.134### -0.0 1 0.091## 0.0 -0 -0 0.081# SR: Personal Initiative 0.101 -0.004 1143 0.068# -0.04 1143 0.023 -0.008 1143 0.043 -0.047 1142 0.084# -0.048 114 0.04 0.05 21 0.06 -0.0 11 0.118### -0. 1 0.143### 0.0 -0 -0 0.119# SR: PSDM 0.036 0.026 1143 0.065# 0.004 1143 0.044 -0.006 1143 0.036 0.006 1142 0.067# 0 114 0.08 -0.02 21 0.081# -0.0 11 0.118### -0. 1 0.132### 0.0 -0 -0 SR: Listening 0.156# 0.017 1143 0.022 -0.071# 1143 0.003 -0.062 1143 -0.021 -0.026 1142 0.045 -0.074# 114 0.04 -0.00 21 0.093## -0.083# 11 0.081## 0.00 1 0.069# -0. -0.072## -0 0.069# 0.097## 0.074## SR: Active Listening 0.150# 0.011 1143 0.034 -0.061 1143 0.012 -0.057 1143 -0.003 -0.036 1142 0.057 -0.067# 114 0.09 -0.03 21 0.094## -0.0 11 0.095## -0.0 1 0.067# 0.0 -0 -0 0.063# 0.095## 0.099# 0.068# SR: Respectful Listening 0.134# 0.022 1143 0.004 -0.053 1143 -0.007 -0.048 1143 -0.032 -0.014 1142 0.022 -0.051 114 -0.00 0.03 21 0.073# -0.081# 11 0.05 0.02 1 0.059# -0. -0.075## 0 0.061# 0.080## 0.064# SR: Empathy 0.072 0.051 1143 0.027 -0.041 1143 0.009 -0.02 1143 0.003 -0.022 1142 0.038 -0.03 114 0.10 0.00 21 0.065# -0. 11 0.138### -0.067# 1 0.094## 0 -0.053# -0 0.096## 0.090# SR: Expressiveness 0.11 -0.003 1143 0.028 -0.033 1143 0.01 -0.046 1143 0.007 -0.011 1142 0.045 -0.033 114 0.08 0.05 21 0.084# 0. 11 0.113### -0.0 1 0.0 0.0 -0.062# -0.086# 0.095## SR: Relatedness 0.078 0.094 1143 0.03 -0.032 1143 0.021 -0.029 1143 0.005 -0.024 1142 0.041 -0.022 114 0.05 -0.05 21 0.108### -0.0 11 0.150### -0.0 1 0 0.062# -0 -0 0.076# SR: Maintaining Relations 0.054 0.097 1143 0.05 -0.021 1143 0.022 -0.012 1143 0.008 -0.025 1142 0.056 -0.001 114 0.0 -0.01 21 0.088## -0.0 11 0.107### -0.0 1 0.060# 0.0 0 - 0.066# -0.076# SR: Networking 0.094 0.06 1143 0 -0.031 1143 0.013 -0.041 1143 0 -0.028 1142 0.013 -0.033 114 0.05 -0.07 21 0.098## -0.0 11 0.153### 0.00 1 -0. 0.072# -0.102### -0 0.063# SR: Influence 0.123 0.022 1143 0.049 -0.038 1143 0.028 -0.034 1143 0.019 -0.031 1142 0.069# -0.036 114 0.132# -0.00 21 0.082# 0.03 11 0.118### -0.0 1 0.063# 0.0 -0 -0.093### 0.067# SR: Negotiation 0.115 -0.032 1143 0.024 -0.006 1143 0.017 -0.016 1143 -0.015 0.015 1142 0.038 -0.01 114 0 -0.05 21 0.080# 0.00 11 0.084## -0.0 1 0.0 0.0 -0.083## -0 0.069# 0.128### 0.077## SR: Collaboration 0.089 0.052 1143 0.017 -0.023 1143 0.008 -0.015 1143 -0.028 -0.019 1142 0.032 -0.02 114 0.09 -0.00 21 0.076# -0. 11 0.116### -0.0 1 0.103### 0.0 -0 -0 0.076# SR: GSE 0.039 0.002 1143 0.075# -0.009 1143 0.053 -0.007 1143 0.059# 0.002 1142 0.077# -0.017 114 0.03 -0.04 21 0.068# -0.0 11 0.124### -0.0 1 0.120### 0.0 -0 -0 Beh: Emotional Awareness 0.245## 0.045 1143 -0.068# -0.013 1143 -0.047 -0.03 1143 -0.033 0.005 1142 -0.028 -0.002 114 -0.03 -0.04 21 0.022 0.03 11 0.107### 0. 1 0.165### -0. 0.087## - 0.092## -0.067# 0.066# -0.059# 0.090## -0.067 Beh: Self Aware 0.242## 0.124 1143 -0.036 -0.016 1143 -0.016 -0.004 1143 -0.039 0.018 1142 -0.002 -0.004 114 -0.05 -0.01 21 -0.00 0.03 11 0.161### -0.0 1 0.175### -0. 0 -0 0.155### 0.143### 0.156## Beh: Emotional Regulation -0.177# -0.033 1143 0.033 -0.018 1143 0.001 0.006 1143 -0.052 -0.012 1142 0.007 -0.026 114 0.03 -0.01 21 -0.096## -0.0 11 0.00 -0.0 1 0.064# 0.0 0 0 0.082## Beh: Self control -0.039 0.03 1143 0.025 -0.081# 1143 -0.009 -0.068# 1143 -0.032 -0.077# 1142 0.02 -0.071# 114 0.179## 0.06 21 0.154### -0.0 11 0.03 1 0.087## 0.0 0 -0 0.099### 0.074## 0.082## -0.103### 0.098## Beh: Perseverance 0.152# 0.052 1143 0.042 0.056 1143 -0.009 0.041 1143 0.060# 0.042 1142 0.072# 0.059 114 0.01 0.06 21 -0.03 0.00 11 0.04 0.03 1 0.0 0.0 - 0.058# -0.086## -0.152### Beh: Personal Initiative 0.210## 0.122 1143 -0.036 -0.036 1143 0.007 -0.031 1143 -0.048 -0.02 1142 0 -0.018 114 -0.08 0.02 21 0.028 0.03 11 0.108### -0.0 1 0.184### -0. 0 -0 0.085## -0.058# 0.084## 0.087## -0.058 Beh: PSDM -0.045 0.066 1065 0.031 0.013 1065 0.021 -0.017 1065 0.061# -0.016 1064 0.026 0.027 106 0.03 0.0 20 0.024 0.01 10 -0. 0. 1 -0. 0.0 0.066# -0 -0.097## -0.103### 0.060# -0.100# Beh: Listening 0.203## -0.07 1143 0.041 0.058 1143 0.065 0.051 1143 0.122### 0.059# 1142 0.066# 0.038 114 -0.08 -0.04 21 0.034 0.097## 11 0.01 -0. 1 -0.170### 0.0 -0 -0.095# 0.094## Beh: Active Listening 0.172# -0.098 1143 0.061 0.069# 1143 0.088# 0.054 1143 0.130### 0.068 1142 0.081# 0.045 114 -0.09 -0.07 21 0.037 0.079# 11 0.01 -0.0 1 -0.225### -0. -0 -0.109# 0.097### Beh: Listening Comprehension 0.197# 0.081 1143 -0.044 0.012 1143 -0.019 0.021 1143 0.057 -0.001 1142 -0.016 0.023 114 -0.03 0.06 21 0.008 0.085## 11 -0.0 -0.0 1 0.0 0.0 -0 -0 0.068# 0.077# 0.063# 0.070# Beh: Empathy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Beh: Expressiveness -0.004 0.035 1143 0.049 -0.021 1143 0.017 -0.015 1143 0.018 0.003 1142 0.06 -0.014 114 0.11 0.104 21 -0.01 -0.0 11 0.02 -0.076# 1 0.225### 0.0 0.076## 0 - -0.069# Relatedness: naive score with cfa varlist 0.114 0.11 1143 0.012 -0.022 1143 0.04 -0.041 1143 0.001 -0.025 1142 0.034 -0.006 114 -0.06 0.05 21 -0.01 -0.0 11 0.136### -0.0 1 0.062# 0.0 0 0 0.158### 0.121### 0.157## Beh: Maintaining Relations -0.097 0.03 1143 0.100## -0.036 1143 0.105## -0.027 1143 0.031 -0.043 1142 0.079# -0.026 114 0.160# -0.02 21 -0.01 -0.0 11 0.01 -0.0 1 0.140### 0.0 0.155### 0 - -0.078# 0.059# Beh: Networking 0.138 0.12 1143 0.048 -0.009 1143 0.04 -0.03 1143 0.009 -0.007 1142 0.073# 0.003 114 -0.08 0.04 21 -0.00 0.05 11 0.109### -0.0 1 0.128### 0.0 -0 -0 0.154### 0.144### 0.155## Beh: Influence 0.053 0.094 1143 0.084## -0.046 1143 0.032 -0.021 1143 0.015 -0.032 1142 0.098## -0.028 114 0.163# 0.02 21 -0.01 0.02 11 0.02 -0.0 1 0.276### 0.0 0.151### 0 Beh: Negotation -0.022 0.096 1143 0.083# -0.027 1143 0.015 -0.043 1143 0.012 -0.033 1142 0.080# -0.005 114 0.186## 0.00 21 0.03 0.03 11 0.01 0.03 1 0.265### -0. 0.164### 0 0.104### -0.062# -0.091## 0.065# Beh: Collaboration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Beh: GSE 0 0.139# 1143 0.092## -0.083# 1143 0.036 -0.05 1143 0.031 -0.064# 1142 0.093## -0.05 114 0.11 0.06 21 -0.0 11 0.01 -0.0 1 0.230### 0.0 0.092## 0 - SR: Self Awareness 0.131# -0.008 1143 0.038 -0.01 1143 0.016 0.019 1143 0.019 -0.014 1142 0.063 -0.015 114 0.094 -0.04 21 0.0 0.03 11 0.128### -0.082# 1 0.098### 0.0 -0 -0 0.096### 0.151### 0.092# 0.104## SR: Social Awareness 0.134# 0.039 1143 0.029 -0.080# 1143 0.008 -0.065 1143 -0.012 -0.037 1142 0.05 -0.077# 114 0.0 -0.00 21 0.096## -0.0 11 0.115### -0.0 1 0.087## 0 -0.070## -0 0.068# 0.107### 0.089# 0.074# SR: Self Management 0.045 0.045 1143 0.073# -0.067# 1143 0.019 -0.054 1143 0.037 -0.046 1142 0.079# -0.061 114 0.11 -0.00 21 0.081# -0.0 11 0.120### -0.0 1 0.181### 0.0 0 -0 0.061# 0.099### 0.076# 0.067# SR: Relationship Management 0.112 0.042 1143 0.034 -0.033 1143 0.02 -0.035 1143 -0.002 -0.022 1142 0.051 -0.029 114 0.104 -0.02 21 0.103## -0.0 11 0.141### -0.0 1 0.058# 0.0 -0.062# -0.070# 0.101## SR: Intrapersonal 0.081 0.025 1143 0.065# -0.052 1143 0.019 -0.032 1143 0.033 -0.038 1142 0.079# -0.049 114 0.123# -0.02 21 0.071# -0.0 11 0.133### -0.0 1 0.163### 0.0 -0 -0 0.080## 0.128### 0.089# 0.087## SR: Interpersonal 0.125 0.044 1143 0.033 -0.051 1143 0.017 -0.048 1143 -0.005 -0.028 1142 0.053 -0.047 114 0.10 -0.01 21 0.105## -0.0 11 0.138### -0.0 1 0.070# 0.0 -0.067# -0.071# 0.108## 0.066# SR: Awareness 0.141# 0.018 1143 0.035 -0.054 1143 0.012 -0.03 1143 0.001 -0.03 1142 0.06 -0.055 114 0.09 -0.02 21 0.078# -0.0 11 0.132### -0.0 1 0.100### 0.0 -0.060# -0.060# 0.087## 0.136### 0.104# 0.094## SR: Management 0.092 0.044 1143 0.054 -0.052 1143 0.022 -0.048 1143 0.015 -0.035 1142 0.068# -0.047 114 0.124 -0.01 21 0.103## -0.0 11 0.145### -0.0 1 0.114### 0.0 - -0.068# 0.109### 0.066# 0.061# SR: All SES 0.113 0.037 1143 0.049 -0.055 1143 0.019 -0.045 1143 0.01 -0.035 1142 0.067# -0.052 114 0.11 -0.02 21 0.098## -0.0 11 0.145### -0.0 1 0.113### 0 -0 -0.069# 0.067# 0.123### 0.082# 0.075# Beh: Self Awareness 0.258### 0.095 1143 -0.058 -0.018 1143 -0.035 -0.021 1143 -0.04 0.013 1142 -0.017 -0.003 114 -0.05 -0.03 21 0.009 0.04 11 0.150### 0.00 1 0.191### -0. 0.064# -0 0.138### -0.073# 0.117### 0.138## -0.073 Beh: Social Awareness 0.236### -0.031 1141 0.052 0.033 1141 0.031 0.028 1141 0.095### 0.029 1140 0.088## 0.019 114 -0.00 0.02 21 0.02 0.089## 11 0.01 -0. 1 0.0 0.0 0 -0.064# -0.057# 0.079# 0.057# Beh: Self Management 0.05 0.126 1065 0.049 -0.035 1065 0.017 -0.04 1065 -0.006 -0.047 1064 0.06 -0.015 106 0.07 0.11 20 0.034 0.01 10 0.076# 0.01 1 0.125### 0.0 0.076## -0 0.067# 0.088## -0.116### 0.071# Beh: Relationship Management 0.008 0.089 1129 0.111### -0.026 1129 0.066# -0.022 1129 0.024 -0.019 1128 0.117### -0.008 112 0.155# 0.04 21 -0.01 0.02 11 0.05 -0.0 1 0.321### 0.0 0.170### 0 0.064# 0.093## -0.066# -0.072# 0.068# Beh: Intrapersonal 0.179## 0.201## 1065 0.007 -0.029 1065 -0.007 -0.045 1065 -0.025 -0.03 1064 0.04 0.001 106 0.044 0.05 20 0.03 0. 10 0.142### 0.01 1 0.194### 0.0 0.097### -0 0.127### 0.131### -0.071# 0.130## Beh: Interpersonal 0.089 0.037 1127 0.117### -0.011 1127 0.069# -0.009 1127 0.061# -0.008 1126 0.136### -0.003 112 0.12 0.05 21 -0.00 0.06 11 0.05 -0.0 1 0.274### 0.0 0.166### 0 0.078## -0.088## 0.078# 0.057# Beh: Awareness 0.307### 0.037 1141 -0.002 0.013 1141 -0.002 0.007 1141 0.038 0.029 1140 0.047 0.011 114 -0.03 -0.00 21 0.019 0.090## 11 0.104### -0. 1 0.121### 0.0 0.069# -0 0.087## 0.077# 0.054# 0.087## Beh: Management 0.025 0.154# 1052 0.120### -0.023 1052 0.064 -0.032 1052 0.025 -0.038 1051 0.130### 0.007 105 0.14 0.11 19 0.007 0.03 10 0.072# -0.0 1 0.299### 0.0 0.176### 0 0.069# 0.097### -0.117### 0.074# Beh: All SES 0.136# 0.140# 1050 0.100## -0.006 1050 0.048 -0.021 1050 0.043 -0.018 1049 0.129### 0.02 105 0.104 0.0 19 0.01 0. 10 0.104### -0.0 1 0.280### 0.0 0.174### 0 0.092## 0.109### -0.068# 0.096## Self Aware: SJT oth -0.074 -0.034 1127 -0.006 0.066# 1127 -0.001 0.080# 1127 0.04 0.060# 1126 -0.011 0.048 112 -0.00 0.0 20 0.093## -0.0 11 -0.073# 0.00 1 -0. 0 -0 0 -0.101### -0.106### 0.062# -0.072# -0.103# Emot Reg: negative items -0.241## -0.101 1140 0.058 -0.025 1140 0.036 -0.004 1140 -0.007 -0.023 1139 0.03 -0.043 114 0.13 0.01 21 -0.04 -0.0 11 -0. -0.0 1 0.087## 0 0.070# 0 - Beh: Self control -0.039 0.03 1143 0.025 -0.081# 1143 -0.009 -0.068# 1143 -0.032 -0.077# 1142 0.02 -0.071# 114 0.179## 0.06 21 0.154### -0.0 11 0.03 1 0.087## 0.0 0 -0 0.099### 0.074## 0.082## -0.103### 0.098## Beh: PSDM, methods 0.082 0.016 1143 0.02 -0.086## 1143 0.078# -0.059 1143 -0.002 -0.027 1142 0.044 -0.080# 114 0.094 -0.06 21 -0.083# 0.03 11 -0.0 0. 1 0.073# 0.0 0.061# -0 0.162### 0.114### 0.097## -0.116### 0.160## Beh: Relatedness 0.082 0.177## 1142 0.088## -0.058 1142 0.099## -0.028 1142 -0.019 -0.05 1141 0.117### -0.023 114 -0.04 -0.11 21 0.024 -0.0 11 0.160### 0.01 1 -0. 0.0 0 -0 -0.170### -0.170### -0.106# -0.103### -0.173# Beh: Influence - oth 0.077 0.009 1143 0.017 -0.058 1143 0.064 -0.065# 1143 -0.01 -0.001 1142 0.038 -0.05 114 0.034 0.02 21 -0.03 0.02 11 -0.0 0.00 1 0.092## 0.0 0 -0 0.139### 0.099### 0.088## -0.119### 0.137## Beh: Collaboration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Note: # = p < .05, ## = p < .01, ### = p <.001 S9. Cote d'Ivoire Main Effect Between Outcome at EndLine and SES Variables at Baseline and Endline Attending School Employment Status Self-employed Income NEET Hours of Work (w5) Better Job Search Income Aspirations (10yr) Decision Making Beliefs Decision Making Participation Life Satisfaction Index GBV Attitudes Time Household Chores Variable Label Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size Beta Endline Beta Baseline Sample Size SR: Emot. Aware -0.04 -0.037 2786 0.048 0.075 2786 0.027 0.052# 2786 0.02 0.029 2786 0.069 0.031 2786 0.054## 0.026 2786 0 0.028 2785 0.013 0.051# 2728 0.094### 0.029 2600 0.036# 0.023 2786 0.021 0.015 2786 0.015 -0.008 2786 0.042 0.011 1808 SR: Self Aware 0.026 -0.018 2786 0.065 -0.023 2786 0.037 0.032 2786 0.03 0.019 2786 0.105# -0.014 2786 0.062## -0.011 2786 0.004 0.001 2785 0.054## 0.023 2728 0.046# 0.011 2600 0.003 -0.013 2786 0.031 0.012 2786 0.008 0.017 2786 0.016 -0.026 1808 SR: Emot. Reg 0.006 -0.036 2786 0.085# 0.036 2786 0.036 0.016 2786 0.001 0.011 2786 0.099# 0.04 2786 0.070### 0.018 2786 0.042 0.008 2785 0.018 0.032 2728 0.045# 0.015 2600 -0.014 0.032 2786 0.011 0.018 2786 0.034 0.007 2786 -0.014 0.006 1808 SR: Self control 0 0.004 2786 0.043 -0.041 2786 0.021 0.001 2786 0.004 0.006 2786 0.075 -0.046 2786 0.032 -0.039 2786 0.017 -0.012 2785 -0.023 0.014 2728 -0.009 -0.037 2600 0.036# -0.023 2786 0.005 0.019 2786 0.087### 0.034 2786 0.013 -0.001 1808 SR: Perseverance 0.007 -0.002 2786 0.104## 0.002 2786 0.016 0.022 2786 0.037 -0.001 2786 0.129## 0.004 2786 0.053## -0.009 2786 0.051# -0.013 2785 0.013 0.027 2728 0.050# 0.001 2600 0.006 0.013 2786 0.057## -0.009 2786 0.016 0.001 2786 -0.007 -0.017 1808 SR: Pers Init -0.029 -0.035 2786 0.122## 0.052 2786 0.064## 0.022 2786 0.051## 0.011 2786 0.159### 0.032 2786 0.065### 0.004 2786 0.041 0.017 2785 0.049## 0.037# 2728 0.075### 0.072# 2600 0.035# 0.031 2786 0.044# 0.021 2786 0.021 -0.002 2786 -0.003 -0.014 1808 SR: PSDM 0.002 -0.019 2786 0.07 0.051 2786 0.059## 0.047# 2786 0.03 0.012 2786 0.092# 0.035 2786 0.059## 0.004 2786 0.059# 0.012 2785 0.034 0.056## 2728 0.044# 0.067### 2600 0.008 0.044# 2786 0.02 0.013 2786 0.046# 0.016 2786 -0.021 -0.05 1808 SR: Listening 0.012 0.013 2785 0.017 -0.003 2785 -0.009 0.008 2785 -0.013 0.002 2785 0.034 -0.012 2785 0.016 -0.016 2785 0.052# 0.018 2784 -0.027 0.001 2727 -0.003 -0.006 2599 -0.005 -0.006 2785 -0.011 0.006 2785 0.050## 0.037 2785 0.031 0.024 1808 SR: Active listening 0.04 -0.014 2786 0.049 -0.003 2786 -0.006 0.015 2786 -0.004 -0.009 2786 0.076 -0.023 2786 0.033 -0.006 2786 0.025 -0.027 2785 0.007 0.018 2728 -0.044# 0.062# 2600 -0.047## 0.027 2786 -0.027 -0.012 2786 0.032 -0.005 2786 0.014 -0.005 1808 SR: Respectful Listening -0.007 0.022 2785 0.007 -0.003 2785 -0.004 0 2785 -0.012 0.003 2785 0.017 -0.002 2785 0.007 -0.016 2785 0.05 0.027 2784 -0.03 -0.005 2727 0.014 -0.024 2599 0.013 -0.015 2785 -0.003 0.012 2785 0.042# 0.042# 2785 0.033 0.031 1808 SR: Empathy -0.028 -0.022 2786 0.085# -0.042 2786 0.023 0.009 2786 0 0.002 2786 0.114## -0.038 2786 0.057## -0.012 2786 0.024 0.001 2785 0.024 0.033 2728 0.015 0.02 2600 -0.018 0.03 2786 0.016 0.003 2786 0.023 0.003 2786 -0.016 0.013 1808 SR: Expressiveness -0.019 -0.002 2786 0.045 0.04 2786 0.004 0.019 2786 0.02 0.025 2786 0.058 0.042 2786 0.035 0.017 2786 0.035 -0.015 2785 0.033 0.035 2728 0.068### 0.024 2600 0.03 0.026 2786 0.02 0.032 2786 0.037# -0.022 2786 0.021 -0.019 1808 SR: Relatedness -0.005 -0.024 2786 0.076# -0.012 2786 0.009 0.032 2786 0.024 0.01 2786 0.087# -0.024 2786 0.045# 0.005 2786 0.060# 0.014 2785 0.037# 0.059# 2728 0.038 0.021 2600 0.009 0.033 2786 0.004 0.011 2786 0.035 -0.015 2786 0.009 -0.004 1808 SR: Maintaining Relaltionships -0.026 -0.091 2786 0.08 0.007 2786 0.019 0.017 2786 -0.013 -0.005 2786 0.111 0.007 2786 0.035# -0.004 2786 0.025 -0.038 2785 0.038## 0.027# 2728 0.019 0.022 2600 0.012 0.034 2786 0.02 0.012 2786 -0.008 0.007 2786 -0.005 -0.007 1808 SR: Networking 0.002 -0.012 2786 0.063 0.021 2786 0.021 0.039 2786 0.027 0.03 2786 0.057 0.002 2786 0.034 0.016 2786 0.048 0.038 2785 0.042# 0.060## 2728 0.077### 0.021 2600 0.038# 0.021 2786 0.009 0.021 2786 0.022 0 2786 0.022 -0.003 1808 SR: Influence 0.001 -0.008 2786 0.078# 0.029 2786 0.027 0.001 2786 0.021 -0.005 2786 0.084# 0.022 2786 0.048# -0.025 2786 0.061# -0.009 2785 -0.003 0.031 2728 0.045# 0.007 2600 -0.008 0.019 2786 0.02 0.001 2786 0.018 -0.01 2786 -0.017 -0.013 1808 SR: Negotiation 0.003 0 2786 0.004 0.02 2786 -0.015 0.016 2786 -0.026 -0.003 2786 0.009 0.038 2786 0.014 0.012 2786 0.011 -0.011 2785 -0.001 0.031 2728 0.013 -0.004 2600 -0.006 -0.018 2786 -0.028 0.008 2786 0.089### 0.002 2786 0.019 -0.021 1808 SR: Collaboration -0.001 0 2786 0.097# -0.053 2786 0.031 -0.004 2786 0.027 -0.007 2786 0.141## -0.054 2786 0.068### -0.002 2786 0.023 0.022 2785 0.035 0.039# 2728 0.015 -0.028 2600 -0.016 0.006 2786 0.01 0.002 2786 0.026 0.018 2786 0.038 0.018 1808 SR: GSE 0.019 -0.007 2786 0.090# 0.038 2786 0.026 0.042 2786 0.040# 0.015 2786 0.103# 0.028 2786 0.069### 0.008 2786 0.061# -0.013 2785 0.028 0.057# 2728 0.060## 0.037 2600 0.006 0.028 2786 0.052## 0.007 2786 0.040# 0.007 2786 0.011 -0.032 1808 SJT: Emot. Aware -0.048 0.047 2192 0.023 -0.029 2192 -0.048# -0.028 2192 0.036 -0.006 2192 0.071 -0.005 2192 0.017 -0.022 2192 -0.016 0.034 2191 -0.008 0.027 2158 0.019 0.026 2049 0.021 0.006 2192 0.02 -0.023 2192 0.002 -0.004 2192 -0.061# -0.01 1412 SJT: Self Aware 0.074 0.028 2191 0.078 -0.071 2191 0.011 -0.015 2191 0.035 0 2191 0.121## -0.029 2191 0.029 -0.049# 2191 0.027 -0.021 2190 0.028 0.014 2157 -0.046# 0.057# 2048 -0.032 0.03 2191 0.017 -0.025 2191 0.060## 0.002 2191 -0.017 -0.019 1412 SJT: Emot. Reg 0.009 0.05 2192 0.035 0.028 2192 0.018 0.013 2192 0.051# 0.036 2192 0.025 0.044 2192 0.018 -0.025 2192 0.02 -0.011 2191 0.014 0.044# 2158 0.011 -0.022 2049 0.01 0.009 2192 0.031 -0.049# 2192 0.052# 0.013 2192 -0.023 0.039 1412 SJT: Perseverance -0.013 -0.054 2191 0.066 0.052 2191 0.02 0.02 2191 0.046# 0.060# 2191 0.063 0.032 2191 0.025 0.009 2191 0.052 -0.014 2190 0.044# 0.029 2157 -0.036 0.005 2048 -0.056## -0.024 2191 0.01 0.018 2191 0.063## 0.029 2191 -0.034 -0.068# 1411 SJT: Pers Init. 0.045 0.019 2784 0.088# 0.034 2784 0.041 0.001 2784 0.006 0.018 2784 0.089# 0.052 2784 0.018 0.026 2784 0.083## 0.009 2783 0.047# 0.02 2726 0.022 -0.033 2598 -0.031 0.014 2784 0.009 -0.009 2784 0.039# 0.008 2784 -0.042 0.006 1806 SJT: PSDM 0.004 -0.001 2192 0.05 0.025 2192 0.015 -0.023 2192 0.012 0.025 2192 0.074 0.032 2192 0.016 -0.01 2192 0.073# -0.003 2191 0.022 0.041# 2158 -0.03 0.042 2049 -0.048## 0.024 2192 0.027 -0.043# 2192 0.017 0.015 2192 0.006 0.014 1412 SJT: Expressive 0.05 0.085# 2191 0.079 0.009 2191 0.013 0.003 2191 0.026 0.005 2191 0.102# 0.031 2191 0.029 -0.042 2191 0.016 0.027 2190 0.008 0.017 2157 0.005 0.071# 2049 -0.034 0.034 2191 0.019 -0.013 2191 0.014 0.003 2191 -0.021 -0.009 1411 SJT: Collab 0.031 -0.003 2781 0.063 -0.021 2781 0.024 0.008 2781 -0.019 0.007 2781 0.091# -0.021 2781 0.036 0.014 2781 0.031 0.002 2780 0.044# 0.028# 2723 -0.047# 0.061 2596 -0.065### -0.001 2781 0.004 -0.025 2781 0.055## 0.012 2781 0.006 -0.056 1803 SR: Self Awareness -0.008 -0.034 2786 0.067 0.032 2786 0.036 0.049# 2786 0.028 0.027 2786 0.103# 0.007 2786 0.068### 0.007 2786 0.002 0.017 2785 0.038# 0.042# 2728 0.082### 0.021 2600 0.023 0.005 2786 0.03 0.015 2786 0.013 0.005 2786 0.035 -0.01 1808 SR: Social Awareness 0.004 -0.01 2785 0.068 -0.027 2785 0.006 0.012 2785 -0.008 -0.001 2785 0.102# -0.036 2785 0.047# -0.019 2785 0.047 -0.003 2784 -0.001 0.022 2727 -0.008 0.031 2599 -0.025 0.023 2785 -0.006 0.002 2785 0.046# 0.016 2785 0.014 0.018 1808 SR: Self Management -0.001 -0.027 2786 0.122## 0.024 2786 0.053# 0.029 2786 0.035 0.009 2786 0.163### 0.011 2786 0.079### -0.01 2786 0.059# 0 2785 0.023 0.047# 2728 0.055## 0.032 2600 0.016 0.03 2786 0.039# 0.016 2786 0.057## 0.015 2786 -0.008 -0.021 1808 SR: Relationship Management -0.005 -0.009 2786 0.078 0.005 2786 0.014 0.017 2786 0.017 0.005 2786 0.098# 0.004 2786 0.053## 0 2786 0.047 0 2785 0.023 0.050# 2728 0.046# 0.004 2600 0.002 0.017 2786 0.006 0.015 2786 0.052## -0.01 2786 0.018 -0.011 1808 SR: Intrapersonal -0.003 -0.032 2786 0.113## 0.029 2786 0.050# 0.039 2786 0.035 0.016 2786 0.158### 0.009 2786 0.081### -0.005 2786 0.043 0.007 2785 0.029 0.049# 2728 0.069### 0.03 2600 0.02 0.023 2786 0.038# 0.017 2786 0.046# 0.013 2786 0.007 -0.02 1808 SR: Interpersonal -0.002 -0.01 2785 0.084# -0.008 2785 0.012 0.016 2785 0.009 0.003 2785 0.112# -0.013 2785 0.056## -0.008 2785 0.051# -0.002 2784 0.016 0.045# 2727 0.028 0.014 2599 -0.009 0.021 2785 0.002 0.011 2785 0.055## -0.001 2785 0.018 -0.001 1808 SR: Awareness -0.001 -0.025 2785 0.081# -0.001 2785 0.021 0.034 2785 0.01 0.014 2785 0.125## -0.022 2785 0.066### -0.009 2785 0.03 0.007 2784 0.018 0.037# 2727 0.036 0.031 2599 -0.005 0.018 2785 0.012 0.01 2785 0.037# 0.013 2785 0.027 0.006 1808 SR: Management -0.003 -0.019 2786 0.109## 0.014 2786 0.035 0.024 2786 0.027 0.007 2786 0.143## 0.006 2786 0.071### -0.006 2786 0.057# -0.001 2785 0.024 0.053# 2728 0.054## 0.018 2600 0.009 0.025 2786 0.023 0.016 2786 0.059## 0.001 2786 0.006 -0.018 1808 SR: All SES -0.002 -0.022 2785 0.106# 0.009 2785 0.031 0.029 2785 0.022 0.01 2785 0.147## -0.005 2785 0.073### -0.008 2785 0.050# 0.001 2784 0.022 0.050# 2727 0.050## 0.023 2599 0.004 0.024 2785 0.02 0.015 2785 0.054## 0.005 2785 0.014 -0.011 1808 Beh: Self Awareness 0.014 0.048 2191 0.061 -0.06 2191 -0.025 -0.027 2191 0.045# -0.003 2191 0.117## -0.019 2191 0.028 -0.043 2191 0.006 0.009 2190 0.012 0.025 2157 -0.015 0.051 2048 -0.005 0.022 2191 0.023 -0.029 2191 0.038 -0.001 2191 -0.05 -0.018 1412 Beh: Social Awareness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Beh: Self Management 0.02 0.046 2178 0.054 0.012 2178 0.028 -0.015 2178 0.015 0.015 2178 0.059 0.035 2178 0.017 -0.009 2178 0.049 0.007 2177 0.007 0.029 2150 0.02 -0.012 2036 -0.005 0.028 2178 0.026 -0.050# 2178 0.018 0 2178 -0.017 0.057# 1400 Beh: Relationship Management 0.029 0.098# 2184 0.082 -0.016 2184 0.015 0.001 2184 0.004 0.016 2184 0.115# 0.019 2184 0.015 -0.029 2184 0.01 0.043 2183 0.016 0.042# 2153 -0.014 0.047# 2043 -0.054## 0.018 2184 0.039 -0.039 2184 0.072### 0.001 2184 -0.003 -0.044 1404 Beh: Intrapersonal 0.02 0.053 2177 0.071 -0.021 2177 0.009 -0.021 2177 0.032 0.008 2177 0.102# 0.011 2177 0.026 -0.027 2177 0.037 0.008 2176 0.009 0.032 2149 0.006 0.015 2035 -0.007 0.029 2177 0.028 -0.050# 2177 0.031 0 2177 -0.035 0.034 1400 Beh: Interpersonal 0.029 0.098# 2184 0.082 -0.016 2184 0.015 0.001 2184 0.004 0.016 2184 0.115# 0.019 2184 0.015 -0.029 2184 0.01 0.043 2183 0.016 0.042# 2153 -0.014 0.047# 2043 -0.054## 0.018 2184 0.039 -0.039 2184 0.072### 0.001 2184 -0.003 -0.044 1404 Beh: Awareness 0.014 0.048 2191 0.061 -0.06 2191 -0.025 -0.027 2191 0.045# -0.003 2191 0.117## -0.019 2191 0.028 -0.043# 2191 0.006 0.009 2190 0.012 0.025 2157 -0.015 0.051# 2048 -0.005 0.022 2191 0.023 -0.029 2191 0.038 -0.001 2191 -0.05 -0.018 1412 Beh: Management 0.023 0.078# 2175 0.075 0 2175 0.025 -0.012 2175 0.011 0.016 2175 0.094# 0.033 2175 0.02 -0.024 2175 0.034 0.023 2174 0.011 0.041# 2147 0.003 0.018 2034 -0.032 0.029 2175 0.036 -0.050# 2175 0.049# 0 2175 -0.016 0.031 1397 Beh: All SES 0.023 0.076 2174 0.084 -0.023 2174 0.013 -0.017 2174 0.024 0.011 2174 0.118# 0.014 2174 0.027 -0.033 2174 0.03 0.02 2173 0.012 0.04 2146 -0.004 0.031 2033 -0.027 0.029 2174 0.035 -0.049# 2174 0.052# 0 2174 -0.028 0.019 1397 SJT: Self Aware - oth - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Emot Reg - Negative Items - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Self control - post - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: PSDM - methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Relatedness - naive, geometric - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Influence task: methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Beh: Collaboration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Note: # = p < .05, ## = p < .01, ### = p <.001 S10. Nigeria Heterogeniety of Effects Between SES Variables and Gender Predicting Employment Outcomes Attending School Employment Status Own business [0,1] IHS monthly income NEET Hours of Work Better Job Search Income Aspirations (1yr) Decision Making Power Well Being Index Anxiety Index IPV Acceptability Index Time Household Chores Norms2 Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Variable Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta SR: Emotional Awareness -0.008 -0.101 -0.109 0.050 -0.087 -0.037 -0.086 -0.242 -0.329 0.060 0.245 0.305## - - - 0.115 -0.029 0.086 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Self Aware 0.085 -0.159 -0.073 0.404# -0.523# -0.118 -0.123 -0.043 -0.167 0.341## 0.031 0.372### - - - 0.146 0.108 0.254# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Emotional Regulation 0.041 -0.304 -0.264 0.098 -0.259 -0.160 -0.042 -0.104 -0.145 0.232# 0.140 0.372## - - - 0.202 -0.118 0.084 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Emot. Reg 0.367### -0.319## 0.048 0.208### 0.005 0.213### -0.174# 0.133 -0.041 0.047 0.023 0.070# 0.296### -0.008 0.288### 0.032 0.076 0.108 -0.001 -0.013 -0.014 -0.003 0.076 0.073 0.041### -0.019 0.022# 0.098# -0.092 0.006 0.275### 0.024 0.299### -0.001 0.020# 0.019## -0.045 -0.094# -0.140### 0.373### -0.042 0.331### SR: Self control -0.101 0.360 0.259 0.186 -0.201 -0.015 0.487# -0.340 0.147 0.338### 0.094 0.432### - - - 0.241 -0.224 0.016 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Perseverance 0.031 -0.112 -0.081 -0.011 0.031 0.021 -0.044 -0.009 -0.053 0.011 0.104# 0.115### -0.033 0.067 0.034 -0.057 0.106 0.049 0.011 -0.013 -0.002 0.031 0.223# 0.254### 0.020 0.002 0.022# 0.091# -0.119 -0.027 0.028 0.027 0.056## 0.031### -0.010 0.021# 0.064 -0.160## -0.095# -0.002 -0.050 -0.052 SR: Personal Initiative 0.033 -0.164 -0.130 -0.003 -0.003 -0.006 0.039 -0.081 -0.042 0.056 0.042 0.098## -0.032 -0.019 -0.051 0.001 0.055 0.056 0.015 -0.006 0.009 0.051 0.182# 0.234## 0.016 -0.009 0.007 0.048 -0.080 -0.031 0.049## 0.016 0.066### 0.029### -0.009 0.020# 0.047 -0.156## -0.109## -0.045 -0.036 -0.081 SR: PSDM 0.010 -0.165 -0.155# -0.024 0.072 0.049 0.033 -0.069 -0.036 0.033 0.085 0.118### -0.063 0.083 0.020 0.015 0.032 0.048 0.029# -0.019 0.010 0.036 0.228# 0.265### 0.022# -0.007 0.015 0.125## -0.135# -0.010 0.070### 0.001 0.071### 0.022## -0.002 0.020# 0.057 -0.128# -0.071 -0.028 -0.048 -0.076 SR:Listening 0.123 0.010 0.134 0.150 -0.554 -0.404 -0.012 -0.171 -0.182 0.140 0.235 0.375### - - - 0.183 -0.167 0.016 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Active listening 0.031 0.104 0.135 -0.040 -0.131 -0.172 -0.071 -0.064 -0.135 0.044 0.141 0.185### -0.155 -0.034 -0.190 0.112 -0.049 0.063 0.002 -0.013 -0.011 -0.031 0.118 0.087 0.054# -0.096### -0.042# 0.118 -0.252 -0.134 0.003 -0.022 -0.019 -0.009 0.006 -0.003 -0.021 0.144 0.123# 0.003 -0.129 -0.126 SR: Respectful Listening 0.226 -0.129 0.097 0.046 -0.344 -0.298# -0.111 0.030 -0.082 -0.006 0.104 0.098 0.025 -0.254 -0.229 -0.041 -0.250 -0.291# 0.012 -0.022 -0.010 -0.147# 0.217 0.071 0.051 -0.088# -0.037 -0.096 0.143 0.046 -0.022 -0.044 -0.066 -0.002 0.001 -0.001 0.042 0.005 0.048 0.135 -0.271 -0.135 SR: Empathy -0.030 -0.193 -0.223## -0.059 0.123 0.064 -0.016 -0.168 -0.184## 0.016 0.046 0.062# -0.070 0.080 0.010 -0.060 -0.031 -0.091 -0.003 0.003 0.000 0.032 0.178# 0.210## 0.025# -0.014 0.011 0.078 -0.068 0.010 0.040# 0.032 0.072### 0.023### -0.001 0.023## 0.050 -0.164## -0.114## -0.033 -0.048 -0.082 SR: Expressiveness 0.221 -0.280 -0.058 0.122 -0.351 -0.229 -0.459# 0.027 -0.432 0.227 0.076 0.302### - - - 0.089 -0.003 0.086 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Relatedness -0.050 -0.109 -0.159# 0.039 0.017 0.056 -0.001 0.014 0.013 -0.006 0.087# 0.080## 0.005 0.014 0.019 -0.066 0.005 -0.061 0.014 -0.026 -0.012 -0.038 0.229## 0.191## 0.031## -0.033# -0.001 0.100# -0.071 0.030 0.045## 0.012 0.057### 0.026### -0.002 0.024## 0.079 -0.193### -0.114## 0.016 -0.070 -0.054 SR: Maintaining Relations -0.021 -0.189 -0.210## 0.022 0.041 0.063 -0.004 0.024 0.020 0.026 0.069 0.094## -0.024 0.019 -0.006 0.003 -0.036 -0.033 0.007 -0.016 -0.008 0.017 0.182# 0.198## 0.017 -0.021 -0.005 0.081 -0.076 0.004 0.050## 0.004 0.054## 0.026### -0.002 0.024## 0.053 -0.198## -0.146### 0.022 -0.074 -0.051 SR: Networking -0.077 -0.008 -0.085 0.045 -0.006 0.040 0.003 -0.000 0.003 -0.046 0.091# 0.045 0.034 0.008 0.041 -0.125 0.045 -0.081 0.017 -0.031 -0.014 -0.084 0.244## 0.160## 0.040### -0.038## 0.002 0.101# -0.050 0.051 0.031 0.022 0.052### 0.022## 0.000 0.022## 0.090# -0.156## -0.066 0.006 -0.056 -0.050 SR: Influence 0.314 -0.323 -0.009 -0.050 -0.090 -0.140 -0.267 0.194 -0.073 0.122 0.139 0.261## - - - 0.095 0.051 0.146 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Negotiation 0.005 -0.137 -0.132 0.011 0.060 0.071 -0.001 0.031 0.031 0.011 0.084 0.095## 0.039 -0.001 0.038 -0.201## 0.136 -0.066 0.004 -0.021 -0.017 -0.014 0.154 0.141# 0.020 -0.022 -0.003 0.070 -0.022 0.048 0.037# 0.025 0.062### 0.026### -0.002 0.024## 0.067 -0.135# -0.068 0.027 -0.002 0.025 SR: Collaboration 0.555# -0.549 0.006 0.023 -0.257 -0.233 -0.100 -0.010 -0.110 0.178 0.230 0.408### - - - 0.221 -0.233 -0.011 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR:GSE 0.012 -0.123 -0.111 -0.033 0.068 0.035 0.018 -0.054 -0.036 0.015 0.108# 0.123### -0.068 0.085 0.018 -0.013 0.073 0.060 0.031# -0.021 0.010 0.020 0.240## 0.260### 0.014 -0.003 0.011 0.124## -0.115 0.009 0.054## 0.013 0.067### 0.025### -0.007 0.018# 0.054 -0.136# -0.082# -0.019 -0.065 -0.084 SJT: Emot. Aware - naive score with cfa varli-0.071 -0.047 -0.118 -0.017 0.071 0.053 0.072 0.107 0.179## 0.010 0.094# 0.104### 0.013 0.031 0.044 -0.096 0.100 0.003 0.001 0.006 0.007 0.014 0.093 0.107# 0.002 0.006 0.008 -0.013 -0.029 -0.042 -0.013 0.057# 0.044# 0.026### -0.026# -0.000 -0.113# 0.009 -0.104# -0.118# 0.122 0.004 SJT: Self Aware - naive, gemoetric, rel 0.018 -0.197 -0.179# 0.222### -0.053 0.169## 0.157# -0.233# -0.076 0.083# -0.018 0.064# 0.222### -0.092 0.130 0.233## -0.052 0.182# -0.020 0.015 -0.006 -0.024 0.030 0.006 0.013 0.000 0.013 -0.084 -0.080 -0.164### 0.110### -0.062## 0.047## 0.021## -0.000 0.021## -0.187### -0.113 -0.300### 0.307### -0.067 0.240### SJT: Emot Reg - naive, geometric, rel 0.089 -0.005 0.084 0.107# -0.044 0.063 -0.053 0.027 -0.025 0.062# 0.003 0.064 0.075 -0.028 0.047 -0.104 0.046 -0.058 0.019 -0.000 0.018 -0.062 0.017 -0.045 0.043### -0.029# 0.014 -0.081 0.049 -0.032 0.082### 0.011 0.094### -0.004 0.028## 0.025### -0.013 0.003 -0.010 0.179### -0.025 0.154## SJT: Self control - naive, geometric 0.237 -0.147 0.090 0.414# -0.426 -0.011 0.219 -0.554 -0.335 0.363### 0.022 0.385### - - - 0.566### -0.395 0.172 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Perseverance - naive score with cfa varl0.013 0.055 0.068 0.179## 0.072 0.251### 0.102 -0.163 -0.061 0.114### -0.047 0.067# 0.167## 0.126 0.293### 0.224## -0.066 0.158# -0.018 0.018 -0.000 0.009 0.051 0.060 0.017 -0.008 0.010 -0.249### 0.059 -0.190### 0.035 -0.007 0.028 0.008 0.017 0.026### -0.095# -0.136# -0.230### 0.368### -0.055 0.313### SJT: Pers Init. - naive score, geometric, rel0.138 -0.056 0.081 0.205### -0.050 0.155## 0.200## -0.156 0.044 0.091## -0.036 0.056# 0.196## -0.020 0.176## 0.144# 0.051 0.195## -0.005 0.021 0.016 -0.002 0.007 0.005 0.005 -0.002 0.003 -0.139## -0.016 -0.156### 0.040# -0.023 0.017 0.016# -0.009 0.007 -0.120## -0.068 -0.188### 0.186### -0.070 0.117# SJT: PSDM - naive, geometric, relative 0.001 0.041 0.042 -0.016 0.146 0.130# 0.099 -0.128 -0.029 0.170### -0.062 0.107### 0.001 0.146 0.147# 0.167# 0.122 0.288### -0.030# 0.020 -0.011 0.042 0.010 0.052 0.014 -0.023 -0.009 -0.178### 0.009 -0.169### 0.027 -0.006 0.022 0.004 0.005 0.009 -0.173### -0.053 -0.226### 0.278### -0.035 0.243### SJT: Listening - naive, geometric -0.078 0.258 0.180# 0.012 0.045 0.057 0.030 0.017 0.047 0.024 0.078 0.103## 0.016 0.110 0.126 -0.092 0.251# 0.159 0.011 -0.032 -0.021 0.039 -0.219 -0.180 0.001 0.011 0.012 0.268### -0.208# 0.060 0.021 0.022 0.043# 0.006 -0.003 0.004 0.115# -0.016 0.099 -0.013 0.101 0.088 SJT: Active Listening - naive, geometric -0.054 0.008 -0.046 0.139# -0.098 0.040 0.166# -0.003 0.163# 0.086## -0.064 0.021 0.151## -0.091 0.060 0.019 -0.217# -0.197## -0.017 0.019 0.002 -0.077 0.075 -0.002 -0.012 0.016 0.004 0.017 0.093 0.110# -0.065### -0.018 -0.082### 0.002 -0.003 -0.001 0.103# 0.087 0.190### -0.152## 0.128 -0.024 SJT: Listening Comprehension - naive, geom 0.063 -0.206 -0.143 -0.197### 0.092 -0.104 0.056 0.035 0.091 0.005 -0.003 0.002 -0.194## 0.031 -0.163# -0.186# -0.097 -0.283### -0.023 -0.011 -0.034## 0.022 0.138 0.159 0.001 -0.001 -0.000 -0.051 0.105 0.054 -0.005 -0.002 -0.007 0.021## -0.006 0.015 0.085 0.057 0.142## -0.122# 0.061 -0.061 SJT: Empathy - naive, geometric, relative 0.029 0.080 0.109 0.142# 0.019 0.162## 0.019 -0.091 -0.072 0.142### -0.020 0.122### 0.118 0.070 0.188## 0.300### -0.155 0.144# -0.021 0.010 -0.011 -0.005 0.056 0.050 0.022 -0.023 -0.000 -0.168### 0.079 -0.089 0.066### -0.027 0.039# 0.010 0.006 0.016# -0.111# -0.199### -0.310### 0.348### -0.084 0.264### SJT: Expressive - naive, geometric, relative -0.011 -0.054 -0.065 0.093 -0.012 0.081 0.056 -0.178 -0.122 0.145### -0.066 0.079## 0.082 -0.033 0.049 0.243## -0.048 0.195## -0.020 0.015 -0.005 -0.022 -0.003 -0.025 0.011 -0.021 -0.009 -0.093# 0.010 -0.083 0.041# 0.016 0.057## 0.002 0.010 0.012 -0.190### -0.025 -0.216### 0.291### -0.094 0.196### SJT: Maintaining - naive, geometric, relative0.107 -0.048 0.059 0.076 0.027 0.103 0.039 -0.108 -0.070 0.088## -0.005 0.083## 0.075 0.057 0.132 0.192## -0.004 0.189## -0.052### 0.032 -0.020 -0.051 0.147# 0.096# 0.022 -0.018 0.004 -0.029 -0.008 -0.037 0.042# 0.006 0.048# 0.010 0.016 0.026### -0.069 -0.178## -0.247### 0.341### -0.054 0.287### SJT: Networking - naive, geometric -0.033 -0.046 -0.080 -0.045 0.102 0.057 0.103 -0.175 -0.073 0.097## 0.013 0.110### 0.022 0.090 0.112 -0.102 0.159 0.057 -0.009 -0.007 -0.016 0.060 0.069 0.129## 0.027# -0.029 -0.001 -0.049 0.060 0.011 0.058## 0.023 0.081### 0.033### -0.016 0.017# -0.109 -0.081 -0.189### 0.044 -0.026 0.018 SJT: Relatedness - naive, geometric, relative0.057 -0.040 0.017 0.029 0.075 0.104 0.081 -0.164 -0.083 0.120### -0.005 0.115### 0.066 0.094 0.161# 0.080 0.068 0.148# -0.043## 0.020 -0.022 0.001 0.132# 0.133## 0.032# -0.029 0.003 -0.046 0.021 -0.025 0.060## 0.015 0.075### 0.026## 0.001 0.027### -0.114# -0.146# -0.260### 0.273### -0.050 0.223### SJT: Influence - naive, geometric, relative 0.043 -0.042 0.001 0.130# 0.068 0.198## 0.003 -0.222# -0.220## 0.155### -0.060 0.095### 0.122 0.109 0.231### 0.275### -0.048 0.228### -0.030# 0.033 0.003 -0.041 0.028 -0.013 0.018 -0.012 0.007 -0.110# -0.022 -0.132## 0.088### -0.059# 0.028 0.010 0.003 0.012# -0.104# -0.116# -0.219### 0.422### -0.184## 0.238### SJT: Negot - naive, geometric, relative -0.018 0.016 -0.002 0.112# 0.145 0.257### 0.094 -0.185# -0.091 0.093## 0.011 0.104### 0.111 0.159 0.269### 0.303### 0.066 0.369### -0.011 0.029 0.018 -0.028 0.071 0.043 0.013 -0.017 -0.004 -0.172### -0.007 -0.180### 0.041# -0.018 0.023 0.005 0.007 0.012 -0.114## -0.106 -0.220### 0.246### -0.059 0.187### SJT: Collab - naive, geometric relative 0.053 -0.002 0.051 0.202### 0.025 0.228### 0.136 -0.182 -0.046 0.138### -0.032 0.105### 0.201### 0.029 0.231### 0.348### -0.054 0.294### -0.025# 0.016 -0.009 -0.016 0.020 0.004 0.012 -0.010 0.002 -0.208### 0.096 -0.112# 0.039# 0.007 0.046## 0.009 0.014 0.023### -0.155### -0.143# -0.298### 0.407### -0.152# 0.255### SJT: GSE - naive, geometric, relative 0.046 -0.067 -0.021 0.163## 0.017 0.180## -0.004 -0.208# -0.212## 0.149### -0.068 0.080## 0.167## 0.044 0.211## 0.266### -0.016 0.249### -0.018 0.029 0.011 -0.036 0.046 0.010 0.029## -0.023 0.006 -0.099# -0.001 -0.100# 0.077### -0.050# 0.026 0.010 0.000 0.010 -0.068 -0.125# -0.193### 0.332### -0.124 0.208### SR: Self Awareness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Social Awareness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Self Management 0.119 -0.224# -0.105 0.054 0.028 0.083 -0.032 -0.029 -0.060 0.049 0.083 0.131### 0.051 0.040 0.091 -0.002 0.063 0.061 0.018 -0.017 0.001 0.038 0.220# 0.259### 0.032## -0.012 0.021# 0.117## -0.137# -0.020 0.135### 0.022 0.157### 0.027### -0.001 0.025## 0.034 -0.200### -0.166### 0.093 -0.056 0.037 SR: Relationship Management -0.027 -0.110 -0.138# 0.028 0.028 0.056 -0.008 0.022 0.013 0.002 0.088# 0.090## 0.018 0.008 0.026 -0.118 0.052 -0.066 0.010 -0.025 -0.014 -0.030 0.207# 0.177# 0.028## -0.030# -0.002 0.093# -0.056 0.037 0.043## 0.017 0.060### 0.027### -0.003 0.025## 0.072 -0.169## -0.097# 0.020 -0.048 -0.027 SR: Intrapersonal 0.117 -0.222# -0.105 0.054 0.028 0.083 -0.041 -0.028 -0.069 0.043 0.083 0.125### 0.051 0.040 0.091 -0.007 0.075 0.068 0.018 -0.017 0.001 0.038 0.220# 0.259### 0.032## -0.012 0.021# 0.117## -0.137# -0.020 0.135### 0.022 0.157### 0.027### -0.001 0.025## 0.032 -0.200### -0.168### 0.093 -0.056 0.037 SR: Interpersonal -0.034 -0.126 -0.160# 0.007 0.050 0.057 -0.010 -0.029 -0.039 0.004 0.087 0.090## -0.005 0.029 0.023 -0.109 0.039 -0.070 0.007 -0.018 -0.011 -0.014 0.207# 0.193## 0.028## -0.027# 0.002 0.093# -0.061 0.031 0.044## 0.022 0.066### 0.027### -0.002 0.025## 0.067 -0.171## -0.104# 0.006 -0.049 -0.043 SR: Awareness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SR: Management 0.056 -0.185 -0.129 0.042 0.032 0.074 -0.026 -0.001 -0.027 0.023 0.091# 0.115### 0.038 0.026 0.063 -0.064 0.063 -0.002 0.015 -0.022 -0.007 0.006 0.228# 0.234## 0.032## -0.022 0.010 0.113## -0.104 0.009 0.098### 0.020 0.117### 0.029### -0.002 0.027### 0.056 -0.197### -0.141### 0.063 -0.057 0.006 SR: All SES 0.037 -0.181 -0.144# 0.030 0.043 0.072 -0.026 -0.029 -0.055 0.021 0.088 0.110### 0.021 0.035 0.056 -0.067 0.057 -0.010 0.013 -0.019 -0.006 0.011 0.224# 0.235## 0.032## -0.021 0.010 0.110## -0.100 0.009 0.090### 0.022 0.113### 0.028### -0.002 0.027### 0.054 -0.194### -0.140### 0.049 -0.056 -0.008 Beh: Self Awareness -0.019 -0.102 -0.121 0.019 0.030 0.048 0.149 0.016 0.165# 0.050 0.066 0.116### 0.048 0.018 0.066 -0.046 0.118 0.071 0.010 -0.007 0.003 0.023 0.066 0.089 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.024 -0.094 -0.070 0.008 0.039 0.047# 0.025### -0.019 0.006 -0.100# -0.018 -0.118## -0.113# 0.079 -0.034 Beh: Social Awareness 0.013 -0.010 0.003 0.052 -0.009 0.043 0.130 -0.018 0.112 0.127### -0.058 0.069# 0.049 -0.001 0.048 0.072 -0.288## -0.216## -0.035## 0.013 -0.022 -0.025 0.024 -0.001 0.006 -0.003 0.003 -0.096 0.114 0.018 -0.004 -0.023 -0.028 0.018## -0.012 0.006 0.038 -0.012 0.026 0.035 0.085 0.119# Beh: Self Management 0.077 -0.049 0.028 0.104 0.080 0.184## 0.134 -0.137 -0.003 0.163### -0.069 0.094## 0.097 0.094 0.191## 0.169# 0.014 0.182## -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.004 0.027 0.031 0.036## -0.035# 0.001 -0.192### 0.014 -0.178### 0.074### -0.027 0.048# 0.002 0.021# 0.023### -0.139## -0.037 -0.176### 0.273### -0.029 0.244### Beh: Relationship Management 0.040 -0.038 0.002 0.142# 0.070 0.212### 0.105 -0.261## -0.156# 0.182### -0.040 0.142### 0.152# 0.090 0.242### 0.316### -0.008 0.308### -0.036## 0.030 -0.006 -0.019 0.064 0.045 0.025# -0.025 -0.001 -0.166## 0.032 -0.134## 0.077### -0.010 0.067### 0.016# 0.008 0.024### -0.185### -0.134# -0.319### 0.434### -0.148# 0.287### Beh: Intrapersonal 0.062 -0.096 -0.034 0.099 0.076 0.175## 0.180# -0.100 0.080 0.168### -0.031 0.137### 0.107 0.087 0.194## 0.142 0.053 0.195## 0.003 -0.003 0.000 0.020 0.059 0.079# 0.031## -0.030# 0.001 -0.152## -0.019 -0.171### 0.067### -0.008 0.059## 0.012 0.010 0.022## -0.169### -0.018 -0.187### 0.186### 0.005 0.191### Beh: Interpersonal 0.030 -0.024 0.006 0.139# 0.058 0.198## 0.140# -0.224# -0.084 0.196### -0.055 0.141### 0.146# 0.082 0.228## 0.285### -0.102 0.183## -0.043### 0.029 -0.014 -0.025 0.063 0.038 0.023 -0.022 0.000 -0.175### 0.062 -0.113# 0.064## -0.016 0.048## 0.020## 0.003 0.023### -0.142## -0.116 -0.258### 0.382### -0.089 0.293### Beh: Awareness 0.001 -0.075 -0.074 0.055 0.008 0.063 0.197# -0.013 0.183## 0.131### -0.013 0.118### 0.071 0.007 0.078 0.024 -0.138 -0.113 -0.020 0.007 -0.013 -0.013 0.061 0.048 0.005 -0.001 0.005 -0.053 0.019 -0.034 0.003 0.006 0.009 0.029### -0.021# 0.009 -0.044 -0.015 -0.059 -0.047 0.113 0.066 Beh: Management 0.041 -0.042 -0.001 0.142# 0.081 0.222### 0.103 -0.219# -0.116 0.194### -0.062 0.132### 0.142# 0.102 0.244### 0.281### -0.018 0.263### -0.028# 0.022 -0.006 -0.023 0.056 0.033 0.032## -0.034# -0.002 -0.190### 0.017 -0.173### 0.090### -0.034 0.056## 0.010 0.017 0.026### -0.182### -0.071 -0.253### 0.409### -0.104 0.305### Beh: All SES 0.039 -0.058 -0.019 0.140# 0.062 0.203## 0.154# -0.183 -0.029 0.210### -0.062 0.147### 0.149# 0.083 0.232## 0.249## -0.063 0.186## -0.032# 0.022 -0.010 -0.028 0.078 0.050 0.029# -0.030# -0.001 -0.174### 0.019 -0.155## 0.080### -0.029 0.051## 0.016# 0.009 0.025### -0.175### -0.053 -0.228### 0.352### -0.071 0.281### SJT: Self Aware - oth -0.044 0.059 0.015 0.233### 0.087 0.321### 0.040 0.089 0.129# 0.154### 0.032 0.185### 0.226### 0.112 0.338### 0.172## 0.008 0.181## -0.025# 0.002 -0.023 0.084 0.051 0.135# 0.019 -0.007 0.012 0.004 0.046 0.050 0.022 -0.004 0.018 0.006 0.013 0.019# -0.095# 0.044 -0.051 0.335### -0.011 0.324### SJT: Emot Reg - Negative Items 0.080 -0.010 0.070 0.160## -0.097 0.064 -0.072 0.115 0.043 0.021 0.003 0.024 0.103 -0.056 0.047 -0.090 -0.006 -0.096 0.008 -0.001 0.007 -0.079 0.021 -0.058 0.041### -0.024 0.017 -0.111# 0.075 -0.036 0.041# -0.017 0.024 -0.011 0.024## 0.014# 0.019 -0.013 0.006 0.278### -0.056 0.221### SJT: Self control - post 0.066 -0.088 -0.023 0.034 -0.011 0.023 0.110 -0.056 0.055 0.082## -0.009 0.073# 0.043 -0.002 0.041 0.105 0.038 0.143 0.023# -0.039# -0.016 0.028 -0.056 -0.029 0.024# -0.020 0.004 -0.021 -0.037 -0.058 0.028 -0.036 -0.009 -0.004 0.004 0.001 -0.089# 0.026 -0.063 0.044 -0.022 0.022 SJT: PSDM - methods -0.018 -0.044 -0.062 0.520# -0.497 0.024 0.344 0.136 0.479# 0.216 -0.165 0.051 - - - 0.671### -0.139 0.531### - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Beh: Relatedness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Influence task: methods -0.066 -0.013 -0.080 0.440# -0.625# -0.185 0.490# 0.002 0.493# 0.108 -0.130 -0.022 - 0.649### -0.175 0.474### - - - - - - - - Beh: Collaboration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Note: # = p < .05, ## = p < .01, ### = p <.001 S11. Tanzania Heterogeniety of Effects Between SES Variables and Gender Predicting Employment Outcomes Attending School Employment Status Own business [0,1] Income (w5) NEET Hours of Work Better Job Search Income Aspirations (1yr) Decision Making Power Well-being Index Depression scale GAD-7 Anxiety PV Acceptability Index Time Household Chores Gender Norms Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect nteraction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect nteraction Lin Com Main Effect nteraction Lin Com Main Effect nteraction in Com Main Effect nteraction in Com Main Effect teraction in Com Variable Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta eta Beta Beta eta eta SR: Emotional Awareness 0.020 0.031 0.051 0.038 -0.084 -0.046 0.050 -0.059 -0.009 0.114 -0.288# -0.175 0.054 -0.082 -0.028 0.156 -0.065 0.091 0.006 0.082 0.088# 0.045### 0.001 0.046### 0.014# 0.003 0.016## 0.002 0.008 0.010 0.167# 0.110 0.277### 0.023# 0.014 0.037### 0.006 .003 0.009## 0.028 0.001 .027 0.027 050 .023 SR: Self Aware 0.020 -0.005 0.015 0.064 -0.051 0.013 0.024 -0.068 -0.044 0.124 -0.084 0.040 0.063 -0.040 0.024 -0.089 0.586 0.497 -0.005 0.049 0.044 0.063### 0.016 0.047### 0.033### 0.004 0.037### 0.030 0.040 -0.010 0.087 0.079 0.166# 0.016 0.030# 0.046### 0.003 0.002 .001 0.040 .000 .040 0.080# 006 0.074# SR: Emotional Regulation -0.138 0.095 -0.044 -0.019 -0.028 -0.047 -0.041 -0.032 -0.072 -0.058 -0.044 -0.101 -0.029 -0.014 -0.042 0.040 0.389 0.429 0.016 0.077 0.092# 0.043### 0.004 0.047### 0.029### -0.003 0.026### 0.021 0.037 -0.016 0.100 0.051 0.151# 0.018# 0.015 0.034### 0.008# 0.003 .004 0.095# 0.008 .087 0.037 019 0.019 SR: Self control -0.253## 0.101 -0.152# 0.034 0.080 0.114## -0.027 0.081 0.054 0.045 0.236 0.281## -0.006 0.090 0.084# -0.117 0.809 0.692# -0.019 0.092 0.073# -0.022 0.028 0.006 0.045### -0.008 0.037### 0.064# 0.022 0.086### 0.204## 0.132 0.072 0.056### 0.025# 0.031### 0.001 .004 .004 0.171### 0.209### 0.039 0.045 022 .067# SR: Perseverance -0.030 -0.096 -0.127 0.051 -0.083 -0.032 0.058 -0.114 -0.056 0.089 -0.153 -0.065 0.055 -0.086 -0.031 0.027 0.210 0.236 -0.060 0.084 0.024 0.067### 0.025 0.042### 0.027### 0.006 0.033### -0.052 0.013 -0.039 0.169# 0.040 0.209## 0.032## 0.007 0.039### 0.010# 0.005 .004 0.028 .010 .038 0.074# 0.003 0.077# SR: Personal Initiative 0.031 -0.058 -0.027 0.070 -0.059 0.011 0.080 -0.129# -0.049 0.161 -0.135 0.026 0.080# -0.062 0.018 0.014 0.143 0.157 -0.011 0.089 0.078# 0.066### 0.012 0.054### 0.035### 0.001 0.036### -0.029 0.004 -0.033 0.037 0.216# 0.253### 0.018 0.030# 0.048### 0.010# 0.009 .001 0.023 .037 .014 0.078# 010 0.068# SR: PSDM -0.020 0.081 0.061 0.075 -0.046 0.029 0.058 -0.066 -0.008 0.189# -0.091 0.098 0.082# -0.034 0.048 -0.201 0.551 0.350 -0.006 0.076 0.071 0.060### 0.014 0.046### 0.029### 0.002 0.031### -0.024 0.026 0.002 0.165# 0.087 0.252### 0.024# 0.028# 0.052### 0.015### 0.008 .006 0.045 .038 0.007 0.029 0.049 0.078# SR: Listening -0.132 0.173 0.041 0.004 0.043 0.046 -0.053 0.022 -0.031 -0.032 0.112 0.080 -0.014 0.063 0.049 0.061 0.250 0.311 -0.040 0.071 0.031 0.022 0.015 0.007 0.024### 0.002 0.026### 0.050# 0.003 0.047# 0.015 0.013 0.027 0.019# 0.002 0.021## 0.001 .001 .002 0.166### 0.035 .131### 0.033 001 0.032 SR: Active Listening -0.135 0.137 0.002 -0.002 0.024 0.022 -0.032 0.010 -0.022 -0.100 0.089 -0.011 -0.001 0.029 0.028 0.539 -0.287 0.252 -0.024 0.097 0.073# 0.049### 0.011 0.038## 0.023### 0.001 0.024### -0.056# 0.015 -0.041 0.035 0.088 0.123 0.009 0.017 0.027## 0.004 0.003 .001 0.111# 0.085 .026 -0.118### 071 0.046 SR: Respectful Listening -0.119 0.229 0.111 -0.051 0.115# 0.064 -0.076 0.070 -0.006 -0.109 0.248 0.138 -0.059 0.127# 0.068 0.278 -0.443 -0.165 -0.035 0.047 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.002 0.028### -0.014 0.013# 0.036 0.009 0.045 0.083 0.014 0.069 0.023# 0.000 0.023# 0.000 .004 .004 0.126## 0.027 .100# 0.009 0.011 0.002 SR: Empathy -0.090 0.110 0.020 -0.001 -0.003 -0.003 0.006 -0.022 -0.016 -0.016 -0.004 -0.019 -0.003 0.006 0.004 0.340 -0.031 0.309 0.037 0.068 0.105## 0.072### 0.036 0.036## 0.029### -0.006 0.023### 0.016 0.034 -0.018 0.088 0.143 0.231### 0.015 0.032# 0.047### 0.011## 0.008 .002 0.062 .004 .066 0.068# 0.003 0.071# SR: Expressiveness -0.089 0.114 0.024 -0.026 0.004 -0.022 -0.029 0.007 -0.023 -0.063 -0.053 -0.116 -0.027 0.017 -0.010 0.337 -0.148 0.189 0.044 0.095 0.139### 0.055### 0.022 0.033## 0.022### 0.001 0.024### -0.027 0.002 -0.025 0.169# 0.092 0.261### 0.026## 0.024 0.051### 0.007 0.004 .003 0.029 .032 .061 0.018 010 0.007 SR: Relatedness -0.065 0.070 0.006 0.026 -0.028 -0.002 0.015 -0.012 0.003 0.022 0.010 0.033 0.026 -0.022 0.004 0.162 -0.034 0.127 0.052 0.053 0.104## 0.082### 0.044# 0.038## 0.018## 0.005 0.023### -0.049 0.039 -0.010 0.109 0.075 0.184## 0.014 0.030# 0.043### 0.005 0.003 .002 0.091# 0.060 .032 0.060 0.008 0.068# SR: Maintaining Relations -0.090 0.141 0.050 0.018 -0.009 0.009 -0.009 -0.010 -0.019 -0.006 0.068 0.062 0.009 0.011 0.021 0.037 0.143 0.180 0.010 0.060 0.071# 0.057### 0.027 0.030# 0.034### -0.008 0.026### 0.011 0.006 0.017 0.017 0.103 0.121 0.015 0.026 0.041### -0.003 0.000 0.003 0.154### 0.111 .043 -0.084## 007 0.077# SR: Networking -0.023 -0.046 -0.070 0.040 -0.065 -0.024 0.055 -0.041 0.014 0.084 -0.133 -0.049 0.047 -0.071 -0.024 0.251 -0.210 0.042 0.075# 0.060 0.134### 0.076### 0.043# 0.034# -0.004 0.018# 0.014# -0.093### 0.067 -0.027 0.135# 0.062 0.198## 0.005 0.029# 0.035### 0.010## 0.000 .009# 0.001 .027 .028 0.017 0.005 0.022 SR: Influence -0.117 0.086 -0.031 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.019 0.012 0.031 -0.002 0.029 0.028 0.004 0.033 0.037 0.527 -0.149 0.378 0.022 0.096 0.117### 0.078### 0.045# 0.034## 0.016## 0.011 0.026### -0.054# 0.048 -0.006 -0.028 0.297## 0.270### 0.006 0.044### 0.050### 0.005 0.001 .004 0.081 0.036 .045 0.014 0.035 0.050 SR: Negotiation -0.100 0.119 0.019 -0.006 0.013 0.006 -0.003 -0.022 -0.025 -0.046 0.014 -0.032 -0.003 0.013 0.010 0.238 0.102 0.340 -0.009 0.073 0.064 0.040## 0.014 0.026 0.013# 0.004 0.018## -0.045 0.020 -0.025 0.093 0.087 0.180## 0.024# 0.018 0.041### 0.013### 0.001 0.012## 0.053 0.049 .004 0.052 080 .028 SR: Collaboration -0.172 0.179 0.007 0.015 -0.028 -0.013 0.007 -0.033 -0.026 -0.035 -0.056 -0.091 0.013 -0.018 -0.005 -0.116 0.347 0.231 -0.001 0.072 0.070# 0.056### 0.025 0.031# 0.031### -0.005 0.026### -0.030 0.010 -0.040 -0.070 0.223# 0.153# 0.010 0.029# 0.039### 0.005 0.002 .002 0.108# 0.049 .059 0.072# 044 0.028 SR: GSE -0.092 0.097 0.005 0.087# -0.027 0.060 0.074 -0.048 0.026 0.243# -0.038 0.205# 0.080# -0.006 0.074# -0.315 0.331 0.016 -0.038 0.089 0.051 0.055### 0.015 0.040## 0.023### 0.003 0.025### 0.000 0.029 0.029 0.169# 0.077 0.246### 0.025## 0.018 0.043### 0.009## 0.006 .003 0.029 .014 0.015 0.059 0.039 0.097## Beh: Emotional Awareness 0.172 -0.001 0.171# -0.029 -0.029 -0.058 -0.037 -0.086 -0.123### -0.069 -0.101 -0.170 -0.004 -0.021 -0.025 0.539 -0.768 -0.229 0.031 -0.060 -0.029 0.033# 0.045# -0.012 0.051### -0.007 0.044### -0.062# 0.002 -0.060# 0.294### 0.021 0.274### 0.051### 0.020 0.031### 0.000 .013# 0.013### 0.066 .083 .149### -0.209### 066 0.143### Beh: Self Aware -0.076 0.129 0.054 -0.081# 0.021 -0.060 -0.117## 0.009 -0.108## -0.178 0.033 -0.145 -0.092# 0.046 -0.046 0.446 -0.630 -0.184 -0.020 -0.018 -0.038 0.027 0.007 0.034# 0.066### 0.004 0.070### -0.114### 0.006 -0.120### 0.728### 0.053 0.675### 0.120### 0.019 0.100### -0.002 .002 0.001 0.126## 0.067 .059 -0.223### 030 0.193### Beh: Emotional Regulation -0.368### 0.142 -0.226## 0.062 0.051 0.113## 0.067 -0.029 0.038 0.163 0.090 0.252# 0.026 0.059 0.085# -0.263 0.326 0.063 -0.151### 0.136## -0.015 -0.019 0.001 -0.021 -0.005 0.009 0.005 0.075## 0.014 0.089### 0.139# 0.094 0.045 0.030### 0.002 0.028### 0.016### 0.007 0.010## 0.094# 0.123# 0.029 0.106### 023 .129### Beh: Self control 0.079 -0.275# -0.197# -0.068 0.063 -0.005 -0.109## 0.037 -0.072 -0.083 0.116 0.033 -0.053 0.016 -0.037 0.444 0.349 0.793## 0.048 0.002 0.050 0.011 0.002 0.009 0.039### -0.026## 0.013# -0.005 0.033 0.028 0.078 0.128 0.050 0.007 0.016 0.010 0.004 .005 .009# 0.047 0.053 0.006 0.001 044 .043 Beh: Perseverance 0.084 -0.184 -0.100 0.003 -0.024 -0.021 0.012 -0.040 -0.028 0.101 -0.031 0.070 0.005 -0.048 -0.043 0.674 -0.740 -0.066 0.062 0.013 0.075# -0.003 0.021 -0.024 -0.012# -0.003 0.015## 0.026 0.005 0.022 -0.377### 0.073 0.305### -0.026## 0.006 0.019# 0.002 0.008 0.006 0.069 .064 0.005 0.060 053 .113### Beh: Personal Initiative -0.031 0.197 0.166 -0.040 -0.082 -0.122### -0.031 -0.091 -0.122### -0.132 -0.121 -0.253# -0.046 -0.056 -0.102## 0.074 -0.614 -0.540# 0.002 -0.011 -0.008 0.030# 0.002 0.032# 0.062### -0.000 0.061### -0.130### 0.026 -0.104### 0.762### 0.144 0.618### 0.114### 0.030# 0.084### 0.002 .007 .008# 0.112# .008 .120## -0.184### 071 0.113## Beh: PSDM -0.023 -0.025 -0.048 0.060 -0.012 0.049 0.086# 0.026 0.112## 0.292## -0.074 0.218# 0.061 -0.019 0.042 0.444 -0.774 -0.330 -0.006 0.062 0.056 0.011 0.015 0.026 -0.027### -0.002 0.029### 0.058# 0.021 0.037 -0.202## 0.070 0.272### -0.023# 0.020 0.043### 0.006 .005 0.011### 0.053 .012 .065 0.065# 0.025 .040 Beh: Listening 0.262# 0.071 0.333## 0.077 -0.220### -0.143### 0.062 -0.137# -0.075 0.033 -0.422## -0.389### 0.087# -0.179### -0.092# -0.505# 0.035 -0.470# 0.051 -0.040 0.011 0.070### 0.042# 0.028# 0.003 -0.005 0.002 -0.046 0.025 -0.020 0.252## 0.087 0.340### 0.028## 0.001 0.026## 0.006 .004 0.010## 0.087 .264### .351### -0.216### 028 0.188### Beh: Active Listening 0.292## 0.103 0.395### 0.079# -0.168## -0.089# 0.061 -0.094 -0.033 0.045 -0.340# -0.295## 0.100## -0.136## -0.036 -0.614 -0.265 -0.880## 0.062 -0.071 -0.008 0.049### 0.038# 0.011 -0.010 -0.011 0.021### -0.018 0.006 -0.024 0.152# 0.145 0.297### 0.013 0.010 0.023# 0.003 .004 .007# 0.042 .319### .360### -0.196### 008 0.188### Beh: Listening Comprehension 0.005 0.100 0.105 0.055 -0.212### -0.157### 0.085# -0.137# -0.052 0.102 -0.502### -0.400### 0.057 -0.187### -0.130### -0.148 0.254 0.107 0.020 0.025 0.045 0.056### 0.033 0.023 0.007 -0.001 0.007 0.019 0.009 0.028 -0.012 0.117 0.105 0.005 0.001 0.006 0.014### .004 0.017### 0.047 .166## .213### 0.049 121## .071# Beh: Empathy 0.246 -0.517 -0.271 0.114 0.043 0.157 -0.002 -0.064 -0.065 0.342 0.146 0.488 0.175# -0.038 0.137 3.609## -1.571 2.037 0.085 -0.186 -0.101 -0.021 0.080# 0.060# 0.079### -0.034 0.044### 0.232### -0.186# 0.047 -0.093 0.014 0.079 0.017 0.033 0.016 -0.028### .019 0.009 0.043 0.286# 0.243# 0.029 046 .017 Beh: Expressiveness -0.012 -0.171 -0.183# -0.062 0.160## 0.098## -0.101# 0.128# 0.027 -0.123 0.332# 0.208# -0.059 0.128# 0.069# 1.137## -0.552 0.585 -0.123### 0.115# -0.009 -0.009 0.012 0.003 0.031### -0.007 0.024### 0.027 0.023 0.004 0.112 0.104 0.008 0.030### 0.020 0.009 -0.004 .005 .001 0.203### 0.206## 0.004 0.053 0.105# 0.052 Relatedness: naive score with cfa varlist -0.023 0.141 0.117 -0.015 0.015 0.000 -0.036 0.015 -0.021 -0.024 0.104 0.081 -0.017 0.046 0.029 0.953## -1.201## -0.248 -0.003 0.030 0.027 0.024 0.013 0.037## 0.034### 0.001 0.036### -0.062# 0.065 0.003 0.587### 0.036 0.551### 0.080### 0.010 0.070### -0.002 .013## 0.012### 0.092# 0.023 .069 -0.228### 101# 0.127### Beh: Maintaining Relations -0.194# 0.096 -0.098 0.126## 0.012 0.138### 0.093# -0.035 0.058 0.229# 0.185 0.413### 0.100## 0.026 0.126### 0.607 -0.128 0.479 -0.140### 0.134## -0.006 -0.022 0.016 -0.007 0.021### 0.000 0.021### 0.117### 0.027 0.144### 0.350### 0.108 0.242### 0.045### 0.016 0.030### 0.004 .009 0.013### 0.258### 0.275### 0.017 0.015 054 .038 Beh: Networking -0.004 0.093 0.089 -0.084# 0.044 -0.040 -0.091# 0.046 -0.044 -0.173 0.107 -0.065 -0.084# 0.066 -0.017 0.446 -0.632 -0.186 -0.042 0.060 0.019 0.039## 0.014 0.025 0.048### -0.007 0.041### -0.134### 0.010 -0.124### 0.622### 0.090 0.531### 0.092### 0.022 0.070### 0.001 .004 .004 0.140## 0.045 .095# -0.194### 059 0.135### Beh: Influence -0.102 -0.051 -0.153 0.073 0.024 0.097## 0.017 -0.030 -0.013 0.070 0.186 0.255# 0.054 0.026 0.080# 0.621 0.173 0.794## -0.143### 0.116# -0.027 -0.047### 0.040# -0.007 0.056### 0.001 0.058### 0.020 0.001 0.020 0.255### 0.073 0.182## 0.047### 0.006 0.041### -0.000 0.005 0.006 0.305### 0.272### .033 0.034 0.039 0.074# Beh: Negotation -0.203# 0.027 -0.175# 0.028 0.087 0.115## -0.054 -0.018 -0.072 0.039 0.310# 0.349### 0.000 0.093 0.093## 0.986## 0.019 1.006### -0.093## 0.150## 0.057 -0.011 0.041# 0.029# 0.058### 0.005 0.063### 0.068## 0.026 0.042 0.366### 0.154 0.212### 0.065### 0.025# 0.040### 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.281### 0.376### 0.094# -0.119### 0.021 0.140### Beh: Collaboration -0.173 -0.045 -0.218 0.088 0.108 0.195# 0.126 -0.011 0.115 0.273 0.378 0.651# 0.092 0.085 0.177# 1.754 0.955 2.709 0.001 -0.030 -0.030 -0.037 0.065 0.028 0.100### -0.037# 0.063### 0.169## 0.027 0.142## 0.443# 0.411 0.032 0.082### 0.062# 0.020 -0.005 0.009 0.014 0.058 0.296 0.354### 0.161# 119 0.042 Beh: GSE -0.159 -0.042 -0.201# 0.050 0.044 0.094## 0.013 -0.024 -0.011 0.060 0.194 0.254# 0.026 0.032 0.058 0.480 0.139 0.619# -0.075# 0.046 -0.029 -0.025# 0.031 0.006 0.048### 0.007 0.055### 0.031 0.026 0.005 0.164# 0.020 0.183## 0.040### 0.002 0.037### -0.004 0.008 0.012### 0.309### 0.265### .045 0.012 0.031 0.043 SR: Self Awareness 0.024 0.011 0.035 0.058 -0.076 -0.018 0.042 -0.072 -0.030 0.136 -0.212 -0.076 0.067 -0.069 -0.002 0.050 0.284 0.334 -0.001 0.076 0.075# 0.062### 0.009 0.053### 0.027### 0.004 0.030### 0.017 0.016 0.001 0.149# 0.104 0.252### 0.023# 0.025 0.047### 0.005 .001 .006 0.039 .001 .040 0.060 032 0.028 SR: Social Awareness -0.179 0.237 0.058 -0.019 0.056 0.037 -0.045 0.022 -0.023 -0.096 0.133 0.037 -0.028 0.073 0.045 0.489 -0.289 0.200 -0.011 0.101# 0.090# 0.062### 0.028 0.034# 0.039### -0.009 0.030### 0.008 0.008 0.000 0.091 0.101 0.193## 0.023# 0.023 0.046### 0.008# 0.004 .004 0.161### 0.058 .103# -0.092## 023 0.069# SR: Self Management -0.122 0.037 -0.084 0.061 -0.040 0.021 0.035 -0.077 -0.042 0.128 -0.061 0.067 0.052 -0.031 0.021 -0.074 0.649 0.575# -0.021 0.118# 0.098## 0.064### 0.004 0.060### 0.050### -0.001 0.049### -0.006 0.003 -0.002 0.199## 0.078 0.277### 0.044### 0.015 0.059### 0.013### 0.006 .006 0.067 0.036 .030 0.050 007 0.043 SR: Relationship Management -0.131 0.131 -0.000 0.012 -0.015 -0.003 0.010 -0.019 -0.010 -0.013 -0.029 -0.042 0.011 -0.004 0.006 0.260 0.022 0.282 0.031 0.090 0.121### 0.082### 0.044# 0.038## 0.024### 0.004 0.028### -0.055# 0.036 -0.020 0.078 0.166 0.244### 0.019 0.034# 0.053### 0.008# 0.003 .006 0.091 0.039 .052 0.055 021 0.034 SR: Intrapersonal -0.079 0.033 -0.045 0.065 -0.056 0.009 0.041 -0.080 -0.040 0.141 -0.120 0.021 0.062 -0.048 0.015 -0.035 0.562 0.527 -0.015 0.112# 0.096## 0.069### 0.008 0.061### 0.046### -0.000 0.045### 0.002 0.003 -0.001 0.199## 0.090 0.289### 0.040### 0.019 0.059### 0.011## 0.004 .007 0.062 0.026 .036 0.058 016 0.042 SR: Interpersonal -0.157 0.172 0.016 0.002 0.007 0.009 -0.007 -0.008 -0.015 -0.044 0.022 -0.022 -0.002 0.020 0.018 0.350 -0.084 0.266 0.020 0.097 0.118### 0.082### 0.043# 0.039## 0.031### -0.001 0.031### -0.039 0.024 -0.015 0.090 0.154 0.244### 0.022# 0.032# 0.054### 0.009# 0.003 .006 0.121# 0.048 .073 0.073# 026 0.048 SR: Awareness -0.108 0.160 0.053 0.018 -0.005 0.013 -0.006 -0.022 -0.028 0.008 -0.025 -0.016 0.017 0.009 0.026 0.357 -0.072 0.285 -0.008 0.101# 0.093## 0.072### 0.024 0.048### 0.038### -0.004 0.034### 0.014 0.012 0.001 0.137 0.109 0.246### 0.026## 0.026# 0.052### 0.008# 0.002 .006 0.118# 0.036 .082 -0.088## 031 0.057 SR: Management -0.138 0.101 -0.037 0.036 -0.028 0.008 0.022 -0.047 -0.025 0.050 -0.046 0.003 0.031 -0.017 0.014 0.147 0.294 0.441 0.009 0.112# 0.122### 0.083### 0.031 0.052### 0.039### 0.001 0.040### -0.039 0.025 -0.014 0.145 0.136 0.281### 0.033### 0.028# 0.061### 0.011## 0.005 .006 0.089 0.041 .048 0.059 018 0.041 SR: All SES -0.132 0.122 -0.010 0.031 -0.022 0.009 0.014 -0.041 -0.027 0.037 -0.041 -0.004 0.028 -0.010 0.018 0.222 0.176 0.399 0.004 0.112# 0.116### 0.083### 0.031 0.052### 0.041### -0.001 0.039### -0.024 0.014 -0.010 0.151# 0.129 0.280### 0.033### 0.027# 0.060### 0.011## 0.004 .007 0.102# 0.040 .061 0.072# 024 0.048 Beh: Self Awareness 0.044 0.100 0.144 -0.064 -0.005 -0.070# -0.091# -0.048 -0.139### -0.143 -0.043 -0.186 -0.058 0.016 -0.042 0.526 -0.755 -0.230 0.004 -0.043 -0.039 0.034# 0.023 0.012 0.068### -0.000 0.068### -0.105### 0.000 -0.106### 0.599### 0.044 0.554### 0.100### 0.024 0.077### -0.001 .009 .008# 0.112# .014 .125## -0.251### 051 0.200### Beh: Social Awareness 0.229# 0.000 0.229# 0.090# -0.219### -0.128### 0.096# -0.179## -0.083# 0.164 -0.506### -0.341## 0.114## -0.199### -0.085# 0.100 -0.193 -0.094 0.018 -0.016 0.002 0.075### 0.045# 0.029# 0.006 -0.009 0.003 0.007 0.001 0.008 0.027 0.175 0.202## 0.008 0.008 0.016 0.008# .006 0.014### 0.090 .272### .361### -0.096## 050 0.046 Beh: Self Management -0.117 -0.103 -0.220## 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.003 -0.046 -0.043 0.138 0.013 0.151 -0.010 -0.024 -0.035 0.560 -0.599 -0.039 -0.025 0.093 0.068 0.014 0.001 0.015 0.024### -0.007 0.016## 0.022 0.003 0.024 0.138 0.127 0.011 0.041### 0.023 0.017# 0.013### 0.000 0.013### 0.106# 0.035 .071 0.015 080 .095## Beh: Relationship Management -0.154 -0.050 -0.204# -0.016 0.133# 0.117## -0.087# 0.065 -0.023 -0.079 0.398## 0.319## -0.031 0.125# 0.094## 0.991## -0.048 0.943## -0.176### 0.169## -0.007 -0.007 0.037# 0.030# 0.065### 0.006 0.071### 0.036 0.001 0.035 0.566### 0.126 0.440### 0.090### 0.022 0.067### -0.001 .003 .002 0.308### 0.356### 0.048 -0.136### 0.015 0.151### Beh: Intrapersonal -0.079 -0.029 -0.108 -0.039 -0.009 -0.048 -0.056 -0.067 -0.123## 0.020 -0.034 -0.014 -0.045 -0.018 -0.062 0.692 -0.835 -0.144 -0.011 0.044 0.033 0.031# 0.012 0.018 0.055### -0.003 0.052### -0.036 0.008 -0.044 0.411### 0.077 0.333### 0.082### 0.025 0.057### 0.009## .005 0.014### 0.141## 0.017 .124## -0.118### 082 0.036 Beh: Interpersonal -0.048 -0.041 -0.089 0.023 0.009 0.032 -0.037 -0.029 -0.067 -0.006 0.100 0.094 0.019 0.015 0.034 0.874## -0.123 0.751# -0.147### 0.141## -0.006 0.029# 0.013 0.042## 0.061### -0.000 0.060### 0.032 0.000 0.032 0.517### 0.040 0.477### 0.083### 0.018 0.066### 0.003 .006 0.009## 0.317### 0.170## .147## -0.163### 008 0.155### Beh: Awareness 0.177 0.084 0.261## 0.019 -0.153## -0.135### 0.005 -0.150## -0.145### 0.018 -0.377# -0.358### 0.039 -0.126# -0.087# 0.419 -0.611 -0.192 0.013 -0.036 -0.023 0.076### 0.048# 0.028# 0.049### -0.009 0.040### -0.066# 0.007 -0.059# 0.417### 0.068 0.486### 0.072### 0.013 0.059### 0.005 .010# 0.015### 0.138## .197## .335### -0.231### 074 0.157### Beh: Management -0.194# -0.103 -0.297### -0.019 0.099 0.080# -0.078 0.029 -0.049 -0.016 0.302# 0.286## -0.037 0.079 0.042 1.082## -0.316 0.765# -0.152### 0.170## 0.017 0.001 0.031 0.032# 0.061### 0.001 0.062### 0.050# 0.014 0.037 0.486### 0.148 0.338### 0.084### 0.024 0.060### 0.006 .002 .008# 0.290### 0.275### .015 -0.101### 037 0.063 Beh: All SES -0.074 -0.088 -0.162# -0.007 -0.008 -0.015 -0.064 -0.064 -0.128## 0.002 0.028 0.030 -0.012 -0.013 -0.025 0.961## -0.465 0.496 -0.114## 0.117# 0.003 0.034# 0.006 0.040## 0.068### -0.000 0.068### 0.018 0.018 0.000 0.543### 0.035 0.508### 0.095### 0.019 0.076### 0.006# .007 0.013### 0.288### 0.107 .181### -0.176### 052 0.125### Self Aware: SJT oth 0.269# -0.335# -0.066 0.070 -0.064 0.005 0.048 -0.098 -0.050 0.125 0.010 0.136 0.086# -0.077 0.009 -0.311 0.596 0.284 -0.020 0.029 0.009 0.041## 0.032 0.008 0.002 0.008 0.009 -0.007 0.026 0.019 0.289### 0.070 0.359### 0.045### 0.001 0.046### -0.003 0.003 0.006 0.116# .071 0.045 -0.119### 003 0.115## Emot Reg: negative items -0.430### 0.134 -0.296### 0.054 0.077 0.131### 0.028 -0.007 0.020 0.129 0.193 0.322### 0.010 0.082 0.092## 0.342 -0.022 0.320 -0.154### 0.173### 0.020 -0.015 0.009 -0.006 0.008 -0.006 0.002 0.064## 0.017 0.081## 0.083 0.089 0.007 0.018# 0.002 0.016# 0.013### 0.010# .003 0.161### 0.196## 0.035 0.090## 0.028 .061# Beh: Self control 0.079 -0.275# -0.197# -0.068 0.063 -0.005 -0.109## 0.037 -0.072 -0.083 0.116 0.033 -0.053 0.016 -0.037 0.444 0.349 0.793## 0.048 0.002 0.050 0.011 0.002 0.009 0.039### -0.026## 0.013# -0.005 0.033 0.028 0.078 0.128 0.050 0.007 0.016 0.010 0.004 .005 .009# 0.047 0.053 0.006 0.001 044 .043 Beh: PSDM, methods 0.075 -0.051 0.025 -0.047 -0.048 -0.095## -0.003 -0.032 -0.035 -0.066 -0.123 -0.189 -0.042 -0.039 -0.082# 0.844# 0.357 1.201### 0.061 0.004 0.065 0.052### 0.043## 0.009 0.045### -0.002 0.043### -0.104### 0.022 -0.082## 0.285### 0.051 0.234### 0.018# 0.000 0.017# 0.008## 0.002 .006# 0.064 0.106 0.170### -0.160### 061 0.099## Beh: Relatedness 0.029 -0.065 -0.036 0.178### -0.051 0.127### 0.190### -0.031 0.159### 0.427### -0.065 0.361### 0.194### -0.066 0.129### -0.001 -0.617 -0.618# 0.015 0.027 0.043 -0.009 0.009 -0.018 0.002 0.000 0.002 0.090### 0.003 0.093### -0.330### 0.120 0.210## -0.040### 0.011 0.030## -0.002 .004 .002 0.144### 0.077 0.221### 0.078## 033 .111### Beh: Influence - oth 0.041 -0.042 -0.000 -0.039 -0.048 -0.088## -0.008 0.012 0.005 -0.072 -0.168 -0.240## -0.039 -0.040 -0.079## 0.488 0.475 0.963## -0.006 0.045 0.040 0.037### 0.031# 0.006 0.040### -0.011 0.030### -0.046 0.038 -0.084### 0.322### 0.002 0.320### 0.029### 0.001 0.029### 0.007# 0.001 .006# 0.027 0.126# 0.153### -0.103### 022 0.082## Beh: Collaboration -0.021 -0.138 -0.160 -0.111## 0.114# 0.003 -0.145### 0.143# -0.002 -0.271## 0.239 -0.032 -0.095## 0.079 -0.016 0.178 0.502 0.680# -0.065 0.013 -0.052 0.022 0.040# 0.062### 0.024### 0.005 0.029### 0.054# 0.013 0.041 0.301### 0.060 0.241### 0.039### 0.010 0.029## -0.007# 0.001 0.008# 0.098# 0.133# 0.231### -0.157### 033 0.124### Note: # = p < .05, ## = p < .01, ### = p <.001 S12. Cote D'Ivoire Heterogeneity of Effects Between SES Variables and Gender Predicting Employment Outcomes Attending School Employment Status Self-employed Income NEET Hours of Work (w5) Better Job Search ncome Aspirations (10yr) ecision Making Beliefs ecision Making Participation fe Satisfaction Index ental Health Score V Attitudes e Household Chores nder Norms Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect Interaction Lin Com Main Effect nteraction Lin Com Main Effect nteraction in Com Main Effect nteraction in Com Main Effect teraction n Com Main Effect eraction n Com Main Effect eraction Com Main Effect eraction Com ain Effect raction Com ain Effect raction Com in Effect action om in Effect action om Variable Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta eta Beta Beta eta eta eta ta ta eta ta ta eta a ta eta a a ta a a SR: Emot. Aware -0.053 -0.031 -0.084 0.086# -0.026 0.060 0.118### -0.055 0.063 0.208# -0.026 0.182# 0.102# -0.027 0.075 5.189 1.677 .866## 0.048 0.074 0.026 0.034 029 063 411### 026 384### 137### 083 54 063 001 62# 518## 27 91 12 07 5 17 9 7 83# ### SR: Self Aware -0.050 0.107 0.057 0.005 0.061 0.065 0.080# -0.023 0.058 0.166 -0.050 0.116 0.017 0.104 0.121# 4.920 1.119 .801 0.019 017 .036 0.065## 030 095### 347### 169 178# 074# 087# 013 126### 086# 40 459## 87 72## 08 08 00 41 3 4 86# ### SR: Emot. Reg -0.076 0.054 -0.022 0.016 -0.016 -0.000 0.061 0.004 0.065# 0.083 -0.092 -0.010 0.009 -0.003 0.006 5.131 0.485 .646 0.049 013 .062 0.050# 001 051# 318### 169 148# 049 066 017 035 014 21 390# 45 45## 16# 03 3# 00 2 2 38 ## SR: Self control -0.037 0.138# 0.101# -0.024 0.042 0.019 0.054 -0.059 -0.005 -0.012 -0.014 -0.025 -0.018 0.121 0.103 4.474 6.677 2.203 0.026 036 .061 0.037 .083# .046 204# 257# 053 099## 024 75# .082# 67 014 093### 48 45### 33### 6 0### 12 8 0# 60### ### SR: Perseverance -0.070 0.062 -0.008 0.062 -0.015 0.047 0.058 -0.008 0.050 0.151 -0.031 0.119 0.074 -0.012 0.061 3.017 0.078 .095 0.040 013 .053 0.052# 020 073## 313### 047 266### 078# 049 28 093## 068 25 495## 82 13### 01 3 3 72 8 5 04## 3 # SR: Pers Init -0.073 0.035 -0.038 0.076 -0.005 0.071 0.104## -0.037 0.067# 0.245## -0.096 0.149 0.090 0.032 0.122# 6.029# 2.188 .218### 0.008 068 .076# 0.119### .037 082## 311### 010 301### 097## 070 27 050 003 47 292 26 66# 08 01 7 27 6 8 44 SR: PSDM -0.046 0.096 0.050 0.086# -0.028 0.059 0.078# 0.009 0.087## 0.173 -0.086 0.087 0.117# -0.016 0.101 6.639# 0.436 .202# 0.006 064 .070# 0.092### 017 108### 275## 013 262### 090## 064 26 064 023 41 520## 53 67## 22## 04 9## 000 2 3 79# ## SR: Listening 0.038 0.098 0.136## 0.083# -0.015 0.068 0.075# -0.073 0.003 0.207# -0.226# -0.019 0.074 0.065 0.139## 11.340### 14.640### 3.300 0.014 052 .066 0.069## .145### .076## 141 198 057 028 041 013 .059 42 017 126 49 76### 19## 1 0### 59 4 3 94## ### SR: Active listening -0.064 0.117 0.053 0.014 -0.040 -0.026 0.020 0.006 0.026 0.181# -0.185 -0.004 0.036 -0.033 0.003 7.083# 6.531 .552 -0.008 0.006 0.014 0.090### .046 044 105 170 065 027 107# 080# 010 037 027 .262 8 66 09 15 05 06 4 0 21 # SR: Respectful Listening 0.045 0.086 0.131## 0.096# -0.026 0.070 0.085## -0.103# -0.018 0.173# -0.187 -0.014 0.079 0.057 0.136# 10.471### 14.504### 4.033 0.006 075 .081# 0.048 .142### .094### 212## 326## 114 047 051 004 .059 46 013 241 6 77### 17# 7 3### 35 6 1 94## ### SR: Empathy -0.079 0.055 -0.023 0.027 -0.023 0.004 0.060 -0.017 0.043 0.033 -0.011 0.022 0.011 0.024 0.035 4.676 4.354 .322 0.042 0.015 .026 0.067# .028 039 244## 177 066 068# 120## 052 024 040 015 110 24 86 06 4 0 005 9 5 63 8 SR: Expressiveness -0.072 0.026 -0.045 0.071 -0.034 0.037 0.066# -0.000 0.066# 0.201# -0.060 0.141 0.086# -0.024 0.062 7.197# 5.044 .153 0.077# 0.033 .044 0.049 050 099## 398### 010 409### 084## 036 48 083# 041 42 451## 07 43## 001 7 6 19 5 7 93## ## SR: Relatedness -0.105# 0.107 0.003 0.054 0.012 0.065 0.062 0.000 0.063 0.136 -0.013 0.123 0.042 0.022 0.064 3.504 0.540 .044 0.070 015 .085# 0.109### .013 096### 419### 289# 130 099## 084 15 000 01 01 214 58 56 07 8 4# 55 3 8 82# 6 # SR: Maintaining Relaltionships -0.126 0.078 -0.049 0.146 -0.101 0.045 -0.017 0.045 0.028 0.077 -0.175 -0.098 0.184 -0.105 0.079 0.951 0.956 .906 0.044 0.007 .036 0.081### .003 078### 080 013 093 0.018 72 53 .024 57 33 068 78 10 000 01 02 71# 4 7 20 SR: Networking -0.084 0.083 -0.001 0.052 0.071 0.123# 0.051 0.057 0.108## 0.099 0.132 0.231## 0.029 0.059 0.087 1.282 4.180 .462# 0.074# 028 0.102## 0.091### 022 113### 537### 237# 301### 131### 072 59 .013 13 01 291 26 65# 06 9 5# 30 1 9 71# 9 SR: Influence -0.041 0.038 -0.003 0.055 0.002 0.057 0.053 -0.035 0.018 0.096 0.029 0.125 0.054 0.003 0.057 4.952 1.700 .253 0.058 008 .066 0.047 .036 011 368### 187 181# 053 098# 045 041 015 25 366# 93 74# 005 3 02 44 4 8 81# 1 SR: Negotiation -0.044 0.038 -0.006 -0.037 0.022 -0.015 0.009 0.010 0.019 -0.061 0.065 0.004 -0.044 0.053 0.009 1.636 1.549 .088 -0.037 086 .049 0.030 .015 016 184# 180 004 084## 123## 040 .016 037 053 137 82 55 16# 03 3# 61 1 9# 07## 0 SR: Collaboration -0.077 0.059 -0.018 0.030 -0.001 0.029 0.058 -0.013 0.045 0.173 -0.067 0.106 0.051 -0.010 0.041 8.315## 5.360 .955 0.048 001 .049 0.076## .037 039 271## 277# 006 054 108# 054 033 021 12 001 1 92 001 01 02 042 7 5 46 ## SR: GSE -0.028 0.083 0.055 0.078 -0.069 0.008 0.075# -0.003 0.072# 0.145 -0.029 0.116 0.102# -0.062 0.040 4.859 0.115 .974# 0.020 038 .058 0.072## 041 114### 296### 021 317### 088## 040 47 113### 043 70# 617### 03 14### 17# 03 4# 011 0 1 35### 8 ### SJT: Emot. Aware -0.013 -0.001 -0.014 0.117## -0.174# -0.057 -0.055 0.009 -0.046 0.141 -0.167 -0.027 0.141## -0.179# -0.037 1.690 2.791 1.101 -0.036 019 0.017 0.014 .042 .028 0.033 123 090 025 024 02 .022 74 53 .470## 04 66# 007 8 1 22 3 5 020 5 SJT: Self Aware 0.020 0.114 0.134# 0.073 0.025 0.099 0.013 0.005 0.018 0.207# -0.024 0.182# 0.097 0.039 0.136# 7.815## 8.110# 0.295 0.059 0.027 .032 0.100### .037 063# 155 251# 096 051 047 04 .058 79 21 195 00 95 33### 0 4### 62 9 3 86# # ### SJT: Emot. Reg -0.008 -0.031 -0.039 0.003 0.123 0.125# 0.024 0.011 0.034 0.055 0.095 0.150 0.020 0.127 0.147# 0.444 3.277 .721 0.060 0.050 .011 0.029 001 030 102 027 075 099## 016 83# 019 24 43 552## 10 42## 36### 12 4### 79 7 8 78### ### SJT: Perseverance 0.001 0.071 0.072 0.141## 0.039 0.181## 0.107## -0.051 0.056 0.268## -0.065 0.203# 0.136## 0.044 0.180## 12.400### 9.546# .854 0.032 065 .097# 0.089### .093## .003 170 286# 116 075# 178### 103## 002 13 15 .013 71 58## 21## 3 4### 11 6 5 14 ## SJT: Pers Init. 0.006 0.104 0.110# 0.148### -0.059 0.089 0.081# -0.027 0.054 0.112 -0.140 -0.029 0.146### -0.044 0.102# 4.559 2.364 .195 0.082# 047 0.129### 0.060# .027 032 312### 202 110 020 076 057 000 030 030 127 34 92 16# 01 6# 037 5 2 72# 0 # SJT: PSDM -0.010 0.053 0.043 0.227### -0.182# 0.045 0.124## -0.101# 0.023 0.293## -0.274# 0.019 0.242### -0.198# 0.044 13.784### 13.898### 0.114 0.155### 0.071 .084# 0.177### .098## 078## 315### 391## 076 131### 214### 083# .039 63 23 167 1 88 35### 13 1## 16 0 3 59### ### SJT: Expressive -0.035 0.197# 0.162## 0.184### -0.183# 0.002 0.110## -0.124# -0.014 0.259## -0.290# -0.031 0.156## -0.139 0.017 10.387### 13.436### 3.049 0.089# 0.029 .060 0.103### .048 055# 291## 205 087 034 053 019 .010 71 61# 156 14 42 21## 08 3 053 2 5 82# # SJT: Collab -0.054 0.022 -0.032 0.112## -0.013 0.099# 0.018 0.032 0.050 0.096 0.038 0.134 0.115## -0.003 0.112# 11.794### 10.738# .057 0.013 012 .025 0.088# .033 055# 111 298# 187 0.066# 093 159## .015 31 16 019 4 33# 010# 9### 0## 11 9 2 169### ## 0 SR: Self Awareness -0.061 0.047 -0.014 0.054 0.019 0.073 0.115### -0.045 0.070# 0.217# -0.046 0.171# 0.070 0.045 0.115# 5.866# 0.213 .079# 0.039 0.031 .007 0.058# 035 092## 436### 116 320### 121### 099# 22 109## 050 59# 592### 64 28## 12 09 3 48 4 6 98## ### SR: Social Awareness -0.046 0.115 0.069 0.069 -0.048 0.021 0.082# -0.057 0.025 0.185# -0.182 0.003 0.062 0.021 0.084 10.764### 12.165### 1.401 0.020 021 .041 0.099### .101## .003 275## 326## 051 068# 133## 065# .015 012 026 054 9 53# 16# 2 8## 13 2 5 88# ### SR: Self Management -0.092 0.111 0.019 0.063 -0.009 0.055 0.105## -0.030 0.075# 0.188# -0.095 0.093 0.080 0.031 0.111# 7.429## 1.722 .708# 0.038 051 0.089## 0.104### .027 078## 420### 152 267### 121### 082 40 044 009 35 760### 53 07### 24### 1 5### 25 0 6 26### ### SR: Relationship Management -0.090 0.072 -0.018 0.046 -0.003 0.043 0.065 -0.013 0.052 0.143 -0.019 0.124 0.050 0.008 0.058 6.609# 3.513 .096 0.056 017 .073# 0.082## .018 064## 429### 252# 178# 098## 117# 019 036 028 08 311 59 52# 04 3 7 070 2 2 08## 1 ## SR: Intrapersonal -0.092 0.101 0.009 0.068 -0.003 0.065 0.120### -0.041 0.078# 0.220# -0.094 0.126 0.085 0.036 0.121# 7.605## 1.374 .231# 0.042 024 .067 0.098### .010 088### 470### 164 305### 133### 097# 36 073# 027 47 769### 20 50### 22## 03 9## 10 0 0 28### ### SR: Interpersonal -0.083 0.097 0.014 0.059 -0.022 0.037 0.079# -0.033 0.046 0.175 -0.087 0.088 0.060 0.013 0.072 8.941## 7.279 .662 0.048 019 .067# 0.098### .053 045 415### 307## 108 096## 134## 038 020 025 004 238 9 76# 09 2 2 008 2 5 12## 1 ### SR: Awareness -0.065 0.101 0.036 0.075 -0.024 0.051 0.116### -0.065 0.052 0.240## -0.151 0.089 0.080 0.034 0.114# 10.166### 7.946# .220 0.034 0.005 .030 0.096### .050 046 420### 286# 134 112### 141## 030 051 037 15 350 20 29## 17# 04 2# 98 2 1 12## ### SR: Management -0.101# 0.101 -0.000 0.060 -0.008 0.052 0.093## -0.026 0.068# 0.183# -0.066 0.117 0.071 0.018 0.089 7.747## 3.093 .654 0.052 034 0.087# 0.103### .027 076## 471### 234# 237## 120### 111# 10 044 021 23 584## 38 47### 15# 2 7## 25 7 8 29### 7 ### SR: All SES -0.096 0.109 0.012 0.069 -0.016 0.053 0.107## -0.042 0.064# 0.214# -0.102 0.112 0.078 0.023 0.101 9.038## 5.012 .027 0.050 021 .071# 0.107### .038 069## 479### 267# 213## 123### 126## 003 049 028 21 534## 09 26### 17# 01 6## 52 4 7 30### ### Beh: Self Awareness 0.003 0.072 0.075 0.118## -0.090 0.028 -0.028 0.008 -0.020 0.213# -0.115 0.097 0.148## -0.083 0.065 5.748# 6.697 0.949 0.011 0.002 .009 0.067## .046 021 070 073 003 045 042 03 .048 95 47 .184 67 16 16# 6 2## 16 3 6 38 ### Beh: Social Awareness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Beh: Self Management 0.001 -0.004 -0.003 0.100# -0.071 0.030 0.048 -0.015 0.033 0.069 -0.125 -0.056 0.113# -0.078 0.035 2.677 1.793 .884 0.121## 0.074 .047 0.054# 002 056# 237## 154 083 082# 056 26 .007 13 06 459# 10 49 27### 14 3 32 2 1 73### 6 ### Beh: Relationship Management -0.035 0.130 0.095 0.175### -0.143# 0.032 0.086# -0.080 0.006 0.224# -0.254# -0.031 0.162### -0.097 0.065 12.090### 17.065### 4.975 0.063 0.046 .017 0.099### .042 057# 402### 461### 059 028 063 035 .023 73 50 302 77 25# 21## 8 9### 003 8 2 72 ### Beh: Intrapersonal -0.000 0.015 0.014 0.131## -0.095 0.037 0.017 0.000 0.018 0.153 -0.140 0.013 0.154## -0.096 0.058 4.580 4.347 .233 0.096# 0.057 .039 0.066## .014 052# 187# 121 066 083# 058 25 .030 61 31 222 95 27 25## 06 9## 94 4 0 38### ### Beh: Interpersonal -0.035 0.130 0.095 0.175### -0.143# 0.032 0.086# -0.080 0.006 0.224# -0.254# -0.031 0.162### -0.097 0.065 12.090### 17.065### 4.975 0.063 0.046 .017 0.099### .042 057# 402### 461### 059 028 063 035 .023 73 50 302 77 25# 21## 8 9### 003 8 2 72 ### Beh: Awareness 0.003 0.072 0.075 0.118## -0.090 0.028 -0.028 0.008 -0.020 0.213# -0.115 0.097 0.148## -0.083 0.065 5.748# 6.697 0.949 0.011 0.002 .009 0.067## .046 021 070 073 003 045 042 03 .048 95 47 .184 67 16 16# 6 2## 16 3 6 38 ### Beh: Management -0.022 0.042 0.020 0.164### -0.125 0.039 0.074# -0.043 0.031 0.181 -0.236 -0.055 0.166## -0.115 0.051 7.891# 9.665# 1.773 0.106# 0.061 .046 0.078## .011 067# 347### 306# 041 063 058 05 .023 63 39 538## 27 10 29### 06 3## 07 6 3 62### ### Beh: All SES -0.018 0.046 0.028 0.174### -0.131 0.042 0.046 -0.025 0.020 0.220# -0.224 -0.004 0.185### -0.121 0.064 8.166## 9.819# 1.652 0.090# 0.050 .040 0.081## .020 061# 284## 246 038 067 059 08 .035 85 49 357 45 12 27### 02 5### 00 6 6 38### ### SJT: Self Aware - oth - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Emot Reg - Negative Items - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Self control - post - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: PSDM - methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Relatedness - naive, geome - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SJT: Influence task: methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Beh: Collaboration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - S13. Nigeria_descriptives Measure Type Variable Name Sample Mean Min Max SD Median Skew Kurtosis SR SR: Emotional Awareness 358 4.22 1.71 5 0.48 4.14 -0.92 5.72 SR SR: Self Awareness 358 4.36 2.43 5 0.45 4.29 -0.52 3.89 SR SR: Emotional Regulation 358 4.19 1.86 5 0.48 4.14 -1.17 6.78 SR SR: Emotion Regulation (Negative) 6483 3.47 1 5 0.84 3.6 -0.19 2.33 SR SR: Self control 358 3.52 1 5 1.02 3.71 -0.56 2.31 SR SR: Perseverance 2519 4.28 1 5 0.44 4.17 -0.33 4.43 SR SR: Personal Initiative 2519 4.3 1 5 0.41 4.2 -0.32 5.13 SR SR: PSDM 2519 4.28 1.79 5 0.39 4.21 -0.2 3.95 SR SR: Listening 358 4.29 2.14 5 0.48 4.29 -0.78 4.29 SR SR: Active Listening 358 4.3 2.75 5 0.47 4.25 -0.52 3.56 SR SR: Respectful Listening 358 4.27 1 5 0.63 4.33 -1.68 8.37 SR SR: Empathy 2519 4.25 1 5 0.42 4.11 -0.27 5.12 SR SR: Expressiveness 358 4.3 2.57 5 0.47 4.29 -0.39 3.24 SR SR: Relatedness 4227 2.83 0.04 7.07 1.77 3.92 -0.39 1.39 SR SR: Maintaining Relaltionships 2519 4.27 1 5 0.43 4.14 -0.22 4.63 SR SR: Networking 2519 4.17 1 5 0.49 4 -0.42 4.34 SR SR: Influence 358 4.29 2.62 5 0.43 4.31 -0.64 3.86 SR SR: Negotiation 2519 4.18 1 5 0.44 4 -0.3 5.14 SR SR: Collaboration 358 4.3 2.5 5 0.43 4.33 -0.47 3.87 SR SR: GSE 2651 4.27 1.8 5 0.39 4.2 -0.18 4.22 SJT Beh: Emotional Awareness 2513 3.78 1.15 5 0.68 3.94 -0.7 3.48 SJT Beh: Self Awareness 2649 4.21 1.71 5 0.46 4.14 -0.58 4.09 SJT Beh: Emotional Regultion 2159 5.95 2.44 9.48 0.98 5.91 0.03 3.3 SJT Beh: Self control 2651 3.16 1.75 5 0.48 3 1.41 6.31 SJT Beh: Perseverance 2638 3.11 1 5 0.96 3.16 -0.09 2.18 SJT Beh: Personal Initiative 2650 4.26 1 5 0.47 4.25 -0.82 5.18 SJT Beh: PSDM 2500 6.14 3.6 9 1.04 6.03 0.37 2.48 SJT Beh: Listening 1739 1.47 0.01 5 1.4 0.97 1.39 3.53 SJT Beh: Active Listening 2519 3.79 1 5 1.07 4 -0.58 2.4 SJT Beh: Listening Comprehension 2519 4.26 1 5 0.7 4.44 -1.06 3.95 SJT Beh: Empathy 2278 6.07 3.42 9 1.1 6 0.31 2.19 SJT Beh: Expressiveness 2148 5.64 2.58 9 0.89 5.46 0.65 3.31 SJT Beh: Relatedness 2282 3.83 1.71 5 0.46 3.84 -0.19 2.99 SJT Beh: Maintaining Relationships 2283 3.53 1.38 5 0.58 3.56 0.01 2.32 SJT Beh: Networking 2641 4.21 1 5 0.53 4.22 -0.86 4.69 SJT Beh: Influence 2511 5.94 3.16 9 1.07 5.71 0.56 2.46 SJT Beh: Negotation 2284 6.06 3.12 8.2 0.84 6.08 0.08 2.36 SJT Beh: Collaboration 2144 6.01 3.93 9 0.92 5.86 0.53 2.44 SJT Beh: GSE 2155 5.92 3.5 9 1.13 5.75 0.62 2.64 Agg_SR SR: Self Awareness 358 0.08 -4.32 1.64 0.89 0.08 -0.85 5.31 Agg_SR SR: Social Awareness 358 0.1 -4.8 1.71 0.87 0.15 -0.88 6.03 Agg_SR SR: Self Management 2519 -0.01 -5.11 1.76 0.76 -0.1 -0.06 3.98 Agg_SR SR: Relationship Management 2519 -0.01 -7.1 1.74 0.86 -0.2 -0.13 5.3 Agg_SR SR: Intrapersonal 2519 -0.01 -5.11 1.76 0.76 -0.1 -0.07 4.05 Agg_SR SR: Interpersonal 2519 -0.01 -7.31 1.75 0.85 -0.2 -0.13 5.67 Agg_SR SR: Awareness 358 0.12 -5.42 2.24 1.1 0.14 -0.86 5.6 Agg_SR SR: Management 2519 -0.01 -6.93 2.04 0.86 -0.14 -0.03 5.01 Agg_SR SR: All SES 2519 -0.01 -7.07 2.01 0.85 -0.15 -0.06 5.26 Agg_SJT Beh: Self Awareness 2513 -0.02 -3.84 1.75 0.78 -0.04 -0.36 3.58 Agg_SJT Beh: Social Awarenes 2503 0.01 -2.35 1.63 0.59 0.06 -0.38 3.3 Agg_SJT Beh: Self Management 2370 -0.01 -2.09 1.96 0.54 -0.05 0.2 2.84 Agg_SJT Beh: Relationship Manamagement 2495 -0.03 -1.76 2.22 0.71 -0.06 0.19 2.26 Agg_SJT Beh: Intrapersonal 2368 -0.01 -2.26 1.56 0.47 -0.04 0.13 3.23 Agg_SJT Beh: Interpersonal 2494 -0.02 -1.45 1.81 0.55 -0.05 0.22 2.48 Agg_SJT Beh: Awareness 2500 0 -2.75 1.85 0.63 0.03 -0.34 3.5 Agg_SJT Beh: Management 2359 -0.01 -1.46 1.64 0.58 -0.05 0.2 2.28 Agg_SJT Beh: All SES 2358 0 -1.64 1.45 0.47 -0.04 0.2 2.62 Extra_Beh Self Aware: SJT oth 2651 0.72 0 1 0.29 0.8 -1.2 3.58 Extra_Beh Beh: Emot Reg: negative 2517 2.37 1 5 0.75 2.31 0.48 2.99 Extra_Beh SJT: PSDM - methods 2673 0.3 0 5.33 0.82 0 2.89 11.07 Extra_Beh Beh: Relatedness - - - - - - - - Extra_Beh Beh: Influence 2673 0.3 0 6 0.84 0 2.99 11.98 Extra_Beh Beh: Collaboration - - - - - - - - Extra_Beh Beh: CPT Self control index - - - - - - - - Outcomes Attending School 6879 0.16 0 1 0.37 0 1.82 4.29 Outcomes Employment Status 2651 0.69 0 1 0.46 1 -0.81 1.65 Outcomes Self-employed 2651 0.85 0 1 0.36 1 -1.92 4.68 Outcomes IHS monthly income 2546 11.5 4.79 16.33 1.14 11.51 -0.6 6.52 Outcomes NEET 2673 0.76 0 1 0.43 1 -1.23 2.51 Outcomes Hours of Work 2651 7.01 0 18 2.97 7 0.24 3.41 Outcomes Better Job Search 2144 0.25 0 1 0.43 0 1.18 2.39 Outcomes Income Aspirations 2161 14.07 0.88 21.42 1.67 14 -2.12 22.82 Outcomes Decision Making Power 2083 0.83 0 1 0.35 1 -1.74 4.32 Outcomes Decision Making Beliefs - - - - - - - - Outcomes Well Being Index 2161 5.03 0 10 1.76 5 0.27 3.11 Outcomes Anxiety Index 2153 2.49 0 3 0.62 2.71 -1.37 4.58 Outcomes Depression scale - - - - - - - - Outcomes IPV Acceptability In 2161 0.93 0 1 0.26 1 -3.35 12.2 Outcomes Time Household Chore 3965 2.64 0 20 1.82 2 1.64 9.73 Outcomes Gender Norms 2293 5.01 0 10 1.81 5 -0.02 2.73 Covariate Gender (Male = 1) 8019 0.5 0 1 0.5 0 0 1 Covariate Age 4659 33.2 18 67 7.24 33 0.99 5.04 Covariate Marital Status 6879 0.72 0 1 0.45 1 -0.96 1.92 Covariate Education 6741 13.1 0 14 1.3 13 -5.12 43.47 Covariate Round Dummy Code 5346 0.5 0 1 0.5 0.5 0 1 Covariate Cognitive Ability 6483 0.67 0 1 0.26 0.67 -0.9 3.05 S14. Tanzania_descriptives Measure Type Variable Name Sample Mean Min Max SD Median Skew Kurtosis SR SR: Emotional Awareness 7030 4.02 1 5 0.45 4 -0.61 5.92 SR SR: Self Awareness 7030 4.14 1 5 0.38 4 -0.12 6.31 SR SR: Emotional Regulation 7029 4.05 1 5 0.4 4 -0.54 7.07 SR SR: Self control 7029 3.09 1 5 0.88 3.12 0.01 2.26 SR SR: Perseverance 7027 4.09 1 5 0.42 4 -0.34 5.29 SR SR: Personal Initiative 7030 4.13 1 5 0.39 4 -0.47 7.01 SR SR: PSDM 7030 4.06 1 5 0.38 4 -0.68 8.17 SR SR: Listening 7030 3.8 1.63 5 0.6 4 -0.46 2.83 SR SR: Active Listening 7030 4.04 1 5 0.45 4 -0.72 6.97 SR SR: Respectful Listening 7030 3.65 1 5 0.94 4 -0.76 2.85 SR SR: Empathy 7029 4.09 1 5 0.39 4 -0.34 6.02 SR SR: Expressiveness 7029 4.04 1.62 5 0.38 4 -0.32 5.73 SR SR: Relatedness 7029 4.11 1.3 5 0.39 4 0.05 4.42 SR SR: Maintaining Relaltionships 7029 4.18 1.43 5 0.38 4 0.1 4.74 SR SR: Networking 7029 3.96 1 5 0.56 4 -0.71 4.56 SR SR: Influence 7029 4.06 1 5 0.41 4 -0.37 5.95 SR SR: Negotiation 7030 4.03 1 5 0.43 4 -0.49 6.07 SR SR: Collaboration 7030 4.11 1 5 0.39 4 -0.09 5.45 SR SR: GSE 7030 4.02 1.44 5 0.37 4 -0.56 6.53 SJT Beh: Emotional Awareness 7019 4.29 1 5 0.68 4.47 -1.16 4.52 SJT Beh: Self Awareness 7019 4.53 1 5 0.51 4.62 -1.38 5.57 SJT Beh: Emotional Regultion 7018 5.64 1.26 9 1.15 5.47 0.52 3.05 SJT Beh: Self control 7030 3.33 1 4.5 0.61 3.5 -0.63 3.39 SJT Beh: Perseverance 7019 6.11 1 16 3.93 6 0.55 2.38 SJT Beh: Personal Initiative 7018 4.52 1 5 0.5 4.64 -1.44 6.29 SJT Beh: PSDM 6725 5.09 2.49 8.74 0.52 5 1.07 7.11 SJT Beh: Listening 7016 1.55 0 2.83 0.51 1.66 -1.06 4.13 SJT Beh: Active Listening 7019 0.7 0 1 0.3 0.75 -0.71 2.43 SJT Beh: Listening Comprehension 7019 1.51 0 7 1.5 1 1.97 5.3 SJT Beh: Empathy 1143 5.55 3.2 8.5 0.93 5.28 0.8 3.18 SJT Beh: Expressiveness 7019 5.74 1.54 9 1.31 5.44 0.59 2.95 SJT Beh: Relatedness 7019 4.35 1.55 5 0.49 4.41 -0.74 3.6 SJT Beh: Maintaining Relationships 7019 6.12 1.67 9 1.11 6 0.12 2.51 SJT Beh: Networking 7019 4.46 1.22 5 0.54 4.58 -1.12 4.43 SJT Beh: Influence 7019 6 2.33 9 1.14 5.83 0.67 2.89 SJT Beh: Negotation 7019 6.09 2.87 9 0.92 6.08 0.09 2.45 SJT Beh: Collaboration 1143 5.7 3.73 8.55 0.89 5.43 0.76 2.69 SJT Beh: GSE 7018 6.03 1 9 1.27 5.75 0.67 2.64 Agg_SR SR: Self Awareness 7030 0.01 -7.19 2.4 0.87 -0.15 -0.14 5.7 Agg_SR SR: Social Awareness 7029 -0.02 -4.19 2.24 0.7 -0.1 0.11 4.84 Agg_SR SR: Self Management 7029 -0.01 -4.52 3.79 0.67 -0.08 0.1 5.49 Agg_SR SR: Relationship Management 7029 -0.01 -6.64 2.39 0.78 -0.14 0.09 5.41 Agg_SR SR: Intrapersonal 7029 0 -4.4 3.04 0.67 -0.1 0.13 5.22 Agg_SR SR: Interpersonal 7029 -0.01 -5.57 2.29 0.7 -0.13 0.16 5.31 Agg_SR SR: Awareness 7029 -0.01 -6.38 2.89 0.85 -0.13 0.16 5.25 Agg_SR SR: Management 7029 -0.01 -5 2.29 0.67 -0.12 0.18 5.16 Agg_SR SR: All SES 7029 -0.01 -4.62 2.21 0.64 -0.12 0.22 5.17 Agg_SJT Beh: Self Awareness 7019 0 -5.62 1.01 0.85 0.18 -0.93 3.92 Agg_SJT Beh: Social Awarenes 7015 0 -2.97 1.51 0.63 0.04 -0.49 3.24 Agg_SJT Beh: Self Management 6724 0.01 -2.39 2.02 0.45 0.01 -0.14 3.73 Agg_SJT Beh: Relationship Manamagement 7003 -0.01 -2.54 2.01 0.58 -0.04 0.17 2.97 Agg_SJT Beh: Intrapersonal 6724 0.01 -2.56 1.63 0.43 0.04 -0.56 3.97 Agg_SJT Beh: Interpersonal 6999 -0.01 -1.87 1.71 0.45 -0.03 0.09 3.26 Agg_SJT Beh: Awareness 7015 0 -3.03 1.56 0.68 0.05 -0.5 3.21 Agg_SJT Beh: Management 6708 0.01 -1.64 1.57 0.42 0 -0.02 3.12 Agg_SJT Beh: All SES 6704 0.01 -1.62 1.31 0.37 0.01 -0.21 3.43 Extra_Beh Self Aware: SJT oth 6959 0.7 0 1 0.32 0.8 -1.01 2.93 Extra_Beh Beh: Emot Reg: negative 7007 29.85 20 44 5.68 29 0.42 2.71 Extra_Beh Beh: PSDM, methods 7030 1.56 0 5 0.71 1.33 1.24 4.47 Extra_Beh Beh: Relatedness 7016 3.41 0 9 1.52 3.25 0.65 3.58 Extra_Beh Beh: Influence 7030 1.25 0 5.25 0.7 1 1.54 6.16 Extra_Beh Beh: Collaboration 5873 2.68 0 4 1.14 3 -0.51 2.37 Extra_Beh Beh: CPT Self control index 7029 0.9 0.06 1 0.09 0.92 -2.45 9.87 Outcomes Atteneding School 7030 0.05 0 1 0.21 0 4.35 19.95 Outcomes Employment Status 7030 0.38 0 1 0.49 0 0.49 1.24 Outcomes Self-Employed 7030 0.27 0 1 0.44 0 1.04 2.08 Outcomes IHS monthly income 7029 2.08 0 8.15 2.33 0 0.38 1.4 Outcomes NEET 7030 0.42 0 1 0.49 0 0.33 1.11 Outcomes Hours of Work 2675 16.21 1 120 19.37 10 2.3 7.45 Outcomes Better Job Search 6963 0.38 0 1 0.49 0 0.48 1.23 Outcomes Income Aspirations 7029 13.09 11.51 14.6 0.78 13.12 -0.14 2.57 Outcomes Decision Making Power 6843 0.39 0 1 0.35 0.33 0.21 1.54 Outcomes Decision Making Belefs - - - - - - - - Outcomes Well-being Index 7030 3.51 0 10 1.52 4 0.02 3.04 Outcomes Anxiety Index 7030 2.5 0 3 0.51 2.57 -1.44 5.74 Outcomes Depression scale 7030 19.81 0 24 3.79 20 -1.34 5.68 Outcomes IPV Acceptability Index 7029 0.88 0 1 0.19 1 -1.85 6.18 Outcomes Time on Household Chores 7030 6.28 0 21 2.83 6 0.25 2.73 Outcomes Gender Norms 7030 4.57 0 10 1.83 4.5 0.28 3.12 Covariate Gender (Male = 1) 7030 0.5 0 1 0.5 0 0 1 Covariate Age 7030 21.46 16 28 2.87 21 0.11 2.11 Covariate Martital Status 7030 0.12 0 1 0.32 0 2.39 6.69 Covariate Education 7028 8.45 0 14 3.08 10 -0.94 4.12 Covariate Cognitive Ability 7030 0.7 0 1 0.26 0.83 -0.86 3.06 Covariate Round 1 Dummy Code 7030 0.67 0 1 0.47 1 -0.74 1.54 Covariate Round 2 Dummy Code 7030 0.16 0 1 0.37 0 1.81 4.26 S15. Cote d'Ivoire_descriptives Measure T Variable Name Sample Mean Min Max SD Median Skew Kurtosis SR SR: Emotional Awareness 8962 3.87 1 5 0.44 4 -0.76 5.9 SR SR: Self Awareness 8962 4.06 1.5 5 0.34 4 0.22 5.8 SR SR: Emotional Regulation 8963 4 1.67 5 0.35 4 -0.13 6.74 SR SR: Self control 8963 3.45 1 5 0.75 3.67 -0.44 2.84 SR SR: Perseverance 8963 4.05 1.86 5 0.37 4 0.17 4.76 SR SR: Personal Initiative 8963 4.04 1.88 5 0.35 4 0.35 4.88 SR SR: PSDM 8963 4.01 1.29 5 0.31 4 0.1 6.64 SR SR: Listening 8960 3.86 1.94 5 0.51 4 -0.75 3.94 SR SR: Active Listening 8961 4.07 1.75 5 0.33 4 0.31 9.19 SR SR: Respectful Listening 8961 3.72 1 5 0.82 4 -0.88 3.6 SR SR: Empathy 8962 4.1 2.33 5 0.35 4 0.37 4.79 SR SR: Expressiveness 8961 3.98 1 5 0.37 4 -0.38 6.81 SR SR: Relatedness 8962 4.05 1.27 5 0.35 4 0.49 4.45 SR SR: Maintaining Relaltionships 8962 4.19 1.14 51.5 0.75 4 39.71 2182.81 SR SR: Networking 8961 3.84 1 5 0.56 4 -0.75 4.64 SR SR: Influence 8962 3.96 1.83 5 0.37 4 -0.22 5.85 SR SR: Negotiation 8962 3.99 1.43 5 0.37 4 -0.44 7.4 SR SR: Collaboration 8962 4.11 1.6 5 0.32 4 0.71 6.32 SR SR: GSE 8963 3.96 1.9 5 0.34 4 -0.08 5.62 SJT Beh: Emotional Awareness 7832 3.65 1 5 0.73 3.87 -0.77 3.51 SJT Beh: Self Awareness 7831 4.09 1 5 0.49 4 -0.76 6.38 SJT Beh: Emotional Regultion 7834 3.79 1 5 0.61 4 -0.78 4.46 SJT Beh: Self control - - - - - - - - SJT Beh: Perseverance 7169 3.79 1 5 0.83 4 -0.79 3.41 SJT Beh: Personal Initiative 8957 3.92 1 5 0.57 4 -0.73 4.74 SJT Beh: PSDM 7171 4.2 1 5 0.55 4 -1.04 6.84 SJT Beh: Listening - - - - - - - - SJT Beh: Active Listening - - - - - - - - SJT Beh: Listening Comprehension - - - - - - - - SJT Beh: Empathy - - - - - - - - SJT Beh: Expressiveness 7829 3.97 1 5 0.57 4 -0.73 4.52 SJT Beh: Relatedness - - - - - - - - SJT Beh: Maintaining Relationships - - - - - - - - SJT Beh: Networking - - - - - - - - SJT Beh: Influence - - - - - - - - SJT Beh: Negotation 7822 3.81 1 5 0.53 3.91 -0.64 4.24 SJT Beh: Collaboration 8954 4.32 -89.83 9 4.66 4.67 -14.46 290.16 SJT Beh: GSE - - - - - - - - Agg_SR SR: Self Awareness 8961 -0.02 -6.31 2.7 0.86 0.01 -0.06 5.83 Agg_SR SR: Social Awareness 8960 -0.02 -3.68 2.4 0.7 -0.03 0.57 4.96 Agg_SR SR: Self Management 8963 -0.01 -3.6 2.61 0.7 -0.07 0.53 4.99 Agg_SR SR: Relationship Management 8961 -0.01 -4.6 2.76 0.78 -0.12 0.69 5.86 Agg_SR SR: Intrapersonal 8961 -0.01 -4.02 2.59 0.69 -0.08 0.52 5.32 Agg_SR SR: Interpersonal 8959 -0.01 -4.15 2.62 0.69 -0.13 0.86 5.87 Agg_SR SR: Awareness 8958 -0.02 -3.26 2.52 0.65 -0.09 0.69 5.45 Agg_SR SR: Management 8961 -0.01 -4.05 2.61 0.68 -0.11 0.71 5.59 Agg_SR SR: All SES 8957 -0.01 -3.6 2.52 0.64 -0.11 0.82 5.71 Agg_SJT Beh: Self Awareness 7830 0 -5.25 1.86 0.79 0.03 -0.63 5.31 Agg_SJT Beh: Social Awarenes - - - - - - - - Agg_SJT Beh: Self Management 7147 -0.03 -4.11 2.12 0.61 -0.03 -0.41 4.87 Agg_SJT Beh: Relationship Manamagement 7817 0.02 -6.59 2.05 0.66 0.06 -1.51 15.31 Agg_SJT Beh: Intrapersonal 7145 -0.02 -4.31 2.03 0.58 -0.03 -0.43 5.28 Agg_SJT Beh: Interpersonal 7817 0.02 -6.59 2.05 0.66 0.06 -1.51 15.31 Agg_SJT Beh: Awareness 7830 0 -5.25 1.86 0.79 0.03 -0.63 5.31 Agg_SJT Beh: Management 7140 -0.01 -3.64 1.77 0.53 0 -0.42 5.1 Agg_SJT Beh: All SES 7139 -0.01 -3.96 1.79 0.53 -0.01 -0.41 5.24 Extra_Beh Self Aware: SJT oth - - - - - - - - Extra_Beh Beh: Emot Reg: negative - - - - - - - - Extra_Beh Beh: Self control - - - - - - - - Extra_Beh Beh: PSDM, methods - - - - - - - - Extra_Beh Beh: Relatedness - - - - - - - - Extra_Beh Beh: Influence - - - - - - - - Extra_Beh Beh: Collaboration - - - - - - - - Extra_Beh Beh: CPT Self control index - - - - - - - - Outcomes Atteneding School 8976 0.12 0 1 0.32 0 2.37 6.61 Outcomes Employment Status 9011 0.85 0 1 0.35 1 -2.01 5.02 Outcomes Self-employed 9011 0.4 0 1 0.49 0 0.41 1.17 Outcomes IHS monthly income 9011 7.78 0 16.81 5.51 11 -0.65 1.52 Outcomes NEET 9011 0.88 0 1 0.32 1 -2.38 6.68 Outcomes Hours of Work 9011 211.39 0 588 169.99 200 0.56 2.54 Outcomes Better Job Search 8975 0.25 0 1 0.44 0 1.13 2.27 Outcomes Income Aspirations 8845 14.41 0 18.6 1.65 14.29 -1.29 17.11 Outcomes Decision Making Partipation 8975 4.06 0 10 2.58 4 0.23 2.12 Outcomes Decision Making Beliefs 8811 15.99 0 27 6.19 17 -0.21 3.04 Outcomes Life Satisfaction Inex 8976 4.43 1 10 2 5 0.46 3.4 Outcomes Anxiety Index - - - - - - - - Outcomes Mental Health Score 2990 1.66 -19 12 5 2 -0.78 3.56 Outcomes GBV Attitudes 8975 0.77 0 1 0.42 1 -1.26 2.59 Outcomes Time Household Chore 7378 6.14 0 52 12.05 0 1.73 4.52 Outcomes Gender Norms 8975 5.44 0 10 2.16 5.33 0 2.49 Covariate Gender (Male = 1) 9011 0.5 0 1 0.5 0 0.01 1 Covariate Age 8846 25.42 15 33 3.86 25 -0.13 2.29 Covariate Education 8816 9.45 0 14 4.07 10 -0.76 2.56 Covariate Martital Status 8976 0.2 0 1 0.4 0 1.51 3.27 Covariate Cognitive Ability 9039 0.58 0 1 0.21 0.6 -1.2 4.49 Covariate Round 9231 0.34 0 1 0.47 0 0.67 1.45