WORLD BANK GENDER THEMATIC POLICY NOTES SERIES: EVIDENCE AND PRACTICE NOTE INCREASING GENDER EQUALITY IN FRAGILE, CONFLICT, AND VIOLENCE SETTINGS LUCIA HANMER, UCHE EKHATOR-MOBAYODE, AFRAH AL-AHMADI, LAURA RAWLINGS OVERVIEW Fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV) create a web of interconnected challenges for women and girls. Violent conflicts and high levels of institutional and social fragility affect the quality of policy and institutions, including government capacity to protect basic rights and deliver essential services. Entrenched harmful social norms fuel gender-based violence (GBV), further jeopardizing women and girls’ safety and well-being. While men and boys are also exposed to violence and pressures linked to masculinity, women bear the brunt of inequality manifested in higher rates of GBV, economic hardship, and limited mobility. Crises can also create openings for positive change. Opportunities arise to reconfigure social norms, empower women through new roles and responsibilities, and address discriminatory patterns during post-conflict reconstruction. The attainment of gender equality outcomes is intricately linked to an understanding of and engagement with the policy arena, which in FCV settings is often marked by weak formal institutions and influential non-state actors. These institutional breakdowns compound obstacles for gender equality, disproportionately affecting women and girls through family disruptions, displacement, increased violence, poverty, and limited access to essential services and economic opportunities. Achieving gender equality in FCV settings necessitates articulating, mediating, and legitimizing solutions within the policy arena, notably tailoring solutions across different situations of fragility, conflict and violence. It requires a comprehensive understanding of the political, cultural, and power dynamics shaping the policy arena in each specific FCV context. World Bank Group experience in improving gender outcomes in FCV settings shows promise, but achieving sustainable and scalable change is a complex and ongoing process. Evidence on what works in FCV settings remains thin, but experience suggests that promising approaches include forging partnerships to deliver essential services to protect human capital; enabling women’s access to economic opportunities to enhance their resilience; sustaining commitment and financial resources; engaging women as leaders and agents of change to promote stability and peace; strengthening laws and regulations for gender equality; influencing attitudes, behaviors, and norms through engaging with formal and informal institutions, including with men and boys; and understanding the intersectionality of vulnerabilities in FCV to inform solutions. Recommendations for governments, development partners, and the private sector are centered on a shared commitment to work in FCV settings to reduce poverty and boost shared prosperity. Increased investment and collaboration are needed to build evidence on effective interventions, understand the policy arena, strengthen national government systems, adapt to emerging challenges like the intersection of climate and conflict, innovate in data collection, prioritize gender equality in country engagement, and increase efforts to prevent and respond to GBV. Adapting operations in FCV settings relies on partnerships between state actors, non-governmental organizations, and development partners to achieve sustainable results in advancing gender outcomes. A village woman in Chad, Sahel Credit: Pierre Laborde TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 UNDERSTANDING THE POLICY ARENA IN FCV SETTINGS 3 Formal institutions 3 Informal institutions, norms, and behaviors 4 GENDER OUTCOMES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN FCV SETTINGS 4 IMPROVING GENDER OUTCOMES IN FCV: LESSONS FROM WORLD BANK GROUP ENGAGEMENT 6 1. Forge partnerships to deliver basic services 6 2. Enable women’s access to economic opportunities 8 3. Sustain commitment and financial resources 10 4. Engage women as leaders to promote stability and peace 11 5. Apply laws and regulations for gender equality 11 6. Influence informal institutions, attitudes, behaviors, and norms 13 7. Understand the intersectionality of vulnerabilities in FCV 14 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 15 REFERENCES 18 This thematic policy note is part of a series that provides an analytical foundation for the new World Bank Gender Strategy 2024-2030. The thematic note series seeks to give a broad overview of the latest research and findings on gender equality outcomes and summarizes key thematic issues, evidence on promising solutions, operational good practices, and key areas for future engagement on promoting gender equality and empowerment. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work are entirely those of the author(s). They do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank or its Board of Directors. This policy note is complementary to the Approach Paper “A Development Approach to Advancing Gender Engagement and Closing Gender Gaps in Fragile, Conflict and Violent Situations” prepared by the WBG’s FCV Group to support WBG task teams with the implementation of the WBG’s FCV Strategy (2020-25). Together, the two papers and the Action Plan of the Approach Paper support the implementation the Gender Strategy. This policy note was prepared by Lucia Hanmer, Uche Ekhator-Mobayode, Afrah Al Ahmadi, and Laura Rawlings. The authors thank Laura Montes for excellent research assistance and Ellen Maynes and Joanna Kate Blackman for their insightful peer review. Helpful inputs and comments were received from Diana Arango, Doreen Musoke, Elena Bardasi, Manuel Contreras Urbina, Michael Woolcock, Sarah Haddock, Varalakshmi Vemuru, Verena Phipps, Victoria Stanley, and Xavier Devictor. We express our gratitude to our colleague at IRC, Helena Minchew for her valuable feedback. Lastly, the authors thank Leslie Ashby for providing excellent editorial assistance and Sundas Liaqat for her support in the final revisions. Women in the CERNAFA cooperative, in the Tillaberi region of Niger. Credit: The World Bank INTRODUCTION informed decisions about their sexual and reproductive rights and health. Additionally, the gender gap against girls in access By 2030, more than half of the world’s extreme poor will live to secondary education is large in FCV settings and few women in countries characterized by fragility, conflict, and violence have access to financial services. More generally women and (FCV) (World Bank 2020e). Since the onset of the COVID-19 girls face barriers in access to social services and economic pandemic in 2019, 20 million more people are now living in opportunities as they assume increased responsibilities as extreme poverty in FCV countries (World Bank 2023c). Ongoing household heads and caregivers. In many countries, food and new conflicts have caused record numbers to flee their insecurity is both a cause and consequence of fragility and homes. As of mid-2023, 110 million people were displaced by conflict, with women and girls disproportionately affected. For persecution, conflict, violence, human rights violations and/ example, in Afghanistan, since the Taliban took over in August or events disturbing the public order (UNHCR 2023). Three- 2021, women-led households are more food insecure than those quarters of forcibly displaced people live in low and middle- led by men, 96 percent versus 89 percent (WFP 2022). In many income countries, often hosted by communities that are countries, social norms often mean that women and girls eat struggling to have their own needs met. Displacement has last and less. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated gender specific impacts on population groups experiencing various gaps, reducing gains in women and girl’s empowerment and forms of marginalization, especially women, children, youth, agency (IEG 2023).Increases in FCV risks are eroding progress and people with disabilities. made on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including Gender inequalities are magnified in FCV settings. As shown reducing poverty and promoting shared prosperity. in Figure 1, maternal mortality rates are the highest in the world and women and girls are least able globally to make 1 FIGURE 1: COUNTRIES WITH WORST PERFORMANCE GLOBALLY ON SELECTED GENDER INDICATORS Panel A Panel B Maternal mortality ratio (national estimate, per 100,000 Women making their own informed decisions regarding live births): 10 worst performers sexual relations, contraceptive use, and reproductive health care (% of women age 15–49): 10 worst performers Sierra Leone Senegal Chad Niger Nigeria Mali Afghanistan Burkina Faso Mauritania Comoros Liberia Cote d’lvoire Guinea-Bissau Congo, Rep. Guinea Chad Cameroon Guinea Eritrea Togo -200 300 800 1300 1800 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Panel C Panel D School enrollment, secondary (gross), gender parity index Financial institution account, female (% age 15+): (GPI): 10 worst performers 10 worst performers Chad Yemen, Rep. South Sudan South Sudan Afghanistan Chad Congo, Dem. Rep. Somalia Angola Pakistan Guinea Burundi Central African Republic Afghanistan Yemen, Rep. Niger Togo Madagascar Niger Djibouti 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 2 4 6 8 10 Source: Authors calculations using data from World Bank Gender Data Portal. https://genderdata.worldbank.org Note: Indicators are for latest year. Countries in orange have appeared on the World Bank’s Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations (FCS) list between 2016 and 2023. Countries in blue have not appeared on the FCS list. The compound challenges in FCV settings call for policies foundational for gender equality. Informal institutions, such and programs tailored to specific geographies and a conflict- as social norms, customs, and traditions, also pose challenges sensitive approach to operations to achieve gender equality to gender equality. Conflict and violence often result in the outcomes (World Bank 2020e). Each FCV context is unique, breakdown of social structures and the rule of law. This, in turn, yet they have common structural characteristics that make reinforces harmful gender norms, contributing to increased gender equality outcomes harder to achieve. These include inequality and GBV. Market failures constrain employment and weak institutions and rule of law; increased market failures; and economic opportunities, exacerbating gender-based barriers, conflict-related changes in household composition, household such as labor market discrimination, and barriers created by decision making, and the household’s gender division of labor. gender gaps in access to assets, financial services, technology, In many FCV settings, formal institutions have little capacity, education, and skills. lack legitimacy, and are unable to deliver services that are 2 Myanmar’s minority rohingya people wait in a queue to receive tram at Balukhali rohingya camp, Ukhiya in Coz’s Bazar Bangladesh on September 25, 2017. Credit Sk Hasan Ali UNDERSTANDING THE POLICY ARENA IN attitudes toward and the treatment of women and girls. At the FCV SETTINGS heart of the FCV setting are complex interactions between often weak formal institutions and a range of informal institutions. Gender equality outcomes are mediated through the policy arena. The policy arena is the space where actors and Formal institutions stakeholders interact and negotiate agreements that shape Weak governance systems, lack of legitimate and credible formal and informal institutions. Interaction between actors government, limited state capacity, and lack of effective in the policy arena shapes opportunities and power dynamics.1 and inclusive political processes in FCV settings impede the While each FCV situation is distinct and dependent on the ability of formal institutions to respond to the demands type and level of fragility, conflict and violence (World Bank of citizens and meet their basic needs (DFID 2005, World 2020e), the policy arena in these settings is characterized by Bank 2011). Weak institutions are both a cause and effect of weak formal institutions, including legal systems, public sector conflict, and while they have negative impacts for all, there are agencies, and markets. In some settings, non-state actors and specific implications for women and girls. Specific institutional groups holding power such as militias or other armed forces play challenges in FCV settings include low national and/or local a large role in shaping opportunities and imposing sanctions. government capacity, a lack of institutional legitimacy where the Breakdowns at various levels of formal institutions interact, state is present, exclusion of women (and other socially excluded compounding barriers to gender equality. In FCV settings groups) from decision-making positions of power and authority, women and girls are disproportionately impacted by family and inability to deliver basic services, including those needed for breakdown and displacement, increased interpersonal violence, foundational human endowments that are pre-conditions for poverty, and lack of access to basic services (IEG 2023) and gender equality (World Bank 2011; World Bank 2012). economic opportunities. Women’s voice and agency have an important role in Durable society-wide resolutions to improve gender equality institutional strengthening within FCV settings. For instance, outcomes and forge opportunities in FCV settings must be women’s engagement in peace processes is associated with long- articulated, mediated, and legitimized through the policy arena. lasting agreements and greater satisfaction with the outcomes Actors seeking to address these challenges must invest the (O’Reilly, Ó Súilleabháin, and Paffenholz 2015; Paffenholz 2015; necessary time to understand the political and cultural factors Paffenholz et al. 2017; Stone 2015; UN Women 2015). Development shaping the policy arena in a given FCV context. This includes and peacebuilding institutions often mobilize women and women’s understanding power dynamics and the influence of actors on organizations to promote peace, drawing on their roles as connectors and trust builders (United Nations; World Bank. 2018). The policy arena framework is central to the World Bank Gender Strategy 2024-30. It builds on WDR 2012: Gender Equality and Development 1 (World Bank 2012) and WDR 2017: Governance and the Law (World Bank 2017), which first deployed the concept of a “policy arena” in the World Bank. 3 Ongoing conflicts, political instability, and weakened Market failures that lead to economically inefficient governance structures can disrupt or severely limit the allocation of resources characterize the policy arena in FCV provision of essential services in FCV settings. Disruptions settings. Many such market failures disproportionally affect to health care, education, social protection, and other basic women and girls, by restricting their ability to engage in services and infrastructure, like water and sanitation, have economic activities. Barriers are particularly high to women’s profound and adverse effects on women and girls, creating labor market participation and economic opportunities in risks, increasing vulnerabilities, and exacerbating already agriculture and food supply chains, where women play a key challenging circumstances. For example, the breakdown of role as farmers, producers, and traders. Women’s responsibility health care services hampers maternal and reproductive for food production in conflict settings often increases as wars health support, placing pregnant women at greater risk divert male labor from agriculture (World Bank 2021a). However, during childbirth and limiting access to family planning evidence shows that, systematically, women farmers have services. Education is frequently disrupted, disproportionately less access to input and output markets, labor, information, affecting girls, often due to fear for their safety and/or strained and finance; and they are subject to ingrained norms and family resources, coupled with unfavorable gender norms institutional barriers that further reduce their negotiation that prioritize boys’ education. Displacement and economic power (Ajema et al 2022). Weak and failing institutions mean instability further marginalize women, limiting their access to property rights are often not enforced in FCV settings and can livelihood opportunities. be discriminatory towards women (World Bank 2011, World Bank 2020a). Effective delivery of basic services requires transformative approaches that promote gender equality and violence Informal institutions, norms, and behaviors prevention from the outset, especially to address the gender Breakdowns in the social fabric, which frequently accompany norms that drive family and community decision making. conflict and fragility, mean that adverse gender norms are Collaboration with local communities and building trust are typically entrenched and amplified in FCV settings. At the crucial, as is expanding partnerships among governments, household level, there are often changes in structure and donors, humanitarian actors, and non-governmental composition in response to FCV. One frequently observed organizations (NGOs), including those led by women. Drawing outcome is the increased number of female-headed households on the comparative advantage of each partner can enable (Buvinic et al 2013). During conflict, household splitting is a gender transformative service delivery models. common response. Often women, children and older or more vulnerable family member leave first and men and older boys The breakdown of laws and regulations in FCV settings can remain behind. Households may become more dependent on harm women and deepen gender inequality. The breakdown of women’s earnings if labor market access is more restricted legal systems and institutions increases women’s vulnerability for men and/or men and boys are absent from households. At to violence, including GBV, as they face limited access to the same time, women and girls are expected to maintain their protection, redress, or support. This breakdown also restricts existing domestic duties, increasing the demand on their time. women’s access to economic opportunities, as harmful social norms take precedence, thus constraining women’s asset Gender inequalities in FCV relate to issues of masculinity. ownership, mobility, and labor participation. Women’s access Gender norms call the identities of men and boys directly into to essential social services, such as reproductive health and question and they are likely to be involved in and/or directly education, is also impacted. affected by armed violence and other conflict related acts of violence. Engaging men and boys is crucial to change gender Women Business and the Law (WBL, 2022) finds that, out norms that shape gender identities, roles, and power relations of 27 low-income economies examined, 11 economies with (OECD 2019a). the lowest WBL scores are also fragile and conflict-affected situations.2 The legal frameworks that protect women and girls’ rights may be absent in FCV settings. For example, in the GENDER OUTCOMES AND case of Afghanistan, successive bans imposed by the Taliban OPPORTUNITIES IN FCV SETTINGS to limit women’s access to education, sexual and reproductive Conflict and crises generate constraints, but they can also health services, and employment opportunities have virtually create opportunities for women and girls’ empowerment. erased half of the population’s rights. Women and girls’ roles In times of crisis, social norms play out within a new space, in society are restricted as are their agency and growth opening up the possibility of alternative social interactions. opportunities. In the absence of effective legal frameworks These can lead to opportunities for women and men to take and law enforcement, GBV tends to rise. This includes physical, on new responsibilities and shape new gender roles and sexual, and psychological violence against women and girls. The identities (Le Masson et al 2016). Post-conflict reconstruction lack of legal protection can lead to impunity for perpetrators. 2 Afghanistan, Chad, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, and the Republic of Yemen. 4 Arbat refugee camp, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. Credit: Melih Cevdet Teksen is also an opportunity for governments to address patterns violent extremist groups, gangs, and the militia, the consensus of discrimination and renegotiate the social contract (World is that men and boys create violent personas because of social, Bank Group 2020; World Bank 2019a), and for donors and cultural, and political expectations and pressure put on them humanitarian actors to mobilize resources to address patterns (Paffenholz et al. 2017). Ideals of masculinity can be used to of discrimination, including gender inequalities (OECD 2020). humiliate and disempower men and boys (Buvinic et al, 2013), who can be affected by discrimination and violence if they do The risk of exposure to interpersonal violence and GBV is not conform to the dominant model of masculinity. exacerbated in FCV settings, particularly for women and girls. Besides being a violation of human rights, violence against Damaged infrastructure, insecurity, and increased GBV risks women and girls limits their agency and negatively impacts make it difficult for women to get their products to market. children, families, and communities, thus restricting everyone’s Women’s time constraints (due to unpaid domestic and care capacity to build pathways out of fragility. Intimate partner work), limitations on mobility outside the home, lack of safe violence (IPV) is the most prevalent form of GBV against women transport, and, in some situations, prohibitive gender norms and girls in FCV settings. Violence against gender and sexual restrict women’s ability to access economic opportunities. minorities and GBV is corrosive and a violation of human rights. Furthermore, the formal private sector is typically small in Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people are also FCV settings, with high barriers to entry for women who are highly vulnerable to discrimination and violence in FCV settings underrepresented, particularly at the management level (World Bank, 2020d). (World Bank 2011, Word Bank 2020a). The private sector has an important role to play in improving women’s market access Violence against children and GBV are strongly correlated. in these settings, especially for opportunities beyond the Evidence shows that IPV and child maltreatment co-occur, agricultural sector. From FY15 to date, IFC has invested about resulting in intergenerational impacts of IPV (Arango et al 2021) US$2.2 billion in infrastructure projects in FCV countries. and in negative health, behavior, and educational outcomes for children (Glass et al 2020). Complex links connect IPV, violence Evidence on what works to accelerate gender equality in FCV against children, interpersonal violence, and the social and settings is scarce. Impact evaluations are growing but require political conflicts that drive fragility. More knowledge is needed further investment. Geographic coverage of impact evaluations about how to address GBV, interpersonal violence, and violence is also highly uneven. Of the countries on the World Bank’s FCS against children holistically. list, Afghanistan (12), DRC (15), and Burundi (8) have the most completed impact evaluations. There are no systematic reviews3 Gender inequality in FCV impacts men and boys, often driven of evidence on what works for women’s empowerment that are by norms surrounding masculinity. In conflict settings, boys drawn from FCS countries or FCV settings alone.4 Sonnenfeld and young men are more likely than girls and women to die or et al’s (2020) review of the evidence on interventions that aim suffer physical and psychological trauma as a consequence of to build peaceful societies finds that evidence is concentrated voluntarily or involuntarily engagement in combat operations in a few areas (mental health and psychosocial support makes (Buvinic et al, 2013). While the perpetrators of violence (including up a third of the evidence base) and there are a number of areas intimate partners) are predominantly male as are members of where primary evidence has not yet been synthesized. 5 Children getting the daily ration of water, Juba, South Sudan. Credit: Punghi IMPROVING GENDER OUTCOMES IN FCV: food security, human security, and social safety nets LESSONS FROM WORLD BANK GROUP take precedence. Weak institutional and implementation capacity can create tensions between emergency responses ENGAGEMENT and investments in conflict prevention and longer-term In all FCV settings, the World Bank Group seeks to accelerate development and poverty reduction (IEG 2023). progress on eliminating GBV, elevating human capital, enabling more and better economic opportunities, and World Bank Group experience reveals seven actions that engaging women as leaders (World Bank Group 2024-30 development partners, governments, and other stakeholders Gender Strategy). Empowering women in FCV settings can help can take to help advance gender equality in FCV settings. prevent future conflict and ameliorate the disproportionate Actions include forging partnerships to deliver basic services, impacts of armed conflict on women and girls (World Bank enabling women’s access to economic opportunities, sustaining 2020e). It is necessary to shift engagement in FCV settings so commitment and financial resources, engaging women as women and girls are supported not just as a vulnerable group, leaders, applying laws and regulations, influencing informal but also as agents of change who can help catalyze the changes institutions and norms, and understanding the intersectionality needed in communities and institutions to break out of cycles of of vulnerabilities. conflict, fragility, and violence. Accelerating progress on gender equality is also part of addressing drivers of fragility and conflict, 1. Forge partnerships to deliver basic services such as conflicts over natural resources resulting from climate In FCV settings providing essential services and social shocks. Women’s participation and leadership in climate action protection is often at the forefront of World Bank Group are associated with better management of natural resources, engagement. High-risk levels, uncertainty, and fluidity conservation outcomes, and disaster preparedness. associated with fragile settings call for a mixed, innovative, agile, and adaptable portfolio (Word Bank, 2022). Delivering services The empowerment of women, girls, and people discriminated in FCV is challenging because of the breakdown of institutions, against based on sexual orientation and gender identity laws, and regulations and markets. Addressing gender inequality requires long-term engagement and investments that in such settings requires context-specific, people-centric and transform gender norms and address barriers to gender out-of-the-box approaches to ensure critical services reach all outcomes. Yet, often immediate needs for basic services, 3 Systematic reviews are considered to be the best source of evidence for policy-related decisions making (see 3ie guidance on using evidence gap maps, https://www.3ieimpact.org/sites/default/files/2019-02/how-to-read-egm-document-top.pdf). 4 3ie has an ongoing systematic review that focuses on the effectiveness of interventions around strengthening women’s empowerment, gender  equality, and the role of women as agents of change in fragile contexts. https://www.3ieimpact.org/blogs/systematic-approach-building- evidence-base-gender-equality-and-womens-empowerment-fragile 6 in need, including women and girls, and lift barriers and create In Yemen, a partnership with the United Nations (UN), local gender transformative change. World Bank supported social service delivery institutions, and the private sector enabled protection programs increasingly follow a system approach to the World Bank to deliver urgent services to vulnerable balance immediate needs with building the medium to long-term populations, including women and girls, at a time when the resilience of households and institutions. World Bank did not have a physical presence in-country and could not work directly with government institutions. The The World Bank Group works with partners to meet Emergency Crisis Response Project (ECRP) combined a people- immediate needs while delivering services to close gender centered approach to service delivery that preserved the gaps. The protracted and complex nature of FCV settings capacity of local actors to respond to immediate needs with requires coordination across partners within the humanitarian, a focus on longer-term resilience building to enable recovery development, peacebuilding, private, and government sectors. when at peace. Partnership between the UN agencies and Strategic partnerships take advantage of each group’s local service delivery institutions gave access to most of the competencies in addressing the effects and drivers of violence territory and enabled engagement with local authorities and and conflict. The World Bank’s FCV Strategy underscores the communities across the country, regardless of the warring utility of scaled-up engagement with civil society organizations party in control of the territory. Empowering women and girls, (CSOs) at the country and local level in FCV settings, particularly meeting their immediate needs, and narrowing gender gaps in those operating in insecure areas and in proximity to vulnerable human capital and economic opportunities were central to the and marginalized communities, and those that are women-led response (Box 1). and promote women and girls’ empowerment. BOX 1: YEMEN EMERGENCY CRISIS RESPONSE PROJECT From 2015 to 2022, Yemen experienced a protracted conflict the Small and Micro Enterprise Promotion Service, and they, that resulted in extensive damage and a severe humanitarian in turn, collaborated with community-based organizations crisis. The conflict forced 4 million people to flee their homes, and the local private sector. with 3.25 million people suffering from acute malnutrition and 5 million at risk of famine. Additionally, 16.2 million people The ECRP aimed to protect human capital and preserve local faced food insecurity due to war damage, which disrupted the service delivery institutions and the national social protection production, storage, and distribution of food and goods. system to maintain hard-won development gains. To that end, Village Cooperative Councils (VCCs) were established. In response to the political and security crisis, the World Bank Half of the 23,600 elected councilors were women, who canceled its portfolio in Yemen in 2015, but the very next year, the actively participated in community self-help initiatives. Bank established a new model of partnership with UN agencies Other significant results included 682,000 female-headed to leverage their in-country presence and experience operating in households receiving predictable cash assistance, 2,800 active conflict settings. This led to the launch of the Emergency women assisted in getting their national identity card, Crisis Response Project (ECRP) in partnership with the United 662,000 mothers and children benefitting from nutrition Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and later expanded services, and 135,000 women benefitting from temporary to include the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). jobs. Young women were trained and employed as community health and nutrition promoters and schoolteachers and women This approach built on the World Bank’s long-standing engineers were hired for public works projects. The project relationships with local Yemeni institutions rooted in also provided grants and technical support to sustain 13,700 community-based service delivery. They proved resilient women farmers and 2,300 livestock breeders. Grants and in- and fairly independent from political pressures throughout kind support were provided to support nearly 6,500 small and the crisis. The project engaged local institutions, such as the micro-enterprises, with 47 percent women beneficiaries. Social Fund for Development, the Public Works Project, and Al-Ahmadi,Afrah Alawi; De Silva,Samantha.2018 World Bank Group projects use entry points across different to sustainably manage forests and foster women’s voice, sectors to strengthen local institutions and women’s agency, and economic empowerment. Women accounted for leadership capacity within them. For example, in Burkina Faso, 48 percent of project beneficiaries, and nearly 5,800 women the Decentralized Forest and Woodland Management Project were trained in forest governance. In Myanmar, the World developed the capacity of communities and local institutions, Bank’s International Finance Corporation’s (IFC) Powered by such as women’s and farmer’s grassroots organizations, Women program supported seven leading renewable energy 7 firms in enhancing women’s role in community stakeholder authorities, community institutions, and community-based engagements. It led to increased opportunities for women in the organizations, including women’s groups, to increase women’s hydropower sector, including more jobs in leadership positions participation in community management committees and their (Maynes et al 2022). The ongoing Lake Chad Region Recovery economic empowerment. The World Bank Group is also focused and Development project aims to build the capacity of local on supporting local NGOs and CSOs in Afghanistan (Box 2). BOX 2: SUPPORTING THE PEOPLE OF AFGHANISTAN Since August 2021, the World Bank and the Afghanistan support. They are implemented by UN agencies and NGOs Resilience Trust Fund (ARTF) have supported the people and include specific provisions to ensure that women and of Afghanistan through off-budget financing outside the girls benefit from project activities. Robust monitoring control of the interim Taliban administration (ITA). This frameworks are in place to assess whether women are financing has leveraged co-financing from other donors meaningfully involved in and benefit from project activities and partner organizations in support of critical basic and a third-party monitoring agent provides critical on- services. Projects focus on agriculture and food security, the-ground reporting. education, health, livelihoods, water, and NGO/CSO In conflict and crisis situations, humanitarian interventions Enable women’s access to economic opportunities 2.  often operate at a large scale, but gender analysis is rarely Enabling women’s access to economic opportunities can help applied, resulting in a missed opportunity to address gender- address disruptions in market activities and related job losses based inequalities and mobilize women. For humanitarian and reduced incomes in FCV settings. Women often encounter action to be effective, it must be implemented with an more barriers than men regarding access to finance, property understanding of changing gender norms and roles (Daigle, M rights, and discriminatory social norms that restrict their 2022). Investment in understanding power dynamics and the economic participation. FCV settings can also exacerbate GBV, actors with influence on attitudes toward and the treatment directly impacting women’s involvement in markets and limiting of women and girls in the policy arena can help identify acute their mobility. Limited access to resources and services, like risks and longer-term vulnerability and how best to mitigate education, health care, infrastructure, and financial services, them. The global debate about linking humanitarian assistance further hinder women’s economic engagement. Women’s with development interventions that seek to build resilience and economic participation including entrepreneurship and access capacity for recovery has gained traction in recent years, yet to markets are central to maintaining functioning economies significant convergence remains elusive (Kreidler, C., Battas, in FCV settings, so breaking down barriers and ensuring equal S., Seyfert, K. & Saidi, M. 2022). While saving lives is a priority access to resources are crucial (Box 3). Economic independence in crisis situations, in FCV settings, crises are often recurrent can enhance women’s decision-making power within their and prolonged. This demands a balance between meeting households and communities. It can also challenge traditional immediate needs and building community and institutional gender roles and norms, leading to greater gender equality. capacity to help the transition from humanitarian dependency to recovery and peacebuilding. BOX 3: CLOSING GENDER GAPS IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR Women play a vital role in agriculture and food supply chains In Yemen, the Desert Locust Project's cash for work as farmers, producers, and traders, but they face barriers that program supports incomes of female farm laborers and limit their access to markets, information, finance, and labor. helps increase women’s contributions to household income World Bank investments to close gender gaps in agriculture and food security. It aims to expand women’s options to that have proved successful in various settings. They include engage in different types of activities while taking into supporting women to get their products to markets, targeting account their traditional, dual responsibilities at home and cash transfers directly to female farmers and leveraging on the farm. and developing digital infrastructure while providing mobile phones to women farmers (World Bank 2020b). 8 Investments in infrastructure are often needed to improve enterprises, including many small, women-led providers, to access to markets. In the Solomon Islands, the Community meet growing demand. Access and Urban Services Enhancement (CAUSE) project supported the government equalized economic opportunities Personal initiative training has helped female entrepreneurs between women and men by improving the basic infrastructure increase profits in several countries, including in FCV settings.5 and services. The project also prioritized skills training, short- The World Bank’s Africa Gender Innovation Lab helped scale term employment, and income-generating activities. up a successful personal initiative training program in nine countries, including the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Designing projects that respond to women’s responsibility and Ethiopia, after finding that women who participated in the for childcare and domestic work is essential. For example, the training in Togo saw a 40 percent increase in profits, compared Yemen Emergency Crisis Response project sought to provide to those who followed a traditional business training (World short-term employment to the most vulnerable, including Bank 2020a).The Africa GIL has also worked with partners to women, to respond to alarming levels of food insecurity. A key adapt this curriculum for women farmers and is now testing its component was providing flexible hours and on-site childcare effectiveness in Mozambique. to enhance women’s access to the public works program. In Burkina Faso, the Social Safety Net Project provided childcare The private sector plays a leading role in job creation in FCV support to supplement income and skills development settings and often replaces the public sector in delivering programs for women. The Djibouti Regional Economic Corridor services. Purposeful partnerships with the private sector project also uses childcare services to improve conditions for can increase women’s labor market opportunities. Much of women traders on the border of Ethiopia and Djibouti. IFC’s engagement focuses on expanding opportunities for female entrepreneurs, for example through MSME financing or Access to childcare ensures women can participate in the advisory support to female farmers/ cooperatives, and linking workforce which benefits business as well. The private sector female entrepreneurs to markets through corporate supply – as employers, investors, and partners – has a critical role to chains. For example, the IFC partnered with Activa Cameroon play in identifying and scaling solutions to tackle the global to address access on dual fronts: a) expanding access to childcare crisis, complementing public sector investments services for women such as tailored insurance products and and particularly in contexts where public resources are conducting training for agents/staff to enable them to sell, and constrained. IFC’s flagship report on Tackling Childcare b) creating job and income opportunities for employees and as well as a country reports (including from Myanmar, Iraq agents. Other examples of IFC’s work on job creation include and Lebanon) show that employer-supported childcare can Diversity4Palestine and Nigeria2Equal projects. Private sector improve the recruitment, retention, and promotion of women, leaders can also be mobilized to change attitudes and transform lower absenteeism and turnover, and boost productivity and gender norms through workplace-based interventions. This can employee satisfaction. A recent IFC study from Nigeria also be achieved by addressing gender gaps that prevent women highlights the importance supporting the growth of care from fully participating in the workforce (Box 4). BOX 4: MOBILIZING THE PRIVATE SECTOR ON GENDER EQUALITY Under the Waka Mere project in Solomon Islands, additional responsibilities. More women are employed in companies identified gender roles and GBV as the two key jobs traditionally held by men. drivers of workplace gender inequality and low participation of women in the workforce. Participating companies A public-private-civil society partnership in Papua New made changes to their policies and practices and invested Guinea (PNG), the Bel isi Initiative, aims to galvanize the in a holistic and locally-relevant leadership course for private sector to play a transformational leadership role in women that covered all their businesses. They also made changing attitudes toward family and sexual violence and changes in policies and practices. After participating also provides services including case management and in Waka Mere, companies and their employees report safe housing to victims of domestic and sexual violence. An significant advances in workplace gender equality. Results evaluation of the Initiative showed productivity increases, include improved skills and confidence, and greater job cost savings, and a reduction in lost work time in the opportunities for women, with 80 percent of the first firms that adopted and followed workplace measures and cohorts of leadership graduates receiving a promotion or policies, along with attitudinal shifts. 5 See the World Bank Gender Thematic Note on What Works in Supporting Women-led Businesses for more details and additional examples. 9 Sustain commitment and financial resources 3.  Over the past six years, the World Bank has increased its investments to close gender gaps in FCV settings (Figure 2). Transformational change requires sustained policy The World Bank has also focused on addressing the drivers commitment and financial resources. The World Bank Group of FCV, especially for those affected by multiple forms of recognizes women’s important role in resilience, security, justice, vulnerability and marginalization, including women and girls. and economic development in order to achieve sustainable Investments are being scaled up by progressively targeting development outcomes. Both the Bank’s FCV Strategy (2020– more beneficiaries, strengthening country systems (including 25) and its Gender Strategy (2024–30) make corporate institutions and policy frameworks), and coordinating with commitments to supporting gender equality in FCV settings. other development partners on a common strategy to deliver Both strategies recognize that achieving gender equality is larger, complementary programs or “delivering as one” (IEG 2023). particularly challenging in FCV settings, yet action is critical for building peace and resilience. The FCV Strategy aligns its gender The number of projects to close gender gaps in FCV-affected equality goals with the Gender Strategy, by affirming that the countries rose from 39 in 2017 to 130 in 2022. During fiscal World Bank will help countries close gender gaps in education, years (FY) 2017–22, 605 projects in FCV-affected countries were economic opportunities, and access to labor markets; tailor approved by the World Bank Board of Directors. Of these, over social protection for households whose family structures have 75 percent met the “gender tag,” meaning that a logical chain been disrupted by conflict; increase access to finance for addressing a gender gap (including analysis, actions, and results women-owned businesses; provide empowerment opportunities indicators) was presented in final project appraisal documents for youth at risk; prevent and respond to GBV; and enhance (PADs). Of these, 70 percent of projects addressed one or more women’s participation in all levels of governance, including gender gaps related to improving human endowments, removing peace and state-building processes (IEG 2023) recognizing the constraints for more and better jobs, removing barriers to complexity involved in FCV settings and calling for country- women’s ownership of and control over assets and, enhancing specific and conflict-sensitive approaches to implementation. women’s voice and agency and engaging men and boys. FIGURE 2: NUMBER OF WORLD BANK PROJECTS THAT ADDRESS GENDER GAPS IN FCS COUNTRIES 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 AFE AFW EAP ECA LCR MNA SAR Note: Projects address one or more of the four pillars of the Gender Strategy (FY17- FY23): improving human endowments, removing constraints for more and better jobs, removing barriers to women’s ownership of and control over assets, and enhancing women’s voice and agency and engaging men and boys. Nineteen projects addressed gender gaps not related to one or more of the pillars. AFE-Africa Eastern and Southern; AFW – Africa Western and Central; EAP – East Asia and Pacific; ECA – Europe and Central Asia; LCR – Latin America and Caribbean; MNA – Middle East and North Africa; and SAR – South Asia. A gender flag is applied to IFC operations. In FY23, IFC’s gender Financial sustainability can be achieved by integrating flagged LTF projects increased to 43 percent of total LTF projects, gender considerations into strategic planning, such as compared to 12-14 percent in prior years. Similarly, on the advisory Country Partnership Frameworks (CPFs), and ensuring side, gender-flagged projects reached 56 percent in FY23 compared that gender-responsive actions are embedded within these to 42 percent in FY19-22.IFC has a significant gender footprint frameworks to align the Bank’s resources with initiatives in fragile states, working on specific themes, such as expanding that aim to close gender gaps. Leveraging the private sector financial inclusion, strengthening agribusiness value chains, creating as an important partner in promoting gender-transformative income-generating opportunities, supporting a more equitable care private investment is also critical. This could involve economy, and addressing GBV and sexual harassment. In many supporting policies and reforms that encourage private sector FCV settings, such as Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Myanmar, and involvement, as well as fostering public-private partnerships Solomon Islands, IFC works with groups of companies through peer that are financially prudent. These efforts help to mobilize learning platforms to drive and scale impact. IFC’s Africa Fragility additional resources for gender equality initiatives and ensure Initiative (AFI) has a strong gender program applied across conflict their long-term financial viability. assessments and operations in 32 FCV-affected countries. 10 Strengthening institutional resilience and capacity is another institutionalize progress on gender equality (e.g., through new cornerstone for sustainability. By building robust national constitutions, the formation of new governments, and the systems and improving state functions, the Bank helps to development of new social contracts). create a stable foundation for gender equality initiatives to thrive. This focus on institutional strength underpins the Apply laws and regulations 5.  sustainability of development outcomes and ensures that for gender equality progress made in closing gender gaps can be maintained over Engaging in FCV settings requires knowledge on how laws time. These elements work in concert to create a sustainable and regulations impact women, girls, sexual, and gender financial ecosystem that supports the advancement of gender minorities. Armed with relevant evidence and information, equality in some of the world’s most challenging environments. policy dialogues can then focus on how reforms and operational engagements can catalyze gender equality outcomes. The Engage women as leaders to promote 4.  World Bank has addressed legal, regulatory, and institutional stability and peace reforms in several FCV settings using a range of instruments, Women’s participation in community-level decision making including Programs for Results (PforRs) and Development leads to greater accountability, increased responsiveness Policy Financing (DPFs). to citizen needs, and better social cohesion (Klugman et al 2014). World Bank Group projects across the public and private For example, World Bank-led advocacy in DRC resulted in sectors have identified different entry points to support and the adoption of a new Family Code. In 2013, the Ministries build women’s leadership capacity. In Yemen, the Emergency of Gender and Justice proposed revisions, which included Crisis Response Project worked to empower communities removing the requirement for women of marital authorization through the establishment of Village Cooperative Councils, in to sign a contract, register a business, and open a bank which women are given more prominent roles alongside male account. Parliament adopted the new Family Code in 2016, village council members (Box 1). Project implementation units but implementation has been uneven, especially in the most can also advance women’s leadership, not only by employing conservative regions of the country where customs and gender experts, but also by creating a pipeline of women social norms impede the growth of women-led businesses who can advance to technical and leadership roles through (Braunmiller and Dry 2022 and Ubfal 2023). The WB SME internships, mentoring, and shadowing programs. Building Growth and Development Project (PADMPME) and the women’s leadership capacity at the community level has Empowering Women Entrepreneurs and Upgrading MSMEs important contributions to wider stabilization goals. for Economic Transformation (TRANSFORME) projects in DRC include activities to disseminate the code (addressing potential Women’s organizations are often key players in civil society, information gaps) and promote behavioral change that can fostering social cohesion to promote peace and counter lead to its implementation. drivers of fragility. For example, during the civil war in Liberia, women’s groups campaigned actively against wartime rape Regulatory reforms can help close gender gaps and reduce and advocated on behalf of women’s issues. At the end of poverty among forcibly displaced communities. While data the civil war, women activists started peace huts to mediate and evidence are lacking, research is expanding (Box 5) and disputes, creating a more permanent way of mediating local the World Bank continues to build a track record of support for disputes and preventing violence while nurturing an ethic of gender-sensitive policies that benefit both refugees and hosts. peace and fostering social cohesion (Paffenholz et al. 2017). For example, a PforR in Jordan, the Economic Opportunities for In Iraq, while the inclusion of women, youth, and civil society Jordanians and Syrian Refugees, supported implementation in local peace agreements was not associated with safer of a component in the Jordan Compact that addresses Syrian conditions for the return of internally displaced people, their refugees’ formal access to the Jordanian labor market so they inclusion was associated with a longer duration of return (Parry can be self-reliant and contribute to the Jordanian economy (Ali and Aymerich 2022). Slimane et al 2020).The project targeted changes to regulations governing home-based work, which impact the economic Women have played important roles in countering violent opportunities of Syrian women refugees in Jordan who have extremism in many settings including non-FCV countries. For childcare responsibilities and limited mobility. example, Women’s Leadership Schools in the Kyrgyz Republic and programs in Morocco trained women as spiritual guides In FCV settings, it is often particularly important to analyze to lead prayers in community mosques and combat messages the coexistence of different legal systems (modern, customary, of extremism (Paffenholz et al. 2017). Some civil wars have and religious laws) and the constraints to law enforcement catalyzed women’s empowerment, building the momentum due to the possible coexistence of two conflicting political and for the creation of more gender-sensitive institutions and institutional orders (World Bank 2012, OECD 2019b, World legal frameworks, as evidenced in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Bank 2021b). In Chad, the Sahel Women Empowerment and Rwanda (Berry 2017), Liberia (World Bank Institute and IFC Demographic Dividend (SWEDD) program and in Burkina Faso, 2014) and Nepal (Ashild 2017). In post-conflict reconstruction, the Forest Implementation Program (FIP)-Decentralized Forest political changes may offer unique opportunities to initiate or and Woodland Management Project both adopted culturally sensitive approaches operating within customary law systems 11 to promote women’s access to land. Accompanying technical hectares between 2016 and 2019 (IEG 2020). In Burkina Faso, and financial support also helped women’s groups increased the FIP project helped women’s associations secure access to their productivity. In Chad, women’s groups were able to land and play a significant role in managing forest community increase their cultivated area from 152 hectares to 1,921 resources in a sustainable way (World Bank 2019a). BOX 5: BUILDING THE EVIDENCE-BASE ON THE GENDER DIMENSION OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT The ratification of the Global Compact on Refugees ° Ensure that targeting criteria consider in 2019 was an important milestone in international displacement-related factors aid efforts, but a stark lack of data and evidence has  ugment with productive inclusion measures, ° A stymied policy action that could improve responses to such as savings and loans groups, small grants, forced displacement. Research conducted by the Gender coaching, confidence building, gender dialogues, Dimensions of Forced Displacement (GDFD) research and training program* used large scale nationally representative ° Support internally displaced people and refugees quantitative datasets to fill critical policy-relevant as they graduate from assistance, empowering knowledge gaps. It developed innovative methods to them to continue positive economic and examine a range of interrelated drivers and manifestations livelihood trajectories. of gender inequality – including income and multi-  ink refugees and internally displaced people with • L dimensional poverty, livelihoods, gender norms and programs designed for them by providing legal the risks of experiencing intimate partner violence and identification and sharing information. child marriage. It offers the following recommendations for policies and programs to improve gender equality in Respond to elevated risks of intimate partner violence displacement settings. (IPV) and other forms of GBV for forcibly displaced women and girls. Respond to high monetary and multidimensional ncrease investments in programs to prevent, • I poverty rates of displaced communities. mitigate, and respond to violence experienced by both displaced women and host community women with  pening up economic opportunities for displaced • O consideration to diversity of individual identities and women by, for example, offering safe and accessible circumstances and adequacy of funding. education and training, reproductive health services, and affordable childcare, and lifting legal barriers for • Provide easily accessible health and psychosocial working women. support, financial and livelihood opportunities, and access to safety and justice to survivors of GBV that  ddressing gender gaps in school attendance, • A meet humanitarian minimum standards. primary school completion, unemployment, and legal identification in displaced households, while increasing  romote GBV prevention programming, including • P the levels of access in both host and displaced efforts to change social norms that underpin violence communities. in the community and interventions that provide women with financial resources to enable autonomous  dding components to projects that address childcare, • A decision making. GBV prevention and response, and lifetime learning and overcome mobility constraints by locating project • Set up consultative mechanisms so that the voices services close to communities. of displaced women can inform program design and implementation.  onsider elements of social protection to promote • C inclusion and opportunities: ncrease investments in prevention by engaging men and • I boys in accountable practices and introduce programs Include displaced people explicitly in social registries °  that seek to lower the risk of the co-occurrence of IPV and violence against children in the home. The Gender Dimensions of Forced Displacement (GDFD) research is funded by the Building the Evidence on Forced Displacement * research partnership which comprises of the United Kingdom’s Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, and the World Bank. The GDFD worked with academic researchers, and humanitarian and development practitioners to identify research questions, conduct analysis and produce results. Sources: Arango et al 2021, Hanmer et al 2022 12  nfluence informal institutions, attitudes, 6. I create synergies between prevention activities, community behaviors, and norms referrals, and access to services. These interventions are designed to provide an environment where knowledge that Informal institutions, including gender roles, social norms and challenges patriarchal gender norms can be shared and create attitudes, and social networks, influence gender equality. It lasting social and behavioral change. is important to engage with informal institutional change to promote gender equality and create a more inclusive society Safe spaces intervention under SWEDD enable girls to acquire that benefits all. The following approaches have contributed basic knowledge and meet with a mentor, often women active to gender transformative change in informal institutions in in the community. Together, they talk about issues not often FCV settings. The interventions provided as examples engaged discussed at home, like sexual and reproductive health and different actors and partners across sectors to address the gender roles. In the DRC, the Prevention and Response to GBV underlying drivers of gender inequality rooted in social norms Project expands the scope of community-based organizations’ and institutions and sought to challenge patriarchal power and activities and focuses on improving existing safe spaces and privilege to bring about gender transformative change. establishing new ones at the community level. These spaces create an environment of trust around service delivery and Effective GBV prevention and response requires understanding encourage service-seeking, ensuring that services for survivors informal institutions and their interaction with other actors are not stigmatizing and provided in a space that also offers and institutions in the policy arena. While there are multiple other activities targeting women and girls who have been entry points to address GBV in informal institutions, World Bank exposed to conflict more broadly. operations in FCV settings that include GBV prevention and response activities continue to be driven by urgent emergency Mobilize the community, including gatekeepers and interventions. For example, the Health and Gender Support influential leaders, such as married men, religious leaders, Project in Cox’s Bazaar, Bangladesh included an $8 million elders, and teens, and engage them in activities that aim program to respond to a dramatic increase in GBV associated to reinforce positive social norms about gender roles and with the influx of Rohingya refugees. In Ethiopia, the Response- attitudes. A body of evidence shows community mobilization Recovery-Resilience for Conflict-Affected Communities can prevent various forms of GBV (see Ellsberg et al 2015, provides GBV survivors with improved access to the services Jewkes et al 2020). The SASA!6 approach, for example, engages and comprehensive care needed to recover from the impacts of community members from various social and economic strata the violence they experienced. These are important initiatives in a structured process that has reduced IPV in some settings. but more is needed, especially additional progamming to Interactive and reflexive activities are used to unpack different support preventative measures that encompass challenging dimensions of power and other key themes, including gender the norms and behaviors that perpetuate GBV. inequality, violence, activism, and collective responsibility (Michau and Namy 2021). An evaluation of the results of Gender dialogue groups can create sustained positive norms SASA! Implemented in Kampala, Uganda from 2008 to 2012 change, including, but not limited to, reducing IPV. A gender indicates that SASA! reduced women’s risk of physical IPV dialogue group typically consists of learning activities about by 52 percent, reduced sexual concurrency among men (27 household and relationship dynamics targeted at women and percent of men in SASA! Communities, compared to 45 percent their partners. It is often implemented over several weeks and in control communities), and reduced the social acceptability of combined with interventions that seek to reinforce positive violence (76 percent of women and men in SASA! Communities norms change. The World Bank has started to include gender rejected men’s use of violence against women, compared to dialogue groups in its operations, including in FCV settings, only 26 percent in control communities) (Abramsky et al 2014). although results are yet to be evaluated. For example, the Results from qualitative findings show that participation Cameroon Social Safety Nets project includes couples training in SASA! Enhanced various aspects of intimate partner integrated into the existing package of measures for beneficiary relationships, such as increasing trust and cooperation, more households. The goal is to reduce IPV by influencing behaviors open communication, and a broader aspiration to strengthen and shifting perceptions of social norms around violence. the partnership (Kyegombe et al 2014). In Burundi, the Cash for Jobs Project includes a behavior change component with training sessions on recognizing and The “husband school” implemented through the SWEDD preventing gender-based domestic violence. program works to transform the habits and biases of married men and future husbands. In western Burkina Faso, the husband Creating safe spaces for women and adolescent girls can school resulted in men helping their wives with household chores impact girls’ decisions and future life courses and engender and participating in maternal health and family planning. gender-transformative change. Community safe spaces The Harnessing the Demographic Dividend project focuses 6 SASA! is an evidence-based community mobilization approach to prevent violence against women. 13 on raising awareness among parents and their daughters Use the productive inclusion approach, which builds about girls’ empowerment. The goal is to overcome restrictive on existing social protection programs to add assets, gender norms and positively influence parental aspirations and community support, and skills training to cash transfers. investments toward their daughters, specifically keeping girls The approach has achieved success across different in school and avoiding child marriage and early pregnancy. countries and cultures, including Afghanistan, where an evaluation found that per capita monthly consumption Evidence shows some adverse gender norms can be hard to increased by 30 percent compared to the control group, shift. For example, the West African NGO Tostan was an early and the share of households below the national poverty line leader in community-led approaches to end female genital decreased by 20 percentage points from 82 percent. This mutilation in Senegal; however, it has proven difficult to achieve was achieved mostly through the expansion of labor choices progress. UNICEF (2022) concludes that despite ongoing of ultra-poor women. Early results are also encouraging efforts, practice levels have not moved for at least the last two from other World Bank productive inclusion projects in decades. The World Bank Gender Innovation Labs are working FCV settings that include activities to increase women’s on several studies to build the evidence base on the impact of empowerment (Box 6). community mobilization on gender norms. BOX 6: INCREASING WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH PRODUCTIVE INCLUSION IN THE SAHEL Sahel Social Safety Net programs in Burkina Faso, Chad, The program evaluation shows a significant improvement Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal have been augmented in economic outcomes and strong impacts across various with an integrated set of productive inclusion measures dimensions of psychosocial well-being. Results on intra- tailored to the needs of cash transfer recipients, 90 household dynamics were mixed. Psychosocial and capital percent of whom are women. Activities included coaching, interventions both increased women’s psychosocial well- the creation of savings and loan groups, support to access being and empowerment, but in distinct ways. Women markets and psychosocial interventions, and cash grants in the capital arm experienced increased autonomy, of between $150 and $250 (capital intervention). These including greater control over their own earnings and were successfully delivered through existing government productive activities and an increased relative share of systems with community volunteers and NGOs. household revenues. Women in the psychosocial arm Psychosocial interventions—life-skills training and a strengthened social relationships with their partners and community-wide film screening and discussion targeting community, built social capital, and experienced increases social norms and collective aspirations—aimed to build in revenues primarily through other household members’ the skills of the beneficiaries and to strengthen support activities (Bossuroy et al 2022). they receive from their household and community. Work with men and boys on gender norms and masculinities Understand intersectionality of 7.  in conflict and post-conflict settings. A joint program between vulnerabilities in FCV the MenEngage Alliance and United Nations Population Fund It is vital to understand and address the vulnerabilities that (UNFPA) seeks to engage men and boys to reduce gender arise from the intersectionality of gender with disability, inequalities and decrease GBV (MenEngage Alliance and ethnicity, and race, as well as the risks that sexual and gender UNFPA 2012). Together, these organizations tailor education, minorities face in FCV settings. Intersectionality operates at awareness raising, and safe spaces interventions to encourage the personal level and within formal and informal institutions. men to play a positive and pivotal role in transforming gender Data are needed to understand how the intersectionality of norms. For example, the Men’s Leadership Program of Women different vulnerabilities impact gender minority groups and for Women International works with male community leaders in to inform policy and programming to address compounded the DRC to speak out against GBV and change negative gender gender-specific barriers and promote the voice and agency of norms. Similarly, a study by Promundo and CARE-Rwanda women, girls, and gender minority groups. found that engaging men in conversations with their partners who participate in a savings club program improved economic Worldwide, sexual and gender minorities face distinctive outcomes. In the Balkans region, Promundo and CARE worked development and protection challenges that are significantly with adolescent boys through the “Be A Man” (Budi Musko in more complex to address in FCV-affected environments and Serbo-Croation) campaign, which led to changes in attitudes in countries that criminalize homosexual acts. Attacks against and reductions in self-reported bullying behavior. sexual and gender minorities are amplified in FCV settings. 14 The collapse of institutions, destruction of already-weak Lack of data is a cross-cutting factor that hinders effective safe spaces, and breakdown of community and family bonds programming in health, education, access to justice, housing, exacerbate these challenges. employment, and other basic services for people in vulnerable situations in FCV settings. The World Bank is working with People with disabilities face an increased risk of injury, partners to close evidence gaps. For example, an assessment was death, sexual violence, and other serious harm. They often conducted in Uganda’s refugee-hosting districts to identify key have fewer options to flee because warnings, evacuation risk factors for GBV, map services, and provide recommendations routes, and emergency information are not accessible to them. for the prevention and response services (Government of Uganda Humanitarian assistance can be inaccessible, impacting health and World Bank 2020). The report recognizes that GBV against and well-being. The challenges faced by people with disabilities women and girls, especially IPV, was prevalent in both refugee and and sexual and gender minorities in FCV settings are higher for host communities, with disability (and childhood) an aggravating people facing multiple forms of vulnerabilities. Weak service factor. It also shows that existing services were uncoordinated delivery capacity and fragility and conflict-associated stresses and inaccessible in situations of intersecting GBV. A World Bank can exacerbate existing vulnerabilities making access to basic Toolkit has been produced to help staff increase the inclusion services, such as health, employment, and housing, more of women and girls with disabilities in operations (World Bank complicated in FCV settings. 2020d, Humanitarian Law Centre 2021, World Bank 2011). Students taking year end exams at Kardi School in Sana’a. Yemen. Credit: Bill Lyons/ World Bank CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS market failures impact women and girls, who also face barriers to economic empowerment created by gender disparities in Gender equality in FCV settings is complex and difficult to access to assets, financial services, technology, education, and achieve. FCV countries are often at the bottom of global gender skills. Family and community dynamics in response to conflict equality and human capital indexes. FCV settings are diverse can either enforce gender norms or result in shifts that create and rapidly changing, so there cannot be a one-size-fits-all opportunities for women and girls. approach. However, common challenges across FCV settings include weak formal institutions, weak rule of law, increased Women play an important role in conflict prevention tendencies for markets to fail, and conflict-related household and resolution and are essential to forging peace and disruptions. Understanding power dynamics is key to navigating stability. At the community level, women’s leadership and the policy arena. This includes attitudes and behaviors toward participation is an essential component of efforts to break women and girls, as well as norms around gender-specific roles cycles of violence and fragility. Addressing gender inequality and feminine and masculine ideals. Both formal and informal is an imperative for sustainable development and inclusive, institutions create specific gender challenges, often driven by stable, and peaceful societies. a lack of legitimacy and a breakdown in the rule of law. Labor 15 The following recommendations can help governments, role in safeguarding national systems and preventing further development partners, and the private sector address gender deterioration. This involves sustained engagement with state inequality and improve gender outcomes in FCV settings: institutions at both policy and service delivery levels. Preserving the capacity of state institutions and local actors during conflicts Build evidence on what works to close gender gaps in is essential not only for building resilience to manage fragility FCV settings. More interventions that purposively aim and conflict impacts but also for enhancing preparedness to close gender gaps and empower women, girls and all for recovery and peacebuilding. The scope of institutional others discriminated against because of gender need to be capacity building should extend beyond formal structures to implemented and evaluated. Partnerships between academic encompass support for local communities, women’s groups, and researchers and development practitioners with gender local influential bodies capable of challenging harmful gender expertise in interdisciplinary research have delivered results norms. Establishing partnerships and fostering collaboration (see Gender Dimensions of Forced Displacement and Sexual between development and humanitarian actors is imperative Violence Research Initiative) for achieving sustainable results. Areas where more research and evaluations are needed include Adapt rapidly to emerging challenges, notably at the whether and how investments in economic empowerment, intersection of climate and conflict. Data on the intersection livelihoods, community-driven development, and private of gender and climate are needed to understand impacts and sector mobilization can drive gender norms change; the develop effective adaptation and mitigation approaches. This intersectionality between gender and other vulnerabilities in will necessitate knowledge not just on effective interventions FCV; key population groups of concern, such as camp-based through impact evaluations, but a wide rage of information populations, returnees, and host communities. drawing on various data sources including climate data, household survey data and agricultural data to understand Understand the policy arena in FCV settings, including and address the gender elements of this intersection. Beyond power dynamics, gender norms, and behaviors. The analysis aggregate data illustrative statistics and stories drawn from of gender norms in FCV calls for sensitivity to the diversity the lives of individuals and trajectories of communities can of experiences within affected communities. While conflict create narratives with traction that resonate with actors in can reinforce traditional gender norms and exacerbate GBV, the policy arena as well as the development and humanitarian it can also create opportunities for challenging these norms community. Innovation, evidence, and knowledge sharing from and promoting gender equality through targeted interventions World Bank Group operational experience and engagement and inclusive policies. Understanding the specific context with partners are at a premium. and engaging with local communities and actors are crucial for effective responses that address the complex interplay of Innovate and collaborate in data collection and use. Up- gender dynamics in FCV settings. to-date information is needed to take on rapidly changing circumstances and design adequate responses in FCV settings. Engage with a wide range of national and local actors and Yet, fragile countries are among the most data-deprived, and development partners to better understand how formal and collecting data in FCV settings is challenging. A purposeful informal institutions, actors, and power relations play out in effort is needed to create and apply new methodologies, the policy arena in FCV settings and tailor solutions to local including process assessments and rigorous qualitative contexts. Work with local actors to identify champions and methods, as well as new data collection via satellites, drones, frame innovations to resonate with local perspectives. Deep and cell phone data. knowledge of local context and social structures can be gained by engaging with locally led and women-led organizations and The World Bank has accumulated significant experience using national gender experts and learning from the experience of phone surveys to monitor welfare in times of crisis and in development partners, including international NGOs and UN response to emergencies (Hoogeveen and Pape, 2020). Phone agencies active in the humanitarian space. The traditional surveys were successfully rolled out during the Ebola crisis. separation of humanitarian and development funding They have also been used worldwide to monitor the impact of hinders effective support. The World Bank Group’s increased extreme climate events and to track the effects of COVID-19 involvement in FCV-affected states could be crucial in breaking and inform policy responses. Some surveys have continued this cycle and fostering long-term development (IRC, 2023). for several years. For example, the panel survey Listening to Framing the evidence to inform policy dialogue and partnerships Tajikistan has been fielded for more than five years and over will help to engage broad coalitions and create partnerships to 62 survey rounds. In 2020, the World Bank and partners transform gender hierarchies and accelerate gender equality. launched an global data collection effort using high-frequency phone surveys, conducting over 400 rounds in more than 100 Strengthen national systems and formulate long-term plans countries. Innovations to household survey data collection were to address gender inequality, including responses to GBV, in also developed for Somalia (Pape and Wollburg 2019) where, in FCV settings. Where state institutions have weakened or are the absence of a recent census, geospatial techniques and high- on the verge of collapse, development partners can play a vital resolution imagery were used to model the spatial population 16 A worker at the Truitier debris management site in Haiti. Credit: Romel Simon / World Bank distribution. These innovations can be leveraged to strengthen Bank Operations: Taking Stock After a Decade of Engagement partnerships and increase the production and analysis of sex- Gender-Based Violence Prevention 2021-23 (World Bank disaggregated data, such as the UNHCR World Bank Joint 2023d) sets out a vision for deepening GBV preventions and Data Center on Forced Displacement. response in the decades ahead. Prioritize gender equality outcomes as part of country Adapt operations in FCV settings to advance gender engagement. New approaches to country partnership equality outcomes. This includes developing implementation strategies can improve coherence and coordination across frameworks outlining the division of responsibilities between analytics and programs and balance meeting immediate state and non-governmental actors to ease mutual distrust, needs with longer-term gender outcomes. The World Bank bringing services closer to people through mobile service Country Partnership Framework documents can elevate provision, and building on community infrastructure. Create ambition and enhance accountability for gender outcomes. safe spaces for GBV survivors and expand support for women’s At the same time, the scale of poverty and gender inequality economic inclusion. Maintain flexible approaches informed by in FCV settings demands mobilizing finance and building ongoing analysis of demands for services and opportunities to partnerships to put gender equality at the center of conflict strengthen service provision to adapt interventions to dynamic prevention and building resilience. and often insecure contexts (World Bank 2023b). Increase efforts and investments to prevent and respond to Invest in partnerships, with balance between state actors, GBV, which is disproportionately prevalent in FCV settings and NGOs, development partners, and communities. These focused contributes to the overall cycle of violence. 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