FINAL REPORT MADAGASCAR LEVERAGING CITIES AS DRIVERS OF GROWTH AND URBANIZATION STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION REVIEW 2024 © Maurice Brand Wichtiger HINWEIS ! Innerhalb der Schutzzone (hellblauer Rahmen) darf kein anderes Element platziert werden! Ebenso darf der Abstand zu Format- resp. Papierrand die Schutzzone nicht verletzen! Hellblauen Rahmen der Schutzzone nie drucken! Siehe auch Handbuch „Corporate Design der Schweizerischen Bundesverwaltung“ Kapitel „Grundlagen“, 1.5 / Schutzzone www. cdbund.admin.ch © 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Adaptations - If you create an adaptation of this work, Development please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole external contributions. 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Mpanao Hatsarana, MpH™ © Dudarev Mikhail TABLE OF CONTENTS T ABLE OF CONTENTS M MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW The Madagascar Urbanization Review aims to: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 GOALS THE BIG PICTURE : 1 Madagascar’s urban transition an untapped opportunity to leverage PART MALAGASY CITIES AND a demographic and spatial transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 URBANIZATION Rapid urban population growth is occurring in a context of overall economic stagnation while poverty remains high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 A sizeable share of urban residents are still employed in agriculture suggesting only limited structural transformation due to incipient urbanization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Malagasy cities are experiencing population growth at different rates, with capital, Antananarivo (Tana) leading the country’s development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Urban population growth has been driven by natural growth and migration. Migration is more related to a «push» from rural areas combined with the pull of prosperous urban areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Urbanization is taking place in a context of increased natural disasters and climate change . . . . . . . 16 Cities could play a pivotal role in poverty reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Cities are central to the economy but could be leveraged further . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Informality is hampering productivity, competitiveness and livability in urban areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 REVUE DE L’URBANISATION DE MADAGASCAR THE BOTTLENECKS: PART 2 CHALLENGES AND 2.1. Madagascar Territorial development and Urban System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Visions for Territorial Development and Cities exists but have not been translated CONSTRAINTS into a strategic plans to support Madagascar sustainable development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Madagascar is not operating as a system of cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 The lack of connectivity between cities limits the development of a working urban system and thus, urban growth potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Identifying value chains could put Madagascar on the path to structural transformation . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.2. Spatial development of cities : urban expansion, land, housing and resilience .29 Malagasy cities are characterized by urban expansion (largely informal) into flood-prone areas. . . . . 30 The shortage of well-located affordable housing is a driver of informal settlements and uncontrolled urban expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Dysfunctional urban land markets are hindering urban development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Cities face multiple hazards that lead to massive damages and reversal of developmental gains; coastal cities are especially exposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.3. Basic services and Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Major infrastructure gaps and weak service delivery are apparent across all urban areas, with disparities between different sized cities and among the large cities: local governments are not meeting the demand for basic services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Investments in urban transport have not kept up with the extension of urban areas and population growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Solid waste production increases with growing urban populations, however solid waste management remains underdeveloped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.4. Urban governance: Decentralization and local government finance . . . . . . . . . . . 38 The governance challenge of Urban Communes: incomplete decentralization and a weak urban policy leave local governments with poor capacity and direction to foster the sustainable growth of cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 The financial challenge of urban communes : insufficient financial resources to play an active role in urban development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 CHALLENGES AND THE BOTTLENECKS: 3.1. A long-term roadmap for tapping the urbanization potential of Madagascar . . .45 PART A Long-Term Roadmap for Tapping the Urbanization otential of Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 CONSTRAINTS Pillar 1. Strengthen the national urban development policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Pillar 2. Implement a coordinated policy framework at national level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Pillar 3. Increase investments and financing for resilient urban infrastructure and services . . . . . . . . 51 Pillar 4. Improve institutional performance and capacity of cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.2. Specific recommendations targeted by city typology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 National level : Orient the urban policy towards the economicdevelopment objectives of the territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Metropolitan level : Manage the Antananarivo region more effectively and sustainably . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Larges cities : Close the financial gap and invest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 A ANNEX Defining Urbanization in Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Définir l’urbanisation à Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Définir l’urbanisation à Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Damage by region associated with 4 cyclones in January/February 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 REVUE DE L’URBANISATION DE MADAGASCAR 9 THE MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW AIMS TO: ‚ Contribute to the 2019 National Policy for Urban Development (Politique National de Développement Urbain), the main policy document outlining the priorities for cities in Madagascar. ‚ Serve as a diagnostic tool to identify the key barriers to sustainable and equitable urban growth in the country ‚ Offer a set of recommended investment priorities and their sequencing, to support governments in making informed decisions on the future development of cities. ‚ Promote an integrated approach to urban development and improve government capacity. ‚ Promote an integrated approach to urban development and improve government capacity. ‚ Help city leaders and national policy makers to: i. Think strategically about the opportunities offered by urbanization; ii. Address key bottlenecks that are holding back the potential benefits of urbanization; iii. Develop plans to address cities’ most pressing issues; and iv. Build consensus between the national and local levels to drive the urban policy agenda. 10 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW PART 1. THE BIG PICTURE: MALAGASY CITIES AND URBANIZATION 11 MADAGASCAR’S URBAN TRANSITION AN UNTAPPED OPPORTUNITY TO LEVERAGE A DEMOGRAPHIC AND SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION § Only 30 of Madagascar’s population lives in cities 7 7 million in 2018, less § Madagascar is urbanizing at lower per capita GDP than world comparators than the average of Sub Saharian African countries 41 Malagasy cities generate 75 of the country’s GDP However, they are not leveraging the opportunity for spatial and economic transformation that has § But Madagascar is urbanizing faster than other SSA countries (urban pop. accompanied urbanization in other countries growth rate at 44 vs 40 The share of urban population will surpass the rural share by 2036 Population Growth GDP per capita 60,000,000 100 Urban Population (%) Latin America 50,000,000 & Caribbean 10 40,000,000 30,000,000 10 20,000,000 Madagascar 40 Mozambique Sub-Saharan Africa 10,000,000 20 Uganda 0 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 Rwanda 0 Population Urban Population Rural Population 500 5 000 50 000 Source: WDI using UN World Population Prospects 2019 data Note : Gray dots correspond to values from 2017 for all countries. 12 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW RAPID URBAN POPULATION GROWTH IS OCCURRING IN A CONTEXT OF OVERALL ECONOMIC STAGNATION WHILE POVERTY REMAINS HIGH § Globally, economic growth and transformation are associated with increasing § The agriculture sector is the biggest employer, but GDP per capita has been urbanization the release of labor from agriculture as people move to cities and declining since the 90 s Services have the highest contribution to GDP per capita, take on more productive jobs lead to sustained labor productivity increases. but value added has been stagnant since 1990. However, while Madagascar’s economy has been growing at a modest pace, real income per capita has been declining currently about 45 § Poverty is increasing rather than reducing with urbanization : As of 2020 81 below its 1960 level. lived in extreme poverty nationally, up from 78 in 2010 and 64 in the early 2000s. GDP and population growth Value added by sector to GDP Contribution by sector to employment (%) Index = 100 in 1960 600 6060 500 500 90 90 78 78 constant 2010 USD constant 2010 USD Value added (% of GDP) employment Value added (% of GDP) 74 total employment GDP per capita GDP Population 450 450 80 80 74 5050 400 400 70 70 500 4040 4949 350 350 60 60 44 44 300 300 50 50 of total 3030 23 23 250 250 400 3131 200 200 40 40 30 percent of 20201414 30 150 150 16 17 17 20 20 20 16 percent 300 100 100 20 1010 50 10 10 50 9 9 200 0 0 -- 6 -- 6 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 100 Agriculture, Agriculture, forestery, forestery, and and fishing fishing Agriculture, forestry, Agriculture, forestry, and and fishing fishing Industry Industry (including (including construction) construction) Industry (including Industry construction) (including construction) 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Services Services Services Services GDP per capita GDP per capita Source: Madagascar SCD 2022 Source: WDI 2022 Source: WDI 2022 13 A SIZEABLE SHARE OF URBAN RESIDENTS ARE STILL EMPLOYED IN AGRICULTURE SUGGESTING ONLY LIMITED STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION DUE TO INCIPIENT URBANIZATION § 24 of the total urban population still work in agriculture, many at § The size of the urban area matters to the percentage of residents still engaged in subsistence level. agricultural activities, reaching more than 53 in small towns Share of urban population employed in agriculture Share of urban population employed in agriculture by city size Population 350,000 Toamasina Rural 85% 300,000 Below 25k 53% 250,000 Majunga Antsirabe 25 to 100k 36% 200,000 Fianarantsoa Toliara 100k to 1 million 9% 150,000 Antsiranana Imeritsiatosika Amboasary Atsimo 2% Fort Dauphin Sambava Ambatondrazaka Antananarivo Ambovombe Mananara Avaratra Tsiroanomandidy Antalaha Moramanga Ambilobe Vaingandrano Maroantsetra 100,000 Ambato Boeny Ambanja Betioky Atsimo Nosy Be Andilamena Manakara Ambositra Sainte Marie Vavatenina Marovoay Mahanoro Ampanihy Mampikony Malaimbady Mampikony Brickaville 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Port Bergé Vatomandry Ikongo Andapa Ihosy 50,000 Fenerive Est Antsohihy Farafangana Fishing and aquaculture 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Forestry and logging Percent employment in agriculture/animal husbandry Source: Computed using Census, 2018 Source: Computed using Census, 2018 14 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW MALAGASY CITIES ARE EXPERIENCING POPULATION GROWTH AT DIFFERENT RATES, WITH CAPITAL, ANTANANARIVO (TANA) LEADING THE COUNTRY’S DEVELOPMENT § Antananarivo has 13 million people 4 times the size of the next city (Toamasina). Distribution of the population over the 7 largest cities The Greater Tana metropolitan region totals 3 million inhabitants Antananarivo § Population growth of Tana is steady with the city welcoming 60 000 to 100 000 new inhabitants every year Tana is the country’s engine of economic growth contributing to 44% of the national GDP Mahajanga § But medium sized cities (25 k 100 k pop.) are growing in population faster Antsiranana than larger cities and small towns (5 k 25 k pop.) Toliara Antsirabe Fianarantsoa Toamasina Distribution of Cities by Population Size Source: Census, 2018 2,500,000 2,500,000 1993 2018 1993 2018 39% 39% Share of urban population employed in agriculture by city size 2,000,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 26% 26% 1,500,000 OF CITIES NUMBER 26% SIZE BY POPULATION 26% 49% 49% 1,000,000 36% Metropolitan 1,000,000 area (> 1M) 36% 1 Large city (100k - 1M) 6 500,000 16% 8% 500,000 16% 8% Medium size city (25k - 100k) 49 - - (5k – 25k) Small town 116 Above 1 million Between 100k and Between 25k and Below 25k En dessus de Entre 100k et Entre 25k En dessous 1 million 100k 1 million 1 million et 100l de 25k Total 172 Source: Citypopulation.de using INSTAT Census data 15 URBAN POPULATION GROWTH HAS BEEN DRIVEN BY NATURAL GROWTH AND MIGRATION. MIGRATION IS MORE RELATED TO A «PUSH» FROM RURAL AREAS COMBINED WITH THE PULL OF PROSPEROUS URBAN AREAS. Declining national fertility and under 5 mortality rates while life expectancy Districts with increasing from 45 years in 1970 to 66 in 2016 The districts in the more than 10% capital region are of migrated among those with (per 1,000 live births) pour 1 000 naissances vivantes Taux de mortalité des moins de 5 ans 8 200 population 8 are 200 Fertility rate (births per woman) Under 5 mortality rate (nombre de naissance par femme) 180 highest 180 number 7 concentrated 7 in 160 people born of 160 6 the Tana region 6 and 140 outside 140 their 5 near the 65largest 120 district 120 4 100 cities 4 100 3 80 3 80 Taux de fertilité 60 60 2 2 40 40 1 20 1 20 0 0 0 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Fertility rate Under 5 mortality rate Fertility rate Under 5 mortality rate Source: WDI, 2022 § Decline in agricultural output and in employment shares are perceived to be major drivers of rural-urban migration. § Increasing droughts in the South have resulted in lower agricultural outputs and food insecurity, pushing those in rural areas to move to cities, notably Toliara. Visualization of in/out migration of districts that have more than 10% of migrated population Source: Computed using Census, 2018 16 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW URBANIZATION IS TAKING PLACE IN A CONTEXT OF INCREASED NATURAL DISASTERS AND CLIMATE CHANGE § Madagascar‘s location, topography and socioeconomic conditions make it particularly vulnerable to climate change and extreme weather events, with cyclones, flooding, and drought posing the greatest risks in different parts of the country § The number of disaster related events impacting Madagascar has tripled over the last 20 years compared to the previous 20 year period. Recent cyclones ( 4 in January and February 2022 ) caused damages up to US 658 million TROPICAL CYCLONES • Most prevalent hazard in Madagascar (occurrence FLOOD average 3 times/year) across • Coastal zone retreat: Mahajanga North, (North-West) • East 85% of Average Annual • Morondava (southwest) Losses (AAL) • Toamasina and Manakara (East ) • Recent cyclones (4 in 4 weeks) caused damages up to US$658 million COASTAL EROSION DROUGHTS • Coastal zone retreat: • 3,104 exposed municipalities Mahajanga (North-West) MAIN CITIES with a population of 1,470,000 • Morondava (southwest) • Food insecurity affects 1/3 - • Toamasina and Manakara 2/3 of the population (East ) 17 CITIES COULD PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN POVERTY REDUCTION Estimated number of poor around primary and secondary cities Policies and investments at the city level that 100% Indicators of deprivation in urban facilitate access to basic services and jobs areas (South) Number of poor near major cities would support overall reductions in poverty 11 to 10,204 and inequality. 75% 10,204 to 31,403 31,403 to 70,810 70,810 to 171,172 § 1 in 5 poor people live in areas near major 171,172 to 381,624 cities. High concentrations of urban poverty 50% City type are noticeable around Toamasina, Tana, 41% 41% 1. Primary 2. Secondary Antsirabe, and Toliara. In Tana, 66% are 33% 3. Intermediate below the national poverty line. 22% 25% 25% 25% 28% 4. Small 25% 20% Source: WB, Madagascar Project Targeting Index (PTI). 2022 13% § Non-monetary poverty indicators 5% deteriorated in urban areas and mostly 3% stagnated in the poorest regions in the South. 0% y n ce ts er ng ty n l g e lit io tio in Fu ci se at an si ta rit ol tri ta W ou As g nd ho or ut ec ni in H § There has been limited ‘spillover’ effects m N te sc Sa ok El at ild Co of ol Ch s ho ar attributed to urban agglomeration to Ye Sc 2008 2018 overcome regional spatial disparities. Source: MICS (2018), DHS (2008), World Bank (Madagascar SCD Update 2022) 18 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW CITIES ARE CENTRAL TO THE ECONOMY BUT COULD BE LEVERAGED FURTHER § The 7 largest cities (pop. > 100k) house most formal sector jobs and attract a ‘well § The larger cities host most large firms and MSMEs. BUT businesses experience educated’ labor force. But most urban jobs are informal (60%). On average, significant growth constraints due to insufficient public services and infrastructure only 14% of the urban population is employed in a tradable sector. Agriculture still (especially in electricity). plays a significant role, especially in small towns (over 50% of jobs). § Urban centers provide relatively stable markets for agri- and aquacultural produce, and they house universities, healthcare facilities, administration services, and banking institutions - all essential for improving living and economic conditions of the general population. Employment by city/town size and by status Educational Attainment of Working Age Population (15-64) Rural Rural Rural Below 25k Below 25k de 25k En dessous Between 25k and 100k Between 25k and 100k Entre 25k et 100k Between 100k and 1 million Between 100k and 1 million Entre 100k et 1 million Above 1 million Above 1 million En dessus de 1 million 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 0% 40% 20% 60% 40% 80% 60% 100% 80% 100% Independent Employer Public employee Indépendant Employeur Salarié public Family worker No education Preschool Primary Travailleur familial Private employee Spot worker Salarié privé Travailleur à la tache Apprentice Other Secondary Apprenti Autre Branch AF Technical Higher study Source: Computed using Census, 2018 Source: Computed using Census, 2018 19 INFORMALITY IS HAMPERING PRODUCTIVITY, COMPETITIVENESS AND LIVABILITY IN URBAN AREAS Over 60% of urban residents live in slums; in Tana, 77% of the settlements are informal and below UN Habitat standards. § In the absence of tenured, well-located • Improvement and upgrading of informal land with access to services: businesses settlements is much more expensive and enterprises will not invest in cities, and than providing services to planned private sector supply of affordable housing urban areas will not increase. • Informal areas are much more § Without affordable housing alternatives vulnerable to natural disasters people who move to urban areas will resort to informal housing and slums will continue • Environmental degradation will to grow. 77% of the settlements in Tana are continue to increase with pressure from informal and below UN Habitat standards. transport emissions, disposal of sewage and waste. § Affordable housing is often built in the periphery of cities without planning, Continued imbalanced spatial growth increasing the unplanned sprawl of urban in urban areas will exacerbate social areas. inequalities. § Urban expansion and informality make it increasingly costly for cities to provide basic services – i.e., to extend water/ sanitation/drainage networks, to increase SWM collection, etc. 20 REVUE DE L’URBANISATION DE MADAGASCAR § Urbanization in Madagascar reflects the increase of urban population without expected economic growth and structural transformation. § While the bulk of the poor still live in rural areas, people are migrating to cities and the number of urban poor is increasing. § Three quarters of the country’s GDP is concentrated in urban areas, but – when compared to peers - Malagasy cities could be much greater drivers of resilient economic growth and of poverty reduction and could relief from continued actual economic trajectory. KEY § Climate change will greatly aggravate the situation as cities concentrate people and risks: in a business- as-usual scenario and non-resilient development, the economic costs and the vulnerability of the urban poor will increase exponentially TAKE-AWAYS with recurring natural disasters increasingly driven by climate change. § In the face of increasing urbanization and challenges that come with it, inaction will be costly in economical and social terms. It is urgent to intervene to leverage the opportunities that more efficient urbanization would bring in terms of poverty reduction, increased economic growth, and improved livability in urban areas. The following sections highlight the bottlenecks to tapping the urbanization potential of Malagasy cities and a plan to address the challenges and constraints, including a long-term roadmap and specific recommendations for interventions by city typology. 21 22 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW PART 2. THE BOTTLENECKS: CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS 23 2.1 MADAGASCAR TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT AND URBAN SYSTEM 24 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW VISIONS FOR TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT AND CITIES EXISTS BUT HAVE NOT BEEN TRANSLATED INTO A STRATEGIC PLANS TO SUPPORT MADAGASCAR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. MADAGASCAR ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS IS DOMINATING THE SPATIAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK NATIONAL SNAT NATIONAL LAND USE PLAN § The National Land Planning Policy was developed in 2006, and the 2019 National Urban Development Policy (PNDU) is the main policy 06 document outlining the 2040 vision for cities. PROVINCES § The vision is to “build a strong, prosperous, and united nation for the pride and well-being of the Malagasy people from (1) Well-planned, REGIONS 23 SRAT REGIONAL LAND USE PLAN safer, resilient, inclusive, equitable, sustainable, and identity-based cities for the Malagasy society and (2) Cities that will fully ensure their functions as service providers, economic development engines and INTER-COMMUNE SAIC INTERCOMMUNAL LAND USE PLAN structuring of the national territory.” Even if the policy put forward a territorial approach for urban development, strategic planning and action remains less COMMUNES 1 579 PUDi URBAN MASTER PLAN integrated, more sectorial oriented and disarticulated from and between local and regional assets. SAC COMMUNAL LAND USE PLAN URBAN SUB SECTORS PUDé DETAILED URBAN PLAN NEIGHBORHOODS TOOLS DEVELOPED BY THE MINISTRY (FOKONTANY) OF PLANNING 25 ECONOMIC GROWTH PROSPECTS VARY ACROSS THE ISLAND: DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF CITIES COULD IMPROVE PROSPECTS Growth prospects Economic growth prospects are measured as a composite of population density, market access and rural and cities access (both conditioned by road access, population density), literacy and agricultural production. The highest prospects are identified as : (a) the corridor between Antananarivo and the port city of Toamasina, City (b) the Sava region (the largest producer of vanilla), (c) and (c) areas along the Eastern shore. Population density Market access index Rural access index Literacy rate Source: WB, Madagascar Project Targeting Index (PTI). 2022 26 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW MADAGASCAR IS NOT OPERATING AS A SYSTEM OF CITIES Correspondence between distribution of cities and productive areas § Madagascar is more than Tana: every city should have a role to play in an City size urban system Pop. < 25 k 25 k < Pop. < 100 k • Antananarivo dominates and is the engine of Madagascar’s economy • But this should not prevent the growth of other cities and the development 100 k < Pop. < 500k of a multi-centric urban system. Pop. > 500k § A territorial/spatial development framework would allow the country to leverage the potential of the different urban areas, and to bring Road access opportunities in a more spatially efficient manner. Productivity Area • Small cities can serve as links to rural areas, where farmers can have access Agriculture to markets and services Mining • Medium-sized cities could specialize based on their endowments (e.g., tourism), or concentrate economic activities (e.g., agro-industry) and can serve as logistics hubs for transporting goods and linking local markets Population density High: 26 962,7 • Large cities can serve as gateways to the global economy Low: 0,85 • 23 regions exist administratively and are just starting to be capacitated to manage development at the regional level. Source: Census, 2018 27 THE LACK OF CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN CITIES LIMITS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WORKING URBAN SYSTEM AND THUS, URBAN GROWTH POTENTIAL Paved roads account for only 10% of the Rural Access Index (RAI) = 11.4%, network - 70% are in good condition, while 70% leaving 17 million rural people of unpaved roads are in poor condition unconnected § Poor road quality • Madagascar is rated 2.2 on a scale of 1 to 7 (Global Competitiveness Index, 2019) • Poorly maintained roads are often damaged by heavy rains or natural catastrophes, contributing to severe connectivity disruptions § Variable road access • Relatively high access in areas around major secondary cities: Toamasina, Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toliary and along key highways • Limited rural access: Only 11% of the rural population estimated to live within 2 km of an all- season road in good condition. Source: Madagascar Spatial Analysis of Transport Connectivity and Growth Potential, 2019 28 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW IDENTIFYING VALUE CHAINS COULD PUT MADAGASCAR ON THE PATH TO STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION Formal employment generation can be seen in the tourism, food processing (including fishery products), ICT and textile sectors; agribusiness and textile manufacturing are leading Madagascar’s exports while export of telecom-related services are rising. Supporting the growth of these value chains could have positive effects on the generation of formal jobs in urban areas. Madagascar’s Export in millions of USD New formal employment generation Malagasy Malagasy Merchandise Merchandise Exports Exports (Millions (Millions USD) USD) Malagasy Malagasy Exports Exports of Commercial of Commercial Services Services excl. excl. TravelTravel & Transport & Transport and other and other business business services services (Millions (Millions USD) USD) 40,000 40,000 4,000 4,000 140 140 120 120 30,000 30,000 3,000 3,000 100 100 80 80 20,000 20,000 2,000 2,000 60 60 40 40 10,000 1,000 1,000 10,000 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2018 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 2018 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 All Other Products MetalsMetals Minerals Personal, cultural, and recreational services Extractive Extractive industries industries Fishery & livestock All Other Products Minerals Personal, cultural, and recreational services Fishery & livestock Apparel and Textiles Agribusiness Telecommunications, computer, and information services Food industry Telecommunication Apparel and Textiles Agribusiness (with (with Vanilla Vanilla in current in current USD) USD) Telecommunications, computer, and information services Food industry Telecommunication Charges Charges for for the use theof use of intellectual intellectual property property n.i.e n.i.e Construction & Public works Services Services to firms to firms Construction & Public works (with (with Agribusiness Agribusiness Vanilla Vanilla in constant in constant 2012 2012 USD) USD) Financial services Insurance and pension services Agriculture Trade Financial services Insurance and pension services Agriculture Trade Total Merchandise Total Merchandise (with (with Exports Exports Vanilla Vanilla in constant in constant USD) USD) 2012 2012 Construction Goods-related services Textile Industries Administration Construction Goods-related services Textile Industries Administration Source: CEM Madagascar, 2020 Source: CEM Madagascar, 2020 29 2.2 SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES : URBAN EXPANSION, LAND, HOUSING AND RESILIENCE 30 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW MALAGASY CITIES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY URBAN EXPANSION (LARGELY INFORMAL) INTO FLOOD-PRONE AREAS. § Urban expansion is largely unplanned and uncontrolled. § Infrastructure development to serve settlements in flood-prone areas is challenging if not infeasible. § Non-compliance with land use regulations have fostered unsustainable urban growth patterns, increasing the costs to build, operate and maintain infrastructure in expanding urban areas - making it difficult for local governments to provide access to basic urban services Urban expansion in flood-prone areas in Antananarivo (left), Toamasina (center) and Sambava ( Source: World Bank with data from DLR (2020) and Fathom (2015) 31 THE SHORTAGE OF WELL-LOCATED AFFORDABLE HOUSING IS A DRIVER OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS AND UNCONTROLLED URBAN EXPANSION Precarious housing components by city size Percent of households § According to the 2019 National Housing Policy, there is a deficit of 1.73 million 0 20 40 60 80 housing units in Madagascar. 93.9 Antananarivo A 11.3 § Over 60% of urban residents live in slums. 91.6 Large (> 100k) La § Public resources allocated to housing are very low (less than 5% of the Public 55.4 Investment Program). Minimal involvement of the private sector to increase the Rural / Urban areas Rural / Urban areas supply of affordable housing. 94.6 Medium (50-100) Moyen 72.7 § Urban expansion often takes place in flood-prone areas, increasing the 95.8 vulnerability of those who settle informally under fragile housing conditions. Small (20-50) 64.0 § A large share of urban housing is built with fragile materials, prone to damage 93.4 during extreme weather events – over 90% of urban housing has a fragile roof Very Small (<20k) Très P 64.6 and majority of housing in small to large cities is built with fragile walls. 96.7 Rural § The recent initiatives undertaken in terms of housing development could be 82.7 supported by focusing on affordable housing. Roof built with Walls built with fragile materials fragile materials Source: Census, 2018 32 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW DYSFUNCTIONAL URBAN LAND MARKETS ARE HINDERING URBAN DEVELOPMENT § The innovative Land Reform initiated by the Government in 2005 has been successful in decentralizing land management in rural areas, recognizing rural customary rights and securing rural ownership rights § Urban land governance was not covered by the Land Reform and faces different challenges : • Land registries and cadaster records are incomplete, outdated, and do not reflect current land occupation • Land markets in urban areas are active but mostly informal • Urban land administration capacity needs to be strengthened to satisfy local needs. § The lack of clarity on urban property rights and weak land administration systems raise serious challenges in growing urban areas : • Constrain urban planning, limit private sector investment, and hinder development of urban areas • Threaten social cohesion due to conflicts within families, between neighbors and with government • Limit the collection of taxes and thus the ability of local governments to raise essential resources. An urban land reform comparable to that undertaken for rural areas is urgently needed 33 CITIES FACE MULTIPLE HAZARDS THAT LEAD TO MASSIVE DAMAGES AND REVERSAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL GAINS; COASTAL CITIES ARE ESPECIALLY EXPOSED High variability of disaster and climate-related risks in urban areas § Cities are exposed to earthquakes, cyclones, floods, sea level rise and coastal erosion. Cities from the Diana region (Antsiranana, Ambilobe, Ambanja, Hell-Ville) show the highest value of average annual losses (~2%) and probable maximum loss (~38%). § 30% of urban communes are coastal cities (70% of medium size cities). Soalala, Morondava, and Toliary on the west coast are projected to be amongst the most exposed cities in terms of total proportion of built-up areas exposed to sea-level rise. Mahajanga, Toamasina and Manakara are also located within coastal erosion zones. Exposure to sea level rise will increase if global climate mitigation efforts fail to substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Source: World Bank with data from SWIO-RAFI Note: AAL= Average Annual Losses and PML = Probable Maximum Loss 34 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW 2.3 BASIC SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE 35 MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS AND WEAK SERVICE DELIVERY ARE APPARENT ACROSS ALL URBAN AREAS, WITH DISPARITIES BETWEEN DIFFERENT SIZED CITIES AND AMONG THE LARGE CITIES: LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ARE NOT MEETING THE DEMAND FOR BASIC SERVICES Access to direct water and Access to electricity Access to selected services in sanitation by city size by city size Antananarivo and large cities private pipedprivate Piped water wqter privatetoilet Private toilet garbage Garbage collection collection Percent of households Percent of households Percent Percent of households of acces with households to electricity with acces to electricity Drainage drainage electricity Electricity cookstove electriccookstove Electric 0 20 0 40 20 60 40 80 60 80 0 20 40 0 60 20 40 80 100 60 80 100 Antananarivo Antananarivo Antananarivo 27.8 27.8 Antananarivo Antananarivo 89,8 89,8 90% 73.4 73.4 80% 70% Large (> 100k) Large (> 100k) 29.5 29.5 Large (> 100k) Large (> 100k) 80.7 80.7 Antsiranana 60% Fianarantsoa 37.2 37.2 50% 40% Rural / Urban areas Rural / Urban areas Rural / Urban areas 20.7 20.7 Rural / Urban areas 67.0 67.0 30% Medium (50-100) Medium (50-100) Medium (50-100) Medium (50-100) 27.6 27.6 20% 10% 16.5 16.5 53.7 53.7 0% Small (20-50) Small (20-50) Small (20-50) Small (20-50) 32.7 32.7 Antsirabe Toamasina 13.1 13.1 Very Small (<20k) Very Small (<20k) Very Small (<20k) Very Small (<20k) 47.9 47.9 24.6 24.6 4.6 4.6 Rural Rural Rural 29.2 Rural 29.2 11.8 11.8 Toliara Mahajanga Drinking water Sewer Drinking water Sewer direct supply connection direct supply connection Source: 2018 Census Source: 2018 Census 36 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW INVESTMENTS IN URBAN TRANSPORT HAVE NOT KEPT UP WITH THE EXTENSION OF URBAN AREAS AND POPULATION GROWTH § Urban transport services are mostly “informal” and loosely regulated. Commuting Modes by Income Quantile in Antananarivo § In Antananarivo, minibus (taxi-be) is the most utilized means of transport 5 (60,000 passengers/day), however, 50% of residents and majority of the poor walk to commute to work – transport services are unreliable and 4 Quantile costly, especially for the poor. Private car ownership is very low at 6%. 3 2 § Informal transport services are often overconcentrated where the demand is high, increasing traffic congestion in urban areas, while less populated areas or 1 remote suburban areas are left unserved. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% § Lack of coordination between the two regulatory authorities in Greater Walk Bicycle Microbus/Matatu Taxibe Antananarivo results in bus services being duplicated geographically, adding to Shared Taxi Taxi, Individual Own Vehicle traffic congestion. Source: World Bank, 2016 § About 2/3 of overall trips are made between Antananarivo and suburban areas, with commuters spending on average 45 minutes to and from the city - limited Average Trip Time in Selected Cities road networks result in heavy traffic congestion, affecting productivity and lowering quality of life. A well-integrated urban transport system is necessary to promote the Toamasina 16 mobility of people and an appropriate regulatory framework must be put in Toliara 19 place to ensure safe and efficient operations Mahajanga 20 Fianarantsoa 24 Antananarivo 46 Average trip (minutes) Source: World Bank, 2022 37 SOLID WASTE PRODUCTION INCREASES WITH GROWING URBAN POPULATIONS, HOWEVER SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT REMAINS UNDERDEVELOPED § Limited waste collection. In Antananarivo, Non collected wasted the solid waste collection rate is 75% (2016); in slowing rainwater other cities, municipal waste collection is less evacuation in than 50% on average. Antananarivo § Improper disposal. More than 50% of solid waste is disposed illegally into canals, obstructing the drainage system and contributing to increased flooding. § Local Solid Waste Management (SWM) operators face technical, financial and organizational challenges - cities (e.g., Toamasina, Fiaranatsoa, Toliara) rely on a combination of informal, private sector and NGO partnerships for service delivery. Andralanitra : § Insufficient landfills. Majority of cities do not Antananarivo landfill sufficient supply of sanitary landfills, creating since 1960, polluting the serious environmental and public health east part of the city with concerns – Tana only has 1 landfill to serve its dust and gases, where entire population. 3000 waste pickers are living. While the landfill § Minimal recycling. Local recycling practices was supposed to close are emerging with support by NGOs but in 2012 it still operational remain limited. today. Source : Projet Tatom. 38 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW 2.4 URBAN GOVERNANCE: DECENTRALIZATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE © Gemma F. 39 THE GOVERNANCE CHALLENGE OF URBAN COMMUNES: INCOMPLETE DECENTRALIZATION AND A WEAK URBAN POLICY LEAVE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS WITH POOR CAPACITY AND DIRECTION TO FOSTER THE SUSTAINABLE GROWTH OF CITIES. A main impetus for the challenges and constraints facing Malagasy cities lies in the overarching systems: urban governance and local government finance systems that are hampered by incomplete decentralization and a weak national urban policy. § According to the 2014 decentralization law, urban communes are mandated to provide basic services, but the law does not provide clear guidance on which services UCs must provide or provide clear delegation of responsibilities. Numerous central government departments and a range of parastatal organizations are involved in urban service delivery – thus, Madagascar remains highly centralized § Decentralization has not been accompanied by requisite institutional, technical and financial capacity at the local level, thus, local governments are limited in their ability to provide services. In general, LGs provide registration and sub-optimal solid waste management services and manage and regulate local retail markets. § A decentralization framework exists, but it has not been implemented. The 2021 Letter of Policy of Emerging Decentralization (LPDE) represents a positive step, proposing multiple reforms to empower local governments by 2030. Action plan resulting from the LPDE is finalized and constitutes as essentiel pivot for the good governance of cities. § The 2019 National Urban Development Policy (PNDU) is the main policy document outlining the priorities for cities, but implementation of objectives remain a challenge. The policy is based on 10-year-old data. © Sunil Singh 40 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW THE FINANCIAL CHALLENGE OF URBAN COMMUNES : INSUFFICIENT FINANCIAL RESOURCES TO PLAY AN ACTIVE ROLE IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT 1/3 01. REVENUES ARE LOW Transfer as % of total revenues Transfer as % of total revenues by Urban Commune by Urban Commune Fiscal transfers 50% 50% 8 000 8 000 § Transfers from State Budget represent less than 5% of the 40 40 revenues of urban communes. This makes Madagascar a global 6 000 6 000 outlier. Globally, grants and subsidies/transfers are in the order of 30 30 50% 8 000 50% of subnational government revenues. 40 4 000 4 000 20 20 6 000 § Fiscal transfers are insufficient and ad hoc. Transfers/grants vary 10 10 30 2 000 2 000 considerably from year to year, and from one local government to 20 4 000 0 0 0 0 another. T SY A AN TSI E CO UT SVA ARAMNA A AMLIAOA TO TOTS A O T SY A Y A E A S UN ES T A R A ANAS NA 2 000 TO TO TS A O TO Y A TA NT IVO FI SIRSIRABO M O SINA M OU O AVA AR AMNA A AMLI OA DA S NE ES TS AN RA A AN ASNA BE AN AN A A E ANAR TSI ANE FI TSIRNT ABE N AS RA N D RA AN TS VO T VO RI E ES IA ANRA RA E ANAR TSI ANE AN TOIRA TSOE NLIA E O ES BE 10 N IA E O BE IN LE AN O A SO IN M OS IN M OS A V TO UN V N A R T N D R N B N LE T T RV NT A B ES TSI SI AB N B B RO O B RO L B S M SL TS VOCO UT S ES L A ANANIRA I RI SA A I AN A AR E AR ES ED VA A A IR M ES AN AN SIR TO N AN ANTSA E N N S N U U AN N M T RM M NA RU M § All communes receive transfers/grants to finance operating N ENT AN CO O A N 0 M M M 0 O TA O T AR TA AN RIV O N C AN LI N AM OA TO A expenditures, but not all receive funds for capital expenditures. AN NA A M O A AM OA AN A AN TSI E A E TS O BE N E A RO BA FI IN TO IN AR B B N UN F B RO B M L AN A TS RA AN ARI DA AR NA TO TS AN IRA A AR NA AS TO TS O SY AS O SY LI R D R NA I AN A N O CO UT The share of capital grants varies every year. These are available IR R N NA N NA I 2017 2018 2017 2018 2019 2019 Reccurent Reccurent Capital Capital TO TS TA TA T N M AN AN IA through the Local Development Fund and are subject to qualification FI F criteria and conditions. 2017 OSRs 2018 and 2019 transfers Reccurent Capital as % of total revenues Own Source Revenues (OSR) 100% 100% 100% § Annual OSR account for 95% of all subnational revenues, but : 80 80 80 • Property tax collection is very limited 60 60 • Service provision is priced well below cost-recovery 60 • Limited user fees and charges 40 40 40 20 20 20 0 0 0 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 2017 2018 2019 Own-source Own-source revenues Transfers revenues Transfers Own-source revenues Transfers 41 THE FINANCIAL CHALLENGE OF URBAN COMMUNES : INSUFFICIENT FINANCIAL RESOURCES TO PLAY AN ACTIVE ROLE IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT 2/3 02. RECURRENT Personnel expenditure as % of total expenditure Capital expenditure as % of total expenditure EXPENDITURES ARE HIGH 100% 100% 100% 100% 90 90 90 90 § Recurrent spending accounts for over 90% of 80 80 80 80 total expenditure, while capital spending accounts 70 70 70 70 for less than 10%. 60 60 60 60 § Salaries and benefits alone 50 50 50 50 typically account for around 40 40 40 40 75% of total expenditure. 30 30 30 30 § Spending on infrastructure 20 20 20 20 and service delivery is marginal 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 0 A -BRA EA CO OUTNE SA A AM GA A RA VO O NEA S NA RA OA NA AM A A RA RA TOON A M LE A VO AVO A OAA GA NIT BE BE N S UN S E UN ES AN ABE ABE NIT BE O R N BE VE IN TO NIN IN V V N SN TO SIO M ESAV SO IR IV M LE AB T MU LE OR AB -B IA SYIA LIA IA M TESES ES A M ES A RI IRRI RI TA M T AN RA A M L AN IRA AS AS LS TOAS S ES SY Y TS AR Y O L SD D T NT NT N AN NN AIN N OL NT M ND CO UT D TOA TS R AIR JA O OS AN ANA TSA AN ANA M ES N TO N AM ON N AM I NO A AA N AJ N RS CO UU ANTS FI A RS T RA T R IR RIA NO CO OUO NA HA NA R AH N AN AO TO R TOR N AN TO AS AS TS AS MA A A T NT O TA TA TA TA AN AN AN AN M M M AN AN FIA FI FI 2017 2017 2019 2019 2018 2018 2018 2018 2017 2017 2019 2019 42 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW THE FINANCIAL CHALLENGE OF URBAN COMMUNES : INSUFFICIENT FINANCIAL RESOURCES TO PLAY AN ACTIVE ROLE IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT 3/3 03. MUNICIPAL BORROWING IS NON-EXISTENT § Urban communes are legally allowed to borrow, with the approval of the Ministry of Finance § In practice, no urban commune has borrowed funds to finance public investments or used lines of credit to pay for cash low deficits § Given the precarious financial situation of urban communes, borrowing from commercial financial institutions is unlikely The financing gap for urban infrastructure and services is staggering. § The Urban Master Plan for Greater Tana has identified investment needs in infrastructure up to US$ 2 billion § Other cities in the country also face major financial challenges in addressing infrastructure and service needs § Public financing at the scale that is needed is not available § Private sector not incentivized to finance/co-finance urban infrastructure § Urban communes are highly dependent on international donor- funded investment programs for the construction, operation and maintenance of infrastructure. 43 § Malagasy cities face a multitude of challenges and constraints, many of which are interlinked. § The bottlenecks hamper balanced territorial development and spatial development of urban areas, access to basic services and infrastructure, and the effective management KEY of urban areas. § However, considering Madagascar is still in the process of urbanizing, the country has a key opportunity to intervene to better plan, manage and coordinate the development of TAKE- its cities and regions - as a national urban system – and to make necessary investments to improve productivity and livability before urban growth is locked in. AWAYS However, change will not happen overnight! It is critical to lay out a vision to sequence policy reforms and priority interventions in order to achieve the desired outcomes. The next section presents a plan to leverage urbanization in Madagascar and to put cities on a path to support structural transformation and poverty reduction. 44 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW PART 3. THE PLAN TO TRANSFORM MADAGASCAR’S CITIES AS DRIVERS OF GROWTH AND RESILIENCE 45 3.1 A LONG-TERM ROADMAP FOR TAPPING THE URBANIZATION POTENTIAL OF MADAGASCAR © Pierre-Yves Babelon 46 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW A LONG-TERM ROADMAP FOR TAPPING THE URBANIZATION POTENTIAL OF MADAGASCAR 01. § Integrated strategy with national objectives & STRENGTHEN THE NATIONAL URBAN interventions for regions & cities DEVELOPMENT POLICY 02. § Policy reforms across sectors for fiscal, environmental and social sustainability of IMPLEMENT A COORDINATED POLICY cities FRAMEWORK AT NATIONAL LEVEL 03. § Investing in priority needs & improving the INCREASE INVESTMENTS AND FINANCING fiscal base to support investments FOR RESILIENT URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES 04. § Setting the institutional basis for stronger IMPROVE INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE management of cities AND CAPACITY OF CITIES 47 © Guillaume Constantineau 48 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW Pillar 1. STRENGTHEN THE NATIONAL URBAN DEVELOPMENT POLICY Integrated strategy with } ESTABLISH A HIERARCHY OF CITIES AND DEFINE THE FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF STAKEHOLDERS. national objectives and interventions for regions § Clarify the roles and responsibilities of National, Regional and Commune-level governments in planning, delivery and operations of and cities infrastructure, services, and economic development interventions. § Develop coordination mechanisms among the various tiers of government, as well as across communes in the same regions. 49 } PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PRODUCTIVE ‘SYSTEM OF CITIES’ ACROSS THE COUNTRY. § Supporting the growth of other cities besides Tana will create jobs across the country, in a spatially balanced manner. The Urban Policy needs to support prioritized interventions for each type of city LARGE MEDIUM-SIZED SMALL METROPOLITAN CITIES CITIES CITIES REGIONS can function as gateways can specialize based on their can serve as links to rural better coordination to the global economy and natural endowments (e.g., areas providing access &amp; connectivity become engines of job tourism) or concentrate economic to markets &amp; across cities can creation for the urban poor. activities (e.g., agri-business) and services encourageregional serve as logistics hubs linking development. local markets. 50 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW Pillar 2. IMPLEMENT A COORDINATED POLICY FRAMEWORK AT NATIONAL LEVEL Policy reforms across sectors for fiscal, environmental and social sustainability of cities } ENERGY } SPATIAL AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT Policies to integrate renewable energy as a supply source are required, as well as a Land planning policy (2006) need to be updated and urban development policy long-term strategy for Malagasy cities to adopt a more sustainable and ecological (2019) must be coordinated with the land development policy. Moreover, it should approach to their operations through energy savings, given the depletion of be translated into a strategic and an operational plan. Coordination and synergies resources. with other sectorial policies is a must. } SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT  } DECENTRALIZATION AND MUNICIPAL FINANCE A national SWM policy is needed to set up the institutional, legal and financial Cities  need to be given cleared roles and responsibilities, the financing and the framework for the provision of SWM services at different level. tools to plan and manage their territory according to their projected population, economic advantages and climate and disaster risk level.  National policy needs } WATER AND SANITATION to ensure reliable formula-based fiscal budget transfers, commensurate with Investment does not keep pace with the growth in demand. The challenge is local functions, responsibilities, and size are needed for communes to be able to therefore to coordinate these investments so that there is less of a gap in terms plan expenditures. of access but above all to ensure the maintenance of WSS infrastructure.  } URBAN MOBILITY } CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT (DRM) An urban mobility policy should plan, finance and implement urban mobility Resiliency standards need to be mainstreamed in urban master plans, building projects in a sustainable manner that is integrated with the national vision and regulations (and compliance). The National standard for building construction goals.  resistant to natural hazards (decree no. 2019-1957) should be localized as part of UC regulations, risk-informed land use planning, business continuity – of basic } URBAN LAND municipal services – in the wake of disasters and climate change.  The 2005 Land Reform focused on the decentralization of land management in rural areas.  An urban land policy should allow to update land tenure records in } AFFORDABLE HOUSING urban areas  to better manage land use and thus plan for the resilient growth of A national policy to address affordable housing gap needs to tackle: (a) programs cities, as well as to improve municipal financing through property tax collection. to increase access to housing finance in a fiscally sustainable manner; and (b) This  will also promote private sector investment to urban areas. increasing the private sector led supply of affordable housing in urban areas. } POPULATION A national migration management policy should be formulated, prioritizing the observation of migratory movements and their impact on cities. 51 Pillar 3. INCREASE INVESTMENTS AND FINANCING FOR RESILIENT URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES Investing in priority needs & § Government should avail funding – either directly or through Invest in resilient fiscal transfers to local governments - to finance priority urban improving the fiscal base to urban infrastructure infrastructure investments, improve economic productivity and support investments quality of life in cities, and foster resiliency to hazards. § Targets and benchmarks are needed for long-term physical and financial sustainability of capital investments. § Risk-informed land use planning and enhanced building zone compliance is needed to reduce the number of vulnerable people exposed to disaster impacts. 52 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW Increase the fiscal resource base of § For large cities such as Tana and secondary cities, own-source revenue (OSR) Increase Increase Increase cities thefiscal the to the fiscal fiscal support collection needs to be increased. resource resourcebase resource investments base baseof of cities cities ofcities § In medium and smaller cities, strengthened fiscal transfer mechanisms are needed to support urban development to to support supportinvestments tosupport investments investments Establish Establishperformance- Establish performance- performance- Establish based based basedfinancing financing financingof of of § A national program of performance-based fiscal transfers for large and medium- sized cities can provide an incentive to increase their fiscal base, improve urban urban urbancommunes urban communes communes performance-based management and institutional performance, as well as increase investments in financing of urban resilient urban infrastructure. communes 53 Pillar 4. IMPROVE INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE AND CAPACITY OF CITIES Setting the institutional basis for stronger } STRENGTHENING THE INSTITUTIONAL AND MANAGEMENT CAPACITY OF CITIES to perform their statutory and strategic functions, and to meet legal requirements, by management of cities. providing capacity building support to urban communes and regional administrations. The Government could utilize a national program of performance-based financing of local governments (see Pillar 3) to achieve this objective. In parallel to interventions in the other pillars, there is a need to set the institutional basis for } DEVELOPING AND IMPROVING RELIABLE DATA AND REPORTING SYSTEMS stronger management of cities by improving on urban development, urban service delivery, municipal financial management, and the institutional performance, governance, and institutional performance of cities and local governments, under agreed performance benchmarks developed for local context. capacity of regional administrations and urban communes. This will entail : 54 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW 3.2 SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS TARGETED BY CITY TYPOLOGY 55 NATIONAL LEVEL  METROPOLITAN LEVEL : LARGE CITIES : for a more efficient and close the financial gap and Orienting urban policy towards sustainable management of invest economic’s development the city    objectives 1. Define funding strategies for 1. Improve the governance within each city  1. Build a vision and policy of Greater Tana taking account of Malagasy national ‘system of 2. Invest in structuring the institutional, geographical cities’ leading to investment infrastructures and economic composition of plans in different cities, the region consistent with local economic development priorities 2. Develop coherent metropolitan-level planning 2. Support cities to become and land management climate resilient  approach to address urban 3. Implement urban land reform expansion  3. Finance and enable priority capital investments for the metropolitan region   SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATION SMALL CITIES : Connect in the urban system and provide better basic MEDIUM -SIZED CITIES : services Anticipate the challenges of 1. Increase the governance rapid urbanization capacity of small cities 1. Plan more effectively to 2. Support small towns to meet the basic needs of the provide essential community population  facilities 2. Anticipate future land 3. Improve economic connectivity development needs  56 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW NATIONAL LEVEL : ORIENT THE URBAN POLICY TOWARDS THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES OF THE TERRITORY National Urban Policies need to focus on reforms to strengthen the policy connection between spatial and economic planning and development. Support the strengthening of urban centers to promote territorial development, i.e., convergence of economic and living standards across the country 57 NATIONAL LEVEL: ORIENT URBAN POLICY TOWARDS THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES OF THE TERRITORY 1/2 PRIORITY 1. BUILD VISION AND POLICY OF MALAGASY CITY SYSTEM LEADING TO A CITY INVESTMENT PLAN THAT IS CONSISTENT WITH TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE ACTION LEAD INSTITUTION TIMELINE Conduct a review of all national sectorial policies (e.g., housing, transport, water and sanitation, solid waste management, Ministry in charge of planning Mid term climate change and disaster risk management) and align policies (MP) with the national urban policy Coordinate investments in infrastructure with land use and Support horizontal and vertical cooperation (across ministries, sectorial plans to support economic jurisdictions and administrative/territorial level) for various urban development while improving quality plans (land use and sectorial plans) to support sustainable spatial MP Long term of urban living development of cities and improve efficiency and effectiveness of investments Support road investments to improve intra- and inter-city Ministry in charge of public Mid term connectivity works (MPW) Support local governments to Develop an effective mechanism for financing, incentivizing and MP Mid term develop and adopt urban plans monitoring the implementation of urban plans 58 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW NATIONAL LEVEL: ORIENT URBAN POLICY TOWARDS THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES OF THE TERRITORY. 2/2 PRIORITY 2. SUPPORT CITIES TO BECOMING CLIMATE RESILIENT OBJECTIVE ACTION LEAD INSTITUTION TIMELINE Support cities to implement climate Scale up national risk-informed planning guidelines resilient and risk- informed urban by supporting cities to develop and implement climate resilient MP Short term plans and risk-informed urban plans Support disaster-proofing Popularize hazard resistant building standards Ministry in charge of housing improvements to housing and Promote innovative technologies corresponding to local Short term (MH) infrastructure systems capacities PRIORITY 3. IMPLEMENT URBAN LAND REFORM Update land information through a systematic inventory and the Ministry in charge of land Short term development of PLOFs (Local land use plan) management (MLM) Develop new tools for efficient land management in order to MLM Mid term formalize and secure land tenure Develop urban land policy for the efficient management of urban land and land production in response to Develop a method for restructuring and securing land tenure in MLM Mid term population growth (for housing + precarious neighborhoods basic services) Increase and diversify land supply to improve its accessibility MLM Mid term Develop mechanisms to increase the supply of formal rental MLM Long term housing thereby reducing precarious occupations 59 METROPOLITAN LEVEL : MANAGE THE ANTANANARIVO REGION MORE EFFECTIVELY AND SUSTAINABLY Recommendations are specific to the metropolitan region of Antananarivo and address the governance of its 38 municipalities. They reflect the significant population share and primary role the metro region plays in the national economy. The priorities for Greater Antananarivo would be to establish a metropolitan-level governance structure, followed by the control of urban sprawl and investment for a more resilient city. 60 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW METROPOLITAN LEVEL : MANAGE THE ANTANANARIVO METROPOLITAN REGION MORE EFFECTIVELY AND SUSTAINABLY 1/3 PRIORITY 1. IMPROVE THE GOVERNANCE WITHIN GREATER ANTANANARIVO TAKING ACCOUNT OF THE INSTITUTIONAL, GEOGRAPHICAL AND ECONOMIC COMPOSITION OF THE REGION OBJECTIVE ACTION LEAD INSTITUTION TIMELINE Establish a metropolitan governance model that supports the efficient, Support the horizontal cooperation of Antananarivo and the Greater Antananarivo effective delivery of services across 37 surrounding municipalities to identify service gaps and to Mid term municipalities (GTM) jurisdictions within the metropolitan establish metropolitan-level governance structures area Provide local governments within Support the delegation of some city management responsibilities Ministry in charge of Mid term Greater Tana with powers and to the fokontany level to improve delivery of services to citizens Decentralization (MD) resources to enable them to capture the economic gains associated Provide technical assistance to local governments to develop with agglomeration, i.e., to increase strategies to increase OSR, e.g., staff capacity building in built revenues to support improved city MD Short term property and land valuation and mechanisms to improve management collection of fees and taxes Establish a well-functioning coordination mechanism or unit with clear mandates and responsibilities for planning, financing, GTM & MD Short term Define the most effective governance regulating, operating and maintaining metropolitan-wide services arrangements for metropolitan-wide services such as transportation and Consult and decide in a transparent manner the most integrated solid waste management appropriate management models for the provision of services GTM & MD Short term (e.g., Direct management, delegation of services, partnership with civil society, etc.) 61 METROPOLITAN LEVEL : MANAGE THE ANTANANARIVO METROPOLITAN REGION MORE EFFECTIVELY AND SUSTAINABLY 2/3 PRIORITY 2. DEVELOP COHERENT METROPOLITAN-LEVEL PLANNING AND LAND MANAGEMENT APPROACH TO ADDRESS THE CHALLENGE OF URBAN SPRAWL OBJECTIVE ACTION LEAD INSTITUTION TIMELINE Develop a legislative framework to require horizontal cooperation between the Municipality of Antananarivo and the 37 surrounding municipalities to develop a regional spatial vision MP Short term and local master plans to implement the vision Develop spatial vision for Greater Antananarivo and support resilient planning and development of the Strengthen the capacities of the 37 surrounding municipalities region with more compact and to develop, implement and monitor progress of local master MD & MP Short term multifunctional districts plans, in coordination with the regional spatial vision for Greater Antananarivo Support capacity building of IPAM as the agency supporting GTM Short term planning and development of Greater Antananarivo Update land information system according to real occupation via a systematic assessment and the development MLM Short term of Urban PLOFs (Local Land Occupancy Plans) Support local land administrations to improve urban land management and to generate land to address the Upon regularization and developing up-to-date land information growing population within Greater systems, support municipalities in generating land MLM Mid term Antananarivo to meet the demand for housing and basic services Support land consolidation, collective or joint ownership MLM Long term 62 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW METROPOLITAN LEVEL : MANAGE THE ANTANANARIVO METROPOLITAN REGION MORE EFFECTIVELY AND SUSTAINABLY 3/3 PRIORITY 3. FINANCE AND ENABLE PRIORITY CAPITAL INVESTMENTS FOR THE METROPOLITAN REGION OBJECTIVE ACTION LEAD INSTITUTION TIMELINE Dedicate funding and develop incentives to support affordable MH Mid term housing development in partnership with the private sector. Develop inclusive housing policy to enable increased supply of affordable housing Promote alternative forms of access to housing to ownership (e.g., subsidies for rental, cooperative forms of access to housing, MH Mid term or co- production) Strengthen capacity of local governments to better regulate urban services through performance monitoring and evaluation, MD Short term especially when a service is provided by more than one operator (public or private) Provide support to local governments in the metropolitan region to improve Ministry in charge of Sanitation Identify new landfill sites and develop an integrated SWM system Mid term the accessibility, quality, efficiency (MS) and resiliency of basic services Provide support to local governments to expand infrastructure systems and provide basic services where needed and to upgrade Sectorial ministries & MD Short term systems to make them resilient to natural and climate-induced disasters 63 LARGES CITIES : CLOSE THE FINANCIAL GAP AND INVEST Secondary cities have planning tools at their disposal and have comparative economic advantages. However, these cities lack sufficient financial resources to support necessary urban investments. It is therefore recommended to have an investment plan for the city that will ensure not only the financing of capital investments, but also the maintenance and operation of investments that have been made. The role of the private sector could be strengthened given the opportunities that are already in place. © Sandy Ravaloniaina The central government is called upon to significantly increase the financing of these cities commensurate with the functions assigned to them. 64 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW LARGE CITIES : CLOSE THE FINANCIAL GAP AND INVEST IN INFRASTRUCTURE AND RESILIENCE 1/2 PRIORITY 1. DEFINE FUNDING STRATEGIES FOR EACH CITY OBJECTIVE ACTION LEAD INSTITUTION TIMELINE MD - Ministry in charge of Capital investments should not be Develop a capital investment plan for each city Industrialization, Trade & Mid term “played by ear” Consumption (MITC) Reform regulations to allow large cities to receive increased levels of transfers based on performance in meeting key basic benchmarks MD Mid term (e.g., “clean” audits, meeting minimum service standards, etc.). Based on a performance system, Transfers should be indexed to qualitative benchmarks to increase fiscal transfers to communal incentivize improvements in commune performance governments in line with their responsibilities Provide technical assistance to communes to identify strategies to maximize finance MITC Short term for development through private sector involvement 65 LARGE CITIES : CLOSE THE FINANCIAL GAP AND INVEST IN INFRASTRUCTURE AND RESILIENCE 2/2 PRIORITY 2. INVEST IN STRUCTURING INFRASTRUCTURES OBJECTIVE ACTION LEAD INSTITUTION TIMELINE Support increased investments in priority infrastructure sectors: Support communes with drainage and flood protection; sewage treatment; MP – MS Long term infrastructure improvements to solid waste management; affordable housing meet the demand of the growing population and to foster economic development Initiate neighborhood revitalization programs in strategic areas MP Mid term Protect environmentally sensitive lands and reserve rights-of- MP –Ministry in charge of Foster cooperation between the Short term way early (avoiding the costly mistakes of Antananarivo) Environment (ME) large cities and the smaller cities in their region to pool resources, share knowledge and develop viable climate adaptation and mitigation strategies Develop a capacity-building program to support the roll-out to address the region challenges of regional facilities i.e integrated solid waste management MS Short term (separate waste collection and recovery/recycling) system 66 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW MEDIUM-SIZED CITIES : ANTICIPATE THE CHALLENGES THAT RAPID URBANIZATION BRINGS The most rapid population growth is taking place in mid-sized cities, and mid-sized cities are expected to receive a large part of the urban population in the coming years. The challenge is therefore to anticipate and address the needs of the growing population and position cities to seize the opportunities associated with population growth, while reducing exposure and risk through risk- informed land use planning, and resilient urban development © Guillermo Suarez 67 MEDIUM CITIES : ANTICIPATE THE CHALLENGES OF RAPID URBANIZATION 1/1 PRIORITY 1. IMPROVE PLANNING TO MEET THE BASIC NEEDS OF THE POPULATION OBJECTIVE ACTION LEAD INSTITUTION TIMELINE Support more flexible and operational planning tools according to MP Short term the capacity of the communes Reduce exposure and risk through risk-informed land use planning, MP & MESD Short term and resilient urban development Plan efficiently and effectively Support investment in urban data collection and information management systems to guide policy decisions MP & MD Short term for master plan development (land use and sectoral plans) Support connectivity investments to overcome the physical isolation linked to poor quality roads between large and small MPW Long term cities Introduce e-governance technology to improve access to Ministry in charge of Digital Mid term municipal services and to facilitate efficient payment of services Development (MDD) Establish one-stop shops or windows (“guichets uniques”) through Strengthen human, technical and which citizens can access multiple regulatory services at the same MD -MDD Mid term financial capacity of communes time, to post fees and charges, and streamline procedures Pursue own source revenue enhancement opportunities through MD Short term completing cadaster and increasing property tax base PRIORITY 2. ANTICIPATE FUTURE LAND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS  Develop land rights inventory and land registration system MLM Mid term Begin proactively banking /safeguarding land needed for future MLM Mid term Establish land reserves for future anticipated development public investment Invest early in serviced land and road infrastructure; clearly demarcate public land reserved for roads to facilitate transport MLM Mid term connectivity in future years 68 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW SMALL CITIES : CONNECT CITIES TO URBAN SYSTEM AND IMPROVE ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES Small towns are the «links» between rural and medium-sized cities. They are often located in landlocked regions and should be more and better connected to balance the territorial development. They have the advantage of being the first «urban» interface and thus have a role to play in the agricultural value chain as the «first» market. © Luis Peak 69 SMALL TOWNS : CONNECT CITIES TO URBAN SYSTEM AND IMPROVE ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES 1/2 PRIORITY 1 . INCREASE THE GOVERNANCE CAPACITY OF SMALL CITIES  OBJECTIVE ACTION LEAD INSTITUTION TIMELINE Support cities in identifying and articulating what are their economic attributes towards the urban system as part of their MD Mid term “business plan” seek governmental support for needed capital Strengthen capacity of local investments governments to perform the most «basic» responsibilities Support institutional and technical capacity building of local MD Short term governments to provide minimum basic services Increase fiscal transfer allocations from the central government, as MD & Ministry in charge of Dialogue and exercise for more transfer to small cities Short term capital investments will depend Finance (MF) heavily on government support 70 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW SMALL TOWNS : CONNECT CITIES TO URBAN SYSTEM AND IMPROVE ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES 2/2 PRIORITY 2 . SUPPORT SMALL TOWNS TO PROVIDE ESSENTIAL COMMUNITY FACILITIES OBJECTIVE ACTION LEAD INSTITUTION TIMELINE Establish a community-level Support consultations between local chiefs and citizens to identify MD Mid term governance structure to identify critical infrastructure and facility needs priority investments and then seek financial and technical support Support investment of resilient infrastructure and community from central government and other MP Mid term facilities external organizations PRIORITY 3 . IMPROVE ECONOMIC CONNECTIVITY Mitigate the physical fracture Improve connectivity between small and medium-sized cities to between small towns and their MPW Long term improve market access regions 71 ANNEX 72 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW DÉFINIR DEFININGL URBANIZATION À ’URBANISATION INMADAGASCAR MADAGASCAR § According to INSTAT that implements the national censuses, the 2018 § The World Development Indicators (WDI) apply the urban definitions defined by Malagasy population was 25.7 million, with 19% being urban residents. INSTAT the UN World Urbanization Prospects (also coinciding with UNDESA). The UN uses commune boundaries and defines a commune as being urban that has at WUP definition generates an even higher urbanization rate of 37%. least 20,000 inhabitants. This definition yields 76 urban areas and 1617 rural communes. The Ministry of the Interior and Decentralization is in charge of § Apart from different urbanization rates, different definitions also deliver a defining the administrative status of communes. different number of cities and towns by category. While cities above 100k are identical between INSTAT and OATF, the number of towns/cities between 25 § The Ministry of Territorial Development and Land Services (OATf) is in charge and 100 thousand are two less according to INSTAT and much different below of the development of cities and is seeking a more granular definition of ‘urban’. 25k due to different thresholds. Similar to the EU-OECD urban definitions (developed by Dijkstra et al 2019), the approach is based on satellite imagery, but uses lower thresholds than the EU- These differences are substantial and must be reconciled by the relevant OECD to define an area as urban. Here, cities are agglomerations characterized institutions of the Malagasy government, as they critically affect the by ‘a continuity of buildings, with a population of at least 5,000 and density of effectiveness of funding allocation for infrastructure and other services. at least 1,500 inhabitants per km2’. According to these definitions, there are 172 urban areas yielding an urbanization rate of 30% for 2018. 116 of these urban areas have populations between 5 and 25 thousand. INSTAT OATf WDI Urban population 4,942,902 7,672,986  9,767,217 Urbanization (in %) 19.30% 29.88% 37.20% Population of capital city 1,274,225 2 664 648  3,058,387 # of cities above 100k 7 7 n/a # of cities between 25 and 100k 47 49 n/a 73 DÉFINIR L’URBANISATION À MADAGASCAR METROPOLITAN CITY LARGE CITIES MEDIUM-SIZE CITY SMALL CITIES Antananarivo agglomeration Definition Pop > 100k Pop > 25k – 100k Pop under 25k area Population  2, 664,647 1,526,146 2,272,970 1,209,223 Number 1 6 49 116 § Scarcity of land § Strategic economic / § Rapid population growth § Under-equipped § High social inequalities: geographic roles § Have a role of relay cities in § First urban interface with access to services, housing § Major service delivery § the growth areas the rural areas and land challenges § Dependent on direct § Faced with the challenge of § High density even in the risk § Beginning of urban sprawl support from central § developing the facilities in areas § Substantial funding ne eded government parallel with rapid urban § Urban sprawl to operate the city growth § Local institutional capacity Défis § Need for institutions, tools to be strengthened § Need for simple but effective and robust financing to planning that matches “remake” the city municipal capacities and § Very important economic sizes function § Can anticipate land capital § Coordination between 38 investments communes 74 MADAGASCAR URBANIZATION REVIEW DAMAGE BY REGION ASSOCIATED WITH 4 CYCLONES IN JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2022 75 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Madagascar Urbanization Review was prepared by a team led by Gael Raserijaona (Urban Specialist) and Sohaib Athar (Senior Urban Development Specialist), and consisting of Judy L. Baker (former lead economist), Aanchal Anand (Senior urban economist), André Teyssier (Senior land administration specialist), Oscar anil Ishizawa Escudero (Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist), Lira Hariravaka Rajenarison (Public Sector Specialist), Kirsten Homman (Senior Economist), Atishay Abbhi (Disaster Risk Management Specialist), Reyna Alorro (Consultant),Joan Razafimaharo (Consultant), Michael Winter (Consultant), Ratsialonana Rivo Andrianirina (Consultant), Armel Firmin Kemajou (Consultant), Christine Lovasoa Razanamahandry (Consultant), Bora Ju (former Land and Geospatial Analyst), Njaka Ranaivoarimanana (Consultant), Razafimandimby Solofoniaina (Consultant), Jin Rui Yap (Consultant), John Michael LaSalle (Consultant), Rodrigo Deiana (Consultant), Miangaly Rabodomalala (Former Consultant), Joaquin Muñoz Díaz (Consultant). Administrative support was provided by Sandrine Razafimahefa and Seraphine Nsabimana. Cover and production design was done by Mpanao Hatsarana, MpH™. The report was prepared under the leadership and overall guidance of Marie Chantal Uwanyiligira (Former Country Manager for Madagascar) and Atou Seck (Country Manager for Madagascar) and the supervision of Catalina Marulanda (Practice Manager, Urban, Resilience and Land). The report was peer reviewed by Mark Roberts (Lead Urban Economist), Zoe Trohanis (Lead Disaster Risk Management Specialist) and Diana Tello Medina (Urban Development Specialist). Additional inputs were provided by Francis Muamba Mulangu (Senior Economist), Jean-Pascal Nguessa Nganou (Senior Economist) and Paulo Guilherme Correa (Former Program Leader). The team is grateful to the Ministry of Territorial planning and Land Services for the support and guidance, especially the Observatory of the Territory (Observatoire de l’Aménagement du Territoire) which worked closely with the team notably on the provision of data and several mayors of cities in Madagascar. The team also benefited from discussions with multiple sectoral ministries and other development partners. The team is also grateful for the support provided by the Sustainable Urban and Regional Development program (SURGE), a World Bank-administered Multi-Donor Trust Fund supported by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO). 76 REVUE DE L’URBANISATION DE MADAGASCAR Wichtiger HINWEIS ! Innerhalb der Schutzzone (hellblauer Rahmen) darf kein anderes Element platziert werden! Ebenso darf der Abstand zu Format- resp. Papierrand die Schutzzone nicht verletzen! Hellblauen Rahmen der Schutzzone nie drucken! Siehe auch Handbuch „Corporate Design der Schweizerischen Bundesverwaltung“ Kapitel „Grundlagen“, 1.5 / Schutzzone www. cdbund.admin.ch