BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY Elevator buttons with braille. © Pyrosky B BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: +1-202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. 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All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org Graphic design: ULTRA designs, Inc. Cover, inside and back cover photos: © FG Trade/istock.com Inside back cover photo: © fotografixx/istock.com Table of Contents Acknowledgments 5 List of Acronyms 6 1. Overview 8 2. Introduction 10 3. Objectives 15 4. Guidance: How to Use the Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility 17 5. Key Concepts in Universal Accessibility Components in Building Regulations 22 6. Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility 26 Appendix A: Examples of Implementation Policy 42 Appendix B: Glossary of Terms 57 3 4 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE Photo: ©mediaphotos/istock.com Acknowledgments This checklist was developed jointly by two thematic areas of works by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) namely, Building Regulation for Resilience (BRR) and Inclusive Disaster Risk Management and Gender Equality. It was initially prepared by O’Herlihy Access Consultancy, under the leadership of Eoin O’Herlihy and Clodagh Dodd, with support from Vicente García Moreno, Esteban Baez Rodriguez, Zandalee Slabbert, and Ximena Ponce Andaur, building on preliminary research carried out by Aditi Khodke (Consultant, World Bank) and Maria Jesus Ferreira Trujillo (Analyst, World Bank), and finalized by Andres Balcazar de la Cruz (Consultant, World Bank) and Barbara Minguez Garcia (Consultant, World Bank), under the guidance of Keiko Sakoda (Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank), Ana Campos Garcia (Lead Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank), Zoe Elena Trohanis (Lead Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank), and Mirtha Liliana Escobar (Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank). Katherine Coates (Consultant, World Bank) and Simone Balog-Way (Consultant, World Bank) provided technical inputs. The team is grateful for the valuable technical advice provided by global experts: Colette Fransolet (Chief Universal Access Consultant, Inclusive Design), Kimberly Paarlberg (Senior Staff Architect, International Code Council), Marnie Peters (President, Access Simplified), Mei-Yee Man Oram (Associate Director, Arup), Subhash Chandra Vashishth (Co-Founder and Director, Centre for Accessibility in Built Environment Foundation), and Marsha Mazz (Director, Accessibility Codes and Standards, Accessibility Services Program, United Spinal Association). Helpful peer review comments were provided by Jian Vun (Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank), Yuko Arai (Senior Urban Specialist, World Bank), and Swati Sachdeva (Urban Specialist, World Bank) through the peer review process chaired by Niels B. Holm-Nielsen (Practice Manager, World Bank). The team would like to extend its appreciation to the World Bank Global Corporate Solutions Translation and Interpretation Services for editorial assistance, and Ultra Design, Inc. for graphic design. 5 6 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE List of Acronyms BCA Building Control Authority (Singapore) BRCA Building Regulatory Capacity Assessment 2.0 BRR Building Regulation for Resilience DRM Disaster Risk Management GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery LRV Light Reflectance Value ICT Information and Communications Technology ISO International Organization for Standardization LHAC League of Historical and Accessible Cities (Europe) TWSI Tactile Walking Surface Indicators UDi Universal Design Index UN United Nations UNCRPD United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization WC Water Closet (toilet or toilet room) WHO World Health Organization List of Figures and Tables Figure 1. Scope of the different BRR tools 9 Figure 2. International progress toward Universal Accessibility 13 Figure 3. Steps to be taken in a systematic review of code provisions for universal accessibility 18 Figure 4. Fundamental Universal Accessibility Components and Subcomponents 23 Figure 5. Types of policy to advance Universal Accessibility and examples of good practices 44 Figure 6. The Accessibility Fund in Singapore 45 Figure 7. The Virginia Liveable Homes Tax Credit (LHTC) program 46 Figure 8. Criteria for subsidized housing loans in Japan 46 Figure 9. Housing reforms, Moradia e Accesso program, Rio de Janeiro 47 Figure 10. BPASS accessibility pass of Germany and The Netherlands, and Housing Performance Indicator System of Japan 48 Figure 11. Singapore BCA’s Universal Design Index 49 Figure 12. India’s comic book for children: Priya, the Accessibility Warrior 51 Figure 13. Photo-Digest of Ten Basic Features of Accessibility, India 52 Figure 14. Detail from UNICEF’s Toolkit on Accessibility in Emergencies 53 Figure 15. New Urban Agenda and Convention of Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) 53 Figure 16. Details from LHAC checklist 54 Figure 17. UNWTO Reopening Tourism for Travelers with Disabilities’ report 55 Figure 18. Changing Places initiative 56 Figure 19. “Find your friendly building” app, Singapore 57 Figure 20. “baby metro” app, Japan 57 Figure 21. “Accessible Zagreb” app, Croatia 58 Figure 22. The Sugamya Bharat App, India 58 Figure 23. Accessible Ethiopia, Addis Ababa guide 58 Table 1. Three ways to integrate Universal Accessibility in building regulations 21 Table 2. Checklist for the Review of Universal Accessibility Provisions in Building Regulations 27 7 8 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR STRUCTURAL RESILIENCE 1. Overview Rapid urbanization and population growth are to design and implement a diverse range driving the construction of new buildings, with of investments for risk reduction and global building stocks expected to double in preparedness. Among various approaches, the next 15 to 20 years.1 While such trends will improving the building regulatory framework represent significant development advances and implementation capacity proves to be one and offer economic growth opportunities, of the most cost-effective means of reducing concern remains regarding the resilience and underlying climate and disaster risks, in safety of both new and aging building stocks, combination with investments for physical increased energy and water consumption, and structural improvements and retrofits.2 In accessibility of the existing and evolving built this context, the Global Facility for Disaster environment and infrastructure. This increase Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR)’s global in development will result in greater exposure thematic area Building Regulation for to climate and disaster risks due to the evolving Resilience (BRR) aims to promote resilient, impacts of climate change, depending on where green, healthy, and inclusive built environments urbanization growth occurs, and the standards through enhanced regulatory frameworks and of construction. Additional vulnerabilities can implementation capacities. be compounded in unregulated and informal settlements where buildings are constructed The BRR offers technical support and advisory on risky sites, with high density, using services to assist governments through substandard building materials, and failing analysis of existing regulatory frameworks to implement safe design and construction and implementation capacity to identify practices. The combination of urbanization and policy reforms most urgently needed, and climate change poses significant challenges for relevant investment activities, underpinned countries and cities to form a comprehensive by knowledge of global good practices.3 To set of regulatory and policy instruments facilitate such process, the BRR offers practical to guide a more resilient, sustainable, and tools as highlighted in Figure 1. While the accessible built environment. Building Regulatory Capacity Assessment (BRCA 2.0)4 is a methodology to analyze a The World Bank’s Disaster Risk Management country’s existing regulatory framework and (DRM) engagements support countries implementation capacity with a view toward 1 Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction, 2022 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction: unep.org/resources/publication/2022-global-status-report-buildings-and-construction 2 gfdrr.org/en/publication/building-regulation-resilience-0 3 gfdrr.org/en/building-regulation-for-resilience 4 gfdrr.org/en/publication/building-regulatory-capacity-assessment-brca-20-methodology 1. Overview Chapter 1 2 distilling a set of targeted recommendations for The Building Code Checklist for Universal countries for priority actions, a set of Building Accessibility provides a systematic approach Code Checklists is a practical tool to facilitate to review building code provisions, with a assessment of coverage and depth of building focus on universal accessibility in the built code provisions, focusing on four major environment and ensure consideration for elements: structural resilience, fire safety, persons with different abilities and of all ages green buildings, and universal accessibility (the elderly, pregnant women, and children) (this document). A set of Building Code during the design, construction and operation Checklists helps countries’ governments and processes. It is a valuable resource for building code development bodies (or professionals professionals seeking to create inclusive, safe, commissioned by governments) to assess their and accessible spaces for all individuals. own codes against consolidated checklists referring to global good examples and thereby identify potential areas for further elaboration. Figure 1. Scope of the different BRR tools Building Code Checklists: Building Act A set of tools to review the provisions of a building code, Building Code focusing on four major topics Building Regulatory Objective, Functional Requirements, structural Capacity Assessment Legislation resilience Performance Criteria (BRCA): (Mandatory) A tool to review the fire safety overall regulatory framework Alternative Solutions Verification Acceptable green Methods Solutions Demonstrate buildings Compliance with Performance Criteria universal Cited Information accessibility Guidance Information Source: Figure adapted and modified from the original figure by Building and maintaining New Zealand’s homes and buildings. 1. Overview 9 2. Introduction and the built environment should meet their 2.1 Importance of Inclusion in various needs. Building Regulations Inclusive access in the built environment is 2.2 Diverse Needs and not just a matter of compliance but a societal Accessibility Challenges imperative. With the global population living with different kinds of abilities and needs Fully understanding the needs of people with and the senior population expected to rise various abilities, the elderly, children and sharply, accessible environments are crucial their caregivers, and those with temporary for promoting equity and equality. Universal disabilities, is crucial to creating a universally accessibility in building design enables people accessible environment. By acknowledging the of all ages and abilities to lead independent barriers these groups face, we can work toward lives, thus integrating a diverse workforce a more inclusive world where every individual into the economy and enriching the fabric has the opportunity to participate fully and of society. Almost 60 percent of the world’s equally in society. population will live in cities by 2070.5 These urban populations are diverse, encompassing • Persons with disabilities: According to the individuals with different types of impairments, World Health Organization (WHO)’s Global report on health equity for persons with 5 World Cities Report 2022: https://unhabitat.org/wcr/ 10 Chapter 2 disabilities (2022),6 16 percent of the world’s short-term impairments or functional population, roughly 1.3 billion people, live limitations following an accident, traumatic with some form of disability. This number incident, surgery or medical treatment. is likely to grow for reasons that include • Senior population: Meanwhile, by 2030, conflicts, disasters, forced displacements, one in six people or 16percent of the and aging.7 Persons with disabilities face global population, will be 60 years or over, higher rates of multidimensional poverty resulting in an increased number and than persons without disabilities.8 They proportion of older persons in the total encounter attitudinal, institutional, global population: a projected growth of 56 informational and environmental barriers percent from 901 million to 1.4 billion.10 It that hinder their full and effective access is currently estimated that over 46 percent and participation in society on an equal of persons over the age of 60 experience basis with others. moderate to severe disability, according to • Persons with temporary disabilities: the United Nations.11 Some impairments can be encountered • Children and care providers: Furthermore, by any individual during their lifespan. approximately 25 percent of the world’s According to the WHO, almost all persons population is below the age of 15.12 In will experience either a temporary or 2020, UNICEF estimated that 1.18 billion a permanent disability at some time children live in urban areas.13 The number in their life.9 Any person may have a of births worldwide is currently estimated temporary disability due to a physical or at 2.3 per women, meaning that the average psychological condition that causes short- woman will be pregnant at least twice term impairments. Persons with temporary during her lifetime.14 Pregnant women will disabilities include those with broken limbs, encounter temporary mobility challenges, concussions, temporary hearing/sight loss, and caregivers will benefit greatly from an temporary nerve damage and any other 6 Global report on health equity for persons with disabilities: https://www.who.int/publications/i/ item/9789240063600 7 World Bank GPURL Guidance Note on Disability Inclusion: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ en/437451528442789278/pdf/Disability-inclusion-and-accountability-framework.pdf 8 Pinilla-Roncancio, M. and Alkire, S. (2017). ‘How poor are people with disabilities around the globe? A multidimensional perspective’, OPHI Research in Progress 48a, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford: https://ophi.org.uk/publication/RP-48a 9 WHO Disability: https://www.who.int/health-topics/disability#tab=tab_1 10 UNDP: Ageing, older persons and the 2030 agenda for sustainable development: https://www.un.org/ development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2017/08/Ageing-Older-Persons-and-2030-Agenda_ Issues-Brief-low-resolution-.pdf 11 Ageing and disability | United Nations Enable: http://social.desa.un.org/issues/disability/disability-issues/ ageing-and-disability 12 World Bank Data 13 Strategic Note on UNICEF’s Work for Children in Urban Settings: https://www.unicef.org/media/133771/file/ 14 World Bank Data. Fertility rates: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?name_desc=false 2. Introduction 11 12 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY accessible built environment while carrying While this checklist uses that definition, it small babies and children. recognizes the appropriate use of alternative terminology and concepts, such as universal 2.3 Defining Universal design (usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for Accessibility adaptation)17 and design for all (interventions Universal Accessibility is a design philosophy into environments, products and services that aims to make environments usable for as which aim to ensure that anyone, including broad a group of people as possible, regardless future generations, regardless of age, gender, of age or ability. It is about creating an inclusive capacities or cultural background, can enjoy world which allows everyone to participate equal opportunities to participate in social, without barriers. While the term “universal economic, cultural and leisure activities).18 accessibility” is widely used, there is no commonly agreed definition, and variations are 2.4 Global Efforts for Universal used by different professionals and institutions Accessibility in different contexts. In the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework, universal The movement toward universal accessibility access is described as “unimpeded access for has been shaped by various global efforts, people of all ages and abilities, which should responding to the needs of a diverse be incorporated into project design for new population, including persons of different ages facilities and reviewed for existing facilities”.15 and abilities. Its history reveals the influence of societal changes. This evolution is marked The World Bank defines the concept of by key legislation, design principles, and universal access as applying “both to the built international conventions, coalescing as a set of environment (for example, schools, community comprehensive guidelines that underscore the water, sanitation facilities, bus terminals, and necessity to create and maintain an accessible public playgrounds) and virtual environments built environment for all users. These efforts (for example, smart villages/city interfaces, recognize the challenges posed by existing online learning, government portals to access infrastructures and the importance of adapting social benefits), and it also applies to the design them to meet universal accessibility standards, and delivery of services (for example, skills as outlined in various international and development programs, cash transfers).”16 national examples. 15 World Bank. Environmental and Social Framework: https://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/837721522762050108/ environmental-and-social-framework.pdf and https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ en/573841530208492785/Environment-and-Social-Framework-ESF-Good-Practice-Note-on-Disability-English. pdf 16 World Bank. Disability Inclusion and Accountability Framework: https://documents.worldbank.org/en/ publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/437451528442789278/disability-inclusion-and-accountability- framework 17 Source: Center for Universal Design, North Carolina State University. 18 Source: Design for All Foundation. 2. Introduction Chapter 2 Historically, building code provision for years, accessibility considerations have evolved universal accessibility arose primarily from and expanded to accommodate the wider needs the needs of persons with disabilities who of different user groups, such as, but not limited faced discrimination and bias. People with to, people with limited mobility, low visual diverse abilities and access needs must navigate capacity, hearing impairments, elderly persons, buildings and facilities. In many countries, people with cognitive impairments, pregnant their shared needs gave rise to a movement women, caretakers of minors, children and in society, particularly following World War seniors. Significant advances have been made I and II, when a large number of people with to establish universal accessibility and equality some kind of disability were expecting to rejoin recommendations, legislation and rights for all, society after receiving rehabilitation19. Over the as shown in the timeline in Figure 2. Figure 2. International progress toward Universal Accessibility 1995 1950 Principles of 2009 2018 European Universal Design Council of Europe World Bank 2022 Convention for formulated at the publishes the Group’s World Bank’s the Protection of 1982–1992 University of Recommendation Commitments Disability Human Rights The United Nations North Carolina to member states on Disability- Inclusion and and Fundamental Decade of People Centre for on achieving Inclusive Accountability Freedoms. with Disabilities Universal Design. Universal Design. Development. Framework. 1961 1990 1993 2006 2015 2021 First recognition of Americans with UN Standard United Nations Sustainable ISO 21542 - accessible design Disabilities Act Rules on the Convention on the Development Accessibility and in the US by the (ADA). Equalization of Rights of Persons Goals (SGDs) Usability of the American National Opportunities for with Disabilities Built Environment. Standards Institute. Persons with (UNCRPD). Disabilities. Source: Developed by authors based on the mentioned references. 19 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25941048/ 2. Introduction 13 14 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY collective effort aims to ensure that our built 2.5 International, Regional, environment not only meets the diverse and National Standards for requirements of its inhabitants but also Universal Accessibility embodies the principles of inclusivity, safety, Accessibility considerations have evolved and and usability for people of all ages and abilities. expanded to recognize the unique challenges Examples include: international standards presented by the existing built environment like ISO 21452: 2021 Building construction and buildings, including sites of historical — Accessibility and usability of the built significance. In recent years, more countries environment for the design of accessible built have put in place legislative mechanisms to environments; and regional standards like EN address universal accessibility within existing 17210: 2021 Accessibility and usability of the buildings. For example, these countries have built environment, issued by the European introduced equality and disability legislation Committee for Standardization. While many that requires services being provided in existing countries start by achieving no more than buildings to be accessible and usable for all. minimum compliance, some have come to see the larger societal benefits a country Recognizing varied needs of the global can achieve by developing truly universally population, international, regional, and accessible built environments—promoting a national institutions are collaborating to forge more inclusive society through regulatory and standards that pave the way for accessible policy instruments. and inclusive built environments. This 2. Introduction 3. Objectives A robust building regulatory framework reviewing the universal accessibility provisions should include a comprehensive set of of building codes, it helps governments to universal accessibility provisions as well address these crucial elements in building code as structural resilience, fire safety, green updates effectively and systematically. building, sustainability, and environmental requirements. The checklist’s dual purpose is as: i) an assessment tool for understanding and To establish a framework that is both enhancing current universal accessibility codes inclusive and practical, the Building Code and provisions; and also ii) a reference model Checklist for Universal Accessibility has outlining critical components drawn from been designed to help building professionals global examples. In other words, it is both an to enhance the universal accessibility aspect assessment framework for existing codes, and a of the built environment. The checklist guideline for updates or the formulation of new serves as a practical tool for policy makers, codes. officials involved in the development of codes, regulations, and standards, and construction Although the checklist is written for ease of sector professionals (such as architects and use by readers without specialized knowledge, engineers), as well as World Bank Task Team it is shaped by the input of experts in universal Leaders and task teams to leverage regulatory accessibility regulations and design. Their reform opportunities for making buildings and expertise is instrumental in navigating the spaces accessible to everyone. Likewise, as it intricacies involved in codifying accessibility has been specifically formulated to assist in within building regulations. 15 16 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY This checklist is designed to work with other Design, and Operation” (2025), and similar modules of Building Code Checklists for applications to other sectors could be explored fire safety, green buildings, and structural depending on demands. resilience. These modules have been applied together and proven to be useful in assisting This checklist is followed by Appendix A: the review of building codes and relevant Implementation Policy Examples, which regulations or standards in specific countries shares global good practice examples of as part of World Bank financed operations implementation policies for universal including Development Policy Operations (for accessibility provisions in the built example, to assess the readiness of an updated environment from 21 countries, which can building code as a prior action) and Investment serve as inspiration for other countries now Project Financing (for example, to identify the planning analogous journeys to make their built scope of investment activities on building code environments and societies more inclusive development/updates). The use of the checklist and accessible. The checklist concludes with series could work alongside other sector- Appendix B: Glossary of Terms, which provides specific guidance notes, such as the upcoming definitions of key technical terms used in this World Bank “Resilient, Green, and Inclusive document. Health Facilities: Guidance on Planning, 3. Objectives 4. Guidance: How to Use the Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility A systematic approach for reviewing good understanding of a country’s accessibility universal accessibility provisions in building issues as well as international subject-matter codes is encapsulated in Figure 3. It guides experts familiar with a wide range of building practitioners through a sequence of steps. codes with universal accessibility provisions Although it may be possible to complete some and broader building regulatory frameworks. parts of the checklist without specific expertise and experience in universal design practices Priority questions have been identified to and regulations, a thorough consideration permit a shorter, partial assessment that can of the regulatory landscape and relevant be carried out quickly, yielding a high-level knowledge could make the assessment findings overview: focusing on areas where codes have more comprehensive and insightful. Ideally, been found to have critical gaps in past reviews. the reviewers would include specialists with a 17 18 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY Figure 3. Steps to be taken in a systematic review of code provisions for universal accessibility ➊ ➋ ➌ Understand overall Identify Universal Undertake a regulatory framework Accessibility regulations systematic review and chapters Identify all governmental Identify and catalog the sections When assessing regulatory departments and agencies related to universal accessibility texts for universal accessibility, responsible for, or with jurisdiction provisions within various codes, it is essential to pay over, universal accessibility, and regulations, and standards attention to components and associated laws and regulations —such as those governing subcomponents outlined in the that impact the design and planning, building codes, and checklists provided: use of accessible spaces. This other regulations, including any involves examining legislation, referenced international, regional, • Map specific provisions within the regulations to the regulations, standards and and national regulations and items listed in the universal guidelines pertaining to urban standards. accessibility checklists found planning, building design, and use, Universal accessibility provisions in Chapter 6; with attention to the intersection may not all be neatly collated in between buildings/urban spaces building codes only (see Table • Examine the language used and the specifics of transportation in the regulations for clarity 1), and users may need to look at infrastructure, to ensure that and precision to ensure that broader regulatory frameworks diverse accessibility requirements they can be interpreted and to identify appropriate sets of are met. implemented effectively; codes, regulations and standards to examine. Even countries where • Determine if the regulations universal accessibility provisions adequately cite established are fully integrated as part of standards and if these building codes/regulations, references are consistent and some codes/regulations may compatible; have dedicated chapters, while others may integrate these • Look for the inclusion of both mandatory and nonmandatory provisions within sections like guidance, assessing clarity and building services, or fire safety. degree of integration into the For example, specific codes regulations; and for certain types of buildings, like health care facilities, might • Ensure consistency in any detail universal accessibility guidance provided, to support requirements tailored to their uniform application and unique needs, yet leave egress adherence to the regulations. requirements—crucial for safe evacuation—to be found elsewhere, within fire safety rules or in a specialized subsection of the regulation. 4. Guidance: How to Use the Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility Chapter 4 ➍ ➎ ➏ Assess provisions in a Assess interface with Finalize the checklist country context other regulations responses and distil recommendations Consider the regulatory and Review the interface between After completion of the checklist, market capacity required to provisions related to universal the reviewer should identify and interpret and act upon the accessibility and other sections summarize key areas of potential regulatory provisions in a manner and regulations as appropriate, opportunities for enhancement in that can be expected to achieve to analyze how universal coverage and depth in the form the universal accessibility accessibility standards interact of technical recommendations objectives for buildings that are with other regulatory areas, for stakeholders. This summary compliant with the regulations. such as urban planning, building should note any constraints on the services, and public safety, review (such as restricted access Examine if the regulatory and confirm that accessibility to information or resources) and framework allows for “reasonable considerations are integrated address specific concerns or accommodations”—modifications within them. questions that may have prompted or adjustments—when it is the review.   not feasible to meet certain requirements: this ensures that accessibility can be achieved through alternative solutions. Review the local systems for testing, approving, and accrediting construction materials and designs, such as measuring door opening forces or the slip resistance of surface finishes, to ensure they comply with accessibility standards. 4. Guidance: How to Use the Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility 19 20 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY country, by state or territory, or in another 4.1 Reviewing Components way? within the Country Context 4. What is/are the source(s) of reference for While robust building regulations incorporate system design, installation, materials, and the universal accessibility components, there is so forth (for example, country Bureau of seldom a one-to-one relationship between the Standards, International Organization for defined components and the provisions within Standardization—IOS)? the regulations. This is because the formal and conceptual structure of building regulation Depending on the answers to the above derives from national legislation and regulatory questions, a comprehensive review of universal models, meaning that building and universal accessibility components in regulations may accessibility regulations will be unique to the require a review of documents associated country for which they are developed, often with several government ministries, agencies causing a single provision to be split between and private-sector entities (especially for different regulations, or to be expressed using standards). different terminology. There are various ways to have universal Factors for consideration when initiating accessibility provisions as part of larger a review include the government structure building codes, or as a freestanding code. (such as a centralized national system, a A comparative study of building codes and federal system, and so forth), the government universal accessibility provisions from ministry(ies) or department(s) with selected countries and regions underpinned responsibility for universal accessibility the development of this checklist. It revealed legislation and regulations, the legislative varying approaches to regulatory structures structure, and the model used for development and universal accessibility issues. Given that of the universal accessibility building code (if each country has its own unique building any). Key questions include:  code and associated legal and regulatory framework, each will naturally find its own best 1. Are building code and universal path to formulation of the most robust set of accessibility regulations under the purview provisions and technical guidance to make the of the same ministry?  built environment universally accessible. 2. Do building regulations address all universal accessibility components To illustrate such varying approaches, Table for buildings, or are some provisions 1 provides a summary of the three major ways addressed under other regulations? to integrate universal accessibility within countries’ regulatory systems, and some 3. Are the building and universal accessibility examples. regulations applied uniformly across the 4. Guidance: How to Use the Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility Chapter 4 Table 1. Three ways to integrate Universal Accessibility in building regulations Approach Country examples Universal Accessibility integrated as part of unified Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, Tanzania building codes Universal Accessibility addressed as part of unified European Union; Bhutan, Nepal, Rwanda, United Arab building codes and other regulation(s) Emirates Independent code for Universal Accessibility Chile, Mexico, Philippines, Singapore, United States The following chapter provides some basic knowledge on six fundamental universal accessibility components for the built environment. 4. Guidance: How to Use the Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility 21 5. Key Concepts in Universal Accessibility Components in Building Regulations The following six components and on a comparative analysis of building codes’ subcomponents, shown in Figure 4, are universal accessibility provisions, and the distilled as the fundamental universal universal accessibility codes of 14 countries,20 accessibility elements that many building codes alongside international and regional model and international and regional model standards standards, conducted as part of this checklist include as provisions or requirements, based development. 20 Africa: Morocco, Rwanda, South Africa; Asia: India, Japan, Singapore; Middle East: United Arab Emirates; Europe: Ireland, Sweden, United Kingdom; North America: Canada, United States; South America: Colombia; Oceania: New Zealand. 22 Chapter 5 Figure 4. Fundamental Universal Accessibility Components and Subcomponents Universal Accessibility Components for the Built Environment 1 2 3 4 5 6 External Horizontal and Building Fixtures Environment Building Vertical Access and Fittings Evacuation and Facilities Access routes, Entrances, Doors, and Circulation Safe Egress Features that assist facilities, and features and Lobbies Rooms, spaces, and Features within a in the orientation, Efficient and safe toilets, to be used in provided around Independent and building to provide wayfinding, evacuation for all an independent and building entrances, accessible entry. independent and information, and from the building in accessible way within including parking, accessible movement communication within emergency situations. the building. and circulation routes through it. the built between buildings. 2.1 Entering 3.1 Overall 4.1 Rooms and 5.1 Wayfinding and 6.1 Evacuation 1.1 Access Routes Buildings Movements Spaces within Signage Routes Buildings 1.2 Arriving at a 2.2 Door Design 3.2 Horizontal 5.2 Visual Contrast 6.2 Emergency Exits Destination (both external and Circulation interior doors) 4.2 Toilet Facilities 1.3 Common Use 3.3 Vertical 6.3 Evacuation Lifts/ 5.3 Lighting Facilities Circulation Elevators 2.3 Entrance Design 6.4 Emergency 5.4 Acoustics Equipment 5.5 Audible/Hearing 6.5 Visual / Audible Enhancement Alarms Systems 6.6 Emergency 5.6 Switches, Signage Controls and Outlets 6.7 Refuge Areas 5. Key Concepts in Universal Accessibility Components in Building Regulations 23 24 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY the building, where to go, and how to get to 5.1 External Environment relevant destinations. Access to the external environment (for example, building premises) is essential to 5.3 Horizontal and Vertical allow all users of a building to arrive, move Access and Circulation around the surroundings, and approach the building from a vehicle or an adjacent site Circulation to and on each building floor or road, in a safe and easy way. External should be clear and easy to navigate for all environment features are all important users. People within a building should be able elements that require design consideration in to travel horizontally conveniently and without order to maximize independence, and usability, discomfort to access all facilities provided. and ensure healthy and safety movement Adequate space should be provided in order within the space (for example, maintaining to allow all users to maneuver and pass one the slip resistance of external paving; ensuring another, preferably at any point in the floor trip hazards are avoided and repaired where plan. Obstacles and projections into the necessary; ensuring obstacles along access circulation space should be kept to a minimum routes do not become a hazard for someone where practicable and, where necessary, with a visual impairment, and so forth). measures should be taken to protect people from accidental collisions or trips. 5.2 Entrances, Doors, and Lobbies Likewise, the vertical circulation throughout There are several factors that influence the building (for example, stairs, ramps, and independent access to enter a building.21 lifts/elevators) provides essential access to Entrances doors, lobbies, and reception areas floors in multistory buildings. It should allow are the first point of contact for most users of a people to travel vertically through the floors building. The provision of accessible entrances in order to access all available facilities within and reception areas is key, particularly to a the building. Vertical features should be closely first-time user’s experience, to help them integrated with elements of the horizontal understand the space and move safely and circulation to provide a logical and convenient efficiently. The area should not present any means of moving through an entire building. barriers for any user. This may involve level access, automated doors, clear layout of 5.4 Building Facilities the space to identify reception or the main circulation route, and so forth. Part of this Depending on the type, size, and purpose experience can also be formed prior to arriving of buildings, facilities specific to each at the building as many users will use pre- use and need may be required. These visitor information to understand how to reach facilities can vary, and may include sanitary This document promotes independent access and use of buildings and their facilities by users, at the same 21 time it recognizes the need for assisted access and use with the help of companion(s) depending on the user’s needs and situation. 5. Key Concepts in Universal Accessibility Components in Building Regulations Chapter 5 facilities, workstations and meeting rooms, acoustics, ventilation, and so forth) is very refreshment facilities, quiet rooms, and seating important, though often overlooked, to make arrangements, among others. These facilities the space comfortable for everybody to use. make buildings usable and, in many cases, Careful consideration of the layout, use of color more comfortable. Where these facilities are and symbols, audible and tactile information, provided, it should be ensured that they are as well as the use of signage, are parts of the accessible and usable by the widest range of building that can make the difference between people, encouraging active participation by all a comfortable space and an unpleasant users. For example, many of the issues people experience. These elements inform the overall face within sanitary facilities occur due to a experience of the building and many people’s poor understanding and management of the impressions of it. spaces after installation. Effective management and maintenance are just as important as their 5.6 Evacuation and Safe Egress design, to keep them safe, comfortable, and easy to use. The building design must promote safe and efficient egress and evacuation for all users. It must recognize that people with any 5.5 Building Fixtures and Fittings mobility, sensory, cognitive, or mental health A proper building design must include impairments, may need assistance in order essential fixtures and fittings to assist people to escape in the event of fire or any other of all abilities to access and use all facilities emergency. It is therefore necessary to make within the building. A detailed design of the provisions for this, both in the design and the building’s interior (for example, lighting, management of the building. 5. Key Concepts in Universal Accessibility Components in Building Regulations 25 6. Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility Table 2 is provided as a tool to assist in the To keep the assessment fairly short and quick, review of universal accessibility provisions in priority questions have been identified, to building regulations based on the universal offer a high-level overview. These focus on accessibility components outlined above. areas deemed to be of critical importance It should be noted that these are a set of by international experts involved in their guiding questions to assess the coverage countries’ regulatory development and and contents of provisions, rather than implementation. Priority questions are their comprehensiveness. Given that some highlighted with shaded cells in the following provisions might be provided in multiple section. documents (codes, regulations, and international, regional, or national reference standards), it is recommended that the reviewer note which document is used to answer each question. 26 Chapter 6 Table 2. Checklist for the Review of Universal Accessibility Provisions in Building Regulations Components Description Diagnostic Question 0. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 0.1 Jurisdiction Identify the scope of the code as in some Identify: of regulatory cases there may be references to one or application more detailed accessibility standards, to (a) In the case of a federal state, if it uses a unified national code, or if other types of standards (fire protection, each province or state uses its own code. urban design, and so forth), or to regional or (b) If a single accessibility code is used, or if requirements are international accessibility standards. scattered among many codes or documents; if the latter, clarify whether any provisions contradict each other. Identify the different code jurisdictions or (c) How any separate accessibility codes for buildings are structured the applicability of standards in different and separated (for example, public versus private buildings; or countries, regions or cities (especially in specific building types for education, health care, commerce, federal states). government administration, tourism, and so forth)? (d) If the accessibility code development process requires the Find out if only one code/standard is applied participation of local persons with disabilities, groups, or regardless of the sector or type of buildings, organizations. or if different sectors (health, education, and so forth) issue specific accessibility standards. 0.2 Target Generally assess the target regulations or (a) What is the title and year of publication of the accessibility code(s): regulation and codes to identify the scope of the universal and is it aligned with latest international best practices (such as code scope accessibility provisions. provisions for sensory or cognitive disabilities)? (b) Does the code cover design and construction of new buildings, maintenance and rehabilitation of existing buildings (including heritage buildings)? (c) Do the code’s technical specifications address local climate and culture (such as shading for tropical/desert areas, or slip resistance values for rain/snow, a prayer room)? (d) Does the code provide for both new and existing buildings simultaneously; or apply different sets of requirements for existing buildings and retrofits? 0.3 Provisions for Accessibility provisions are meant to be used (a) Does the code include provisions for specific building types? Or specific building in any type of building; however, a building’s does the country (or local government or professional bodies) types complexity, local conditions, or specific provide guidelines on universal accessibility for specific buildings? regulatory requirements may dictate that (b) Does the code (or alternative regulations/guidelines) provide some types of buildings require additional design requirements unique to those types of buildings, namely, considerations or must be considered emergency rooms, laboratories, study rooms, canteen areas, train separately from generic constructions. platforms, and so forth, considering acoustics, for example? If so, do those requirements reflect specific considerations for users who This situation may vary from country to require more attention when using certain types of building (for country. The aim here is to find out if local example, the majority of patient users of certain health facilities will codes mention specific building types experience temporary mobility challenges)? separately, such as: (c) Are these sections dedicated to specific building types intended to be used in parallel with the code or is a separate regulatory body • Health care facilities; applicable? If so, are there cross-references made appropriately • Educational buildings (from primary school between and among relevant regulations and building codes? to higher education); (d) Are design requirements for specific building types coordinated • Transportation; between and among concerned authorities (such as the ministry in • Offices and workplaces; charge of construction and the ministries of health, education, or • Heritage and historical sites; transport as applicable)? • Courts and legal institutions; • Religious facilities; • Parks, or natural areas, and • Others. 6. Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility 27 28 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY Components Description Diagnostic Question 1. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT 1.1 Access Routes 1.1.1 Pedestrian Pedestrian infrastructure includes but is (a) Does the code include provisions on the design, location, minimum Infrastructure and not limited to sidewalks, trails, crosswalks, clear width and height, surface materials, lighting, or any other Crossing intersection designs, refuge islands, and accessibility features for the pedestrian infrastructure? other types of pedestrian routes. (b) If the code does not contain such provisions, are they instead to be found in regulations issued by other agencies such as Ministry of The pedestrian infrastructure provides Transport? separation from vehicles and cyclists. (c) Does the code include provisions on the appropriate locations for and type of pedestrian crossings, the design of pedestrian It also involves pedestrian crossings on crossings, including controlled and uncontrolled crossings, call approach to the building from the boundary buttons and alerts for controlled crossings, how the system of the site; these maximize independence for caters for people with sensory disabilities, dropped kerbs, tactile people with reduced mobility, and support paving, lighting, slip resistance, visual contrast, signage and road safe navigation around the site for people markings? with vision impairments. 1.1.2 Shared Shared spaces are typically a design (a) Does the code include provisions on the appropriate locations, Space approach used to minimize segregation sizes, and guidance on the design of shared spaces to ensure safe between different transportation modes and easily navigable spaces for all users (particularly people with on roads; it can be applied within the built sensory disabilities)? environment and building premises to (b) Does the code provide methods to define the extent of shared minimize segregation between all types of space (signage, color, slip resistance surface materials, and so user: pedestrians, cyclists and vehicular forth), safe junction design, navigation aids to persons with visual traffic. impairments, street furniture, hazard protection, surface materials, lighting, slip resistance, visual contrast, signage? The manner in which pedestrians, particularly people with sensory disabilities, navigate the space and identify vehicular hazards is critical when providing shared spaces. 1.1.3 Accessibility An accessibility chain is a combination of (a) Does the code provide information on the design of an accessibility Chain different accessible features, for different chain, including provision of choice of lift and stairs (minimum) types of disabilities, that allows a continuous, and/or escalators in circulation cores, nonsegregation of access uninterrupted and barrier-free path for users routes and entrances, independently accessible access routes, to move seamlessly in the exterior and access to the same facilities and amenities, dropped kerbs, and so interior environments. forth? (b) Do the accessibility chain definition and provisions include features for different types of disabilities? 1.1.4 Level Level access on approach to a building (a) Does the code include provision(s) on the design of level access Access Routes, provides the most accessible option for routes, including maximum gradient that constitutes a level route, and Lifts/ people with reduced mobility to gain safe and clear width, passing points, edge protection, hazard warning Elevators independent access into a building. for obstructions along the route, maximum comfortable travel distances (rest points along the route), surface materials, lighting, External passenger lifts should be provided slip resistance, visual contrast, signage, and so on? whenever there are significant changes (b) Does the code provide information on the rationale and provision in level within the building and built of external passenger lifts, including design, ease of use, lift car environment. types and sizes, lift car design (such as door opening widths, floor coloring, handrail design, mirror provision, lighting), lift landing This is because traversing significant level design (such as maneuvering space in front of the lift, landing call changes by ramp can be too tiring for button locations, visual contrast), tactile button design, audible and wheelchair users and persons with reduced visual alerts (guidance of lift arrival on a floor) and the provision of mobility, so an external passenger lift will an emergency two-way intercom fitted with an inductive coupler ensure independent and equitable movement (thus compatible with hearing aids)? for all users. 6. Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility Chapter 6 Components Description Diagnostic Question 1. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT 1.1 Access Routes 1.1.5 Graded / Level changes on access routes on approach (a) Does the code include provisions on the design of gently sloped Sloped Access to a building should be avoided whenever routes, including maximum gradient that constitutes a gentle Routes, and possible. Where necessary, the level changes slope or ramp, clear width, passing points, edge protection, hazard Ramps should be designed to be as shallow as warning for obstructions along the route, provision of top, bottom, possible to ensure that people with reduced and intermediate landings on the slope flight, additional stepped mobility gain safe and independent access access routes, handrails, surface materials, lighting, slip resistance, into a building. visual contrast, signage, and so on? By contrast, steep level changes on approach to a building can be a barrier for people with reduced mobility seeking independent access into a building. Well-designed ramps should be provided when level access or graded routes cannot be offered. 1.1.6 Stepped Steep level changes on approach to a (a) Does the code include provisions on the design of stepped access Access Routes building can be a barrier for people with routes, including minimum and maximum allowable riser height, reduced mobility to achieve independent tread length, flight height, clear width, top, bottom, and intermediate access into a building. Where graded/sloped landings, design of handrails, hazard warning on the step flight access routes are provided, steps provide including tactile paving, visually contrasting nosings, surface alternative access options to persons who materials, lighting, slip resistance, visual contrast, signage, and so may find ramped routes too tiring. Stepped on? routes should be provided in addition to alternative accessible routes. 1.1.7 Gates and Where gates and security barriers are (a) Does the code include provisions on the appropriate locations and Security Barriers required on access routes for the purposes design guidance for gates and security barriers, including ease of of security or access control, it is important use, positioning, clear opening widths, opening forces, height and that these elements are designed to be location of opening furniture, how the system caters for people with suitable for all users, to ensure independent sensory disabilities, design, visual contrast, button or lock types, access and equity of experience for all users audible and tactile controls, size of release buttons, associated accessing the external environment. signage? 1.1.8 Hazards and Where hazards and obstructions are (a) Does the code include provisions for hazard protection (for Obstructions unavoidable on access routes, it is critical example, at drop-offs) including guarding design to include low- that they are suitably guarded to reduce the level tapping rail, balustrades, visual contrast, design of gratings on risk of slips, trips, falls, and collisions. walkways? Typical hazards and obstructions may include changes in level, protruding objects along the route, the building’s equipment or mechanical components. 1.1.9 Covered or The provision of covered or shaded walkways (a) Does the code include provisions of a minimum percentage, Shaded Walkways along access routes will provide protection location, or minimum length of covered or shaded walkways from inclement weather for all users. including minimum height and width, hazard warning for obstructions along the route, lighting, visual contrast, and so on? 1.1.10 Exterior Well-designed pedestrian surfaces are (a) Does the code include provisions for exterior surface finishes Surface Finishes critical for safe navigation through the built (especially for pedestrian use), including the design of hard, environment, and can reduce the risk of slips, smooth, firm and slip-resistant surface materials which are hard trips and falls by addressing slip resistance, wearing and easily maintained, avoidance of highly reflective frictional characteristics of adjoining surface materials or confusing patterns, maximum crossfall gradient, materials, visual contrast, avoidance of bold drainage channel design, slip resistance especially when wet, visual or confusing patterns, and so forth. contrast, and so forth? 6. Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility 29 30 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY Components Description Diagnostic Question 1. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT 1.2 Arriving at a Destination 1.2.1 Vehicular Accessible vehicular parking may be on- (a) Does the code provide information on the provisions for accessible Parking street, off-street, multilevel car parking, vehicular parking, including methods of calculation, taking into plus accessible spaces for vans; it provides account building use, and size; appropriate locations; information designated parking spaces, which are sized on adjacency to the main entrances, minimum provision in relation to facilitate ease of alighting, transfer, and to full parking provision, minimum dimensions of bay including circulation between adjacent vehicles for minimum vertical clearance, provision on firm and level ground, wheelchair users, and are conveniently dropped kerbs, provision of marked access zones, signage, located near accessible entrances. marking of parking spaces and access aisles, and so forth? Accessible vehicular parking bays are generally provided as a ratio of the overall provision, which may be increased to accommodate certain specific uses (for example, increased accessible parking provision at hospitals). 1.2.2 Accessible The provision of accessible electric car (a) Does the code include provisions for accessible electric car parking Electric Car parking facilities allows equity of experience facilities, including appropriate locations, information on adjacency Parking and in travel options for all users, ensuring users to the main entrances, minimum dimensions of bay including Charging Stations utilizing accessible parking bays have access minimum vertical clearance, provision on firm and level ground, to vehicle charging points. dropped kerbs, provision of marked access zones, positioning of charging point (height and location), maneuvering space around charging station, associated signage? 1.2.3 Drop-off Drop-off areas allow users of a building to get (a) Does the code include provisions for drop-off areas, including Areas close to the main entrance before alighting appropriate locations, number, information on adjacency to the their vehicle. This is beneficial for all users, main entrances, minimum dimensions including minimum vertical including people with reduced mobility, as clearance, provision on firm and level ground, dropped kerbs, it minimizes the travel distance to enter the provision of coverings to protect from inclement weather, signage, building independently. and so on? Additionally, drop-off areas for larger vehicles accommodate a wider range of vehicles, including minibuses and larger ones that use hoists, ramps or tail-lifts. 1.2.4 Parking Where parking meters and/or controls are (a) Does the code include provisions for parking meters, and/or Meters and required, it is important that these elements controls, including appropriate locations, ease of use, positioning, Controls are designed to be suitable for use by all control heights suitable for both standing and seated users, how users, to ensure independent access and the system caters for people with sensory disabilities, design, equity of experience for all users accessing visual contrast, button/lock types, audible and tactile controls, size the environment associated with vehicle of release buttons, associated signage? parking. 1.2.5 Public Accessible public transport shelters provide (a) Does the code include provisions for accessible shelters, including Transport Shelters shade and protection from inclement weather appropriate locations, wayfinding and signage elements, integrated for all users, enhance user experience and alternative seating spaces for wheelchair, stroller and other mobility make the option of locally available public support tool users, clear access routes, good lighting and visibility, transport a viable transit choice for a wider associated signage and so on? range of users. 6. Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility Chapter 6 Components Description Diagnostic Question 1. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT 1.2 Arriving at a Destination 1.2.6 Dedicated cycle lanes used by any form of (a) Does the code include provisions for micro mobility infrastructure Micromobility micromobility device, segregated from both (such as cycle/scooter lanes, and bicycle parking, including Infrastructure vehicular and pedestrian routes, ensure a accessible bicycle parking spaces), including appropriate locations, level of safety for riders and pedestrians by appropriate ways of segregating cycle lanes from pedestrian and reducing risks of collision between riders and vehicular routes, and design requirements of cycle lanes such pedestrians, or riders and motorists. as segregation from pedestrian access routes, clear widths and heights, maximum crossfall gradient, drainage design, surface Parking for micromobility devices, including material design including use of color for definition of use, junction accessible bicycle parking, and parking for design, tactile warnings to ensure pedestrians do not inadvertently nonstandard bikes (cargo bicycles, bicycles enter cycle lane, and so forth; or with attached child carriers, tricycles, and so (b) Design guidance for accessible bicycle parking such as minimum forth) allows a greater flexibility and equity of dimensions, including minimum vertical clearance, provision on experience in travel options for all users. firm and level ground, dropped kerbs, provision of coverings to protect from inclement weather, signage, and so on? 1.3 Common Use Facilities 1.3.1 Street Street furniture aids the comfortable use and (a) Does the code include provisions for street furniture, including Furniture navigation of the public realm for all users, appropriate locations of street furniture (for example, beyond the including opportunities to rest, adequate boundary of access route), guarding design to include rounded refuse bins, signage, and wayfinding for edge profile where someone might bump into them, minimum navigation. All street furniture should be heights, visual contrast, and so on. accessible for all users and designed in such a way as not to pose an obstruction to the route. 1.3.2 Seating / Regular seating and rest points along access (a) Does the code provide for seating points along access routes, Rest Points routes will ensure that users do not have including comfortable travel distances within the public realm, to travel excessive distances to access the seating design such as widths, height range of seating, provision public realm. of seating with and without armrests and backrests, hard and soft seat covers, circulation spaces to and around seating, sufficient provision for wheelchair users, mobility aids and service dogs, covered seating areas and so forth? 1.3.3 Service Dog Service dog relief areas are essential to (a) Does the code include provisions for service dog relief areas, Relief Areas provide a place for service and assistance including appropriate type and locations, minimum maneuvering dogs to relieve themselves and have access space to allow ambulant persons and wheelchair users to access, to clean water. gate width, security fencing provision, drainage considerations, water supply provisions, lighting, slip resistance, visual contrast, Please note that service dog relief areas may signage, and so forth? also be located inside public buildings. 1.3.4 Accessible The provision of accessible public toilets (a) Does the code include provisions on access to accessible Public Toilets around larger sites and in public areas public toilet facilities, including appropriate locations, ambulant ensures greater flexibility and accessibility accessible and enlarged WC provision, independently accessible options for all. WC provision, provision of changing places facilities (see 4.1.8), security, signage, and so forth? 1.3.5 Inclusive The provision of inclusive play areas ensures (a) Does the code include provisions on inclusive play areas, including Play Facilities an equitable experience for all users including appropriate instances, maneuvering space to and through the children with disabilities and older people. play area, the provision of desegregated equipment for people of all ages and abilities, observation areas for parents and carers to facilitate passive supervision of play area, including seating and storage areas for wheelchair users, mobility aids, buggies, and so forth, and proximity to sanitary facilities? 6. Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility 31 32 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY Components Description Diagnostic Question 2. ENTRANCES, DOORS, AND LOBBIES 2.1 Entering Buildings 2.1.1 Location of Accessible entranceways are important to (a) Does the code include provisions for entering a building, including Entrances give all users independent (autonomous) appropriate locations and numbers of accessible entry points access to a building, and all its facilities, required to independently enter the building, design of entrance from key approach points (for instance, points to the building from key points (for example, site boundary, main pedestrian routes, entrances from parking areas, drop-off areas, public transport links and so forth), vehicular parking and drop-off locations, staff various types of entry points required for building types, and so entrances) and should be designed as such. forth? 2.1.2 Entrance Accessible entrance approaches and (a) Does the code include provisions for accessible entrance landing Landings landings allow independent access to a design, including appropriate locations and number of entrances building for all users and should be designed depending on building size and use, an accessible route from key as such. access points, designed to be easily identifiable, level landings at all entry points, surface materials and finishes and the relationship between internal and external surface finishes (for example, slip resistance, frictional characteristics), lighting provision, visual contrast, associated signage and wayfinding, and so forth? 2.1.3 Access Access control systems are required to (a) Does the code include provisions for access control and intercom Control and maintain security, restrict access to intended systems, including appropriate instances of the need for access Intercom Design user groups only, and maintain records of control and intercom systems, design of those systems, such as onsite personnel. Intercom systems allow for ease of use, positioning (height and location), how the system nonauthorized personnel to contact reception caters for people with sensory disabilities, layout, dimensions, to gain entry to the building. All access visual contrast, button types, audible and tactile, size of release control and intercom systems should be buttons, associated signage? designed to provide independent access to the building for all users. 2.1.4 Canopy and The provision of canopies or awnings at (a) Does the code include provisions for canopies at entrances, Awning Design entrance doors will protect users from including appropriate instances of the need to provide canopies inclement weather, especially in instances or awnings at entrances, design such as appropriate heights, where persons will have to pause to gain extension of canopy over entrance, and so forth? access to a building (for example, at access- controlled entrances). 2.2 Door Design (both external and interior doors) 2.2.1 Door Design Entrance doors: accessible doors for (a) Does the code provide for accessible entrance doors, including – Door Widths, entrance and exit allow independent appropriate type of entrance door (for example, generous width, Thresholds, (autonomous) access to a building for all automated doors, power-assisted, manual, and so forth), design of Heights, Door users and should be designed as such. entrance doors, such as passage height and width, level thresholds, Opening Space, Entrance doors may include revolving doors opening forces, leading edges, vision panels on solid doors, easy- Vision Panels, and that have specific accessibility provisions. to-use door hardware (ironmongery), handle installation height, so forth. visual contrast, associated signage, and so forth? Interior doors: these may be subject to (b) Does the code provide for accessible internal doors (including different provisions, depending on the automated internal doors), including appropriate type of accessible building type and size. Accessible internal internal doors (for example, width, automated doors, power- doors allow independent movement around assisted, manual, and so forth); design of accessible internal doors, the building and should be designed to such as passage height and effective clear width, level thresholds, facilitate use and autonomous transit for all opening forces, leading edges, vision panels on solid doors, glazing users. manifestations and contrasting edges on glass leaves, easy-to- use door hardware, handle installation height, visual contrast, Provisions for both categories of doors may associated signage, and so forth? be included in the same section. 6. Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility Chapter 6 Components Description Diagnostic Question 2. ENTRANCES, DOORS, AND LOBBIES 2.2 Door Design (both external and interior doors) 2.2.2 Manual, The choice of provision of manual, power (a) Does the code include provisions for manual, power assist or Power Assist and assist or automated entrance can greatly automated entrance or internal door systems, including appropriate Automated Doors benefit the accessibility of the entrance or type (for example, automated doors, power assisted, manual and internal circulations; for example, if doors are so forth), design requirements such as clear passage height and heavy to open, then a power assist door or width, level thresholds, opening forces, leading edges, vision panels automated door may be required. on solid doors, glazing manifestations and contrasting edges on glass doors, easy-to-use door hardware, handle installation height, Automated doors allow autonomous access visual contrast, associated signage, and so forth? and movement for all users, regardless of user’s age, size or disability. 2.2.3 Glazing Well-designed manifestations and markings (a) Does the code include provisions on fully glazed windows, doors Design for Doors, on glazed doors, windows and walls ensure and sidelights, contrasting edges on fully glazed openings and Windows, and they are easily identifiable and reduce the markings, including information on the key areas where glazing Walls risk of collisions and confusion, especially manifestations and markings are required, such as full height for persons with vision impairments or glazing walls, edges of doors within glazed walls, leading edge neurological processing difficulties. of glazed doors, use of color, information on designing glazing manifestations and markings including heights and sizes of Accessible window design allows manifestations on glazed walls and doors, visual contrast, and so independent control of ventilation, shade, and forth? glare prevention for all users. (b) Does the code include provisions on accessible window design, including design criteria, such as height of controls for shutters or blinds, easy-to-use door hardware, handle installation height, visual contrast, requirements for restrictors or safety devices to prevent accidental falls from windows and so forth? 2.3 Entrance Design 2.3.1 Entrance Accessible entrance lobbies protect from (a) Does the code include provisions of entrance lobbies, including Lobby Design inclement weather and should be designed appropriate instances of the need to provide entrance lobbies, to facilitate use and autonomous access for design of entrance lobbies, such as length and width, mat-well all users. provision, visual contrast, lighting and so forth, diagrams to illustrate the varying configurations of accessible lobbies to aid in design, and calculations of access requirements? 2.3.2 Turnstiles Turnstiles are sometimes required to (a) Does the code include provisions of turnstiles, including maintain security, restrict access to intended appropriate instances of the need to provide turnstiles, design of user groups only, and maintain records turnstiles, such as ease of use, approach routes, level thresholds, of onsite personnel. When turnstiles are number of accessible lanes, clear widths, how the system caters provided, the needs of all users must be for people with sensory disabilities, how the system caters for considered to ensure independent access is wheelchair users (for example, height and positioning of controls, viable. lane widths and so forth), visual contrast, and associated signage? 2.3.3 Information Accessible kiosks and information points (a) Does the code include provisions of accessible kiosks and Points and Kiosks allow independent access to a building’s information points; appropriate instances where accessible kiosks facilities and information provision for all should be provided; design requirements, such as positioning users, and should be designed to facilitate (height and location), design, visual contrast, button types, use and autonomous access for all users. information available via audible and tactile options, and so forth? 6. Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility 33 34 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY Components Description Diagnostic Question 3. HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ACCESS AND CIRCULATION 3.1 Overall Movements 3.1.1 Reduced In new designs, if the layout allows it, reduced (a) Does the code require placement of key facilities that entail Distances or short distances to key areas or facilities in comfortable journey distances, depending on building use and size a building will ensure that users do not have (for example, accessible parking bays at the entrance, distance to to travel excessive distances to access the circulation cores, distance to sanitary facilities, distance to lifts and main facilities within a building. so forth)? 3.2 Horizontal Circulation 3.2.1 Internal Internal security control systems are required (a) Does the code include provisions for internal access controls, Security Controls to maintain security, restrict access to certain including appropriate instances of the need to provide internal areas for intended user groups only, and access controls; design of internal access control, such as ease maintain records of onsite personnel. of use, positioning (height and location), how the system caters for people with sensory disabilities, visual contrast, button types, audible and tactile, size of release buttons, and associated signage? 3.2.2 Corridors Accessible corridors and aisles/passageways (a) Does the code include provisions for accessible corridors and and Aisles/ through open plan areas allow independent aisles/passageways, including design such as clear passage height Passageways movement around the building and should be and width, turning areas and passing places, provision of splayed designed to facilitate use and autonomous or radius corners on routes, floor finishes, slip resistance, lighting, transit for all users. avoiding glare, storage of equipment out of circulation routes, avoiding confusing patterns that can be confusing, avoiding doors opening directly out on to circulation routes, hazard protection and so forth? 3.2.3 Interior Interior floor surfaces and finishes are critical (a) Does the code include provisions for interior surfaces and Surface Finishes for the safe design of the built environment, finishes (for example, floors), including designing floor surfaces and comply with slip resistance requirements, and finishes such as slip resistance, especially when wet, color, especially where a floor is expected to be texture, avoiding confusing patterns—particularly in areas where wet (entrances, shower rooms, and so on). visual acuity is critical, design of mat-wells, meeting the needs Good design also ensures that persons with of neurodiverse people and people with visual impairments, and vision impairments or neurological processing consistency in frictional characteristics of adjoining surface difficulties can easily navigate a space without materials, visual contrast, and so forth? confusing patterns or reflective surfaces. 3.2.4 Moving Moving walkways can provide an easily (a) Does the code provide for appropriate moving walkways, depending Walkways accessible option for users, including on building use and size, including their design, such as landings, persons with reduced mobility, to navigate visual contrast (including handrails, and so forth), guarding, small level changes and traverse large alternative accessible route and signage to same, signage including distances. However, they are not generally directional signage, and audible warnings? considered wheelchair accessible, therefore an alternative accessible option is required. 3.3 Vertical Circulation 3.3.1 Passenger The provision of accessible and easy-to-use (a) Does the code provide for appropriate passenger lifts, depending Lifts/Elevators passenger lifts ensures independent and on building use and size, including design aspects such as ease of equitable movement between all levels and use, lift car types and sizes, lift car design (including door opening facilities in a building for all users. widths, floor coloring, handrail design, mirror provision, lighting, and so forth), lift landing design (including maneuvering space in front of the lift, landing call button locations, visual contrast, and so forth), tactile button design, audible and visual alerts of lift arrival on a floor, provided both within the lift car and on all lift landings, and the provision of an emergency two-way intercom fitted with an inductive coupler and visual display, and signage for any hearing and visual assistance systems? 6. Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility Chapter 6 Components Description Diagnostic Question 3. HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ACCESS AND CIRCULATION 3.3 Vertical Circulation 3.3.2 Steps and The provision of well-designed stairs suitable (a) Does the code include provisions for stairs suitable for ambulant Stairs for ambulant users of different abilities and users of different abilities and ages, including design of suitable ages will encourage the use of stepped stairs, such as width, riser height, going width, overall flight height, routes while reducing the risk of slips, trips flight design (straight, spiral, helical flights and the appropriateness and falls, or excessive strain. and accessibility of each), step profile design, visually contrasting step/luminance contrast, nosings, handrail design, lighting Where level changes are unavoidable within design, surface finish design and slip resistance, tactile walking a floor of a building, well-designed steps surface indicators (TWSI) as a warning at the top of stairs where must be provided, as well as an additional unenclosed or where there is an entry into the stair system? accessible access route. 3.3.3 Internal Where small level changes are unavoidable (a) Does the code include provisions for graded (sloping) routes, Graded Routes within a floor of a building, the change in including design such as maximum gradient that constitutes a level should be designed to be as shallow graded route, clear width, passing points, edge protection, hazard as possible to ensure people with reduced warning for obstructions along the route, provision of top, bottom, mobility gain safe and independent and intermediate landings on the slope flight, surface materials, circulation throughout the building. lighting, slip resistance, visual contrast, signage, and so forth? 3.3.4 Internal Where level changes are unavoidable within (a) Does the code include provisions for ramps, including design Ramps a floor of a building, the provision of well- of ramps, such as the minimum and maximum allowable designed internal ramps ensures independent gradients and ramp flight lengths, the provision of top, bottom, and equitable movement throughout all levels and intermediate landings on the ramp flight, clear width, edge and facilities in a building for all users. protection, surface materials, slip resistance, lighting, handrails, guards at drop-offs for safety, color/luminance contrast, and so on? 3.3.5 Escalators Escalators can provide an easily accessible (a) Does the code provide for appropriate escalators, depending on option for users, including persons with building use and size, including design of escalators such as top reduced mobility, to navigate level changes. and bottom landings, guarding, travel speed, alternative accessible However, they are not generally considered route and signage to same, signage including directional signage.? wheelchair accessible, therefore an alternative accessible option is required. 4. BUILDING FACILITIES 4.1 Rooms and Spaces within Buildings 4.1.1 Reception Accessible reception areas and service (a) Does the code include provisions for one or more reception areas, Areas and Service counters create a welcoming and inclusive including: appropriate and accessible locations for reception areas Counters experience for persons of different ages, and service counters at the various entry points to the building; abilities, heights and other features. This is their design, such as seating and waiting areas, maneuvering space where anybody can get information about the throughout the area, (including around the desk, for both visitors building and its services, or other assistance. and staff), desk design (heights to suit seated and standing users, knee recesses and so forth), maximum and minimum lighting conditions to facilitate communication (sign language, lip-reading), the use of technology (for example, audible aids, accessible sign-in options); queuing layouts; and is signage provided when hearing enhancement systems are offered? 6. Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility 35 36 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY Components Description Diagnostic Question 4. BUILDING FACILITIES 4.1 Rooms and Spaces within Buildings 4.1.2 Audience Audience and spectator facilities (a) Does the code cover auditoriums, and the design of audience and and Spectator (auditoriums) provide a dedicated space for spectator facilities, specifying seating type, number of special Facilities large-scale presentations, lectures, seminars spaces (for example, for those in wheelchairs or with mobility (Auditoriums) and events for staff and visitors. assistance), companion seating, dispersion and integration, aisle widths, circulation spaces to and around seating, sufficient These should be designed to provide an provision for wheelchair users, mobility aids, use of service equitable visitor and presenter experience dogs, accessible access to podiums or stages, access to power for all users, facilitating comfortable and sockets (for charging assistive equipment), visual contrast, convenient access to information being signage, provision of hearing enhancement systems, sign presented, and also enabling any user to language interpreters, and accessible audiovisual equipment and make a presentation. accessories that help people with hearing and visual impairments? 4.1.3 Refreshment The design of accessible refreshment (a) Does the code include provisions for refreshment facilities (for Facilities – facilities, including tea stations, kitchenettes, example, tea stations, kitchenettes, cafes, bars and restaurants Tea Stations, cafes, bars and restaurants ensures facilities) including design requirements, such as access to self- Kitchenettes, independent and equitable access to facilities service or counter service areas (height, depth, knee recess), routes Cafes, Bars, and and amenities in a building for all users in along self-service/cafeteria areas, integration and dispersion Restaurants their dining experience. at dining and drinking surfaces for seated users, alternative communication options at reception areas, ordering and checkout counters for persons with hearing or visual disabilities, menu accessibility, table seating accessibility, and so forth? 4.1.4 Meeting Meeting rooms allow users dedicated space (a) Does the code include provisions for meeting rooms, including Rooms to conduct meetings, interviews, focused design requirements such as unobstructed maneuvering space work sessions and so forth in privacy, and within rooms, seating types, space to accommodate wheelchair without undue distraction. Meeting rooms users, work surface height, knee recess, access to power should be designed to be accessible and sockets, visual contrast, signage (for wayfinding, information, allow independent use by all users. safety), provision of hearing enhancement systems, and/or other accessible audiovisual equipment and accessories, and so forth? 4.1.5 Workspaces The provision of accessible workplaces (a) Does the code include provisions for accessible workspaces, ensures independent and equitable access including design of accessible workspaces (circulation routes, to facilities and amenities in a building for all work surface height, knee recess, identification of such spaces); users. convenient use of all amenities (power sockets, adjustable lighting, storage space); and where isolation pods are provided, access into and out of the pod? 4.1.6 Quiet Rooms Quiet rooms are provided in public facilities (a) Does the code include provisions for quiet rooms or spaces and of large capacity (transport terminals, information on the most appropriate instances where they should airports, shopping malls), to ensure that be provided? persons with sensory or neurological (b) Does the code provide design requirements for quiet rooms, processing difficulties can use a designated including location throughout a building, unobstructed maneuvering retreat space if experiencing a sensory space within rooms or areas to accommodate wheelchair users, overload. acoustic provisions, adjustable lighting, seating types, privacy controls, access to power sockets, and so forth? 4.1.7 Prayer The provision of a multifaith prayer room (a) Does the code provide for multifaith prayer rooms or facilities, Room (Multifaith allows people of all faiths a space to reflect including appropriate instances where multifaith facilities should Facilities) and pray. be provided; design guidance such as separate entrances, enclosed storage space and shoe rack, adjoined or adjacent facilities for ablutions including sunken trough, height-adjustable seating, handrails, easy-to-use taps and controls, visual contrast, signage, and so forth? 6. Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility Chapter 6 Components Description Diagnostic Question 4. BUILDING FACILITIES 4.1 Rooms and Spaces within Buildings 4.1.8 Family The provision of changing facilities (including (a) Does the code include provisions for changing facilities (including Facilities, diaper changing spaces), feeding rooms, and diaper changing spaces), feeding rooms and family/companion Including family/companion toilet facilities ensures toilet facilities? Changing independent and equitable access to facilities (b) Does the code provide design guidance such as of baby changing Facilities for and amenities in a building for all users. tables as accessible work surfaces (reach needed for opening/ Babies and closing operation, height, knee clearance, maneuvering clearance); Adults, Feeding Note that some codes may refer to baby and adult changing table for assisted toileting and changing Rooms, and changing tables in men’s or women’s toilets, (maneuvering clearance, surface of sufficient size and capacity for Family Toilets rather than in a separate room. an adult, surface at transfer height, access to controls for care giver if adjustable in height) and room requirements, (turning space, People with specific disability types may signage, hand-wash facilities, waste receptacles)? require larger sanitary facilities in public (c) Does the code provide design guidance for feeding space including buildings of large capacity, answering to appropriate furniture and turning space? more complex accessibility needs of adult (d) Does the code provide design guidance for family/companion toilet users and carers. This larger room will rooms including turning space within the room, accessible toilets have a bigger area with a WC, washbasin, and lavatories (see toilet room provisions), tip-up (folding) seats for and changing table of adult size. Some small children, signage, and so forth? also specify the use of a hoist to assist (e) Does the guidance provide information on the design of gender- transferring the person to and from the neutral and accessible baby/child changing facilities, including wheelchair or other mobility devices and height-adjustable changing bench accessible for standing and other additional accessories. seated users, tip-up seat for small children, hand-wash facilities, handrails, easy-to-use taps and controls, visual contrast, signage, and so forth? (f) Does the code include provisions on larger sanitary facilities for complex accessibility needs considering: appropriate number and locations; design requirements such as minimum room dimensions, minimum door widths and heights, maneuvering space on approach and within room, seat and pan heights, handrails and grab bars, alarm provision (assistance alarm and audiovisual fire alarm), door design including locking mechanism, changing bench provision, showering provision, lighting, slip resistance, visual contrast, signage, hoists? 4.1.9 Gym, Sports, The provision of accessible gym, sports, and (a) Does the code provide for accessible gym, sports, and recreation and Recreation recreation facilities ensures independent and facilities, including design requirements such as access to the Facilities equitable access to facilities and amenities in playing surfaces (including being able to switch sides on a court a building for all users. where it is part of the game), team/player seating, transfer space and storage for wheelchairs (for example, when a player transfers from standard wheelchair to sports wheelchair). 4.1.10 First-Aid An accessible first-aid room ensures (a) Does the code provide for accessible first-aid facilities, including Room equitable access to all users to health and appropriate instances where accessible first-aid facilities should be safety provision in a building. provided; design requirements such as unobstructed maneuvering space within rooms, space to accommodate wheelchair users, height-adjustable examination couch (table), door opening widths and internal room configuration to accommodate stretchers, area to treat seated patients, and so forth? 6. Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility 37 38 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY Components Description Diagnostic Question 4. BUILDING FACILITIES 4.1 Rooms and Spaces within Buildings 4.1.11 Accessible Where sleeping accommodation is provided (a) Does the code provide for accessible sleeping accommodation, Bedrooms and (for example, hotel rooms, guestrooms, including for persons with hearing impairments (for example, Sleeping Spaces medical staff on-call rooms), accessible visible alarm systems, visual doorbells, and peepholes)? provision is essential to ensure an equitable (b) Does the code include: the appropriate locations and ratio of experience for all users. All associated accessible sleeping accommodation; design requirements such facilities (for example, ensuite facilities) as space design (door clearances, a turning space in the room, should be accessible. maneuvering clearances to amenities, space next to the bed for transfer or the use of a hoyer lift, access to an electrical outlet for wheelchair charging) and associated sanitary facilities (see the provisions for accessible toilet and bathing facilities)? 4.1.12 Charging The provision of a dedicated space for (a) Does the code provide for parking areas with charging points and Storage for mobility scooters, mobility aids, and baby for mobility scooters, including appropriate locations within the Mobility Aids, strollers to park, with power outlets to building (or site), design guidance such as widths, clear transfer Scooters and facilitate charging if required, allows persons areas, coverings on external parking areas, security, signage, and Baby Strollers using mobility aids and carers of small so forth? children greater flexibility and accessibility options when accessing the building. 4.1.13 Seating The provision of accessible and varying (a) Does the code include provisions for general seating (including Arrangement seating types ensures independent and varying seating types), including appropriate instances where equitable access to seating facilities in a general seating should be provided; design requirements such building for all users. as seats with and without armrests and backrests, hard and soft seating options, seats of varying heights, seating to facilitate Accessible seating provision may include, but wheelchair transfer, seating layouts to allow spaces for wheelchair is not limited to: assembly areas, auditoriums, users and mobility assistance (such as service dogs) to sit clear sport facilities, and lecture halls; these may of circulation routes, circulation route widths, line of sight, and so be interior or exterior. forth? 4.2 Toilet Facilities 4.2.1 Accessible Offering choices and flexibility is crucial to (a) Does the code include provisions on location, types, and numbers Toilet Rooms in the provision and design of toilet facilities of toilet facilities, including ambulant cubicles, accessible cubicles, the Men/Women within the Men/Women toilet clusters, such and gender-neutral facilities within a building? clusters as a variety of toilet facilities, including (b) Does the code specify the location of the WC, washbasin, ambulant cubicles, and wheelchair-accessible maneuvering space, controls and accessories, minimum area, cubicles. minimum door width, handrails and grab bars and so forth? If not, what regulations do? And are the latter regulations cross- referenced in the code? 4.2.2 Accessible The provision of gender-neutral and (a) Does the code provide design guidance on gender-neutral Individual Toilet accessible toilet rooms that can be directly accessible toilets, including: appropriate number and locations of Rooms accessible without going into the Men/ gender-neutral and accessible toilets; minimum room dimensions, Women toilet clusters is important. minimum door widths and heights, maneuvering space on approach and within room, seat heights, handrails and grab bars Having gender-neutral toilet facilities with provision, alarm provision (assistance alarm and audiovisual fire accessible designs outside of the Men/ alarm), door design including locking mechanism, lighting, slip Women toilet cluster will suit a wide variety resistance, visual contrast, signage, and so forth? of users and thus ensure an equitable (b) Do the code or associated standards include provisions on design experience for all in the building. of lighting, slip resistance, visual contrast; and design, installation and testing for alarm systems? For the provision of toilets that are large enough for adult complex accessibility needs, please refer to Section 4.1.8 on Family Facilities. 6. Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility Chapter 6 Components Description Diagnostic Question 4. BUILDING FACILITIES 4.2 Toilet Facilities 4.2.3 Showering, Offering choice and flexibility is key in the (a) Does the code include provisions for gender-neutral bathing and Bathing and provision and design of bathing and changing changing facilities? Changing facilities within a building to ensure that all (b) If not, what regulations do? And are those regulations cross- Facilities users, regardless of age, size or disability, referenced in the code? have access to the same provisions. (c) Do provisions for gender-neutral bathing and changing facilities include appropriate number and locations; appropriate instances of Bathing facilities may include bathtubs and the need to provide such facilities, depending on building size and different showering layouts such as transfer use; and design requirements such as maneuvering space, bench or roll-in. to transfer to changing space/area (for example, clear floor space, height, size, stability), shower compartment size, shower control Where changing facilities are provided, design, seat heights, handrails and grab bars provision, alarm integrating accessibility features into provision (assistance alarm and audiovisual fire alarm), lighting, communal changing facilities—in addition slip resistance, visual contrast, signage, level access to roll-in to the provision of separate gender-neutral showers, and so forth? and accessible changing and showering facilities—will offer a greater choice to a wider range of users. 5. BUILDING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS 5.1 Wayfinding The aim of the signage is to help users of all (a) Does the code specify wayfinding and signage to and throughout and Signage abilities to find their way inside the building the building; key areas where signage must be provided en route and in the vicinity, as well as the location and to and within a building; requirements on signage and wayfinding use of accessible spaces and services. such as heights and sizes of signage, use of symbols, design of arrows, visual contrast, Braille and tactile lettering, and so forth? 5.2 Visual Visual contrast helps all people, particularly (a) Does the code include provisions related to visual contrast, Contrast persons with visual impairments, to identify including how to test visual contrast (for example, light reflectance objects within buildings and to provide value— LRV—testing); key areas where visual contrast must be spatial information to persons with visual addressed within a building; visual contrast in both wet and dry impairments. conditions, and in all lighting conditions, use of color, and so forth? 5.3 Lighting Lighting on the exterior and interior of (a) Does the code include provisions on lighting, including appropriate buildings, from entrances to circulation areas lighting levels required for different functions and use of rooms/ and rooms, should be designed in such a way spaces; key design elements for accessible lighting (for example, that it does not create a barrier for visually lighting levels, glare, avoiding shadows, reflections); key locations impaired people, and should be evenly where accessible lighting is of critical importance throughout the distributed to eliminate reflections, shadows, building and on approaches; testing and commissioning of lighting and glare, and to provide aids for wayfinding. within a building? 5.4 Acoustics Considering acoustics in buildings and (a) Does the code include design guidance on acoustics, including public spaces ensures a more inclusive identifying key areas where noise reduction is required (where environment where persons with sensory or communication is paramount), intrusive noise sources, sound neurological processing difficulties, persons insulation, and so forth? with heightened sensitivity to noise, or persons who are overwhelmed, can access a designated breakaway space (this will also offer a quieter area where persons with hearing impairments can comfortably converse). 6. Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility 39 40 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY Components Description Diagnostic Question 5. BUILDING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS 5.5 Audible/ The provision and design of hearing (a) Does the code specify what type of audible/hearing enhancement Hearing enhancement facilities assists persons with system suits a given use of space (including portable options too); Enhancement hearing impairments to hear and understand key locations where hearing enhancements should be provided Systems spoken and recorded sound or information, within a building; importance of the provision of signage when and are required where communication is installing hearing enhancement systems? key, such as lecture theatres, public address (PA) systems, ticket booths, performance areas, or sporting events. 5.6 Switches, Access to convenience power outlets allow (a) Does the code include provisions for switches and controls for Controls and users a greater accessibility and flexibility of operation by the room occupants and users? Outlets use within a building, for charging of phones (b) Does the code provide design requirements such as installation and laptops, charging of mobility aids, height, proximity to corners, reach range of users accessing assistive technology, control of lighting and sockets across counters or desktops, and so forth, ease of use, heating options, and so forth. suitability for use by persons with visual impairments, or limited strength or dexterity, and does the code consider visual contrast, size of switches, and so forth? 6. EVACUATION AND SAFE EGRESS 6.1 Evacuation The building layout design must consider (a) Does the code include provisions for accessible evacuation routes? Routes accessible evacuation routes, free of (b) Does the code include provisions for the layout and design of obstacles. accessible evacuation routes, considering accessible horizontal and vertical circulation? 6.2 Emergency The provision of accessible emergency (a) Does the code include provisions for accessible emergency exits? Exits exits ensures safe and independent, and/ If not, which regulations do? And are the latter regulations cross- or assisted rescue egress for all users in the referenced in the code? event of an emergency evacuation. (b) Does the code specify appropriate locations for emergency exits from the building, including travel distances; design of emergency exits including clear passage height and width, level thresholds, vision panels on solid doors, easy-to-use door hardware, handle installation height, visual contrast, associated signage, and so forth? 6.3 Evacuation The provision of accessible evacuation lifts/ (a) Does the code provide for evacuation lifts? If not, what regulations Lifts/Elevators elevators ensures safe and assisted egress do? And are the latter regulations cross- referenced in the code? for all users in the event of an emergency (b) Does the code specify appropriate evacuation lifts/elevators evacuation. criteria depending on building use and size; design of lifts used for assisted evacuation including signage explaining the assisted evacuation plan, two-way communication between emergency responders and persons needing assistance (including visual and hearing enhancement systems), standby power systems for the elevator, and fire department monitoring of the elevator shaft and system? 6.4 Emergency The provision of accessible emergency (a) Does the code include provisions for emergency evacuation Equipment evacuation equipment will aid in the safe equipment? If not, what regulations do? And are these regulations evacuation of persons of different abilities cross-referenced in the code? and ages in the event of an emergency (b) Does the code provide for emergency evacuation equipment in evacuation where level egress is not possible. line with established emergency evacuation protocols, including equipment types and numbers, positioning, key locations, signage, training, and testing, and so forth; and training on and testing of the device or evacuation chair—both for the person using it and multiple people to assist? 6. Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility Chapter 6 Components Description Diagnostic Question 6. EVACUATION AND SAFE EGRESS 6.5 Visual / The provision of visual and audible alarms (a) Does the code include provisions for audible and visual alarms? If Audible Alarms ensures all users, including people with not, what regulations do? And is this guidance cross-referenced in visual impairments and people with hearing the code? impairments will be alerted in the event of an (b) Does the code specify appropriate key locations for positioning emergency evacuation. of audible and visual alarms and their required functions and performance? 6.6 Emergency The provision of accessible and universally (a) Does the code specify emergency signage? If not, what regulations Signage understood emergency signage will ensure do? And are these regulations cross-referenced in the code? safe and independent and/or assisted egress (b) Does the guidance provide information on the appropriate locations for all users in the event of an emergency for positioning of emergency signage? evacuation. (c) Does the guidance provide information on the design of emergency signage including positioning, legibility, use of internationally recognized symbols and design, illumination on signage, visual contrast, and so forth? 6.7 Refuge Areas The provision of accessible refuge areas (a) Does the code include provisions on refuge areas? If not, what will ensure a protected place of safety regulations do? And are these cross-referenced in the code? for persons of different abilities and ages (b) Does the code cite appropriate locations for refuge areas; design of to await assistance in the event of an refuge areas including positioning, minimum clear space required, emergency evacuation where level egress is including requirements for location within protected cores, ease not possible. of use, positioning of two- way communication systems or call buttons (height and location relative to corners), button design (size, type, tactile indicators), how the system caters for people with sensory disabilities, associated signage, and so forth? 6. Building Code Checklist for Universal Accessibility 41 Appendix A: Examples of Implementation Policy The integration of universal accessibility • South America: Argentina, Chile, Brazil, provisions into the building codes of countries Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru (or the development of specific universal accessibility codes) is only the first step toward The desk research identified six main types a safe and inclusive built environment for of policy that have advanced universal all. The next step is to develop policies and accessibility in the built environment, and plans that ensure compliance, by designers, examples of good practices associated with architects, builders, building owners and users, each. The six categories, divided in two blocks, and all other stakeholders involved in the Incentives and Enabling Environment, are development and use of the built environment. presented in Figure 5. To illustrate it, this appendix presents a A. Incentives number of successful policies and practice examples distilled from desk research on 21 The incentives for compliance (with countries across nearly all regions: universal accessibility code requirements and provisions) center around financial benefits, • Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Uganda nuanced compliance requirements, and public • Asia: India, Japan, Singapore, Vietnam recognition. • Europe: Croatia, Estonia, Germany, Spain, The Netherlands, United Kingdom A.1. Financial • North America: Canada, United States These include subsidy programs to financially incentivize building owners, conditional 42 Appendix A Figure 5. Types of policy to advance Universal Accessibility and examples of good practices Incentives Enabling Environment Finance Compliance Recognition Knowledge Market needs User support • Subsidies • Priority permits • Certifications • Technical • Targeted sector • Digital platforms • Conditional • Reduced • Logo/Plaque guidance (e.g.tourism) • Accessibility subsidies compliance • Awards • Training • Targeted facilities technologies • Tax reduction requirements • Awareness (e.g.toilets, offices) • In-kind Source: Developed by authors. financial incentives for buildings to meet financial support at country- or state-level Universal Accessibility criteria, tax reduction, to include specific accessibility features in and in-kind support. public or private buildings such as accessible toilets, electrical outlets, and so forth. India The Singapore Accessibility Fund (Figure has provisions for funding accessibility 6),22 the Accessible Housing Demonstration improvements through SIPDA—Scheme for Grant Program in the State of Illinois (US)23 Implementation of the Rights of Persons with and the Accessible India Campaign2324 provide Disabilities Act—for public-sector buildings.25 22 Building Construction Authority. 2007. The Accessibility Fund. Singapore: https://www1.bca.gov.sg/buildsg/ universal-design/accessibility-fund. The Singapore’s BCA Accessibility Fund provides financial support to owners of existing private buildings to upgrade their premises with accessibility features such as ramps, accessible toilets, grab bars, and braille/tactile signs. 23 Illinois Housing Development Authority. 2001. Housing Demonstration Grant Program. Illinois, United States: https://www.ilga.gov/commission/jcar/admincode/047/04700368sections.html 24 National Portal of India Government. n.d. Accessible India Campaign. India: https://www.india.gov.in/ spotlight/accessible-india-campaign#tab=tab-1 25 Scheme for Implementation of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (SIPDA), India: https://depwd. gov.in/sipda/. Appendix A: Examples of Implementation Policy 43 44 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY Figure 6. The Accessibility Fund in Singapore Source: Building Construction Authority, Singapore. The state of Minnesota26 and the city of The Government of Japan29 offers conditional Atlanta (Georgia)27 in the US, provide funding subsidized housing loans to building owners for housing to meet the visitability criteria.28 who purchase housing including selected Further examples of financial incentives in the accessibility criteria (Figure 8). US include tax benefits in Virginia (Figure 7), Georgia, Southampton, and Pittsburgh. 26 Officer of the Revisor of Statutes. 2023. 2023 Minnesota Statutes: 462A.34 Visitability Requirements. Minnesota, United States: https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/462A.34 27 The Center for an Accessible Society. 2023. “Visitability” Bill introduced in Congress. United States: http:// www.accessiblesociety.org/topics/housing/visitability.html 28 In the US, a house is considered ‘visitable’ when it meets three basic requirements: (i) one zero-step entrance; (ii) doors with 32 inches of clear passage space; and (iii) one wheelchair-accessible bathroom on the main floor. 29 World Bank. 2016. Converting Disaster Experience into a Safer Built Environment – The Case of Japan: https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/162361520295760910-0090022018/original/ jppublicationdrmhubtokyoconvertingdisasterexperienceintoasaferbuiltenvironment.pdf Appendix A: Examples of Implementation Policy Appendix A Figure 7. The Virginia Liveable Homes Tax Credit program LIVABLE Eligibility In order for the purchase/construction of a new residence to qualify for tax credits, it must include the three features of universal visitability or include at least three accessibility features All accessibility features and universal visitability features must be completed in conformity with the applicable provisions of the Uniform Statewide Building Code. HOMES Individuals or licensed contractors filing Virginia and meet the requirements of an existing individual income tax returns who have incurred standard. Accessibility features that are provided in costs for the purchase/construction of new order to comply with existing Fair Housing, residential homes with accessibility or universal Retrofitting of an existing residential home must Equal Opportunity, American with Disabilities visitability features or for the retrofitting of include at least one accessibility feature (e.g. Act or other local, state or federal residential homes with these features. In no case TAX CREDIT sensory modifications, chair lifts, elevators, etc.), requirements are not eligible for tax credits. shall any tax credit be issued more than once to must be a permanent part of the structure of the same or different persons relating to the same the residential unit and meet the requirements purchase, retrofitting, renovation or construction of an existing standard in order to quality for tax project. credits. Accessesibility Application Process Accessible housing standards vary depending on Sensory Modifications include alarms, appliances and Applications are to be filed and received by DHCD whether the unit is new or if an existing unit is controls designed to assist sensory disabled persons. by Jan. 31 of the year following the year in which being retrofitted to provide accessibility. Accessibility These modifications must be structurally integrated the purchase or retrofitting was completed. features that meet existing standards include: into the home and may include such items as built-in Documentation must be submitted with the appliances. Universal visitability standards are similar application. In the case of the purchase/ At least one zero-step entrance approached by to accessible housing standards and must: construction of a new residential home, a copy an accessible route on a firm surface no steeper of the floor plans, closing disclosure statement, About the Program than 1:12 slope proceeding from a driveway or Alarms, appliances and controls designed to certificate of occupancy, building permit, etc. must public sidewalk. assist sensory disabled persons that are be attached. In the case of retrofitting, before and structurally integrated into the residential unit. after pictures, copies of the scope of work, The Virginia Livable Home Tax Credit (LHTC) program Zero-step entrance (Built-in appliances would meet this definition.) construction contracts documenting the type work is designed to improve accessibility and universal visitability in Virginia’s residential units by providing and costs (invoices, bank canceled checks, etc.) Partners for Better Communities Doors with at least 32 inches of clear width Accommodations or features that can be must be attached. Applications can be found online state tax credits for the purchase of new homes or the www.dhcd.virginia.gov/LHTC removed and reinstalled in another residential at dhcd.virginia.gov/LHTC. retrofitting of existing homes. The tax credit provides Hallways and passages with at least 36 unit and so reused at another location are not for the purchase/construction of a new residence and inches of clear width considered to be sensory modifications for the 50 percent of the cost of retrofitting activities not to 600 East Main Street, Suite 300 purposes of this tax credit program. Appliances exceed $5,000. Any tax credit that exceeds the Richmond, VA 23219 Accessible light switches, electrical outlets and or alarms that can be reinstalled in another eligible individual’s or licensed contractor’s tax liability (804) 371-7124 environmental controls residence would not meet this definition. may be carried forward for up to seven years. If the total amount of approved credits exceeds $1 million in facebook.com/vadhcd Accessible bathroom a given year, DHCD will pro rate the amount of credits among eligible applicants. twitter.com/VaDHCD youtube.com/VirginiaDHCD Accessible and useable kitchen facilities Source: Virginia DHCD. Figure 8. Criteria for subsidized housing loans in Japan Durability and Energy-Saving Earthquake Accessibility Flexibility Performance Resistance Safety and Comfort Selection Criteria Housing with Housing with Housing with Housing with high durability high energy- high high Flat 35S saving earthquake accessibility performance resistance performance Required Criteria Housing with Housing with Housing with durability and energy-saving safety and Flat 35 performance comfort for living (size of house, connection to road, etc.) Source: Adapted from World Bank (2016). Converting Disaster Experience into a Safer Built Environment – The Case of Japan. Appendix A: Examples of Implementation Policy 45 46 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY The Government of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil include “Basic Access” features that aid persons goes one step further with the Moradia e with mobility impairment.31 Accesso program,30 providing both financial support and technical assistance for housing To ensure efforts toward Universal Accessibility reforms (Figure 9) for children and youth with are not compromised, Singapore put in place disabilities living in poor conditions. a mechanism for managing the misuse of incentives in 2018, when the Building Control A.2. Compliance Incentives Act was amended to place a duty on a building’s owners to continue to maintain the accessible Additionally, some governments offer priority features in their buildings. permits and reduced compliance fees as incentives. In Southampton (US), the local A.3. Recognition Building Inspection Authority provides reduced permit fees and “fast track” building permit To encourage the market to take up integration application to owners or builders opting to of universal accessibility provisions, there are a Figure 9. Housing reforms, Moradia e Accesso program, Rio de Janeiro Source: RIOinclui. 30 RIOinclui. 2023. Programa Moradia e Acesso. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: https://www.rioinclui.org.br/programa- moradia-e-acesso/ 31 Southampton Town Disability Advisory Committee. 2020. Basic Access Guide: https://www. southamptontownny.gov/DocumentCenter/View/1493/BasicAccessGuide-WEB-PDF Appendix A: Examples of Implementation Policy Appendix A variety of public recognitions based on rating, right) developed by the Ministry of Land, indicators, certifications, awards, plaques, and Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in logos. Japan rates ten different elements to enhance the quality of buildings and increase property Germany and The Netherlands are using values, including in the domain of “measures the BPASS accessibility pass32 (similar to for the aged and the handicapped”.33 the familiar energy pass, see Figure 10, left) to rate building accessibility in an easily The Building Control Authority (BCA) understandable way. Similarly, the Housing Accessibility Master Plan in Singapore includes Performance Indicator System (Figure 10, the recognition of exemplary universal design Figure 10. BPASS accessibility pass of Germany and The Netherlands (left), and Housing Performance Indicator System of Japan (right) 2 1. Structural sta 1 2. Acoustic envi 10 3. Security again 4. Indoor air env 9 3 5. Consideration 6. Measures for 4 7. Protective me 8. Fire safety 8 9. Luminous and 7 6 5 10. Thermal env 2 1. Structural stability 1 2. Acoustic environment 10 3. Security against intrusion 4. Indoor air environment 9 3 5. Consideration for maintenance and remodeling 6. Measures for the aged and the handicapped 4 7. Protective measures against degradation 8. Fire safety 8 9. Luminous and visual environment 7 6 5 10. Thermal environment Sources: Zero Project (left); Adapted from World Bank (2016). Converting Disaster Experience into a Safer Built Environment – The Case of Japan (right). 32 Zero Project Report 2018. Rating the accessibility of buildings using a well-known seal system: https:// zeroproject.org/fileadmin/root_zeroproject/Downloads/Publications/Zero-Project-Report-2018-on- Accessibility.pdf (page 65). 33 World Bank. 2016. Converting Disaster Experience into a Safer Built Environment – The Case of Japan: https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/162361520295760910-0090022018/original/ jppublicationdrmhubtokyoconvertingdisasterexperienceintoasaferbuiltenvironment.pdf Appendix A: Examples of Implementation Policy 47 48 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY implementation in building with the Universal recognized through bestowal of the Universal Design Excellence Award.34 Furthermore, Design Excellence Award. Data on building in 2022 the BCA recently introduced the accessibility from the UDi is made available to Universal Design Index (UDi)35 (Figure the public via the BCA Information Portal.36 11) self-assessment framework that aids building developers and architects to integrate B. Enabling Environment universal design features into their projects and obtain an indicative measure of the level Several knowledge incentives, market-driven of user-friendliness. Exemplary projects that approaches, and user support solutions, foster obtained excellent rating under the UDi will be an enabling environment for compliance with Figure 11. Singapore BCA’s Universal Design Index Source: Building Construction Authority, Singapore. 34 Building and Construction Authority. 2022. Universal Design Excellence Award. Singapore: https://www1.bca. gov.sg/buildsg/bca-awards/universal-design-excellence-award 35 UDi: https://www1.bca.gov.sg/regulatory-info/building-control/universal-design-and-friendly-buildings/ universal-design-index/universal-design-index-ratings 36 Ibid. Appendix A: Examples of Implementation Policy Appendix A universal accessibility code requirements and developing strategies to raise awareness provisions. within the population, and developed an accessible, interactive comic book38 (Figure B.1. Knowledge 12). It presents some accessibility challenges faced by children with different disabilities Knowledge materials and activities include at school, and the way to alleviate or resolve awareness-raising campaigns for the general them through accessible facilities. The book public, technical trainings and guidance spreads among young people the message products for building professionals, of the importance of an inclusive learning international guidelines and context-specific environment. guidelines. The Governments of Ghana and Ethiopia Diverse awareness-raising initiatives have organized technical trainings and discussions been seen in Singapore, the US, and India. The to introduce building environment stakeholders Singapore Universal Design Week is a week- to their “Accessibility Standard for the Built long program of events that showcase how Environment” (Ghana)39 and the “Promoting exemplary universal design strategies have Urban Accessibility” initiatives (Ethiopia).40 been adopted to create inclusive environments Argentina’s Universidad Nacional de Tucumán for users. In the US, Vermont’s law includes offers a free elective course on accessibility and a consumer education component, and the universal design for architecture students.41 Universal Design Program in the City of Irvine37 requires builders there to provide a list of 33 The Government of Ecuador42 and the optional accessibility features to consumers. Singapore Building Construction Authority Consumers ultimately decide whether they developed a methodology and an index would like the features included in their new on universal accessibility, and a technical home or not. guide as an effort to develop clear technical guidance for building professionals. With the Moreover, the Government of India observed same objective in mind, the state of Ontario the need to ingrain the importance of (Canada) published the “Accessibility for universal accessibility in children when 37 City of Irvine. 2023. Accessibility & Universal Design. City of Irvine, California, United States: https://www. cityofirvine.org/community-development/accessibility-universal-design 38 National Council of Education Research & Training.2023. Priya the Accessibility Warrior. India: https://ncert. nic.in/ComicFlipBookEnglish/mobile/ 39 Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection. 2018. Technical Workshop on GASB. Ghana: https://www. mogcsp.gov.gh/technical-workshop-on-gasb/ 40 Center for Disability and Development. 2023. Promoting Urban Accessibility in Ethiopia. Ethiopia: https:// slideplayer.com/slide/7551121/ 41 Zero Project. 2022. University teaching principles and practical applications of Universal Design. Argentina: https://zeroproject.org/view/project/6d4d4bce-ad4a-ec11-8c62-000d3ab5a6d0 42 Ministerio de Desarrollo Urbano y Vivienda. 2016. Accesibilidad Universal. Ecuador: https://www. habitatyvivienda.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2017/03/Accesibilidad-Universal.pdf Appendix A: Examples of Implementation Policy 49 50 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY Figure 12. India’s comic book for children: Priya, the Accessibility Warrior Source: https://ncert.nic.in/ComicFlipBookEnglish/mobile/ Ontarians with Disabilities Act Toolkit,”43 India Peru. Topics include accessible toilet facilities, developed the simplified “Photo-Digest of parking and housing, among others. Ten Basic Features of Accessibility”44 (Figure 13), and the organization Ciudad Accesible There are areas in which sector-specific (Accessible City) in Chile, developed 19 technical guidance for professionals exist. “Accessible Thematic Files”.45 Similar resources Uganda46 and India47 developed clear sector- are also being used in Argentina, Bolivia and specific technical resources in the area of 43 University of Waterloo. 2023. Accessibility Toolkit. Canada: https://uwaterloo.ca/library/aoda- toolkit/#:~:text=Accessibility%20Toolkit,in%20your%20library%20or%20department. 44 Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. 2021. Access, the Photo-Digest. India: https://divyangjan.depwd. gov.in/content/upload/uploadfiles/files/Dictionary%20on%20Accessibility.pdf 45 Ciudad Accesible. 2021–2022. Fichas Accesibles. Chile: https://www.ciudadaccesible.cl/fichas-accesibles-nuevo- material-actualizado/ 46 Future Policy. 2014. Uganda’s Accessibility Standards. Uganda: https://www.futurepolicy.org/youth- empowerment/the-right-to-equal-access-ugandas-accessibility-standards/#:~:text=In%20order%20to%20 ensure%20comprehensive,the%20entrance%20of%20the%20building%2C 47 National Centre for Accessible Environments, Accessible India Campaign, UNICEF. 2016. Making Schools Accessible to Children with Disabilities. India: https://www.unicef.org/india/media/1191/file/Making-Schools- Accessible.pdf Appendix A: Examples of Implementation Policy Appendix A Figure 13. Photo-Digest of Ten Basic Features of Accessibility (India) Source: https://divyangjan.depwd.gov.in/content/upload/uploadfiles/files/Dictionary%20on%20Accessibility.pdf education. For the area of humanitarian based disaster risk management highlighting action and emergencies, UNICEF’s Toolkit on relevant universal accessibility principles in the Accessibility: Accessibility in Emergencies48 built environment.50 (Figure 14) and the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC)’s Guidelines for the The United Nations provides international Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in guidelines for universal accessibility and Humanitarian Action49 also present technical design, included in the Convention of Rights of guide, including details on accessibility in Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD)51 (Figure refugee camps and temporary shelters. On 15, right), and in the New Urban Agenda52 the similar topic, the Government of Vietnam (Figure 15, left). Both documents present a developed a manual on inclusive community- global framework of accessibility commitments 48 UNICEF. 2022. Tool on Accessibility. UNICEF: https://accessibilitytoolkit.unicef.org/media/461/file 49 Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC). 2019. Guidelines: Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action. IASC: https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/sites/default/files/migrated/2020-11/ IASC%20Guidelines%20on%20the%20Inclusion%20of%20Persons%20with%20Disabilities%20in%20 Humanitarian%20Action%2C%202019_0.pdf 50 Zero Project. 2014.Widening effective participation of people with disabilities in community-based disaster risk management (that is the mission of this project run by Malteser International and local partners in Vietnam). Vietnam: https://zeroproject.org/view/project/f4aa1835-4e23-eb11-a813-0022489b3a6d 51 United Nations Human Rights (OHCHR). 2006. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. OHCHR: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-persons-disabilities 52 Habitat 3. 2016. The New Urban Agenda. UN: https://habitat3.org/the-new-urban-agenda/ Appendix A: Examples of Implementation Policy 51 52 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY Figure 14. Detail from UNICEF’s Toolkit on Accessibility in Emergencies Source: UNICEF/Dilli, David, Accessibility and Tool Adaptation for Disabled Workers in Post-Conflict and Developing Countries, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1997. Figure 15. New Urban Agenda (left) and Convention of Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD, right) NEW URBAN AGENDA www.habitat3.org #NewUrbanAgenda #Habitat3 Sources: https://habitat3.org/the-new-urban-agenda/ (left); https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights- persons-disabilities (right) Appendix A: Examples of Implementation Policy Appendix A that governments can ratify and implement considered through a series of checklists within their countries. (Figure 16). Project activities include various training courses for associations, tourist guides B.2. Market-driven approaches and architects and engineers. Market-driven approaches promoting universal The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) accessibility in the built environment include and the ONCE Foundation (Spain) have CHECKLIST initiatives originating from targeted FOR THE BUILDING sectors taken steps toward ensuring an accessible (for example, tourism OF A and education) andFRAMEWORK COMMON building environment for tourists through targeted facilities (for example, toilets). By Vía Libre the ‘Accessible Tourism Destination’ award54 MOBILITY, MANIPULATION, LOCATION AND COMMUNICATION CHECKLISTS to acknowledge cities enabling a seamless The European League of Historical and Besides each LHAC member being free to select and develop its own accessible historical experience for all tourists, and the ‘Reopening Accessible Cities route, the project (LHAC) strength focuses on inclusive 53 on a working methodology for the analysis and is based PHOTO AND MEASUREMENT GUIDE implementation of accessibility requirements common to all cities. Tourism for Travelers with The LHAC Photo andDisabilities’ Measurement Guide report 55 provided by Vía Libre should be used by the tourism by proposing a universally accessible access auditor to ensure that the measurements are made correctly and accurately. Regarding the analysis, a common method that includes the same items (Figure 17) to provide universally accessible and criteria historical cities in route applicable in all hassix European been cities, used. The first ensuring proposal of an analysis of the current status recommendations of the areas should be representative of each of the historical cities. Great consideration was for destinations and service all aspects of accessibility are simultaneously RECOMMENDATION ITINERARY given to apply a concept of accessibility from the various dimensions of providers. human activities, between them: moving, communicating, meeting, understanding, using and manipulating. Question 36. What is the minimum clear headway? Ensuring global accessibility means making sure that the human activities stated above Measure the minimum free passage 2.10m (height) from the pavement to any >2.10m may be carried out by any user and that the concept goes beyond the mere idea of breaking overhanging obstacle down architectural barriers. Vía Libre provided LHAC members with checklists that are focused on the mentioned dimensions: mobility, manipulation, location and communication Figure 16. Details from LHAC checklist processes expected to be carried on or in connection with the surroundings. >0.90m SLOPE OF FOOTWAYS RECOMMENDATION ITINERARY REQUIREMENTS FOR MOVING Action of moving from one place to another, both horizontally and vertically. Uniformity PAVEMENT Slippage/traction – surface quality >8% Dimensions Question 39/40. OPERATING SPACE Barriers Natural slope Question 39. of footway What is the longitudinal slope? Furniture, props, seats Measure the gradient Dimensions of the slope Barriers CIRCULATION ZONES Doors Locking elements >2% Stairs CHANGES IN PLANE Ramps Question 40. Lifts What is the lateral slope? REQUIREMENTS FOR MANIPULATING Example of checklist items and measurements to be taken by the access auditor Source: Action Philanthropy Europe to take or grab Association (https://philea.issuelab.org/resource/accessible-routes-in-historical-cities-a-best-practice-guide-for-the-planning-design- something. implementation-and-marketing-of-accessible-routes-in-historical-urban-environments.html?) All mechanisms, objects and products involved in the process LHAC BUILDING ACCESSIBILITY CHECKLIST REACH should be within reach of users, in relation to both height and Where the accessible historical route included public buildings as “points of interest” these METHODOLOGY depth buildings were audited in order to provide an objective assessment of the accessibility of Vía Libre committed to their characteristics and features. Vía Libre had provided the LHAC Building Accessibility HANDLE Doorknobs, faucets, knobs, switches, knobs Checklist to LHAC members for this purpose. This checklist contains a list of building cross-checking the data 53 League of Historical & Accessible Cities (LHAC). 2013. LHAC: Welcome page. LHAC: http://www.lhac.eu/ GRASP All elements and mechanisms of action sent must LHAC by be members easily manipu- against the standards. elements with the appropriate values, descriptions or measurements which denote an acceptable level of access. For use on how the checklist was meant to be used, please see 54 lated manually by people with disabilities Carts, baskets, bags World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 2020. UNWTO and Fundación ONCE deliver international recognition In cases where any section above on “Urban Design Accessibility Checklist.” measurement did not of ‘Accessible Tourist Destinations’ at FITUR. UNWTO: https://www.unwto.org/unwto-and-fundacion-once- TRANSPORT Handrails, handles, grab bars meet the standards, Vía Libre provided support deliver-international-recognition-of-accessible-tourist-destinations-at-fitur REQUIREMENTS FOR LOCATION in discussing with the technical partner of the 55 World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 2020. Reopening tourism for travellers with disabilities: How to provide Action to figure out something or someone’s precise location. city how the problem safety without imposing unnecessary obstacles. UNWTO: https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.coms3fs- LIGHTING might be resolved in order to offer the best possible public/2020-08/REOPENING.pdf Orientation signage Panels access for visitors. Posters Information Catalogues ORIENTATION Brochures Appendix A: Examples of Implementation OTHER WAY OF Emergency signals and alarms Acoustic Policy Members of staff signals Lighting 53 FINDING AIDS 54 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY Figure 17. UNWTO Reopening Tourism of Technology in Estonia. Former students for Travelers with Disabilities’ report with disabilities are employed as counsellors and give advice on the design of a universally accessible environment. As a result of policies and improvements implemented, the number of students with disabilities increased by more than 300 percent in three years.56 REOPENING TOURISM FOR Actions to advance toward universal TRAVELLERS WITH DISABILITIES: HOW TO PROVIDE SAFETY WITHOUT IMPOSING UNNECESSARY OBSTACLES accessibility in the built environment can also target specific facilities across building stocks, such as toilets. In the United Kingdom, the Source: https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs- Changing Places initiative57 (Figure 18) funds public/2020-08/REOPENING.pdf universally accessible toilets throughout the country. The location of toilets is published in a Another market-driven approach focused on map, allowing users to easily find facilities. education is the case of the Tallin University Figure 18. Changing Places initiative Source: Changing Places Toilet Layout Example (facility from Social Security Scotland). 56 Zero Project. 2014. Former students with disabilities are working at the Tallin University of Technology (TUT) as counsellors for freshmen and other students. They also give advice to the university on accessible, universally designed environments in order to provide higher education irrespective of disabilities. Estonia: https://zeroproject.org/view/ project/bae6ce38-5023-eb11-a813-000d3ab9b226 57 Changing Places. 2023. What are Changing Places Toilets?. United Kingdom: https://www.changing-places.org/ Appendix A: Examples of Implementation Policy Appendix A B.3. User Support (Figure 20), aim to facilitate mobility for all, allowing users to find accessible facilities, User support includes initiatives such as digital providing accessible routes, information on platforms and accessibility guides. buildings and streets and real-time information on location and accessibility of public transport Japan’s “baby metro” accessible maps58 (Figure vehicles. 19), and Croatia’s “Accessible Zagreb”59 app Figure 19. “baby metro” app, Japan Source: Tokyo Metro. Figure 20. “Accessible Zagreb” app, Croatia Source: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.crocoder.pristupacnizgb&hl=en 58 baby metro. 2019. Japan: https://www.babymetro.jp/ 59 Zero Project. 2022. A city collecting all the information about its accessibility for a smartphone app. Croatia: https:// zeroproject.org/view/project/39c63ae9-ad4a-ec11-8c62-000d3ab5a6d0 Appendix A: Examples of Implementation Policy 55 56 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY The Sugamya Bharat App in India60 (Figure complaints, with an easy geotagging option, and 21) provides a platform for citizens to register available in ten Indian languages. and upload complaints related to accessibility in the built environment, transport, and ICT To conclude, the Guides on “Accessible sectors. The app enables people with mobility Ethiopia” 61 (Figure 22) are downloadable impairments to register accessibility-related PDF documents that provide accessibility problems in buildings, transport, or any other information on buildings in 12 towns and cities infrastructure, by uploading images and throughout the country. Figure 21. The Sugamya Bharat App, India Figure 22. Accessible Ethiopia, Addis Ababa guide GUIDE TO ACCESSIBLE ADDIS ABABA Ethiopian Center for Disability and Development Second Edition 2014 Source: https://apps.apple.com/in/app/sugamya-bharat-app/id1545729465 Source: http://www.lhac.eu/resources/library/guide-to-accessible-addis-ababa---final.pdf 60 Sugamya Bharat APP. 2021: https://dict.mizoram.gov.in/post/brief-note-on-sugamya-bharat-app-and-access 61 Ethiopian Center for Disability and Development. 2014. Guide to Accessible Addis Ababa. Ethiopia: http://www. lhac.eu/resources/library/guide-to-accessible-addis-ababa---final.pdf Appendix A: Examples of Implementation Policy Appendix B: Glossary of Terms Dropped Kerbs Ramped sections of roadside kerbs which bring the pedestrian route down to the same height as the carriageway (roadway), providing easy, step- free access to people using wheelchairs, prams, and bicycles between the roadway and kerb. Edge Protection A kerb or upstand (typically no less than 100mm in height) provided along an open side of access routes— particularly ramped access routes, which prevents wheelchair users falling off ramps, prevents wheels from inadvertently leaving access routes and can be used as cane detection to assist in wayfinding for persons with visual impairments. The edge protection should visually contrast with adjacent surfaces. Grab-bars (Grab-rails) Bars (rails) affixed to walls or other surfaces that are capable of bearing the weight of an adult without bending or detaching. They are provided to assist persons with reduced mobility to transfer or steady themselves at critical areas (for example, when transferring on to or off a toilet; into or out of a bath). Graded / Sloped A graded (sloped) route has a gradient which would require an exertion of Access Routes effort for a person with reduced mobility (for example, a wheelchair user) to traverse. 57 58 BUILDING CODE CHECKLIST FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY Gradient The measure of how steep a slope is, the greater the gradient the steeper the slope. Handrail Extensions A horizontal extension of a handrail beyond the first and last riser or footstep location in a stepped flight or ramp flight (stairs or incline). It allows people to steady themselves as they ascend or descend. The change in slope of the handrail from angled to horizontal also serves as a navigational aid for persons with vision impairments to alert them to the start or finish of a flight of stairs or steps, or a slope. Horizontal or Vertical Methods of movement for persons to, through, around, and between Circulation buildings and the built environment. Inductive Coupler A device which connects to the ‘T’ setting of a hearing aid, via wireless, magnetic connection to provide greater clarity of sound, and cut out background noise. Typically installed in telephone devices. Knee Recesses/Space A clear space between the underside of a desk or counter and the floor to accommodate a wheelchair user’s knees. Level Access Route Any route that has a gradient which would require an effort to traverse, but where a wheeled device (such as wheelchair, rollator, or child stroller) would be able to rest on the surface without the need to apply breaks. Manifestations Permanent markings or features within areas of full-height transparent glazing (usually glass, in windows, doors, walls or screens) helping to prevent collisions by making the glazing more visible. Nosing The front edge of a step tread and riser (or landing and riser) that may be rounded, chamfered, or otherwise shaped. On-Site Drop-off / A clear, marked area to allow a person arriving at a building by vehicle Setting Areas to alight from the vehicle safely. This area should be level, and suitably sized to allow a person to safely transfer from a vehicle to a wheelchair, clear of vehicular access routes. It should also take into account the fact that persons may be arriving via larger than standard vehicles, buses, or vehicles that have side or rear ramps or hoists. Operating Forces The measurement of force required to open a door, which should be suitable for persons with reduced mobility and / or limited strength to operate. Appendix B: Glossary of Terms Appendix B Passing Point/Space A point located on an access route, corridor or passageway that is suitably sized so as to allow two wheelchair users, or a person walking and a person using a wheelchair, approaching from opposite directions pass by each other. Quiet rooms Enclosed space designed to be suitable for single or multiple users containing seating and desk space, with acoustic properties for privacy. Recommended for large capacity public buildings where some users may require temporary relief from excessive sensory stimulation. Reasonable Necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a Accommodation disproportionate or undue burden, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to persons with disabilities the enjoyment or exercise on an equal basis with others of all human rights and fundamental freedoms. Refuge Area A refuge area is a location in a building, separated from fire by fire- resisting construction, designed to hold occupants during a fire or other emergency, when evacuation may not be safe or possible. Occupants can wait within the refuge until rescued by firefighters. Shared Paths An urban design approach which minimizes segregation of types of user, typically pedestrians, cyclists or vehicular traffic respectively. Shared spaces are intended to provide pedestrian priority spaces within the built environment by reducing the dominance of vehicular traffic. Stepped Access Routes A set of steps or stairs located on an access route providing access to, around, between or throughout buildings. Although not accessible for all users, steps and stairs need to be designed to be as usable as possible to all ambulant users. For example: riser height (vertical element of step), going length (horizontal element of step), handrail design, and so forth. Tapping Rail A detachable barrier or rail, positioned at low level to alert persons with vision impairments who use cane mobility aids to the existence of obstructions or hazards that protrude into access routes and pose a risk of collision (for example: the underside of a stair flight). Turning Areas A point located on an access route, corridor or passageway that is suitably (Circulation) sized so as to allow a wheelchair user to turn 90⁰ and / or 180⁰. Unobstructed An area, clear of obstruction, within rooms, or in front of key facilities Maneuvering Space that allows sufficient space for relevant activities (for example, in front of entrance doors, kitchen counters, reception desks, ticketing machines or kiosks, and so forth). Appendix B: Glossary of Terms 59 According to the World Cities Report, by 2070 almost the 60 percent of the world population will be living in urban contexts, increasing the need of making the built environment accessible for persons with different abilities and ages to accommodate varying needs of evolving population. The World Health Organization estimates that currently 16 percent of the world population lives with some kind of disability; UNDP calculates that by 2030, another 16 percent of the global population will be over 60 years old; and UNICEF approximates that the 25 percent is below the age of 15. More than ever, creating an inclusive built environment in our cities is becoming critical. The concept of Universal Accessibility focuses on making the built environment safety and comfortably usable for everyone, independently of their age, ability, or needs. This checklist aims to facilitate standardized and robust approach to review the universal accessibility provisions in building codes and regulations, through a set of diagnostic questions, for a more inclusive and safer built environment.​