Fostering Gender-Transformative Change in SustainableForest  Management A CASE STUDY OF DGM INDONESIA Ezgi Canpolat, Meerim Shakirova, Vince McElhinny, Kame Westerman, Alli Cruz, and Theresa Buppert CLIMATE INVESTMENT FUNDS Investing in the future © 2022 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. 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Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Cover photo: DGM Indonesia/ Heri Nugroho Graphic design: Andrea Carega and Karlien Truyens 3 The DGM Indonesia (DGM-I) country project beneficiaries, such as assets, information, skills, focuses on improving clarity and security of and capacity building. This assessment looks land rights for Indigenous peoples and local at what types of inputs are provided, as well communities (IPLCs), as well as improving as to whom and how they are provided. Next, livelihood opportunities from sustainable we assess through the framework how those forests and land. In implementation since inputs have influenced women’s income and March 2017, with 63 subprojects either in assets, and building on that, how women are implementation or completed, there are gaining voice and agency. Next, we assess ample opportunities for detailed examination whether and how those changes in voice of a particular DGM-I subproject. This can and agency are influencing gender norms, offer insight into whether and how DGM attitudes, and perceptions of women and men projects are influencing women’s participation at multiple levels—from individual to household and leadership on the ground, and can also to community. Finally, we look at whether those provide an indication of the extent to which shifts have the potential to be sustained beyond the project may be influencing broader social the lifetime of the project and influence more and gender norms in Indonesia. In turn, this formal practices, rules, policies, and laws that case study informs the wider line of inquiry treat women in an unequal way. of the World Bank DGM & REDD+ Gender Study, which follows a conceptual framework The subproject analyzed in this case study was of gender transformative change to analyze implemented in East Java with the objective the contribution the DGM-I project is making of securing forest access rights within the to women’s economic achievement, access state-owned forest enterprise for a local to and control over productive assets, voice, community. As a result of this subproject, and agency that support positive changes community members both male and female in women’s leadership and meaningful reported a number of benefits and positive participation. shifts for women, both at the individual and community or societal level. This suggested The conceptual framework for this study that the DGM in Indonesia has been successful follows a stepwise, yet flexible and dynamic, in supporting meaningful, positive changes for progression toward gender transformative women at multiple scales, and indicated some change. The framework begins by assessing clear movement along the progression toward the inputs that the DGM project provides to gender transformative change. 4 Photo: DGM Indonesia/ Andhika Vega Country Context Indonesia is one of several countries and growing commercial pressures on forests. leading the charge when it comes to the It also has embedded social and cultural design and implementation of REDD+ norms and religious interpretations that can (Arwida et al. 2016). In 2020, nearly a decade exacerbate gender inequalities, especially in after the initial formulation of national and rural communities where 47% of Indonesia’s subnational REDD+ strategies, Indonesia population live (Arwida et al. 2016). achieved a huge milestone when it received its first results-based payments, receiving Clear and secure tenure, with clarification $56 million in payments in exchange for an of which group has access to REDD+ estimated 17 million tons of CO2eq emissions benefits, is another crucial factor to the avoided through reduced deforestation and successful implementation of REDD+ (UN- degradation (Satrio 2021). According to an REDD 2012). In Indonesia a lack of clarity in August 2020 statement from Indonesia’s tenure regulations limits women’s ability to Minister of Evironment and Forestry, Indonesia participate in or benefit equally from REDD+ has seen a 38% decrease in the rate of programs. As explained in DGM-I’s Project deforestation from 2011 to 2017, as compared Appraisal Document (PAD), de jure access and to the 2003 to 2009 period. use of the forest is controlled by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, but the National Key to the current and continued success Land Agency, a different bureau, is in charge of REDD+ programs in Indonesia will be the of actual land titling (World Bank 2017). This implementation of REDD+ programs that are overlapping system of governance has resulted socially sensitive, including considerations in unclear land-related regulations and for gender sensitivity. Like other countries, guidelines and ambiguous provisions regarding Indonesia is prone to gendered risks in the management and administration of land REDD+ program development, given a and land-based natural resources. historically male-dominated forestry sector 5 Within an already complex tenure system, forestry scheme, local communities have the Indonesian women are also disadvantaged ability to obtain forest management licenses, in their ability to legally hold property, with granting them the right to use and manage Indigenous women facing a unique layer a particular forest area for 35 years. In their of added challenges. Legal frameworks current design, Indonesia’s social forestry on inheritance, especially those based in schemes do not confer full land ownership customary or Islamic traditions, favor men as to communities, although communities are heirs or allocate a larger portion of inherited pressing for full land ownership rights (Banjade land to men than women (Astri et al. 2020). et al. 2016). Although the management license The National Land Agency reports that just is granted to the community as a whole, these 24.2% of legally registered land in Indonesia access rights are then distributed within the is held under female ownership. Despite community through heads of households. some successes within REDD+ for Indigenous Female-headed households, such as those communities to reclaim their rights to where the wife is a divorcee or the husband customary lands and territories, Indigenous has migrated for work, can be disadvantaged in women have had limited representation and this process (Wahyuning- sih 2018). As a forest involvement in these struggles and still do tenure reform strategy, the FAO has noted not receive full recognition from their own that “participatory policies [like social forestry] communities, social movements, or the state presume communities to be homogeneous (Siscawati 2020). social entities with common interests and priorities; they do not consider that they Forest tenure reforms in Indonesia are under comprise different groups with disparate way in an attempt to clarify the tenure regime genders… levels of power and access to and provide more benefit to Indigenous resources” (FAO 2015). (known in Indonesia as adat) and forest- based communities. These reforms fall short While social forestry in Indonesia has been in fostering an environment for gender acknowledged to leave women behind in equality in forestry. In 2014, President Joko some respects, it is worth exploring whether Widodo announced a forest tenure program the DGM as a program working within called Perhutanan Sosial (Social Forestry), that scheme might facilitate steps toward intended to improve the well-being of people women’s equality by promoting women’s with forest based livelihoods and to protect increased participation and agency in the forests through sustainable management forestry space. (Wahyuningsih 2018). Through the social 6 Case Study Methodology The DGM-I subproject chosen for closer Shifting focus to a case study analysis at the analysis in this case study is entitled subproject level, the study team engaged a “Encouraging Certainty of Community consultant to conduct remote interviews with Access to Forest Areas to Reduce Inequality relevant subproject actors. A lack of Bahasa in Land Tenure through Social Forestry.” It Indonesian (and local dialect) language skills is taking place in Sabrang Village of Ambulu on the study team, as well as COVID-19 travel District, in the Jember Regency of East restrictions necessitating remote interviews, Java. This subproject was selected for case led the study team to believe that the use study analysis with guidance from both the of a consultant familiar with the context Samdhana Institute, DGM Indonesia’s National of Indonesia, of the DGM, and of gender Executing Agency (NEA), as well as the DGM considerations in community-based natural Indonesia National Steering Committee (NSC), resource management, would yield the most to showcase gender outcomes of a DGM-I useful information under the constraints. project. Subproject-specific were conducted in May 2021 via the virtual platform Zoom, in In spring of 2021, the study team conducted both Bahasa and local Javanese. Mobile a desk review of overall DGM project data packages were provided to cover the documents, as well as documents specific to connection costs of all subproject-level the DGM Indonesia country project, such as interviewees participating in virtual calls, in an the DGM-I Operations Manual and Project effort to control for selection bias that may Appraisal Document (PAD). In early March otherwise favor respondents able to afford 2021, an interview was held via Zoom with quality, reliable internet access. three World Bank staff close to the DGM-I country project, including the two DGM-I Task In total, 14 interviews were conducted with Team Leaders (TTLs) and a local community 23 total individuals (12 men/11 women). and social development specialist. This Besides World Bank and NEA experts, interview helped to establish context and interviewees included one male and one provide insight into overall DGM-I design, female representative from Indonesia’s NSC, objectives and gender considerations. In late four staff from the implementing organization March 2021, an interview was held via Zoom of the case study subproject, two members of with four staff from Samdhana Institute, village government from the case study village, DGM-I’s NEA, including the country project and four men and four women beneficiaries coordinator, Samdhana’s gender advisor, and of the subproject. See Table 1 for a full list of two grant coordinators helping with subproject interviews conducted to inform this case study. management. This conversation with the NEA provided further insight into DGM-I project design, including subproject selection and gender-specific outcomes. 7 Table 1: Interviews Conducted for this Case Study 1 World Bank Staff – DGM-I Co-TTL Male 2 World Bank Staff – DGM-I Co-TTL Female 3 World Bank Staff – Local Community and Social Dvlpt Specialist Male 4 Samdhana Staff – DGM Project Coordinator Female 5 Samdhana Staff – Gender Advisor Female 6 Samdhana Staff – Grants Coordinator Female 7 Samdhana Staff – Grants Coordinator Female 8 DGM-I National Steering Committee (NSC) Member Female 9 DGM-I National Steering Committee (NSC) Member Male 10 Local NGO Staff Male 11 Local NGO Staff Male 12 Local NGO Staff Male 13 Local NGO Staff Female 14 Subproject Beneficiary Female 15 Subproject Beneficiary Female 16 Subproject Beneficiary Female 17 Subproject Beneficiary Female 18 Subproject Beneficiary Male 19 Subproject Beneficiary Male 20 Subproject Beneficiary Male 21 Subproject Beneficiary Male 22 Village Government Official Male 23 Village Government Official Male Total Interviewees: 23 (12 men / 11 women) 8 The study team recognizes potential limitations a possibility on the consultant’s side to skew associated with the decision to engage a toward an overly positive portrayal of DGM consultant in the data collection process. outcomes and gender impacts. Beneficiaries, COVID-19 travel restrictions, both for the in their interviews with the consultant, may study team and internal to Indonesia, required also have felt obliged to report overly positive all interviews to be conducted remotely, gender impacts of the subproject, perhaps in a potentially limiting the level of detail in bid for continued project support or because interviewee responses and the ability for follow they were speaking to a gender expert. up. Additionally, the consultant chosen to Nonetheless, the study team is confident that conduct sub-project level interviews was the evidence reported and conclusions drawn, Gender Advisor for DGM Indonesia’s NEA and, both from our own data collection and from in a previous position on Indonesia’s National the consultant’s work, provided an accurate Forestry Council (Indonesian abbreviation portrayal of the DGM’s impact on gender DKN) was involved in DGM-I design. There was outcomes. a potential here for conflict of interest, with Design of the DGM Indonesia Project Project Design and proposals with previous or ongoing efforts to secure land rights. All funded subprojects were required to feature activities related to The DGM-I was approved by Forest Investment community outreach and mobilization, and Program (FIP) in December 2016 and by the were additionally required to either address World Bank in March 2017. The first call for strengthening IPLC capacity to enhance land subproject proposals opened in August of that tenure security or improving IPLC capacity to same year. With a total funding envelope of improve livelihoods. US$6.5 million, the express goal of the DGM in Indonesia is to improve the capacity of IPLCs Component 2: Improvement of policy to engage in tenure security processes and processes and dialogues. livelihood processes from sustainable lands and forests. The project was organized around Component 3: Project management, three main components: monitoring and evaluation and institutional development. Component 1: Subgrants to strengthen IPLC capacity to enhance tenure security The project was expressly designed to work and improve livelihoods. As with most with both indigenous (adat in Indonesian) DGM country projects, the subgranting/ beneficiaries and local community (non-adat subproject component constituted the bulk identifying, but still long-term occupants of of the DGM project in Indonesia, having been the lands they manage) beneficiaries in all dedicated over 60% of total project funds. seven of the geographical regions of Indonesia: The component allowed communities and Kalimantan, Java, the Maluku Islands, Bali-Nusa community-based organizations to submit Tenggara, Papua, Sulawesi and Sumatra. Project proposals for support for forestry initiatives. documents specifically outline that at least 30% Funding priority was reserved for communities of direct beneficiaries will be women. 9 Project Governance voting members of the NSC would drop to five men and just two women, or a 71% male to The National Steering Committee (NSC) is 29% female composition. the governing body for each DGM country project. The NSC is charged with setting the priorities for the DGM-I, with guidance National Executing Agency from the FIP and World Bank in accordance (NEA) with overall DGM objectives, as well as in alignment with national government aims. Per the design outlined in the DGM-I Operations For the DGM-I, Samdhana Institute was Manual, Indonesia’s NSC consists of nine selected as the NEA. Samdhana Institute is a voting members—one representative of registered NGO in Indonesia with the stated each of the seven regions in which the DGM mission, in part, of supporting “communities works, plus two dedicated seats for women to have clear and secured rights to manage representatives (one of them an indigenous their territories/places,” a mission that dovetails women’s representative and the other a with objectives of the DGM-I. Samdhana women’s representative of local communities). was selected, in addition to other factors, Representatives to the NSC are elected by a for their history of managing small grants for deliberative process in each region, involving IPLCs across Indonesia. The DGM project IPLC representatives from that region, and is management unit sitting within Samdhana facilitated by the National Forestry Council consists of several staff, including an overall (Indonesian abbreviation DKN). In addition DGM project coordinator, a finance lead, a to the nine voting members, the NSC gender advisor, several grant coordinators, and also includes an appointed representative others. from the DKN Community Chamber, and a representative from the Ministry of As an organization, Samdhana is dedicated Environment and Forestry (MoEF) as non- to the promotion of gender equality and voting members. A representative of the World social inclusion in Indonesia. This attitude is Bank is invited as an observer to the NSC. codified in their institutional Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) guidelines, where Near parity in DGM Indonesia’s NSC they outline a commitment to “mainstreaming gender composition distinguishes it as gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) one of the most balanced of all DGM within the organization” and the activities it NSCs. Currently, Indonesia’s NSC consists supports, including the DGM-I (Abdulkadir- of 5 men and 4 women, a 55% male to 45% Sunito, M. et al. 2019). To this end, within female composition. Besides the earmark the implementation of the DGM-Indonesia, for two NSC seats specifically for women’s Samdhana retained a specific gender advisor representatives—a decision pressed by female for the project, tasked with providing guidance members of the DKN during the process to regarding gender issues such as “socially and establish the NSC—no specific provision is culturally sound approaches to address gender made within the NSC design for any gender gaps,” designing “reliable and measurable parity, leaving the nomination up to the indicators” for gender mainstreaming, and deliberative process in the regions. If these two identifying factors influencing the success and specifically dedicated seats for women were failure of mainstreaming gender in the DGM-I removed from the NSC, the composition for project, per the DGM-I Operations Manual. 10 Subproject Design and selected to move from the concept to full Granting Procedures proposal stage, any concepts found to be out of compliance with this requirement were not rejected but were instead flagged for Samdhana facilitated three calls for further development of their gender sensitivity subproject proposals for DGM-I, with a total provisions, with guidance from the gender of 63 subprojects funded. Table 2 below advisor. While the 30% women’s participation outlines specifics of each call. target was a requirement of DGM-I from the beginning, and subproject proposals meeting Samdhana’s gender advisor was closely this criteria received additional marks in the involved in the selection process, reviewing scoring for selection, a World Bank TTL noted all proposals for their sensitivity to gender that “the selection process can be politicized, considerations like the proportion of direct so it’s not always about scoring, per se,” women beneficiaries of the project, and how implying that some subprojects failing to projects provide for women’s participation in meet the 30% target were still approved. The activities given the unique time constraints and NEA still worked with the sponsors of these other challenges they face. Beyond examining proposals to sharpen their strategies on gender just the face value participation of women, equality. the gender advisor also provided selection guidance that considered the intersectionality Following subproject selection, subproject of women’s experience, encouraging implementers were convened by Samdhana subprojects where possible to include for training in gender and social inclusion widowed, low caste and other marginalized and the application of those concepts in women, with a specific emphasis on the the subprojects. As a Samdhana staff person inclusion of indigenous women. noted, “we want them to understand the concepts of gender equality, social inclusion, As required by the foundational project tenure and livelihoods.” Trainings also included documents, all subproject proposals were instruction in how to measure tenure and required to include provisions for at least livelihoods indicators with a gender and social 30% women’s participation in subproject inclusion perspective. Unlike some other activities and decision-making. For proposals DGM country projects, trainings specific to Table 2: DGM Indonesia Calls for Subproject Proposals First Call for Second Call for Third Call for Proposals (2018) Proposals (2019) Proposals (2020) Thematic focus Tenure security Tenure security Livelihoods Total proposals received 209 247 Total proposals forwarded to the 31 59 NSC for consideration Total approved proposals 21 (3 from each of 28 (4 from each of 14 (2 from each of the 7 regions) the 7 regions) the 7 regions) 11 women only were not emphasized at the Overall Results of the DGM project level in Indonesia, a conscious decision Indonesia of the NEA. One NEA staff person observed that in some cases, “activities specifically for women can even more exclude women from Overall, DGM Indonesia has performed well in the community.” In previous cases women achieving its expected targets and objectives. had been ostracized within their communities The most recent Semi-Annual Report (SAR 11) following their participation in “women only” observed that Indonesia had exceeded three training events, because of a perception in of its four project development objective the wider community that they were receiving targets, and was on track to reach the fourth preferential treatment. This design and delivery by the project’s end. IP and LC participants in decision for the DGM-I showed how complex DGM-I activities were reporting an increase and interlinking threads of gender and social in completed submissions to the government norms and stereotypes can influence country for formal access or tenure decrees, as projects. Individual subprojects, especially compared to baseline, and participants both subprojects in adat communities, may have male and female were reporting benefits from included capacity training activities specific to participating in DGM livelihood related grant women, but these were held at the discretion activities. of each subproject. While DGM Indonesia’s official monitoring framework for World Bank reporting collects sex-disaggregated data for only two indicators, targets are matched or exceeded in both these indicators, as outlined in Table 3 below. The DGM in Indonesia established, and has largely reached, ambitious targets for benefits to adat and local communities, serving to create a positive enabling environment for subprojects of DGM-Indonesia to benefit women, as evidenced in the subproject case study. Table 3: DGM Indonesia sex-disaggregated performance indicators Indicator Actual Target Participants who benefit (monetary or non-monetary) from livelihood-only grant 34% 30% activities (female) Participants in consultation activities during project implementation (female) 30% 30% Source: DGM Country Project ISRRs (mry); SAR–11 12 Subproject Case Study Subproject Overview The objective of the subproject as stated in the original proposal was to secure formal forest access rights and reduce inequality The DGM-I subproject chosen for analysis of land tenure through Social Forestry for in this case study is entitled “Encouraging Sabrang village. Through this formalization Certainty of Community Access to Forest Areas of their access rights to the forest, Sabrang to Reduce Inequality in Land Tenure through villagers hoped to reduce economic inequality Social Forestry.” The subproject, selected within the village by prioritizing forest benefit during DGM-I’s second call for proposals and flows to marginalized community members implemented in the 2019- 2020 period, takes such as widows and returned migrant place in Sabrang village, Ambulu district, in the laborers. As required under Social Forestry, the Jember Regency of East Java. village also hoped to establish a sustainable management plan for the forests under their The subproject was implemented by the management in part by promoting improved “Institute for Village Studies for Farmers SD productivity of new and existing forest farms, INPERS,” known by its Indonesian abbreviation to reduce pressure to clear standing natural as LSDP SD INPERS. LSDP SD INPERS is an forest. NGO focused on community development. It has been active throughout Jember Regency, Sabrang village received its Surat Keputusan but has focused in Sabrang village as an (formal decree) for forest access and use organizing base since the early 1990s. SD rights through Social Forestry in July 2019. INPERS is also part of the Pokja PPS (Working Initially, the allocated forest area under the Group for the Acceleration of Social Forestry) decree included 910 total hectares, although having received this designation by decree of this was later expanded to encompass 2,219 the Governor of East Java and the head of the total hectares. LSDP SD INPERS estimates that East Java Forestry Service. as many as 1,400 Sabrang households have directly benefitted from this acquisition of forest management rights. 13 While access rights have been granted to the administrative boundary of Sabrang, but Sabrang communally, the forest management the village does not hold jurisdiction over these area has then been divided among households, areas. Across Java, these and all forest lands granting each household rights to make are held and managed by Perum Perhutani, the management decisions over specific forest state-owned forestry enterprise. plots within the forest management area. Within Sabrang’s Village Regulation, a forest A long-standing history of conflict exists management plan which was required to be between Sabrang’s villagers and the state. developed as part of the Social Forestry permit Farmers, many of whom do not own their application, this land distribution mechanism own land and who are unable to afford the was collectively agreed upon, and explicitly rent on land leases for their farms, enter the prioritizes widows, the elderly and the poor state-owned forest to clear land and cultivate in the designation of plots. This was an their crops. These farmers cultivating plots intentional design decision of the community, within the forest became known in the meant to address the subproject objective village as “forest farmers.” Other villagers, of reducing inequality in the community. and especially women, also enter the forest In addition to assisting with acquisition of to gather firewood and other forest products the Social Forestry permit, SD INPERS also they depend on. Criminalization of these forest provided training intended to build women’s farmers and other entrants into the forest is capacity in policy, planning, and especially widespread, with some acts of state violence forest product processing, expanding their against them. LSDP SD INPERS staff said they options for income streams from forest had often filed cases with the Komnas HAM products. (Indonesian National Committee on Human Rights) regarding the criminalization of Sabrang village describes not a single village, Sabrang forest farmers and others. but actually an administrative area of over 1.1 million hectares (11,000 km2) on the southern Unable to make a living in these conditions, side of East Java. While the village of Sabrang many of Sabrang’s residents migrate out of proper is the population and administrative the area in search of better opportunities, center of the area, the administrative area often taking unskilled domestic labor positions also covers a number of smaller hamlets. in nearby Singapore and Malaysia. SD INPERS Informal counts place the village population reports that an estimated 70% to 80% of at just under 15,000 residents. The population migrants from Sabrang are women. Women does not identify as indigenous, or adat. Many whose husbands migrate are left behind as residents of Sabrang village make a livelihood heads of household, depending on remittances from farming, mainly growing commodity and what they can earn from their own labor crops such as peppers, tropical fruits or coffee to support their families. for export or sale in local markets, and depend on local forest resources for their subsistence Sabrang village recognized Social Forestry needs. The village scores low in development as a potential solution to the untenable indices, and many residents live in poverty. situation created by its lack of access and use rights to forests within its own boundaries. Despite the presence of productive forest Under Indonesia’s participatory tenure system lands, Sabrang villagers historically received of Perhutanan Sosial (Social Forestry), forest no formal benefit from the forests. 3,500 dependent communities can apply to obtain hectares (35 km2) of forested area sit within forest management licenses, granting them 14 the formal right to use and manage state- the Governor of East Java and the head of the owned forest area for a period of 35 years. East Java Forestry Service. In late 2018, the In interviews, Sabrang villagers recalled that DGM-I second call for subproject proposals their main concerns before the introduction was opened, with a thematic focus on tenurial of Social Forestry in the village included their issues. limited access to forest resources, the ongoing tenure conflicts between villagers and the state, and the high out-migration of Sabrang Subproject Development residents. They also expressed that, at the time, many villagers felt they were the victims Given the alignment of Sabrang village’s of injustice perpetuated by the state, given expressed desire to pursue forest access that they were surrounded by fertile land and rights with the focus of the second DGM-I productive forests but had no rights to access call on issues of tenure and access to forests, the state-owned land and were left in poverty. LSDP SD INPERS convened a consultation with villagers to propose the idea of developing a The process of application for Social Forestry proposal to the DGM-I to support Sabrang’s is complicated, and communities often Social Forestry application process. Villagers do not have the capacity to undertake the supported this proposal. Over the next application on their own. At a minimum, several months, LSDP SD INPERS developed the village would need to prepare 1) a village the subproject proposal, as guided by the regulation for the organization for forest expressed desires of the Sabrang community management; 2) a village decree for the and with cooperation from the Sabrang organization of the village enterprise; and village government. Sabrang villagers had full 3) a description of the facilities, including autonomy over the subproject design. socioeconomic details of the village and a proposed map of the village forest area for Considerations of gender equality in the which rights would be conferred (Erbaugh subproject development were key, given the 2019). In practice, this would involve stated desire of Sabrang for the subproject considerable time and effort on the part of to reduce inequality in the community. Sabrang. Within the design outlined in the subproject proposal document, provisions were made to Resolved to pursue a Social Forestry permit “encourage the participation of women and despite the challenges, the Sabrang village other marginalized groups in the institutional government submitted a formal written structure to ensure that their rights and request to LSDP SD INPERS in 2017 to provide interests are accommodated in every internal assistance in preparing and submitting the institutional policy.” Capacity building and application. LSDP SD INPERS had been active institutional strengthening opportunities for in Sabrang village since the 1990s through women and women’s groups were laid out in a number of initiatives, including promotion the subproject design. Recognizing the issue of of tourism to the area and education and outmigration from Sabrang, and especially of outreach programs for migrants originating women, the subproject was designed also to from the village. SD INPERS had also been “encourage women’s groups to take advantage designated part of the Pokja PPS (Working of local economic potential, as an effort to Group for the Acceleration of Social Forestry), improve their welfare and to reduce overseas having received this designation by decree of migrations, especially of women migrants.” 15 The final subproject proposal was delivered in on the principles of community economic late April 2019, and was one of 57 proposals development and to build the necessary to be recommended by Samdhana to the NSC capacity for villagers to contribute to the for consideration. After consideration by the development of the business plans. Tasks NSC, and a process of revision as guided by included: the Development of Business Work Samdhana to sharpen several concepts in the Plans and Annual Work Plans for Social Forestry, proposal and clarify the budget, the proposal which were designed through consultative became one of the 28 subprojects selected meetings and interviews. It was necessary to for funding under the second DGM-I call for increase the capacity of community groups proposals. for preparation of baseline data and area mapping, which involved training in the use of GPS, participatory mapping and database Subproject Activities and development. As part of the application for Inputs Provided the Social Forestry permit it was required to establish and provide technical support for Social Forestry Business Groups. After subproject approval, the first order of business was to prepare and submit Sabrang Specific to the objective of decreasing the village’s application for the Social Forestry inequality in the village through Social Forestry, permit. Preparations included meetings to draft activities conducted as part of the subproject a Village Regulation, which had to accompany included: the Social Forestry permit application and which outlined the community’s plan for forest • Training for the community in organizing management under the Social Forestry scheme. community groups Community participation in the drafting process for the Village Regulation was initially low, so • Formation and mentoring of women several specific awareness and socialization cadres, including specific gender training events were held to encourage villagers to join and organization of women farmers the process. • Capacity building for women in policy, A stakeholders workshop on community planning, and especially forest product economic development was arranged to processing, to expand women’s options familiarize stakeholders, including women, for income streams from forest products 16 Individual Level Impacts of their children’s school fees and cover their the Subproject family’s needs with their own income. Besides financial benefits for themselves, Photo: DGM Indonesia/ Margaretha Seting Beraan women participating in the subproject were also able to provide income opportunities for other women in the community. To find help with irrigation or harvesting of their crops, many of the women managing their own forest farm plots hired related or neighboring women. At harvest time, three or four women could be hired, at a wage of IDR 60,000 (US$4.00) per day. This meant the economic benefits of participation in the subproject had a multiplier effect for women—rather than just Inputs provided by the DGM-Indonesia impacting the woman participating in farming, throughout this subproject have had a it also had economic benefits for other women meaningful positive impact on women at the in the community, expanding the impact to a individual level. This is based on responses and wider network. anecdotes shared by subproject beneficiaries, both male and female, that were consulted for Additional economic benefits in the form the case study. of increased access to inputs and credit have resulted from the granting of the Increased income was the most immediate Social Forestry permit. The Jember Regency benefit from participation in the subproject government has committed to supplying that women beneficiaries reported. Each of fertilizer to forest farmers in Sabrang, the the four women beneficiaries interviewed for Agriculture Service has provided seeds, and the case study pointed to increased income the MoEF has provided assistance in the use of from cultivation of plots within the Social chopping and brush-clearing machines. This Forestry area. Crops such as chili peppers, makes it easier for women forest farmers to corn, and eggplant are yielding anywhere maintain and even expand their current forest from IDR 2 million to 3 million (US$140 to 210, plots and crop varieties, as they reallocate approximately) for the women, per harvest. some of the funds previously earmarked Other crops like arabica coffee, bananas, for inputs that are now being provided by oranges and durian have been planted but the government into other pursuits. Male are not yet ready for harvest. In one notable and female beneficiaries both report easier case, one of the woman beneficiaries access to business lines of credit from the interviewed reported receiving a price between banks, opening doors for expansion of current IDR 1 million and 6 million (US$70 to 420), businesses or the ability to pursue new ones. dependent on market prices, for her cabe jamu crop (Piper retrofractum or Javanese Long Increased income from forest farming also Pepper), a popular spice in the export market led women beneficiaries of the subproject to to India. She was able to harvest the pepper report an increased peace of mind. Whereas crop twice a month. With this income from in the past women may have made the choice forest crops, the women reported being able to work abroad to provide for their families, to pay off debts, purchase a motorbike, pay they now feel they are able to stay in the 17 community and pursue an income closer to An increased willingness to use their voice home. Forest farming allows women to remain and express their opinions in public was closer to their children, see family more often, another positive change women reported and maintain other networks of social support, as a result of the subproject. In Indonesia’s easing their concerns and allowing them to male-dominated society, women tend to be report that “the mind is calm and the heart is unwilling to voice their viewpoints or opinions, peaceful.” either because of active discouragement of speaking up or just due to a lack of experience. Men and women report an increased feeling Through participation in the subproject, of security and safety with the formal however, women felt more empowered assurance of their tenurial rights. Villagers to express their opinion in public. This is reported fear of entering the forest before the attributable to increased knowledge provided Social Forestry permit was secured, because of by subproject trainings—women felt more crime and violence by the state-owned forest informed and qualified to give their opinions. enterprise. One woman said she wouldn’t One woman beneficiary of the subproject enter the forest before, knowing that the state- recounted that “now we have the courage to owned forestry enterprise Perum Perhutani talk about our opinion and mind in front of “will hunt us.” With the security of their forest the crowd and even in the large group of men access rights through the subproject, villagers farmers.” Additionally, LSDP SD INPERS staff report a reduction in conflicts with Perum actively encouraged women to speak up and Perhutani. dedicated space for women to be heard. While one woman beneficiary admitted that she Increased knowledge and technical capacity still did not feel brave enough to speak up in provided through subproject activities public, she expressed a desire to one day speak was reported by women as a specific in public like some of the other women. benefit of participation in this subproject. Related to both gender equality and social Specifically for the men of Sabrang, an forestry, women reported that they have outcome of the subproject was increased more understanding now than they did recognition of the positive benefits of before. Targeted gender equality trainings for women’s active participation in managing women provided opportunities for them to land. One male beneficiary admitted that the grow comfortable expressing opinions and men of Sabrang village “actually have much to participating in decision making. A woman learn” from some of the women forest farmers, reported in the trainings that “they teach us such as the woman who earned a significant how to talk with dignity and straight forward, and steady income from her crops of cabe they teach us how to talk assertively.” Social jamu. The success of one of the women forest forestry training built women’s capacity in farmers has now motivated her husband to policy, planning, and especially forest product also get involved. Where he was previously processing, expanding their options for income employed as a fisherman outside the village, streams from forest products. Unusually for he has since abandoned that occupation to Indonesian women, one woman beneficiary partner with his wife in her forest farming even learned to use a GPS system through the endeavors, helping her with care of her plot. DGM training and participated in the mapping “Since he know[s] that the land is producing process for the Social Forest area boundary. income,” she said, he is now recognizing the value of her plot, her work to tend it, and her contributions to the household. 18 Subproject Impacts at the clean the house and care for the children, and Community/Societal Level another mentioned that she and her husband now jointly make decisions on household issues like spending or purchasing. Photo: DGM Indonesia/ Heri Nugroho Perceptions of the role of women in forestry are shifting within Sabrang village as a result of the DGM-I. A woman interviewee recalled an instance in the early days of Social Forestry in Sabrang when men would see her entering the forest and call out to her as andi, or man. Now, however, men recognize women’s aptitude and even leadership in the Social Forestry space. Due in large part to the additional income they are now contributing to the family, men are now supportive of women’s forest farming ventures—one woman’s husband quit his job to help her manage the forest plot, and another reported that where her husband at first did not want her going into the forest, he is now proud and helps her to load fertilizer onto the motorbike before visiting the forest plot. Women participants in the subproject are now taking it upon themselves to become organized and share their learning in the agroforestry space. Women interviewees As a result of the DGM Indonesia’s influence, reported that whereas in the past they never the door is beginning to open for societal came together to discuss forest products or level shifts, including in the broader gender planting, they are now organizing themselves norms of Sabrang village, indicating some into groups to share information. Women who linkage between individual changes and know about planting or processing of one type higher scale impacts of the DGM’s work. of crop organize events to teach other women farmers. Members of Sabrang’s women forest Three women interviewees noted positive farmer group have even created a WhatsApp changes in the perceived role of men and chat to plan activities and share knowledge. women in the household, shifting toward a more equitable division of household Through their participation in Social Forestry, responsibilities. One woman noted that, as women have become increasingly involved a result of what she had learned from gender in village level policy making. According to equality trainings through the subproject, she officials from the village government, before gave her husband “the understanding about the implementation of the DGM subproject in how we should work together in this marriage. Sabrang, village level policy making involved We are partners in this home.” Another woman only village officials and members of the reported that her husband was now helping to village deliberative council. Through the Social 19 Forestry application process, which included organized by the village government, noting development of the Village Regulation (the that “they have attended many meetings with forestry management plan), women were village government and SD INPERS... they invited to consultations to provide input into become representatives of the people who their desired vision for the Social Forestry want to share their feedback and complaints.” process. A female interviewee recalled that “sometimes we were invited to have a Social Forestry in Sabrang has the potential discussion, they want to hear our opinion to stifle the flow of outmigration from the and [understand] the obstacles that we see village, and attract former residents back. and what we really want.” A different woman Anecdotal evidence suggests that migrant recalled how, in the development of the workers, and especially women, are returning Village Regulation, her idea for an economic to the community after hearing about the development opportunity specifically for income potential of the forest farms. One women was included in the plan. She female beneficiary of the subproject noted that proposed making a food product from one there were now many women forest farmers. of the harvest plants, asserting that “if we “In the old days if you needed money you have make the food product and then we sell it to go abroad and be a migrant worker. But to the market, then we will have much more since the Social Forestry exists, they don’t go income. This is the part men cannot do.” abroad. They become a forest farmer. They Women’s input was in part the impetus for have high hope about the future in here.” the decision to prioritize widows, the elderly, Sabrang government officials expressed hope and other marginalized peoples in the process Social Forestry will continue to foster an of dividing forest plots among households. attitude of “Develop Our Village,” and reduce Village government officials report that women migration out of the area. continue to be actively involved in meetings 20 Conclusion The DGM in Indonesia has been successful The success of DGM Indonesia in in supporting meaningful, positive changes engendering positive change for women for women at multiple scales. In the specific can be attributed to several factors. Perhaps context of the examined subproject—a the most significant has been the strong project in East Java aimed at securing forest leadership pushing for gender equality at access rights within the state-owned forest multiple levels of DGM-I governance and enterprise for a local community—community implementation, which helped to strengthen members both male and female report a the DGM-I gender strategy and sensitivity. number of benefits and positive shifts for This leadership, within the DKN and enabling both men and women at the individual level, organizations like AMAN, at the level of the including tangible benefits like income and NSC membership, and continuing down into access to credit. Men and women also report leadership at the NEA level, pushed the DGM-I receiving intangible benefits like increased to adopt innovative strategies for gender feelings of security, heightened confidence sensitivity in the project. The DGM-I has since and new knowledge. Community members the beginning called for a target of at least also recognize ways in which these individual 30% women beneficiaries in all subprojects, shifts are leading to positive shifts toward signaling even in its foundational documents greater gender equality in some village norms, (see the PAD and Operations Manual) a such as perceptions of women’s appropriate dedication to positive impacts for IPLC roles in forestry. This finding is in line with women. Within the NEA, the use of a gender this Fostering Gender-Transformative Change advisor in screening all subproject proposals, in Sustainable Forest Management Study’s and the advisor’s guidance in strengthening analytical framework on the progression gender strategies in all proposals approved for of gender transformative change, which implementation, was identified by interviewees maintains that inputs provided to women— at all levels, from the World Bank down to the in the form of assets, skills, or others—lead subproject implementing organization, as an to women’s gains in voice, agency, and/or important influencing factor in the DGM-I’s income, and men’s increased recognition of ability to ensure that positive changes such as the benefits of women in leadership. improved tenure security also benefit women. These enabling factors for success should be noted, and where possible incorporated into the design of similar projects in the future. 21 References Abdulkadir-Sunito, M., Siscawati, M. and Iswari, International Labour Organization (ILO) (2010). P. (2019). Analytical framework of Living Labour conditions in forestry in Indonesia. Spacs and Livelihood with Gender Equality Jakarta, ILO. and Social Inclusion (GESI) Perspectives: Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) A Guideline. Bogor, Indonesia. The Samdhana (2011). Country Gender Profile: Indonesia Institute. [Final Report]. Accessed 7 Jun 2021 at: https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/ Arwida, S.D., Maharani, C., Sijapati Basnett, thematic_issues/gender/background/pdf/ B., Yang, A.L., Resosudarmo. I.A.P., Wong, e10ind.pdf. G., Brockhaus, M. and Madhavan, P. (2016). Gender in Forestry and REDD+ in Siscawati, M. (2020). Gender and forest tenure Indonesia. Center for International Forestry reform in Indonesia. 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Accessed 7 June 2019 at: https://www. researchgate.net/publication/306105910_ Understanding_women’s_participation_in_ forestry_in_Indonesia. 22 ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits Statement The World Bank Group is committed to reducing its environmental footprint. In support of this commitment, we leverage electronic publishing options and print-on-demand technology, which is located in regional hubs worldwide. Together, these initiatives enable print runs to be lowered and shipping distances decreased, resulting in reduced paper consumption, chemical use, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste. We follow the recommended standards for paper use set by the Green Press Initiative. The majority of our books are printed on Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certified paper, with nearly all containing 50-100 percent recycled content. 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