GOVERNANCE E Q U I TA B L E G R O W T H , F I N A N C E & I N S T I T U T I O N S N OT E S An Overview of World Bank Group Digital Governance and GovTech Projects December 2022 Supported by the GovTech Global Partnership (GTGP) and the KDI School (Republic of Korea) An Overview of World Bank Group Digital Governance and GovTech Projects December 2022 Supported by the GovTech Global Partnership (GTGP) and the KDI School (Republic of Korea) © 2022 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This study is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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This cover has been designed using resources from elements.envato.com. 4 AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS An Overview of World Bank Group Digital Governance and GovTech Projects October 2022 Update The World Bank Group (WBG) has been financing The latest DG/GovTech Projects Database and the digital governance (DG) solutions for decades. 2022 GovTech Dataset are now associated based on There was no database presenting the details of the four GovTech focus areas. sector-specific digital investments (e.g., investment As a part of the 2022 update, the database includes the category, focus areas, solutions developed, cost, mapping of investments already presented in seven duration, performance) beyond publicly available categories into four GovTech focus areas together basic information about the projects including such with the costs, durations, and outcomes ratings of activities. The Digital Governance Projects Database completed activities to complement key project data was developed in 2015 through a cross-practice extracted from the WBG operations portal. Hence, activity to address this challenge. the database is now called DG/GovTech Projects The first edition of the database—which captured Database and can be linked with the GovTech Dataset, the details of more than 1,100 projects funded in which presents the maturity of those four focus areas more than 130 countries since 1995—was released around the world. Thus, one can see the progress and publicly through the WBG Data Catalog in June 2015. gaps in all four areas in any country from the GovTech The database was also used as a reference during Dataset and find the details of digital solutions the preparation of World Development Report 2016 WBG funds to support ongoing digital transformation (Digital Dividends). There have been several updates initiatives from the DG/GovTech Projects Database. since then: in August 2017, December 2019, January In addition, the GTMI Data Dashboard, launched in 2020, and July 2020. The latest version, released in 2022, provides access to both of the datasets, and October 2022, presents the details of 1,449 projects users can further filter and analyze the details of four across 147 countries. (See Annex 1 for contents.) GTMI component scores, maturity levels, and specific In the meantime, the WBG launched the GovTech digital governance solutions. Initiative in 2019 to support the latest generation of DG This brief presents an overview of the DG/GovTech reforms. GovTech is a whole-of-government approach investments that support various sector reforms to public sector modernization that promotes simple, based on the latest extended version of the database efficient, and transparent government, with citizens so as to assist practitioners in the design of new at the center of reforms. digital transformation projects. The database and As part of the GovTech Global Partnership research this brief can also help WBG staff involved in digital agenda, the WBG has focused on measuring GovTech transformation initiatives when it comes to learning maturity around the world. The endeavor culminated more about relevant investments, reviewing project in the first edition of GovTech Maturity Index (GTMI), documents—such as project appraisal documents, launched in 2021. The GTMI is a composite index that Implementation Completion and Results Reports, uses 48 key indicators, including 8 external indicators, and Independent Evaluation Group review—and to measure the critical aspects of four GovTech focus expanding and customizing the dataset for various areas in 198 economies: supporting core government needs such as operational support, project design, systems, enhancing service delivery, mainstreaming research, monitoring and quality assurance, and digital citizen engagement, and fostering GovTech training. The database is expected to be updated enablers. The construction of the GTMI is based annually depending on the availability of resources. primarily on the World Bank’s GovTech Dataset, which is publicly available through the WBG Data Catalog. AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS 5 Mapping of Digital Governance Projects to Four GovTech Focus Areas Investments in digital solutions are embedded in digital solutions. Considering the need to associate various project components. Hence, the identification investments with four GovTech focus areas, the of relevant project component activities and the following mapping table (Figure 1) was proposed tagging of digital solutions is possible only by reading in the GovTech brief released in November 2020 project documents in the absence of dedicated (GovTech State of Play: Challenges and Opportunities). flags or indicators at the operations portal or more The 2022 DG/GovTech Projects Database includes advanced tools (e.g., machine learning). this mapping to facilitate a linkage with the 2022 Until 2022, investments were tagged under seven GovTech Dataset as well. categories by using specific codes for different Figure 1. Mapping of digital governance investment categories to GovTech focus areas Core Government Systems ICT/eGov Infrastructure PFM Systems Sectoral Information Systems Gov Cloud, Interoperability, Service Bus, FMIS, HRMIS, Payroll, e-Procurement, Digital Health, EduTech, FinTech, Web Services/APIs, Cybersecurity PIMS, Tax, Customs Social Protection, Justice, Cadastre Disruptive Technologies Big Data, AI/Machine Learning, Public Service Delivery Blockchain, IoT, RPA, Smart Apps Citizen Engagement Online Services Identification for Development Open Government e-Services (G2C/G2B/...), Portals, Civil Registration and Identification, CivicTech, Open Government, Mobile Apps, Digital Signature Digital ID, Functional Registries, e-ID Open Data, Open Source, GRM GovTech Enablers Leadership and Digital Skills Strategy and Regulations Institutions Innovation Improve digital skills in PS, Whole of Government, Enabling and Public Sector Innovation, promote data-driven culture Data Governance, DPL, RTI Safeguarding Institutions Private Investments/Skills Source: World Bank data. Note: AI = Artificial Intelligence, API = Application Programming Interface, DPL = Data Protection Law, FMIS = Financial Management Information System, G2B = Government to Business, G2C = Government to Citizen, GRM = Grievance Redress Mechanism, HRMIS = Human Resource Management Information System, IoT = Internet of Things, PFM = Public Financial Management, PIMS = Public Investment Management System, PS = Public Sector, RPA = Robotic Process Automation, RTI = Right to Information. 6 AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS A summary of the investments in four GovTech focus areas is presented below: 1. Core Government Systems. Public financial igital Citizen Engagement. Public participation 3. D management and other systems (e.g., financial platforms, citizen feedback mechanisms, open management information system, tax, customs, data, and open government portals and other civic HRMIS, payroll, social insurance, e-procurement, technology (CivicTech) tools for greater inclusion debt management, public investment and transparency. management), as well as the key components ovTech Enablers: Enabling and safeguarding 4. G shared digital platforms, including government institutions, strategy, laws  and regulations, as cloud, interoperability framework, and other well as digital skills, innovation, and startup solutions. policies and programs, to foster GovTech. ublic Service Delivery. Online public service 2. P portals, with a focus on citizen centric design and universal accessibility, mobile and free open- source applications for online services, and more. Overview of Digital Governance/GovTech Projects The WBG has funded more than 13,000 development As of October 2022, there are 1,449 Digital projects, via traditional loans, interest-free credits, Governance/GovTech projects in the database and grants since the establishment of the institution. (1,065 are closed, 314 are active, and 70 are in the In order to create the DG/GovTech Projects Database, pipeline). Total disbursements in 1,065 completed these projects were filtered following a partially digital government projects is around $75.9 billion, automated process, as explained in Annex 2. and total commitments in 314 active projects is A large portion of these investments are linked $40.5 billion. For 1,065 closed projects, $19.2 billion to infrastructure and sustainable development of total disbursements (25.3 percent) was for ICT/e- practices, as expected. The WBG funds spent for the Gov components. For 314 active projects, $11.6 development of various digital solutions are relatively billion of total commitments (57 percent) is for digital small compared to the total project disbursements, as government solutions (Figure 2). explained below. Using a DG-taxonomy-based search The WBG investments on digital solutions have algorithm, more than 3,300 projects were identified significantly increased within the last decade. In so far for further screening (to tag according to parallel to the advances in technology, the portfolio relevant investment categories and focus areas). of digital government projects is expected to grow However, after reading the project documents, it was (Figure 3). noted that about 1,880 of these projects were false positives (digital government and ICT/e-Gov solutions are mentioned in the documents, but there was no investment on digital solutions). AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS 7 Figure 2. Total number of digital governance projects, and funding for digital solutions as of October 2022 1065 314 70 1449 closed active pipeline TOTAL $79B C $40B C $119B C $76B D $20B D $96B D $20B DG 25% $13B DG 29% of funding for DG/GovTech $33B DG Source: World Bank data. Note: C = commitments, D = disbursements, DG = digital governance disbursements, all in US$ billions (B) Figure 3. Total number of digital governance projects, and funding for digital solutions as of October 2022 1600 160 1400 Commitments ($ billion) Disbursements ($ billion) Number of projects 140 Number of DG Projects 1200 120 Funding ($ Billion) 1000 100 800 80 600 60 400 40 200 20 0 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Approval Year Source: World Bank data. The details of all relevant activities can be found in the DG Projects tab as follows: • C ost and duration of projects (columns apping to four GovTech focus areas (columns • M X:AK) – Project timeline, commitments, and AS:AV) disbursements elated activities and ICT cost (columns AW:BA) • R • D etails of digital solutions (columns AL:AR) – Component details, ICT cost, IDA/IBRD funding, under seven categories – ICT, PFM systems, other funds, description of digital solutions Gov systems, e-services, Open Gov, ID4D, and disruptive technologies 8 AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS Changes in Financing Instruments There has been a change in the financing instruments of investment projects (Figure 4). In January 2012, used for funding digital government projects in the World Bank introduced a new lending instrument, the past decade. In general, the following lending Program-for-Results (PforR), with the aim of instruments were used until 2009. strengthening government programs by working with • APL Adaptable Program Loan a program’s own systems and linking disbursements of funds directly to the delivery of results. SIL Specific Investment Loan • IPF Investment Project Financing • TAL Technical Assistance Loan • P4R Program for Results • As a part of investment-lending reform, various instruments such as APL, SIL, and TAL were merged Active DG projects are funded mostly through IPF, and under the World Bank’s Investment Project Financing new P4R initiatives are emerging gradually. (IPF) to become the main instrument for the financing Figure 4. Financing instruments used in digital governance projects 700 600 627 Number of DG Projects 500 462 400 300 200 147 100 106 52 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Approval Year APL SIL TAL Other IPF P4R Source: World Bank data. Note: APL = Adaptable Program Loan, SIL = Specific Investment Loan, TAL = Technical Assistance Loan, IPF = Investment Project Financing, P4R = Program for Results. AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS 9 Regional Distribution of Digital Governance Projects WBG investments in all regions have expanded Regarding active (A) and pipeline (P) projects, around significantly during the past 25 years (Figure 5). 44.5 percent of ongoing activities (131 A + 40 P; a Around 32 percent (467 of 1,449) of DG projects $37.73-billion commitment) are in the AFR region. are in the Africa (AFR) region (45 countries). The The ECA and SAR regions follow, with 16.0 percent Europe and Central Asia (ECA) and Latin America (58 A + 17 P; a $14.77-billion commitment) and 14.7 and the Caribbean (LAC) regions follow, with 280 (19 percent (59 A + 10 P; a $27.31-billion commitment) percent) and 250 (17 percent) of the DG projects, of ongoing activities, respectively. The remaining respectively. The remaining projects (31 percent) are 28.8 percent of active and pipeline projects are in the distributed among the South Asia (SAR), East Asia EAP, LAC, and MENA regions. The MENA region has and Pacific (EAP), and Middle East and North Africa the smallest number of DG projects (5.5 percent) and (MENA) regions. funding (an approximately $7-billion commitment) compared to others. Figure 5. Regional distribution of digital governance projects ECA 280 Prj 29 Cty EAP MENA 162 Prj 93 Prj 23 Cty 11 Cty LAC SAR 250 Prj 31 Cty AFR 197 Prj 8 Cty 467 Prj 45 Cty Source: World Bank data. Note: AFR = Africa, ECA = Europe and Central Asia, EAP = East Asia and Pacific, LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean, MENA = Middle East and North Africa, SAR = South Asia. 10 AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS Commitments and disbursements are not billion for LAC and $22 billion for SAR) compared with proportional to total number of projects in the regions AFR ($27.7 billion). The MENA region has the lowest (Figure 6). The AFR region has the largest share of DG disbursement level of $4.8 billion followed by EAP projects (467 projects in 45 countries) and funding ($10 billion) and ECA ($12.8 billion). Most DG project ($12.4 billion of the $37.7 billion commitment is funding is directed to the AFR and SAR regions to for active projects). LAC and SAR have relatively meet more difficult development challenges such as smaller numbers of activities (250 projects in 31 LAC extreme poverty, inequality, shared prosperity, and countries; 197 projects in 8 SAR countries) but with unregistered populations. similar disbursements in completed activities ($19 Figure 6. Regional distribution of digital governance projects and financing 40.0 Total projects (1449) Funding ($ Billion) 30.0 20.0 12.4 10.0 6.6 Number of DG Projects 400 3.6 3.8 0.0 4.4 2.2 300 200 100 0 AFR ECA EAP LAC MENA SAR Countries 45 29 23 31 11 8 Closed Active Pipeline Tot Comm $b Tot Disb $b Tot Dg $b Source: World Bank data. Note: DG = digital governance, AFR = Africa, ECA = Europe and Central Asia, EAP = East Asia and Pacific, LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean, MENA = Middle East and North Africa, SAR = South Asia, Tot Comm = Total commitments, Tot Disb = Total disbursements, Tot DG = Total investments on digital governance projects, all in $ billion. AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS 11 The Governance Practice (GOV) has the largest in Figure 7. Most of the active projects are in the AFR portfolio of DG projects (444 activities) in the dataset. and SAR regions, as expected. The regional distribution of DG projects is presented Figure 7. Regional distribution of DG projects, by project status 5 SAR 147 45 3 MENA 68 22 6 LAC 212 32 ECA 224 46 10 6 EAP 118 38 AFW 144 77 26 AFE 152 54 14 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Closed (1065) Active (314) Pipeline (70) Source: World Bank data. Note: AFE = East Africa, AFW= West and Central Africa, ECA = Europe and Central Asia, EAP = East Asia and Pacific, LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean, MENA = Middle East and North Africa, SAR = South Asia. 12 AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS Countries Benefiting from DG/GovTech Projects The DG/GovTech Projects Database lists 147 countries are presented in Figure 8. More than 25 DG projects and regional initiatives as of October 2022 as direct (closed and active) are funded in India, Bangladesh, beneficiaries of technical assistance and funding Brazil, Pakistan, Argentina, Vietnam, Nigeria, China, for the development of digital solutions in various Afghanistan, and Ghana. With regard to active sector applications. The top 40 countries having the projects, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan are the top largest numbers of active projects and commitments three countries, with more than 10 projects. Figure 8. Country distribution of top 40 active DG projects 15 12 Funding ($ Billion) 9 6 3 60 0 50 Number of DG Projects 40 30 20 10 0 EGY NPL CIV BRA NGA GHA TZA MDA AFR LBR NER THA CAF PAK IND BGD ARG VNM CHN AFG ARM ETH ALB MOZ KEN LAO MWI MDG KGZ MNG KAZ COD SRB UZB COG SOM GAB AGO Closed Active Pipeline Tot Comm $b Tot Disb $b Tot Dg $b Source: World Bank data. Note: DG = digital governance, AFG = Afghanistan, AFR = Africa, AGO = Angola, ALB = Albania, ARG = Argentina, ARM = Armenia, BFA = Burkina Faso, BGD = Bangladesh, BRA = Brazil, CAF = Central African Republic, CHN = China, CIV = Cote d’Ivoire, COD = Congo, Democratic Republic of, COG = Congo, Republic of, EGY = Egypt, Arab Republic of, ETH = Ethiopia, GAB = Gabon, GHA = Ghana, IND = India, KAZ = Kazakhstan, KEN = Kenya, KGZ = Kyrgyz Republic, LAO = Lao People’s Democratic Republic, LBR = Liberia, MDA = Moldova, MDG = Madagascar, MNG = Mongolia, MOZ = Mozambique, MWI = Malawi, NER = Niger, NGA = Nigeria, NPL = Nepal, PAK = Pakistan, SOM = Somalia, SRB = Serbia, THA = Thailand, TZA = Tanzania, UZB = Uzbekistan, VNM = Vietnam. AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS 13 Global Practice Distribution of DG/GovTech Projects A summary of DG/GovTech Projects funded by The DG Projects dataset may not reflect some of the four global practices is presented in Figure 9. The sector-specific activities because the DG taxonomy Equitable Growth, Finance, and Institutions (EFI) and the content search tool are designed to capture and Human Development (HD) global practices mainly the digital solutions supported by Governance have funded about 80 percent of DG projects (GOV), Digital Development (DDT), Education (EDU), since 1995. The HD global practice has the largest Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP), Social commitment ($62.7 billion) compared with other Protection and Jobs (SPJ), Finance, Competitiveness, practices due to a large number of education, health, and Innovation (FCI), and Macroeconomics, Trade, and social protection projects, including large and Investment (MTI). (Also, other sectors did not ICT/e-Gov components. EFI funding has the second participate in the development of DG taxonomy.) largest commitment ($25.2 billion), followed by the The restructuring of global practices resulted in the Infrastructure global practice’s commitment ($24.3 mapping of completed activities to new practice billion). The Sustainable Development global practice codes, and some previously mapped DG projects got has a relatively smaller portfolio ($7.6 billion) of DG shifted to other practices. projects compared with others. Figure 9. Global practice distribution of digital governance projects 62.7 60 Funding ($ Billion) 40 25.2 24.3 20 7.6 800 0 Number of DG Projects 617 537 600 400 206 89 200 0 EFI (GO+FC+MT+PO) INF (DD+TD+EA) HD (ED+HN+SP) SD (AG+UR+SO+WT) Global Practice Closed Active Pipeline Total Prj (1449) Tot C $b Tot D $b Tot DG $b Source: World Bank data. Note: EFI = equitable growth, finance and institutions, HD = human development, INF = Infrastructure, SD = sustainable development, Tot C = Total commitments, Tot D = Total disbursements, Tot DG = Total investments on digital governance projects, all in $ billion. The Governance (GOV) practice has the largest Digital Development (DDT) and Transport practices share of ICT/e-Gov investments, with 444 projects have 295 and 193 DG projects and the second and (309 are closed, 103 are active, and 32 are in the third largest funding ($6 billion and $5.6 billion) for pipeline) and $9.3 billion in total funding for ICT/e- digital solutions, respectively. Gov solutions (Figure 10). The Education (EDU) and 14 AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS Figure 10. Practice distribution of digital governance projects 26.6 30.0 Funding ($ Billion) 23.5 19.8 19.3 16.8 20.0 9.3 4.4 10.0 9.3 500 444 5.6 6.0 0.0 Number of DG Projects 3.5 4.1 1.9 2.7 400 295 300 193 189 200 133 141 100 54 0 GOV DDT SPJ EDU HNP FCI Others Practice Closed Active Pipeline Total Prj (1449) Tot C $b Tot D $b Tot DG $b Source: World Bank data. Note: DDT = Digital Development, EDU = Education, FCI = Finance, Competitiveness, and Innovation, GOV = Governance, HNP = Health, Nutrition and Population, MTI = Macroeconomics, Trade, and Investment, SPJ = Social Protection and Jobs. Performance Ratings Since the performance of specific ICT/e-Gov With regard to IEG outcome ratings (Figure 12), 940 components embedded in various investment projects have been rated (125 not yet rated), and the projects are not measured individually, it is not IEG rated 73.4 percent of the projects as satisfactory. possible to have an accurate implementation Traditionally, IEG ratings are less than ICR ratings for performance assessment of various digital solutions. most of the projects reviewed. As indicative performance indicators of the ICT/e-Gov solutions, Implementation Completion Report (ICR) Figures 11 and 12 present variations of satisfactory outcome ratings (based on an assessment completed (S) and unsatisfactory (U) ratings of 1,065 closed within six months after closure of a project) and projects in the regions and for global practices, Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) outcome ratings as well as the practices reporting to four global (based on a review of the ICR within six months after practices. DG projects—including modernization and its delivery) were used for assessment of overall enhancement of Financial Management Information achievements by all closed projects. Because active System solutions—can be reviewed in more detail and pipeline projects are ongoing activities, they are because a more comprehensive FMIS database gets not included in this performance review. updated biannually, as do performance ratings of specific FMIS components. Within 1,449 DG projects included in the dataset are 1,065 closed activities. Regarding ICR outcome ratings (Figure 11), 999 projects have been rated (66 not yet rated), and 83.1 percent of the rated projects were completed successfully according to the ICRs. AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS 15 Figure 11. ICR outcome ratings of closed digital governance projects 300 211 203 280 142 200 Number of Rated/ Not Rated 108 55 100 13 Number of S/U Projects 250 0 16 10 9 13 5 200 150 83.1% S 16.9% U 100 50 0 AFR EAP ECA LAC MENA SAR Region 472 600 Number of Rated/ Not Rated 332 400 131 200 15 64 Number of S/U Projects 500 0 42 7 2 400 300 83.1% S 16.9% U 200 100 0 EFI INF HD SD Global Practice 237 300 Number of Rated/ Not Rated 209 271 154 200 300 38 81 100 13 34 5 3 Number of S/U Projects 250 0 6 7 2 5 200 150 100 83.1% S 16.9% U 50 0 GOV DDT SPL EDU HNP FCI Others Practice Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Not Rated (66) Rated (999) Source: World Bank data. Note: AFR = Africa, EAP = East Asia and Pacific, ECA = Europe and Central Asia, LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean, MENA = Middle East and North Africa, SAR = South Asia. EFI = equitable growth, finance and institutions, HD = human development, INF = Infrastructure, SD = sustainable development. DDT = Digital Development, EDU = Education, FCI = Finance, Competitiveness, and Innovation, GOV = Governance, HNP = Health, Nutrition and Population, MTI = Macroeconomics, Trade, and Investment, SPJ = Social Protection and Jobs. 16 AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS Figure 12. IEG outcome ratings of closed digital governance projects 300 204 198 254 129 200 Number of Rated/ Not Rated 104 51 100 13 Number of S/U Projects 250 42 0 10 9 13 5 200 150 73,4% S 26.6% U 100 50 0 AFR EAP ECA LAC MENA SAR Region 472 600 Number of Rated/ Not Rated 332 400 131 200 15 64 Number of S/U Projects 500 0 42 7 2 400 300 83.1% S 16.9% U 200 100 0 EFI INF HD SD Global Practice 237 300 Number of Rated/ Not Rated 209 271 154 200 300 38 81 100 13 34 5 3 Number of S/U Projects 250 0 6 7 2 5 200 150 100 83.1% S 16.9% U 50 0 GOV DDT SPL EDU HNP FCI Others Practice Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Not Rated (66) Rated (999) Source: World Bank data. Note: AFR = Africa, EAP = East Asia and Pacific, ECA = Europe and Central Asia, LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean, MENA = Middle East and North Africa, SAR = South Asia. EFI = equitable growth, finance and institutions, HD = human development, INF = Infrastructure, SD = sustainable development. DDT = Digital Development, EDU = Education, FCI = Finance, Competitiveness, and Innovation, GOV = Governance, HNP = Health, Nutrition and Population, MTI = Macroeconomics, Trade, and Investment, SPJ = Social Protection and Jobs. AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS 17 Conclusions Since July 2015, global leads, and specialists from with country-specific digital government strategies several global practices (GOV, DDT, EDU, HNP, SPJ, and programs. Regular updates, ideally every year, FCI, and MTI) have been exchanging knowledge and broader internal and external uses of the DG/ and experiences and discussing specific challenges GovTech Projects Database can assist substantially and opportunities. The knowledge exchange and in the cross-practice collaboration and coordination discussions focus on digital solutions in education, of ongoing activities in the DG domain and improve health, social protection, and public finance, as the flows of knowledge and experiences both within well as payment systems, business registries, one- and outside the WBG. Additional internal resources stop shops, and single windows. The objectives can be allocated to ensure the sustainability of this are to improve cross-practice collaboration and and other global datasets in the digital government coordination of both ongoing and new activities and to domain and to experiment with machine-learning support the development of integrated (interoperable algorithms in order to automate most of the updates and interconnected) digital solutions properly aligned on existing datasets. 18 AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS Annex 1: The Digital Governance/GovTech Projects Database The 2022 Digital Governance/GovTech Projects fields in the DG Projects sheet to inform users about Database consists of eight workbook sheets that the description of each project data and response present the details of WBG projects together with options, as well as the sources of information or data visualization tools and other parts, as listed in related links. Figure A1.1. In addition, the DG Other sheet contains a list of all The 2022 update of the GovTech projects is presented projects scanned but not included in the database in the DG Projects sheet. because there were no DG/GovTech investments The DG/GovTech Projects Database has Summary and despite the use of keywords from the DG taxonomy Graphs sheets for data visualization through summary (false positive). This list is being maintained to tables and graphs that get updated automatically avoid duplicate efforts while scanning the business through linkages to specific fields in the DG Projects intelligence query results to detect potential additions sheet. The Metadata sheet presents details of all data during database updates. Figure A1.1. Description of the 2022 Digital Governance/GovTech Projects Database • Workbook contents with links to all sheets Contents • Summary of manually entered data in DG Projects sheet • List of all relevant DG/GovTech projects, including new data fields that DG Projects present details of digital solutions • Summary tables on projects, funding, and investments with respect to Summary countries, regions, and practices • Graphs to explore DG Projects data: Cumulative number of projects Graphs and regional and practice-level activities • Taxonomy developed to categorize DG/GovTech projects DG Taxonomy in seven groups (400+ terms) Metadata • Detailed explanation of all data fields in DG Projects sheet New Codes • New and previous sectors and theme codes • List of other WBG projects, including keywords related to DG Other ICT/e-Gov but no investments (false positives) Source: World Bank data. AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS 19 Annex 2: Database Updates The following procedure is being followed for It should be noted that some of the DG projects updating of the DG/GovTech Projects Database. (probably around 5 to 10 percent) may not get A. Taxonomy. The digital governance taxonomy gets captured during this process because sector- updated first. The DG Taxonomy currently has more specific digital investments are embedded in project than 400 terms linked with seven main digital (ICT/ components and no info or tag is available in the e-Gov) investment categories that are mapped to operations portal about such activities. the four GovTech focus areas (Figure 1). New WBG project theme codes are expected to B. BI query. A business intelligence (BI) query [ BI include a GovTech subcategory through which four reporting > 3.GPSVP > GPS Digital Governance ] focus areas can be tagged during preparation of is called to capture the details of all investment the projects. Once these new GovTech theme codes projects—from concept to completion—in XLS have been included, it will be possible to update the format. database based on data extracted from the operations portal and thereby minimize the reading of project C. Content search. A content search tool was used documents for tagging relevant activities. Also, to with ITS support to scan all project documents minimize manual interventions, the potential use of (ICR and IEG reports for Closed + PAD for Active machine-learning algorithms is still being explored, projects) using DG taxonomy for detecting highly with a view to automate the detection and tagging of relevant activities when the dataset was first new activities for database updates. created. New arrivals are currently detected manually during annual updates. D. Filtering. Relevant projects were filtered and scanned further (lending instrument, practice) by reading key project documents to identify (tag-) related investment categories and cost/duration/ ratings. E. Performance ratings. Because there is no rating of the performance of specific ICT/e-Gov components, an overall IEG outcome rating was used as an approximate indicator of the performance of digital solutions. F. Reading the project documents. The DG/GovTech Projects Database was updated after these steps to include the details of new and relevant activities and to update the status and manually entered data fields of existing projects (cost/ duration/ratings). 20 AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS AN OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP DIGITAL GOVERNANCE AND GOVTECH PROJECTS 21 Supported by the GovTech Global Partnership (GTGP) and the KDI School (Republic of Korea)