Integrating Resilience into Municipal Infrastructure Delivery in Kenya: Guidance Note for Municipal and County Engineer and Planners Urban Resilient Infrastructure Guideline This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. 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This report was made possible with the financial support of the Japan-World Bank Program for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Management in Developing Countries, which is financed by the Government of Japan and receives technical support from the World Bank Tokyo Disaster Risk Management Hub. © June 2023, World Bank 1/61 Acknowledgments This report drew extensively on the expertise of many individuals with project and technical skills in the field of resilience, planning, engineering, and urban development. It was prepared under the overall guidance of the State Department of Housing and Urban Development in the Ministry of Lands, Public Works, Housing, and Urban Development in conjunction with the Council of Governors and stakeholders from Bungoma, Malindi, Kerugoya/Kutus, Eldoret, Homabay, Thika, Ngong, Kitui, Kilifi and Vihiga municipalities. The report also benefited from valuable inputs and regular discussions with officials from the Ministry of Water, State Department of Public Works, State Department of Transport, State Department of Roads, Kenya Meteorological Department, Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA), National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KeRRA), Kenya National Highways Authority (KeNHA), National Construction Authority (NCA), Kenya Institute of Planners (KIP), Architectural Association of Kenya (AAK), Women in Real Estate (WIRE), Kenya Alliance of Resident Associations (KARA), University of Nairobi, Kenyatta University, Civil Society Urban Development Platform- UBNA, Geodev Kenya Limited, and MWSI. Development partners who contributed and supported the work include Government of Japan, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Agence Française De Développement (AFD), UN-Habitat, UN Environment Programme, C40 Cities, GIZ-Ke, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), African Development Bank (AfDB) and World Bank. This report was made possible with the financial support of the Japan-World Bank Program for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Management in Developing Countries, which is financed by the Government of Japan and receives technical support from the World Bank Tokyo Disaster Risk Management Hub. This consultancy, Kenya Resilient Urban Areas, was undertaken and delivered by AECOM Limited and Norken International Limited. 2/61 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 5 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................ 5 1.2 Purpose of this document ....................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 When to use this document .................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Who should use this document ............................................................................................................... 7 1.5 How to use this guideline ........................................................................................................................ 7 2. Project planning ...................................................................................................... 8 2.1 How is a project identified? ..................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Integrated urban investment planning..................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Environmental / social risk assessment ................................................................................................ 11 3. Designing for Resilience ...................................................................................... 17 3.1 Relevant design standards or guidelines .............................................................................................. 17 3.2 Incorporating climate projections into design ........................................................................................ 19 3.3 Structural resilience .............................................................................................................................. 21 3.4 Incorporating green and blue infrastructure into design ........................................................................ 22 3.5 Incorporating universal access and safety into design ......................................................................... 23 3.6 Gender considerations.......................................................................................................................... 26 3.7 Design documentation .......................................................................................................................... 28 4. Sectoral Design Considerations for Resilience.................................................. 29 4.1 Connectivity, Mobility and Accessibility ................................................................................................. 29 4.2 Solid Waste Management ..................................................................................................................... 30 4.3 Wastewater ........................................................................................................................................... 31 4.4 Water .................................................................................................................................................... 33 4.5 Stormwater ........................................................................................................................................... 34 4.6 Parks .................................................................................................................................................... 36 4.7 Markets and other social infrastructure ................................................................................................. 38 4.8 Firefighting stations and facilities .......................................................................................................... 40 5. Construction and maintenance for resilience .................................................... 41 5.1 Contracting design work ....................................................................................................................... 41 5.2 Contracting construction ....................................................................................................................... 41 5.3 Community engagement during construction ....................................................................................... 42 5.4 Operation and maintenance ................................................................................................................. 42 5.5 Monitoring and Evaluation .................................................................................................................... 43 Appendix A: Region lookup table ................................................................................... 46 Appendix B: Regional climate projections .................................................................... 47 Appendix C: KUSP2 Eligibility Criteria .......................................................................... 56 Figures Figure 1 Project phases .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 2: Approach to participatory project development and implementation ...................................................... 10 Figure 3: Screenshot of World Bank's Climate Change Knowledge Portal ........................................................... 14 Figure 4. Good practice in universal access: A wheelchair accessible ramp at the Homa market ........................ 26 Tables Table 1: Indicative eligible municipal infrastructure investments under KUSP2 (as of November 2022) ................ 6 Table 2: Relevant design standards for resilience ................................................................................................. 17 Table 3: Summary of Universal access requirements and good practice .............................................................. 24 Table 4 Resilience measures for connectivity design ............................................................................................ 29 3/61 Table 5 Resilience measures for solid waste management ................................................................................... 30 Table 6 Resilience measures for wastewater ........................................................................................................ 31 Table 7 Resilience measures for water systems ................................................................................................... 33 Table 8: Resilience measures for stormwater design ............................................................................................ 34 Table 9 Resilience measures for parks ................................................................................................................. 36 Table 10 Resilience measures for markets and other social infrastructure............................................................ 38 Table 11 Resilience measures for firefighting stations and facilities ...................................................................... 40 4/61 1. Introduction 1.1 Background This Resilient Urban Infrastructure Guidelines (Guidance Note) forms one of a suite of reports developed by AECOM for the World Bank Group under the ‘Enhancement of Resilient Urban Planning and Infrastructure Investments in Urban Areas in Kenya’ assignment (“the Assignment”) and constitutes Deliverable 2 under Contract #7205751 of the Assignment. This Deliverable may be read in conjunction with other Deliverables produced under this Assignment, as summarised below. Deliverables Produced under this Assignment No. Title Purpose Component 1: Resilient Urban Infrastructure 2 Urban Resilient Summary of design and delivery process for municipal infrastructure, Infrastructure Assessment overview of main climate change and physical hazards in urban areas in Report Kenya, analysis of status of delivering resilience in municipal investments, key resilience issues in relation to KUSP II. 3 Resilience Checklist for Checklist with criteria to enable incorporation of resilience within potential KUSP II Investment infrastructure investments under KUSP II. Eligibility 4 Resilient Urban Step-by-step guidance aimed at municipal and county engineers to support Infrastructure Guidelines increasing the resilience of municipal infrastructure projects and communities to physical risks, notably impacts of climate change. Capacity-building and Institutional Strengthening 5* Priority Areas for Capacity Identify the capacity building challenges encountered for mainstreaming Building and Institutional climate change resilience considerations in infrastructure design and urban Strengthening for Resilient planning systems, and a set of recommendations and opportunities to Urban Infrastructure Design enhance resilience under KUSP II. and Resilience-Based Urban Planning Component 2: Resilience-based Urban Planning 6 Resilience-Based Urban Detailed baseline survey and analysis of the extent to which relevant Planning Practices and legislation and urban planning practice in Kenya is already mainstreaming Legal Framework Report resilience 7 Guidance Note on Step-by-step guidance aimed at municipal-level planners in Kenya on Mainstreaming Resilience activities, considerations, and examples of good practice from other into Urban Planning contexts to support municipal governments with mainstreaming resilience within the urban planning system. * Deliverables 5.1 and 5.2 were combined into a single deliverable that consolidates capacity- building and institutional strengthening recommendations across both components This guidance note is based on a diagnostic assessment (Urban Resilient Infrastructure Assessment Report) of municipal infrastructure investments under the Kenya Urban Support Program (KUSP) 2018 – 2023. It is also based on a literature review and stakeholder consultations that were used to identify realistic interventions to increase the resilience of municipal infrastructure delivery. The complementary Guidance note on Mainstreaming Resilience into Urban Planning Practices can be read as a companion document as it provides guidance on mainstreaming resilience into project prioritisation, location, planning and compliance. 1.2 Purpose of this document This guidance note provides simple guidance for increasing the resilience of municipal infrastructure projects, and of communities, to physical risks, notably impacts of climate changes. This will increase the sustainability of investments under KUSP2, enabling them to perform their 5/61 required function for their proposed design life, in a changing climate. It follows, roughly chronologically, the project development and design process. For the purposes of this note, resilient urban infrastructure is defined as infrastructure that is designed to deliver essential services now and in the future. It is prepared for and can withstand, adapt and recover positively from the physical (and climatic) shocks and stresses it may face over its lifetime. This is both with regards to the assets themselves, as well as the wider system that these assets are part of, which could include: the natural environment, the urban system, the operators, and the communities that interact with them. Some practical examples of resilient urban infrastructure from the above definition are included below: • A water supply system that can withstand more severe droughts by having back-up storage. • A stormwater system that can handle more severe rainfall intensities due to climate change. Such stormwater systems increase not only the safety of the community but also their economic activity by allowing them to continue travelling to and from work. • Planting trees along roadsides to provide cooling of the urban environment and thus a healthier, more resilient community. 1.3 When to use this document This guidance note was designed for projects under the Second Kenya Urban Support Program (KUSP2) but can be used beyond KUSP2 projects and timelines if/as useful. This document should be used alongside existing national and local planning, EIA, and design standards and regulations to increase the resilience of municipal infrastructure projects in urban areas in Kenya. It does not replace any regulations related to infrastructure planning and design or mandatory requirements within them. Municipal infrastructure included under KUSP2 is shown in Table 1. Note that the list provided is indicative as of November 2022 and may change, but the projects are all low and medium risk with no land acquisition requirements, and no complex environmental or social issues. Table 1: Indicative eligible municipal infrastructure investments under KUSP2 (as of November 2022) Urban Indicative eligible investments functional area Connectivity, • County urban roads, pedestrian walkways and bicycle paths, street and Mobility and security lights (solar) and road furniture (Land acquisition is excluded) Accessibility • Universal access adaptations in main transport stations including access, internal circulation, ticketing, toilets, access to platforms and specialized services. • Street improvements to meet the needs of all users (pedestrians and cycles lanes). • Converting roundabouts to Signalized junctions (traffic lights). • Piloting NMT means of transport (cycling and pedestrian walkways). Municipal Solid • Solid waste: collection equipment, collection bins, transfer stations, collection waste points (construction of sanitary landfill, incinerators and decommissioning of management dumpsites are excluded). (MSWM) • Community sensitization campaigns on improved MSWM. Wastewater and • Safe and emptiable public toilets/latrines, community septic tanks, emptying fecal sludge and transportation services and equipment e.g. vacuum trucks, vacuum management 6/61 Urban Indicative eligible investments functional area handcarts, and others (construction of wastewater treatment facility is excluded) Water supply • Community connections (kiosks and storage tanks not exceeding 10m3), water reticulation systems (water treatment facility and private connections excluded). Storm water • Urban drainage systems; flood control methods (along existing channels e.g drainage protection of drainage channels). • Rehabilitation of storm water drainage (drainage must have compliant outfall). Urban social and • Urban greenery and public open spaces, social retail markets, community economic halls, childcare facilities. infrastructure Fire and Disaster • Fire control stations and disaster management equipment (firefighting trucks, Management rehabilitation and/or construction of new firefighting station and facilities) Source: World Bank May 2023 1.4 Who should use this document This document should be used by Municipal and County Engineers (and consulting engineers where design is procured externally), as well as Municipal and County Planners, Environmental Assessment Experts, and other practitioners to guide municipal infrastructure projects under KUSP2. The document is also suitable for use by municipalities not participating in KUSP2 but investing in their own infrastructure and any other organisation carrying out municipal projects. 1.5 How to use this guideline This guideline follows the project development and design process chronologically. An infographic of those phases and the relevant section is shown in Figure 1 below. Review this entire guideline when first considering a project and then review each section on each project step prior to starting that step. Doing so will help to deliver a successful and resilient project that meets the criteria of KUSP2. Figure 1 Project phases Design Operation Design Planning per Construction and (General) Sector Maintenance 7/61 2. Project planning 2.1 How is a project identified? Urban problems- and the related infrastructure priorities- are generally identified through a) consultative urban planning process, including evidence gathering, b) sectoral analysis, or c) identified by the affected community. This section provides a summary of the importance of aligning infrastructure projects to wider planning processes. 2.2 Integrated urban investment planning Delivering resilient urban infrastructure to support resilient urban areas requires phased and prioritised Identify need (through either): investment planning across infrastructure sectors. This • The urban spatial planning investment planning process should respond to urban process, challenges identified through a) consultative urban • Sectoral analysis, or, planning process including relevant evidence, b) sectoral • Community identification analysis, or c) identified by the affected community. Where possible, it should be informed by technical expertise across environmental, social, urban planning, climate change/ risk analysis and engineering sectors. Prioritise projects The enactment of the Urban Areas and Cities Act • Through a consultative (UACA) of 2011 requires that urban areas should have process. an Integrated Urban Development Plan (IDeP), forming • Formally, into the IDeP the basis of its budgeting and spending. Similarly, the County Government Act (CGA) of 2012 demands that county public funds must be appropriated under a framework that integrates economic, social, physical, Allocate funds environmental and spatial planning. The Act outlines the • Integrate into CIDP specific plans to be developed at the county level that include County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP), County Sectoral Plan, County Spatial Plan and the Cities Figure 2: Planning processes and Urban Areas plans. The CIDP provides the overall social and economic development strategy for the county for a period of five years and identifies investments across the municipal infrastructure sectors, linking to County wide sector plans. Municipal infrastructure investment projects should be identified in CIDPs and fully budgeted before detailed design of municipal infrastructure commences. Inclusion in the CIDP should ensure that a consultative approach has been followed and means that the county and municipality have prioritised the investment and allocated budget for its delivery in the short term. 2.2.1 Urban planning The urban planning process which results in municipal spatial plans should be consultative and based on relevant technical evidence. This process is likely to identify community needs, or challenges (including hazards) that might be resolved through municipal infrastructure provision. The spatial planning process is therefore one source area for the development of resilient municipal infrastructure investment projects. More detail on how to mainstream resilience considerations into urban planning in Kenya is provided in the Guidance Note on Mainstreaming Resilience into Urban Planning Practices. 2.2.2 Sectoral planning There is a risk that ad hoc projects that are developed outside of the planning process often do not meet resilience objectives in the context of a whole town or city. Isolated investments, for example, 8/61 in transport, stormwater management, or solid waste management, may create problems elsewhere (downstream or upstream) in the system if the ‘capacity’ and ‘loading’ (demand) of the system is not considered as a whole. By identifying the needs (and challenges) of an urban infrastructure system as a whole and prioritising investments within this framework to meet demands (or requirements) in the short, medium, and long term, infrastructure investments will be more resilient to existing and future shocks and stresses. To increase the resilience of municipal infrastructure investments, as a minimum, the process of developing IDePs should include sectoral planning across transport, stormwater and waste management, and IDePs should consider and include projects which support sectoral development in water and sanitation services – requiring close consultation with the relevant Water and Sanitation Company (WASCO) or water service provider to the municipality. A simple phased process for sectoral analysis and planning should consider (examples provided are for stormwater master planning): 1. Establishing baseline coverage (map the existing stormwater system) 2. Establishing current issues, constraints, and gaps in coverage (map areas of recurrent flooding, maintenance issues, gaps in the stormwater system – this is best performed through stakeholder consultation) 3. Fieldwork to validate issues, constraints and gaps 4. Estimate future demand (based spatial growth rates) 5. Development of conceptual solutions (to address current issues, constraints and fill gaps, and cover short/medium term growth areas) 6. Prioritisation of investments (through a multi-criteria analysis, focused on benefits rather than costs) 7. Preparation and agreement of an investment plan, to deliver on key objectives 8. Development of parallel programmatic investments to support maintenance of the system (‘capital’ maintenance programs – larger scale maintenance and repair, beyond just e.g., annual drain clearance) This sectoral planning should be undertaken as part of the urban planning and evidence gathering process which informs the IDeP. As stated above, priority investments across sectors should be incorporated into IDePs, and then funnelled up into CIDPs at a county level, as this is where county funding is allocated. In instances where sectoral plans are not yet in place these resilience guidelines can still be implemented by focussing on known issues (e.g. roads that regularly flood). 2.2.3 Community led projects Projects are sometimes identified by communities and brought to the attention of the municipality. This is a valuable process for encouraging demand-led responses to community vulnerabilities. Public consultation should be prioritized as part of the IDeP and CIDP process to ensure that the needs of vulnerable communities are being actively considered. Where communities have identified a specific vulnerability in responding to IDeP consultations, these projects, conceived by the beneficiaries, should be considered with a high priority due to the high resilience outcomes offered by bottom-up project development. Where possible, they should be incorporated into sectoral development plans, and thus into IDePs, as above, creating a bottom-up and top-down approach to investment planning. Figure 3 provides guidance on the participatory process required to deliver projects for communities from inception to completion from the County Public Participation Guidelines prepared by the Ministry of Devolution and Planning & Council of Governors. 9/61 Figure 3: Approach to participatory project development and implementation Source: County Public Participation Guidelines1 Good practice in community project development, Landless stormwater project, Thika This is a community project, which was developed by the local community and proposed to the Municipal Board to reduce their exposure to (annual) flooding in a poorly drained area of Thika Municipality. The community has been involved at all phases and the project been well designed to relieve flooding in the area, reducing vulnerability to flood risk and providing other benefits, including raising local land value. 1 county-public-participation-guidelines.pdf (devolution.go.ke) 10/61 Good practice in community participation, Refurbishment of Oloitptip Market, Kilifi The project was identified by the community due to poor sanitary conditions in the Market. A community lobby was present during planning meetings. Traders have formed a market committee responsible to ensure that the facility is well maintained. The market generates revenue, part of which maintains the market’s solid waste management. Good practice in community resilience, Refurbishment of Oloitptip Market, Kilifi The old market was prone to flooding, and subject to poor waste management. Following a high demand for space by traders, the market has increased its capacity to accommodate 160 traders up from the previous 100, providing economic opportunities to the local community. The access road to the market has been improved, with speed bumps and solar street lighting improving security at night. The access road has been widened to enable access by fire engines in case of an emergency, fire hydrants and fire extinguishers are appropriately distributed across the market. 2.3 Environmental / social risk assessment The requirements for environmental and social impact assessment for projects are set out in the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 20182. The second schedule and its amendment3 state that the investment types under KUSP2 (Table 1) are not high risk and they would be classified as low or medium risk projects requiring preparation of a Project Report rather than a full EIA. The requirements of a Project Report are set out in the EMCA and should state (the most relevant sections for resilience are highlighted bold and expanded on in the sub-sections below): a) the nature of the project; b) the location of the project including, proof of land ownership where applicable, the Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates and the physical area that may be affected by the project's activities; c) the activities that shall be undertaken during the project construction, operation and decommissioning phases; d) a description of the international, national and county environmental legislative and regulatory frameworks on the environment and socio-economic matters; e) the preliminary design of the project; f) the materials to be used, products and by-products, including waste to be generated by the project and the methods of their disposal; g) the potential environmental impacts of the project and the mitigation measures to be taken during and after implementation of the project; h) analysis of alternatives including project site, design, technologies and processes and reasons for preferring the proposed site, design, technologies and processes; 2 EMCA EIA Regulations (nema.go.ke) 3 Legal Notice No. 31-32.doc (nema.go.ke) 11/61 i) an action plan for the prevention and management of possible accidents during the project cycle; j) a plan to ensure the health and safety of the workers and neighbouring communities; k) the economic and socio-cultural impacts to the local community and the nation in general; l) a plan to ensure the relocation or resettlement of persons affected by the project; m) a strategic communication plan to ensure inclusive participation during the study and provide a summary of issues discussed at the public participation forum; n) an environmental management plan; o) integration of climate change vulnerability assessment, relevant adaptation and mitigation actions; p) the project cost; and, q) any other information the Authority may require. The Project Report is to be prepared by a registered environmental assessment expert registered with NEMA (National Environment Management Authority)4, and submitted to NEMA. For low and moderate risk sub-projects, the project reports are submitted directly to County NEMA offices for review and licensing, while for high-risk projects they are submitted at the National NEMA office. NEMA is a regulatory body that is responsible for promoting and coordinating environmental management in Kenya. NEMA's role during projects includes assessing the Project Report and issuing a permit for construction of the infrastructure if the Project Report shows an acceptable level of environmental and social impacts. Once satisfied with project report and the proposals within it - NEMA then issues a licence. Construction should not commence until the licence is received. Lessons learned in construction of wastewater wetland and bio digester resulted in the Environmental licences not being granted, Vihiga The project has stalled because there was a budget shortfall. The timing of completion of environmental impact assessment processes meant that all risks and mitigation measures were not considered in original budgeting. Additional design components were required to mitigate impacts to obtain environmental approvals and no contingency was allocated for this. The lessons learned are that (a) that EIA should be complete before signing off designs and commencing construction, and (b) adequate contingency should be budgeted for unforeseen issues, or additional funds from County or Municipal budgets should be available to cover contingencies. 2.3.1 Project location The project location should consider hazards posed to the project, as well as the potential benefit of the project to build resilience of project beneficiaries. Hazard mapping of some kind (whether community derived maps or modelled hazard maps, such as floodplain hazard mapping) should be included in the Urban Spatial Plans, to identify hazard zones. 4 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) - Licensed Experts 12/61 Where possible, investments should be located outside of high hazard zones. If the project is located in an area of high hazard risk, alternatives should be considered and discounted before the proposed location is deemed acceptable. However, for most municipal infrastructure investments under KUSP2, the project location will be determined by the infrastructure requirements and the existing site (many projects are upgrading projects), and therefore the proposition of alternative sites is not possible. In these instances, hazards which the site is exposed to should be mitigated through design. Generally, the resilience benefit will be determined by the project type. For example, stormwater projects need to be located in areas of existing flood risk to deliver benefits in terms of reduced flood risk (which in turn increases resilience), while road, park, and buildings projects can incorporate measures to reduce the vulnerability of the local community. Community buildings, such as markets, can provide resilience benefits to the community during disasters where shelter may be required. Buildings such as fire stations, can provide resilience benefits to the community as a location for disaster response and coordination. Given the importance of public buildings as providing potential resilience benefits to a community- it is imperative that where possible, public buildings should not be located in high hazard zones and alternative locations must be considered. If the existing location of a building identified for upgrades under KUSP2 is in a high hazard area, further investment in this project should be withdrawn unless the level of hazard is fully evaluated and understood mitigation measures can be incorporated into design of the project. 2.3.1.1 Riparian land Riparian land5 should be safeguarded, where possible, as it provides resilience to local and downstream communities by creating urban green/blue corridors, regulating urban temperatures, improving water quality and freshwater ecology, and reducing flood/erosion risk posed to development. Sites which are adjacent to, or incorporate, watercourses and waterbodies should adhere to national legislation related to riparian land in the National Water Act 2016. It is further required, in terms of resilience, that all infrastructure be placed at least outside the 1 in 100-year floodplain. It is recommended that critical infrastructure, such as fire stations or power stations, use a higher return period than 1 in 100 years, that is recommended by a flood engineer. Project Reports should identify impacts to riparian land and waterbodies and set out mitigation measures, including the maintenance of a riparian reserve, limitation of modification on the riparian reserve and adjoining watercourse as well as planting of suitable trees on the riparian reserve to intercept and contain surface runoff in addition to liaising with the proper authorities in the maintenance of the riparian reserve. 2.3.2 Design Designing for resilience is covered in Chapter 3 below. Further sectoral design considerations for resilience, including appropriate material specification is covered in the sector guidance provided in Chapter 4. 2.3.3 Climate change vulnerability assessment Climate change vulnerability assessments provide information that can be used to support project planning and design. The assessment should determine the degree to which the project and its beneficiaries are susceptible to the impacts of climate change, including climate variability and climate extremes. This will enable designers to consider the key impacts of climate change and design project elements that respond to and mitigate these impacts. Fundamental to climate change vulnerability assessments are projections of future climate. Guidance on incorporating specific impacts (related to engineering design for rainfall intensity and maximum temperature) into project design is provided in Section 3.2 (supported by regional projections provided in Appendix B). However, analysis of a broader range of climate projections may be useful in determining the sensitivity and vulnerability of the infrastructure assets, the local community, and the beneficiaries of the project to future climate scenarios. This enables 5 Riparian land is the land that runs along rivers, creeks, estuaries, lakes and wetlands. 13/61 environmental professionals and engineers to incorporate broader adaptive strategies into the project design, such as planting, water efficiency measures, temperature regulation. Climate change projections for each region in Kenya can be accessed through the World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Portal6 (CCKP), which includes climate change indicators (variables) for maximum temperatures (use maximum of daily max temperature), rainfall intensity (use average largest 1-day precipitation), meteorological drought (use annual SPEI drought index). Tables of regional climate projections to 2100 are provided in Appendix B. Estimates of sea-level change can be found using World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Portal7 (CCKP) and is shown in Appendix B in the table for the coastal area. NASA also has a Sea level projection tool. Section 3.2 provides guidance on how to use these estimates when designing for resilience. Figure 4 provides a screenshot of World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Portal. The region can be selected in the map, select a relevant climate change indicator (variable), the appropriate time period based on the project design life, as a default select the most conservative global emmissions scenario (SSP5-8.5), and the multi-model ensemble results. An overview of the impacts of climate change (both specific impacts on engineering design, and broader impacts) and the adaptation measures proposed should be included in the Project Report. The planners and engineers should also liaise with Disaster Management Unit’s in the relevant counties to align with the disaster risk plans at a county level and to avoid addressing issues in silos. Figure 4: Screenshot of World Bank's Climate Change Knowledge Portal Source: World Bank 2.3.4 Community engagement and participation In preparing a Project Report under EMCA, there is a requirement to hold at least one public meeting with the affected parties and communities (including women, youth, persons with disability and other vulnerable groups) to explain the project, its social, economic, and environmental impacts, and to receive oral or written comments on the proposed project . 6 Kenya - Mean Projections Expert | Climate Change Knowledge Portal (worldbank.org) 7 Kenya - Mean Projections Expert | Climate Change Knowledge Portal (worldbank.org) 14/61 Evidence should be attached of this public participation in the form of a signed attendance register, minutes, and photographs. A notice of the meeting to consider the specific project should be made widely available through posters, invitation letters to affected and interest groups, letters through the local public administration officials or any other relevant channels is to be sent at least seven days before the meeting informing them of the date, time, venue and purpose of the meeting. A copy of the meeting notice should be attached to the project report. Strategies for succesful stakeholder engagement and thus successful projects include: • Start as early in the project as possible. • Clearly explain the benefits of the project to the community. • Include a complaint redress mechanism. • Provide warning with adequate notice of any disruptions that might affect their daily life. • Providing employment opportunities to the local community through the project if possible. Best practice in community resilience through public participation and community outreach, Sewer Distribution System in Kiganjo, Thika The municipality have provided main sewers and each street has raised their own funding to connect their street to the main. All sewers are to be owned and operated by Thika Water and Sewer Company. This illustrates that the community understand the value of the project and provides some level of community ownership of the system. It also illustrates the value of good public participation and community outreach. The area previously relied on poorly maintained septic systems. The project has increased community resilience as heavy rainfall events would mix with septic tank water creating a public health hazard on the streets and in public areas. 2.3.4.1 A recommended approach to stakeholder meetings The primary objective of these meetings is to hear the views of stakeholders and incorporate local knowledge and specific vulnerabilities and/or impacts into project development and design. It is therefore important to enable all stakeholders to participate. Mechanisms should be put in place to invite and hear the views of youth, women, older members of society, persons with disability, and marginalised groups. Depending on the number and diversity of people present at the meeting, the facilitators may decide to have one meeting or break out into smaller groups – the advantage of smaller groups is that it can produce more effective participation from stakeholders with weaker voices, who may be the most impacted or vulnerable to project activities. Presentations from break-out groups back to the plenary enable these voices to be effectively heard. The facilitators should conclude with a summary of the input given, including any additional impacts that have been identified through the process, and design alternatives proposed or to be considered. They will then indicate the way forward, including how the views tabled will be incorporated into project planning and design. Additional meeting(s) may need to be held in the event alternatives are proposed and/or a final consensus is not reached. 15/61 Further guidance on public participation is provided in the County Public Participation Guidelines prepared by the Ministry of Devolution and Planning & Council of Governors8. This sets out conditions for meaningful public participation, which are summarised below: • Capacity to engage: Both the agencies and the public should have the knowledge and communication skills required to participate effectively in the process. • Clear structure and process: Before public participation takes place, clear rules need to be set defining the conduct of the process, tools to be used and how final decisions will be reached. • Access to information: Facilitators should provide information in acceptable, easy to use formats. • Opportunity for balanced influence: The engagement rules should ensure a balance of opinion and avoid dominance or bias by a section of the public. • Inclusive and effective representation: Mechanisms must be established to reach out to all relevant stakeholders. • Bear in mind standing conditions of the participants: It is critical that facilitators understand their audience well. They should clearly discern the; social and economic status, religious beliefs, ethnicity, and clan of those engaging in public participation. Knowledge levels, incomes and power wielded will influence the deliberations and ultimately have a bearing on the conclusion and subsequent outcomes. • Complete transparency: The timely sharing of easily understandable and accessible information to educate the public about the issues and options. • Commitment to the process: Proponents of public participation must be willing to obtain and consider public input in decision making and to ensuring that public participation works. • A climate of integrity: For the public to fully participate, government agencies and decision makers must be credible, honest and trustworthy. • A belief in the value of public input: Public input should result in better decision-making and better governance. Urban regeneration and Improvement of Kerugoya/Kutus Municipality A stakeholder mapping exercise was undertaken to identify potentially affected people: fruit vendors, boda-boda motorbike riders and automotive mechanics operating in and around the area. Public participation was done in line with EIA requirements. Traders and mechanics initially resisted the implementation of the project but relented as public consultation intensified and the benefits were elaborated – improved working conditions, improved parking and non-motorised transport, greater footfall (more trade), and new investment in the area. 8 county-public-participation-guidelines.pdf (devolution.go.ke) 16/61 3. Designing for Resilience The below design considerations apply to all sectors (water, solid waste etc.). The professionals required for design include engineers, architects, urban designers, and landscape architects. It is recommended that the Climate Mainstreaming Not your sector? Think Guidelines developed for the purpose of Second Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project again… also be consulted for guidance on design Design standards are not always standards. sector specific. For example, drainage design is relevant to any 3.1 Relevant design standards project which creates impermeable surfaces, and the guidelines on or guidelines universal accessibility and Table 2 provides a list of the relevant design landscaping in the street design standards and manuals in Kenya. It has been manual and building codes can be compiled through stakeholder engagement with the applied across sectors. engineering community in Kenya. All finalised and draft standards and manuals are mandatory until superseded. Best practice guidelines are recommended but not mandatory. Links are included in the table where a reputable online source exists for the document. If not, engineers are advised to either conduct a web search (new sources may become available) or contact the relevant government authority. Also note that new guidelines might be published at any time and a general search for relevant design standards is advised whenever starting a project. Table 2: Relevant design standards for resilience Sector and Design standard used Comment Design Element in practice Drainage design Drainage Design Kenyan Road Design In 2009 Egis were commissioned to Manual for Roads and update the Road Design Manual. Bridges: Part 2 - These drafts were completed but Drainage Design, 2009 never adopted. However, this draft (DRAFT) document on Drainage Design represents a useful update of the original Drainage Design part of the Road Design Manual. Stormwater Neighbourhood Planning A comprehensive guide to stormwater design and Design Guide of in urban areas that can fill any gaps South Africa: Stormwater not answered by the Kenyan Road 2019 Design Manual for Roads and Bridges: Part 2 - Drainage Design, 2009 (DRAFT) Road design Street geometry; Street Design Manual for The 2022 Street Design Manual safety; Urban Areas in Kenya, provides broad guidance in design of landscaping, 2022 urban roads and can be applied furniture, and widely to municipal projects, in terms green of landscaping, universal access and infrastructure; project development (including and universal stakeholder engagement. access. Pavement design Road Design Manual for In 2009 Egis were commissioned to and specification Roads and Bridges: Part update the Road Design Manual. 17/61 Sector and Design standard used Comment Design Element in practice 3 - Materials and These drafts were completed but Pavement Design for bever adopted. However, this draft New Roads, 2009 document on Pavement Design (DRAFT) represents a useful update of the original Pavement Design part of the Road Design Manual. It includes aspects of pavement design related to designing for extreme temperatures, and use of modified bitumen and binders to provide resilience to extreme heat. Culverts Road Design Manual for The 2009 Draft provides guidance on Roads and Bridges: Part hydraulics of culverts, geometry, 2 - Drainage Design, length and slope, maximum and 2009 (DRAFT) minimum velocity, materials, selection criteria, debris control and scour. Bridges Road Design Manual for The 2009 Draft provides guidance on Roads and Bridges: Part hydraulics of bridges, freeboard, 2 - Drainage Design, backwater calculations and 2009 (DRAFT) inundation, geometry, foundation, and survey requirements. Building design Access; glazing The Current National Provides useful simple guidance for lighting, and Building Code (2022 draft layout, design and material ventilation; was in circulation at the specification of buildings. special time of writing) requirements for people living with disabilities; firefighting; landscaping Structural Design – buildings and bridges Resilience to Eurocode 1: Actions on Since the Eurocodes were gazetted in wind and structures 2012, Kenya has been transitioning to temperature a new building code based on the Geotechnical Eurocode 7: Eurocodes, the New Building Code design Geotechnical design has not yet been adopted but the Eurocodes are in practice. Earthquake Eurocode 8: Design of resilience structures for earthquake resistance Waste management Solid waste The Draft National There are no design standards for management Building Code 2022 solid waste management. This a draft code but includes some guidance on waste containment and management for buildings Community National Urban Public Recent publication by the Ministry of sanitation, toilets, Health Sanitation Health septic systems, Guideline 2022 septage management 18/61 Sector and Design standard used Comment Design Element in practice Wastewater See Section 7.3 of Draft Remains a draft, published by the collection Practice Manual for Ministry of Water and irrigation, 2008 systems (sewers) Sewerage and Sanitation Services in Kenya Water Water reticulation Chapter 7 Ministry of Published by Ministry of Water and system design Water and Irrigation Irrigation, 2005 including Practice Manual for hydraulic design, Water Supply Services in material Kenya (October 2005) selection, cover and slope of pipes, pressure management and Social infrastructure Markets Markets development and management guide (2016, 2021 draft available). Also see building design and structural design in this table. Parks The Draft National There is no specific design guidance Building Code 2022 for parks in Kenya, the Street Design Street Design Manual for Manual for urban areas in Kenya and Urban Areas in Kenya, the Draft National building code set 2019 out some useful design parameters for access, lighting/safety, landscaping, furniture. Disaster Risk Management Fire stations See building design and structural design. Fire hydrant Chapter 7.8 1. Ministry of Published by Ministry of Water and system design Water and Irrigation Irrigation, 2005 Practice Manual for Water Supply Services in Kenya (October 2005) 3.2 Incorporating climate projections into design This section provides guidance on how to estimate and include climate change into design calculations. This is Summary essential because significant increases, in sea level, • Increase design rainfall extreme (design) rainfall and temperature, are expected and temperature in your in Kenya and will have an effect on municipal design calculations to infrastructure. account for climate change 3.2.1 Background • Use this Section (3.2) and The projections of climate indicators presented in this Appendix A and B to document are extracted from the World Bank's Climate obtain the percentage Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP)9 and from the NASA increases Sea level projection tool. The CCKP models a range of climate indicators for a range of future ‘Shared Socioeconomic Pathways’ (SSPs). SSPs provide insight into future climates based on defined emissions, development, and carbon reduction efforts. To ensure a conservative approach to 19/61 developing climate change allowances, the projections presented are for SSP5-8.510.The CCKP presents climate projections for a range of indicators for eight geographical regions of Kenya. Appendix A provides a table to look up the region for each urban area in Kenya to select the appropriate climate projections. 3.2.2 Sea-level rise Sea-level rise is relevant to all infrastructure adjacent to the coast. The sea-level rise can be found using World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Portal11 (CCKP) and is shown in the table for the coastal area in Appendix B. NASA also has a Sea level projection tool showing the rise at more locations along the coast. If designing near coastlines, the sea level for SSP5-8.5 and the design lifetime of the project should be used. In the absence of a design lifetime, 50 years should be used as default. What is “Design rainfall, extreme 3.2.3 Extreme rainfall intensity rainfall, IDFs and rainfall intensity” and how are they Surface water drainage is potentially relevant for all linked? infrastructure types under KUSP2. When designing drainage for any roof, site, road, or stormwater system, The name for the extreme rainfall an appropriate climate change allowance, based on value that is included in design regional climate change projections and project lifetime calculations is called design rainfall. must be selected and applied to design rainfall. Design rainfall provides a rainfall intensity for various return periods To estimate rainfall intensity with climate change: (e.g. the 1 in 100 year storm). • Look up the relevant region in Appendix A Design rainfalls can also be supplied as an Intensity-Duration- • Find the relevant graph for the region in Frequency curves. Appendix B • Look up the percentage change using the line for average largest 1 day precipitation and the Need current design rainfall or design lifetime of the project. In the absence historical rainfall? of a design lifetime, 50 years should be used as default. Contact the Kenya Meteorological • Increase current design rainfalls by this Department (KMD) percentage to obtain a new design rainfall to be used in designs. 3.2.4 Maximum temperature Maximum temperatures are relevant for specification of materials resilient to heating resulting from climate change, as well as structural design. Maps for maximum shade air temperature in Kenya are based on historic data and do not account for climate change. Therefore, once maximum shade air temperature has been determined for the location of the project, an appropriate climate change allowance (%) should be applied directly. To estimate the maximum temperature with climate change: 11 Kenya - Mean Projections Expert | Climate Change Knowledge Portal (worldbank.org) 20/61 • Look up the relevant region in Appendix A Need current isotherms • Find the relevant graph for the region in Appendix B of maximum temperature? • Look up the percentage change using the line for average for temperature and the design lifetime of the Contact the Kenya project. In the absence of a design lifetime, 50 years Meteorological should be used as default. Department (KMD) • Increase current temperatures by this percentage to obtain a new design temperature. 3.2.4.1 Example of maximum temperature in design: Structural design Eurocodes 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1-5: General actions – Thermal actions [EN 1991-1-5] gives the principles and rules for calculating thermal actions on buildings, bridges and other structures, including their structural elements. Thermal actions on a structure (or a structural element) are those actions that arise from the changes of temperature fields within a specified time interval. EN 1991-1-5 requires the application of maximum shade air temperature through the use of maps of isotherms of national maximum shade air temperatures. 3.2.4.2 Example of maximum air temperature in design: Material specification Material specification should consider maximum temperatures, this could be in specifying materials, particularly plastics for public furniture or for waste management, but is most pertinent to pavement design for roads. The Road Design Manual for Roads and Bridges: Part 3 - Materials and Pavement Design for New Roads, 2009 (DRAFT) outlines the methodology for designing road pavement and specifying materials for road surfacing with various calculations including temperature (e.g. bitumen binders for asphalt concrete). Although climate change is not in the manual, it can be included using the method in Section 3.2.4 and applying the new temperatures in the calculations. 3.3 Structural resilience Summary • Follow the draft National Structural design is critical to the resilience of buildings and Building Code 2022 other structures, to withstand environmental shocks and stresses during the project’s lifetime. In terms of physical • Any gaps? – the National resilience, in addition to changes in temperature resulting Building Code should be from climate change, structural design should also take into updated to reflect the account actions of wind, and seismic design. The frequency Eurocodes and magnitude of high wind events, or earthquakes, in Kenya are not anticipated to be impacted by climate change and thus ‘normal’ application of the relevant design codes will provide structural resilience. The following codes should be applied for structural resilience: • The draft National Building Code 2022 • Where there are gaps in the National Building Code, the Code itself should be updated to reflect Eurocodes to make it easier for municipal officials and local builders to understand standards and the requirements. The following Eurocodes in particular may be relevant: o Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions, the existing wind map for Kenya is valid, climate change is anticipated to have limited impact on maximum gust speed. Wind data, as necessary, can be provided by KMS. 21/61 o Eurocodes 1 – Actions on structure – Part 1-5: General actions – Thermal actions [EN 1991-1-5] o Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resilience, existing seismic maps for Kenya are valid. o Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design - Part 1: General rules o Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design - Part 2: Ground investigation and testing 3.4 Incorporating green and blue infrastructure into design 3.4.1 Background: Why blue and green infrastructure is important Summary Due to rapid growth and urban expansion, Kenya’s cities are rapidly losing green space, for example, • Follow the draft National Nairobi has lost 22% of its green space between the Building Code 2022 period 1988 and 2016.12 This results in increased (mandatory) and Street urban vulnerabilities with respect to both urban Design Manual for Urban heating and flood risk. Areas in Kenya) The population residing in the informal settlements • Add swales and rain are potentially highly vulnerable to heat exposure gardens, where possible. due to lack of information on heatwave occurrence and risk, lack of access to health services, limited access to potable water, limited householder ventilated and access to cooling.13 Walking and public transport are the dominant forms of mobility in Kenyan cities, and therefore urban heating will impact connectivity, creating economic impacts, and put the public at risk. Urban flooding is widespread across Kenya due to increases in impermeable urban areas, insufficient investment in drainage to keep up with urban expansion, and poor waste management – which increases flood risks by blocking drains. Both rainfall intensity and maximum temperatures are projected to rise significantly across Kenya in the next century, and the frequency of extreme heat and flooding are set to continue to rise, exacerbating the vulnerabilities described above. Provision of green (and blue) infrastructure in the urban environment can help manage these vulnerabilities by shading road surfaces and supporting interception and infiltration of rainfall. Green infrastructure also improves urban liveability, and has the potential to improve both air quality and water quality, and increase urban biodiversity. Tip for success 3.4.2 How to include green and blue infrastructure into design Tree species and other plants selected should be native and To include green and blue infrastructure into designs use tolerant of extended dry periods the Street Design Manual for Urban Areas in Kenya and and period inundation. Kenya the National Building Code which set out guidelines for Forest Service can provide landscaping. These guidelines are mandatory for all guidance on species selection for public spaces, including road corridors, non-motorised each region of Kenya. Tree transit lanes, and around public buildings, particularly at species should also be low pollen their entrances and other high pedestrian traffic areas. producing to reduce hay fever Parks are an exception and should include significant complaints in citizens tree cover, but do not have to deliver ‘continuous shade’. 12 Langsdale, M., 2017. A comparison of greenspace loss and urban expansion over time in London and Nairobi 13 Ibid. 22/61 The following best practices should be included where possible. • Where the space allows, raingardens should be incorporated into street corridors and public spaces to capture and store clean runoff from local roofs and pedestrian areas. Raingardens are landscaped and planted areas, lower than surrounding areas, where rainwater is stored and (soils permitting) infiltrated. They should be planted with species which can tolerate occasional inundation. Outlets take excess runoff to the storm drainage system. These should be considered in parks taking runoff from the local area. In other urban areas they can be bounded with street furniture. • Swales should also be considered where space allows. Swales require a disproportionately larger width than conventional stormwater drainage due to the shallow depth but provide benefits. Swales are shallow vegetated stormwater channels which reduce stormwater runoff rate, promote infiltration, and improve water quality. • As noted in Section 2.3.1.1 in relation to project location, riparian reserves should always be preserved, as these act as urban green/blue corridors and support temperature regulation. Green infrastructure requires considerable maintenance in the first months of establishment, after which the maintenance burden is reduced. After planting, extra provision (beyond usual urban landscaping maintenance) must be given to tend and replant immature vegetation until well established. For this reason, partnership with local communities should be considered to assist in the maintenance of green infrastructure. Further, consideration should be given to understanding what would incentivise local communities to maintain such infrastructure (e.g. revenue generation from trash collection, opportunities for urban agriculture, performance-based grants to local communities for regular maintenance, jobs etc). 3.5 Incorporating universal access and safety into design Universal access is the ambition to design infrastructure for public services and public environments in such a way so that as many people as possible can use them, regardless of age or ability. Prioritising universal accessibility to services provided by municipal infrastructure such as public transport, economic infrastructure and parks increases the opportunities for the most vulnerable members of communities including persons with disabilities to benefit from and contribute to community resilience. When investing in new infrastructure- or when making significant improvements to existing infrastructure- there is a benefit in making improvements that will achieve multiple social, and climate objectives. Streets and public spaces designed according to universal access principles accommodate assistive devices for persons with disabilities (e.g., wheelchair), which can benefit other groups such as the elderly. Article 54 of the Constitution of Kenya recognises the needs of persons with disabilities, stating that persons with disabilities are entitled to reasonable access to places and transport services. The Persons with Disabilities Act of 2003 further entitles persons with disabilities “to a barrier-free and disability-friendly environment to enable them to have access to buildings, roads and other social amenities.” Some of the activities that may enhance universal accessibility and need to be mainstreamed in the program design include; • respect for design /technical standards that promote universal access. • advocacy, and awareness raising. • meaningful participation of the vulnerable groups • capacity development to the technical staff and contractors 23/61 The Street Design Manual for Urban Areas in Kenya states that: An accessible environment has ample, well connected pedestrian facilities with unobstructed space for movement, consistent pavement surfaces, appropriately sloped ramps, and safe pedestrian crossings. Multiple elements of the streetscape must be designed in an integrated manner in order for the space to work. People with small children, people carrying heavy shopping or luggage, people with temporary accident injuries and older people can all benefit from an inclusive transport environment. The current requirements for universal access and safety of the Street Design Manual for Urban Areas in Kenya and the Draft Building Code are summarised in Table 3 below. The table also includes additional best practice. Reference can also be made to the World Bank’s Technical Note on Accessibility – Fact Sheet 4. Table 3: Summary of universal access requirements and good practice Footpaths Footpaths are integral to urban transport in Kenya. They should be accessible to all. ▪ Minimum clear width of 2 m. For areas with high pedestrian volumes, wider footpaths should be provided ▪ Elevation over the carriageway of +150 mm ▪ Constant height at property entrances ▪ Continuous shade through tree cover ▪ Continuous 2 m high head clearance along pathways ▪ No railings or barriers ▪ Ramp slopes are no steeper than 1:12 ▪ Cross slope of 1:50 for drainage ▪ Tactile pavers for people with visual impairments ▪ Bollards should be installed to prevent vehicles from parking on footpaths, with spacing of 0.9 m between at least one set of bollards to allow wheelchairs to pass. ▪ Where feasible design closed drains to allow ease in access for persons with a disability and the elderly. Crossings A formal pedestrian crossing should be located wherever there is a concentrated need for people to cross the street (e.g., at a bus stop, at an entrance to a shopping mall, or school, or where a path intersects the street). ▪ Located at pedestrian desire lines. This should be clearly delineated with appropriate ground markings and with signs for vehicular traffic ▪ The entire crossing should be accessible to persons with disabilities with curb cuts located at transitions between sidewalk and crosswalk. ▪ Unsignalised crosswalks should be elevated to the level of the adjacent footpath (i.e., 150 mm). ▪ For signalised crossed in urban centres where noise may be a hazard, auditory cues for safe crossing can be provided in addition to visual indicators ▪ For tabletop crossings, a height of +150 mm above the carriageway and ramps for vehicles with a slope of at least 1:10 to reduce vehicle speeds to 20 km/h ▪ Width of 3 m or equivalent to the adjacent footpath, whichever is larger ▪ Footbridges and subways are to be avoided Cycle tracks For cycling to be safe and comfortable, major streets require cycle tracks that are physically separated from mixed traffic. Dedicated facilities are needed to encourage cycling among people of all ages and abilities. The cycling network should offer a dense set of routes serving all city areas and key destinations through the shortest possible routes. Specifically, all residents should be able to access a dedicated cycle facilities near their homes. ▪ Positioned between the footpath and carriageway ▪ A minimum width of 2 m for one-way movement, and 2.5 m for two-way movement ▪ Elevated +150 mm above the carriageway ▪ Physically separated from the carriageway—as distinguished from painted cycle lanes, which offer little protection to cyclists. Swales and other drainage related infrastructure could be designed into such spaces to increase level of safety provided by buffer zones. The buffer should be at least 0.5 m wide and should be paved if it is adjacent to a parking lane. ▪ One bollard placed in the middle of the cycle track, to allow for cyclists to pass on either side ▪ A smooth surface material—asphalt or concrete. Paver blocks are to be avoided Bus stops 24/61 Bus stops must be accessible to all, providing ease of access to public transport. ▪ On streets with one carriageway lane per direction or at terminal locations, the stop may incorporate a bus bay provided that there is sufficient clear space for walking behind the shelter. ▪ Bus stops require shelters with adequate lighting; protection from sun and rain; and customer information ▪ Cycle tracks should be routed behind bus shelters ▪ Buses should also be accessible Space for Vendors Space for vendors should be included in public spaces, including road corridors, parks, and other public spaces, where there is a demand for their services. By defining and managing these spaces in the design process, their impact on accessibility can be reduced. Street vending provides essential goods and services to a wide range of population groups. It also makes public space safer by contributing “eyes on the street”. ▪ Street vendors should be accommodated where there is demand for their goods and services—near major intersections, public transport stops, parks, and so on ▪ Supporting infrastructure, such as cooperatively managed water taps, electricity points, trash bins, and public toilets, should be provided ▪ Vending areas should be positioned to ensure the continuity of cycle tracks and footpaths. The furniture zone of the footpath is an ideal location. Lighting Lighting should be provided in all public areas to improve safety, including road corridors, parks, and other public spaces, such as adjacent to public buildings, such as markets. ▪ The spacing between two light poles should be approximately three times the height of the fixture ▪ Poles should be no higher than 12 m. Especially in residential areas, they should be significantly lower than 12 m to reduce undesirable illumination of private properties Additional lighting should be provided at conflict points ▪ The placement of street lighting should be coordinated with other street elements so that trees or advertisement hoardings do not impede proper illumination ▪ The placement of street lighting should also be coordinated to provide lighting at changes in condition (street crossings, elevation changes, irregular obstacles, etc) Street furniture Furniture and amenities should be located where they are likely to be used. Furniture is required in larger quantities in commercial hubs, market areas, crossroads, bus stops, BRT stations, and public buildings. Furniture provides rest areas, promoting universal access. ▪ Street furniture, especially benches and tables, should be placed where it receives natural shade ▪ Supplementary space should be provided at spaces adjacent to select benches and tables to accommodate wheel chair users and persons with disabilities. ▪ Furniture should be located where it does not obstruct through movement ▪ On streets with large numbers of pedestrians and commercial activity – especially eateries – trash bins should be provided at regular intervals Traffic calming Traffic calming measures ensure pedestrian and vehicle safety by reducing at least speed and potentially also the volume of motor vehicles. Traffic calming slows down vehicles through vertical displacement, horizontal displacement, real or perceived narrowing of carriageway, material/colour changes that signal conflict points, or the complete closure of a street. ▪ Speed restrictions, incorporating physical traffic calming measures, should be applied near schools and on any shared streets. ▪ Shared lanes are safe for pedestrians, cyclists, and motor vehicles to travel together if speeds are restricted to 15 km/h. ▪ For speeds up to 30 km/h, separate footpaths should be provided but cyclists can travel in the carriageway. ▪ Speed bumps must be at least 900 mm in length, and the gradient of the speed bump must be 1:10. ▪ Speed bumps must be a minimum height of 5 cm and maximum height of 1 0cm. This then means that drivers must slow down to less than 10 kph to navigate a road speed bump without damage. ▪ Speed bumps should be placed between 20 metres and 150 metres apart depending on the desire to reduce speed. Buildings Public buildings should be accessible to all 25/61 ▪ Access shall be provided from a point on the plot boundary to at least one entrance. The access shall not have a step, kerb, steep ramp, door or doorway which would impede the passage of a wheelchair, or other form of barrier which would prevent access by a person living with a disability. If the accessible entrance is a secondary entrance, way finding signage should direct building visitor from the primary entrance to the accessible entrance. ▪ Access ramps to buildings should be at least 1.5m wide. It should be provided with handrails on both sides. If the ramp has a gradient greater than 1 in 20, a landing that is 1.5m long is provided for each 10m length of horizontal run. ▪ Disabled cubicles should be provided at all toilet facilities provided in public buildings and in public spaces. • Figure 5. Good practice in universal access: A wheelchair accessible ramp at the Homa market 3.6 Gender considerations 3.6.1 Background Women and men do not always benefit equally from improvements in urban infrastructure and services. They may have different requirements, vulnerabilities, expectations and perceptions of security. Inclusive and safe transport and social infrastructure provides access to education, work, health care, cultural, and other important activities that are crucial to women’s participation in the society. Of particular concern in the design of public infrastructure is the level of safety and security that female users experience. 3.6.2 Requirements for gender consideration in design The following is mandatory: • Inclusive engagement with women and girls. Designers should attend participation meetings (see Section 2.3.42.3.4 on Community engagement and participation) to lay out designs and consider design alternatives that enhance the participation, safety and 26/61 access of women and girls to public spaces and infrastructure. As noted in Section 2.3.4, Community engagement and participation it is critical to have balanced input in public consultation. • All designers must consult the case studies in the World Bank Handbook for Gender Inclusive Urban Planning Design 2020 and consider whether any of the recommendations could be implemented in designs. • Designers should at least consider and design the following (or justify why they cannot be designed for that particular project): o Increase security by providing lighting (Street Design Manual for Urban Areas in Kenya). o Reduce dead spaces (e.g. abandoned buildings where criminals might hide). o Increase accessibility for women with children by providing ramps or walkways wide enough for prams (see Table 3 for summary). o Create mixed-use zones that promote home-based economic activity and access to services close to home. o Provide suitable areas for childcare. o Provide bathrooms that women can use in private but are close enough to busy areas for women to seek help. 27/61 3.7 Design documentation Designs should be undertaken, or overseen, by a registered professional engineer, and Design Reports must be signed off by a registered professional engineer under / approved by the Engineers Board of Kenya. Design documents should be stored in hard copy and soft copy, and should include: • Site plan. • Drawings. • Relevant design reports and/or calculation sheets. • Material specification and Bill of quantities. 28/61 4. Sectoral Design Considerations for Resilience 4.1 Connectivity, Mobility and Accessibility Connectivity, mobility and accessibility can be threatened by hazards such as floodwaters and if poorly designed can become hazards themselves. Connectivity projects should incorporate design elements that increase the resilience of the public users of the systems. To increase the resilience of assets related to connectivity, mobility and accessibility, designs should incorporate the criteria shown in Table 4 below. Table 4 Resilience measures for connectivity design Hazard & Impact Required or Resilience measure best practice Designing for resilience Various Required Follow the Street Design Manual for Urban Areas and Road Design Manuals (2022) Concrete can become Required Ensure that all concrete structures have sufficient concrete over damaged and cause reinforcing to protect the steel from erosion and other harmful impacts, accidents e.g. chlorides and vehicle traffic. This will decrease road damage that leads to accidents and decrease long term durability. High groundwater tables can Required Determine the level of groundwater where roads or non-vehicle access damage roads and can be ways are to be built. further exacerbated by high Design to ensure that groundwater remains below the sub-base level of rainfall due to climate change. the road (e.g., by designing subsurface drains) Damaged roads are accident hazards Designing for better operation and maintenance Accessibility can be Required Design street furniture (e.g., benches) such that they are difficult to decreased if street furniture is steal and resilient against high temperatures (e.g. cast in place pre- stolen or damaged cast concrete benches rather than moveable wooden benches). Ensure street furniture does not obstruct pedestrian or bicycle traffic or cause a hazard to vehicle traffic. Green Infrastructure The hazard of flooding can be Best practice Consider the use of permeable surfaces for parking areas, walkways increased by the paved and any other paved area to increase infiltration and reduce flooding surfaces used to provide (e.g., permeable interlocking blocks or grass blocks). connectivity and accessibility The hazard of high Required Retain and add trees next to roads and NMT routes wherever possible temperatures can be for shade and cooling of the urban environment in line with Urban addressed in connectivity Street Design Manual. designs Ensure trees do not obstruct traffic or the vision of drivers. Ensure tree species are resilient to predicted climate changes (able to survive in droughts and high temperatures). Ensure trees are not high pollen producing which could cause another health hazard (allergies) The hazard of high Required Develop a plan for ensuring tree survival especially in the first few temperatures can be years including watering and fertilizer. Guidance on the selection of addressed in connectivity appropriate species in different regions can be provided by Kenya designs Forest Service Access Crime can decrease use of Required Include lighting in designs to improve safety. Preferably use power access ways reducing sources that are resilient against power outages (e.g., solar with mains connectivity backup). Access can be increased Required Design for universal access. In particular, designs need to make provision for walking as it is the dominant means of transport in Kenya. 29/61 4.2 Solid Waste Management The goal of solid waste management is to address the hazard of disease, contamination and impacts on fauna and flora due to solid waste (usually called litter, trash or rubbish). Consequently, solid waste management inherently provides resilience, and reduces the potential for trash blocking stormwater and drainage systems, reducing the likelihood of urban flooding and ultimately reduce public health and environmental impacts. To increase the resilience of solid waste management assets against hazards and prevent assets from becoming hazards, designs should incorporate the criteria shown in the Table 5 below. The incorporation of criteria below for solid waste should also help in promoting the segregation of waste and enhancing the community’s participation in Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. Table 5 Resilience measures for solid waste management Hazard Required or Resilience measure best practice Designing for resilience Solid waste Required Designs should specify dustbins (trash receptacles) on every city block, along pedestrian walkways and public open spaces such that people have easy access to these, especially the elderly and the disabled who cannot walk long distances. Designing for better operation and maintenance Solid waste Required Design dustbins (trash receptacles) that are difficult to remove, steal (e.g., cast-in-place concrete) and where possible in a way that prevents or minimises vandalism. Ensure that any such dustbins do not create a traffic hazard. It is noted that the incorporation of dustbins in all blocks will require a level of maintenance and enforcement to ensure that the trash is regularly collected and to prevent the area from becoming a dumping ground. Flooding Required Design dustbins that are flood resistant (e.g., cannot easily be knocked over and have a top cover to limit rainwater entering the bin). Wind Required Design dustbins that won’t blow over even in high winds (e.g. concrete) Flooding Required Design drainage for transfer stations such that contaminated runoff is separated and contained and any clean runoff is diverted around the station and can reach watercourses or existing drains 30/61 4.3 Wastewater The goal of wastewater systems in cities is to safely collect, treat and discharge wastewater to the environment. Consequently, waste management inherently provides resilience. However, hazards exist that can affect how well systems perform and, if badly designed, systems themselves can become hazards. To increase the resilience of systems against hazards and prevent assets from becoming hazards, designs should incorporate the criteria shown in the Table 6 below. Table 6 Resilience measures for wastewater Hazard and Impact Required or Resilience measure Best Practice Designing for resilience Various Required The National Urban Public Health Sanitation Guideline 2022 and the Draft Practice Manual for Sewerage and Sanitation Services in Kenya should be followed as a minimum. Various Best practice Another useful reference in the Sanitation section in the Neighbourhood Planning and Design Guide of South Africa Ingress of stormwater and Required Design sewers to allow for some amount of stormwater and groundwater in small volumes but groundwater ingress (manuals provided recommended in many locations can overwhelm percentage increases. E.g., Neighbourhood Planning and Design systems, causing overflow and a Guide of South Africa). health hazard Add a further the percentage to account for increased water due to climate change Flooding of system components Required Planning of retention and safety basins to avoid overflow to the drainage network and pollution spills downstream Stormwater entering sewer Required Solid manhole covers could prevent stormwater entering sewers. systems can overwhelm systems and cause flooding Vehicles and swift water can Required Ensure careful design where sewers cross roads or rivers and damage sewers where they cross consider encasing sewers in concrete at these points. roads and rivers. Damaged sewers can leak creating a health hazard Designing for better operation and maintenance Flooding of system components Required Elevate mechanical and electrical equipment in operations or maintenance facilities Illegal connections to sewers (e.g., Best Practice Design sewers to allow cameras (e.g., limit bends) to be used to to drain stormwater) can find illegal connections or leaks in the future is also overwhelm systems and cause recommended. Where the system allows, intensify connection of flooding households to sewerage systems to reduce illegal sewer connections. Stolen manhole covers can allow New, existing Use concrete or HDPE manhole covers to decrease the likelihood stormwater to enter wastewater of theft. Ensure all manhole covers in roadways are sufficiently systems, potentially overwhelming strong to withstand traffic loads. Promote routine inspection of them and causing flooding and a sewer lines and ensure manhole covers are secured to limit health hazard health and safety risks. Water quality concerns associated Best Practice Soakaways to be regularly cleaned and maintained to avoid with soakaways which drains to pollution of downstream watercourses. watercourses Inaccessible sewers are difficult to Best practice Design sewers to run through public, accessible land or ensure maintain. If leaks occur they can easements are in place such that sewers can be easily accessed cause a health hazard for maintenance at a later stage. Sewers can pose a hazard to water Existing Install sewer lines below water pipes to prevent contamination of supply lines if they leak water supply if any leakage of wastewater occurs. Create awareness amongst the public to report sewer leakages along the pipelines. 31/61 32/61 4.4 Water The goal of water supply in urban areas is to provide residents and businesses with the water required to live, be healthy and conduct business. Consequently, water supply projects inherently increase the resilience of a city. However, hazards exist that can affect how well systems perform. To increase the resilience of systems against hazards and prevent assets from becoming hazards, designs should incorporate the criteria shown in the Table 7 below. Table 7 Resilience measures for water systems Hazard and impact Required or Resilience measure Best Practice Designing for resilience Various Required The Ministry of Water and Irrigation Practice Manual for Water Supply Services in Kenya (2005) should be followed as a minimum. Floods and vehicles can Required Design protection for water supply systems against floods and any other damage water supply hazards systems causing Encase pipes under roads and rivers in concrete and install or retrofit lines damage and interruption across streams sufficiently below the streambed to reduce the potential of of water supply erosion. Elevate or relocate finished water tanks Reinforce the foundation and supports of elevated tanks that are in a floodplain Elevate pump stations above the design flood level. Waterproof electrical components Various, consult manuals Required Carefully consider the material used for pipelines (HDPE, steel) as each has very specific applications (a good summary is provided in the water supply section in the Neighbourhood Planning and Design Guide of South Africa). If in doubt, for small diameter pipes, use HDPE and electrofusion welding because HDPE is resistant to sunlight and flexible. Design bedding of pipes carefully to the requirements in manuals and guidelines Designing for better operation and maintenance Water supply interruption Required For small water storage tanks engineer a by-pass around the tank so that supply can continue even if tank has a problem (e.g., A leak) Water supply interruption Required Wherever pumps are part of the system (e.g., at small storage tanks), have standby pumps in case a pump fails. Leaks can contribute to Required Include district meters, section meters, shutoff valves and pressure sensors in water shortages and design to allow for easier leak and stress detection when the system is interrupted supply operational. A lack of access can Best Design water pipelines to run through public, accessible land or ensure prevent maintenance Practice easements are in place such that pipes can be easily accessed for and repair due to other maintenance at a later stage. hazards Leaks for sewer lines Required Ensure that water pipelines are installed above sewer lines and with sufficient can enter water supply space between the two (as per standards and manuals). lines causing diseases Crime can damage Best Consider theft and vandalism in the design (e.g., fencing, use of HDPE rather water supply systems practice than copper piping). leading to water supply interruption Animals, if present, can Required Prevent animals contaminating the water supply by fencing tanks and contaminate water or collection areas with humans-only access via a gate. damage infrastructure 33/61 4.5 Stormwater Stormwater projects are likely to be prioritised in areas where urban flooding problems have been identified. Stormwater systems inherently provide resilience to communities by preventing flooding. However, hazards exist that can affect how well stormwater systems perform and, if badly designed, stormwater systems themselves can increase hazards. To increase the resilience of stormwater assets against hazards and prevent stormwater assets from becoming hazards, designs should incorporate the criteria shown in Table 8. Table 8: Resilience measures for stormwater design Hazard & Impact Required or Resilience measure best practice Designing for resilience Various Required When designing stormwater infrastructure, follow the Kenya Draft Drainage Manual 2006 Climate change could Required Design for resilience against climate change increase rainfall 1. Increase design rainfalls as specified in Section 3.2 and using the values for your intensity overwhelming region in Appendix B. stormwater systems 2. Estimate flow rates for stormwater infrastructure (e.g. drains and culverts) using and causing flooding the design rainfall and the methods in the Kenya Draft Drainage Manual 2006 3. Size the stormwater infrastructure using the flow and the methods in the Kenya Draft Drainage Manual 2006 Erosion due to high Required Estimate velocity in designs and use materials that are resistant to erosion velocities needs to be including allowance for climate change (general guidance: Kenya Draft mitigated through Drainage Manual 2006, climate change: Appendix B). design Consider options that are erosion resistant and permeable (e.g. Armorflex paving or grass blocks). Consider options to slow flows such as stone pitching or drop structures (note that erosion of concrete line channels has been observed in areas with slopes exceeding 10%) Downstream flooding Required Design without causing increased flooding downstream could result if designs Ensure that surface escape routes are left open for urban stormwater to don’t consider where reach nearby rivers and streams for at least the 1 in 100 year flood. stormwater is flowing If impossible, design pipes or small drainage channels (typically less than 1m and how it will reach width) to take stormwater to nearby rivers and streams rivers New areas: Designing Required Design attenuation in new areas to mimic pre-development flows for the full stormwater range of flood recurrence intervals infrastructure without Consider options such as attenuation basins, infiltration basins, permeable causing increased paving and other attenuation methods, also making provision for attenuation flows downstream of as close as possible to the source of stormwater runoff the project Size the attenuation infrastructure so that peak flow rates up to the 100-year storm with climate change is not increased by the development Brownfields areas Best practice Design attenuation in built up areas, if possible (already built up): For areas that are already very built up (e.g., where a drain is being added Designing stormwater beside a busy road) seek attenuation opportunities if space allows infrastructure without Look for small areas of open land that can be used for attenuation causing increased flows downstream of Increase attenuation in these areas by designing small attenuation basins, the project infiltration basins, vegetated infiltration areas, tree pits or swales Flooding due to pipes Required Assume that pipes or culverts will be 50% blocked when carrying out sizing becoming undersized estimates. because of blockages Erosion hazards exist Required Add dissipators and other appropriate erosion protection structures where where stormwater drains flow into natural streams or channels or onto open ground. transitions from concrete to overland flow Designing for better operation and maintenance Stormwater drains can Required Design grades for stormwater drains to ensure that stormwater does not become damaged if scour but also does not allow sediments to collect. Target self- cleaning 34/61 Hazard & Impact Required or Resilience measure best practice high flow velocities velocities of no less than 0.75 m/s as per Road Design Manual for Roads causes erosion and Bridges: Part 2 - Drainage Design, 2009 (DRAFT). For steep areas, drop structures should be considered or appropriate lining of drains to prevent erosion Culverts and pipes can Required Use a minimum culvert size of 450 mm to reduce the chance of blockage as become blocked by per the Road Design Manual for Roads and Bridges: Part 2 - Drainage trash Design, 2009 (DRAFT) Design covers for manholes or catchpits to prevent litter entering piped systems. Specify HDPE manhole covers to discourage theft Design trash capture in drains before water reaches culverts or pipes (e.g., grates on upstream side of culvert) Use a trash grate wherever open channels transition to buried pipe to reduce blockage by litter Green Infrastructure Temperatures in cities Best practice Where possible use designs that can be vegetated (e.g., raingardens, swales are raised and climate and vegetated infiltration basins for attenuation) change can increase temperatures further leading to heat illnesses in residents Access Access/Trip/Fall Best practice Design small bridge crossings over open channels (e.g., concrete rafts). The bridge should be level and extend sufficiently onto each side of the drain such that it cannot become dislodged or damaged due to flooding. The bridge should not obstruct storefronts. 35/61 4.6 Parks Parks can form part of the resilience of an urban area to both heat stress and flooding. Both these hazards could be worsened by climate change. Table 9 Resilience measures for parks Hazard and Impact Required or Resilience measure Best Practice Designing for resilience Flooding park and Best practice Using park space for vegetated stormwater attenuation via swales, rain surrounding area gardens, vegetated basins, infiltration basins and tree pits Disaster relief Best practice Parks can be used as spaces of refuge, safety and assembly during disasters (except for flooding if the park is used for flood attenuation). Providing space and relatively flat areas and some high ground for vehicles to access the community during disasters (e.g. water tankers when water supplies are cut-off). Designing for better operation and maintenance High temperatures in Required A plan for planting and supporting the growth of vegetation, especially general and due to climate in the first few years, when vegetation is vulnerable. change which can create health hazards Various Required Maintenance should be included into design plans and costed such that budgets can be set aside. Maintenance should include at least the following: • Watering and fertilizer for plants, if needed • Removal of tall vegetation periodically • Security personnel or police patrols • Removal of litter especially from stormwater basins or other infrastructure Green Infrastructure High temperatures in Required Including trees in designs which will provide shade and relief from the general and due to climate heat hazard in urban areas. change which can create health hazards Flooding hazards can be Best practice Including rainwater harvesting from the roofs of buildings in the park. turned into an opportunity Water can be used for community gardens or to water vegetation in general. Access and gender inclusivity Crime and feelings of Required Lighting in line with the Street Design Manual for Urban Areas in Kenya insecurity and the Kenyan Building Code. The spacing between two light poles should be approximately three times the height of the fixture. Power should preferably be from an onsite renewable source (e.g., a solar panel) with a mains back up so that the power is less affected by both mains supply outages and rainy days. Clear sight lines must be included in parks such that criminals cannot easily hide and surprise their victims (E.g., use of trees with little under brush and not using dense bushes that can providing hiding spaces) Accessibility Best Practice Include way finding signage Lack of accessibility to Required Include universal accessibility features such as roads and pavements public spaces that are accessible for people with disabilities (e.g. wheelchair 36/61 accessible). Toilets that women can use in privacy and that are accessible for people with disabilities 37/61 4.7 Markets and other social infrastructure For any structures built as part of a market the relevant Eurocode (e.g. Eurocode 1,7 and 8) should be followed until the Kenyan Building Codes have been released. Markets development and management guide of Kenya should also be consulted (2016, 2021 draft available). Table 10 Resilience measures for markets and other social infrastructure Hazard and Impact Required Resilience measure or Best Practice Designing for resilience Temperature and flooding Required Roofs and floors such that goods are neither in the mud on rainy days or the sun on sunny days. Consideration should be given to roofing material, as corrugated iron (which is commonly used in many developing country markets) can significantly contribute to high inside temperatures). Disaster relief Required Markets to be designed considering their potential function as a disaster management centre. Therefore, market locations outside floodplain areas should be prioritised, as should road access. This is important because markets can form part of the resilience of an urban area by acting as a public shelter or safe space during disasters. The space in the market could be used for storing or distributing food. High temperatures in Required Specify suitable a roof material that does not magnify high temperatures general and due to climate (e.g., roofs should not be corrugated iron sheets). Providing adequate natural change, which can create ventilation measures to increase resilience to extreme heat. Methods could health hazards include high roof clearance, ventilated roof spaces to allow free air circulation, spinning vents on roof tops or louvered blocks. High temperatures in Required Include engineered joints in concrete to allow for concrete expansion and general and due to climate contraction due to temperature. Consider temperatures due to climate change, which can create change during design health hazards Fire risk Required Specify fire hydrants along market corridors. Designing for better operation and maintenance High temperatures in Required Include in designs a plan for supporting the growth of trees, especially in the general and due to climate first few years, when vegetation is vulnerable. change, which can create health hazards Flood risks Required Designing adequate surface water drainage for the market and ensuring drainage connects into the larger urban stormwater system or a river or stream. Better operation and Required Designing floors that are easy to wash (e.g., smooth concrete floor that slope maintenance and flood risks gently towards drains). Pollution risks Required Including many solid waste bins or trash cans that are difficult to steal and don’t blow away in high winds and don’t collect rainwater (e.g., cast-in-place concrete bins with covers). Green Infrastructure High temperatures in Required Including the planting of trees to reduce urban temperatures and provide general and due to climate shade, where space allows. change, which can create health hazards Flooding Best Including rainwater harvesting from the roofs of buildings in the market. practice Access and gender inclusion Accessibility Required Alternative ramps for people with disabilities to access the market from street level and to access upper floors of the market. 38/61 Gender inclusion Required Include infrastructure that is suitable for use as childcare facilities. Gender inclusion Include a security plan and security features such as adequate lighting with an independent power supply (e.g., solar). Accessibility and Gender Required Public toilets including male and female and toilets for people with disabilities inclusion INFRASTRUCTURE DIAGNOSTIC BOX 5: Good practice in resilient design, construction of Homa Bay municipal market A stormwater drainage system is provided, which discharges to an existing road rain (although climate projections were not considered in its sizing). Steep earth faces stone pitched for protection against soil erosion. Natural ventilation is provided, and expansion joints have been included to cater for volumetric changes due to temperature variations (in line with design standards). Electric lighting for security has been enhanced. Trees planting along access roads and landscaping included in the design. Rooftop rainwater harvesting has been provided, in line with new regulations on water harvesting, to provide an alternative water supply and reduce the pressure on existing water resources systems during drought. 39/61 4.8 Firefighting stations and facilities Firefighting stations and facilities can form part of the resilience of an urban area including to climate change. At a minimum, guidance on firefighting water provided in Chapter 7.8 of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation Practice Manual for Water Supply Services in Kenya (2005) should be used. For any structures built as part of a fire station the relevant Eurocode (e.g. Eurocode 1,7 and 8) should be followed until the Kenyan Building Codes have been released. Table 11 Resilience measures for firefighting stations and facilities Hazard and Impact Required or Resilience measure Best Practice Designing for resilience Water supply reliability and Required Assessing whether water is available for firefighting if rising demand in volumes the area reduces supply volumes available from water sources. Design measures to increase supply or consider alternative supplies (e.g., boreholes) if needed. Flooding that could prevent Required Being located well outside of any area that may flood in an extreme access during disasters storm event. Flooding Required Designing adequate drainage and ensuring drainage connects into the larger urban stormwater system or a river or stream. High temperatures Required Specify suitable roof material that does not magnify high temperatures (e.g., roofs should not be corrugated iron sheets) Designing for better operation and maintenance Better operation and Required Designing floors that are easy to wash (e.g., smooth concrete floor that maintenance slope gently towards drains). Better operation and Required Including many solid waste bins or trash cans that are difficult to steal maintenance and don’t blow away in high winds and don’t collect rainwater (e.g., cast-in-place concrete bins with covers). Green Infrastructure High temperatures Required Including the planting of trees in the design of fire stations, where space allows, to reduce urban temperatures and provide shade. High temperatures Required Including a plan supporting the growth of trees, especially in the first few years, when vegetation is vulnerable Flooding Best practice Including rainwater harvesting from the roofs of buildings of the fire station. Access and gender inclusivity Crime and feelings of Required Including a security plan and security features such as adequate insecurity lighting as per the Kenyan Building Code and Street Design Manual for Urban Areas in Kenya with an independent power supply (e.g., solar with a back up to mains). 40/61 5. Construction and maintenance for resilience This is not an exhaustive guide to commissioning infrastructure delivery, but some highlights based on lessons learned and best practice identified under review of KUSP investments. As best practice, it is recommended that county and municipal engineers determine the performance standards the proposed intervention should adhere to on a project-by-project basis. 5.1 Contracting design work The majority of design work under KUSP and under KUSP2 is done ‘in-house’ by county and municipal engineers, but some design work was contracted out under KUSP. Some guidance in developing tender documents for design work under KUSP2 is provided below: • Specify the design standards to be followed. • Include provisions for incorporating resilience measures into design based on the project typology, using this report as a guide, this should include but should not be limited to: o Consideration of climate change in design, most importantly increased temperatures, increased sea level and increased rainfall intensity over the lifetime of the project, as described in this document. o Consideration of other hazards, wind, temperature, seismic hazards on structural design. o Provision for appropriate landscaping and green infrastructure design, as described in this document. o Provision for applying universal access principles in design, as described in this document. • Include provisions for designers to budget to attend meetings with representatives of the community and beneficiaries to develop solutions to increase community resilience. • Designs should be reviewed for compliance with the above using this document as a guide. Designers should be made aware of this document and use it as a basis for resilient design. Note that this document is not a replacement for existing design codes and other best practices. • Where the capacity to review detailed design within the county or municipal engineering offices, due to its complex nature, this function can also be contracted to a registered professional engineer. 5.2 Contracting construction Based on lessons learned under KUSP investments, improved resilience outcomes for construction of KUSP2 investments can be realised by following the below guidance. Consideration should be given to incorporating the below as requirements into tender documentation: • Strict adherence to the Environmental Management Plan prepared under the Project Report. This should include but not be limited to providing temporary access as necessary, managing site surface water runoff, managing dust, noise, etc. • Ensure that procurement documents include: o A contract specifically for construction (consider NEC, FIDIC or other similar standard contracts) 41/61 o A set of criteria to ensure that a contractor with the necessary skills and experience is selected (e.g. requiring references from similar projects) o Provisions for reinstating roads and other public areas affected by construction as existing or better. o Provisions for the contractor, or the contractor’s representative, to attend monthly meetings on site with the community to resolve design issues, or hazards relating to construction. o And provision for some flexibility for the design to be amended based on community considerations which were not captured before commencement of works. For example, using a re-measurable bill of quantities where contractors provide rates for each item rather than just one fixed cost for the entire project. • Provision of as-built drawings in hard and soft copy. • Specification of a retainer to be paid on satisfactory completion of works and a further retainer to be paid after a defect’s liability period. • Certificates of materials testing from approved public works (or other suitable) laboratories. • As built drawings provided in hard and soft copy, with reports describing variances from design drawings. To ensure appropriate resilience measures are incorporated into projects, supervision of works and coordination between the builders and regulators is recommended throughout construction, particularly in the case of technically complex projects. 5.3 Community engagement during construction Monthly meetings should be held with community representatives, environmental/social safeguards specialists, the designer or work supervisor, and the Contractor. These meetings with community representatives can identify design or construction risks which and not been foreseen in planning and design. These meetings build local ownership of the project, and build awareness of resilience, design and operations, safety, theft and vandalism reduction, and community maintenance aspects. The community can provide useful additional ‘eyes on the ground’ to support supervision of construction works in accordance with design and environmental management plan. Community partners should be encouraged to establish a documentation system to facilitate more efficient monthly meetings and communication. A meeting after completion of the works but before the end of the defect’s liability period should be included with the community so that the community can add any snag list items prior to the final retention being paid out. 5.4 Operation and maintenance All infrastructure will require some operation and maintenance (O&M). O&M is critical to the asset continuing to function effectively and also helps to minimise health and safety risks and maximise universal accessibility. To that end, every project should have a plan for operation and maintenance- which usually would form an asset management plan (Note: monitoring is key to this plan but is covered in Section 5.5 of this report). Responsibilities and budgets for operation and maintenance of projects must be established at design stage. The following operation and maintenance guidelines apply to all projects: • Design with operation and maintenance in mind by incorporating the design guidelines in this document (Section 4). 42/61 • Ensure that designs are issued with an operation and maintenance manual that includes a schedule for when maintenance should be performed. Manuals should specify annual (minor) inspection and maintenance schedules and longer term ‘capital’ maintenance schedules. • Manuals should include clear diagrams to assist personnel not involved in the design to understand the design and its maintenance clearly. • For legacy infrastructure or the extension of existing infrastructure, maintenance and operation manuals must integrate with the overall maintenance and operation of the system. Note that this might require creation of a maintenance and operation manual for the whole system if one does not already exist. • Ideally, plans should be incorporated into GIS based asset management systems. • Monitor infrastructure (See Section 5.5) and respond to problems identified during monitoring with timely maintenance. • For water and wastewater, ownership is transferred directly to water companies on completion, along with O&M responsibilities. The same approach as above should be applied by those water companies. • The community should be involved in maintenance and operation. To facilitate this the municipality should: o Create a complaints mechanism so that the community can alert the municipality to maintenance and operation issues; o Create public education campaigns to educate the public on how they can contribute to better operation and maintenance (e.g., by putting only toilet paper and human excrement in toilets and not trash or fat which can block the system) o By assisting with monitoring (See Section 5.5) 5.5 Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring involves activities such as inspections and data collection to determine Section Summary whether a system is performing and wherever Develop a monitoring and evaluation possible quantify that performance. Evaluation system because: involves assessing and analysing monitoring results to understand what is going right or • Well thought-out Monitoring and wrong with a system. Evaluation criteria for general good practice will increase Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) can increase resilience the resilience of municipal infrastructure. It can: • M&E criteria for system • serve as an early warning system to resilience will drive system identify problems and provides the resilience because of the old data necessary to identify the root adage: What is measured, cause of issues; improves • measure a system’s resilience and be used as yard-stick for increasing resilience (if good criteria are developed) over time; and • be used to track and share the success of a project and fully understand that success so that it can be repeated in future projects. 43/61 Several steps should be taken to effectively monitor and evaluate the resilience of municipal infrastructure. Firstly, measurable indicators should be established to evaluate infrastructure resilience. These indicators should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time- bound (SMART). To develop monitoring indicators, consider the following: • What was the core problem that the infrastructure sought to solve and how can solving it be measured? For example, if a new stormwater system was put in place to solve flooding then is that flooding problem solved or has flooding been experienced in the same area and if so, how often? • What risks exist to the infrastructure and its performance. For example, how often is the new sewer system generating a smell (indication of potential blockages)? • Review Building Resilience: New strategies for strengthening infrastructure resilience and maintenance (OECD 2021) and Resilience Rating System: A methodology for building and tracking resilience to climate change (World Bank Group 2021) for ideas for M&E criteria. Example of using SMART Criteria • Read through the operation and to increase resilience by maintenance measures in monitoring and evaluating general Section 4 and consider whether good practice. any have an element of monitoring and evaluation that can be modified into a criteria. Background: On a particular major urban road flooding occurred on several occasions in every • Review the KUSP2 Eligibility wet season. New culverts were put in place, Criteria (Appendix C) to see if with climate change considered, to alleviate any items can be modified into flooding M&E criteria. M&E Plan: Quarterly during the dry season and • Review the operation and monthly during the wet season (time-bound) for maintenance manual from the the new stormwater system. For each culvert in design phase as a source of the system: ideas for monitoring criteria. 1. Was the culvert inspected for blockages? (Specific, relevant, • Remove any redundant or non- measurable & achievable) relevant criteria. It’s easy when 2. Was the culvert cleaned out if blocked? generating ideas to generate (Specific, relevant, measurable & too many ideas to reasonably achievable) monitor with limited municipal 3. Was any flooding noted around budgets. Once a full list of infrastructure or have the community criteria ideas has been complained about any (i.e, is it resolving compiled, assess it and remove the Core problem) any ideas that won’t be relevant or achievable or essentially Evaluate the data and trends in the data in a monitor the same aspect. annual report (Regular Evaluation). The community can also be engaged Recommend changes, if any, to the M&E to provide ideas on what constitutes system in the annual report (continuous performance and to contribute to improvement) monitoring by alerting the municipality to faults. To facilitate community engagement, design a simple mechanism for feedback (e.g., a complaints box at the municipal office or an internet-based complaints form). Remember to allow budget for personnel resources to compile complaints into a database and distribute complaints to the relevant departments 44/61 Once monitoring data has been agreed, a system of regular evaluation should be created. For example, monitoring data could be evaluated once a year. Evaluation should identify trends, challenges, and opportunities for continuous improvement. The results of the M&E should be communicated to stakeholders, including Example: M&E Criteria measuring policymakers, infrastructure resilience planners, and the public. This communication should be Every year collect and evaluate the following data: transparent and help to inform decision-making on future 1. Number of trees in the area infrastructure investments. 2. Number of trees over 10 years old in the area 3. Number of culverts that include a climate change allowance in their design 4. Square metres of infrastructure below estimate sea- level in 2100 If urban designs include resilience measures, the above metrics should improve as time goes by. • 45/61 Appendix A: Region lookup table The following table provides a list of the urban areas of Kenya and their regions, in Alphabetical order. The relevant region can also be determined by using the map on the World Bank Knowledge Portal website. Urban Area Region Urban Area Region Awendo Nyanza Limuru Central Bomet Rift Valley Lodwar Rift Valley Bungoma Western Machakos Eastern Busia Western Malindi Coastal Eldoret Rift Valley Mandera North- eastern Embu Eastern Maralal Rift Valley Garissa North- eastern Marsabit Eastern Hola Coastal Mavoko Eastern Homa Bay Nyanza Meru Eastern Isiolo Eastern Migori Nyanza Iten/Tambach Rift Valley Mokowe Coastal Kabarnet Rift Valley Mumias Western Kajiado Rift Valley Muranga Central Kakamega Western Mwatate Coastal Kangundo- Eastern Nairobi Nairobi Tala Naivasha Rift Valley Kapenguria Rift Valley Nakuru Rift Valley Kapsabet Rift Valley Narok Rift Valley Karuri Central Ngong’ Rift Valley Kathwana Eastern Nyamira Nyanza Kericho Rift Valley Nyeri Central Kerugoya/ Central Ol Kalou Central Kiambu Central Rongo Nyanza Kikuyu Central Ruiru Central Kilifi Coastal Rumuruti Rift Valley Kimilili Western Siaya Nyanza Kisii Nyanza Thika Central Kisumu Nyanza Vihiga Western Kitale Rift Valley Wajir North- Kitui Eastern eastern Kutus Central Wote Eastern Kwale Coastal 46/61 Appendix B: Regional climate projections Climate change allowance curves (Source: World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal) Rainfall intensity (% change) [using Max 1 day rainfall as a proxy] V design life (to 2100) Max temp (% change) V design life (to 2100) Min Temp (% change) V design life (to 2100) Using a 2020 baseline 47/61 48/61 49/61 Regional tables of climate projections (Source: World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal) North-eastern region of Kenya climate change indicators – median projections Indicator Baseline year data Projected year data Projected change (2020) (2100) under within period scenario SSP5-8.5 Projected Mean- 28.03 31.62 12.81% Temperature (oC) Projected 503.89 729.59 44.8% Precipitation (mm) Annual SPEI 0.02 -0.1 Limited change Drought Index Projected Max 85.23 66.89 -21.51% Number of Consecutive Dry Days Average Largest 5- 58.87 76.59 30.11% day cumulative rainfall (mm) Average largest 1- 20.79 29.1 39.98% day precipitation (mm) Projected 38.66 43.02 11.28% Maximum of Daily Temperature Number of Hot 106.36 270.8 154.61% Days (Temperature>30C) Eastern region of Kenya climate change indicators – median projections Indicator Baseline year data Projected year data Projected change (2020) (2100) under within period scenario SSP5-8.5 Projected Mean- 24.8 28.38 14.44% Temperature (oC) Projected 531.23 829.81 56.21% Precipitation (mm) Annual SPEI 0 0.01 Limited change Drought Index 50/61 Indicator Baseline year data Projected year data Projected change (2020) (2100) under within period scenario SSP5-8.5 Projected Max 68.62 49.72 -27.54% Number of Consecutive Dry Days Average Largest 5- 62.09 82.89 33.5% day cumulative rainfall (mm) Average largest 1- 22.32 31.68 41.94% day precipitation (mm) Projected 30.69 34.19 11.41% Maximum of Daily Temperature Number of Hot 48.58 165.53 240.74% Days (Temperature>30C) Rift Valley region of Kenya climate change indicators – median projections Indicator Baseline year data Projected year data Projected change (2020) (2100) under within period scenario SSP5-8.5 Projected Mean- 22.51 26.23 16.53% Temperature (oC) Projected 806.7 1166.59 44.62% Precipitation (mm) Annual SPEI 0 0.02 Limited change Drought Index Projected Max 45.85 34.07 -25.69% Number of Consecutive Dry Days Average Largest 5- 74.99 100.15 33.56% day cumulative rainfall (mm) Average largest 1- 27.92 40.88 46.42% day precipitation (mm) Projected 29.14 32.73 12.32% Maximum of Daily Temperature 51/61 Number of Hot 34.78 106.32 205.69% Days (Temperature>30C) Western region of Kenya climate change indicators – median projections Indicator Baseline year Projected year data Projected change data (2020) (2100) under within period scenario SSP5-8.5 Projected Mean- 23.36 27.08 15.93% Temperature (oC) Projected Precipitation 1547.77 1910.086 23.41% (mm) Annual SPEI Drought 0.03 0.04 Limited change Index Projected Max Number 23.85 20.91 -12.32% of Consecutive Dry Days Average Largest 5-day 98.04 128.68 31.26% cumulative rainfall (mm) Average largest 1-day 33.04 45.85 38.78% precipitation (mm) Projected Maximum of 29.8 33.4 12.08% Daily Temperature Number of Hot Days 1.42 100.12 6950.75% (Temperature>30C) Nyanza region of Kenya climate change indicators – median projections Indicator Baseline year data Projected year data Projected change (2020) (2100) under within period scenario SSP5-8.5 Projected Mean- 22.91 26.68 16.46% Temperature (oC) Projected 1531.64 1909.95 24.7% Precipitation (mm) Annual SPEI 0.01 0.07 Limited change Drought Index Projected Max 34.73 33.18 -4.46% Number of Consecutive Dry Days 52/61 Average Largest 5- 108.8 137.38 26.27% day cumulative rainfall (mm) Average largest 1- 36.68 48.11 31.17% day precipitation (mm) Projected 29.18 32.83 12.51% Maximum of Daily Temperature Number of Hot 0.12 60.2 50066.67% Days (Temperature>30C) Central region of Kenya climate change indicators – median projections Indicator Baseline year data Projected year data Projected change (2020) (2100) under within period scenario SSP5-8.5 Projected Mean- 18.92 22.68 19.88% Temperature (oC) Projected 801.98 1144.11 42.67% Precipitation (mm) Annual SPEI -0.01 0.04 Limited change Drought Index Projected Max 38.55 35.99 -6.64% Number of Consecutive Dry Days Average Largest 5- 77.82 104.07 33.74% day cumulative rainfall (mm) Average largest 1- 27.69 38.8 40.13% day precipitation (mm) Projected 25.31 29.06 14.82% Maximum of Daily Temperature Number of Hot 0.03 8.64 28700% Days (Temperature>30C) Coastal region of Kenya climate change indicators – median projections Indicator Baseline year data Projected year data Projected change (2020) (2100) under within period scenario SSP5-8.5 53/61 Projected Mean- 25.97 29.5 13.6% Temperature (oC) Projected 754.28 937.02 24.23% Precipitation (mm) Annual SPEI 0.04 0.01 Limited change Drought Index Projected Max 51.88 49.56 -4.47% Number of Consecutive Dry Days Average Largest 5- 70.66 90.93 28.69% day cumulative rainfall (mm) Average largest 1- 24.55 33.39 36.01% day precipitation (mm) Projected 30.87 34.45 11.60% Maximum of Daily Temperature Number of Hot 23.02 150.81 555.13% Days (Temperature>30C) Projected Sea- 0 0.79 0.79m Increase Level Rise Nairobi region of Kenya climate change indicators – median projections Indicator Reference (2020) Projected 2100 Projected change (SSP5-8.5) within period Projected Mean- 22.82 26.57 16.44% Temperature (oC) Projected 764.94 1071.28 40.05% Precipitation (mm) Annual SPEI 0 0 No change Drought Index Average largest 1- 30.11 40.27 33.75% day precipitation (mm) Average Largest 5- 81.66 100.15 22.65% day cumulative rainfall (mm) Projected Max 57.68 51.43 -10.83% Number of Consecutive Dry Days 54/61 Indicator Reference (2020) Projected 2100 Projected change (SSP5-8.5) within period Projected 29.81 32.76 13.32% Maximum of Daily Temperature Number of Hot 0.24 166.36 69216.67% Days (Temperature>30C) 55/61 Appendix C: KUSP2 Eligibility Criteria No Mandatory or Criteria Evidence required to meet eligibility criteria Recommended 1 Mandatory The Project is included in Plans are available, and the project is included. the Urban Integrated Development Plan (IDeP) 2 Mandatory A site-specific Project An approved Project Report is available which Report has been fulfils its requirements (see guidance note). And completed, describing site NEMA approvals and license documentation are specific environmental and available. Project Report has been prepared by social impact assessment, an Environmental Assessment Expert, with a and NEMA license is current license from NEMA. obtained before commencement of works. 3 Mandatory Public was consulted An approved Project Report is available which during project details evidence of comprehensive public planning/design stages. consultation including duly signed minutes of consultation meetings with project affected persons and key stakeholders, attendance lists and filled questionnaires during planning and design stages. 4 Mandatory Identification of An approved Project Report is available which environmentally sensitive identifies any environmentally sensitive areas areas has been included that could be affected by the project, and any in the Project Report. potential impacts to them should be detailed and mitigated. These (environmentally sensitive) areas support urban resilience and provide future adaptation potential. 5 Mandatory The project is located The evidence is based on the project location. outside of riparian zones, The project should be sited outside of riparian or, when unavoidable, zones (as per the Water Act 2016), apart from measures are included to where unavoidable (for example, at a crossing). enhance riparian corridors. 6 Mandatory Climate Change Climate change projections have been Projections have been incorporated into the design. This includes: integrated into the project design. • All roof/site/road/storm drainage calculations have applied an appropriate climate change factor, based on regional rainfall intensity projections and project lifetime. • Maximum temperatures for material specification have incorporated climate change projections. This is most relevant for roads, in the specification of pavement 56/61 No Mandatory or Criteria Evidence required to meet eligibility criteria Recommended materials. Other materials specified (incl. plastics) should consider extreme surface temperatures in their specification. • Maximum temperatures for structural design have incorporated climate change projections. Structures could include buildings under urban economic and social infrastructure and disaster risk management. • Sea-level rise – all infrastructure is above the sea-level with climate change or protection has been designed. Evidence of the design considerations and assumptions (including climate projections) should be included in the Project Design Report. The EIA (Project Report) should also highlight these climate change risks and detail relevant climate projections within the ‘climate change vulnerability assessment’. Refer to the Guidelines for further information on climate projections. 7 Mandatory Relevant design codes Evidence: and guidelines for Kenya have been applied (or Design report details the application of relevant where not available design codes and guidelines have been applied. Eurocodes, South African Design report details the application of the below, guidelines or other where relevant. Relevant to buildings and international guidelines). structures across sectors: Other relevant design codes for structural • Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part resilience have been 1-4: General actions - Wind actions used. (existing wind map is valid, climate change had limited impact) Note: Kenya guidelines mandatory, other • Eurocode 8: Design of structures for guidelines recommended earthquake resilience (existing seismic map is valid, climate change had no impact) 8 Mandatory Demonstrated no third- The ultimate discharge point of all party flood risk. roof/site/road/storm drainage must be to an existing watercourse or drain. This should be identified in the Project Report and in the Project Design to ensure there are no increased local flood risks to any third-party property. Surface water drainage is potentially relevant for all sectors. 57/61 No Mandatory or Criteria Evidence required to meet eligibility criteria Recommended 9 Mandatory Demonstrated application Designs Report and Drawings illustrate the of Universal Design incorporation of universal access elements in line with existing design guidelines and standards. For streets and urban areas (parks, other public spaces around public buildings) the ‘Street Design Manual for Urban Areas in Kenya’ should be followed. For accessibility to buildings, the Draft National Building Code should be followed. 10 Mandatory Demonstrated inclusion of Designs report and drawings illustrate the Green Infrastructure in incorporation of Green Infrastructure elements in urban design line with existing design guidelines and standards. Green infrastructure must be incorporated into all public spaces – road corridors, NMT areas, around public buildings, and in parks, in line with the ‘Street Design Manual for Urban Areas in Kenya’ 11 Mandatory Demonstrated design Design reports, which include design Quality Compliance considerations and assumptions and design drawings, have been prepared and signed off by a Professional Engineer registered with / approved by the Engineers Board for Kenya. Professional Engineers - Engineers Board of Kenya (ebk.go.ke) 12 Mandatory The project is fully costed, Project budget, including contingency, has been including contingency, and included in Annual Development Plan or annual budget is available, before budget allocation for County or Municipality. commencement of construction. 13 Mandatory Demonstrated completion A Project Completion Report (or similar) is of works available including verification that all ESMP/NEMA license conditions have been completed. Records on all grievances received from all uptake channels and their resolution have been achieved. 14 Mandatory Demonstration that the Project Completion Report outlines materials project has been testing and any design variances. constructed in line with detailed design and specification. 15 Mandatory As built drawings are Appended to the Project Completion Report and available available in both hard and soft copy. 16 Mandatory Operation and An O&M plan should be included in the Project maintenance plan and Completion Report or evidence should be shown 58/61 No Mandatory or Criteria Evidence required to meet eligibility criteria Recommended responsibility AND budget of an updated O&M plan for the existing for operation and infrastructure showing the new asset. maintenance of infrastructure and services. All are to be identified before the commencement of construction. Where the asset is part of the existing system the existing plan, responsibilities and budget should be updated. 17 Mandatory The Project is included in Plans are available, and the project is included. the County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) 18 Mandatory Gender and inclusion There is evidence of a gender balance in the have been considered in documentation of public consultation within the the social impact Project Report (related to criteria 3) assessment in the Project Report The Project Report includes a Gender assessment that identifies the impacts of the project on women, men, children, disadvantaged groups, and on the economic and social fabric of the communities; as well as measures to incorporate into the design to mitigate these impacts. 19 Recommended The project is integrated Where sectoral investment plans or sectoral into strategic sectoral masterplans, are available, the Project is plans prioritised under the broader strategy for investment in that sector, based on a baseline assessment, and projected demand. (Sectoral plans are often included or appended to the urban spatial plans or IDePs. There are also County sector plans where capital investments may be prioritised) 20 Recommended A location hazard An approved Project Report is available which assessment is included in includes a climate change vulnerability the Project Report assessment. This should include an assessment of local hydrometeorological hazards, on or near the site, and measures to mitigate hazard risk. Where high-resolution hazard mapping is not available, this hazard ‘data’ can come from public consultation. Hazard risks should be mitigated on site only after alternative (lower hazard) locations have been considered and rejected. The Project Report must consider alternative locations, in high hazard areas. 59/61 No Mandatory or Criteria Evidence required to meet eligibility criteria Recommended 21 Recommended Inclusion of Green Design reports and Drawings illustrate Infrastructure in incorporation of Green Infrastructure elements in stormwater design stormwater infrastructure, including potentially, swales, raingardens, attenuation ponds, permeable paving, etc. 22 Recommended At least two stakeholder’s Evidence included in the PAP plan and the consultations with Project Project Completion Report. Additional concerns Affected Persons (PAPs) raised during stakeholder consultations are were undertaken during addressed. construction. 60/61