THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY JUNE 2025 Operations Policy & Country Services THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY JUNE 2025 Operations Policy & Country Services © 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. 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Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. iii SECTORS ARE • High-level groupings of economic activities based on the types of goods and services produced, • Used to indicate which part of the economy is supported by World Bank intervention, and • Mutually exclusive. SECTORS ARE NOT • Reflections of the World Bank’s administrative structure, • Used to indicate methods of delivery of World Bank support or ways of doing business, or • Measures of outcomes (for example, corporate priorities). iv THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS Acronym Description Acronym Description Artificial Intelligence ESF Environmental and Social Framework AI Anti-Money Laundering FAO Food and Agriculture Organization AML Antimicrobial Resistance FATF Financial Action Task Force AMR Business Process Outsourcing FCV Fragility, Conflict, and Violence BPO Call Center FSAP Financial Sector Assessment Program CC Carbon Capture and Storage FSB Financial Stability Board CCS Cross-Cutting Solutions Area GFS Government Finance Statistics CCSA Carbon Capture, Usage, and Storage GP Global Practice CCUS Content Distribution Network GVC Global Value Chain CDN Combating the Financing of Terrorism HD Human Development CFT Combined Heat and Power HEMIS Higher Education Management CHP Information System CoE Centers of Excellence IAIS International Association of Insurance CRS Common Reporting Standard Supervisors CSA Climate-Smart Agriculture ICT Information and Communication Climate-Smart Mineral Technology CSM IFFs Illicit Financial Flows CSO Civil Society Organization IFMIS Integrated Financial Management CSP Concentrating Solar Power Systems DPO Development Policy Operation International Organization of Securities IOSCO Digital Public Services Commissions DPS IoT Internet of Things E&S Environmental and Social IPF Investment Project Financing ECCE Early Childhood Care and Education ISCED International Standard Classification of ECD Early Childhood Development Education ECDE Early Childhood Development and IT Information Technology Education IXP Internet Exchange Point ECE Early Childhood Education LAN Local Area Network ECEC Early Childhood Education and Care LIC Low-Income Country EGMA Early Grade Math LLECE Latin American Laboratory for the EGRA Early Grade Reading Assessment of the Quality of Education EMIS Education Management Information LNG Liquefied Natural Gas System Energy Management System LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas EMS ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONyMS v Acronym Description Acronym Description M&E Monitoring and Evaluation REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation Macroeconomics, Trade & Investment and Forest Degradation MFM Global Practice REIT Real Estate Investment Trust MIC Middle-Income Country SACMEQ Southern and Eastern Africa Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises Consortium for Monitoring Educational MSMEs Quality MTPL Motor Third-Party Insurance SCADA Supervisory Control and Data NBFI Non-Bank Financial Institutions Acquisition Nature-Based Solutions SDGs Sustainable Development Goals NBS Nongovernmental Organization SHS Solar Home System NGO National Research and Education SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises NREN Networks State-Owned Enterprise SOE OECD Organisation for Economic Co- SPL Social Protection and Labor Operation and Development SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement OT Operational Technology StAR Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative PASEC Program for the Analysis of Education Systems STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, and Public Expenditure and Financial Mathematics PEFA Accountability STI Science, Technology, and Innovation PIRLS Progress in International Reading Sewage Treatment Plant STP Literacy Study TA Technical Assistance PISA Program for International Student Assessment TIMSS Trends in International Mathematics Public-Private Dialogue and Science Study PPD WAN Wide Area Network PPP Public-Private Partnership WOAH World Organization for Animal Health PV Photovoltaic WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant R&D Research and Development vi THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY CONTENTS AGRICULTURE, FISHING, AND FORESTRY [AAX] 1 Crops [AAH] 2 Livestock [AAL] 4 Irrigation and Drainage [AAI] 6 Agricultural Extension, Research, and Other Support Activities [AAB] 7 Forestry [AAT] 8 Fisheries [AAF] 9 Public Administration — Agriculture, Fishing, and Forestry [AAK] 11 Other — Agriculture, Fishing, and Forestry [AAZ] 12 DIGITAL DEVELOPMENT [DDX] 13 Digital Infrastructure [DDI] 14 Digital Economy — Digital Industry [DDE] 16 Digital Social Sectors [DDS] 18 Digital Government — Public Administration [DDG] 19 Cybersecurity [DDC] 20 EDUCATION [EEX] 21 Early Childhood Education [EEC] 22 Primary Education [EEP] 24 Lower Secondary General Education [EEJ] 26 Upper Secondary General Education [EEU] 28 Tertiary Education [EET] 30 Technical-Vocational Education and Skills Training [EEW] 32 Adult Basic and Continuing Education [EEL] 34 Public Administration — Education [EEF] 35 ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES [LLX] 37 Mining Sustainability and Mine Closure [LLM] 38 Gases for Energy Transition [LLG] 39 Energy Generation — Solar [LLU] 40 Energy Generation — Wind [LLW] 41 Energy Generation — Hydro [LLH] 42 Energy Generation — Bioenergy [LLB] 43 Energy Generation — Geothermal [LLI] 45 Energy Generation —Non-Renewable [LLN] 46 CONTENTS vii Energy Networks and Storage [LLT] 47 Public Administration — Energy [LLP] 49 Other — Energy and Mineral Resources [LLZ] 50 FINANCIAL SECTOR [FFX] 51 Banking Institutions [FFA] 52 Insurance and Pensions [FFD] 54 Capital Markets [FFK] 56 Public Administration — Financial Sector [FFP] 58 Other — Non-Bank Financial Institutions [FFL] 60 HEALTH [HHX] 61 Health [HHG] 62 Health Facilities and Construction [HHQ] 63 Public Administration — Health [HHF] 64 INDUSTRY, TRADE, AND SERVICES [YYX] 65 Agricultural Markets, Commercialization, Agribusiness, and Agriculture Finance [YYA] 66 Housing Construction [YYH] 68 Trade [YYY] 69 Services [YYS] 70 Manufacturing [YYM] 71 Tourism [YYT] 72 Public Administration — Industry, Trade, and Services [YYF] 73 Other — Industry, Trade, and Services [YYZ] 74 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION [BBX] 75 Central Government (Central Agencies) [BBC] 76 Subnational Government [BBH] 78 Law and Justice [BBG] 80 Other — Public Administration [BBZ] 81 SOCIAL PROTECTION [SSX] 83 Social Protection [SSA] 84 Public Administration — Social Protection [SSG] 86 SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY AND INCLUSION [NNX] 87 Social Inclusion [NNI] 88 Social Cohesion and Resilience [NNC] 89 Public Administration — Social Risk Management [NNF] 90 viii THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY TRANSPORTATION [TTX] 91 Rural and Inter-Urban Roads [TTI] 92 Railways [TTW] 93 Aviation [TTV] 94 Ports/Waterways [TTP] 95 Urban Transport [TTC] 96 Public Administration — Transportation [TTF] 97 Other — Transportation [TTZ] 98 WATER, SANITATION, AND WASTE MANAGEMENT [WWX] 99 Sanitation [WWA] 100 Solid Waste Management [WWB] 102 Water Supply [WWC] 104 Water Resources [WWW] 106 Public Administration — Water, Sanitation, and Solid Waste Management [WWF] 108 Other — Water, Sanitation, and Solid Waste Management [WWZ] 109 CONTENTS ix x THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY AGRICULTURE, FISHING, AND FORESTRY [AAX] 1 Crops [AAH] Definition • An appropriate institutional framework (public, private, and cooperative/ This sector describes every aspect of the associative sectors), for example, productive process involving activities that certification, legal framework enable annual and perennial crop production, governing cooperative and associative through the provision of inputs and the supply arrangements, out grower arrangements, of crop management services, be those manual and contract farming; or mechanized. All activities in crop production, • Appropriate global public goods from land preparation until harvesting, can be engagement (climate, natural resources, included here. public health, and equity); and a. The sector involves various systems of • Access to knowledge (research, crop production including monocropping extension, advisory services, education, (entire field under one crop, for example, training, and capacity building). the extensive rice paddy fields in Asia), intercropping (field with alternate rows of different crops, as typically found Typical Examples of Coded among subsistence farmers in Africa and Activities elsewhere), and mixed cropping (field with multiple crops seemingly randomly • Cereal grains placed, as typically found in sustainable • Cocoa agriculture). It includes single cropping (one • Coconut harvest per growing season, for example, • Coffee annual crops such as cereal grains or cotton, or even going beyond one year, • Cotton such as sugarcane) and multiple cropping • Cut flowers (more than one harvest per growing • Food crops season, typical in leafy vegetables). • Fruits b. The sector includes a range of interventions • Maize to ensure • Nuts • An appropriate policy/regulatory • Oil palm framework, for example, pricing policy including subsidies and public • Quinoa procurement; • Rice • Rubber • Spices • Sugarcane • Tea 2 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY • Teff Examples of Excluded Activities • Tobacco For agrovoltaics or solar photovoltaic (PV) • Tree crops energy installed on agricultural land, use Energy • Tubers Generation — Solar [LLU]. • Vegetables • Herbs Mapping and Ownership • Medicinal plants Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Wheat AGF • Dedicated fodder crops (crops grown Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme exclusively for feeding animals, for example, ENB, WTR forage sorghum and millet, alfalfa, and fodder legumes). AGRICULTURE, FISHING, AND FORESTRy [AAX] 3 Livestock [AAL] Definition • Access to land and water (including the specificity of pastoral areas), and This sector describes every aspect of the • Access to knowledge (research, extension, productive process involving domesticated advisory services, and education). animals (and farmed wildlife) along the value chains. Note: The topic is multi-sector by nature, cross-referencing several Global Practices (GPs) and Cross-Cutting Solutions Areas (CCSAs). The sector encompasses various systems of animal production such as (a) grazing systems and extensive rangeland/grassland systems of production, exemplified by the nomadic system Typical Examples of Coded of Mongolia or the transhumant (seasonal Activities movement of people with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures) • Public livestock sector reform; public pastoral and agropastoral systems of the and private veterinarians; veterinary arid and semiarid zones of Africa or the more statutory bodies; producers/livestock/ sedentary subhumid and tropical grassland herders’ organizations, associations, and systems of Central and South America; (b) cooperatives; public-private partnerships mixed crop-and-livestock systems and crop- (PPPs); livestock services providers; livestock-forestry systems, which involve livestock/veterinary education, training, animals, crops, and trees being produced in and research institutes; livestock the same area of land and make up the largest extension services; veterinary pharmacies; category of animal production in the world; and and veterinary diagnostic and vaccine (c) the semi-intensive systems found in low- production laboratories income country peri-urban settings or more • Policies, legislation, regulations; World intensive/industrial systems, which are more Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) prominent in middle-income countries (MICs) international standards and guidelines; and developed countries. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) good practices guidelines; sanitary and The sector includes a range of interventions phytosanitary agreement (SPS); and Codex to ensure Alimentarius • An appropriate policy/regulatory • Productivity of livestock sector, access to framework, market, value chain, and international trade • An appropriate institutional framework of livestock products (public, private, and cooperative/associative sectors), • Appropriate global public goods engagement (climate, natural resources, public health, and equity), 4 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY • Animal health, animal health services, • Community-based disaster preparedness/ veterinary services, antimicrobial resistance management, mitigation programs, and (AMR), pandemics, animal diseases resilience prevention/surveillance/control/eradication • Waste/manure management, organic programs, and compensation mechanisms fertilizer, and bio-digester • Food safety of products of animal origin, • Animal husbandry, animal breeds, animal identification, and traceability genetic resources, and biodiversity • Animal welfare • Meat, red meat, eggs, milk, dairy products, • Breeding services, genetics, artificial hides and skins, wool, and honey. insemination, and open access breeding system Examples of Excluded Activities • Feeding services, feed, and animal nutrition Fisheries (including aquaculture) are excluded. • Water infrastructures—access and Use Fisheries [AAF]. management • Quarantine stations, border and inland Mapping and Ownership inspection posts, transport, transhumance corridors, assembly centers, resting areas, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme slaughterhouses, and processing and AGF marketing infrastructures (transformation, storage, and retail) Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. • Rangeland/grassland management, natural resources management, agro-sylvo-pastoral management AGRICULTURE, FISHING, AND FORESTRy [AAX] 5 Irrigation and Drainage [AAI] Definition Technical support for development of irrigation and drainage, including support Support to abstraction, transfer, storage, for upstream or feasibility studies; legal conveyance, distribution, and application of assessments and studies; and activities water as well as its drainage for agricultural dealing with monitoring, training, and capacity production. development of irrigation and drainage-related public and private sector institutions (that are not captured by public administration or private Typical Examples of Coded sector development codes). Activities Note: For activities that improve efficiency of energy demand Investments in agricultural water delivery in this sector, see corresponding Theme code [241805] Energy Efficient Demand. systems of any type and technology, including greenfield, rehabilitation, modernization operations, irrigation water supply, and drainage provision. These include all types Examples of Excluded Activities and components of irrigation and drainage systems (for example, headworks, water Use Energy and Mineral Resources [LLX] Sector storage reservoirs, pumping stations and code for reservoirs and dams used mainly for electro‑mechanical devices, main and hydropower and agrovoltaics or solar power secondary canals and structures, tertiary generation used for irrigation or drainage canals and distribution structures, pressurized (Energy Generation, Hydro [LLH]). conveyance systems, on-farm water application, subsurface irrigation, subsurface and surface Mapping and Ownership drainage structures, and water use and drainage monitoring systems), solar‑powered Lead Global Practice/Global Theme irrigation, and recession agriculture— AGF, WTR encompassing both individual and collective irrigation and drainage systems. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. Investments in agricultural water management aimed at climate adaptation and mitigation include climate-smart agriculture (CSA), nature‑based solutions (NBS), and circular economy measures—pertaining to water in agriculture. 6 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Agricultural Extension, Research, and Other Support Activities [AAB] Definition • Agricultural R&D partnerships between public and private agencies All activities to strengthen the technological or • Agricultural training and education knowledge base within the agricultural sector (which encompasses the value chains for all • Extension and advisory services crops and livestock and agricultural research • Capacity building of private sector and civil and development [R&D]). Agricultural research is society agriculture extension and advisory usually focused on the improved understanding services agents of agricultural production processes and the generation of new technologies. Agricultural • Capacity building of agro-entrepreneurs, extension is focused on the application by agribusinesses, agro-dealers, and farmers, farmers of all types of new technologies, sourced as well as agricultural or agribusiness from domestic research, technology transfer from technology demonstrations other countries, experiences of other farmers • Support to agricultural centers of excellence etc. Agricultural innovation is the preferred term • Capacity building of agricultural research to take account of the growing role of the private organizations and of agriculture extension sector, including public-private partnerships and advisory services agents in agricultural (PPPs), and of partnership arrangements in ministries and other agencies changing and strengthening the technological base of the sector. The code also describes • The development and application of other public support services such as seed information and communication technology certification, market information systems, and (ICT) in the agricultural sector, along the business development services and covers public value chain, and for improved natural investments in agriculture education systems. resource management • Market information system business Typical Examples of Coded development support. Activities Examples of Excluded Activities • Agricultural R&D n.a. • Activities in support of the governance of agricultural innovation systems Mapping and Ownership • Competitive grant and matching grant schemes to support agricultural innovation Lead Global Practice/Global Theme AGF • Participatory research and technology development Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme WTR AGRICULTURE, FISHING, AND FORESTRy [AAX] 7 Forestry [AAT] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities This code captures all the activities related to • Value chains for timber and non-timber management of natural forests, plantations forest products. This type of activity is to (from small- to large-scale), and tree planting in be covered under Agro-Industry, Marketing agricultural farms. and Trade. • Forest-based tourism. This type of activity Typical Examples of Coded is to be covered under Tourism [YYT]. Activities • Activities focused solely on reforms and public administration related to the • Participatory forest management management of forests. These types • Management of production forests (natural of activities are to be covered by Public and/or planted), including operation of Administration - Agriculture, Fishing and forest tree nurseries growing roundwood/ Forestry [AAK]. pulpwood/firewood, forest fire fighting and protection, forest pest control, Mapping and Ownership forest inventories, forest management consultancy services, and timber evaluation Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Production of non-timber forest products ENB • Forest conservation and biodiversity Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme protection n.a. • Tree planting on farms (agroforestry and silvopastoralism systems) • Forest landscape planning and restoration • Watershed management • Forest-based mitigation actions (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation—REDD+) • Tree-based resilience activities. 8 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Fisheries [AAF] Definition Typical Examples of Coded Increasing the economic, social, and Activities environmental benefits of capture fisheries and Fisheries aquaculture through sustainable approaches. • Sustainable fisheries management • Sustainable aquaculture development Capture fisheries. This includes all collection, hunting, and capture of aquatic species, both • Improvement of global fisheries governance marine and freshwater, destined for direct • Development of pathways to innovative human consumption and commercialization fisheries financing via local, regional, and global markets as well as for fishmeal/fish oil, ornamental • Fish market diagnostics trade, aquaculture/ranching, and recreation/ • Support to aquaculture value chain analysis tourism. The sector encompasses many levels and improvement of organization and industrialization from • Support to the development of aquaculture subsistence fishing to artisanal commercial technical services by the private sector fishing, to large vessels capable of fishing for months and collecting tons of fish at a time. • Support to government capacity building in While some fisheries are sustainable and aquaculture profitable, most are typically characterized • Aquaculture small and medium enterprises by open access governance and subsidies (SMEs) finance and/or other support to leading to resource degradation/depletion commercial development of aquaculture and a subsequent poverty and vulnerability businesses trap for fishers and their families. This topic is therefore multi-sector by nature, • Regulatory, institutional, and/or policy cross-referencing several Global Practices reforms for improving the sustainability of (GPs) and Cross-Cutting Solutions Areas aquaculture investments and development (CCSAs) for the following aspects: sustainability operations and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), • Investments and provision of technical poverty resilience, fragility and conflict, climate, support to the elaboration and environment, nutrition, gender, and trade implementation of an ecosystems approach and competitiveness. • Regulatory, institutional, and/or policy Aquaculture. Any activity related to the reforms for risk reduction in the production, sale, development context, and/or aquaculture sector, including insurance technical support to aquaculture enterprises • Creation of aquaculture zones, parks, or at all scales. It includes assessment and other spatial solutions. conservation of biodiversity used in or affected by aquaculture. AGRICULTURE, FISHING, AND FORESTRy [AAX] 9 Capture Fisheries Examples of Excluded Activities • Participatory management/comanagement n.a. of fisheries • Regulatory, institutional, and/or policy reforms for enabling sustainable fishing Mapping and Ownership • Protection of fishery ecosystem productivity Lead Global Practice/Global Theme and resilience through habitat protection, ENB restoration, and zoning Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Marine spatial planning for fisheries n.a. management and tenure • Improvement of global fisheries governance • Development of pathways to innovative fisheries finance • Analysis of employment options in coastal communities to reduce fishing capacity and effort • Minimizing of the environmental impacts of poor fishing practices. 10 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Public Administration — Agriculture, Fishing, and Forestry [AAK] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Activities supporting management, governance, n.a. and public administration of agriculture, fishing, and forestry sectors. Mapping and Ownership Note: “Agricultural” includes crops, livestock, capture fisheries, aquaculture, agroforestry, and timber and non-timber Lead Global Practice/Global Theme forest products. AGF Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme ENB, WTR Typical Examples of Coded Activities • Development, reform, and repurposing of agricultural sector policies, strategy, and public expenditures • Administration of government agricultural programs including planning, monitoring, and evaluation of agricultural policies, strategy, and programs • Cross-ministry/department coordination • Institutional capacity building in agricultural ministries and public agencies • Agricultural sector studies, surveys, and assessments led by the relevant ministries or public agencies • Agricultural information system administered by the relevant ministries or public agencies. AGRICULTURE, FISHING, AND FORESTRy [AAX] 11 Other — Agriculture, Fishing, and Forestry [AAZ] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Use only if no other agriculture, fishing, n.a. and forestry sector is appropriate. Mapping and Ownership Typical Examples of Coded Lead Global Practice/Global Theme Activities AGF n.a. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme ENB, SSI, WTR 12 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY DIGITAL DEVELOPMENT [DDX] 13 Digital Infrastructure [DDI] Definition On the other hand, data infrastructure components may include the establishment The code involves the acquisition and of government-owned national data centers, deployment of hardware, software, network development and migration of applications to resources, and services that enable the government cloud platforms, and subscription transmission, storage, and processing of data. to cloud-based services. It includes connectivity/internet/broadband infrastructure, which facilitates the transmission Typical Examples of Coded of data through various types of networks, and data infrastructure, which stores and processes Activities data with the necessary computing hardware, • Deployment of broadband networks resources, and platforms (data centers and through regional and national backbone, cloud services). backhaul and local networks (fixed, mobile, and satellite), submarine cable The code includes policy and regulatory infrastructure, shared infrastructure, and support to foster an enabling environment alternative networks for digital infrastructure markets, including telecommunications, data centers, and cloud. • Local Area Network (LAN)/Wide Area Examples include telecommunications technical Network (WAN) among government regulation, spectrum management, support agencies and public institutions—for to market liberalization and state-owned example, providing National Research and enterprise (SOE) privatization, universal service Education Networks (NREN) to schools and funds, national data hosting strategy, and universities cloud-first policy. • Voucher programs and subsidies/financing Note: For more details on enabling policies, see Theme for access devices Code [250100 and 250101] for telecommunications/ • Deployment of data centers, internet connectivity infrastructure and Theme Code [250200] for data infrastructure. exchange points (IXPs), content distribution networks (CDNs), and cloud computing In a project, connectivity infrastructure platforms components may include investments in • Deployment of Internet of Things (IoT), the first, middle, and last mile of broadband such as with mobile devices, computers, networks, either wholly or in part through sensor networks, voice-activated devices, public-private partnerships (PPPs), subsidies, geospatial instruments, machine-to- or indirectly, through demand aggregation machine communications, and vehicle-to- activities; policy and regulatory support as vehicle communications described above; and financing for affordable device access, such as the provision of risk- • Replacement of existing power-inefficient sharing facilities to unlock consumer financing data infrastructure with higher-efficiency for devices as well as end-user subsidies. equipment. 14 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Note: See Theme Code [250100 and 250102] for a Examples of Excluded Activities comprehensive overview of broadband-related activities and Theme Code [250200] for a comprehensive overview of data n.a. infrastructure-related activities. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme FCI, GOV, MTI DIGITAL DEVELOPMENT [DDX] 15 Digital Economy — Digital Industry [DDE] Definition • Support for the integration of smart digital solutions into infrastructure and non‑digital Activities that support development and job industry creation in domestic and export-oriented • Promoting growth of data economy and information technology (IT) industries that data markets through policy interventions. fall under the general umbrella of supply of IT products and services, defined as information and communication technology Examples of Excluded Activities (ICT) infrastructure, equipment, and digital • General competition, taxation, and data and other digital services. Activities aimed innovation policy at the national level and/ at integration of data-driven IT solutions in or as applied outside the “digital sector,” as non-IT industry (smart industry) and smart well as how they apply to broader digital infrastructure. Activities that strengthen digital transactions and start-ups or firms with economy strategy, policy, regulation and digital/data business models and offerings enabling environment, data economy, and data markets. • General support for start-ups with digital business models (not explicitly targeted at the digital sector) or adoption of digital Typical Examples of Coded technologies by firms, which should use Activities Theme Codes [120401] Entrepreneurship and Digital Entrepreneurship or [120300] Analytical work, advisory work, and investment Innovation, Technology, and Green operations focused on the following: Competitiveness • National digital sector development strategy, planning and governance, and • General support for firms outside of the policy and regulatory environment digital sector that use digital business model, which should use Theme Code • Subsidy schemes or tax incentives to [120302] E-commerce, Private Sector support investment and growth of digital Platforms, and Cross-Border Digital Trade sector firms • General support for creative economy • Promotion of research, development, sectors (outside of the digital sector) and innovation in the digital sector that may use digital technologies, which • Skill development and job placement should use Theme Code [120404] Sector support targeting the digital sector Competitiveness and Jobs (domestic or export oriented), including remote work facilitated through digital platforms 16 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY • General support for smart agriculture Mapping and Ownership solutions, which should use Theme Lead Global Practice/Global Theme Code [251301] Digital and Data-Driven DT Agriculture. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme EDU, FCI, GOV, INF, MTI, SPJ DIGITAL DEVELOPMENT [DDX] 17 Digital Social Sectors [DDS] Definition • Support for the integration of digital technologies into social services to improve The Digital Social Sectors code encompasses access for vulnerable populations. activities that leverage digital technologies to enhance services and improve the quality Examples of Excluded Activities of life for individuals and communities. This includes the use of digital tools and platforms • General support for digital infrastructure to support sectors such as health, education, that is not specifically targeted at social social protection, and community development, sectors all aimed at serving the public interest and • Activities that primarily focus on economic providing public goods. development or industrial applications of digital technologies Typical Examples of Coded • Support for digital services that are not Activities directly related to social outcomes, such as e-commerce or digital finance • Implementation of telemedicine services, electronic health records, and mobile health • Activities where the digitalization aspect applications to improve access to health is not substantive and more tangential in care and enhance health outcomes nature. This includes projects where digital tools or platforms are used in a minimal • Deployment of e-learning platforms, or peripheral manner, without significantly digital classrooms, and online educational enhancing the core objectives or results of resources to enhance learning experiences the social sector initiatives. For example, and educational outcomes using digital tools merely for project • Use of digital platforms or approaches for administrative purposes or communication the delivery of social protection programs, without integrating them into the primary such as cash transfers, food assistance, service delivery or impact mechanism. and unemployment benefits • Implementation of digital tools and Mapping and Ownership platforms to support community engagement, participatory governance, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme and local development initiatives DT • Use of digital solutions for emergency Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme response during fragility, conflict, and EDU, FCI, GOV, HNP, POV, SPJ, SSI violence (FCV) incidents and natural disasters 18 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Digital Government — Public Administration [DDG] Definition • TA and/or financing operations to support digital transformations across sectors, This code refers to digital transformation leveraging integrated approaches to that strengthens public administration, government services delivery, DPI, government service delivery, and shared and digital foundations (cloud hosting, resources through digital public infrastructure cybersecurity, broadband connectivity, (DPI) and generates positive spillovers for digital skills, and so on) private sector digitalization. It encompasses • Institutional reform efforts that create Technical Assistance (TA) and financing aimed Digital Service Delivery Units in the Office at implementing new or enhanced Digital of the President, Office of the Prime Public Services (DPS) and regulatory reforms to Minister, and so on or similar structures enable and safeguard cross-sector digitalization to ensure consistent digital transformation and develop new markets for digital services. across the whole of government The efforts also include strengthening data governance and quality, boosting policy and • Investments in digital policy and regulatory regulatory frameworks, enhancing institutional frameworks to strengthen the enabling leadership and capacity for digitalization, and environment for digital transformation. supporting change management to effectively transition to digital services and transactions. Examples of Excluded Activities • Support for digital systems that are Typical Examples of Coded primarily intended to support specific Activities sectoral use cases, such as digitalization of health systems, education, and social • TA and/or financing to support digital protection delivery systems transformations for new or enhanced digital services—including for government service • Physical infrastructure enabling digital delivery and broader DPI, such as digital connectivity, for example, expansion of identity, digital payments, e-signatures, internet coverage, expansion/reform and data management (for example, base/ of telecommunications sector, mobile foundational registers) and data sharing communications, and mobile devices. • TA and/or financing to support policy, Mapping and Ownership institutional strengthening, and regulatory reforms that enable digital Lead Global Practice/Global Theme services provided by governments and in DT partnership with the private sector while safeguarding public goods Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGR, EDU, FCI, GOV, HNP, MTI, SPJ DIGITAL DEVELOPMENT [DDX] 19 Cybersecurity [DDC] Definition • Cyber skills development programs; • Cyber academies and skills development Cybersecurity is the practice of preventing, programs; detecting, and responding to incidents in the digital environment through risk management. • Cybersecurity awareness raising for the The goal of cybersecurity is to maintain the public at large or targeted audiences; confidentiality, integrity, and availability of • Government-private sector engagement networks and data, hence fostering overall trust on cybersecurity; in digital transformation. • Cyber industry and ecosystem development; and Typical Examples of Coded • Activities supporting cross-border Activities or regional cyber collaboration. Initiatives aimed at the development and capacity building of, among others: Examples of Excluded Activities • Cybersecurity diagnostics and assessments; Data protection and privacy-related activities • National strategy, policies, and action plans; not related to cybersecurity. • Cybersecurity and cybercrime legal frameworks; Mapping and Ownership • Cybersecurity institutional and governance structures; Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT • Critical infrastructure identification, its risk management, and protection; Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Cybersecurity incident response capabilities EEX, FCI, GOV, MTI and investments in incident response teams and tools; • Cyber crisis preparedness; 20 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY EDUCATION [EEX] 21 Early Childhood Education [EEC] Definition • Early stimulation, childcare, creches, or nursery (generally for children of ages Early childhood education (ECE) targets 0–2) are organized efforts to promote children below the age of entry into primary children’s learning and can be delivered via education. While the design and intensity of center-based or home-based programs. such programs vary across countries, an ECE An essential aspect of early stimulation program should have an intentional education is ongoing, attentive, and responsive aim to promote children’s socio-emotional and interaction between the caregiver and the cognitive development and may also include child. These programs can be delivered an emphasis on improving children’s physical through a variety of sectors but would development, health, and nutrition. be counted as ECE only if they have an intentional education component for These programs may be referred to young children. differently in different countries, such as • ECE/pre-primary/preschool/kindergarten/ early childhood development (ECD), early reception (generally for children of ages childhood development and education 3–6) are programs that tend to focus (ECDE), early childhood care and education on helping children develop the pre- (ECCE), early childhood education and care literacy, pre-numeracy, and social skills (ECEC), playschool, reception, pre-primary, they will need to succeed in school. These kindergarten, school readiness, or preschool. programs are generally delivered through There may also be overlap between childcare the education sector. This subsector provision and ECE in some countries. corresponds to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) level 0. Countries offer ECE in different ways and may target different age ranges. In some countries, pre-primary education officially starts at age 3, Typical Examples of Coded and in others at age 4 or 5. Some countries split Activities their early learning activities before primary school into phases: • Construction, refurbishment, and rehabilitation of ECE facilities, including energy efficiency measures in ECE facilities (note corresponding Theme code Energy Efficient Demand [241805]) • Furnishing and equipment of ECE institutions • Development and expansion of ECE programs 22 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY • Childcare when it is designed to promote • ECE-specific policies, plans, quality children’s learning standards, legislation, and regulations. If the policy, plan, or regulation includes multiple • Teacher recruitment, deployment, and in- sectors, code as Public Administration — service training programs for ECE Education [EFF]. • ECE curriculum development • PPPs in ECE provision and administration. • ECE reading, teaching, learning, and play This includes for-profit private providers, materials nongovernmental organization (NGOs), • Interactive audio instruction, interactive faith-based organizations, community radio instruction, edutainment, or organizations, and any other providers other tech-enabled efforts to promote outside of the public sector. early learning or provide parents with information to support children’s learning Examples of Excluded Activities at home (radio, TV, internet, and mobile) • Pre-service teacher training for early • Measurement of child development childhood education teachers should be outcomes and ECE classroom quality coded as Tertiary Education [EET]. through ECE learning assessments and school readiness assessments • School leadership training for ECE institutions should be coded under Public • Training and materials for parents and Administration — Education [EEF]. caregivers to facilitate children’s learning (including early reading) at home • Communication campaigns to increase ECE Mapping and Ownership enrollment and parental engagement in ECE Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Efforts to target or promote ECE inclusion EDU or support vulnerable populations (by ethnicity, region, socioeconomic status, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme disability, and so on) n.a. • Community grants for ECE provision EDUCATION [EEX] 23 Primary Education [EEP] Definition Typical Examples of Coded The primary education subsector corresponds Activities to the International Standard Classification of • Construction and/or rehabilitation of Education (ISCED) level 1. Primary education primary education facilities, including programs may also be referred to as energy efficiency measures in primary elementary education or basic education, but education facilities (note corresponding in basic education, primary education is only Theme code Energy Efficient Demand the first stage/lower grades. Basic education [241805]) is the combination of both primary and lower • Furnishings, equipment, and technology for secondary education sectors. primary education institutions Primary education programs are typically • Grants, scholarships, vouchers, conditional designed to provide students with fundamental cash transfers, and targeted incentives for skills in reading, writing, and mathematics along primary enrollment and attendance with an elementary understanding of other • Primary education curriculum, textbooks, subjects such as history, geography, natural and teaching/learning materials science, social sciences, art, and music. They focus on learning at a basic level of complexity • Programs to improve access and equity in with little, if any, specialization. The objective primary education, for example, activities is the establishment of a solid foundation for that support girls’ primary education, learning in the preparation for lower secondary primary education in rural areas, inclusive education. education at the primary level, and social mobilization campaigns to encourage Age is typically the only entry requirement at enrollment and attendance at the this level. The customary or legal age of entry is primary level usually not below 5 years old nor above 7 years • Second chance, alternative, or reintegration old. This level typically lasts six years, although programs for children who left school its duration can range between four and before completing primary education seven years. Primary education typically lasts (this sector includes primary education until age 10 to 12. Upon completion of primary of overage children) education programs, children may continue • Teacher recruitment, certification, and their education in lower secondary education deployment for primary education (ISCED level 2). • In-service teacher training programs for primary education 24 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY • Learning assessments at the primary Examples of Excluded Activities education level, for example, support for • Pre-service teacher training of primary Progress in International Reading Literacy school teachers should be coded as Tertiary Study (PIRLS), Trends in International Education [EET]. Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) (4th grade), Program for the Analysis of • Primary education provision to adults is Education Systems (PASEC), Southern and included under Adult Basic and Continuing Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Education [EEL]. Educational Quality (SACMEQ), Latin • School principal training and school-based American Laboratory for the Assessment of management for primary education should the Quality of Education (LLECE), and Early be coded as Public Administration — Grade Reading (EGRA)/Early Grade Math Education [EEF]. (EGMA) assessments • School grants for quality improvement in Mapping and Ownership primary education institutions • Primary education policies, plans, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme legislation, standards, and regulations. If EDU the policy or plan includes multiple sectors, code as Public Administration — Education Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme [EEF]. n.a. EDUCATION [EEX] 25 Lower Secondary General Education [EEJ] Definition Typical Examples of Coded Lower secondary general education programs Activities can be referred to as junior secondary school, • Construction and/or rehabilitation of lower middle school, or junior high school. The later secondary education facilities, including grades of basic education programs are also energy efficiency measures in lower lower secondary education. Lower secondary secondary general education facilities (note education typically begins after 4–7 years of corresponding Theme code Energy Efficient primary education. It typically ends 8–11 years Demand [241805]) after the start of primary education with • Furnishings and equipment for lower 9 years being the most widespread cumulative secondary education institutions duration. At the end of lower secondary, pupils are typically of ages 14–16. Lower secondary • Grants, scholarships, vouchers, conditional education corresponds to the International cash transfers, and targeted incentives for Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) lower secondary enrollment and attendance level 2. • Curriculum revision, textbooks, and teaching/learning materials for lower Some education systems divide lower secondary education secondary education into general and vocational tracks. Only general lower secondary • Programs to improve access and equity in education programs should be coded under lower secondary education, for example, this sector. Vocational programs should be activities that support girls’ lower secondary included under code Technical-Vocational education, lower secondary education in Education and Skills Training [EEW]. rural areas, inclusive education at the lower secondary level, and social mobilization Lower secondary general education programs campaigns to encourage enrollment and are usually organized around a more subject- attendance at the lower secondary level oriented curriculum that introduces theoretical • Alternative, second chance, or reintegration concepts across a broad range of subjects. programs for children who left school Teachers typically have pedagogical training before completing lower secondary in specific subjects and, more often than in education (this sector includes lower primary education, a class of students may have secondary education of overage children) several teachers with specialized knowledge of • Teacher recruitment, certification, and the subjects they teach. deployment for lower secondary education • In-service teacher training programs for lower secondary education. 26 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY • Learning assessments at the lower • Pre-service teacher training of lower secondary education level, for example, secondary teachers should be coded as support for Program for International Tertiary Education [EET]. Student Assessment (PISA), Trends in • Secondary education provision to adults is International Mathematics and Science included under Adult Basic and Continuing Study (TIMSS) (8th grade), and national Education [EEL]. assessments of lower secondary students. • Lower secondary education policies, plans, Mapping and Ownership legislation, standards, and regulations. If the policy or plan includes multiple sectors, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme code as Public Administration — Education EDU [EEF]. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • School grants for the provision of quality n.a. improvement in lower secondary education institutions. Examples of Excluded Activities • School principal training and school- based management for lower secondary education should be coded as Public Administration — Education [EEF]. • Vocational education on the lower secondary level should be coded as Technical-Vocational Education and Skills Training [EEW]. EDUCATION [EEX] 27 Upper Secondary General Education [EEU] Definition Typical Examples of Coded Upper secondary general education can be Activities referred to as senior secondary school, high • Construction and/or rehabilitation of upper school, or senior high school. Upper secondary secondary education facilities, including education programs are typically designed energy efficiency measures in upper to prepare students for tertiary education secondary general education facilities (note or provide skills relevant to employment, corresponding Theme code Energy Efficient or both. Some education systems divide Demand [241805]) upper secondary education into general and • Furnishings and equipment for upper vocational tracks. Only general upper secondary secondary education institutions education programs should be coded under this sector. Vocational programs should be • Grants, scholarships, vouchers, conditional included under Technical-Vocational Education cash transfers, and targeted incentives and Skills Training [EEW]. for upper secondary enrollment and attendance Upper secondary education begins 8–11 years • Curriculum revision, textbooks, and after the beginning of primary education, teaching/learning materials for upper typically when pupils are between ages 14 secondary education and 16. Upper secondary ends 12 or 13 years after the beginning of primary education or • Programs to improve access and equity in around age 17 or 18, with 12 years being the upper secondary education, for example, most widespread cumulative duration. Upper activities that support girls’ upper secondary secondary general education corresponds with education, upper secondary education in the International Standard Classification of rural areas, inclusive education at the upper Education (ISCED) level 3. secondary level, and social mobilization campaigns to encourage enrollment and Upper secondary general education programs attendance at the upper secondary level offer students more varied, specialized, and • Alternative education programs for children in-depth instruction than lower secondary who left school before completing upper programs. They are more differentiated with secondary education an increased range of options and streams • Teacher recruitment, certification, and available. Teachers are often highly qualified deployment for upper secondary education in the subjects or fields of specialization they teach. • In-service teacher training programs for upper secondary education 28 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY • National or international learning • Pre-service teacher training of future upper assessments at the upper secondary secondary teachers should be coded as education level Tertiary Education [EET]. • Upper secondary education policies, plans, • Secondary education provision to adults is legislation, standards, and regulations. If included under Adult Basic and Continuing the policy or plan includes multiple sectors, Education [EEL]. code as Public Administration — Education [EEF]. Mapping and Ownership • School grants for the provision of quality improvement in upper secondary education Lead Global Practice/Global Theme institutions. EDU Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme Examples of Excluded Activities n.a. • School principal training and school- based management for upper secondary education should be coded as Public Administration — Education [EEF]. • Vocational education at the upper secondary level should be coded as Technical-Vocational Education and Skills Training [EEW]. EDUCATION [EEX] 29 Tertiary Education [EET] Definition • Curriculum reforms and qualification frameworks Tertiary education builds on upper secondary • Textbooks and teaching/learning materials education and provides learning activities in for tertiary education advanced fields of education. The content of programs at the tertiary level is more complex • Pedagogical and content training of tertiary and tends to be more specialized than in lower education faculty educational levels. • Post-secondary level examination/ certification systems Tertiary education includes what is commonly • Graduate tracer studies and feedback understood as academic education, but also mechanisms on the quality of tertiary includes advanced professional/vocational education education in fields like law and medicine. It comprises the International Standard • Training of university administrators Classification of Education (ISCED) levels 5–8, • University accreditation and quality which are labeled as assurance systems • Short-cycle tertiary education/associate degree level (ISCED 5), • Grants/financing to fund university development plans • Bachelor’s or equivalent level (ISCED 6), • Establishment or strengthening of university • Master’s or equivalent level (ISCED 7), and governing bodies/boards • Doctoral or equivalent level (ISCED 8) • Partnerships between universities or programs Typical Examples of Coded • Creation of Centers of Excellence (CoE) in Activities tertiary education institutions • Construction and/or rehabilitation of • Public/private partnerships (PPPs) in the tertiary education facilities such as student provision, financing, and/or administration housing, laboratories, administration of tertiary education buildings, and libraries, including energy • Revenue generation activities for tertiary efficiency measures in tertiary education education institutions facilities (note corresponding Theme code • Tertiary education policies, plans, Energy Efficient Demand [241805]) legislation, standards, and regulations. If • Furnishings, equipment, and technology the policy or plan includes multiple sectors, for tertiary education institutions code as Public Administration — Education • Grants, scholarships, loans, and targeted [EEF]. incentives for tertiary enrollment and attendance 30 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY • Pre-service teacher training programs Mapping and Ownership for pre-primary, primary, and secondary Lead Global Practice/Global Theme education EDU • Science, technology, and innovation (STI) activities in tertiary education institutions Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme including research and development (R&D), n.a. training knowledge workers, technology acquisition and diffusion, and STI grants. Examples of Excluded Activities • For Higher Education Management Information System (HEMIS) development, use Public Administration — Education [EEF]. EDUCATION [EEX] 31 Technical-Vocational Education and Skills Training [EEW] Definition • Furnishings, equipment, and technology for vocational education institutions Technical-vocational education and skills • Grants, scholarships, loans, and targeted training activities support the institutions that incentives for vocational training enrollment train youth and adults to meet labor market and attendance demands for skills. Technical and vocational training programs are designed with a focus • Training of vocational instructors for learners to acquire the knowledge, skills, • Development of occupational standards/ and competencies specific to a particular vocational curricula occupation, trade, or class of occupations or • Assessment and certification of vocational trades. Successful completion of such programs learning is intended to lead to labor market-relevant, vocational qualifications acknowledged as • Provision of financing/grants to vocational occupationally oriented by the relevant national training institutions to expand capacity and/ authorities and/or the labor market. or improve quality • Private sector input into training curriculum Technical-vocational education and skills and occupational standards training can be delivered either at the secondary education level or at the post- • Labor market counseling and guidance secondary non-tertiary education level services for vocational students (International Standard Classification of • Private sector provision of vocational Education ISCED level 4). Programs at this training level can be referred to in many ways, such • Internship, apprenticeship, and other forms as technician diploma, primary professional of work-based learning programs education, or préparation aux carrières administratives. • Tracer studies for vocational students and labor market information systems Typical Examples of Coded • Skills and technical/vocational education Activities policies, plans, legislation, standards, and regulations. If the policy or plan includes • Construction and/or rehabilitation of multiple education sectors, code as Public vocational education facilities, including Administration — Education [EEF]. energy efficiency measures in technical- vocational education and skills training facilities. Also see corresponding Theme Code Energy Efficient Demand [241805]). 32 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities Mapping and Ownership For quality assurance and supervision Lead Global Practice/Global Theme of vocational education institutions and EDU management training of administrators of vocational training institutions, see Public Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme Administration — Education [EEF]. SPJ EDUCATION [EEX] 33 Adult Basic and Continuing Education [EEL] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Adult basic and continuing education Learning activities for adults in tertiary specifically targets individuals who are regarded education institutions or vocational training as adults (over 18 years) to improve their institutions should be coded as Tertiary literacy/numeracy skills; develop technical Education [EET] or Technical-Vocational or professional qualifications; enrich their Education and Skills Training [EEW]. knowledge to complete a level of formal education; or acquire, refresh, or update their Mapping and Ownership knowledge, skills, and competencies in a particular field. This also includes what may Lead Global Practice/Global Theme be referred to as “continuing education,” EDU “recurrent education,” or “second chance education” for adults. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme SPJ Typical Examples of Coded Activities • Adult literacy and numeracy programs • Second chance education programs for adults • Life/socioemotional skills, digital skills, and personal finance training for adults • Entrepreneurship and business skills programs for adults outside of the vocational training system • Distance learning and e-learning programs for adults • Continuing education programs offered for adults • On-the-job training offered to adults • Recognition of prior learning for adults. 34 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Public Administration — Education [EEF] Definition • Education sector research studies, surveys, and assessments Activities that support public administration, • Education management information management, planning, execution, and systems (EMISs) and data collection/ supervision of the education sector at all utilization levels of the system. These can include most central government activities such as education • Financial management system policy development, management information improvement systems, institutional capacity building, sector • Decentralization assessments/research, human resources • Quality assurance and supervision system management, public-private partnerships improvement (PPPs), strategic communications, and implementation of policy decisions. This sector • Human resources management for the includes education system management at the education sector, including staff selection, ministry/central level as well as management at payroll systems, and performance the regional, provincial, local, and school levels management systems (for example, school leadership, university • School infrastructure mapping and planning administration, and vocational institution administration). • Development of education policies, strategies, legislation, and/or regulations. If a policy is developed for only one sector Typical Examples of Coded (for example, tertiary education), it can be Activities included under Tertiary Education [EET]. If it includes multiple sectors, it should be • Institutional capacity building in education coded under this code [EEF]. ministries, regional/provincial/local education offices, and public education • Results- and performance-based planning agencies and management • School principal/head teacher training • Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of and performance assessment education operations and increasing of government capacity for M&E • School-based management strengthening • Reorganization of school structure/school • Training of university administrators consolidations and vocational education institution administrators EDUCATION [EEX] 35 • Ministry organization, institutional Mapping and Ownership restructuring, and the creation of new Lead Global Practice/Global Theme institutions within education ministries EDU • PPPs in education administration • Facilities and equipment for education Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme administration. n.a. Examples of Excluded Activities Policies, plans, legislation, regulation, and standards that focus on one level of education should be coded under that level of education. If policies or standards include multiple sectors, they should be coded under this code [EEF]. 36 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES [LLX] 37 Mining Sustainability and Mine Closure [LLM] Definition • Mining and integrated landscape planning, including the repurposing of former mining Activities relating to the act, process, or industry land and other assets of extracting mineral resources or metals from • Public-private partnerships (PPPs) for mine mines and activities to close mines. Mineral closure resources include inorganic and organic matter extracted from the Earth’s crust, such as • Mining and environmental sustainability, hydrocarbons for processing and potential use including regulation of fugitive emissions as fuels to produce thermal or electric energy from coal mines and remediation of former and metals. mining land • Mining and social sustainability, including Typical Examples of Coded stakeholder engagement and activities to Activities support people and communities affected by a transition from coal • Mineral/mining policy and administrative management. Mineral and mining • Value chains for climate-smart minerals sector policy, planning, and programs; (CSMs) mining legislation, mining cadastre, • Artisanal and small-scale mining. mineral resources inventory, information systems, institution capacity building, and advice; unspecified mineral Examples of Excluded Activities resources exploitation—corresponding to • For production and supply of gases; Organisation for Economic Co-Operation hydrogen production; fossil fuel subsidy and Development (OECD) Common reform; and carbon capture, use, Reporting Standard (CRS) 32210 and storage, see other [LLX] codes as • Mineral prospection and exploration. appropriate. Geology, geophysics, geochemistry; mineral • For management of sovereign wealth funds, extraction and processing, infrastructure, see code Public Administration [BBX]. technology, economics, safety, and environment management—corresponding to OECD CRS 32220 Mapping and Ownership • Fiscal or tax administration for the mining Lead Global Practice/Global Theme sector including defining policies to set EEX up or fund sovereign wealth funds with revenue from mining Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. • Mine closure, especially including the closure of coal mines 38 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Gases for Energy Transition [LLG] Definition • Regulation of gas flaring or venting and fugitive methane emissions from gas fields Activities related to the production or supply of and gas pipelines, in applicable contexts one or the other type of gaseous fuel (including especially biogas) especially in the context of the energy • Production of gaseous bioenergy, including sector, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, facilities to capture or process landfill gas. or decarbonization. This includes hydrogen, a gas that can emit zero greenhouse gases when combusted as a fuel and that also has Examples of Excluded Activities nonfuel uses. It also includes, in applicable • Activities involving oil or gas prospecting, contexts, liquified natural gas (LNG) imports; production, or refining, see Other — Energy methane, as may be recovered from and Mineral Resources [LLZ]. underground and underwater deposits; and efforts to control leakage to the atmosphere • Energy generation with gas, see [LLB, LLH, of methane as fugitive emission management LLI, LLU, LLW, and LLN]. (when not inflamed) or gas flaring reductions • Hydrogen or natural gas transport, see (when inflamed). Energy Networks and Storage [LLT]. • Bioenergy, including landfill gas, see Energy Typical Examples of Coded Generation — Bioenergy [LLB]. Activities • Fossil fuel subsidy reform, see Public • Production of hydrogen in any way, Administration — Energy [LLP]. including electrolysis, steam methane • Cookstoves using gas, see Energy reforming, methane pyrolysis, or Generation — Non-Renewable [LLN]. byproducts from seawater chlorine • Leakage control in association with oil generation and carbon capture, use, and storage, see • Import and handling of natural gas, Other — Energy and Mineral Resources condensates, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), [LLZ]. and LNG • Management and use of sovereign wealth • Policy, laws, and regulations related to the funds, see Public Administration [BBX]. above, including fiscal or tax administration and policies to set up or fund sovereign wealth funds from gas Mapping and Ownership • Activities for environmental and social (E&S) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme sustainability in relation to the above EEX Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. ENERGy AND MINERAL RESOURCES [LLX] 39 Energy Generation — Solar [LLU] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Activities to generate electricity or heat from • Nonrenewable energy sources in hybrid the sun directly or indirectly. systems should be coded under Energy Generation — Non-Renewable [LLN]. Typical Examples of Coded • Other forms of renewable energy in hybrid systems or jointly financed with solar Activities should be disaggregated and coded under • Solar photovoltaic (PV) installations, their respective codes [LLB, LLH, LLI, and including ground-mounted, rooftop, LLW]. If not possible to disaggregate, use distributed, and floating PV at all scales Other — Energy and Mineral Resources and contexts including utility-scale grid- [LLZ]. connected, off-grid and rural solar home • For policies, regulation, and business systems (SHS) (including integrated wiring models to enable renewable energy and related appliances), and commercial generation that cannot be disaggregated residential PV installations and coded under their respective codes • Solar lanterns distribution and [LLB, LLH, LLI, LLU, and LLW], use Public commercialization Administration — Energy [LLP]. • Agrovoltaics • Network components of mini grids are coded under Energy Networks and Storage • Solar pumps for water irrigation [LLT]. Note: Distribution may comprise around • Solar thermal power generation— 60 percent of a typical comprehensive mini- concentrating solar power (CSP) plants) grid investment project. • Solar cookstoves • Solar-based heating and cooling, including Mapping and Ownership solar water heating systems Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Policies, regulation, and business models EEX to enable solar energy generation. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme For this code, allocate mini-grid generation n.a. components proportionate to the share of energy supply inputs from renewable sources. Note: While specific costs will vary by project, based on the existing portfolio, total generation costs may comprise around 40 percent of a typical comprehensive mini-grid project investment. 40 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Energy Generation — Wind [LLW] Definition • For policies, regulation, and business models to enable renewable energy Activities to generate electricity or heat from generation that cannot be disaggregated the kinetic energy of wind. and coded under their respective codes [LLB, LLH, LLI, LLU, and LLW], use Public Administration — Energy [LLP]. Typical Examples of Coded Activities • Network components of mini grids are coded under Energy Networks and Storage • Onshore wind power generation [LLT]. Note: Distribution may comprise around 60 percent of a typical comprehensive • Offshore wind power generation mini-grid investment project. • Wind farms, whether onshore or offshore • Policies, regulation, and business models Mapping and Ownership to enable wind energy generation. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme For this code, allocate mini-grid generation EEX components proportionate to the share of energy supply inputs from renewable sources. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme Note: While specific costs will vary by project, n.a. based on the existing portfolio, total generation costs may comprise around 40 percent of a typical comprehensive mini-grid project investment. Examples of Excluded Activities • Nonrenewable energy sources in hybrid systems should be coded under Energy Generation — Non-Renewable [LLN]. • Other forms of renewable energy in hybrid systems or jointly financed with solar should be disaggregated and coded under their respective codes [LLB, LLH, LLI, LLU]. If not possible to disaggregate, use Other — Energy and Mineral Resources [LLZ]. ENERGy AND MINERAL RESOURCES [LLX] 41 Energy Generation — Hydro [LLH] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Activities to generate electricity or heat from the • Pumped storage as a component of gravitational or kinetic potential of water. hydropower facilities is coded with other forms of energy storage under Energy Networks and Storage [LLT]. Typical Examples of Coded • For dams that do not include hydropower Activities facilities, see Irrigation and Drainage [AAI] • Investments in hydroelectric generation or Other — Water, Sanitation, and Solid components in power plants of any capacity Waste Management [WWZ]. per facility, including both greenfield and • Nonrenewable energy sources in hybrid rehabilitation operations systems should be coded under Energy • Multipurpose dams with a significant Generation — Non-Renewable [LLN]. hydropower component • Other forms of renewable energy in • Technical support for hydropower hybrid systems or jointly financed with development, operation, and maintenance, solar should be disaggregated and coded including support for upstream or under their respective codes [LLB, LLI, LLU, feasibility studies, capacity development of and LLW]. If not possible to disaggregate, hydropower institutions, and applications of code under Other — Energy and Mineral the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Resources [LLZ]. Protocol or similar global standards • For policies, regulation, and business models to enable renewable energy • Policies, regulation, and business models generation that cannot be disaggregated to enable hydroelectric generation. Note: and coded under their respective codes This code should be used for all types of [LLB, LLH, LLI, LLU, and LLW], use Public hydropower plants (for example, reservoir and Administration — Energy [LLP]. run-of-river) and dams to the extent they are used for energy generation. • Network components of mini grids are coded under Energy Networks and Storage For this code, allocate mini-grid generation [LLT]. Note: Distribution may comprise around components proportionate to the share of 60 percent of a typical comprehensive mini- energy supply inputs from renewable sources. grid investment project. Note: While specific costs will vary by project, based on the existing portfolio, total generation Mapping and Ownership costs may comprise around 40 percent of a typical comprehensive mini-grid project investment. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme EEX Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. 42 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Energy Generation — Bioenergy [LLB] Definition • Policies, regulation, and business models to enable bioenergy generation Activities to generate electricity or heat from the For this code, allocate mini-grid generation combustion of organic matter from sustainable components proportionate to the share of sources. energy supply inputs from renewable sources. Note: While specific costs will vary by project, Typical Examples of Coded based on the existing portfolio, total generation Activities costs may comprise around 40 percent of a typical comprehensive mini-grid project investment. • Biofuel-fired power plants making use of solids and liquids produced from biomass Examples of Excluded Activities for direct generation of electricity or heat, also including biogases from anaerobic • Nonrenewable bioenergy, including fermentation (for example, landfill gas, nonrenewable waste-fired power plants, sewage sludge gas, and fermentation of to be coded under Energy Generation — energy crops and manure) and thermal Non-Renewable [LLN]. Peat is treated as processes (also known as syngas) nonrenewable on par with coal. Carbon • Waste-fired power plants making use of capture, use, and storage should be biodegradable municipal waste (household coded under Other — Energy and Mineral waste and waste from companies and Resources [LLZ]. For forest management public services that resembles household unrelated to improved use of traditional waste, collected at installations specifically fuels, use Forestry [AAT]. designed for their disposal with recovery of • Nonrenewable energy sources in hybrid combustible liquids, gases, or heat) systems should be coded under Energy • Bioenergy (power and/or heat) generated Generation — Non-Renewable [LLN]. from solid biomass, biogases, and • Other forms of renewable energy in liquid biofuels including biodiesel and hybrid systems or jointly financed with manufacturing of solid, liquid, or gaseous solar should be disaggregated and coded biofuels (for example, wood pellets) under their respective codes [LLH, LLI, LLU, • Biogas-based power plant and LLW]. If not possible to disaggregate, code under Other — Energy and Mineral • Biodigesters Resources [LLZ]. • Improved use of traditional fuels (wood, charcoal, dung, and agricultural waste) in cooking or household heating applications ENERGy AND MINERAL RESOURCES [LLX] 43 • For policies, regulation, and business • Manufacture of solid or liquid biofuels is models to enable renewable energy coded under Manufacturing [YYM], and generation that cannot be disaggregated manufacture of biogas is coded under and coded under their respective codes Gases for Energy Transition [LLG]. [LLB, LLH, LLI, LLU, LLW], use Public Administration — Energy [LLP]. Mapping and Ownership • Network components of mini grids are coded under Energy Networks and Storage Lead Global Practice/Global Theme [LLT]. Note: Distribution may comprise around EEX 60 percent of a typical comprehensive mini- Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme grid investment project. n.a. 44 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Energy Generation — Geothermal [LLI] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Activities to generate electricity or heat from • Waste heat recovery if waste heat is not the thermal potential of the Earth. of geothermal origin • Nonrenewable energy sources in hybrid Typical Examples of Coded systems should be coded under Energy Generation — Non-Renewable [LLN]. Activities • Other forms of renewable energy in hybrid • Activities related to the development of systems or jointly financed with solar geothermal power and heat generation should be disaggregated and coded under (including exploration and development) their respective codes [LLB, LLH, LLU, and and geothermal-based heating and LLW]. If not possible to disaggregate, use cooling systems (including exploration Other — Energy and Mineral Resources and development) [LLZ]. • Geothermal energy-based power plants and • For policies, regulation, and business combined heat and power (CHP) plants models to enable renewable energy • Geothermal-based heating systems generation that cannot be disaggregated and coded under their respective codes • Geothermal heat-pumps [LLB, LLH, LLI, LLU, and LLW], use Public • Policies, regulation, and business models to Administration — Energy [LLP]. enable geothermal generation • Network components of mini grids are • For this code, allocate mini-grid generation coded under Energy Networks and Storage components proportionate to the share [LLT]. Note: Distribution may comprise around of energy supply inputs from renewable 60 percent of a typical comprehensive mini- sources. Note: While specific costs will vary grid investment project. by project, based on the existing portfolio, total generation costs may comprise around 40 percent of a typical comprehensive mini- Mapping and Ownership grid project investment. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme EEX Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. ENERGy AND MINERAL RESOURCES [LLX] 45 Energy Generation — Non-Renewable [LLN] Definition For this code, allocate mini-grid generation components proportionate to the share of Production of electricity or heat from fossil energy supply inputs. Note: While specific costs fuels, nonbiodegradable municipal waste, will vary by project, based on the existing portfolio, industrial waste, other nonrenewable sources, total generation costs may comprise around or an energy source that cannot be determined. 40 percent of a typical comprehensive mini‑grid project investment. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Network components of mini grids are • Electric power or heat generation plants coded under Energy Networks and Storage that are fueled by natural gas and related [LLT]. Note: Distribution may comprise around feed-in infrastructure (LNG terminals, 60 percent of a typical comprehensive mini- gasifiers, and pipelines to feed the plant) grid investment project. • Electric power or heat generation plants • Renewable energy sources in hybrid that use nonbiodegradable industrial and systems should be disaggregated by municipal waste as the energy source technology and reported under the relevant • Power or heat generators fueled by a fossil Sector code [LLB, LLH, LLI, LLU, LLW]. fuel (off-grid, mini-grid, and grid backup) • Carbon capture and storage (CCS)/carbon • Conversion of power plants to combined capture, use, and storage (CCUS) from heat and power (CHP) plants (fossil energy generation should be coded under fuel‑based plants) Other — Energy and Mineral Resources [LLZ]. CCS/CCUS from industrial processes • Partial substitution of power plants to should be coded under Manufacturing bioenergy to the extent they will continue [YYM]. to use nonrenewable sources • Hydrogen production from coal gasification • Waste heat recovery, cogeneration, and should be coded under Gases for Energy tri-generation where the primary fuel is Transition [LLG]. nonrenewable • Heat generation at the end user level for Mapping and Ownership cooking or heating purposes from natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), Lead Global Practice/Global Theme including cookstoves that use any fossil EEX fuels Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Nonrenewable bioenergy. n.a. 46 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Energy Networks and Storage [LLT] Definition • Measures to refurbish or expand the capacity of transmission and distribution Activity for transporting or storing energy systems, improve operations (control and (electricity and heat) or gaseous fuels and management technology, for example, energy-carrying media through a permanent Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition infrastructure (network) of lines, mains, and [SCADA], energy management systems pipes. This section includes the operation of [EMSs], control centers, other forms of electric and gas utilities, which control and operational technology [OT]), improve distribute electric power or gas. Also included reliability, reduce technical losses in is the provision of steam and air-conditioning systems, and thus improve energy efficiency supply. (for example, resizing conductors and reactive power compensation for loss reduction) and system interconnections. Typical Examples of Coded They also include expanding access Activities to electricity distribution through grid expansion or densification. Electric power • Construction, rehabilitation, or operation • Sale of electricity to users. Activities of electric power systems (that is, consisting of electric power brokers or agents of lines, poles, meters, and wiring) that that arrange the sale of electricity via • Transmit bulk electric power from a power distribution systems operated by generation facility to the distribution others. This includes activities to reduce system and/or nontechnical losses or commercial losses and measures. • Distribute electric power received from a generation facility or transmission system • Energy storage systems of all kinds to the final consumer, including mini and contexts including batteries and grids. Note: While specific costs will vary hydropower pumped storage. by project, based on the existing portfolio, • Demand-response measures. total network costs may comprise around • Operation of electricity and transmission 60 percent of a typical comprehensive capacity exchanges for electric power mini-grid project investment. including regional power trade. ENERGy AND MINERAL RESOURCES [LLX] 47 Gaseous fuels, steam, and air conditioning • For social protection measures such as • Distribution of natural or synthetic gas to rebates for electricity in the form of lifeline the consumer through a system of mains; tariffs and subsidized connections to transportation, distribution, storage, utilities, see Social Protection [SSA]. and supply of gaseous fuels of all kinds • Enterprise information technology (IT) that (including all forms of hydrogen) through enables smart systems, for example, for a system of mains; and gas marketers or energy smart grids, is coded under relevant brokers, which arrange the sale of natural codes under Digital Development [DDX]. gas over distribution systems operated by others, are included. • Hydrogen production, even if colocated with storage, should be distinguished into • Collection and distribution of steam and production. See Gases for Energy Transition hot water for heating, power, and other [LLG]. purposes. • Distributed generation should be coded • Distribution of cooled air. under the relevant form of generation. See • Distribution of chilled water for cooling renewable codes [LLB, LLH, LLI, LLU, LLW] purposes. or Energy Generation — Non-Renewable [LLN]. • Storage of such fuels, steam, cooled air, or chilled water in an appropriate medium (for example, storage caverns) that are under Mapping and Ownership the operational control of the provider. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme EEX Examples of Excluded Activities Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • For the operation of water and sewerage n.a. utilities, see codes Water, sanitation, and Waste Management [WWX]. • Demand-side energy efficiency and activities to facilitate the use of electricity (for example, electric vehicle charging stations) and use of alternative fuels (for example, hydrogen fuel cells) should be coded by the respective end use sectors [AAX, BBX, DDX, EEX, HHX, TTX, WWX] or Other — Energy and Mineral Resources [LLZ]. Energy pricing and market design should use Public Administration — Energy [LLP]. 48 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Public Administration — Energy [LLP] Definition • Energy research, general sector studies, surveys, and assessments led by the Public administration in the energy sector seeks relevant ministries or public agencies to support the government in the formulation (not included elsewhere) and implementation of government policies. • Energy sector information system administered by the relevant ministries Typical Examples of Coded or public agencies Activities • Gas public administration not covered by Gases for Energy Transition [LLG]. • Energy sector policy and planning, including setting of standards relating to reliability, safety, energy security, pricing, and market Examples of Excluded Activities development such as lifeline tariffs • Social protection measures for electricity • Governance arrangements regarding setting other than tariff design, such as rebates of energy sector laws, policies, regulations, or subsidized connections to utilities, see guidelines, and governance of energy sector Social Protection [SSA]. state-owned enterprises (SOEs) • Public administration specific to mining, • Regulation of the energy sector, including of see Mining Sustainability and Mine Closure wholesale and retail electricity provision [LLM]. • Reform in energy sector policy and strategy, • Investments in public buildings for including power tariff reform and fossil fuel demand-side energy efficiency, see codes subsidy reform Public Administration [BBX] or sector- • Policies, regulation, and business models specific codes such as Health Facilities and to enable renewable energy generation not Construction [HHQ] or [EEP, EES, and EET] covered by respective codes [LLB, LLH, LLI, for schools and colleges. LLU, and LLW] • Technical assistance (TA), institutional Mapping and Ownership capacity building, training, and other Lead Global Practice/Global Theme support activities provided to sector EEX ministries and other government bodies not used in other Energy and Mineral Resources Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme [LLX] Sector codes n.a. • Administration of government energy sector programs ENERGy AND MINERAL RESOURCES [LLX] 49 Other — Energy and Mineral Resources [LLZ] Definition • Demand-side energy efficiency and activities to facilitate use of electricity (for Energy and extractives activities for which example, electric vehicle charging stations) a more specific code cannot be assigned. and use of alternative fuels (for example, hydrogen fuel cells) should be coded by the respective end use sector, such as [AAX, Typical Examples of Coded BBX, EEX, DDX, HHX, TTX, WWX]. Activities • Coal mining closure and rehabilitation • Multiple or unspecified renewable energy should be coded under Mining generation when it is not possible to Sustainability and Mine Closure [LLM]. disaggregate by technology or fuel type • CCS/CCUS associated with industrial • Carbon capture and storage (CCS)/carbon processes should be coded under capture, use, and storage (CCUS) associated Manufacturing [YYM]. with energy generation (for example, power plants) of any power source or associated Mapping and Ownership with hydrogen production • Energy efficiency of consumer appliances Lead Global Practice/Global Theme or residential lighting in general and for EEX activities for which no other Sector code is appropriate (see corresponding Theme Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme Code [241805] Energy Efficiency Demand) n.a. • Legacy oil and gas operations not otherwise classified under Gases for Energy Transition [LLG]. Examples of Excluded Activities • Renewable energy sources when it is possible to disaggregate by fuel or technology type code under [LLB, LLH, LLI, LLU, LLW]. • Legacy fossil-fired generation projects code under Energy Generation — Non- Renewable [LLN]. 50 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY FINANCIAL SECTOR [FFX] 51 Banking Institutions [FFA] Definition • Financial sector strategy development and implementation, as well as the development Shall be construed to mean any bank, trust of an enabling legal and regulatory company, bank and trust company, stock environment savings bank, or mutual savings bank, which is • Financial sector strengthening through bank now or may hereafter be organized under the restructuring and resolution, as well as laws of a state or country. crisis management and preparedness Banking institution operations involve • Support for the development of a legal developing, applying, and adapting and institutional framework for deposit international standards to ensure a sound and insurance inclusive legal, regulatory, and supervisory • Strengthening of financial sector institutions framework for banking institutions. The goal • Participation in the development of is for these frameworks to be conducive to international standards and support to financial inclusion and consumer protection, clients to ensure more resilient banking as well as to enable the expansion and institutions (including against cybersecurity modernization of core payments infrastructure risks), safe and efficient financial market and payment services. This sector work infrastructures, as well as frameworks for also includes support to governments to the promotion of financial integrity establish and strengthen legal and operational frameworks for anti-money laundering (AML) • Assessment and promotion of international and combating the financing of terrorism (CFT), standards and best practices, including for the recovery of proceeds of crime under Basel Core Principles for effective banking the aegis of the Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative supervision, AML/CFT standards (FATF), and (StAR), as well as for corporate governance. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) corporate governance standards Typical Examples of Coded Activities • Financial consumer protection regulation and supervision for banking institutions • Engagement/collaboration with global • Payment system oversight reform and initiatives covering the financial sector, development such as the Financial Stability Board (FSB), the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), and • Support to develop and implement the Group of Twenty (G20) frameworks for banking sector competition and level the playing field in the banking • Support for the development and sector implementation of banking supervisory reforms and market development— • Expansion of access points and delivery including as part of development policy channels lending and technical assistance (TA) loans 52 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY • Credit lines or risk capital or credit • Development of knowledge products enhancement through financial institutions and resources in asset disclosure regimes, particularly through StAR. • Financial market infrastructure development and modernization • Monitoring and reduction of remittance Examples of Excluded Activities costs • Handling of macroeconomic crises (that • Promotion of a risk-based approach to is, rapid exchange rate devaluation) supervision, including for AML/CFT regimes • Domestic resource mobilization • Capacity building for AML/CFT stakeholders, • Public expenditure and financial including financial and nonfinancial sector accountability (PEFA) assessment regulatory and supervisory bodies, financial intelligence units, law enforcement, and the • Procurement and financial management judiciary to tackle proceeds of crime • Tax policy and administration, as well as • Contribution to policy development in AML/ activities related to IFFs covered under CFT and “de-risking” (the elimination of governance and other sectors. correspondent banking services for financial institutions in developing countries) Mapping and Ownership • Preparation of policy and knowledge work Lead Global Practice/Global Theme on addressing illicit financial flows (IFFs) FCI linked to financial sector work, at the global and country levels Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Building capacity of countries to engage in n.a. asset recovery through legislative actions and training activities, as well as case- related assistance, particularly through StAR • Contribution to international policy guidance in asset recovery and anti‑corruption, particularly through StAR, as well as the development of knowledge products FINANCIAL SECTOR [FFX] 53 Insurance and Pensions [FFD] Definition Typical Examples of Coded Insurance is a practice or arrangement by which Activities a company or government agency provides a Insurance guarantee of compensation for specified loss, Strategic reforms to insurance systems. damage, illness, or death in return for payment Diagnostic reviews, creating reform road maps, of a premium, while a pension is a fund into supporting implementation through a wide which a sum of money is added during an range of technical assistance (TA) operations, employee’s employment years, and from which particularly directed to: payments are drawn to support the person’s • Enhancing regulation and supervision retirement and may provide other benefits (risk-based supervision, risk-based for the person or their survivors. A pension capital including appropriate application may be a “defined benefit plan” where a fixed of solvency II type approaches, on‑site sum is paid regularly to a person, or a “defined and off-site supervisory tools, reviews of contribution plan” under which a fixed sum primary and secondary insurance laws, is invested and then becomes available at crisis management and planning, protection retirement age. schemes, consumer protection, and insurance taxation); Insurance operations involve market • Developing effective and inclusive insurance development, improved inclusion, and applying markets; and adapting international standards to ensure a sound legal, regulatory, and supervisory • Supporting the development of effective framework for markets in developing retirement incomes product markets; economies. • Advancing other specific market-driven initiatives—for example, Bancassurance The objective of pension system reform distribution, Islamic products, motor third- engagements is to improve the coverage of party insurance (MTPL) and mortality table good quality pensions and to increase the infrastructure); and supply of pension assets that can safely fund • Supporting more inclusive insurance long-term investment. markets through diagnostics and implementation support of proportionate regulation and supervision, ensuring an enabling environment for inclusive insurance (and not a barrier). If needed, expand from a supportive environment to one where key standard public good infrastructure and product designs are developed to lower barriers to entry and facilitate simplified but effective consumer protection. 54 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Pensions • Building capacity for the supervision and • Strategic reforms to pension systems. oversight of the pension industry—including Design and support the implementation of governance aspects public and private pension reforms through • Reviewing and improving the pension Development Policy Operations (DPOs) and market structure and dynamics including TA, in collaboration with Social Protection distribution and access and Labor (SPL) and Macroeconomics, Trade & Investment Global Practice (MFM). • Reviewing and reforming the fiscal and Reforms are developed to achieve the taxation environment supporting the objectives of coverage, adequacy, efficiency, pension system sustainability, and security. They consider • Participating in Financial Sector Assessment macro, fiscal, market, and regulatory Program (FSAP) for institutional investors aspects. • Partnering with standards-setting bodies, to • Developing private pension systems. ensure sound regulation and supervision of TA and DPOs to support the design and the financial sector—that is, International development of private pension systems in Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS). the accumulation and payout phases. These include mandatory and voluntary schemes, both collective and individual, fully funded Examples of Excluded Activities and risk sharing, tailored to country • Enhancing the public consultations, circumstances. transparency, and accountability in the • Strengthening of private pension regulation implementation of social programs— and supervision capacity. TA and DPOs covered under Human Development (HD) to governments and pension supervision • Deposit insurance. agencies of client countries to strengthen their capacity to regulate and supervise private pension funds and ensure sound Mapping and Ownership market development. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme Our engagements with clients typically involve FCI the following activities: • Designing, reviewing, and reforming the Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme overall pension policy framework in a n.a. country • Drafting, reviewing, and revising the pension legislation and regulatory framework FINANCIAL SECTOR [FFX] 55 Capital Markets [FFK] Definition sequencing of reforms to ensure that the prerequisites for successful reform The key objectives of capital markets programs implementation are present. Typical are to build capital markets as an alternative sequencing emphasizes government debt and/or complementary source of financing market development as the foundation for to support critical sectors such as corporate, the development of nongovernment securities small and medium enterprises (SMEs), housing, markets and derivatives markets. However, and infrastructure, thus supporting economic programs are tailored to country-specific growth, and to transfer risks across different circumstances. participants in the financial sector, thereby supporting the stability of the financial system. Typical Examples of Coded Programs include developing the enabling environment for capital markets transactions Activities in general or for specific sectors (corporate, • Government debt market development SMEs, housing, infrastructure, and so on) as well as support to key stakeholders (issuers, • Nongovernment debt market development supervisors, industry associations, and so on). • Capital market instruments—for example, mutual funds, Real Estate Investment Trusts Activities to develop an enabling environment (REITs), securitized products, and sukuk for capital markets cover the legal and • Capital markets infrastructure regulatory framework for securities issuance, investment, and trading, and for the • Capital markets regulation and supervision supervision of market participants (issuers, • Capital markets institutional capacity investors, and intermediaries), tax framework, building market infrastructure, and intermediaries. Activities to support key stakeholders include • Capital markets and corporates technical assistance (TA) to issuers (for • Capital markets and infrastructure finance example, ministries of finance, central banks, • Capital markets and SMEs finance sub-sovereign entities, and private sector entities), regulators (for example, central bank • Local currency bond market development and capital market regulator), and industry • Participation in Financial Sector Assessment associations (for example, bond market Program (FSAP) for capital markets association). • Partnership with standard-setting bodies, Programs are designed with an assessment to ensure sound regulation and supervision of the current stage of capital markets of the financial sector—that is, International development and institutional capacity in Organization of Securities Commissions a country, taking a comprehensive view (IOSCO), Group of Twenty (G20), and the of financial sector needs, with a careful Financial Stability Board (FSB). 56 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities Mapping and Ownership • Development of pensions and insurance Lead Global Practice/Global Theme (see Insurance and Pensions [FFD]) FCI • Development of the housing sector. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. FINANCIAL SECTOR [FFX] 57 Public Administration — Financial Sector [FFP] Definition • Assessment and promotion of international standards and best practices, including The financial sector is the set of institutions, Basel Core Principles for effective banking instruments, and markets, as well as the supervision, anti-money laundering/ legal and regulatory framework, that permit combating the financing of terrorism transactions to be made by extending credit (AML/ CFT) standards— Financial Action (Global Financial Development Report). Task Force (FATF)—and Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Financial sector operations involve applying (OECD) corporate governance standards and adapting international standards to ensure • Legal/regulatory reforms and strengthening a sound legal, regulatory, and supervisory of the capacity of public agencies involved framework for the financial sector. The in regulation (both prudential and non- objective of this framework is to strengthen prudential) of the banking sector, capital financial stability and build countries’ capacity markets and non-bank financial institutions for crisis management. (NBFIs), financial intermediaries, and conglomerates Typical Examples of Coded • Administration of government financial Activities sector programs • Strengthening of financial stability and • Financial sector diagnostics countries’ capacity building for crisis • Finance sector studies, surveys, and management assessments led by the relevant ministries • Reform in finance sector policy and strategy or public agencies • Central bank strengthening and capacity • Activities aimed at financial sector building monitoring, to prevent and resolve financial crises and mitigate their impact on the • Engagement/collaboration with global financial sector initiatives covering the financial sector, such as the Financial Stability Board (FSB), • Improvement of financial sector integrity the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), and and transparency efforts the Group of Twenty (G20). • Strengthening of institutional foundations of Islamic finance • Strengthening of corporate governance of companies, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and financial institutions 58 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY • Promotion of a risk-based approach to Examples of Excluded Activities supervision, including for AML/CFT regimes Regulatory support provided to public sector • Capacity building for AML/CFT stakeholders, agencies for macroeconomic management, including financial and nonfinancial sector including public expenditure and debt regulatory and supervisory bodies, financial management, accounting, taxation, risk intelligence units, law enforcement, and the management, and procurement reforms. judiciary to tackle proceeds of crime • Contribution to policy development in AML/ Mapping and Ownership CFT and “de-risking” (the elimination of correspondent banking services for financial Lead Global Practice/Global Theme institutions in developing countries) FCI • Preparation of policy and knowledge work Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme on addressing illicit financial flows (IFFs) n.a. linked to financial sector work, at the global and country levels • Capacity building of countries to engage in asset recovery through legislative actions and training activities, as well as case- related assistance, particularly through the Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative (StAR) • Contribution to international policy guidance in asset recovery and anti‑corruption, particularly through StAR, as well as the development of knowledge products • Development of knowledge products and resources in asset disclosure regimes, particularly through StAR. FINANCIAL SECTOR [FFX] 59 Other — Non-Bank Financial Institutions [FFL] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Other non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) For development of pensions and insurance, (that is, cooperatives, microfinance institutions, see code Insurance and Pensions [FFD]. remittances companies, and so on) operations involve developing, applying, and adapting Mapping and Ownership international standards to ensure a sound and inclusive legal, regulatory, and supervisory Lead Global Practice/Global Theme framework for NBFIs in developing economies. FCI Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme Typical Examples of Coded n.a. Activities • Regulation and supervision of deposit- taking and non-deposit-taking NBFIs • Payment system oversight reform and development • Competition and level playing field • Expansion of NBFI access points and delivery channels • Financial consumer protection regulation and supervision for NBFIs • Strategy development and implementation for NBFIs • Enabling of legal and regulatory environment for NBFIs • Financial market infrastructures development and modernization for NBFIs • Monitoring and reduction of remittance costs related to NBFIs. 60 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY HEALTH [HHX] 61 Health [HHG] Definition • Nutrition interventions, including nutrition- specific interventions to address the The World Health Organization (WHO) defines immediate causes of malnutrition and health as “a state of complete physical, mental, nutrition-sensitive interventions to address and social well-being” and not merely the the underlying determinants of nutrition absence of disease or infirmity. Listed below are through sectors such as health; agriculture; activities that contribute to improving health, water, sanitation, and hygiene; education; nutrition, and population service coverage and and social protection (with an explicit outcomes as well as financial protection. intention of improving nutrition) • Population dynamics and demographic Typical Examples of Coded transition in relation to human capital Activities formation from a health perspective ranging from activities to lower fertility to • Advisory services for health strategy activity to support healthy aging development/health reforms • Training and learning activities for the • Health research health sector. • Monitoring and evaluation of health activities Examples of Excluded Activities • Prevention, detection, control, and n.a. treatment of communicable and noncommunicable diseases, including the provision of pharmaceuticals and other Mapping and Ownership medical consumables Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Medical equipment and infrastructure HNP • Health system strengthening Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Promotion of healthy behaviors AGF, EDU, SPJ, SSI, URL, WTR • Health financing • Public and private health service delivery • Reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child, and adolescent health 62 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Health Facilities and Construction [HHQ] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Health facilities are places that provide health • Medical products used in the delivery of care, including hospitals, clinics, outpatient care services, such as medicines, commodities, centers, and specialized care centers, such as or vaccines birthing centers and psychiatric care centers. • Distributed energy generation and associated energy storage are coded under Typical Examples of Coded energy Sector codes [LLB, LLH, LLI, LLU, LLW, LLN, LLT]. Activities • Provision of equipment and facilities Mapping and Ownership comprising durable goods that are used in the delivery of diagnostic and treatment Lead Global Practice/Global Theme services, administration, and improved HNP health information system Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Activities that support the construction SSI, URL and/or renovation of health facilities or provision of equipment to health facilities, such as large central hospitals, district hospitals, health centers, dispensaries, or health posts, for inpatient and outpatient care, maternity services, and preventive and curative interventions • Energy efficiency measures for health facilities (note corresponding Theme code Energy Efficient Demand [241805]). HEALTH [HHX] 63 Public Administration — Health [HHF] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Activities supporting the public administration n.a. of the health sector at the national and subnational levels. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme Typical Examples of Coded HNP Activities Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Reform in health sector policy and strategy n.a. • Administration of government health sector programs • Institutional capacity building in health ministries and public agencies, including training and learning provided to staff • Health sector studies, surveys, and assessments led by the relevant ministries or public agencies • Health information system administered by the relevant ministries or public agencies. 64 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY INDUSTRY, TRADE, AND SERVICES [YYX] 65 Agricultural Markets, Commercialization, Agribusiness, and Agriculture Finance [YYA] Definition • Support to value chains analyses where these contain specific characterization of The processing, storage, other logistics, and/ end markets or sale by private sector actors and producers’ • Support the development of agricultural organizations of agricultural inputs and services by the private sector or through agricultural products (raw, semi-processed, public-private partnerships (PPPs) in or processed) destined for domestic, regional, research and development (R&D), inputs, or global markets and the provision of input distribution, extension/technical agricultural services by the private sector. This assistance (TA), transportation, storage, includes either direct financial support or the finance alongside value chains, packaging, reform of policies, legislation, or regulations and marketing, among others to meet that enable, catalyze, or scale up access to quality requirements of higher-paying finance and private sector participation in these markets activities, such as through the reform of and/ or compliance with standards (for both health • Improvement of access to markets, and quality), traceability, and asset-based including to GVCs, facilitating direct access tokenization for financing and trade. to buyers, local and international Note: “Agricultural,” “Agriculture,” and “Agribusiness” include • Agribusiness micro, small, and medium food and nonfood crops, livestock, capture fisheries, aquaculture, enterprises (MSMEs) development, agroforestry, and timber and non-timber forest products. including professionalization, aggregation, and business planning • Access to finance supports, including Typical Examples of Coded financial services in all forms: debt, equity, Activities grants, and so on (through digital means, financial institutions, and capital markets) • Identification of needed investments and for all value chains’ players removal of policy distortions that hinder private sector development and entry of • Development of agricultural chains to new players into new, more sustainable, obtain the highest value for the product strategic segments (fresh or processed), including distribution • Review of state presence/state-owned • Support for reforms in transport logistics enterprises (SOEs) in agricultural markets for agriculture: warehousing, road/rail/ and competition, as well as monitoring of ports, and consolidation centers market power concentration in food global value chains (GVCs) 66 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY • Regulatory, institutional, and/or policy Examples of Excluded Activities reform for enabling environment of It does not include studies or activities that agribusiness, including food safety, inputs, look uniquely at production activities without and market policies and support for specific and detailed attention to markets and coordination and market platforms that the demand side, nor to the sale of agricultural improve supply chains products and derivatives by public institutions. • Regulatory, institutional, and/or policy reforms for improving competitiveness of agricultural value chains (that is, cost, time, Mapping and Ownership or risk reductions). Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Creation of agri zones, parks, or other FCI, AGF spatial solutions with the stated end of increasing commercialized volumes of Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme agricultural products ENB, FCI, WTR • Capacity building for business membership associations made up of primarily agribusinesses • Facilitation of public-private dialogue between agribusinesses and the public ministries and government agencies regulating any agribusiness • Support to farmer-owned businesses engaged in the sale, storage, and/or logistics of agricultural inputs, agricultural services, and agricultural products (raw, semi-processed, or processed) destined for domestic, regional, or global markets • Facilitation of dissemination of market information to value chain actors and the use of digital platforms and information and communication technology (ICT) solutions. INDUSTRy, TRADE, AND SERVICES [yyX] 67 Housing Construction [YYH] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Activities that directly support residential • Urban/neighborhood upgrading should be housing construction or reconstruction (that classified under the Services and Housing is, real estate development, post-disaster for the Poor Theme code [210200]. or post‑conflict housing construction or • Finance aimed at end purchasers instead reconstruction, as well as new construction of builders. for households be resettled). • Distributed energy generation and associated storage are coded under energy Typical Examples of Coded Sector codes [LLB, LLH, LLI, LLU, LLW, LLN, Activities LLT]. • Construction/reconstruction of housing after conflict or disaster, including Mapping and Ownership associated infrastructure Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Construction of housing for households URL to be resettled, including associated infrastructure Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme FCI • Real estate development, particularly advisory services, policy, and regulatory frameworks, leveraging the value in land for development • Policies, regulatory frameworks, and finance for housing construction • Activities that improve efficiency of energy demand in this sector, including through retrofits, note corresponding Theme code Energy Efficient Demand [241805]. 68 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Trade [yyy] Definition • Enhancing connectivity between firms, markets, and consumers. The act or process of buying, selling, or Trade performance exchanging commodities, at either wholesale • Promoting trade expansion and or retail, within a country (domestic trade) or diversification. between countries (foreign trade). Competition policies Trade and competitiveness is supportive of • Eliminating anti-competitive market an open, rules-based, predictable multilateral regulations trading system, and among its objectives is • Strengthening antitrust rules to help countries participate in and enjoy • Promoting pro-competition trade sector the benefits of such a system. Key strategies policies for reaching these goals are supporting trade agreements, emphasizing trade and • State-owned enterprises (SOEs). competitiveness at the core of national development strategies, and promoting Examples of Excluded Activities trade-related reforms through effective aid for trade programs. The trade sector includes • Agribusiness—including agrichemicals, competition policy, trade facilitation, trade breeding, crop production (farming and logistics, and trade policy. contract farming), distribution, farm machinery, processing, and seed supply, Typical Examples of Coded as well as marketing and retail sales—and Activities trade. • Trade of electric power is coded under Trade policies and integration Energy Networks and Storage [LLT]. • Streamlining nontariff measures • Modernizing services regulations and trade Mapping and Ownership • Addressing poverty and labor impacts of trade policies and shocks Lead Global Practice/Global Theme MTI • Supporting global and regional integration, including free trade agreement negotiations Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme and World Trade Organization accession. FCI Trade facilitation and logistics • Strengthening trade corridors, supply chains, and trade logistics • Modernizing border management INDUSTRy, TRADE, AND SERVICES [yyX] 69 Services [YYS] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Assists client countries in building competitive, n.a. sustainable service sectors to drive growth and strengthen links between the industry Mapping and Ownership and communities. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme FCI Typical Examples of Coded Activities Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. Skills for competitiveness • Private sector demand analysis • Public-private dialog (PPD) and private market solutions • Individual, firm, and sector-linked options. Information technology (IT) enabled industries • National and subnational strategies • Business Process Outsourcing (BPO), Shared Services, Software, and Call Centers (CCs). Creative industries • Crafts, fashion, design, and media. 70 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Manufacturing [yyM] Definition • Activities to improve energy efficiency, electrification, or use of alternative fuels The making of goods or wares by manual in industry labor or by machinery, especially on a large • Carbon capture and storage (CCS)/ scale. It helps clients identify sustainable carbon capture, use, and storage (CCUS) growth opportunities in the manufacturing technologies for industrial processes other sector, address bottlenecks obstructing than hydrogen production growth, and increase industry- and firm- level competitiveness to deliver increased • Processes to produce solid or liquid energy investments, job growth, and improved products including solid or liquid biofuel inclusion within the sector. (for example, pellets). Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Processes to produce gases, including hydrogen and biogas, are coded under Gases for Energy • Diagnostic work that examines avenues and Transition [LLG]. CCUS for hydrogen production barriers to manufacturing growth is coded under Other — Energy and Mineral • Technical assistance (TA) and financing Resources [LLZ]. support to address primary constraints facing manufacturing companies Mapping and Ownership • Improvement of access to production infrastructure, inputs, and markets. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme FCI • Addressing ineffective policies, regulations, and investor outreach Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Support for improved policies and EEX frameworks on manufacturing, productivity, and innovation INDUSTRy, TRADE, AND SERVICES [yyX] 71 Tourism [YYT] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities An agency, institution, business, or industry • Unsustainable activities with harmful that provides information, accommodations, impact on nature, ecological system, and transportation, and other services to tourists. local communities, or irreversible damage Activities that support the design and to cultural and natural heritage implementation of sustainable tourism value • Distributed energy generation and chain strategies and capital investments at the associated storage are coded under energy national and subnational levels. Sector codes [LLB, LLH, LLI, LLU, LLW, LLN, LLT). Typical Examples of Coded Activities Mapping and Ownership • Tourism products/offerings development Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Tourism infrastructure FCI • Cultural and natural heritage preservation, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme conservation, adaptation, promotion, and ENB, URL valorization • Integrated coastal zone management to support coastal tourism • Management of protected areas to support nature-based tourism • Urban regeneration of historical cities and heritage villages • Community-based tourism and business development • Legal and regulatory framework • Tourism investment promotion • Marketing and promotion • Institutional development and tourism workforce development. 72 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Public Administration — Industry, Trade, and Services [yyF] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Activities that support client governments in Regional energy trade policy should be coded designing and implementing government trade under code Public Administration — Energy policies and strategies and delivering services. [LLP]. Typical Examples of Coded Mapping and Ownership Activities Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Reform in industry and trade sector policy FCI and strategy Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Administration of government industry and n.a. trade sector programs • Institutional capacity building in industry and trade ministries and public agencies • Industry and trade sector studies, surveys, and assessments led by the relevant ministries or public agencies • Industry and trade sector information system administered by the relevant ministries or public agencies. INDUSTRy, TRADE, AND SERVICES [yyX] 73 Other — Industry, Trade, and Services [YYZ] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Any other industry, trade, and service to expand n.a. market opportunities and enable a country’s private sector to develop for inclusive economic Mapping and Ownership growth. This includes access to finance for actors in this other industry. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme FCI Typical Examples of Coded Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme Activities n.a. • Identify and remove policy distortions that hinder private sector investment and entry of new players. • Conduct market diagnostics. • Review state presence/state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in agricultural markets and competition as well as monitor market power/supply chains. • Identify investment to strengthen green agriculture value chains. • Provide advisory and financing support to help governments expand market opportunities and enable private initiatives. • Promote investment. • Develop market links between local suppliers and growth in other sectors, industries, and productive zones. • Reduce safety compliance costs by streamlining redundant systems and implementing risk-based reforms. • Simplify registration procedures for businesses and for trade. 74 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION [BBX] 75 Central Government (Central Agencies) [BBC] Definition • Management. Delivery units and strengthening of the center of government, Administrative units (ministries, departments, compensation reform, results-based and agencies) that are financed, regulated, management and performance incentives, and controlled by the central or national merit-based recruitment government. According to the Government • Accountability for service delivery. Line Finance Statistics (GFS) Manual, “the political ministry monitoring of frontline service authority of the central government extends providers, open data and transparency over the entire territory of the country.” initiatives, and citizen engagement for Following the GFS classification, the central improved public administration and service government consists of the budgetary central delivery government defined as the administrative units covered by the central government budget • Capacity. Human resource management and autonomous or self-financing agencies information systems and capacity building and extra-budgetary funds that may not be in the areas of either policy management financed by the central government budget or human resource management but are regulated and controlled by the central • Construction and/or retrofit of central government. government buildings or facilities, including to improve energy efficiency (note Typical Examples of Coded corresponding Theme code Energy Efficient Demand [241805]) Activities • Sovereign wealth fund management. • Strengthening of the institutions, management, and systems associated with carrying out core government Examples of Excluded Activities functions. Public financial management, • Subnational (state and local) governments public investment management, tax and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are administration, management of public excluded from the central government, procurement, and so on and therefore, any public administration • Institutional structure. Reforms to civil activities linked to these units are excluded. service laws and regulations; functional, • Distributed energy generation and associated organizational, and business process storage are coded under energy Sector codes reviews; and organizational restructuring, [LLB, LLH, LLI, LLU, LLW, LLN, LLT). downsizing, or right-sizing efforts 76 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY • For funding and setting up of sovereign Mapping and Ownership wealth funds with revenue from extractives, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme see Mining Sustainability and Mine Closure GOV [LLM] and Gases for Energy Transition [LLG]. • For energy subsidy reform, see Public Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme Administration — Energy [LLP]. DD, SSI, URL PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION [BBX] 77 Subnational Government [BBH] Definition • Promotion of performance and results- based management, which require Subnational government refers to all tiers increased decision-making autonomy and of government and public entities below the a more effective public sector machinery federal or central government. Subnational • Sector governance arrangements for government includes states or provinces, improved service delivery, which entails counties, cities, and towns, as well as public strengthening organizational and utility companies, school districts, and other institutional arrangements between sector special-purpose subnational government entities and frontline providers such as entities. schools and hospitals • Improvement of public investment Typical Examples of Coded management to improve the efficiency of Activities infrastructure delivery at the subnational level, in the context of fiscal consolidation • Advising on intergovernmental fiscal system reforms such as expenditure and revenue • Mobilization of resources for financing assignment and fiscal transfer system services, which entails service financing approaches that are complementary to • Building of core institutional capacities intergovernmental fiscal flows related to administrative areas including human resources, public financial • Citizen monitoring and accountability management such as Public Expenditure arrangements, such as putting in place and Financial Accountability (PEFA), and measures for bottom-up monitoring of procurement, at the subnational level service delivery • Increase of transparency in subnational • Construction and/or retrofit of subnational financial management through increased government buildings or public facilities standardization and harmonization of (such as street lighting), including accounting and reporting by using tools improvement of energy efficiency. Note such as Integrated Financial Management corresponding Theme code Energy Efficient Systems (IFMIS) spanning across levels Demand [241805]. of government 78 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities Mapping and Ownership • Activities that involve minor adjustments Lead Global Practice/Global Theme in government responsibilities within one GOV ministry, or public sector activities that do not constitute a significant and systemic Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme alteration in responsibilities among DD, FCI, SSI, URL levels of government. Other activities are more suitably mapped to other global practices (GPs) such as subnational poverty assessment or subnational capital market development, although the Governance GP will work closely with other GPs to maximize synergy. • Distributed energy generation and associated storage are coded under energy Sector codes [LLB, LLH, LLI, LLU, LLW, LLN, LLT]. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION [BBX] 79 Law and Justice [BBG] Definition Access to justice and grievance redress • Support for legal empowerment of the Law and justice institutions include those poor and marginalized groups, for example, that declare law (legislatures and government through information, awareness, and agencies), enforce law (prosecutors, regulators, paralegal and community justice providers, police, and prisons), apply law to individual as well as support for grievance redress instances (courts and ombudsmen), and mechanisms through formal and informal advocate for and within the law (legal defense, institutions. legal aid, civil society organizations [CSOs] and the Legal Bar). They require an appropriate Examples of Excluded Activities enabling environment, including legal mandates; functional institutional systems n.a. and rules; and financial, human, and material resources. They need to be physically and financially accessible to the population, while Mapping and Ownership resonating with peoples’ needs and perceptions Lead Global Practice/Global Theme of fairness to generate trust. In many countries, GOV a range of informal law and justice institutions, including religious and customary ones, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme community-based providers, and mediation n.a. systems, and others also perform these roles. Finally, there is a wide range of international and transnational law and justice institutions, including those related to human rights, trade, environment, and labor. Typical Examples of Coded Activities Justice sector support • Improving the efficiency, quality, and accountability of law and justice institutions, including courts, ministries of justice, prosecution, police, and legal aid; legal and regulatory reform: establishing, assessing, and strengthening legal and regulatory frameworks; and supporting consultative processes and regulatory impact assessment. 80 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Other — Public Administration [BBZ] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Activities that are not covered by the following n.a. Sector codes: Central Government (Central Agencies) [BBC], Subnational Government [BBH], Mapping and Ownership and Law and Justice [BBG]. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme GOV Typical Examples of Coded Activities Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. Activities that are not covered by the following Sector codes: Central Government (Central Agencies) [BBC], Subnational Government [BBH], and Law and Justice [BBG]. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION [BBX] 81 82 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY SOCIAL PROTECTION [SSX] 83 Social Protection [SSA] Definition Typical Examples of Coded Social protection is is defined by Devereaux Activities and Sabates-Wheeler (2004) as “all public • Social protection systems coordination and private initiatives that provide income or and strengthening of tools applied across consumption transfers to the poor, protect the programs, including targeting mechanisms, vulnerable against livelihood risks, and enhance payment systems, and registries of the social status and rights of the marginalized, beneficiaries with the overall objective of reducing the • Institutional reform and capacity building economic and social vulnerability of poor, to improve social protection systems and vulnerable, and marginalized groups.” coordinate programs and policies, including governance and accountability From the Inter-agency Network for Education in Emergencies, “social protection consists • Social assistance. Benefits in cash and of policies and programs designed to reduce in kind to poor and vulnerable groups, poverty and vulnerability by promoting efficient including nutrition-sensitive schemes labor markets, diminishing people’s exposure • Subsidies for goods consumed by the to risks, and enhancing their capacity to poor and vulnerable groups (such as manage economic and social risks, such as general bread or rice subsidies, rebates unemployment, exclusion, sickness, disability, for electricity in the form of lifeline tariffs, and old age.” or electricity administered separately to Activities promote tariff design) 1. Resilience by helping individuals, • Subsidies to support access to services by households, and communities better insure poor and vulnerable groups (such as fee against different types of risk; waivers, subsidized connections to utilities, 2. Equity by reducing poverty and destitution; and provision of services free of charge to and specific groups) 3. Opportunity by building and protecting • Workfare programs (cash for work, food human capital and improving skills and for work, and labor-intensive public access to jobs. investment operations aimed at the poor The arrangements used comprise informal, and vulnerable) and economic inclusion market-based, and publicly provided activities, (programs designed to increase the and are centered on managing risk. earnings, assets, and economic resilience of extremely poor and vulnerable people) • Noncontributory social care services aimed at the vulnerable 84 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY • Adaptive mechanisms capable of providing • Labor regulations, including enforcement timely support to individuals and families mechanisms in response to disasters, displacement, and • Assessments/analytical work, capacity other kinds of shocks building, institutional and policy reform, • Social insurance and knowledge sharing with the objective • Strengthening the policy framework for of including people with disabilities and old age income protection, including removing barriers to their participation mandatory contributory instruments, • Expanding the network of services, voluntary savings arrangements, and accessibility, and provision of targeted noncontributory elderly social assistance support for people with disabilities • Building the institutional arrangements • Promoting awareness, equity, and for collections, account and fund accessibility for persons with disabilities management, and disbursement for as well as working with disabled people’s mandatory and voluntary arrangements organizations. • Strengthening the regulatory framework, governance, and supervision of public Examples of Excluded Activities and private pension schemes • Labor market assessments and information For energy pricing reforms, including lifeline systems tariffs, see Public Administration - Energy [LLP]. • Employment services, including counseling and job-search assistance Mapping and Ownership • Active labor market programs, including Lead Global Practice/Global Theme training, employment incentives (wage SPJ subsidies and reductions in labor taxes), sheltered and supported employment, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme and rehabilitation; direct job creation n.a. (public works); and start-up incentives that promote entrepreneurship SOCIAL PROTECTION [SSX] 85 Public Administration — Social Protection [SSG] Definition • Social assistance, insurance, and services information system administered by the Policy, overarching social protection systems relevant ministries or public agencies. approaches, and other country dialogues that promote Examples of Excluded Activities 1. Resilience by helping individuals, households, and communities better insure Activities addressing the specific social against different types of risk; protection programs and aspects of substance 2. Equity by reducing poverty and destitution; (that is, targeting, public works programs, and and so on) should be coded under Social Protection [SSA]. 3. Opportunity by building and protecting human capital and improving skills and access to jobs. Mapping and Ownership The arrangements used comprise informal, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme market-based, and publicly provided activities SPJ and are centered on managing risk. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. Typical Examples of Coded Activities • Reform in social assistance, insurance, and services sector policy and strategy • Administration of government social assistance, insurance, and services programs • Institutional capacity building in social assistance, insurance, and services ministries and public agencies • Social assistance, insurance, and services sector studies, surveys, and assessments led by the relevant ministries or public agencies 86 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY AND INCLUSION [NNX] 87 Social Inclusion [NNI] Definition • Activities to promote local economic development and government-private Social inclusion is defined as expanding sector-community partnerships in remote opportunities for people who are at risk of and disadvantaged regions being excluded from participating fully in • Delivery of basic community services such markets, services, and society, on the basis as economically productive infrastructure of their identity, which can be determined by: (for example, tertiary roads, clean water ethnicity, race, gender, disability, income, supply and sanitation, and transport religion, or sexual orientation, to name some infrastructure) through community and of the common axes of exclusion. local development investments Activities explicitly promote social inclusion • Investments to improve the economic and goals, including (a) identification of groups at social well-being of communities in rural risk of exclusion on the basis of their identity, areas through improved digital connectivity. (b) specific actions or mechanisms to address the needs of groups at risk of exclusion and to Examples of Excluded Activities promote their inclusion, and (c) measurement of impact of activities on excluded groups. Activities that take place during the implementation of Environmental and Social Safeguards, unless the project or program that Typical Examples of Coded triggers the safeguards policies goes beyond Activities the prevention or mitigation of undue harm. • Analytical work on the economic costs of excluding the poor and marginalized groups Mapping and Ownership • Activities to promote access to markets and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme services for disadvantaged and vulnerable SSI communities and individuals • Provision of economic grants and livelihood Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme opportunities to poor communities DD, FCV, GEN, SPJ, URL • Provision of women’s economic grants to enhance incomes 88 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Social Cohesion and Resilience [NNC] Definition Typical Examples of Coded Activities intended to increase social cohesion Activities and resilience, including to adapt to climate • Activities to foster social cohesion and change, as well as to prevent and recover from community resilience, in the face of both conflict and violence. unnatural and natural hazard events and stressors, and activities intended Activities promote efforts to address the to strengthen the adaptive capacity and social impacts of risks, shocks, and stressors resilience of communities to these shocks and to support countries’ and communities’ and stressors transitions to low-carbon and climate- • Activities to improve local-led climate resilient development in a way that is socially adaptation sustainable and inclusive. This includes the social impacts of both unnatural and natural • Technical assistance (TA) to build the hazard events and stressors, and activities capacity of community organizations intended to strengthen the adaptive capacity for local development and resilience of communities to these shocks • TA to build the capacity of local and stressors. This also includes activities to governments to support responsive and understand and address the distributional accountable public service provision and social inclusion impacts of the physical impacts of climate change and the impacts • Analytical work to understand social of climate policies and transitions in such structures, community organizations sectors as energy, agriculture, land use and and networks, civil society groups, and food systems, manufacturing, transport, and community needs urban development. It also supports activities • Analytical work on laws, policies, and aimed at fostering constructive interactions procedures related to decentralization and between citizens and the state (vertical community engagement in the planning cohesion) and at improving relations within and and management of development. across communities (horizontal cohesion), for example, to foster cohesion between displaced Examples of Excluded Activities and host communities or across ethnic or religious communities. n.a. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme SSI Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme DD, FCV, GEN, SPJ, URL SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITy AND INCLUSION [NNX] 89 Public Administration — Social Risk Management [NNF] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Supporting governments and other Activities undertaken in the regular stakeholders to strengthen institutions, policies, implementation of the Environmental and and systems to enhance environmental and Social Framework (ESF) for specific Investment social (E&S) risk management and long-term Project Financings (IPFs) at the project level. sustainability. Mapping and Ownership Typical Examples of Coded Lead Global Practice/Global Theme Activities SSI • Activities to assess and strengthen social Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme and environmental risk management ENB, LEG, SPJ systems, laws, regulations, policies, and country capacity, including for E&S assessments, labor laws, involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, stakeholder engagement, and national grievance mechanisms • Technical support to develop policy and regulatory frameworks related to E&S risk management issues • Analytical work to assess economic, social, and environmental cost-benefit, effectiveness, and efficiency of E&S risk management systems • Capacity-building activities on E&S risk management • Development of resource materials for information platforms for E&S risk learning • Analytical work assessing citizen perceptions of E&S risk management issues and systems. 90 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY TRANSPORTATION [TTX] 91 Rural and Inter-Urban Roads [TTI] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities A rural highway or rural road is a highway that Urban transport operations, even if primarily the Department of Rural Roads constructs and concerned with a city’s road network maintains. “Inter-urban roads” refers to a transportation Mapping and Ownership system operating between cities. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme TRA Rural and inter-urban roads include operations, components, or activities that focus on the Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme construction, rehabilitation, maintenance, or n.a. administration of road assets, road sector policy reform, capacity building of road agencies, or road freight services. Such roads may include any type of road, from highways to local roads, paved or unpaved. Roads in urban areas should be excluded, however, as they should fall under the Urban Transport [TTC] code. Typical Examples of Coded Activities • Road construction, rehabilitation, or maintenance operations or components within a project • Capacity building within the road agency responsible for a country or locality’s road network • Road safety interventions intended to improve the safety of road users (pedestrians, bicyclists, or those in vehicles) • Activities to facilitate energy efficiency (note corresponding Theme code [241805] Energy Efficient Demand) or use of electricity (for example, electric vehicle charging stations) or alternative fuels (for example, hydrogen fuel cells). 92 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Railways [TTW] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities A railway is a railroad, especially one operated Urban metro line expansion or metro operation over a limited area. Operations, components, operations/advisory activities. or activities that focus on the construction, rehabilitation, maintenance, or operation Mapping and Ownership of railways or the reform of the railway sector, including sector policy, regulation, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme and governance of the companies or agency TRA responsible for providing railway services. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme Note: This includes suburban railway systems and excludes urban metro systems, which should be coded under the Urban n.a. Transport [TTC] code. Typical Examples of Coded Activities • Railway construction operations, including expanding the railway network or increasing the capacity of existing network, or analysis of railway needs and technical assistance (TA) • Railway institutional reform, such as capacity building, or advisory activities related to railway reform • Railway components of multimodal transport interventions • Activities to facilitate energy efficiency (note corresponding Theme code Energy Efficient Demand [241805]) or use of electricity (for example, electrification of railways) or alternative fuels (for example, hydrogen fuel cells). TRANSPORTATION [TTX] 93 Aviation [TTV] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Aviation is the practical aspect or art of n.a. aeronautics, being the design, development, production, operation, and use of aircraft, Mapping and Ownership especially heavier-than-air aircraft. The aviation industry involves all aspects of aviation, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme including airlines and training centers, vendors, TRA and regulatory authorities. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme Aviation in the World Bank sector includes n.a. operations, components, or activities that focus on air transport infrastructure, maintenance, operation, or improvements. This may include airports, air traffic management, or air transport capacity building. Typical Examples of Coded Activities • Construction or rehabilitation of airport infrastructure • Lending or advisory activities for improvement of airport management and/ or operations • Aviation safety and security infrastructure and oversight • Support to the enabling environment for air transport, including regulatory reform, capacity building, and training • Activities to facilitate energy efficiency (note corresponding Theme code [241805] Energy Efficient Demand) or use of electricity (for example, electric aircraft) or alternative fuels (for example, biofuels). 94 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Ports/Waterways [TTP] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Ports are towns or cities with a harbor n.a. where ships load or unload, especially one where customs officers are stationed. A Mapping and Ownership waterway is any navigable body of water. A shipping route consists of one or several Lead Global Practice/Global Theme waterways. Waterways can include rivers, TRA lakes, seas, oceans, and canals. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme In operations, ports and waterways include n.a. components or activities that focus on infrastructure, services, technologies, and administration for maritime or inland water transport—including harbors, ports, harbor guidance systems, shipping, and river and other inland water transport. Typical Examples of Coded Activities • Improvement, rehabilitation, or maintenance of port or waterway infrastructure, including capacity to handle increased cargo, and interface with other forms of land transport • Support to improve the capacity of port or river authorities to better manage port or waterway transport, including modernization of port or waterway processes, policy reform, and/or performance. TRANSPORTATION [TTX] 95 Urban Transport [TTC] Definition • Regulation and safety of urban transport infrastructure and mobility services Urban transport is infrastructure, services, • Activities to facilitate energy efficiency (note technologies, and administration involved in corresponding Theme code [241805] Energy moving people, vehicles, or goods in urban Efficient Demand) or use of electricity (for or metropolitan settings. As noted in The example, electric vehicle charging stations) Geography of Transport Systems: “Conceptually, or alternative fuels (for example, hydrogen the urban transport system is intricately linked fuel cells). with urban form and spatial structure. Urban transit is an important dimension of mobility, notably in high-density areas.” Examples of Excluded Activities Unsustainable activities with harmful impact Typical Examples of Coded on nature, ecological system, or local Activities communities or irreversible damage to cultural and natural heritage. • Urban and metropolitan transport planning, including travel surveys, models, and studies Mapping and Ownership • Public transport, including urban rail and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme bus systems, bus rapid transit, and other TRA passenger or mass transit systems Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Intelligent transport systems, including URL traffic control and management systems, signage, and travel information and ticketing platforms • Urban roads, intersections, and related facilities (including routes to ports, airports, and other major activity centers) • Vehicle inspection, regulation, enforcement, and maintenance, including safety and emissions control • Parking facilities and other systems related to transport demand management • Facilities for nonmotorized transport modes (including pedestrians and bicycles) and integration with other modes 96 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Public Administration — Transportation [TTF] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Operations, components, or activities that n.a. support capacity building within transport agencies, institutional capacity building, or Mapping and Ownership improvement of the regulatory enabling environment in the transport sector Lead Global Practice/Global Theme more broadly. TRA Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme Typical Examples of Coded n.a. Activities • Support for capacity building in the Ministry of Transport • Reform in transportation sector policy and strategy • Administration of government transportation sector programs • Institutional capacity building in transportation ministries and public agencies. TRANSPORTATION [TTX] 97 Other — Transportation [TTZ] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Operations, components, or activities that do Operations or activities that fit within one of the not fit clearly within one of the modal transport other transport Sector codes should be mapped Sector codes or the Public Administration – to the respective Sector code. Transportation [TTF] code. Mapping and Ownership Typical Examples of Coded Lead Global Practice/Global Theme Activities TRA • Improvement of transport services along Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme development corridors n.a. • Support to improving the financial enabling environment for transport as a sector. 98 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY WATER, SANITATION, AND WASTE MANAGEMENT [WWX] 99 Sanitation [WWA] Definition • Collection and transport of wastewater (with or without stormwater) by means This Sector code is used to capture support such as pipes, sewers, drains, pumps, for sanitation systems development or and collector sewers rehabilitation. Activities include investments • Rehabilitation and extension of urban in on‑site and off-site sanitation systems sewerage networks as part of small-scale of any type or technology, including both municipal investments greenfield and rehabilitation operations and/ or institutional capacity building support to • Reuse of treated wastewater and fecal sanitation-related service providers. This code sludge also captures support to expand access to • Institutional capacity-building support sanitation in health care facilities and schools. to sanitation-related service providers (including utilities, small-scale providers, Typical Examples of Coded community-based organizations, and nongovernmental organizations [NGOs]) Activities for sanitation management including • Capital investment for, promotion of, and • Technical or feasibility studies; operational support to on‑site excreta • Institutional capacity building management systems including programs (for example, defining roles and of community-led total sanitation, pit responsibilities; facilitating private sector latrines, septic tanks, and any other participation contracts; developing plans, on‑site system of excreta management training, management information with storage and/or disposal at the systems, and operations and maintenance household plot guidelines; and asset management); and • Support for programs for emptying of pit • Public awareness campaigns, behavior latrines, cesspools, and septic tanks and/ change, and hygiene promotion or reuse of composted wastes from (including for beneficiaries), defined on‑site systems as activities designed to promote the • Treatment of wastewater at centralized, set of human behaviors related to safe decentralized, or industrial (as opposed management of excreta, such as washing to household) facilities, for example, hands with soap at appropriate times sedimentation, activated sludge, and and the safe disposal of child feces. stabilization pond systems • Centralized treatment of fecal sludge collected from on‑site sanitation systems 100 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities Mapping and Ownership • For collection of solid waste, whether from Lead Global Practice/Global Theme industrial or commercial units, see Solid WTR Waste Management [WWB]. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Drainage and irrigation predominantly for n.a. agricultural purposes (see Irrigation and Drainage [AAI]). • Technical support provided to relevant ministries at the national and subnational levels on sanitation sector reforms/ institutional capacity building, which is captured under the Public Administration codes. WATER, SANITATION, AND WASTE MANAGEMENT [WWX] 101 Solid Waste Management [WWB] Definition • Cleaning and maintenance services and litter reduction programs for neighborhoods, Solid waste management refers to the handling public spaces, historical monuments, and of waste material from collection to recovery, recreational and tourism areas treatment, and disposal, and the maintenance • Litter prevention programs for drainage of cleanliness and remediation activities related systems to poorly managed waste. It aims to reduce the generation of waste and support programs for • Public awareness programs for solid waste its reuse. management • Organizational strengthening of utilities and Typical Examples of Coded other solid waste service providers Activities • Policy reform related to waste generation, resources recovery, waste management, • Collection of waste from waste generators and urban cleanliness including but not limited to households, • Transportation and disposal by incineration public areas, industry, and medical and or by other means. commercial units • Solid waste transportation and transfer services Examples of Excluded Activities • Solid waste treatment services • Activities that support wastewater collection, transportation, treatment, and • Solid waste disposal services disposal/reuse. This includes investments • Recycling and resource recovery programs in sewerage networks, pumping stations, and technologies and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)/ • Landfill gas collection and destruction sewage treatment plants (STPs). and use technologies (excluding energy • Activities that support on‑site sanitation generation) systems and fecal sludge management • Waste industry-related training and (collection, emptying, transportation, employment programs, including treatment, and disposal/reuse) formalization programs for informal • For any of the abovementioned excluded recyclers activities, use Sanitation [WWA]. • Programs to reduce waste generation • Distributed energy generation activities are and for reuse coded under energy Sector codes [LLB, LLH, • Removal and processing of construction, LLI, LLU, LLW, and LLN]. demolition, and post-disaster debris 102 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme URL Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme WTR, ENB WATER, SANITATION, AND WASTE MANAGEMENT [WWX] 103 Water Supply [WWC] Definition • Rehabilitation and extension of urban water supply networks as part of small-scale Water supply captures support for source municipal investments works, collection, treatment, transmission, Institutional capacity building to service storage, and distribution of water to household, providers (including water utilities, small-scale industrial, commercial, or other users (including providers, community-based organizations, institutional water supply, but excluding water and nongovernmental organizations [NGOs]) for agriculture). Activities include investments for water supply management, including in water supply systems, including both support for greenfield and rehabilitation operations and/or • Technical or feasibility studies; institutional capacity building support to water service providers. • Institutional capacity building (for example, defining roles and responsibilities; facilitating private sector participation Typical Examples of Coded contracts; developing plans, training, Activities management information systems, and operations and maintenance guidelines; • Construction or rehabilitation of and asset management); boreholes, intakes, water treatment plants, transmission and distribution pipelines, • Demand-side management interventions dams, reservoirs, pump stations, and house (for example, creating awareness and tariff connections for water supply purposes. This reforms); and includes energy efficiency improvements • Commercial management (for example, for energy produced and used to power billing and collection systems) to reduce water supply facilities (also see Theme code nontechnical losses. [241805] Energy Efficient Demand) • Construction or rehabilitation of “improved Examples of Excluded Activities water sources” to improve access, including piped household connections (house or Technical support provided to relevant yard connections) and community water ministries at the national and subnational points (public standpipes, boreholes, levels on water sector reforms/institutional protected dug wells, and protected spring capacity building, which is captured under the and rainwater collection) Public Administration — Water, Sanitation, and Solid Waste Management [WWF] code as well • Improvement of transmission and as water supply for agriculture and dams and distribution systems to reduce technical reservoirs for non-water supply purposes (see losses, that is, nonrevenue water codes Irrigation and Drainage [AAI] and Energy • Construction or rehabilitation of rainwater Generation - Hydro [LLH]. harvesting structures 104 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme WTR Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme URL WATER, SANITATION, AND WASTE MANAGEMENT [WWX] 105 Water Resources [WWW] Definition • Water resources planning, including water master plans, water basin plans, and other This Sector code refers to water resources water resources management assessments, management and development. It is or planning studies to design or operate a used to capture support for the planning, specific infrastructure or intervention development, operation, and use of natural or • Planning, construction, operation, or built water resources, through infrastructure rehabilitation of water storage or water or other water resources management, management infrastructure not captured at the transboundary, national, basin, or under other sectors, including for any local levels, including policy, governance, combination of flood control or drought or institutional measures deployed for this management, irrigation, domestic and purpose. This includes policy, laws, regulation, firm water supply, navigation, and/or and institutional and regulatory reform. It hydropower. This could include weirs, also includes water information management, barrages, dams and reservoirs, and dikes. decision support systems, and water planning mechanisms and processes, all those relevant • Planning, construction, operation, or to water resources management. Such rehabilitation of nature-based solutions interventions may focus on trans-boundary, (NBS) for water storage or water national, or subnational government/ management, including groundwater administrative levels (regional, provincial, state, recharge, watershed and soil management, and local), or basin level, and may involve wetland restoration for flood management, water-using sectors including energy, transport, and sponge cities disaster risk, and environment. • Water resources planning and management policy studies, surveys, and assessments led Typical Examples of Coded by the relevant ministries or public agencies Activities • Water information, modeling, and knowledge systems pertaining to water • Reforms involving water resources resources management, including hydromet management and development policy systems, decision support systems, and strategy, such as water allocation, water balance modeling, water quality water demand management, water laws, assessments and testing and laboratories, drought management, and groundwater forecasting and early warning systems, and management groundwater monitoring. 106 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities Mapping and Ownership • Activities related to the institutional Lead Global Practice/Global Theme development of the overall sector (such as WTR policies or basin planning) or specific law or policy development that applies to more Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme than one specific piece of infrastructure/ AGF, CCG, ENB, SSI, URL intervention, which is captured under the code Public Administration - Water, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management [WWF]. • Single sector infrastructure or NBS activities that fit solely into other categories in the Sector codes, such as urban water supply through a utility and hydropower development. WATER, SANITATION, AND WASTE MANAGEMENT [WWX] 107 Public Administration — Water, Sanitation, and Solid Waste Management [WWF] Definition • Water supply, sanitation, irrigation, water resources, and solid waste management This Sector code is used to capture activities sector policy studies, surveys, and supporting public administration of water assessments led by the relevant ministries supply, sanitation, water resources, irrigation or public agencies and drainage, and solid waste management. • Relevant sector information, decision This includes policy, institutional, and regulatory support, and knowledge systems. reform as well as technical assistance (TA), capacity building, training, and other support activities provided to sector ministries and Examples of Excluded Activities other government bodies, including water TA, capacity building, training, and other resource management, irrigation, and water support activities provided to private supply and sanitation institutions. Such operators and other business entities interventions may focus on trans-boundary, (including private water utilities, small-scale national, or subnational government/ providers, community-based organizations, administrative levels (regional, provincial, and nongovernmental organizations [NGOs]) state, and local) and may involve water-using should be coded in the other relevant sectors sectors including agriculture, irrigation, energy, under water, sanitation, and solid waste transport, disaster risk, and environment. management. Typical Examples of Coded Mapping and Ownership Activities Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Reforms involving water supply, sanitation, WTR irrigation, drainage, water resources development, and solid waste management Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme sector policy and strategy ENB, URL • Administration of government water supply, sanitation, irrigation and drainage, water resources, and waste management programs, as well as those relating to water in other water-using sectors • Institutional capacity building in relevant public agencies 108 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Other — Water, Sanitation, and Solid Waste Management [WWZ] Definition Examples of Excluded Activities This Sector code is used to capture support n.a. to water supply, sanitation, irrigation and drainage, water resources development and Mapping and Ownership management, or solid waste management systems development or rehabilitation, which Lead Global Practice/Global Theme does not fall under the Water Supply [WWC], WTR Sanitation [WWA], Irrigation and Drainage [AAI], Water Resources [WWW], or Solid Waste Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme Management [WWB] Sector codes. ENB, SSI, URL Typical Examples of Coded Activities Dams only for flood management purposes. WATER, SANITATION, AND WASTE MANAGEMENT [WWX] 109 110 THE WORLD BANK SECTOR TAXONOMY Operations Policy & Country Services WATER, SANITATION, AND WASTE MANAGEMENT [WWX] 111