1 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s T o w a r d P r o v i d i n g S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n E a s t A s i a a n d t h e Pa c i f i c 2014/28 90886 A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRACTIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE THE BOTTOM LINE Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy Where does the region stand on the quest for sustainable for All in East Asia and the Pacific energy for all? In 2010, EAP had an electrification rate of Why is this important? databases—technical measures. This note is based on that frame- 95 percent, and 52 percent work (World Bank 2014). SE4ALL will publish an updated version of of the population had access Tracking regional trends is critical to monitoring the GTF in 2015. to nonsolid fuel for cooking. the progress of the Sustainable Energy for All The primary indicators and data sources that the GTF uses to Consumption of renewable (SE4ALL) initiative track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals are summarized below. energy decreased overall In declaring 2012 the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for • Energy access. Access to modern energy services is measured between 1990 and 2010, though All,” the UN General Assembly established three objectives to be by the percentage of the population with an electricity modern forms grew rapidly. accomplished by 2030: to ensure universal access to modern energy connection and the percentage of the population with access Energy intensity levels are high services,1 to double the 2010 share of renewable energy in the global to nonsolid fuels.2 These data are collected using household but declining rapidly. Overall energy mix, and to double the global rate of improvement in energy surveys and reported in the World Bank’s Global Electrification trends are positive, but bold efficiency relative to the period 1990–2010 (SE4ALL 2012). Database and the World Health Organization’s Household Energy policy measures will be required The SE4ALL objectives are global, with individual countries setting Database. to sustain progress. their own national targets in a way that is consistent with the overall • Renewable energy. The share of renewable energy in the spirit of the initiative. Because countries differ greatly in their ability energy mix is measured by the percentage of total final energy to pursue the three objectives, some will make more rapid progress consumption that is derived from renewable energy resources. in one area while others will excel elsewhere, depending on their Data used to calculate this indicator are obtained from energy respective starting points and comparative advantages as well as on balances published by the International Energy Agency and the the resources and support that they are able to marshal. United Nations. Elisa Portale is an energy economist in To sustain momentum for the achievement of the SE4ALL • Energy efficiency. The rate of improvement of energy efficiency the Energy Sector objectives, a means of charting global progress to 2030 is needed. is approximated by the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) Management Assistance The World Bank and the International Energy Agency led a consor- of energy intensity, where energy intensity is the ratio of total Program (ESMAP) of the tium of 15 international agencies to establish the SE4ALL Global primary energy consumption to gross domestic product (GDP) World Bank’s Energy and Extractives Tracking Framework (GTF), which provides a system for regular measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Data used to Global Practice. global reporting, based on rigorous—yet practical, given available calculate energy intensity are obtained from energy balances Joeri de Wit is an published by the International Energy Agency and the United energy economist in 1 The universal access goal will be achieved when every person on the planet has access Nations. the Bank’s Energy and to modern energy services provided through electricity, clean cooking fuels, clean heating fuels, Extractives Global and energy for productive use and community services. The term “modern cooking solutions” refers to solutions that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including liquefied petroleum gas), 2 Solid fuels are defined to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural Practice. or solid/liquid fuels paired with stoves exhibiting overall emissions rates at or near those of and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed biomass (such as pellets and briquettes), and liquefied petroleum gas (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). 2 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s T o w a r d P r o v i d i n g S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n E a s t A s i a a n d t h e Pa c i f i c This note uses GTF data to provide a regional and country Figure 1. The electricity access deficit in the region in 2010 perspective on the three SE4ALL goals in East Asia and the Pacific (EAP).3 The first section considers energy access. The following sections look at the renewable energy and energy efficiency goals. Rural All data underlying the information in this note can be found online 92% at http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/sustainable-energy-for-all. Without access “The share of the region’s 5% Urban 8% population with access What progress has been made toward universal With access 95% to electricity rose from access to energy services? 87 percent (1.4 billion In 2010, EAP had an electrification rate of Source: World Bank 2014. people) in 1990 to 95 percent and 52 percent of the population approximately 95 percent had access to nonsolid fuel for cooking The share of the region’s population with access to electricity (1.8 billion people) in 2010.” Achieving universal access to modern energy services is the “first rose from 87 percent (1.4 billion people) in 1990 to approximately among equals” of the three complementary goals of SE4ALL. Despite 95 percent (1.8 billion people) in 2010. During the period, 463 million progress in this region, a huge energy access deficit remains. people in the region gained access to electricity, while the population Electricity. Access to electricity in flexible, reliable, and sustain- expanded by 350 million (figure 3). All of the incremental growth in able forms brings a range of social and economic benefits, enabling electrification over the period occurred in urban areas. Globally, the people to leap from poverty to a better future, enhancing the quality number of people gaining access to electricity services increased by of household life, and stimulating the broader economy. In 2010, 1.7 billion people over 20 years, and EAP represents 27 percent of the EAP region had an electrification rate of 95 percent. Fully half that total. of the electrified population lived in rural areas. Five percent of the The urban electrification rate grew from 97 to 98 percent across population lacked access to electricity (102 million people of the 1.2 the period, accompanied by a huge increase in the urban population billion people worldwide who lacked access to electricity). Around (480 million people). More modest growth in rural populations 92 percent of those without electricity lived in rural areas (95 million) allowed the rural electrification rate to increase more steeply, from (figure 1). 82 to 91 percent, despite a much lower level of electrification effort The challenge of electrification remains particularly significant overall in the rural space. in some countries of the region (figure 2). Eight of the twenty-four China made particularly rapid progress, electrifying an average of countries have an access rate lower than 50 percent. Papua New 13 million people annually since 1990, with a 1 percent annual rate of Guinea has the lowest rate (14.5 percent). The Democratic People’s growth in access (figure 4). Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia Republic of Korea and Cambodia have rates of 26 and 31 percent, expanded access at a rate of around 2 percent annually, well above respectively. Myanmar, with an access rate of 50 percent, is the the global rate of 1.3 percent. In China, Indonesia, the Philippines, country with the greatest “access deficit”—25 million people in the Vietnam, and Thailand the annual growth in access exceeded the country lack access to electricity. annual growth in population. Cooking fuels. The World Health Organization estimates that 3 in 2012 about 4.3 million deaths occurred worldwide because of For a list of countries that fall under East Asia and Pacific according to the World Bank re- gional classification system, see http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups. exposure to household air pollution caused by smoke from the 3 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s T o w a r d P r o v i d i n g S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n E a s t A s i a a n d t h e Pa c i f i c Figure 2. Electrification rates and deficits by country, 2010 a. Electrification rates (%) b. Access deficit (millions of people without access) China 100 Samoa 0 “China made particularly Thailand 100 Tuvalu 0 rapid progress, electrifying Samoa 100 Tonga 0 an average of 13 million Malaysia 99 Palua 0 people annually since 1990, Vietnam 96 Marshall Islands 0 with a 1 percent annual Indonesia 94 American Samoa 0 rate of growth in access.” Tonga 92 Kiribati 0 Mongolia 86 Micronesia 0 Philippines 83 Vanuatu 0.2 Lao PDR 66 Malaysia 0.2 Fiji 56 Thailand 0.2 Micronesia 56 Fiji 0.4 Kiribati 56 Solomon Islands 0.4 Samoa 56 Timor-Leste 0.7 Marshall Islands 56 Lao PDR 2.1 Palua 56 Mongolia 2.8 Myanmar 49 Vietnam 3.5 Tuvalu 41 China 4.0 Timor-Leste 38 Papua New Guinea 5.9 Cambodia 31 Cambodia 9.7 Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. 26 Indonesia 14.0 Vanuatu 24 Philippines 15.6 Solomon Islands 19 Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. 18.0 Papua New Guinea 15 Myanmar 24.6 Source: World Bank 2014. 4 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s T o w a r d P r o v i d i n g S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n E a s t A s i a a n d t h e Pa c i f i c Figure 3. Progress in access to electricity in urban and rural areas, 1990–2010 Population with access in 1990 Rural 947 0 95 Incremental access in 1990-2010 Population without access in 2010 Urban 453 463 8 “Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia expanded Total 1400 463 102 access to electricity at a 0 500 1000 1500 2000 rate of around 2 percent population (million) annually, well above the Source: World Bank 2014. global rate of 1.3 percent. In China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Figure 4. The 15 countries with the greatest annual increases in access to electricity, 1990–2010 and Thailand the annual 15 growth in access exceeded the annual growth in Annual incremental population growth 10 Annual incremental access growth population.” Annual growth in access (%) 3 population (million) 2 5 annual growth in access (%) 1 0 0 China Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Thailand Myanmar Malaysia Korea, Cambodia Papua Lao PDR Mongolia Timor- Fiji Solomon Dem New Guinea Leste Islands . People's -1 Rep. -5 -2 -3 Source: World Bank 2014. -4 incomplete combustion of fuels such as wood, coal, and kerosene. in most EAP countries. In nearly half of the countries, less than 50 Use of such fuels for cooking also poses substantial risks to safety, percent of the population has access to nonsolid fuels. The rates causing burns and injuries. in four countries (Laos, Timor-Leste, Myanmar, and the Democratic In 2010, 52 percent of the population of the EAP region had Republic of Korea) are among the lowest in the world. The greatest access to nonsolid fuel for cooking, yet more than 952 million people numbers of people lacking access are found in China and Indonesia, in the region were still using solid fuel for cooking (out of 2.8 billion where 613 million and 131 million people, respectively, still used solid globally). The challenge of access to nonsolid fuel remains significant fuel for cooking (figure 5). 5 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s T o w a r d P r o v i d i n g S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n E a s t A s i a a n d t h e Pa c i f i c Figure 5. Access to nonsolid fuels by country, 2010 a. Access to nonsolid fuel (%) b. Deficit in access to nonsolid fuel (millions of people without access) Palau 100 Samoa 0 “Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia 100 Palau 0 Malaysia achieved an Tuvalu 81 Tuvalu 0 annual rate of growth in Thailand 74 Malaysia 0 access to nonsolid cooking Marshall Islands 0 Marshall Islands 68 fuel of around 2 percent or Tonga 0 Fiji 63 more. In China, Vietnam, Micronesia 0 Micronesia 59 Thailand, and Malaysia the Kiribati 0 Tonga 57 annual growth in access Samoa 0.1 China 54 kept pace with population Vanuatu 0.2 Kiribati 54 growth.” Fiji 0.3 Philippines 50 Solomon Islands 0.5 Samoa 47 Timor-Leste 1.0 Indonesia 45 Mongolia 2.0 Vietnam 44 Papua New Guinea 5.0 Mongolia 28 Lao PDR 6.0 Papua New Guinea 27 Cambodia 12.6 Vanuatu 16 Thailand 18.1 Cambodia 11 Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 22.2 Solomon Islands 10 Myanmar 44.0 Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 9 Philippines 46.2 Myanmar 8 Vietnam 49.4 Timor-Leste 8 Indonesia 131.3 Lao PDR 4 China 612.8 Source: World Bank 2014. 6 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s T o w a r d P r o v i d i n g S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n E a s t A s i a a n d t h e Pa c i f i c Figure 6. The 15 countries with the greatest annual increases in access to nonsolid fuels, 1990–2010 20 3 Annual incremental population growth Annual incremental access growth annual growth in access (%) Annual growth in access (%) 15 population (million) 2 “Renewable energy’s share 10 in the EAP energy mix 1 stood at around double the 5 global average in 1990 but later converged toward the 0 China Indonesia Vietnam Thailand Philippines Malaysia Myanmar Korea, Papua Cambodia Mongolia Fiji Lao PDR Timor- Samoa 0 Dem. Rep. New Guinea Leste global average, standing Source: World Bank 2014. at 22 percent of TFEC in 2010.” The share of the region’s population with access to nonsolid How has the share of renewable energy evolved? fuel for cooking rose from 33 percent (534 million people) in 1990 to approximately 52 percent (1 billion people) in 2010. During the Consumption of renewable energy decreased overall, period, 477 million people gained access to nonsolid fuel, while the though modern forms grew rapidly region’s population expanded by 350 million. The global population Global consumption of renewable energy grew from 40 exajoules (EJ) with access to nonsolid fuel, meanwhile, increased by 1.6 billion in 1990 to almost 60 EJ in 2010. Meanwhile, global total final energy people. The region accounted for 30 percent of the global increase in consumption (TFEC) grew at a comparable pace of 1.1 percent during population with access to nonsolid fuel over the period. 1990–2000 and 2.0 percent during 2000–10. As a result, the share of China, again, made rapid progress, providing access to nonsolid renewable energy in the global energy mix remained relatively stable, fuels to an additional 16 million people annually since 1990, for an rising from 16.6 percent in 1990 to 18 percent in 2010. annual growth rate of 1.2 percent (figure 6), exceeding the global Renewable energy’s share in the EAP energy mix stood at around average annual increase in access of 1.1 percent for the period. double the global average in 1990 but later converged toward the Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia achieved an annual rate of growth global average, standing at 22 percent of TFEC in 2010. That year, in access of around 2 percent or more. In China, Vietnam, Thailand, traditional biomass accounted for 73 percent of renewable energy and Malaysia the annual growth in access kept pace with population consumption in the region (figure 7).4 growth. 4 The UN Food and Agriculture Organization defines traditional biomass as “woodfuels, agricultural by-products, and dung burned for cooking and heating purposes.” In developing countries, traditional biomass is still widely harvested and used in an unsustainable and unsafe way. It is mostly traded informally and noncommercially. So-called modern biomass, by contrast, is produced in a sustainable manner from solid wastes and residues from agriculture and forestry. The informal term “modern renewables” as used in this note denotes all renewables except traditional biomass. 7 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s T o w a r d P r o v i d i n g S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n E a s t A s i a a n d t h e Pa c i f i c Figure 7.  Total final consumption of renewable energy by In 2010, the share of renewable energy in TFEC varied substan- technology, 1990–2010 tially across countries—from 4 percent in Mongolia to around 90 18 40 percent in Myanmar (figure 8). Nonrenewable sources accounted Other RE for the bulk of energy consumption in all countries except Myanmar 16 35 Hydro and Cambodia, which have large shares of traditional biomass. The Modern biomass “In 2010, traditional 14 30 remainder of the fuel mix is dominated by modern biomass and Traditional biomass biomass accounted for 12 RE share in TFEC hydropower, although the Philippines has developed substantial 25 geothermal resources. 73 percent of renewable exajoules 10 percent 20 Growth in the region’s consumption of certain forms of renew- energy consumption in 8 able energy (wind, solar, geothermal, and hydro) has been more the region.” 6 15 than double global averages (figure 9). Growth in the use of modern 10 biomass, by contrast, has been on par with the global average, while 4 traditional biomass has hardly grown at all. Regional growth rates for 2 5 renewable waste, liquid biofuels, and biogas consumption are not 0 0 plotted because their consumption levels stood near zero in 1990. 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Source: World Bank 2014. Figure 8. Renewable energy’s share of total final energy consumption, 2010 World EAP Myanmar Traditional biomass Cambodia Modern biomass Indonesia Hydro Liquid biofuels Vietnam Wind Philippines Solar Thailand Biogas China Geothermal Korea, Dem. People's Rep. Waste Malaysia Mongolia 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 percent Source: World Bank 2014. 8 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s T o w a r d P r o v i d i n g S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n E a s t A s i a a n d t h e Pa c i f i c Figure 9. Annual regional and world growth in renewable energy consumption by technology, 1990–2010 70 66.1 compound annual growth rate (%) 60 EAP 50 World “Of all world regions, 40 29.3 EAP achieved the most 30 25.0 rapid decline in energy 20 12.6 16.7 11.1 11.4 10 8.3 intensity between 1990 and 1.2 1.24 1.29 2.3 5.1 6.6 0.1 0 2010—but energy intensity Traditional Modern Hydro Geothermal Waste Liquid Solar Biogas Wind biomass biomass biofuels in the region remains high at 10.7 MJ/$2005 in 2010 Source: World Bank 2014. compared with the global average of 7.9 MJ/$2005.” Figure 10. Change in consumption of modern forms of renewable energy in selected countries as a percentage of TFEC, 1990–2000 Modern biomass Myanmar Hydro Liquid biofuels Korea, Dem. Rep. Wind China Solar Philippines Biogas Thailand Geothermal Mongolia Waste Malaysia Indonesia Vietnam -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 percent Source: World Bank 2014. In more than half of the countries for which data are available, in penetration were also achieved by diversifying the renewables the consumption of modern forms of renewable energy grew faster mix toward liquid biofuels (Philippines and Thailand), geothermal than TFEC between 1990 and 2010 (figure 10). Modern biomass (Philippines, Indonesia, and China), and solar and wind (China). and hydropower accounted for most of the growth. However, gains 9 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s T o w a r d P r o v i d i n g S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n E a s t A s i a a n d t h e Pa c i f i c How does the region fare on energy efficiency? annual reduction in energy intensity of -2.6 percent for the period 2010–30. Energy intensity levels are high but declining rapidly Of all world regions, EAP achieved the most rapid decline in Energy intensity. Globally, energy intensity decreased by –1.3 per- energy intensity between 1990 and 2010, a rate of -3.2 percent per cent annually (in CAGR terms) over the 20 years between 1990 and year (figure 11). However, the rate slowed down from -4.9 percent “Regional statistics are 2010. With this as the starting point for measuring future progress in between 1990 and 2000 to -1.5 percent between 2000 and 2010. determined largely by global energy efficiency, the SE4ALL global objective is therefore an Furthermore, energy intensity in the region remains high at 10.7 activity in China, where Figure 11. Level of energy intensity in 2010 and change in level, 1990–2010 energy intensity declined at a rate of 4.7 percent per a. Energy intensity, 2010 b. Energy intensity CAGR, 1990–2010 year between 1990 and World 7.9 World -1.3 2010 but remained among EAP 10.7 EAP -3.2 the highest in the region.” Vanuatu 2.7 China -4.7 Solomon Islands 3.0 Lao PDR -4.2 Kiribati 3.6 Mongolia -3.3 Samoa 4.4 Papua New Guinea -2.4 Fiji 4.9 Fiji -2.4 Philippines 5.1 Solomon Islands -2.2 Lao PDR 5.7 Philippines -2.0 Tonga 5.9 Samoa -1.3 Papua New Guinea 7.0 Vietnam -1.2 Cambodia 7.6 Indonesia -0.9 Malaysia 8.1 Malaysia 0.4 Thailand 9.3 Thailand 0.9 Indonesia 9.3 Vietnam 9.9 Vanuatu 0.9 Palau 11.8 Tonga 2.4 China 11.8 Kiribati 2.5 Mongolia 13.7 Palau 3.6 0 5 10 15 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 MJ/$2005 percent Source: World Bank 2014. 10 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s T o w a r d P r o v i d i n g S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n E a s t A s i a a n d t h e Pa c i f i c Figure 12. Energy intensity by sector, 1990 and 2010 Figure 13. Energy savings owing to realized improvements in energy intensity, 1990–2010 3.3 Agriculture World Energy intensity 1990 350 2.1 Total primary energy supply Energy intensity 2010 300 Primary energy savings 2.2 250 EAP 1.5 exajoules “Energy intensity is an 200 9.0 150 World Industry imperfect proxy for energy 6.8 100 efficiency. This is because EAP 7.6 17.6 50 0 energy intensity is affected 1990 2000 2010 Other sectors 7.4 World 5.5 by other factors, such as Source: World Bank 2014. 22.6 shifts in the structure of EAP 7.2 the economy over time, 0 5 10 15 20 25 MJ/$2005 PPP typically from less energy- Energy savings. Energy savings in a given year are calculated intensive agriculture to Source: World Bank 2014. as the difference between (i) the energy that would have been con- higher energy-intensive sumed in that year given the GDP and the level of energy intensity in 1990, and (ii) actual energy consumption in that year. As a result of industry and then back MJ/$2005 in 2010 compared with the global average of 7.9 MJ/$2005. rapid reductions in energy intensity since 1990, the EAP region saved toward lower energy- Owing to the weight of the Chinese economy, regional statistics more than 1,325 EJ between 1990 and 2010 (figure 13). In 2010 alone intensive services.” are determined largely by activity in China, where energy intensity the region saved 173 EJ of energy, or about 133 percent of energy declined at a rate of 4.7 percent per year between 1990 and 2010 but supply. remained among the highest in the region, second only to Mongolia’s At the country level, the Chinese economy stands out for the in 2010. magnitude of its primary energy supply and energy savings, but Energy intensity is an imperfect proxy for energy efficiency. This also for the energy savings that it has achieved as a percentage of is because energy intensity is affected by other factors, such as primary energy supply (figure 14). shifts in the structure of the economy over time, typically from less energy-intensive agriculture to higher energy-intensive industry and Where is the region headed? then back toward lower energy-intensive services. In EAP , improve- ments in energy efficiency between 1990 and 2010 were offset by Overall trends are positive, but bold policy measures a shift toward more energy-intensive sectors. Within-sector energy will be required to sustain progress intensity remains high relative to global levels in the industrial sector Monitoring progress at the regional and country level provides a much and “Other sectors” but is rapidly converging toward global levels clearer picture of how the region is moving toward the SE4All goals. (figure 12).5 With respect to access, EAP is making progress in reaching universal access to modern energy. But the scale of the challenge 5 Final energy consumption can be broadly divided among the following major economic in countries such as Myanmar and China remains daunting, despite sectors: agriculture, industry, residential, transport, and services. For purposes of the Global Tracking Framework, residential, transport, and services are aggregated into a single category impressive recent gains. Gains in access rates between 1990 and labeled “other sectors” (owing to data limitations). Using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index 2010 were on the order of 8 percent for electricity and 18 percent for decomposition Method, GTF controls for changes in economy wide energy intensity that are nonsolid fuels. due to shifts in the relative weights of the industrial, agricultural, and other sectors (in $2005 PPP terms). 11 T r a c k i n g P r o g r e s s T o w a r d P r o v i d i n g S u s ta i n a b l e E n e r g y f o r A l l i n E a s t A s i a a n d t h e Pa c i f i c Figure 14. Cumulative primary energy supply, cumulative energy savings, and cumulative energy savings as a share of cumulative MAKE FURTHER primary energy supply, 1990–2010 CONNECTIONS a. Cumulative primary energy supply b. Cumulative energy savings c. Savings as a share of supply Live Wire 2014/29. “Tracking (exajoules) (exajoules) (percent) Progress Toward Providing China 1,267 China 1,315 China 104 Sustainable Energy for All in Indonesia 134 Indonesia 10 Lao PDR 58 Thailand 68 Eastern Europe and Central Malaysia 42 Vietnam 7 Mongolia 41 Philippines 4 Solomon Islands 31 Asia,” by Elisa Portale and Joeri Philippines 32 Mongolia 1 Papua New Guinea 28 de Wit. Vietnam 28 Korea, Dem. Rep. 19 Lao PDR 1 Vietnam 26 Myanmar 11 Papua New Guinea 1 Samoa 16 Live Wire 2014/30. “Tracking Mongolia 2 Fiji 0 Philippines 12 Progress Toward Providing Papua New Guinea 2 Solomon Islands 0 Fiji 11 Sustainable Energy for All in Lao PDR 1 Samoa 0 Indonesia 7 Fiji 0 East Asia and the Pacific,” by Kiribati 0 Vanuatu -7 Solomon Islands 0 Vanuatu 0 Malaysia -10 Elisa Portale and Joeri de Wit. Samoa 0 Tonga 0 Thailand -10 Palua 0 Palua 0 Kiribati -11 Live Wire 2014/31. “Tracking Tonga 0 Vanuatu 0 Malaysia -4 Tonga -28 Progress Toward Providing Kiribati 0 Thailand -7 Palua -35 Sustainable Energy for All in Latin America and the Source: World Bank 2014. Caribbean,” by Elisa Portale and Joeri de Wit. Live Wire 2014/32. “Tracking With respect to renewables, excellent progress was made in References Progress Toward Providing increasing the share of wind, solar, hydro, and geothermal energy in Sustainable Energy for All in SE4ALL (Sustainable Energy for All Initiative). 2012. In Support of the the energy mix, although the share of renewable energy overall is the Middle East and North Objective to Achieve Universal Access to Modern Energy Services declining as consumption of traditional biomass holds steady and as Africa,” by Elisa Portale and by 2030. Technical Report of Task Force 1: New York. http://www. TFEC grows rapidly. Joeri de Wit. sustainableenergyforall.org/about-us. With respect to energy efficiency, countries such as China have World Bank. 2014. Global Tracking Framework. Sustainable Energy for achieved remarkable improvements over the last two decades, Live Wire 2014/33. “Tracking All. Report 85415, Washington, DC. http://documents.worldbank. resulting in a more-rapid decline in energy intensity between 1990 Progress Toward Providing org/curated/en/2014/01/19164902/global-tracking-framework. and 2010 than in other regions. However, the rate at which these Sustainable Energy for All in improvements are being made has declined over time, and the Preparation of this note benefitted from comments by Morgan Bazilian, lead Sub-Saharan Africa,” by Elisa overall energy intensity of the region is the second-highest among energy specialist in the World Bank’s Energy and Extractives Global Practice, Portale and Joeri de Wit. regions. and Vivien Foster, a manager in that practice. Given the scale of the challenge inherent in meeting the three SE4ALL goals, it is clear that a combination of bold policy measures coupled with a supportive regulatory and institutional environment is required to support the requisite ramping up of delivery capacity and financial flows to the energy sector. 12 Get Connected to Live Wire Get Connected to Live Wire Live Wires are designed for easy reading on the screen and for downloading The Live Wire series of online knowledge notes is an initiative of the World Bank Group’s Energy and self-printing in color or “Live Wire is designed and Extractives Global Practice, reflecting the emphasis on knowledge management and solu- black and white. tions-oriented knowledge that is emerging from the ongoing change process within the Bank for practitioners inside Group. 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Knowledge Notes and search alphabetically for Live Wires) issues of Live Wire will also be featured in the bi-monthly Newsletter World Bank Energy Digest. Each Live Wire will be peer-reviewed by seasoned practitioners in the Bank. Once a year, the Energy and Extractives Global Practice takes stock of all notes that appeared, reviewing their quality and identifying priority areas to be covered in the following year’s pipeline. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org 1 Tracking Progress Toward Providing susT ainable energy for all in easT asia and Th e Pa c i f i c 2014/28 TIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRAC THE BOTTOM LINE Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy for All in East Asia and the Pacific where does the region stand on the quest for sustainable 2014/29 ia and cenTral as energy for all? in 2010, eaP easTern euroPe sT ainable en ergy for all in databases—technical measures. This note is based on that frame- g su v i d i n had an electrification rate of Why is this important? ess Toward Pro work (World Bank 2014). SE4ALL will publish an updated version of 1 Tracking Progr 95 percent, and 52 percent of the population had access Tracking regional trends is critical to monitoring the GTF in 2015. to nonsolid fuel for cooking. the progress of the Sustainable Energy for All The primary indicators and data sources that the GTF uses to track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals are summarized below. consumption of renewable (SE4ALL) initiative C T I V E S G L O B A L P R A C T I C E energy decreased overall T H E E N E R G Y & E XTRA • Energy access. Access to modern energy services is measured ES FOR A KNO WLEDGE NOTE SERI In declaring 2012 the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for by the percentage of the population with an electricity between 1990 and 2010, though objectives to be All,” the UN General Assembly established three connection and the percentage of the population with access modern forms grew rapidly. Energy d Providing Sustainable accomplished by 2030: to ensure universal access to modern energy to nonsolid fuels.2 These data are collected using household energy intensity levels are high Tracking Progress Towar services,1 to double the 2010 share of renewable energy in the global surveys and reported in the World Bank’s Global Electrification but declining rapidly. overall THE BOTTOM LINE energy mix, and to double the global rate of improvement in energy e and Central Asia trends are positive, but bold Database and the World Health Organization’s Household Energy for All in Eastern Europ stand efficiency relative to the period 1990–2010 (SE4ALL 2012). where does the region policy measures will be required setting Database. The SE4ALL objectives are global, with individual countries on that frame- on the quest for sustainable to sustain progress. note is based renewable energy in the their own national databases— technical targets in a measures. way that is Thisconsistent with the overall of • Renewable energy. The share of energy for all? The region SE4ALL will publish an updated version energy mix is measured by the percentage of total final energy greatly in their ability Why is this important? spirit ofwork (World Bank the initiative. Because2014). countries differ to has near-universal access consumption that is derived from renewable energy resources. of is critical to monitoring to pursue thethe GTF in 2015. three objectives, some will make more rapid progress that the GTF uses to electricity, and 93 percent Tracking regional trends All in one area while The others primary will excel and indicators data sources elsewhere, depending on their Data used to calculate this indicator are obtained from energy the population has access le Energy for goals are summarized below. balances published by the International Energy Agency and the the progress of the Sustainab respective track starting progress toward points and the three SE4ALL comparative advantages as well as on services is measured to nonsolid fuel for cooking. Access to access. that they are able tomodern energy marshal. United Nations. despite relatively abundant (SE4ALL) initiative the resources and support Energy with an electricity connection Elisa Portale is an l Year of Sustainable Energy for To sustain percentage of by the momentum for the the population achievement of the SE4ALL 2• Energy efficiency. The rate of improvement of energy efficiency hydropower, the share In declaring 2012 the “Internationa energy economist in with access to nonsolid fuels. three global objectives objectives, andathe means of charting percentage of the population global progress to 2030 is needed. is approximated by the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly established the Energy Sector surveys and reported access to modern universalAssistance The World TheseBank and data are the collected International using household Energy Agency led a consor- of energy intensity, where energy intensity is the ratio of total consumption has remained to be accomplished by 2030: to ensure Management Database and the World of theenergy intium of 15 renewable international in the World Bank’s Global agencies toElectrification establish the SE4ALL Global primary energy consumption to gross domestic product (GDP) energy the 2010 share of Program (ESMAP) relatively low. very high energy services, to double Database. measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Data used to 1 t ’s Household provides Energy a system for regular rate of improvemen World Bank’s Energy and Extractives Tracking Framework Health (GTF), which Organization intensity levels have come and to double the global energy in the energy the global energy mix, Global Practice. (SE4ALL 2012).global reporting, based Renewable energy. on The rigorous—yet share of renewable practical, given available calculate energy intensity are obtained from energy balances down rapidly. The big questions to the period 1990–2010 energy consumption in energy efficiency relative Wit is an countries setting percentage of total final published by the International Energy Agency and the United will evolve are Joeri global, withde individual mix is measured by the Data used to are how renewables The SE4ALL objectives renewable energy resources. energy economist in with the overall1 that isaccess The universal derived from goal will be achieved when every person on the planet has access published Nations. when energy demand picks up in a way that is consistent from energy balances their own national targets electricity, clean cooking fuels, clean heating fuels, the Bank’s Energy andin their to modern energy services provided ability this through indicator are obtained rates countries differ greatly calculate productive use and community services. The term “modern cooking solutions” again and whether recent spirit of the initiative. Because Extractives Global and energy for Energy Agency and the United Nations. 2 Solid fuels are defined to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural in energy intensity objectives, some will make more rapid progress by the refers to solutions International that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including liquefied petroleum gas), t of energy efficiency is and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed biomass (such as pellets and briquettes), and of decline to pursue the three Practice. of improvemen rates at or near those of Energy efficiency. The rate paired with stoves exhibiting overall emissions on their or solid/liquid fuels will excel elsewhere, depending growth rate (CAGR) of other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). energy will continue. in one area while others advantages liquefied petroleum gas (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). as well as on approximate d by the compound annual and comparative total primary energy respective starting points intensity is the ratio of that they are able to marshal. intensity, where energy measured in purchas- the resources and support domestic product (GDP) for the achievement of the SE4ALL consumption to gross Elisa Portale is an To sustain momentum to calculate energy intensity progress to 2030 is needed. ing power parity (PPP) terms. Data used energy economist in charting global balances published by the International objectives, a means of led a consor- are obtained from energy the Energy Sector International Energy Agency The World Bank and the SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the United Nations. Management Assistance agencies to establish the the GTF to provide a regional and tium of 15 international for regular This note uses data from Program (ESMAP) of the which provides a system for Eastern Tracking Framework (GTF), the three pillars of SE4ALL World Bank’s Energy and Extractives on rigorous—yet practical, given available country perspective on Global Practice. global reporting, based has access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when every person on the planet The universal access goal heating fuels, clean cooking fuels, clean energy economist in 1 agricultural provided through electricity, biomass (wood, charcoal, to modern energy services The term “modern cooking solutions” to include both traditional and briquettes), and Solid fuels are defined the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and energy for productive petroleum gas), and so on), processed fuels (including liquefied and forest residues, dung, involve electricity or gaseous at or near those of Extractives Global refers to solutions that overall emissions rates other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting Practice. or solid/liquid fuels paired (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). liquefied petroleum gas