TFFRICAN DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS 2002
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African Development
Indicators
2002
T h e  W  o r l d  B a n k
W  a s h i n g t o n,  D  . C  .



Copyright © 2002 by the International Bank
for Reconstruction and DevelopmentTHE WORLD BANK
1818 H Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
First printing April 2002
1 23 4 0504 03 02
The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this book are entirely those of the authors and should not be
attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive
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Cover design by Patricia Hord Graphik Design.
ISSN 1020-2927
ISBN 0-8213-5057-9



Contents
Acknowledgments      xix
Preface   xx
Acronyms and Abbreviations    xxi
Introduction    1
1. Selected Background Data    4
1-1. Basic indicators  5
1-2. Population      6
Technical notes   10
2. National Accounts     13
2-1. Gross domestic product, real  15
2-2. Value added in agriculture  16
2-3. Value added in industry  17
2-4. Value added in services  18
2-5. Gross domestic product, nominal  19
2-6. Total consumption    20
2-7. General government consumption   21
2-8. Gross domestic investment   22
2-9. Gross public investment  23
2-10. Gross private investment  24
2-11. Gross domestic savings  25
2-12. Gross national savings  26



iv                                        Contents
2-13. Resource balance   27
2-14. Exports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal  28
2-15. Imports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal  29
2-16. Exports of goods and nonfactor services, real  30
2-17. Imports of goods and nonfactor services, real  31
2-18. GDP growth     32
2-19. Gross National Income (GNI) per capita  33
2-20. Total consumption per capita  34
Technical notes   38
3. Prices and Exchange Rates     41
3-1. GDP deflator (local currency series)  42
3-2. GDP deflator (U.S. dollar series)  43
3-3. Consumer price index    44
3-4. Official exchange rate  45
3-5. SDR exchange rate index    46
3-6. Currency conversion factor  47
3-7. Parallel market exchange rate  48
3-8. Ratio of parallel market to official exchange rates  49
3-9. Real effective exchange rate index  50
Technical notes   52
4. Money and Banking       55
4-1. Domestic credit    56
4-2. Credit to the private sector  57
4-3. Credit to the government  58
4-4. Net foreign assets  59
4-5. Growth of money supply    60
4-6. Discount rate    61
4-7. Real discount rate   62
4-8. Commercial bank lending rate   63
4-9. Commercial bank deposit rate  64
Technical notes   67
5. External Sector     70
Balance of Payments
5-1. Merchandise exports, f.o.b.  72
5-2. Merchandise imports, f.o.b.  73
5-3. Exports of total services  74
5-4. Imports of total services  75
5-5. Net private transfers  76
5-6. Net official current transfers  77
5-7. Current account balance, excluding net capital grants  78
5-8. Current account balance, excluding net capital grants/GDP  79
5-9. Net capital grants  80



Contents                                        v
5-10. Net foreign direct investment  81
5-1 1. Net long-tenn borrowing  82
5-12. Other capital flows  83
5-13. Use of reserves  84
5-14. Import coverage ratio of reserves  85
Prices
5-15. Export unit values  86
5-16. Import unit values  87
5-17. Terms of trade   88
Commodity Trade
5-18. Forest products exports  89
5-19. Petroleum exports   90
5-20. Copper exports   91
5-21. Iron exports   92
5-22. Phosphate exports   93
5-23. Cocoa exports   94
5-24. Coffee exports   95
5-25. Cotton exports   96
5-26. Groundnut exports   97
5-27. Oil palm products exports  98
5-28. Sisal exports  99
5-29. Tea exports   100
5-30. Sugar exports   101
5-31. Tobacco exports   102
5-32. Meat exports   103
5-33. Manufactured goods exports  104
5-34. Manufactured goods exports, growth  105
5-35. Food imports    106
5-36. Food imports, growth   107
5-37. Nonfood consumer goods imports   108
5-38. Nonfood consumer goods imports, growth  109
5-39. Fuel imports   110
5-40. Fuel imports, growth  111
5-41. Primary intermediate goods imports  112
5-42. Primary intermediate goods imports, growth  113
5-43. Manufactured goods imports   114
5-44. Manufactured goods imports, growth  115
5-45. Capital goods imports  116
5-46. Capital goods imports, growth  117
5-47. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1990  118
5-48. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1995  121
5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 2000  124
5-50. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1990  127
5-51. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1995  130



vi                                       Contents
5-52. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 2000  133
5-53. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1990  136
5-54. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1995  139
5-55 Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 2000  142
Technical notes   146
6. External Debt and Related Flows   151
6-1. Gross disbursements: official concessional long-term loans  153
6-2. Gross disbursements: official nonconcessional long-term loans  154
6-3. Gross disbursements: private long-term loans  155
6-4. Disbursements: long-term loans and IMF purchases  156
6-5. Amortization: official concessional long-term loans  157
6-6. Amortization: official nonconcessional long-term loans  158
6-7. Amortization: private long-term loans  159
6-8. Amortization: long-term loans and IMF repurchases  160
6-9. Interest payments: official concessional long-term loans  161
6-10. Interest payments: official nonconcessional long-term loans  162
6-11. Interest payments: private long-term loans  163
6-12. Interest payments: long-term loans and IMF charges  164
6-13. Total external debt service payments: long-term loans and IMF credit  165
6-14. Interest payments: short-term loans  166
6-15. Net flows: long- and short-term loans, including IMF  167
6-16. Net flows: long-term loans, including IMF  168
6-17. Net transfers: long- and short-term loans, including IMF  169
6-18. Net transfers: long-term loans, including IMF  170
6-19. Long-term debt: official concessional  171
6-20. Long-term debt: official nonconcessional  172
6-21. Long-term debt: private  173
6-22. Total external debt  174
6-23. Structure of external debt  175
6-24. Structure of external debt service payments  176
6-25. Terms of long-term external financing, 1999  177
6-26. External debt and debt service ratios, 1999  178
Technical notes   181
7. Government Finance      184
7-1. Government deficit/surplus (including grants)  186
7-2. Government deficit/surplus (excluding grants)  187
7-3. Government primary deficit/surplus  188
7-4. Government expenditure and lending minus repayments  189
7-5. Government interest payments  190
7-6. Government revenue (excluding grants)  191
7-7. Grants to government   192
7-8. Foreign financing   193
7-9. Taxes on income and profits  194



Contents                                      vii
7-10. Taxes on international trade and transactions  195
7-11. Indirect taxes  196
7-12. Nontax revenue, excluding grants  197
7-13. Government expenditure: wages and salaries  198
7-14. Government expenditure: trends in real wages and salaries  199
7-15. Government expenditure: other goods and services  200
7-16. Government expenditure: interest payments  201
7-17. Government expenditure: subsidies and current transfers  202
7-18. Government expenditure' capital and net lending  203
7-19. Government expenditure: trends in real defense spending  204
7-20. Government expenditure: real per capita education spending  205
Technical notes   207
8. Agriculture     211
8-1. Nominal producer prices   212
8-2. Food price index   218
8-3. Food production index   219
8-4. Nonfood production index   220
8-5. Food production per capita index  221
8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop  222
8-7. Value of agricultural exports  226
8-8. Cereal production   227
8-9. Crop production index   228
8-10. Fertilizer use  229
8-11.. Fertilizer imports  230
8-12. Area under permanent crops  231
8-13. Agricultural yields, by major crop  232
8-14. Incidence of drought  237
Technical notes   243
9. Power, Communications, and Transportation    246
9-1. Electric power consumption per capita  247
9-2. Energy production and use  248
9-3. Telephone, radio, and television availability, 1994-98  249
9-4. Personal computers and Internet use  250
9-5. Vehicle ownership    251
9-6. Road-to-population ratio  252
9-7. Paved primary roads    253
9-8. Rail goods traffic-to-$PPP GDP ratio  254
9-9. Rail load-to-locomotive ratio  255
9-10.  Air transport  256
Technical notes    257
10. Privatization of Public Enterprises  260
10-1. Summary of privatization of public enterprises  261
10-2. Divestiture methods employed (to end 2000)  262
10-3. Progress in privatization: ownership and control changes  263
Technical notes    264



viii                                      Contents
11. Labor Force and Employment      267
11-1.  Number and gender structure of the labor force  269
11-2.  Children under 14 working in the labor force  270
11-3.  Unpaid family workers as share of active workers  271
11-4.  Industrial structure of the labor force  272
11-5.  Industrial structure of economically active population  273
11-6.  Wages in agriculture   274
11-7.  Wages in manufacturing    275
11-8.  Wages in mining and quarrying  276
11-9.  Wages in construction   277
11-10. Wages in transport, storage, and communications  278
11-11. Wages in community, social, and personal services  279
Technical notes    280
12. Aid Flows     284
12-1.  Net ODA from all donors, nominal  285
12-2.  Net ODA from DAC donors, nominal    286
12-3.  Net ODA from non-DAC bilateral donors, nominal  287
12-4.  Net ODA from multilateral donors, nominal  288
12-5.  Net ODA from all donors, real  289
12-6.  Net ODA from DAC donors, real    290
12-7.  Net ODA from non-DAC bilateral donors, real  291
12-8.  Net ODA from multilateral donors, real  292
12-9.  Net ODA from all donors as share of recipient GDP  293
12-10. Net ODA from DAC donors as share of recipient GDP  294
12-11. Net ODA from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDP  295
12-12. Net ODA from all donors as share of recipient GDI  296
12-13. Net ODA from DAC donors as share of recipient GDI  297
12-14. Net ODA from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDI  298
12-15. Net ODA per capita from all donors  299
12-16. Net ODA per capita from DAC donors    300
12-17. Net ODA per capita from multilateral donors  301
Technical notes    304
13. Social Indicators   307
13-1.  Age and gender structure of the population  309
13-2.  Poverty     310
13-3.  Income distribution   311
13-4.  Urbanization    312
13-5.  Components of population change   313
13-6.  Survival prospects   314
13-7   HIV/AIDS estimates and data, end 1999  315
13-8.  Immunization and ORT use    316
13-9.  Child malnutrition  317
13-10. Access to sanitation facilities  318



Contents                                       ix
13-11. Access to safe water   319
13-12. Health expenditure   320
13-13. Health care    321
13-14. Illiteracy rate  322
13-15. Primary school gross enrollment ratio  323
13-16. Pupil progression   324
13-17. Net primary enrollment ratio  325
13-18. Number of schoolteachers    326
13-19. Pupil/teacher ratio  327
13-20. Secondary school gross enrollment ratio  328
13-21. Public expenditure on education  329
13-22. Economic opportunities of women    330
13-23. Household and economic participation of women  331
Technical notes    337
14. Environmental Indicators     342
14-1.  Forest resources, 1990-95   344
14-2.  Forest ecosystems, 1996    345
14-3.  Wood production and trade, 1986-98   346
14-4.  Freshwater resources and withdrawals, 1970-2001  347
14-5.  Marine and freshwater catches, aquaculture, balance of trade,
and fish consumption    348
14-6.  Energy production by source   349
14-7.  Energy consumption by economic sector   350
14-8.  CO2 emissions from industrial processes, 1996  351
14-9.  Globally threatened species: mammals, birds, and higher plants, late 1990s  352
14-10. Globally threatened species: reptiles, amphibians, and fish, late 1990s  353
14-11. National protection of natural areas, 2001  354
14-12. International protected areas, 2001  355
Technical notes    356
15. Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative  362
15-1.  HIPC Debt Initiative: Flow chart  364
15-2.  Grouping of African HIPC countries: Status as of December 2001     365
15-3.  Debt service for individual African HIPCs that reached decision point
-by country, 1998-2005      366
15-4.  Committed debt relief for African HIPCs, status as of December 2001  368
15-5.  Social expenditure for African HIPCs that reached decision points  369
Technical notes    372
Bibliography     373
Figures
I-1. Development diamonds for all African countries, 2000  7
1-2. Selected basic indicators, 2000  9



x                                        Contents
2-1. Gross domestic product, 2000   35
2-2. GDP and export growth rates, average 1999-2000  36
2-3. Composition of GDP, 2000    37
3-1. Real effective exchange rate, 2000  51
4-1. Credit to private and public sectors as a share of GDP, 2000  65
4-2. Real discount rate, average 1992-1999  66
5-1. Terms of trade gains or losses, average 1992-2000  145
6-1. Debt service ratio (ex post), 2000  179
6-2. Debt to GDP ratio, 1999   180
7.1  Government deficit as percentage of GDP, 1992-2000  206
8-1. Food price index, 1999   238
8-2. Food production per capita index, 2000  239
8-3. Food and nonfood production index, 2000  240
8-4. Agricultural exports, 1998  241
8-5. Drought, 1980-2000     242
12-1. Total net ODA as a share of recipient GDP, 1999  302
12-2. Total net ODA per capita, 1999  303
13-1. Life expectancy, 1999  332
13-2. GDP per capita based on PPP, 1998  333
13-3. Urban population as a percentage of total population, 2000  334
13-4. Primary school gross enrollment ratio, 1997  335
13-5. Maternal mortality, 1999  336
15-1. Comparative debt reduction and debt relief for African decision point 371



Table des matieres
Remerciements      xix
Preface     xx
Acronymes et abreviations    xxi
Introduction     1
1. Statisques de base    4
1-1.   Indicateurs generaux   5
1-2.   Population    6
Notes techniques    10
2. Comptes nationaux      13
2-1.   Produit interieur brut, A prix constants  15
2-2.   Valuer ajoutee dans l'agriculture  16
2-3.   Valuer ajoutee dans l'industrie  17
2-4.   Valuer ajoutee dans les services  18
2-5.   Produit interieur brut, A prix courants  19
2-6.   Consommation totale    20
2-7.   Consommation du gouvemement central    21
2-8.   Investissement brut  22
2-9.   Investissement brut de l'Etat  23
2-10.  Investissement brut du secteur prive  24
2-11.  Epargne interieure brute  25
2-12.  Epargne nationale brute  26
2-13.  Solde des ressources  27
xl



xii                                    Table des matieres
2-14.  Exportations de biens et services (non facteurs), A prix courants  28
2-15.  Importations de biens et services (non facteurs), A prix courants  29
2-16.  Exportations de biens et services (non facteurs), A prix constants  30
2-17.  Importations de biens et services (non facteurs), a prix constants  31
2-18.  Croissance du PIB    32
2-19.  Revenu national brut par habitant  33
2-20.  Consommation totale par habitant  34
Notes techniques    38
3. Prix et taux de change    41
3-1.   Deflateur du PIB (serie en monnaie locale)  42
3-2.   Deflateur du PIB (serie en dollar des Etats-Unis)  43
3-3.   Indice des prix a la consommation  44
3-4.   Taux de change officiel  45
3-5.   Indice de taux de change du DTS  46
3-6.   Facteur de conversion des monnaies  47
3-7.   Taux de change sur les marches paralleles  48
3-8.   Rapport du taux de change parallele et du taux de change officiel  49
3-9.   Taux de change effectif reel  50
Notes techniques    52
4. Monnaie et banque       55
4-1.   Credit interieur  56
4-2.   Credit au secteur prive  57
4-3.   Credit au gouvernement   58
4-4.   Avoirs exterieurs nets  59
4-5.   Croissance de la masse monetaire  60
4-6.   Taux d'escompte     61
4-7.   Taux d'escompte reel   62
4-8.   Taux debiteur des banques commerciales  63
4-9.   Taux de remuneration des dep6ts dans les banques commerciales  64
Notes techniques    67
5. Secteur exterieur     70
Balance des paiements
5-1.   Exportations de marchandises, f.o.b.  72
5-2.   Importations de marchandises, f.o.b.  73
5-3.   Exportations totales de services  74
5-4.   Importations totales de services  75
5-5.   Transferts prives nets  76
5-6.   Transferts courants officiels nets  77
5-7.   Solde des transactions courantes, hors transferts nets en capital  78
5-8.   Solde des transactions courantes, hors transferts nets en capital, PIB  79
5-9.   Transferts nets en capital  80
5-10.  Investissements directs nets  81
5-11.  Emprunts A long terme nets  82



Table des matiWres                                xiii
5-12.  Autres flux de capitaux  83
5-13.  Utilisation des reserves  84
5-14.  Taux de couverture des importations  85
Prix
5-15.  Valeurs unitaires des exportations  86
5-16.  Valeurs unitaires des importations  87
5-17.  Termes de 1'echange    88
Commerce de marchandises
5-18.  Exportations de produits forestiers  89
5-19.  Exportations (le petrole  90
5-20.  Exportations de cuivre  91
5-21.  Exportations de fer  92
5-22.  Exportations de phosphates  93
5-23.  Exportations de cacao  94
5-24.  Exportations de cafe  95
5-25.  Exportations de coton  96
5-26.  Exportations d'arachides  97
5-27.  Exportations d'huile de palme et produits derives  98
5-28.  Exportations de sisal  99
5-29.  Exportations de the   100
5-30.  E,xportations de sucre  101
5-31.  E,xportation de tabac  102
5-32.  E,xportations de viande  103
5-33.  Exportations de produits manufactures  104
5-34.  Exportations de produits manufactures, taux de croissance  105
5-35.  Importations de produits alimentaires  106
5-36.  Importations de produits alimentaires, taux de croissance  107
5-37.  Importations d'autres biens de consommation  108
5-3 8.  Importations d'autres biens de consommation, taux de croissance  109
5-39.  Importations de carburants  110
5-40.  Importations de carburants, taux de croissance  111
5-41.  Importations de biens de consommation intermediaires primaires  112
5-42.  Importations de biens de consommation intermediaires primaires, taux de croissance  113
5-43.  'Importations de produits manufactures  114
5-44.  lmportations de produits manufactures, taux de croissance  115
5-45.  Importations de biens d'equipement  116
5-46.  Importations de biens d'equipement, taux de croissance  117
5-47.  Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, 1990  118
5-48.  Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, 1995  121
5-49.  Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, 2000  124
5-50.  Matrice de clirections du commerce, exportations, 1990  127
5-51.  Matrice de directions du commerce, exportations, 1995  130
5-52.  Matrice de directions du commerce, exportations, 2000  133



xiv                                    Table des matieres
5-53.  Matrice de directions du commerce, a prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, 1990  136
5-54.  Matrice de directions du commerce, A prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, 1995  139
5-55.  Matrice de directions du commerce, A prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, 2000  142
Notes techniques     146
6. Dette exterieure et flux correspondant  151
6-1.   Decaissements bruts: prets officiels concessionnels A long terme  153
6-2.   Decaissements bruts: prets officiels non concessionnels A long terme  154
6-3.   Decaissements bruts: prets prives A long terme  155
6-4.   Decaissements A long terme: prets officiels et achats au FMI  156
6-5.   Amortissement: prets officiels concessionnels A long terme  157
6-6.   Amortissement: prets officiels non concessionnels A long terme  158
6-7.   Amortissement: prets prives A long terme  159
6-8.   Amortissement: prets A long terme et rachats au FMI  160
6-9.   Paiements d'interets: prets officiels concessionnels A long terme  161
6-10.  Paiements d'interets: prets officiels non concessionnels A long terme  162
6-11.  Paiements d'interets: prets prives A long terme  163
6-12.  Paiements d'interets: prets a long terme et remunerations du FMI  164
6-13.  Service de la dette exterieure: prets A long terme et credits du FMI  165
6-14.  Paiements d'interets: prets A court terme  166
6-15.  Flux nets: prets A court terme et A long terme, y compris FMI  167
6-16.  Flux nets: prets A long terme, y compris FMI  168
6-17.  Transferts nets: prets A court terme et A long terme, y compris FMI  169
6-18.  Transferts nets: prets A long terme, y compris FMI  170
6-19.  Dette A long terme: officielle concessionnelle  171
6-20.  Dette A long terme: officielle non concessionnelle  172
6-21.  Dette A long terme: priv6e  173
6-22.  Dette exterieure totale  174
6-23.  Structure de la dette ext6rieure  175
6-24.  Structure du service de la dette exterieure  176
6-25.  Conditions des financements ext6rieurs A long terme, 1999  177
6-26.  Ratios de la dette exterieure et du service de la dette exterieure, 1999  178
Notes techniques    181
7. Finances publiques     184
7-1.   Solde budgetaire (dons compris)  186
7-2.   Solde budgetaire (hors dons)  187
7-3.   Solde budgetaire primaire  188
7-4.   Depenses publiques et prets moins recouvrements  189
7-5.   Interts, sur la dette publique  190
7-6.   Recettes publiques (hors dons)  191
7-7.   Dons re,us     192
7-8.   Financements exterieurs   193
7-9.   Imp6ts sur le revenu   194
7-10.  Imp6ts sur le commerce exterieur et les transactions internationales  195
7-11.  Imp6ts indirects   196



Table des matieres                                xv
7-12.  Recettes non fiscales, hors dons  197
7-13.  Depenses publiques: salaires  198
7-14.  Depenses publiques: tendances des salaires reels  199
7-15.  Depenses publiques: autres biens et services  200
7-16.  Depenses publiques: interets  201
7-17.  Depenses publiques: subventions et transferts courants  202
7-18.  Depenses publiques: depenses en capital et prets nets  203
7-19.  Depenses publiques: tendances des depenses reelles de defense nationale  204
7-20.  Depenses publiques: ddpenses reelles d'education par habitant  205
Notes techniques    207
8. Agriculture     211
8-1.   Prix aux producteurs   212
8-2.   Indice des prix des produits alimentaires  218
8-3.   Indice de la production alimentaire  219
8-4.   Indice de la production non alimentaire  220
8-5.   Indice de la production alimentaire par habitant  221
8-6.   Volume de la production alimentaire, par principales cultures  222
8-7.   Valeur des exportations agricoles  226
8-8.   Production des cereales  227
8-9.   Aide alimentaire  228
8-10.  Utilisation d'engrais  229
8-11.  Importations d'engrais  230
8-12.  Aires cultivees, par permanentes cultures  231
8-13.  Rendements agricoles par principales cultures  232
8-14.  Incidence de secheresse  237
Notes techniques   243
9. Energie, communications, et transports  246
9-1.   Consommation electrique par habitant  247
9-2.   Production et consommation d'energie  248
9-3.   Disponibilite de telephone, radio et television, 1994-99  249
9-4    Ordinateurs personnels et utilization de l'Internet  250
9-5.   Appartenance des vdhicules  251
9-6.   Ratio routes/population  252
9-7.   Routes primaires recouvertes  253
9-8.   Ratio circulation ferroviaire/PIB ($PPP)  254
9-9.   Ratio chargements ferroviaires/Aocomotives  255
9-10.  Transport aerien   257
Notes techniques    257
10. Privatisation des entreprises publiques  260
10- 1.  Tableau synoptique d'activite de privatisation des entreprises publiques  261
10-2.  Les techniques de privatisation utilisees (jusqu' a la fin 2000)  262
10-3.  Progres dans la privatization: changement dans la propriete et le contr6le  263
Notes techniques    264



xvi                                    Table des matieres
11. Population active et emploi   267
11-1.  Main d'oeuvre et structure par sexe  269
11-2.  Enfants en dessous de 14 ans inclus dans la main d'oeuvre  270
11-3.  Travailleurs familiaux non remunere faisant partie des travailleurs actifs  271
11-4.  Structure de la main d'oeuvre par industries  272
11-5.  Structure industrielle de la population economiquement active  273
11-6.  Salaires dans l'agriculture  274
11-7.  Salaires dans l'industrie manufacturiere  275
11-8.  Salaires dans l'industrie miniere et les carrieres  276
11-9.  Salaires dans le secteur du batiment  277
11-10. Salaires dans les transports, 1'entreposage et les communications  278
11-11. Salaires dans le secteur social et des services personnels  279
Notes techniques     280
12. Flux d'aide     284
12-1.  Aide officielle au developpement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds  285
12-2.  Aide officielle au developpement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD  286
12-3.  Aide officielle au developpement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds n'appartenant
pas au CAD      287
12-4.  Aide officielle au developpement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilateraux  288
12-5.  Aide officielle au developpement, nette reelle, de tous les bailleurs de fonds  289
12-6.  Aide officielle au developpement, nette reelle, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD  290
12-7.  Aide officielle au developpement, nette reelle, des bailleurs de fonds n'appartenant
pas au CAD      291
12-8.  Aide officielle au developpement, nette reelle, des bailleurs de fonds multilateraux  292
12-9.  Aide officielle au developpement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds, en pourcentage du PIB du
pays beneficiaire   293
12-10. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD en pourcentage du PIB
du pays beneficiaire   294
12-11. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilateraux en pourcentage
du PIB du pays beneficiaire  295
12-12. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds en pourcentage de
l'investissement brut du pays ben6ficiaire  296
12-13. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD en pourcentage de
l'investissement brut du pays ben6ficiaire  297
12-14. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilateraux en pourcentage
de l'investissement brut du pays beneficiaire  298
12-15. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds, par habitant  299
12-16. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD, par habitant  300
12-17. Aide officielle au developpement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds
multilateraux, par habitant  301
Notes techniques     304
13. Indicateurs sociaux    307
13-1.  Structure de la population par age et par sexe  309
13-2.  Pauvrete     310



Table des matieres                                xvii
13-3.  Distribution des revenus  311
13-4.  Urbanisation    312
13-5.  Composantes des changements de la population  313
13-6.  Esperance de survie    314
13.7.  Estimation et donnees sur le VIH/SIDA, fin 1999  315
13-8.  Vaccinations et utilisation de la TRO  316
13-9.  Malnutrition enfantine  317
13-10. Acces aux installations sanitaires  318
13-11. Acces A l'eau potable   319
13-12. Depenses dans le secteur de la sante  320
13-13. Soins de sante    321
13-14. Taux d'analphabetisme    322
13-15. Taux brut de scolarisation primaire  323
13-16. Progres/developpement des ecoliers  324
13-17. Taux net de scolarisation primaire  325
13-18. Nombre d'enseignants     326
13-19. Taux eleves/enseignants   327
13-20. Taux brut de scolarisation secondaire  328
13-21. Depenses publiques pour l'education  329
13-22. Possibilites economiques ouvertes aux femmes  330
13-23. Menage et participation des femmes aux activites economiques  331
Notes techniques    337
14. Indicateurs concernant l'environnement    342
14-1..  Ressources forestieres, 1990-95  344
14-2.  Ecosysteme forestier, 1996   345
14-3.  Production et commerce des bois, 1986-98  346
14-4.  Ressources d'eau douce et retraits, 1970-2001  347
14-5.  Consomination des ressources maritimes et d'eau douce, aquaculture, balance commerciale,
et des poissons    348
14-6.  Production d'energie par secteur  349
14-7.  Consomination d'energie par secteur  350
14-8.  Emissions de CO2 resultant de l'activite industrielle, 1996  351
14-9.  Especes menacees: mammiferes, oiseaux, et plantes superieures, 1990s  352
14-10. Especes menacees: reptiles, amphibiens, et poissons, 1990s  353
14-11. Protection nationale des zones naturelles, 2001  354
14-12. Zones protegees internationales, 2001  355
Notes techniques    356
15. Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative  362
15-1. Initiative pour alleger 1'endettement des pays pauvres tres endettes (PPTE):
Tableau d'evolution  364
15-2. Groupement des PPTE en Afrique: situation A la fin decembre 2001  365
15.3. Service de la dette des PPTE africains qui ont atteint leur point de ddcision,
par pays, 1998-2005     366



xviii                                Table des matieres
15.4. Engagements au titre de l'allegement de la dette des PPTE africains,
situation a la fin decembre 2001  368
15.5. Depenses sociales des PPE africains parvenus au point de decision  369
Notes techniques    372
References     373
Graphiques
1-1. Losange du developpement, 2000  7
1-2. Indicateurs de base, 2000  9
2-1. Produit interieur brut, 2000  35
2-2. Croissance du PIB et des exportations, 1999-2000  36
2-3. Composition du PIB, 2000  37
3-1. Taux de change effectif reel, 2000  51
4-1. Credit au secteur prive et au secteur public, en pourcentage du PIB, 2000  65
4-2. Taux d'escompte reel, 1992-2000  66
5-1. Amnlioration/dt&rioration des termes de l'echange, 1992-2000  145
6-1. Ratio du service de la dette (ex post), 2000  179
6-2. Ratio dette totale/PIB, 1999  180
7-1. Solde budgetaire en pourcentage du PIB, 1992-2000  206
8-1. Indice de la production agricole, 1999  238
8-2. Indice de la production alimentaire par habitant, 2000  239
8-3. Indice de la production alimentaire et non alimentaire, 2000  240
8-4. Exportations agricoles, 1998  241
8-5. Secheresse, 1980-2000    242
12-1. Aide officielle au developpement nette totale en pourcentage du PIB
des pays beneficiaires, 1999  302
12-2. Aide officielle au developpement nette totale par habitant, 1999  303
13-1. Esperance de vie, 1999  332
13-2. PIB par habitant sur base de la parite des pouvoirs d'achat, 1998  333
13-3. Population urbaine en pourcentage de la population totale, 2000  334
13-4. Taux de scolarisation primaire, 1997  335
13-5. Mortalite maternelle, 1999  336
15-1. Reduction de l'endettement et allegement de la dette pour 22 pays parvenus
au point de decision  371



Acknowledgments
This volume was produced by the Operational Qual-  Mastri provided assistance in editing and producing
ity and Knowledge Services of the Africa Region, in  the volume, while Chii Akporji and Kim Kelley from
collaboration with the Development Data Group of  the World Bank Publications Office coordinated final
the Development Economics Vice Presidency.      production of the book.
The volume was prepared by a team led by Ziad   In addition, many World Bank staff provided
Badr and comprising Jose Delcour, Tariqul Khan, Tosi  information on their countries or related to their eco-
Mpanu-vIpanu, Rose Mungai, and Joan Pandit. The  nomic or sectoral specialties. Other staff aided
chapters on national accounts, balance of payments,  and advised on the design and content of this volume.
trade, and government finance draw heavily on the  ADI 2002 was produced using the data reporting
work of World Bank country desks. The chapters on  tool of the 2nd Generation Live Database (2gLDB)
power, communication and transportation, labor force  system. This tool was programmed to generate auto-
and social indicators tap the World Bank's World De-  matically all the tables in this volume and can be used
velopmenit Indicators database. The chapter on ex-  for other publications. Using data warehousing tech-
temal debt is heavily drawn from DRS (Debt Report-  nology, the 2gLDB instantly recalculates all indica-
ing System) of the World Bank. The chapter on envi-  tors and aggregates them once new information is
ronment was prepared with data from the World Re-  available. This guarantees that the most recent data
sources Institute. The chapter on privatization of pub-  are reflected in this and future volumes.
lic enterprises was provided by Lucy Fye. Lawrence
xix



Preface
African Development Indicators 2002 continues the  estimates to help address problems of missing or in-
data publication series started by the World Bank in  consistent data from standard sources. Some of the
1989 with African Economic and Financial Data   estimation methods used here differ from methods
(published jointly with the United Nations Develop-  used in other sources. This volume addresses these
ment Programme), followed by African Development  differences in methodologies in the chapter introduc-
Indicators 1992,1994/95,1996,1997,1998/99, 2000,  tions and in the technical notes.
and 2001. These data volumes are intended to pro-  In the tradition of the first seven volumes, this data
vide Africans and those interested in Africa with a  collection is intended to serve as a prime source of
consistent and convenient set of data to monitor de-  information on Africa. Its wide dissemination to Af-
velopment programs and aid flows in the region. Each  rican and non-African analysts and policymakers will
successive volume provides access to more focused  contribute to a better understanding of Africa and to
information and represents an improvement in the qual-  development on that continent.
ity and availability of the data.
The data in this volume derive from a variety of
sources. In most cases, the original source is national
statistical services in Africa. In addition, many inter-
national agencies collect or compile data on Africa                              John Roome
and organize national data in a standardized frame-               Director, Operational Quality
work. This volume draws heavily from such sources.                     and Knowledge Services
The data have been supplemented by World Bank staff                             Africa Region
xx



Acronyms and Abbreviations
ADB          African Development Bank             DRS        Debtor Reporting System (World Bank)
ADI          African Development Indicators       ECA        Economic Commission for Africa
AEFD         African Economic and Financial Data  FAO        UN Food and Agriculture Organization
(UNDP/World Bank 1989)               f.o.b.     Free on board
AFESD        Arab Fund for Economic and Social    GDF        Global Development Finance (formerly
Development                                     World Debt Tables-WDT)
BADEA        Arab Bank for Economic               GDI        Gross domestic investment
Development in Africa              GDP        Gross domestic product
BIS          Bank for International Settlements   GDS        Gross domestic savings
CDIAC        Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis  GFS        Government Finance Statistics (IMF)
Center                             GNFS        Goods and nonfactor services
CFA          Communaute Financi6re Africane       GNP        Gross national product
(franc zone)                       GNS         Gross national savings
CIDA         Canadian International Development   HIPC       Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
Agency                             IBRD        International Bank for Reconstruction
c.i.f.       Cost, insurance, freight                          and Development
CITES        Convention on International Trade in  ICP       International Comparison Project
Endangered Species of Wild Flora   IDA         International Development Association
and Fauna                          IEA         International Energy Agency
CMEA         Council for Mutual Economic          IFAD       International Fund for Agricultural
Assistance                                      Development
COMTRADE Commodity Trade database                 IFS        International Financial Statistics (IMF)
(United Nations)                   ILO        International Labour Organization
CPI          Consumer price index                 IMF        International Monetary Fund
DAC          Development Assistance Committee     ISIC       UN International Standard Industrial
of the OECD                                     Classification
DDG        Development Data Group,                ITU        International Telecommunications Union
World Bank
xxi



xxii                                 Acronyms and Abbreviations
IUCN       International Union for Conservation of  UNAIDS       United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS
Nature and Natural Resources            UNCTAD        United Nations Conference on Trade
LIBOR      London interbank offered rate                           and Development
LIMIC      Low-income and middle-income             UNDP         United Nations Development
countries                                             Programme
MBO        Management employee buyout               UNECE        United Nations Economic
METMIN     Metals and Minerals Database (World                      Commission for Europe
Bank)                                 UNEP          United Nations Environment
ODA        Official development assistance                         Programme
OECD       Organization for Economic                UNESCO       United Nations Education, Scientific,
Cooperation and Development                          and Cultural Organization
OPEC       Organization of Petroleum Exporting      UNHCR        United Nations High Commissioner
Countries                                             for Refugees
ORT        Oral rehydration therapy                 UNICEF       United Nations Children's Fund
PE         Public enterprise                        UNIDO        United Nations Industrial
SAF        Structural adjustment facility                          Development Organization
SDA        Social dimensions of adjustment          UNSO         United Nations Statistical Office
SDR        Special drawing right                    UNSTAT       United Nations Statistical Department
SIMA       Statistical Information Management       UNTA         United Nations Technical Assistance
and Analysis Database (World Bank)    WFP           World Food Programme
SITC       UN Standard International Trade          WHO          World Health Organization
Classification                        WRI           World Resources Institute
SNA        System of national accounts              ZIMCO        Zambia Industrial and Mining
Corporation



Introduction
T    he task of monitoring Africa's development  e        The coverage of many of the data series has been
progress and aid flows requires basic empirical      improved, reflecting improvements in the underlying
data that can be readily used by analysts. This  data series, as well as estimates made by Bank staff.
publication-which is the seventh in a series that began
with the African Economic and Financial Data (AEFD),  However, substantial data gaps remain, notably in
and was followed by African Development Indicators  areas such as public enterprises, gender, and labor.
(ADI) 1992,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998/99,2000, and  Strengthening the statistical capacity in African countries
2001-is meant to provide a starting point to fulfill that  is an ongoing process and greater efforts and institutional
task.                                             support will be required if substantial improvements are
This volume has been able to extend the work of the  to be made.
previous volumes in this series. In particular:     This volume presents the available relevant data
* Most macroeconomic data (in particular, national  for 1980-2000, grouped into fourteen chapters:
accounts, balance of payments, government finance  background data; national accounts; prices and exchange
statistics, and trade) reflect data maintained by  rates; money and banking; external sector; external debt
World Bank country desks, often referred to as  and related flows; government finance; agriculture;
operational data. These data are often more up to  power, communications, and transportation; public
date and offer better country coverage than the data  enterprises; labor force and employment; aid flows; social
stored in the Bank's central files, SIMA, which were  indicators; and environmental indicators. Chapter 14
used in publications before 1998. SIMA is a large  (environmental indicators) was once again taken from
database that contains some, but not all, data  the World Resources Institute's World Resources 2001.
produced by Bank staff-operational and other-   Each chapter begins with a brief introduction on the
and some, but not all, data produced by UN     nature of the data, followed by a set of charts, statistical
agencies.                                      tables, and technical notes. These define the indicators
and identify specific sources.



2                                          Introduction
A companion CD-Rom, known as World Bank Africa   years, when data cannot be readily produced by national
Database 2002, provides year-by-year time series of most  statistical sources. Nonetheless, data gaps exist for many
chapters back to 1980. These series will provide analysts  indicators, and some countries are covered only
with data needed to help place the most recent years in  sporadically.
an historical context.                               Readers are urged to take these limitations into account
The data in this volume incorporate numerous     in using the data and interpreting the indicators,
revisions to those published previously in the series.  particularly when making comparisons across
There are several reasons for this.                economies. Weaknesses in the data point to the need for
* Many of the data that were based on estimates in  strengthened statistical systems throughout the region.
the earlier volumes have been replaced with updated  As a visual aid to data interpretation and cross-country
actual data or improved estimates. In most cases,  comparisons, figures for selected indicators are included.
these reflect revisions made by the original reporting  As with time series, the figures should also be interpreted
authorities or sources, but it also includes corrections  with caution, in particular in cross-country analysis,
of errors in previous volumes.                 because countries with missing data are excluded from
* Data series expressed in constant U.S. dollars and  the charts.
exchange rates use a base year of 1995; previous   Throughout this volume (except when otherwise
ADIs were based on 1987 exchange rates and prices;  stated), the symbol ".." indicates that data are not
and AEFD used 1980 exchange rate and prices.   available or not applicable. A zero (0) indicates
* Some series expressed in constant prices have  either zero value or an insignificant value, that is,
been revised as a result of updated or revised  less than one-halfof the smallest unit shown. The symbol
deflators.                                     "MR" indicates "most recent year available." In chapter
* As in the 2000 volume, macroeconomic data    13, columns headed bya period (for example, 1992-95)
reflect country desk information. The difference is  show data for the latest available year in the period.
most noticeable in the chapter on government     To facilitate cross-country comparisons, values of
finance, as figures reflect consolidated govemment  many national series have been converted from the
data instead of only central government data.  national currencies to U.S. dollars, using the World Bank
Atlas methodology.
Considerable effort has been made to standardize and  Indicators in this volume generally follow standard
to harmonize related data sets drawn from diverse  definitions as far as possible and cover years through
sources. Because statistical methods, coverage, practices,  2000, depending on the chapter. Data for 2000 are
and definitions differ widely among sources, full  preliminary and therefore may not be intemally consistent
comparability cannot be assured, and the indicators must  within and across accounts, and may not be available for
be interpreted with care. In addition, the statistical  all countries. Because data are continually updated, the
systems in many developing economies are still weak,  statistics here may be different from those in other
and this affects the availability and reliability of the data  publications.
they report. Moreover, intercountry and intertemporal  Shares and ratios are always calculated using current
comparisons always involve complex technical       price series; when gross domestic product GDP is used
problems, which have no full and unequivocal solution.  as the denominator for these calculations, it is always
The data are drawn from sources thought to be the  expressed at market prices (except in Figure 2-3).
most authoritative, but many data sources are subject to  In all but the last chapter, the data are arranged by
considerable margins of error. To provide reasonably  indicator to facilitate cross-country comparisons. For
timely data required for meaningful monitoring, the  country-specific work, data can be arranged to show all
World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF),  indicators together for each country.
and other agencies sometimes make estimates on the   In this volume, the statistical tables are usually
basis of available secondary information to fill critical  arranged as time series, by country and by country
gaps in national reporting, especially for the most recent  groups. The largest country group is All Africa,



Introduction                                         3
consisting of two subgroups: North Africa and      denominator. Sometimes, however, when it is appropriate
Sub-Saharan Africa (including South Africa). In turn,  to treat the experiences of different countries equally in
the Sub-Saharan Africa group is shown excluding South  determining a representative value for the group, these
Africa and Nigeria. These two subgroups correspond  group averages are arithmetic-that is, each country has
to the Sub-Saharan Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa   equal weight.
excluding Nigeria groups shown in the AEFD and ADI   Period averages-shown for 1975-84, 1985-89, and
1992, where South Africa was listed separately.    1990 to most recent year-are calculated from time series
Annual data shown for country groups are totals,  (levels, ratios, growth rates, or medians) for both
averages, or medians for the countries included in the  countries and country groups. They are either simple
group, as indicated on the table. These group aggregates  averages or average annual percentage growth rates.
can be either simple arithmetic)-where missing data  These growth rates always use the least-squares method
are not imputed-or gap-filled-where weights are used  and are usually computed from real-term series. In this
to adjust group totals for missing countries. In the latter  publication, the least-squares growth rates are computed
case, when values are missing for a country or a year,  using the level for the year before the first year shown
estimates are made to maintain the same country   in the label. The least-squares growth rate, r, is estimated
composition of the groups through time. However, the  by fitting a least-squares linear regression trend line to
implicit estimated values for the countries with missing  the logarithmic annual values of the variable in the
data are not shown separately in the tables. These gap-fill  relevant period. More specifically, the regression
estimates are made, and the aggregate statistics shown,  equation takes the form: logX, = a + bt + e,, where this is
only if the countries for which data are available for a  equivalent to the logarithmic transformation of the
given year account for at least two-thirds of the full  compound growth rate equation, X,= X. (I + r)'. In these
group, as defined by benchmarks in 1995. This procedure  equations X is the variable, t is time, and a = log XO and b
is standard for many World Bank statistical publications.  = log (1I + r) are the parameters to be estimated; e is the
Most group averages are weighted according to the  error term. If b* is the least-squares estimate of b, then
relative importance of the countries in the group total  the annual average growth rate, r, is obtained as (anti log
for that indicator, based on simple addition across  (b*)] - 1 and multipliedby 100 to express it in percentage
countries when the indicator is expressed in reasonably  terms. The least-squares growth rate dampens the
comparable units. Group averages for analytical ratios  influence of exceptional values, particularly at the end
(for example, imports to GDP) can be either weighted  points. Least-square growth rates are calculated only if
or sirnple (arithmetic). Usually they are calculated from  more than two-thirds of consecutive data-carrying the
the group totals for both the numerator and the    same sign-are present in the time series.
denominator, which is analytically equivalent to     Throughout this volume, data for Ethiopia include
calculating weighted averages, where the weight for each  Eritrea up to 1992, except when otherwise indicated.
country is its share in the group total for the



1
Selected Background Data
T    he first two tables of the volume provide se-  indicators, of some of the more important indicators
lected indicators, including a series on popula-  for all countries in the most recent year for which
tion, as background to the data in the rest of the  relatively complete information is available.
volume. Table I - I provides a comparative view, across
4



Selected Background Da                                            t          aS                     5
1-1. Basic Indicators
GNI per capita                    L ife
Av. annual      expectancy                                                                 Total
Population         Land area        Atlas    percentage           at birth                 School enrollment                        net ODA
mid-2000      (thousands of     dollars         growth           (years)              Primary                  Seco-ndary-      per capita
(millions)     square km.)          2000        1988-00             1999            1980     1994-97        1980     1994-97            2000
SUB-SAI-ARAN AFRICA,                      654 8            23,628         474-           -O                4 7           8(''          7h          IS         2" 
exciudmin SoaLb Afnca                    61', n           22.4(17        249            -'3               4'7           '9;)         '1           IS        21                  7
excl S.Africa & Nigena,                  441) 1           21.49'         309            -4'.4             17            '2 4                       4          i.7l
Angola                                    12.7-            -1,247     -2407             -8.7            4 47~      --    l 175 -       .,2                      .1
Benin                           ~~~~~~~~                     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~                                               ~~~~~              ~     ~~      ~       ~~~~~~~~6.3  III  380  1.5  53  67  78  16170
Botswana                                   1.6              567        3,300             2.2              39              91         108          19          65                9
Burkina Faso                              11.3              274         230              2.0              45              1 8         40           3            .I I
Burundi                                    6.8                26         110            -4.1              42              26          5 I          3            7              S
Caineroon                                 15.1              465          570            -2.5              5 1             98          85          1 8         27                7
Cape Verde                                 0.4                 4       1,330             2.6              69             114         148           8            ..98
Central African Republic                   3.6              623          290            -0.7              44              71           ..14                     .. 
Chad                                       7.7             1,259         200            - 1.0             49              ..58                     I.           0               6
Comoros                                    0.6                 2        380             -2.8              6 1             86          7 5         22          2 1              1 3
Congo, Democratic Repi. of                51.4             2,267           ..0.2                          46              92          72          24          26               2
Congo, Republic of                         2.9              342          630            -5.5              48             141         114          74          53                4
C8te dIvoire                              16.0              318         660              0.1              46              75          71          19          24               4
Djibouti                                   0.7               23          840             0.0              47              37          39          12           14             34
Fquatorial Guinea                          0.5               28            ...                            51             160           ...                      .16
Eritrea                                    4.1              101          170             0.3              50              ..53                     ..20                        16
Ethiopia                                  64.3             1,000         100             1.4              42              37          43           9           12              4
Gabon                                      1.2              258        3,180             0.0              53             174         162           ...19
Gambia. The                                1.3                10        330             -0.2              53              53          77          11          25              20
Ghana                                     19.2              228         350              1.6              58              79          79          41            ..10
Guinea                                     7.4              246         450              1.8              46              36          54          17           12               6
Guinea-Bissau                              1.2                28         180            -1.3              44              68          62           6            ..33
Kenya                                     30.1              569          360             0.0              48             115          85          20          24                5
Lesotho                                    2.2                30         540            -0.4              45             104         108          18          31               10
Liberia                                    3.1               96            ..0.0                          47              48           ..22                    ..12
Madagascar                                15.5              582         260             -0.7              54             130          92           ..16                         4
Malawi                                    11.0               94          170             0.6              39              60         134           5           17             20
Mali                                      10.8             1,220        240              0.9              50              26          49           8           10              4
Mauritania                                 2.7             1,025         370             1.2              54              37          79          11           16             32
Mauritius                                  1.2                2        3,800             4.2              71             93          106          50          65                8
Mozam~bique                               17.6              784         210              3.4              43              99          60           5            7             21
Nanibia                                    1.7              823        2,050             2.2              50              ..         131            -          61             SI
Niger                                     10.8             1,267         180            -1.5              46              25          29           5            7               4
Nigeria                                  126.9              911         260              0.6              47             109          98          18           33               1
Rwanda                                     8.5                25         230            -3,0              40              63           ..3                      ..19
Slo Tomt and Princip-                      0.1                 1        290             -0.8              65               ......149
Senegal                                    9.5              193         500              0.6              52              46          71          11           16             10
Seychelles                                 0.1                0        7,310             1.9              72              -..                       ..                       192
Sierra Leone                               5.0               72          130            -6.1              37              52          1.           4            ..21
Somalia                                    9.7              627            ..0.0                          48             22            ..9                      ..6
South Africa                              42.8             1,221       3,020            -0.3              48              90         133           ..94                         6
Studan                                    29.7            2,376         320              0.0              56              s0          51          16          21                6
Swaziland                                  1.0               17        1,290             0.7              46             103         117          38           54               7
Tanzan a                                  33.7              884          280             0.5              45              93          67           3            5              12
Togo                                       4.7                54         300            -1.2              49             118         120          33           27               4
Uganda                                    22.2              200          310             3.7              42              50          74           5           12             21
Zamnbia                                   10.1              743          300            -2.2              38              90          89          16           27              26
Zimbabwe                                  12.6              387          480            -0.4              40              85         112           8           49               7
NRORTfl AFRI-CA                            138Sf            5 T.8       1.630              I               68              84          4J 1t4.
Alg~~~~~~- ~30.4                                2,382        1,590            -0.6             71              95         108           33          63               3
Egypt, Arab Republic                      63.8              995        1,490             2.6              67              73         101          SI           75               4
Libya                                      5.5             1,760           ..0.0                          71             125           ..76
Morocco                                   28.7              446        1,180             0.7              67              83          86          26           39               5
Tunisia                          -          9.6              155       2,090          -3.0               -73             102         118          27           65               7
ALL AFRIUCA                               "7c)             29.36'         o7I             C' I             SI              81          80     --    2)3
Note: 2000 data an! prelimiinary (see page 2). GNI per capita previously cafled GNP per capita.
All ODA data for 2000 are as of Decenmber 31, 2001. OECD is expected to update their data in January 2002.



6                                                        Selected Background Data
1-2. Population                                                                                                                    Aeaeana
Millions ofpeople                                             percentage growth
1980     199!     1992     1993    1994      1995     1996     1997    1998     1999     2000     75-84    85-89    90-MR
SUB 8.S AHAR.AN AFRICA        380) '1-  52305   538 05   5.9 Y2  56360)    5'9 43   595 49   6 12 29  628 17  6434'5   0~9 7'       2 9      2 8      2 7
cl,j~ding &,.ab Otfric.a     353 16   487 11   501 36   512 45  525 31    540 31   555 58   571 62   586 76  6U 1 84  61 n 97      2 9      2 8      2 7
ex~cl S Ainca  Nigena        282 u1   388 13   399 48   4,97 55  .17 30,  429 04   441 ('8  453 '14  465 95  477 95   4901 '6      2 9      2
Angola                         7.02     9.59     9.94    10.28    10-.63   10.9     11.f3 2  11.66    12.01   12.36  1__2.72       2.7      2.8      3.3
Benin                          3.46     4.88     5.03     5.18    5.33      5.48     5.63     5.79     5.95    6.11     6.28       2.9      3.2      2.9
B3otswana                      0.91     1.31     1.35     1.39     1.43     1.46     1.50     1.53     1.56    1.59     1.60       3.6      3.5      2.4
Burkina Faso                   6.96     9.09     9.31     9.53    9.76      9.99    10.23    10.47    10.73   11.00    11.27       2.4      2.4      2.4
Burundi                        4.13     5.60     5.75     5.89    6.02      6.16     6.29     6.42    6.55     6.68     6.81       2.5      2.9      2.3
Cameroon                       8.66    11.80    12.13    12.47   12.82     13.18    13.55    13.92    14.30   14.69    15.09       2.8      2.9      2.8
Cape Verde                     0.29     0.35     0.35     0.36    0.37      0.38     0.39     0.40     0.42    0.43     0.44       1.0      1.9      2.6
Central African Repuiblic      2.31     3.01     3.08     3.15    3.22      3.29     3.35     3.42    3.48     3.54     3.60       2.4      2.4      2.1
Chad                           4.48     5.89     6.06     6.25    6.46      6.71     6.89     7.09     7.28    7.49     7.69       2.4      2.4      3.0
Comoros                        0.34     0.44     0.46     0.47    0.48      0.49     0.50     0.52    0.53     0.54     0.56        ..      2.6      2.6
Congo, Democratic Rep, of     27.01    38.60    39.87    41.16   42.49     43.85    45.25    46.71   48.22    49.78    51.39       3.1      3.4      3.2
Congo, Republic of             1.67     2.28     2.35     2.42    2.49      2.56     2.63     2.71    2.78     2.86     2.94       2.9      2.9      2.8
C6te d'Ivoire                  8.19    12.21    12.62    13.04    13.46    13.88    14.30    14.72    15.14   15.55    15.95       3.9      3.7      3.1
Djibouti                       0.28     0.53     0.55     0.57    0.58      0.60     0.61     0.62     0.64    0.65     0.66       6.7      6.1      2.6
Equatorial Guinea              0.22     0.36     0.37     0.38    0.39      0.40     0.41     0.42     0.43    0.44_    0.45       2.4      3.4      2.5
Eritres                        2.38     3.22     3.31     3.39     3.48     3.57     3.67     3.77     3.88    3.99     4.10       2.6       ..      2.7
Ethiopia                      37.72    52.95    54.79    53.30   54.89     56.53    58.23    59.75    61.27   62.78    64.30       2.8      3.2      2.3
Gabon                          0.69     0.99     1.02     1.05     1.07     1.10     1.13     1.15     1.18    1.21     1.24       3.2      3.4      2.6
Gambia, The                    0.64     0.96     1.00     1.04     1.08     1.11     1.15     1.18     1.22    1.25     1.29       3.1      4.1      3.5
Ghana                         10.74    15.31    15.76    16.20    16.64    17.08    17.51    17.94    18.36   18.78    19.20       2.3      3.5       2.6
Guinea                         4.46     5.92     6.09     6.26     6.42     6.59     6.76     6.92     7.09    7.25     7.42        1.7     2.8      2.6
Guinea-Bissau                  0.80     0.99     1.01     1.03     1.06     1.09     1.11     1.14     1.16    1.18     1.21       3.7      2.3      2.2
Kenya                         16.63    24.02    24.68    25.35   26.02     26.69    27.36    28.04    28.73   29.42    30.09       3.8      3.5      2.6
Lesotho                        1.35     1.76     1.80     1.84     1.89     1.93     1.97     2.01     2.06    2.11     2.15       2.5      2.5      2.3
Liberia                        1.~88    2.48     2.54     2.60    2.66      2.73     2.81     2.88     2.96    3.04     3.13       3.2      2.3      2.5
Madagascar             ~~~~~~8.87  11.89-  12.19  12.54-  12.91    13.30    1372     1.1       4.9     150      15.52       2.6     2.8       2.9
Malawi                         6.18     8.74     8.99     9.24     9.49     9.76    10.02    10.28    10.53   10.79    11.04       3.2      3.4       2.7
Mali                           6.59     8.70     8.93     9.16    9.39      9.62     9.85    10.09    10.33   10.58    10.84       2.2      2.7      2.5
Mauritania                     1.55     2.08     2.14     2.20    2.26      2.33     2.39     2.46     2.53    2.60     2.67       2.5      2.8      2.8
Mauritius                      0.97     1.07     1.08     1.10     1.11     1.12     1.13     1.15     1.16     1.17    1.19        1.4     0.8       1.2
Mozambique                    12.10    14.42    14.69    15.01    15.42    15.82    16.23    16.63    16.97    17.30   17.62       2.7      1.0      2.2
Namibia                        1.03     1.39     1.42     1.46     1.50     1.54     1.58     1.62     1.66    1.70     1.74       2.7      2.8      2.6
Niger                          5.59     7.98     8.25     8.54     8.84     9.15     9.47     9.80    10.15   10.50    10.85       3.3      3.2      3.5
Nigeria                       71.15    98.98   101.88   104.89   108.01   111.27   114.50   117.68   120.82  123.90   126.91       3.1      3.0       2.9
Rwanda                         5.16     7.15     7.35     7.54    6.23      6.40     6.73     7.90     8.11    8.31     8.51       3.3      3.0       1.8
SAo Tomd and Principe          0.09     0.12     0.12     0.13    0.13      0.13     0.14     0.14     0.14    0.14     0.15        1.5     2.8      2.6
Senegal                        5.54     7.50     7.69     7.90    8.11      8.33     8.56     8.79     9.04    9.29     9.53       2.9      2.8      2.7
Seychelles                     0.06     0.07     0.07     0.07    0.07      0.08     0.08     0.08     0.08    0.08     0.08        1.4     0.7       1.5
Sierra Leone                   3.24     4.09     4.19     4.29    4.40      4.51     4.63     4.75     4.85    4.95     5.03       2.0      2.2      2.4
Somalia                        5.85     8.15     8.38     8.47    8.41      8.20     8.48     8.77     9.08    9.39     9.71       5.5      2.3      2.1
South Africa                  27.58    35.93    36.69    37.47   38.28     39.12    39.91    40.67    41.40   42.11    42.80       2.3      2.5      2.0
Sudan                         18.68    24.57    25.08    25.59   26.10     26.62    27.16    27.74    28.35   28.99    29.68       3.1      2.4      2.1
Swaziland                      0.57     0.79     0.82     0.85    0.87      0.90     0.93     0.96     0.99    1.02     1.05       3.2      3.2      3.2
Tanzania                      18.58    26.28    27.10    27.94   28.79     29.65    30.49    31.32    32.13   32.92    33.70       3.2      3.2      2.9
Togo                           2.62     3.64     3.75     3.87    3.99      4.11     4.23     4.35     4.46    4.57     4.67       2.8      3.0      2.9
Uganda                        12.81    16.89    17.46    18.03    18.60    19.22    19.81    20.42    21.04   21.62    22.21       2.4      2.6      3.2
Zamnbia                        5.74     8.02     8.26     8.50     8.74     8.98     9.21     9.44     9.67    9.88    10.09       3.4      3.0      2.7
Zimbabwe                       7.01    10.02    10.28    10.53    10.78    11.48    11.70    11.92    12.19   12.39    12.63       3.1      3.3      2.8
NORTH AFRIA                    SR 35   116 66   119 21   121 72   1241I'   12o 55   128 85   1 31 15  13 341   135 72  138 14            2   25       201
Alg-eria                      186T56             6.2 7   26.89   27.50     28.06    28.57    290     2.5      29.9     30.40       3.1      2.8      2.
Egypt, Arab Republic          40.88    53.62    54.78    55.93   57.06     58.18    59.27    60.40    61.52   62.65    63.82       2.5      2.5      2.0
Libya                          3.04     4.53     4.64     4.75     4.86     4.97     5.08     5.19     5.30    5.42     5.54       4.5      3.4      2.3
Morocco                       19.38    24.52    25.00    25.47   25.93     26.39    26.85    27.31    27.78   28.24    28.71       2.3      2.2       1.8
TunHti~i ___               ___          834      8 51     8 OR     8 82     896      90        2       0q      '1' 946  0)58       2 6      2 5  ___
~~LLAFR.1CA           k9C''j ~r  630IT  6t5'- Y-  ~  4    -( 67 i   -       7059  '43   704   'f.l tI  -79b'6-  ''8 1        Ž'                2
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (sem page 2).



7
Figure 1-1. Development diamonds for all African countries, 2000*
Tunisia                 Seychelles                Algeria                 Mauritius                  Libya
Cape Verde                Morocco                Egypt, Arab Rep        Sao Tome & Principe           Comoros
Ghana                    Sudan                  Madagascar                Mauritania              Gambia, The
Beniin                   Gabon                    Senegal                 Cameroon              Equatorial Guinea
+-                                                +              I+                        I+
Eritrea                   Mali                    Namibia                   Togo                     Chad
+           +        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~++
South Africa           Congo, Republic of           Somalia                   Kenya                   Nigeria
*                        ±                                                 +; +
*Or most recent year availhtble                                                     (Graph continued on the following page)



8
Figure 1-1. (continued)
Djibouti                    Liberia                     Angola                      Guinea                     Swaziland
+ __ ++It 
_         _      _          I  __                       I                           __ _      __                   __
Cote d'Ivoire        Congo, Democratic Republic of         Niger                     Tanzania                   Burkina Faso
Lesotbo              Central Afrikan Repablic         Guinea-Diaau                Mozambique                    Ethiopia
Uganda                      Burundi                    Zimbabwe                    Rwanda                      Botswana
±      +~~
Zambia                      Malawi
Life expectancy
Access to safe water  +     GNI per capita
Primary School Enrollment
Sierra Leone
The development diamond portrays four socioeconomic
indicators for a given country and compares them with the average
of all Africa.
The data are sorted by life expectancy.



9
Figure 1]-2. Selected basic indicators, 2000*
Literacy rate**                       GNI per capita                 Population growth
(percent)                         (US$ thousands)              (annual percent change)
0      20      40     60      80    1io    0.0       2.0       4.0      0.0            2.0           4.0
Zhlbab,.e  .-                      
S  biuthAf afl                                                                                S- hArn
Maurdna2
tqauorisl Guian_
K.aa    _      _             _b. [Kyu                                                _       _Xcmya
Nomibi_                                                     N.mitS                              Nmibi.
Congo  --                             ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C..,.                       Co..g
Ubya           -                                                                              Lby.
Swiqlid                                             _S-iktld
Zambia                                             Z-ublS Zambi.
BC=M                                                                                                . ..  ,o_ _B
Caperexcoe                                              C.  " i,                                 ilM  liitC t ~
Tanlunia                                           ,ha,iTi_                                      tcam
Ghan  -                     .ua                                                                CS_..,.__
Tunii        *1 ;                                                                         u.IT.
Aigeda   -   *
Rnn a   .           -,                             _ __Ud.
Madagscar                                             M- pa- o                                           Ma_ 
Djibouli  ,,,-_ -                                 _b_
Nigeria  -                                         Ni-d --.  Dj,
Congo. Deanoetkt Repubiic  _ _  ;.  ;tO                                                           m           -     D,t..cpb
Rq.bj+                                               RWk
Malawi  --.,         .                              lw                                          M-l-wi'
Comormm                     __ -                    Ct,mDt                                        C_.-WO
Sochm  -  -Sda.                                                              +                  Nd.,
5tbga  _.                                        Togo                    _Tog,o
Egypt. Arab Rcp. -  .  , .1                                                                           Ab
Uberia  _                                                                                           LSs L_i.
Eritrtom                                          BioE
Mormit,o _                                               i                                   t uz
Burundi -O ,
CCUt d lvIh  -                                          CO.%d                                        coted Ito,.,
CmtoI                                   C+.
Ctotral Afrita nbie R .epubt                                  Air,                                    AfrrD
Rqoibo                                  Rqdbr
CtMni                                            Ch d                                             Cad
M_ritnhi_                                            Muit_                                          M,AI
Mali                                           _    
icteo                                             Bain                                            Benim
G.alueBixs=  a.i u..
Ethiopia  = - -  -                                  qpbiOPl*                                     Eflpi.
Seoegal  ... t;.qa                                           _                 _     1    3    h    qa=(lbi
Gambia Mme                                            0-bi. Tb.                                       G-b. F
Borrkisiu aPso                                        abitaP.F                    +               11111M I  F..
Niger _.                   _it.                                          _ntigt.
Angola                                            Aal                         ~t
Guinea                  *  Total
Sat Toint and PrinciTope                                                                                Sa. To.  d
Sxeyhelles               E     Female              uad Pii              _ -im*
Siora Letime                                          ia  ...I.
Somalia                                           Sml
O Or most recent year available.
** Sorted by total literacy rate.



10                                  Selected Background Data
Technical notes
Tables                                           two preceding years, after adjusting them for differ-
ences in relative inflation between that country and
Table 1-1. Basic indicators. The data for this table  the United States. This three-year average smoothes
are from the World Bank's Statistical Information  fluctuations in prices and exchange rates for each
Management and Analysis Database (SIMA), except  country. The resulting GNI in U.S. dollars is divided
for official development assistance (ODA), which are  by the midyear population for the latest of the three
from the OECD, Geographical Distribution of Finan-  years to derive GNI per capita.
cial Flows to Developing Countries database (see tech-  The following formulas describe the procedures for
nical notes to Chapter 12). Regional aggregates for  computing the conversion factor for year t:
GNP per capita, life expectancy, and education are                                 p   s
weighted by population.                           e     I-  =    _   _       e,          + e,
Population estimates for mid-2000 are World Bank       3      P-2 I P2        P,,P,
estimates. These are usually projections from the most  and for calculating per capita GNI in U.S. dollars for
recent population censuses or surveys (mostly from  year t:
1980-2000). Refugees not permanently settled in the         t = (Y1 / N,) + e, 2,,
country of asylum are generally considered to be part
of the population of their country of origin (see tech-  where Y, = current GNI (local currency) for year t,
nical notes to Tables 13-1, 13-4, and 13-5).     P,<D%-2> - GNI deflator for year t, N, midyear popula-
Land area refers to the land surface area of a coun-  tion for year t, and pI, = US GNI deflator for year t.
try, excluding inland waters.
GNI per capita figures in U.S. dollars are calcu-  Growth rates of GNI per capita for this table are
lated according to the World Bank Atlas method de-  shown in real terms. They have been calculated by
scribed below. GNI measures the total domestic and  the least-squares method using constant GNI per capita
foreign value added claimed by residents. It comprises  series in 1995 prices in national currency (World Bank,
GDP (defined in the note for Table 2-5) plus net fac-  SIMA). See also technical notes for Table 2-19.
tor income from abroad, which is the income resi-  Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of
dents receive from abroad for factor services (labor  years a newborn infant would live if prevailing pat-
and capital) less similar payments made to nonresi-  terns of mortality at the time of its birth were to re-
dents who contributed to the domestic economy. The  main the same throughout its life. Figures are World
data are from the Food and Agriculture Organization  Bank estimates based on data from the UN Popula-
(FAO).                                           tion Division, the UN Statistical Office, and national
The World Bank Atlas method uses a three-year  statistical offices.
average of conversion factors to convert GNI data,  Primary school enrollment is the ratio of children
expressed in different national currencies, to a com-  of all ages enrolled in primary school to the popula-
mon denomination, conventionally U.S. dollars. The  tion of children of primary school age. While many
Atlas conversion factor for any year is the average of  countries consider the primary school age to be 6 to
the official exchange rate (Table 3-4) or alternative  11 years, others use different age groups. These dif-
conversion factor (Table 3-6) for that year and for the  ferent country practices are also reflected in the ra-



Selected Background Data                               11
tios. Gross enrollment may be reported in excess of  Table 1-2. Population. Average annual percentage
100 percent if some pupils are younger or older than  growth shown in this table was calculated using the
the country's standard range of primary school age.  least-squares method.
In practice, enrollment does not necessarily equal at-  Statistical background for the population estimates
tendance, nor does it remain constant throughout the  is available in the UN Population and Vital Statistics
year. Data are from the United Nations Education,  Report and the World Bank's World Population Pro-
Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).  jections (World Bank 1994-95) (see also the techni-
Secondary school enrollment is the ratio of chil-  cal notes to Chapter 13).
dren of all ages enrolled in secondary schools to the
population of children of secondary school age. The  Figures
definition of secondary school age differs among  The following indicators have been used to derive the
countries. It is most commonly considered to be 12  figures in this chapter.
to 17 years. Data are from UJNESCO.             Figure 1-1. Life expectancy (Table 1-1); access to
Total net ODA per capita consists of net disburse-  safe water (Table 13-10); GNI per capita (Table 2-19);
ments of loans and grants from all official sources on  primary school enrollment (Table 1-1).
concessional finanicial terms, divided by the midyear  Figure 1-2. Literacy rate (Table 13-13); GNI per
population for the corresponding year (see the tech-  capita (Table 2-19); population growth (Table 1-2).
nical notes to Chapter 12).



12                                                           Selected Background Data
Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 1
A&Zfey       a                                                                 b
Aggregations a                                                Period averages
Table                      (1)            (2)             (3)            (4)            (5)             (6)              (2)             (3)
Table 1-1
Column I                x
Column 2                x
Column 3                                                              x
Column 4                                                              x                                                               x
Column 5                                                                             x
Column 6                                                                             x
Column 7                                                                             x
Column 8                                                                             x
Column 9                                                                             x
Column 10                              x
Table 1-2                   x                                                                                              x
Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in column 4 for Table 1-1
and in the last three columns for Table 1-2. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter.
a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3)
simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total
of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted
total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean.
b. Period averages: (i) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is
shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator
in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms).



National Accounts
N     ational accounts data provide the broadest pic-  origin are value added in agriculture, value added in
N    ture of a nation's economic performance. Na-  industry, and value added in services. (See the tech-
tional accounts give information on the struc-  nical notes at the end of this chapter.) The national
ture of production in the form of gross domestic prod-  accounts are constructed in national currencies and
uct (GDP) and its components by industrial origin,  in current prices. Figures reported in this chapter are,
GDP and its components by expenditure, and infor-  however, in U.S. dollars, usually converted from na-
mation on a nation's economic relations with the out-  tional currency series at the official exchange rate. If
side world. These are the key statistics for assessing  the official exchange rate is significantly different
a nation's economic condition at a given time or the  from the prevailing market rate or shows extreme
trends in a nation's economic performance over time.  volatility, the local currency is converted into U.S.
National accounts data also provide a quantitative ba-  dollars by using an alternative conversion factor. The
sis for forecasting and policymaking and as such are  conversion factors used for this purpose are presented
used widely both by analysts and policymakers.  in Table 3-6. Reporting currencies in a common de-
GDP and its components by industrial origin are  nominator facilitates cross-country comparisons and
compiled following the widely used System of Na-  aggregations in country groups.
tional Accounts (SNA). The SNA methodology ac-   In addition, estimates of GDP and its components
counts for virtually all activities pertinent to the pro-  by industrial origin are converted into constant prices.
duction of goods and the provision of services in an  Reporting figures in constant prices is essential for
economy by residents and nonresidents, regardless of  monitoring real changes in the structure of produc-
the allocation to domestic and foreign claims. GDP  tion and for analyzing relations among prices, pro-
does not account for the depreciation of fixed capital.  duction, employment, and so forth.
There are three methods of compiling GDP figures:  Constant price series in U.S. dollars use a 1995 base
income, expenditure, and production methods. Be-  year and are converted from national currency series
cause of technical and resource constraints, the in-  using 1995 exchange rates. To establish a common
come method is not used in most developing coun-  base year for all countries, national accounts in na-
tries. In this volume, GDP and its components by in-  tional currencies at constant prices based on years
dustrial origin are compiled using the production  other than 1995 have been partly rebased to 1995 by
method. The three components of GDP by industrial  rescaling constant price series of components of GDP.
13



14                                    National Accounts
Using a single base year raises problems when there  (1993) reflects differences in concepts, definitions,
are profound structural changes or significant changes  and classifications from the UN's SNA guidelines.
in relative prices. For example, values expressed in  For instance, in the SNA, factor services rendered by
constant U.S. dollars necessarily reflect the exchange  residents of another country are excluded from goods
rates prevailing during the base year. Where subse-  and services, but this practice is not universally fol-
quent exchange rate changes have been substantial,  lowed. The tables on resource balance, and on values
as they have for many African countries since 1980,  of exports (f.o.b.) and imports (c.i.f.) of goods and
comparisons among countries and aggregate trends  nonfactor services in current U.S. dollars provide a
will be affected. For this reason alone, the data should  comprehensive and systematic framework for macro-
be used with considerable caution.              economic analysis in general. Those interested in a
Monitoring resource allocations across sectors in  more specialized and rigorous study of international
any given point in time requires the use of current  trade transactions should use the data provided in
prices. Accordingly, in addition to GDP in constant  Chapter 5.
prices, GDP in current prices is provided. Following  The rate of growth of real domestic product is an
GDP in current prices are components of GDP by  important indicator of economic progress and as such
expenditure. Data on consumption, investment, and  is widely monitored. Because these growth rates are
savings are constructed using the SNA's convention.  calculated from national series, they are suitable for
Conceptually, all income is either consumed or saved,  both cross-country comparisons and trend analysis for
and as such the sum of total consumption and gross  individual countries. Aggregate values and trends,
domestic saving equals GDP.                     however, reflect the choice of the base year, as ex-
When viewed from a production point of view, by  plained above.
definition savings equals investment. Investment  Gross national income per capita, which is GDP
measures additions to fixed assets of an economy,  per capita adjusted for changes in international terms
whether it represents additions to the stock of capital  of trade and which include net factor income from
or merely replenishes depreciated capital stock, plus  abroad, and total consumption per capita are also
net changes in the level of inventories. It is financed  widely monitored indicators of economic progress.
either through domestic savings or by drawing on the  When expressed in current U.S. dollars to facilitate
savings of foreigners. Data on gross domestic invest-  comparison and aggregation, however, the values for
ment and gross domestic savings thus shed light not  these indicators necessarily reflect exchange rate fluc-
only on the nature of the domestic inter-temporal re-  tuations as well as underlying economic and demo-
source allocation but also on the size of the resource  graphic changes. These indicators may be used with
gap. Gross national savings, however, indicates the  caution for cross-country comparison during any
amount of savings generated by a nation's residents.  single year. They require special attention when used
Although this volume includes a chapter on inter-  for trend analysis.
national trade, the fact that balance of payments is an  Data for Chapter 2 are from the World Bank's coun-
integral part of the national accounts warrants the in-  try desks. Estimates are based on data obtained from
clusion of the resource balance and its components in  national sources, usually collected by World Bank
this chapter. Moreover, a closer examination of the  staff who review the quality of national accounts data
fifth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual  and, in some instances, help adjust national series.



National Accounts                                                                 1 5
2-1. Gross domestic product, real
Average annual
Millions of US. dollars, constant 1995 prices                                percentage growth
1980     1991     1992     1993    1994      1995     1996     1997     1998    1999     2000     75-84    85-89   90-MR
SUB-SAIIARAN AFRICA          251,177  299,930  296.567  298.548  305.205  317,680  3 32.705  343.851  351,894  360.419  371.442     2.2      2 3      23I
excludsng SGuth Afr-ica     I'23.592  156,541  156.270  156,508  158,550  166,476  175.238  182,475  189.452  194.974 2,00.894     I 9      373      2 8
excl S.Afr.a & Nit,erla     100,i76  130.477  1219,42,7  129.065  131,085  138,337  145,894  1 52,346  158.767  163.983  168.718   2 5      3 0      2.8
Angola                ~~~~~~~4,929  6,230  5,910  4,506   4,569    5,040     5,541   5,887    6,295    6,509    6,647        ..     4.5       0.7
Benin                         1,253    1,709    1,778    1,840    1,921    2,009    2,121    2,242    2,345   2.455    2,598       3.8     1L5       4.6
Botswana                      1,521    4,285    4,413    4,501   4,662     4,899    5,239    5.449    5,777   6,120    6,330      11.5     10.6      4.8
Burkina Faso                  1,258    1,917    1,965    2,060   2,089     2,184    2,347    2,460    2,617   2,782    2,842       3.6      4.4      4.7
Burundi                         728    1,182    1,190    1,122    1,079    1,000      917     920      964      955      946       3.8      5.1     -2.2
Cameroon                      6,319    8,431    8,170    7,909   7,711     7,965    8,364    8,790    9,233   9,639   10,044       8.5     -0.1I     1.0
Cape Verde                      171      386      399     427      456      491       510     538      578      627      670      13.8      4.5      5.6
Central African Republic        964    1,063      994     998     1,047    1,122    1,077    1,134    1,187   1,228    1,258       0.4      0.7      1.6
Chad                            788    1,423    1,537    1,296    1,427    1,438    1,473    1,536    1,649   1,665    1,676      -1.3      5.4      2.1
Comoros                         167      211      229     236      223      215       214     215      218      222      220         .      1.3      0.0
Congo, Democratic Rep. of     7,531    7,530    6,739    5,831   5,604     5,643    5,592    5,274    5,432       .        ..     -0.3      1.7     -5.6~
Congo. Republic of            1,536    2.515    2,580    2,554   2,414     2,510    2,402    2,345    2,431   2.353    2,539       9.2     -1.0     -0.3
C8te dlvoire                  8,566    9,201    9,179    9,162   9,343     9,992   10,681   11,322   11,978  12,170   11,890       2.2      2.0      3.1
Djibouti                         ..      547      546     524      509      498       481     478      481      491      495         .       ..     -1.4
Equatorial Guinea                ..      116      128     137      144      164       212     363      442      625      731        ..      1.4     19.7
Eritrea                           .        ..     521     508      558      574       612     661 f-   686      692      635         .       ..      3.9
Ethiopia                         ..    4,893    4,642    5,262   5,446     5,779    6,393    6,725   6,647    7,067    7,451        ..      2.9      4.2
Gabon                         3,565    4,524    4,377    4,481   4,635     4,958    5,213    5,514   5,628    5,279    5,385      -0.2     -1.4      2.9
Gambia, The                     241      355      367     378      379      382       390     410      430      457      483       4.3      3.3      3.1
Ghana                         4,231    5,513    5,726    6,004   6,209     6,457    6,755    7,038   7,369    7.694    7,978      -1.1      5.2      4.3
Guinea                           ..    3,101    3,190    3,325   3,536     3,692    3,862    4,048   4,234    4,386    4,474        ..     4.7       42-
Guinea-Bissau                   134      228     231      236      243      254       283     302      217      234      251       2.1      3.1      1.6
Kenya                         5,612    8,481    8,413    8,4.43  8,665     9,047    9,422    9,617   9,773    9,900    9,876       4.7      5.9      2.1
Lesotho                         500      799     835      864      894      933     1,026    1,109    1,058   1,081    1,122       5.2      5.3      4.2
Madagascar                    3,048    3,009    3,045    3,109   3,108     3,160    3,228    3,347    3,479   3,6~41   3,815      -0.2      2.3      1.8
Malawi                          992    1,341    1,243    1,363    1,224    1,429    1,533    1,591    1,644   1,710    1,739       3.2      1.9      3.7
Mali                          2,013    2,170    2,351    2,301   2,322     2,466    2,546    2,718    2,811   2,983    3,119       2.3      0.8      3.5
Maunitania                      753      910     925      976     1,021    1,068    1,127    1,163    1,206   1,255    1,321       1.6      3.3      3.9
Mauritius                     1,741    3,256    3,459    3,647   3,795     3,973    4,199    4,449    4,709   4,863    5,253       3.6      7.7      5.3
Mozamnbique                   1,938    2,063    1,896    2,061   2,216     2,311    2,475    2,748    3,095   3,327    3,380        ..      6.0      5.8
Namibia                       2,442    2,977    3,185    3,135   3,365     3,503    3,615    3,778    3,905   4,072    4,230        ..      2.5      4.2
Niger                         1,833    1.858    1,737    1,762    1,833    1,881    1.945    1,999    2,207   2,194    2,197       2.0      4.2      2.1
Nigeria                      22,357   26,046   26,806   27,396  27,423    28,109   29.318   30,109   30,675  31,012   32,184      -0.7      5.0      2.7
Rwanda                        1,660    1,978    2,094    1,921     957     1,286    1,489    1,680    1,839    1,948   2,057       6.8      2.9     -0.9
Sio Tomd andPtincipe             ..       43      43       44       4 5      4 5       46      47       4 8      49       50         . .    1.8      1.7
Senegal                       3,057    4,133    4,225    4,131   4,253     4,476    4,704    4,948    5,230   5,498    5,806       2.1      3.5      3.4
Seychelles                      314      453     485      515      511      508       532     560      579      562      569       3.6      5.2      3.0
Sierra Leone                  1,013    1,115    1,007    1,008    1,076     962       978     812      835      740      792       2.3      1.8     -4.1
South Afiica                127,410  143,288  140,226  141,956  146,547  151,113  157,387  161,314  162,422  165,467  170,568      2.4      1.4      1.7
Sudan                         4,271    5,049    5,298    5,525    5,748    7,194    7,482    8,208    8,709   9,161    9,922       2.6      0.9      7.6
Swaziland                       608    1,166    1,181    1,216    1,258    1,304    1,354    1,406    1,454    1,504   1,543       3.2      9.7      3.4
Tanzania                         ..    4,908    4,936    4,996   5,074     5,255    5,495    5,688    5,899   6,109    6,419         .       ..      3.0
Togo                          1,175    1,295    1,244    1,056    1,214    1,309    1,425    1,486    1,454    1,489   1,479       2.1      3.4      1.8
Uganda                            ..   4,330    4,478    4,851   5,161     5,756    6,278    6,576    6,944   7,466    7,728        ..      3.4      6.9
Zamnbia                       3,351    3,715    3,650    3,898   3,559     3,471    3,699    3.821    3,750   3,826    3,959       0.2      2.3      0.4
Zimnbabwe                     4,358    7,076    6,438    6,505   7,106     7,117    7,855    8,065    8,298   8,240    7,838       3.0      4.2      2.5
NORTHRAFRICA                 11(6,378  161.064  164.327  165,142  171,630  174,2145  185.670  190.423  2(1,480i 209.482- 216,741    60-(    130     -3.2:
Algeria                      31,384   40,738   41,471   40,601  40,235    41,764   43,476   43,955   46,196  47,675   48,819       5.5      0.8      1.6
Egypt, Arab Repuiblic        29,896   51,464   53,746   55,295   57,478   60,159   63,173   66,643   70,361  74,599   78,422       8.3      4.1      4.5
Morocco                      21,590   33,680   32,322   31,995  35,309    32,986   37,016   36,191   38,969  38,984   39,324       4.1      4.7      2,4
Tunisia                      !.A1.....5..JS448  16.653  17.018   17,579   17.987   1926     2  0     2 1269  2259     36            3      2 4      4.8
A[LLAFRIC-A                  360.240  462.173  461,682  464.505  477,456  492.904  5 19.160  535,196  553.819  5-70.152  588.385    3 3      2 5      2,
Note: 2000 data arts preliminary (sme page 2).



16                                                                National Accounts
2-2. Value added in agriculture
Average annual
Millions of US. dollars, constant 1995 prices                                      percentage growth
1980      1991     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996      1997     1998   -1999       2000      75.84    85.89    90-AIR
SUB-SAHARAN' AFRICA             42,675    52.899    50.5341  52.663    53,456    54,451    58.795   60,607   61,621    64,005   66.663        0.7      4.2        2 6
excludmg South Africa          37,115S   45.890   45,537    46.382   46.653    49.102     52.091   53.808   51.363    57.540   59.952        0 7      3 6        2 9
exc1 S Afnca & Nigeria                   37,998    37,453   38,194   38.248     40,406    43.063   44,387   45,548    4-7.189  49,038          .       3.0       2 8
Angola                             ..       712      517       276      303       369       423       466      490      496       543         ..      0.5      -2.8
Benin                             361       581      601       617      673       684       755       798      850       884      941        3.0      4.6        5.6
Botswana                          159       208      209       206      201        195      195       203      210      219       232       -3.8     13.2        0.8
Burkina Faso                      457       716      724       734      732       783       850       837      927      962       925        1.0      4.6       4.1
Bwurtdi                           358       505      520       499      448       421       427       429      452      438       455        2.0      4.1      .1.3
Cameroon                        2,131     2,594     2,749    2,782     2,868     3,119     3,350    3,603     3,847    4,109    4,387        4.5      0.6        4.9
Cape Verde                         3 1       65       60        65       63        67        92        88       90       101       94       12.7     22.8       3.8
Central African Republic          388       4.43     447       459      464       491       512       546      568       595      623        0.6      1.1       3.6
Chad                              319       451      520       406      515       505       519       546      604       585      565       -1.0      5.1       4.2
Comoros                            58        86       86        88       84        83        83        83       83        82       82         ..      3.7      -0.4
Congo, Democratic Rep. of       2,076     2,744     2,830    2,883     2,839     3,191     3,258    3,225    3,283         .        ..       1.7      2.5        2.8
Congo, Republic of                159       205      219       200      207       221       232       234      238       223      241        3.4      4.8        1.0
C8te d7voire                    2,365     2,587     2,627    2,629     2.639     2,880     2,930    3,141     3,314    3,257    3,690        2.7       3.0       3.5
Djibouti                             .       1 5       14       1 5      14         1 5       1 5      1 5      1 6       1 6      17          .        ..       0.6
Equatorial Guinea                   ..       66       64        64_      73        83        95       115      102       112      122         ..      0.1        6.4
Ethiopia                            ..    2,733     2,658    2,819     2,716     2,809     3,221    3,331     2,972    3,086    3,152         ..       3.4       2.3
Gabon                             431       464      461       455      448       398       397       417      395       413      428         ..      0.8       -1.4
Gambia, The                        95        98       96        91       97        99        96       103      106       124      131        3.0     .2.4        2.2
Ghana                           2,143     2,345     2,316    2,370     2,415     2,504     2,634    2,748     2,888    3,000    3.063        0.2       2.3       3.1
Guinea                              ..      643      667       700      735       761       795       835      879       927      903         ..       3.1       4.2
Guinea-Bissau                      59       109       110      117      123        132       152      165       132      142      147        -2.6      3.4       4.0
Kenya                            1.660    2,360     2,281    2,207     2,275     2,384     2,490    2,520     2,560    2,593    2,534        4.1       4.4       1.2
L.esotho                          136       145      142       156      152        145       170      171      176       184      181        .4.5     4.6        1.3
Madagascar                        729       905      920       950     946        963       987     1,003      987     1,021     1,029       0.2       2.8       1.4
Malawi                            296       383      287       439      310       400       516       542      567       606      649        2.2       1.2       6.9
Mali                              823       940     1,083      991     1,057     1,082     1,117    1,168     1,175    1,287     1,358       3.2       8.9       2.8
Mauritania                        160       203      208       235      246       251       251       264      281       306      315        2.9       4.5       4.6
Mauritius                         230       338      360       336      311       337       351       367      360       259      332        -2.5      1.3      -0.4
Mozambique                          ..      740      605       734      686       805       892       969     1,040    1,106     1,122        ..       7.3       4.7
Namibia                           234       346      314       334      386       376       410       384      407       454      478         ..       3.4       4.5
Niger                             577       728      673       678      747       756       757       777      941       894      852         1.1      5.4       3.0
Nigeria                         6,432     8,022     8,187    8,298     8,498     8,809     9,169    9,556     9,942   10,457    11,002       -3.0      6.4       3.4
Rwanda                            908      1,003    1,055      897      529        568      658       681      755       819      882        5.6       1.1      -2.6
Sgo Tom6 and Principe               I.        I    I   11       12       12         12        13       13       14        14       1 5         ..      3.5       3.8
Senegal                           652       817      831       788      861       881       934       911      882       935     1,043       .1.2      4.5       1.9
Seychelles                         28        26       22        20       22        21        21        22       22        22       23        -2.8     -2.5      -1.1
Sierra Leone                      317       393      333       336      359       363       442       381      381       359      371        7.9      0.9       -0.5
South Africa                    5,448     6,836     4,973    6,166    6,651      3,326     6,603    6,703    6,214     6,425    6,672        0.2      7.6        0.0
Swaziland                         164       210      180       165      167       165        191      198      200       212      213        -1.5     3.4        0.5
Tanzania                            ..    2,034     2,059    2,123     2,167     2,294     2,383    2,441     2,488    2,591    2,679          .        ..       3.3
Togo                              285       437      442       469      468       494       575       601      584       615      587        2.8       4.3       3.8
Uganda                              ..    2,235     2,213    2,419    2,462      2,607     2.718    2,748     2.800    2,994    3,115         ..       2.7       3.7
Zambia                            346       463      310       521      423       564       560       531      538       575      585        0.5      5.6        3.1
Zimnbabwe                         684       990      760       966     1,037      958      1,148    1,185     1,245    1,299     1,338       .0.1      1 .2      4.1
NORT'H AFRLICA                  li6,087   24.816    21.879   21,536    24.702    21.322    27.210   24.563    27,295   26752    25.710        2 0       5.3       1 9
Algeria                         2,484     3,783     3,957    3,811     3,468     3,986     4,939    4,275     4,762    4,891    4,646        3.7       6.4       3.4
Egypt. Arab Republic            6,302     8,465     8,631    8,846    9,185      9,451     9,742   10,076    10,452   10,839    11,209       2.8       2.7       3.1
Morocco                         5,032     8,862     5,588    5,328     8,599     4,820     8,580    6,309     8,071    6,726    5,639        0.4     10.0       -1.1
Tunisia                          1.504    2,524     2,661-_  2.527     2,275     2.049     2,6         3{j2?7I4 2   )710  3 23   2993         1 2     -1.2       3.4
ALL AFRICA                       58,708   7780      7245      14.227   78.246    75.782    86.104   85,197    8892     9.3        2,1           I       45        2
Note: 2000 dama ar prelimiesty (wee page 2).



National Accounts                                                                    1 7
2-3. Value added in industry
Average annual
Millions of US. dollars, constant 1995 prices                                   percentage growth
1980     1991      1992     1993     1994     1993      1996     1997     1998     1999     2000      75-84    85-89   90-AIR
SUIB-SAHARAN AFPUCA            82.912    92-343   91.083   89,607   91.155    94,109   97-288  101,022  102,2133  103,209  106.282       2 2      1.7       I 3
e'icludmg South Afnica        39.115    46.172   45,945   44.394   44.790   46.114    48.542   51,071   52.834   54,069    56.048       I 7      7 0       2 0
exc1 S Aflica& Nigeria        24.537    32.971   32.692   31.217   3.2.008   73,081   35.040   37,178   39,244   40.895   41.941          .      3 5      .23
Angola                            ..     3,425    3,496    2,670    3,053     3,339    3,638    3,836    4,238    4,514    4,600         ..      8.1      3.0
Benin                            134      248      269      272      285       293       316      328      329      336      365        5.4     -1.9      4.3
Botswana                         749     2,140    2,120    2,108    2,149     2,234    2,385    2,480    2,542    2,593    2,684       15.9      8,3      2.8
Burkina Faso                     246      325      341      335      342       414       429      467      473      522      544        1.6      4.8      5.3
Burundi                          142      251      259      217      203       168       146      145      147      158      164        8.9      3.7     -4.9
Cameroon                       1,478     2,590    2,321    2,221    1,901     1,855    1,939    2,088    2,248    2,389    2,572       18.2      0.7     -1.7
Cape Verde                        28       76       79       85        88       96        99       96      105      112      125        6.3     17.1      4.8
Central Afiican Republic         189      198       188      190     215       224       199      191      198      2t1      224        1.4      0.6      0.6
Chad                              88      209      206       181      172      206       201      223      263      256      257       -2.0      2.5       1.6
Comoros                           25        19      28       3 1       30       27        27       27       27       27        ...              -9.0      3.7
Congo, DemocratickRep. of      2,464     1,810    1,268    1,084    1.062      952       952      910        ..       .        .       -2.0      0.3     -13.3
Congo, Republic of               483      870      894      929      901       949       965    1,006    1,056    1,070    1,117       11.5     -0.3      2.5
CiSte dIvoire                  1,406     1,821    1,878    1,891    1,909     1,999    2,252    2,520    2,782    2,857    2.537        6.5      6.5      4.3
Djibouti                          ..       91      100       95        87       67        64       63       61       62       62         ..       .       5.3
Equatorial Guinea                 ..       17       29       35       35        44        84      236      337      543      652         ..      6.4     46.9
Ethiopia                          ..      433      402      516      552       597       629      674      689      767      791         ..     -0. 1     4.8
Gabon                          1,859     2,215    2,173    2,264    2,469     2,597    2,655    2,679    2,714    2,752    2,797         ..     -1.7      2.7
Gamnbia, The                      31       46       47       48       46        44        46       46       48       50       53        3.1     10.6       1.2
Ghana                          1,356     1,563    1,661    1,456    1,508     1,568    1,642    1,747    1.803    1,891     1,962      -7.5      9.1      2.6
Guinea                            ..      998     1,010    1,081    1,102     1,169    1,271    1,328    1,376    1,449     1,512        ..      3.1      C4.4
Guinea-Bissau                     1 8      26       26       28        28       29        30       3 1      1 9      1 9      20        3.2     -3.5     -2.1
Kenya                            769     1,161    1,160    1,162    1,184     1.226    1.268    1,294    1,312    1,325     1.308       4.7      5.2       1.8
Lesotho                          139      268      291      281      295       319       348      404      356      380      433       14.5      7.5      6.4
Madagascar                       455      391      387      400      396       402       410      429      452      471      498       -2.9      2.8      2.1
Malawi                           185      260      266      246      252       259       261      271      280      292      296        2.7      3.7       1.8
Mali                             217      365      383      398      382       408       435      532      569      578      622        1.6      1.4      6.6
Mauritamia                       169      236      234      281      288       298       302      287      286      284      303        0.6      3.7      2.2
Mauritius                        361      932      997     1,052    1,106     1,154    1,222    1,282     1,366    1,417    1,533       3.6     13.0       5.6
Mozambique                        ..      368      347      340      361       410       467      635      925     1,070    1,106         .     -4.5     -1-1.8
Namiibia                         776      753      865      777      847       866       822      875      921      932      987          .,     2,2      2.5
Niger                            368      328      310      315      317       325       346      358      368      376      387       10.4    -4.1        1.8
Nigeria                       13,605    13,265   13,309   13,210   12,845    13,009   13,591   14,005   13,770   13,419    14,324       0.0      2.1       1.4
Rwanda                           267      254      291      255       128      212       246      302      336      347      358        7.4      0.3       1.5
Sao Tomd and Principe              ..       8        9        9        9         9         9        9        9       10       10         ..      0.9       1.5
Senegal                          541      844      887      865      861       961     1,014    1,071     1,162   1,235     1,326       3.7      4.9      4.5
Seychelles                        49       85       81       91       94       115       126      153      156      159      163        2.0      3.4      9.5
Sierra Leone                     244      237      243      239      243       193       235      198      182      156      142       -3.1      2.2     -5.4
South Afiica                  43,794    46,143   45,127   45,169   46,305   48,025    48,713   49,942   49,458   49,242   50,359        2.6      0.7      0.7
S~w-a-zland                      138      386      402      415      434       457       469      493      515      528      535        4.4     22.1      4.2
Tanzania                          ..      736      736      708      719       705       753      803      886      933     1,001        .        ..      311
Togo                             277      292      270       190     241       290       306      313      316      315      338        1.5      6.2      2.1
Uganda                             ..     472      512      555      627       754       879      979    1,092     1,194    1,271        ..      6.4      11.9
Zambia                         1,233     1,401    1,535    1,413    1,274     1,096    1,102    1,181     1,053   1,000     1,046      -0.4      2.7     -3.5
Zimnbabwe                      1,354     1,908    1,795    1,675    1,958     1,829    2,017    2,032    2,009     1,941    1,751      -1.0      5.4      0.5
NORTH AFRICA           ~~~~42,050  60,4410  61,297  61,314  61.744    64.2156  66,620    70,050   73.531   76.421   81.765       62        .?       3
Algeria                       15,236    19,416   19,324   19,041   18,601    19,139   19,723   20,454   21,361   22,332   23,298        5.0      0.9       1.6
Egypt, Arab Republic           9,620    16,617   16,886   17,145   17,384    18,195   18,886   20,053   21,479   22,263   25,090       11.0      0.1       5.3
Morocco                        7,171     9,884   10,119   10,016   10,416    10,882   11,406   12,038   12,312   12,653    12,973       3.4      3.1       3.2
TuLnisia                       2.945     4.348    4,650    4,791    4.949     5.224    5,39(1  - 5,'l13  6,001    6,1       66(         7 I      2 b        5
ALARC.%                  1.25.713- 152,.614  152,048  150,494  152.526  157,931   163.440  170,500  174,941  178.596  186.697       3.5      1 6       2 1
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2).



18                                                            National Accounts
2-4. Value added in services
Average annual
Millions of US. dollars, constant 1995 prices                                percentage growth
1980     1991     1992     1993     1994     1995     1996     1997     1998    1999     2000      75.84   85-89   90-MRfl
SLJB-SAHARAN AFRICA          108,014  139.942  139,846  140.499  143,815  150,090  156.580  161,053  165,829  170,860  175,885      3 1      253      2 4
e%cluding South Africa       4 5,9340  61.073  61,095   61,168   62.165   6.4,779  67.570   69,824   72.569  74.461   76,004       3 0      3 2      2.5
cccl S.Africa &Nigeria       42,487   55.980   55.608   55.349   56,327   58.817   61,342   63.386   66,036  67.900   69.485       3 1      28a      2 
Angola                           ..    1,970    1,823    1,505    1,218  -1,332   -.1,475    1,573    1,579    1,533   1,538        ..      1.7     -2.3
Bcnin                           783      881      907     953      958     1,033    1,040    1,107    1,156    1,227   1,279       3.8      0.4      4.0
Botswana                        609    1,931    2,081    2,184    2,312    2,469    2,660    2,766    3,028   3.314    3,420      10.8     13.8      7.2
Burkina Faso                    490      829      859     967     1,010     937     1,010    1,099    1,123    1,200   1,285       8.9      4.0      4.6
Burnmdi                         166      310      315     308      298      285       252      253     259      267      276       6.2      4.1     -1.4
Camneroon                     2,365    2,780    2,473    2,332    2,637    2,793    2,714    2,689    2,669    2,663   2,732       8.6     -1.4     -0.5
Cape Verde                      114      248      261     279      306       328      326      358     386      419      451      10.5      8.2      6.3
Central Afiican Republic        363      366      304     292      314      347       301      324     344      342      330       0.3      1.0     -1.3
Chad                            391      723      764     662      712       696      707      718     739      778      806       -0.7     6.3      1.0
Comoros                          85      105      115      117     109       104      104      105      108     114        ...              2.0     -0.5
Congo, Democratic Rep. of     3,286    3,127    2,699    1,897    1,715    1,501    1,381    1,134       ..       .        .       -0.5     2.1     -14.6
Congo, Republic of              912    1,477    1,500    1,454    1,312    1,340    1.174    1,048    1,077     992    1,118       9.3     -2.7     -3.4
C6te d'lvoire                 4,859    4,815    4,675    4,639    4,807    5,113    5,531    5,670    5,883   6,085    5,567       1.0     -0.2      2.2
Djibouti                         ..      369      371     354      344       355      332      337     349      355      360        4.       .       05
Equatorial Guinea                ..       26       30      32       32       34        38       43      52       59       65        ..      6.5      9.7
Ethiopia                         ..    1,478    1,416    1,663    1,794    1,962    2.098    2.246    2,483    2,672   2,925        ..      4.1      6.2
Gabon                         1,326     1,848   1,756    1,778    1.755    1,963    2,137    2,362    2,447    2,108   2,153        ..     -1.7      3.9
Gambia,The                      119      160      171      190     186       188      197      212     221      231      243       4.7      1.9      4.3
Ghana                         1,015     1,775   1,929    2,184    2,288    2,385    2,482    2.569    2,691    2,819   2,963       0.1      7.8      5.9
Guinea                           ..     1,380   1,409    1,436    1,561    1,604     1,656   1,713    1,800    1,835    1,909       ..      5.3      3.5
Guinea-Bissau                    47       77       79      76       77        78       87       91      62       67       75      10.0      4.7      0.1
Kenya                         2,112    3,531    3,635    3,714    3,842    4,046    4,256    4,387    4,475    4,548   4,593       5.9      5.6      3.3
Lesotho                         187      284      295     315      332       348      371      394     3919     400      399       7.1      4.5      4.4
Madagascar                    1,605    1,489    1,506    1,539    1,547    1,571     1,604   1,684    1,794    1,845   2,005       0.1      1.8      2.2
Malawi                          411      585      570     574      541       657      676      697     730      745      715       3.1      3.3      3.4
Mali                            552      657      677     699      695       695      754      770     806      842      864        1.6     0.0      2.6
Mauritania                      353      367      378     384      398       402      437      487     512      538      572       2.1      3.6      4.6
Mauritius                       880    1,545    1,644    1,755    1,887    2,000    2,128    2,265    2,412    2,555   2,722       5.4      7.4      6.4
Mozanbique                       ..      794      769     774      990       907      929      920     875      843      820        ..      .0       2.4
Namribia                      1,132    1,553    1,657    1,664    1,751    1,838     1,928   2,017    2,064    2,152   2,225        ..      2.6      4.5
Niger                           888      803      754     769      769       800      842      864      898     924      957      -0. 1     7.6       1.4
Nigeria                       3,488    5,222    5,580    5,884    5,910    6,049    6,317    6,530    6,645    6,691    6,671       1.5     7.6      3.4
Rwanda                          334      632      643     659      278       434      478      537      578     613      634       11.2     6.7     -0.7
S8o Tomd and Principe            ..       24       23      23       24        25       24       24      2 5      2 5      26         . .    1.4      0.7
Senegal                       1,850    2,467    2,504    2,476    2,525    2,634    2,756    2,967    3,192    3,335   3,448       3.1      2.8      3.5
Seychelles                      241      344      382     403      395      372       384      386     401      381      383      -1.1      6.1      1.4
Sierra Leone                    482      412     368      364      405       342      200      177     204      158      185       2.5     -3.3     -9.8
South Africa                 61,526   78,259   78,147   78,705  80,975    84,598   88,266   90,490   92,563   95,652  99,049       3.2      2.0      2.4
Swaziland                       195      367      379     400      410       426      436      448     463      482      503       6.4      2.8      3.7
Tanzania                         ..    1,773    1,834    1,810    1,816    1,866    1,934    1,994    2,077    2,189   2,315         .        ..     2.7
Togo                            619      568      533     396      506       524      543      571      553     557      551       2.0      1.5     -0.1I
Uganda                           ..    1,367    1,467    1,571    1,693    1,917    2,082    2,200    2,345   2,514    2,647         . .    3.2      7.9
Zamnbia                       1,596     1,561   1,491    1,599    1,429    1,396    1,606    1,670    1,741    1,857   1,968       0.1      3.0      2.0
Zimnbabwe                     2,077    3,169    3.183    3,203    3,304    3,503    3,779    3,831    3,941    4,019   3,875       5.4      3.7      3.3
NORTH AFRICA                  43,389   70,831   73.90,)  74,975   78.126   80.857   84.239   87,513   92,228  97.2009  99,?772      7 5      4 2      3 5
Algeria                      10,209   13,788   14,309   14,027   14,443   14,848   15,060   15,394   16,049   16,316  16,586       6.2      0.8      1.7
Egypt, Arab Republic         12,243   24,498   25,010   25,798   27,251   28,682   30,473   32,094   33,819   36,609  37,012       11.0     6.8      4.1
Morocco                       9,925   15,856   16,776   16,753   17,075   17,285   17,801   18,147   19,173   19,864  20,681       5.9      4.0      3.0
Tunisia                       6.006    8,516    9.287    9,659   10,344   10,714  1_1186_   11,834   12,547 !_3206     13,981     -5.7      3.2      5.3
ALL. AFRICA         ~        152.188  211,389  214.210  215.799  2221,301  231,357  241.25 3  249,025  258.37.2 268_292  275.900    4 3      3 0      28
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2).



National Accounts                                                                    19
2-5. Gross domestic product, nominal
Millions of U.S. dollars, current prices                                      Annual Average
1980      1991     1992     1993     1994      1995     1996     1997     1998     1999     2000       75.84    85-89    90-AM
SLi'B-SAHAARAN AFRtICA        1261.716  302,960  304,455  287,593  280,188   317,680  332-332  343,595  321,429  319.379  322.711    202.395  240.908   311.783
exclIuding South Africa      181,952   18.3,041  174,067  157,208  144,290  166.476  188.628  195.357  188,691   189,479  197.418   142.188   162.072   179.125
e%c1 S.Afirica & Nigenia     116,579   155.786  141.260  135,9m~7  120.614  138,337  153-228  159.029  156,507   154.518  155.8.61  100.112   138-358   148.IX33
Angola                   0   ~~~~~~~~~~~~12,194  5,779  5,286  4.1060  5,040  752     7,90     6,4      619       ,88                             I ,oO 7 u1
Benin                          1,405     1,878    1,624    2,106    1,497     2,009    2,208    2,053    2,269    2,330     2,168      1,035    1,413     1,999
Botswana                       1,130     3,920    4,147    4,177    4,404     4,899    4.910    5.054    4,932    5,053     5,285       865     2,110     4,595
Burkina Faso                   1,1709    2,788    1,996    2,142    1,753     2,184    2,477    2.287    2.485    2.466    2,192      1,311     2,038     2,321
Burttndi                         920     1,167    1,083     939      925      1,000      900      957      878      714      679        778     1,136      943
Camneroon                      6,741    12,434   11,396   11,891    7.854     7,965    9,109    9,115    8,703    9,186    8,879      5,630    10,942     9,790
Cape Verde                       107      351      394      363      411       491       502      506      540      588      558         86      233       458
Central African Republic         79      1,404    1,434    1,299      853     1,122    1,070    1.003     1,047    1,051     963        619     1,150     1,15a
Chad                           1,033     1,877    1,882    1,463    1,179     1,438    1,605    1,508     1,693    1,564    1,407       928     1,236     1,578
Comoros                          124      247      266      264       186      215       213      194-     216      225      202        113      176       225
Congo, Democraic Rep. of      14,391     9,086    8,206    8,975    5,817     5,643    5,869    5,794    5,584        .        ..    12,212     8,165     7,147
Congo, Republic of             1,706     2,725    2,933    1,919    1,769     2,510    2,541    2,323    1,950    2,354    3,215       1,452    2,182     2,458
C6ted'rlvoire                 10,175    10,493   11,153   10,405    7,666     9,992   10,846   10,681   11,481   11,098    9,370      7.172     9,247    10.362
Djibouti                          ..      456      470      471      487       498       494      503      514      536      553         ..      380       491
Equatorial Guinea                 ..      131       154      152      126      164       259      498      456      872     1,558       104      107       409
Eritrea                           ..3..            43       409-      510      574       631      655      681      649      608          .        ..      573
Ethiopia                          ..     5,321    5,568    6,249    4,894     5,779    6,010    6,383    6,516    6,482    6,391      5,603     7,356     6,040
Gabon                          4,279     5,403    5,592    4,381    4,191     4,958    5,741    5,428    4,619    4,352    4,932      3,211    3,609      5,050
Gambia, The                      241      317      347      366      363       382       392      410      417      432      434        181      236       380
Ghana                          4,445     6,600    6,413    5,966    5,441     6,457    6,926    6,884    7,474    7,774     5,102     3.762     5,150     6,447
Guinea                             ..    3,015     3,285    3,279    3,434    3,692     3,867    3,783    3,589    3,431    3,077         ..    2,230     3~,38-8
Guinea-Bissau                    III      257      226      237      236       254       271      269      206      224      215        131      165       240
Kenya                          7,265     8,043    8,002    4,977    7,148     9,047    9,257   10,612   11,444   10,527    10,357     5,535     7,641     8,904
Lesotho                          432      675      822      815      835       933       943    1,024      890      911      899        328      414       851
Liberia                        1,117         .       ..        .        ...                ..       .        .....                      987     1,143
Madagascar                     4,042     2,677    3,001    3,371    2,977     3,160    3,995    3,546    3,739    3,721    4,020      3,057     2,724     3,390
Malawi                         1,238     2,204    1,800    2,071    1,182     1,429    2,432    2,534    1,737     1,810    1,697     1,018     1,294     1,889
Mali                           1,787     2,423    2,846    2,678    1,763     2,466    2,619    2,475    2,597    2,570    2,298      1,285     1,776     2,469
Mauritania                       709     1,130    1,191     944     1,027     1,068    1,116    1,096    1,002      958      935        645      867      1,044
Mauritius                      1,132     2,831    3,189    3,195    3,503     3,973    4,301    4,104    4,077    4,228    4,381        990     1,747    3,675
Mozamnbique                    3,526     2,447    1,854    1,981    2,178     2,311    2,841    3,397    3,873    3,985    3,813      3,457     3,293    2,831
Namibia                        2,309     2,687    3,050    2,847    3,253     3,503    3,492    3,645    3,411    3,475     3,479     2,046     1,971     3,216
Niger                          2,509     2,328    2,345    1,607    1,563     1,88I    1,988    1,846    2,077    2,018     1,826     1,725     2,008     1,996
Nigeria                       64,202    27,313   32,710   21,353   23,663   28,109    35,299   36,229   32,144   34,776   41,085     42,093    23,750    31,014
Rwanda                         1,163     1.912    2,047    1,956     754      1,286    1,406    1,865    2,024     1,935    1,794     1,091     2,123     1.778
Sao Toni6 and Pfincipe            47       5 7      46       4 8      50        45        4 5      44       4 1      47       47         4 1      5 3       48
Se.negal                        2,987    5,500    6,027     5,431    3,642    4,476     4,651    4,387    4,646    4,752    4,371      2,364    4,110     4,871
Seychelles                       147      375      434      469      483       508       548      588      604      612      622        112      244       510
Sierra Leone                   1,166      807      691      768      919       962       905      919      669      703      606      1,030     1,081      804
Somalia                          604        .        ..        .        ..       .         ..       .        ..       .        ..       677      989       917
South Affica                  80,544   120,243  130,533  130,406  135,778   151,113  143,840  148,383  132,968   130,220  125,887    61,201    79,315   132,852
Sudan                          7,617    11,410    6,402    7,895    8,170     7,194    8,231   10,601    10,339  10,025    11,516     7,964    15,971     9,541
Sw-aziland                        582      890      971     1,016    1,104     1,304    1,288    1,386    1,321    1,337     1,355       431      537      1,165
Tanzartia                         ..     4,957    4,601    4,258    4,511     5,255    6,496    7,684    8,591    8,465     9,027     5.569     4,561     6,191
Togo                           1,136     1,602    1,693    1,234     983      1,309    1,465     1,499    1,416   1,421     1,219       813     1,161     1.406
Uganda                         1,245     3,322    2,858    3,220    3,997     5,756    6,049    6,298    6,777    6,407     6,170     4,108     5,097     5,014
zambia                         3,884     3,377    3,183    3,274    3,347     3,471    3,271    3,911    3.238    3,104     2,911     3,159     2,781     3,307
Zimbabwe                       6,679     8,641    6,751    6,564    6,891     7,117    8,624    8,584    6,338    5,492     7,392     5,993     6,939     7,380
NORTHiAFRICA                  124,981   140,855  1521.490  157,899  160.0214  174,245  194.559  200.333  211,662  .122,00 1  233.503  97. 3 3  144.944   1821,624
Algei                        42345     45,715   48,003   49,946   421,543   41,7614685        4,9      4757      4'52       ,0        487     669       4 8,4 i 
Egypt, Arab Republic          22,912    36,971   41,856   47,197   51,898    60,159   67,651   75,605   82,704   89,207   98,782     20,312    37,154    63,196
Libya                         35,545                                             *..                         .        .         .    24,534    22,902
Morocco                       18,821    27,837   28,451   26,801   30,351    32,986   36,639   33,415   35,819   35,277   33,344     13,499    18,731    31,522
Tuni;ia              ____-8,7431        13,075   15,497   14,609   15,626    17,987   19,587 1_ ~          .    _2fJ)~~              - 6,901    9,465__ 17 078
ALL -ARIC_A_                  '~87.081  446.649  458,979  446.366  440.596   492,904  526.989  544.09r0 531,412  537,080  _553.15-)  299.933   387.052   494.i20
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see putge 2).



20                                                             National Accounts
2-6. Total consumption
Percentage of GDP                                                 Annual Average
1980     1991     1992     1993     1994      1995     1996     1997     1998     1999     2000     75-84    85-89    90-AIR
SUJB-SAHARAN AFRICA              76 7     83.9     87.1     86.0     83 6     84.1      81.4     83 7     83.4     84.9    81.2       798     80o 9     83.9
ecldudkng South Africa          80 9     84.9     89.9     89.2     8489     87.1      81.3     84.7     87.5     87.1     81.3      82.4    83 1      85 5
encl S.Africa &Nigeria          as89     8789     93.1     91 1     86 0     9882      85.1     86 8     89.0     88 4    85.5       84 8    83.5      87.8
Angola                            ..      3.8     98.3     90.1     73.9     99.3      60.1     75.3     93.6     70.6     55.8        ..    76.0      79.2
Benin                          106.3     98.1    100.0     98.9     94.0     93.3      96.6     94.1     93.2    93.1     93.9      101.7   102.3      95.9
Botswana                        65.6     62.3     64.8     63.9     61.1     59.4      56.6     68.2     78.2     85.8     81.9      69.8    50.8      67.7
Burkina Faso                   105.8     93.9     93.0     94.4     92.1     90.8      90.7     88.7     87.0     90.8    91.3      101.7    97.6      91.4
Bunundi                        100.6    104.2    105.1    104.7    107.6     104.8     97.5     96.1    102.9    100.5    105.7      95.9    96.7     103.1
Cameron                         78.3     78.0     83.5     82.4     82.1     80.5      82.7     80.9     80. 1    81.6     79.7      76.9    77.1      81.0
Cape Verde                     124.0    104.2    103.5     96.3     97.2     97.6     108.0    108.4    115.3    117.5    114.5     119.8   102.9     106.4
Central African Republic       108.9     97.4    100.4     98.2     94.0     93.8      99.4     95.6     94.7     89.0     92.3     101.6    99.2      96.0
Chad                                    105.9    106.3    106.2    101.5     101.7     96.7     97.7     95.9    102.2    98.5       97.6   111.1     101.1
Comoros                        110.1     97.9    101.6     97.1    105.9     109.2    111.4    112.1     98.5    100.0      ..      106.5    102.5    103.7
Congo, Desnocratic Rep. of      89.9     98.2     93.9     96.0     89.4      85.9     86.6     91.0       ..       .        .       89.5    86.7      91.5
Congo, Republic of              64.3     81.4     75.6     76.4     73.4      57.5     53.1     61.3     75.4     53.9     39.3      73.9    76.8      65.8
C61e dlvoire                    79.6     89.6     89.3     90.6     77.6     81.1      76.8     77.7     77.3     77.2     81.3      75.7    81.6      82.5
Djibouti                          ..        .        .       .         .     108.3    106.9    105.7    100.8    105.5   105.3         .        ..    105.4
Equatorial Guinea                 ..     79.0    110.0    113.7     74.9     72.7      69.3     56.9     80.1     35.1    26.0       92.4   133.3      76.1
Eritrea                            .        .    131.3    124.6    135.4     138.6    131.0    117.3    140.4    142.9    127.0        .        ..    132.0
Ethiopia                          ..     97.3     97.0     94.4     94.6     92.0      93.0     92.1     92.3     98.8    101.1      93.6    92.8      95.0
Gabon                           39.4     59.5     65.3     63.3     54.7      52.7     49.0     49.0     61.0     65.2     71.7      41.9    67.7      59.5
Gamnbia, The                    94.2     89.4     90.7     96.0     97.2     103.9     94.4     95.5     97.2     96.8     95.9      95.7     92.4     95.1
Ghana                           95.1     92.7     98.7     94.0     87.5      88.4     78.8     95.8     89.8     96.3     96.7      93.7    94.5      92.1
Guinea                            ..     82.0     88.8     88.9     87.9      87.2     88.0     84.6     85.7     82.5     83.4        ..     83.6     85.6
Guinea-Bissau                  101.0     96.8     96.8     93.0     96.1     101.2     98.2     94.7    108.6    101.1    108.8     103.0    100.1     99.3
Kenya                           86.6     81.0     86.3     76.2     80.4      88.7     86.8     92.1     92.6     91.7     96.4      82.6    83.1      87.1I
Lesotho                        152.0    150.4    134.8    145.5    136.0     138.4    136.2    131.4    133.5    122.4    119.5     164.3    163.0    136.4
Liberia                         72.7       ..        .        .       .         .         .        .       .         .       .       76.7     83.6
Madagascar                     101.4     99.3     96.6     97.5     96.6     96.4      93.7     96.3     95.4     95.0     94.0      98.0    94.2      95.9
Malawi                          89.2     85.8     99.3    100.9    103.0     100.3     97.0     99.1     93.9    100.6     98.9      84.4     88.2     96.9
Mali                            98.9     93.6     95.6     93.6     92.5     92.2      92.8     90.0     88.8     89.9     92.7      99.8    99.9      92.3
Maunitania                     103.5     90.3     95.2     95.3     83.1      91.1     93.7     92.1     95.0     92.8     85.0     105.6     89.7     91.7
Mauritius                       89.5     75.1     73.9     75.5     76.6      76.7     76.2     75.5     75.2     77.2     77.8      81.5     74.5     76.0
Mozanibique                    110.6    111.2    117.2    122.4    113.9     101.9    101.8     99.1     92.9     93.4     90.5     110.4    110.2    105.1
Namibia                         55.4     88.7     85.5     87.7     80.9      84.5     84.9     89.3     85.0     83.3     83.4      82.2     82.7     84.3
Niger                           85.4     97.2     94.2     96.1    100.0     99.8      96.9     96.8     97.3     96.2     97.1      91.6     92.1     97.3
Nigeria                         68.6     70.7     76.5     79.8     79.4     81.6      65.1     75.4     80.4     80.9     66.0      78.5     82.3     75.1
Rwanda                          95.8     96.7     98.4    100.9    146.8     105.8    104.3    102.8    101.8    102.6    100.5      93.2     94.7    105.0
SAo Tom6and Principe           111.6    121.8    128.1    131.6    117.5     111.4    113.7    116.5   -107.0   -109.3    110.1     106.6    121.9    119.0
Senegal                        105.0     94.1     92.6     94.5     88.1      88.9     87.2     87.7     87.1     88.5     89.2      98.9     96.2     89.9
Seychelles                      72.9     81.3     82.4     81.6     77.9     76.5      62.2     79.9     77.6     76.4     78.7      68.1    69.9      77.6
Sierra Leone                    97.1     91.9     93.7     97.1     97.5     98.2     107.9     96.5    102.5    100.7    113.5      95.3    94.3      99.2
Somalia                        112.9        .       ,.        .        .        .        ..        .       ..        .       ..     111.4     94.4    112.5
South Africa                    68.6     83.1     83.9     82.4     82.1     80.9      81.7     82.9     83.3     82.7     82.0      75.6    78.0      82.5
Sudan                           97.9        .        ..       .       ..        ...               ....                       ..      94.2    92.0
Swaziland                       93.      91.2     98.6    101.6     97.7     98.2     103.8     98.6     96.7     96.2     95.6      86.4    85.3      96.2
Tanzania                          ..     97.0     99.7    104.6     98.4     98.1      96.4     95.1    100.7     96.1     90.8      89.0    89.4      97.8
Togo                            76.8     91.0     93.5    100.2     88.7     88.8      92.1     99.6     94.5     92.4     93.8      78.6    92.4      92.7
Uganda                            ..     99.3     99.6     98.9     95.7     92.6      95.4     92.0     94.4     95.3     97.4      97.0    97.0      96.4
Zambia                          80.7     91.6     99.7     91.8     92.6     87.8      94.7     90.6     96.1    100.9     96.9      81.1    85.!      93.3
Zimbabwe                        86.2     84.2     89.0     79.0     78.2     83.0      81.3     88.9     84.7     84.3     87.7      84.8    81.0-     83.9
NOR1IM AFRICA                    59.5     75.5     77.0     80.0     82 0     82 I      80.9     78.7     80 2     782      74.9      64.7    78 8      78 8
Algeria                         56.9     62.6     67.8     72.3     73.4     71.9      68.6     67.8     72.9     68.6     55.8      61.4    76.2      68.6
Egypt, Arab Republic            84.8     86.8     84.6     86.8     88.6     87.8      89.2     84.5     84.5     83.1     82.7      84.6    84.3      85.7
Libya                           43.1        .        ..      .        .....                       ......                             53.5
Morocco                         86.3     83.0     83.5     83.5     84.7      85.9     83.8     82.6     81.9     80.4     81.8      87.1    82.0      82.9
Tunisia_______76.0                       72.9     72.6     78.3     78.5     79.3      76.5     76.0     76.4     75.4     76.1      75.8    78 4      76.1
.ALL AFRICA                      71.4     81.2     83 8     83.9     83 1      83 4     81 2     82.0     83 6     82 4     78 9      75 3     7971     82.
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exporus and oil value added is significantly over-valued.



National Accounts                                                                       2 1
2-7. General government consumption
Percentage of GDP                                                     Annual Average
1980      1991     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996      1997     1998     1999      2000      75-84    85-89    90-AIR
SUJB-SAHARANAFRICA                 14 8      iso      18.9     18 3      17.6      16 4      15.5     16.0      16 1     16 6      17.3      15 4     16 2       17.1
e%c1uding SouLh Afnica            15.3     16 9      17 9     16 7      ISO0      14 4      12 3     12 9      13 2     14 7      16.7      1 5.5    15 1      1 52
e%c1 S Afrlca &Nigeria            16.9     17 8      17 7     16.6      15 2      15.2      13 4     13 8      14.0     15 0      15.5      1 58     15 6      15.5
Angola                   ..     4~~~~~~~~~~~5.3  41.9  41.5  40.1      52.6      17.4     28.6     28.5      46.5     39.2         ..     31.5      37.8
Benin                              8.6      10.8     10.7     10.3      10.1      11.2      10.7     10.7       9.7     10.3     12.0        9.9     14.1      10.7
Botswana                          19.6     24.7      26.4     28.5      28.2      28.1      27.4     23.6     26.4      27.7     26.6       20.5     22.3      26.5
Burkina Faso                      10.4      14.6     15.8     14.5      18.1      16.9      15.1     14.8      14.9     14.2     15.1       12.8     14.2      15.4
Burundi                            9.2      10.8     10.1     13.3      12.7      13.4      12.6     14.5      13.3     16.1     14.7       10.3      9.7      12.9
Canmeroon                         9.7      13.3      12.8     12.8      10.0       8.6       8.4      8.2       9.2     10.0     10.2        9.7     10.8      10.6
Cape Verde                         8.2     15.7      15.7     17.6      18.3      19.8      17.4     16.2      15.0     11.0     10.6       10.0     12.3      15.7
Central Afiican Repiublic         15.1      16.3     16.9     15.0      17.5      15.2       9.6     10.9      11.6     11.5      11.2      15.0     15.9      13.7
Chad                                        8.9       9.2     10.0      12.7      11.8       8.7      7.9       5.7      6.7      7.8       13.0     13.8       9.1
Comoros                          30.9       17.5     15.8     15.1      16.7      17.2      15.2     14.0      10.8     10.6       ..       29.7     27.4      14.9
Congo, Democratic Rep, of          8.4      13.3     21.7     15.4       4.4       4.9       5.7      8.5        ..        .        .        9.1      9.7      10.7
Congo, Republic of'               17.6     21.0      21.1     21.2      16.2      10.9      10.5     22.1      25.0     17.0     11.1       17.3     20.5      17.3
coteCd'Ivoire                     16.9     16.4      17.4     16.4      13.0      11.9      11.7     11.0      10.0     10.8      9.9       16.5     16.2      13.2
Djibouti                            ..        .         .        .         .      32.4      27.7     27.8     23.5      26.4     25.2          .        ..     27.2
Equatorial Guinea                   ..     34.2      29.4     39.3      15.3      16.4      19.8     11.0      21.0     10.3      6.7       28.3     27.4      22.1
Eritrea                             .         ..     32.9     36.6      43.2      46.7     45.0      32.6     49.0      50.6       ...                  .      42.1
Athiopia                           ..      15.5      10.1     10.6      12.5      1 1.8     11.7     11.4      13.9     18.4     23.3       15.3     16.0      14.3
Gabon                            13.2       14.3     15.5     15.3      12.0      14.1      13.6     13.7      16.9     16.6     10.0       14.5     20.9      14.1
Gambia, The                      31.2      13.3      13.9     14.1      14.5      13.7      14.9     13.4      12.0     12.4     13.0       36.6     17.7      13.5
Ghana                             11.2      9.5      12.1     14.4      13.7      12.1      12.0     13.6     14.6      13.6     15.3        9,9     10.1      12.8
Guinea                              ..      8.8       7.5      7.1       6.6       6.2       6.4      6.2       6.1      6.0      6.0         ..      8.9       6.9
Guinea-Bissau                    27.6       10.6      9.0      7.1       7.1       6.4       6.6      7.0       9.3     10.8     13.9       23.6     12.5       8,9
Kenya                             19.8      17.0     16.1     16.7      15.2      14.8      16.0     16.2      16.4     17.0     18.0       18.5     18.1      16.6
Lesotho                          21.8      15.7      14.8     15.1      16.4      17.9      16.2     16.9     20.8      19.5     18.3       17.7     18.9      16.9
Liberia                           16.3       ..         .        .         .        .          .        .        .         .        .       1.       19.0
Madagascar                        12.1      8.7       8.3      7.9       6.9       6.7       6.1      7.6       7.5      7.9      7.4       11.1      8.9       7.5
Malawi                            19.3     12.0      14.1     13.0      31.6      18.6      12.5     12.6      13.3     12.4     16.8       16.4     17.7      15,6
Mali                              9.8      13.5      13.2     12.8      11.3       9.7      10.2     12.0      11.3     12.6     13.3        9.4     13.5      12.2
Maunitania                       45.3       18.2     16.4     20.7      16.5      14.1      14.3     13.8      14.5     15.2     17.3       45.2     25.3      17.0
Mauritius                         14.1     11.7      1 1.5    12.1      12.5      12.1      12.2     12.1      11.7     11.9     11.8       13.5     11.7      11.9
Mozambique                        12.2      10.6     12.6     11.7      12.9       7.8       8.0      9.2       9.5     10.8     11.5       14.2     11.3      10.6
Namibia                           16.0     30.3      32.2     31.6      28.3      30.0      30.1     29,9      29.3     28.8     26.1       23.6     27.1      29.5
Niger                             10.4      14.8     17.5     15.8      16.0      14.1      11.3     13.8      13.1     14.9     12.7       11.5     12.9      14.4
Nigeria                           12.1      12.2     18.4     17.5      14.3      11.1       8.0      9.4       9.7     13.4     20.5       14.4     12.5      13.6
Rwanda                            12.5      12.1     12.9     11.7      10.5      11.3      12.0     10.6      11.3     12.8     12.2       14.7     12.6      11.6
S8o Tomd and Principe            34.5      26.6      31.5     34.5      31.9      27.6      27.2     31.~9     25.6     29.8     29.3       22.1     39.7      29.4
Senegal                          20.3      13.5      15.4     14.7      12.8      12.4      12.0     10.4     10.3      10.9     10.4       17.2     15.6      12.5
Seychelles                       28.7      28.2      30.4     29.8     29.6       29.3     27.0      25.5     24.4      24.4     22.3       28.5     34.5      27.1
Sieffa Leone                      7.7       9.4      10.3     11.2      11.2      12.6      11.3      8.3       9.0     10.9     17.5        8.7      9.1      11.1
Somalia                           15.6        .        ..        .        .....                         .        .....                      19.8
South Africa                     14.3      19.8      20.2     20.1      20.0      18.3      19.4     19.8     20.0      19.4     18.4       15.7     18,8      19.6
Swaziland                        19.1      18.7      17.6     21.4      21.7      19.7     20.5      23.9     24.3      22.6     20.4       21.0     19.2      20.8
Tanzania                            ..      18.9     19.6     19.4      17.1      11.5      11.6      8.8       7.6      7.2      6.6       13.5     14.6      13.3
Togo                             22.4       17.5     12.4     16.1      13.2      12.1      11.7     10.3      12.2     11.1     10.8       20.0     15.2      12.9
Uganda                              ..       .8       9.7      9.8      10.3       9.8      10.3     10.4       9,6      9.9     10.6       10.8      9.3       9.7
Zambia                            25.5     31.8      15.0     18.4      13.1      12.5      11.4     10.9      11.2      9.7      10.6      25.7     19.9      14.9
Zimbabwe                          18.5     16.1      24.2     14.9      16.7      18.0      16.9     16.3      17.5     15.2     24.2       16.9     22.1      18.1
NORTH AFRICA ___12.5                        14.0      14.4     14.9      14 8      14.5      14.0     14.0      14        40       30        14 3   ---16-8     142
Algeria --     ___-15.2                     14.7     16.0     17.3      17.9      16.8      16.4     16.7      18.1     17.1     14.1       15.2     18.7      16.5
Egypt, Arab Republic              15.7     11.2      10.4     10.2      10.3      10.5      10.4     10.2      10.1     10.1      9.7       19.5     14.9      10.4
Libya                            21.8         .         ..       .        .....                         ....                        ..      27.8
Morocco                           18.3     15.6      16.8     18.1      17.1      17.4      16.9     17.8      18.0     19.2     19.1       18.9     15.6      17.4
Tunisia ___       ____            14.5     16.6      16 0     16 3      16 5      16 9      15 6     15 8     15 7      15 5     157        1s57     17 1      16.1
ALLAFERICAI                        13 8      16.8     17.5     11        16 6    --I5 7      15.)      5.3      I5 4     15.6     1-56       148       16 4 
Note: 2000 data aue preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorte-d because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added as significantly over-valued.



22                                                          NationalAccounts
2-8. Gross domestic investment
Percentage of GDP                                              Annual Average
1980     1991    1992     1993    1994     1995     1996     1997    1998     1999    2000     75-84   83-89    90-AM
SUB-SAHARAN AFFUCA             21 2     14 9     14 7    15 8     1 7 3    18 0     17.7    17.4    18 2     17 9     17 9     20 8    15.3     16.7
e%cludulg South Afnea         20 3     17 2     17 0    11 4     19 1     17 9     Is 4    18 5    20 2     20 4     19.9     20.6    15 6     18 3
c,.,:] SAfnca & Nigeiia       19 1     16 O     1 5 7   16 5     19 0     is 1     19.4    lss      19 4    19 6    19 0      19 0    15 8     18 0
Angola                                 12.9     3.6     11.2    16.6      ;.
O    26 
6  __ 25.4   24.1  _T8_.2     28 3              14.8     18.3
Benin                         15.2     14.5    13.8     15.4    15.8     19.6     17.1     19.3    17.5     17.9    19.7      17.7    12.6     16.8
Botswana                      36.8     30.4    28.6     26.6    26.9     26.9     25.8     23.0    20.6     19.7    21.7      32.9    25.0     25.6
Burkina Faso                  17.0     20.6    21.1     19.8    21.8     25.8     27.4     28.5    30.6     27.1    27.6      20.2    21.7     24.6
Burundi                       13.9     14.4    15.0     16.3    10.6       9.6    12.1      8.1     8.9      9.1     9.1      14.3    15.9     11.6
Carneroon                     21.0     16.7    14.3     16.5    15.3     14.5     15.4     16.2    18.4     18.7    16.4      25.1    22.6     16.4
Cape Verde                    51.6     26.2    34.5     39.7    43.4     42.4     24.1     22.0    19.8     20.9    19.3      49.1    32.3     28.7
Central African Republic       7.0     12.4    12.2     10.2     11.7     13.5     4.3      9.8    13.5     14.4    10.7      10.5    12.5     11.4
Chad                                    6.5     7.5      9.8    16.6     10.3     14.9     14.8    17.4     12.6    17.0      11.9     7.9     13.0
Comoros                       33.2     20.3    22.2     20.6    21.0     17.6     13.5     15.5     15.2    12.5    13.0      33.4    24.2     17.4
Congo, Democmtic Rep. of      10.0      5.6     6.9      1.8     7.9      9.4      7.1      7.1                               12.7    13.7      6.9
Congo, Republic of            35.8     20.5    21.6     29.5    54.5     30.8     28.1     28.6    37,5     27.6    24.0      36.2    22.4     29.0
C8te dlvoire                  26.5      7.4     6.9      8.3    12.5     13.5     15.6     15.8    16.4     16.0    12.3      23.6    11.8     12.0
Djibouti                                                                   8.4     9.1      9.4    15.3      8.9    12.9                       10.7
Equatorial Guinea                      50.7    24.2     22.0    74.1     76.3     113.6    65.7    91.6     54.7    37.5      13.9     0.0     57.1
Eritrea                                         5.4     15.1    17.8     19.3     29.3     41.0    31.3     39.1    38.0                       26.2
Ethiopia                                9.9     9.2     14.2    15.2     16.4     16.9     17.0    17.2     16.0    14.2      13.7    14.7     14.4
Gabon                         27.5     26.5    22.4     22.4    21.9      23.7    23.3     29.6    37.3     28.0    26.1      42.9    35.7     25.7
Gwnbia, The                   26.7     21.9    22.2     21.0    18.1     20.2     21.6     17.2    18.4     17.8    17.3      19.7    17.1     19.8
Ghana                          5.6     15.9    12.8     22.2    24.0      20.0    29.2     24.8    23.1     21.0    23.7       6.9    10.8      21.0
Guinea                                 18.1     17.4    17.8    15.4      16.6    17.3     17.6    18.0     22.2    22.2              16.1     18.2
Guinea-Bissau                 28.2     31.0    48.4     30.9    21.8      22.3    23.0     24.1    12.9     16.9    17.7      23.8    35.6     25.4
Kenya                         24.5     20.0    13.7     17.7    16.4      17.5    16.8     15.4    153      14.0    12.7      21.6    20.3     16.3
Lesotho                       37.0     64.7    66.4     54.8    55.6     60.5     58A      54,0    47.1     48.6    40.4      30.5    43.1     54.8
Liberia                       27.3       -                                                                                    23.8     9.2
Madagascar                    15.0      8.2     11.3    11.4    10.9      10.9     11.6    11.9    12.5     12.9    16.1      10.2    10.9     12.2
Malawi                        24.7     20.2    19.9     15.2    29.1      17.0     11.6    12.2    13.5     14.8    13.1      25.3    18.9     17.2
Mali                          15.5     22.8    21.9     21.8    27.3      22.9     22.9    20.6    20.9     21.2    22.6      14.8    20.1     22.5
Mauritania                    26.3     17.9    19.3     20,6    20.7      19.3     18.6    17.6    19.0     17.8    30.1      26.7    26.6     20.1
Mauritius                     20.7     28.7    29.3     30.7    32.3      25.8     24.7    29.3     25.7    26.4    25.7      25.3    26.6     28.1
Mozainbique                    5.9     16.0    15.6     12.7    19.8      22.8    20.9     18.7    23.2     31.9    33.7       5.8    10.3      21.0
Naniibia                      31.8     19.3    22.6     17.1    21.9      21.7     23.1    20.7    26.9     23.9    23.8      23.9    14.0     23.2
Niger                         28.1      7.5     6.9      6.4    10.4       7.3     9.7     10.9     11.3    10.2    10.6      18.2    13.7      9,0
Nigeria                       21.3     23.4    21.8     23.3    19.6      16.3    14.2     17.4    24.1     23.4    22.7      22.3    15.1     20.1
Rwanda                        16.1     14.0    14.3     14.5     11.7     15.0     15.5    14.9     15.7    14.3    15.2      14.8    15.4     14.5
Sio Tomt and Principe         16.9     36.8    38.8     35.3    41.6      68.1    56.2     49.1    35.8     40.0    39.3      14.6    14.8      41.5
Senegal                       11.7     12.9    14.8     14.1    18.6     16.7      18.5    18.0     18.6    19.0     19.8     13.1    11.8     16.8
Seychelles                    38.3     22.3    21.2     28.7    26.2     30.3     49.1     30.7    38.0     37.1    29.3      30.1    23.6     30.7
Sierra Leone                  17.7     10.5     8.2      7.4     7.7       8.5     7.4      5.2     4.8      5.0     3.4      14.5     9.3      7.0
Somalia                       42.4                                                                                            27.1    28.5     15.5
South Afiica                  23.4     11.9    12.0     14.0    15.6     18.2     16.9     16.0    15.5     14.6    15.0      21.3    14.9     14.7
Sudan                         14.7                                                         13.6     15.9    14.4    14.3      16.0    13.2     14.6
Swavland                      30.3     19.7    24.1     23.6    21.8     20.3     20.5     20.6    22.0     19.6    19.6      30.6    22.0     21.1
Tanzmua                                26.3    27.2     25.1    24.6     19.8     16.6     )4.9    13.5     15.9    17.7              16.8     20.7
Togo                          28.4     17.1    15.7      7.5     15.0    16.1      18.8    16.3    20.7     18.9    20.5      29.8    17.1     17.6
Uganda                         6.2     15.2    15.9     15.2    14.7     16.4     16.1     16.1    15.0     16.4    19.2       7.2     9.8     15.6
Zambia                        23.3     11.0     11.9    15.0     8.2      15.9    12.8     14.6    16.4     17.9    18.3      22.3    14.7     14,5
Zimbabwe                      16.9     19.1    20.2     22.8    23.7     19.7     18.5     18.1    17.1     16.1    12.6      16.7    16.9     18.7
NOR-ni AFRICA                  2 8      26 6    25 6     23 4    229      22.8     20.6     226     1159     25 8    24 3      31 1    28 2     24 5
AJgcria                       39.1     31.8    30.8     29.1    31.2      31.8    25.1     23.8    28.7     27.8    23.8      41.7    30.7     28.4
Egypt, Arab Republic          27.5     21.2    18.2     16.2    16.6      17.2    16.6     21.7    25.6     25.5    23.9      29.9    28.6      21.0
Libya                         22.1                                                                                            26.3
Morocco                       24.2     22.6    23.2     22.5    21.3     20.7     19.6     20.7    22.2     23.4    24.4      26.5    23.1     22.4
Tunisia                       29.4     32.1    34.3     29.2    24.5     24.8     25.1     26.4    27.0     26.8    27.4      31.2    25.0     28.2
ALL AF RIC                     22 8    Tg 4-     1 S. I  18 3-    19 2     19.6    18.7                       .0     20.4_    _2.3 5    9_8     19.4
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeries ratios are distortod because the official exchange rate used by the Govemment for oil exports and oil value added is significandy over-valued.



National Accounts                                                                     23
2-9. Gross public investment
Percentage of GDP                                                   Annual Average
1980      1991     1992     1993     1994      1993      1996     1997      1998     1999     2000      75-84    85.89    90-MR
SLUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                9 2       6 3      6.6      5 5      5 0       5 2       5.2      5 4      6 3       6.2      5.7       8 9      7 3       5 8
eecludLng South Afsica              .      6 6       7 7      6 5      5 8       6 2       5 9      6 3      7 1       7 4      6 7         .      6 7       6 6
excl SAErica&Nigterla               .       5,6      6.2      5.7      6 3       6.4       6.0      6.0      6 2       6 6      5 8       6 5      58a       6 1
Angola                             ..        .         .        .        .         .         .      4.7       1.4     12.7      5.9         .        ..      6.2
Benin                              ..       7.4      6.6      7.1      9.3      10.4       7.5      8.0      6.6       7.1      8.5        ..      9.1       7.8
Botswana                         12.5        .        ..        .        ..        .        ..     14.2     14.3      14.4     14.5      12.1       ..      14.3
Burkina Faso                        ..      6.3     10.1      8.4      8.3      11.0      12.3     14.4     13.9      17.0     15.0        ..      7.6      11.0
Buntindi                         12.8      12.0     11.7     12.9      9.0       8.3      10.4      5.0      5.6      -6.2      5.6      14.0     13.6       9.0
Cameroon                          4.4       4.0      2.7      1.8      1.3       1.2       0.5      1.0      2.0       2.3      1.4       4.7      9.0       2.1
Cape Verde                          ..     12.5     26.2     28.2     32.0      27.1      20.5     18.0     15.7      18.2     14.9        ..     19.3      20.3
Central Afirican Republic         3.7       7.2      7.5      6.2      7.2       9.8       1.8      3.9      7.1       6.8      7.1       4.7      6.3       6.3
Chad                                       4.0       4.5      5.8      7.3       6.3       3.5      5.6      7.8       9.4     10.3       2.2      4.8       6.8
Comoros                          23.2       4.6     10.9      7.2     10.4       6.9       6.2      6.6       7.8      6.2      6.6      23.3     14.2       7.1
Congo, Democratic Rep. of         5.1       2.6      2.8      0.9      0.6       4.4       2.5      2.5       ..        .         .       3.9      4.9       2.5
Congo, Republic of               35.8       4.7      4.7      7.1     12.8       7.8       5.2      4.3      4.7       6.5      7.0      35.5     11.1       6.4
C8te dIvoire                     11.4       3.4      3.8      3.7      4.1       4.2       5.5      6.0      6.7       4.8      3.1      10.5      4.4       4.5
Djiboutt.                                    .        .         .        .       3.6       3.9      4.3      6.6        .         ...                ..      4.6
Equatorial Guinea                   ..     13.4     10.1      8.9      4.1       1.9       1.2      4.4      7.5       1.3      0.8        ..      0.0       5.8
Eritrea                             .        .       3.6     14.1     10.5      11.1      15.4     19.0     22.3      32.1     26.0         .        ..     17.1
Ethiopia                           ..      4.3       3.2      5.0      7.1       7.5       7.5      8.3      7.4       7.9      5.8        ..      6.9       6.3
Gabon                             5.3       5.2      5.3      5.1      5.6       5.1       5.9      9.2     13.4       7.3      4.8      15.8      5.9       6.4
Gambia. The                         ..     7.7       7.8      7.5      7.0      10.0      12.9      7.9      5.2       4.7      3.8      13.8      7.6       7.4
Ghana                              ..       8.3     10.3     11.1     13.3      14.0      13.3     12.4     11.3       9.8      9.2       2.5      7.0      11.0
Guinea                              ..     7.0       6.7      6.2      5.9       6.3       5.4      6.1      4.1       7.2      7.3        ..      7.4       6.5
Guinea-Bissaus.                           23.2      28.4     24.6     20.4      15.2      14.8     15.6      6.2      10.8     11.7        ..     29.6      17.5
Kenya                            10.1      10.3      7.1      8.0      8.5       7.4       7.0      6.4      5.0       4.6      3.8       8.9      7.6       7.1
Lesothto                          0.0       0.0      3.9     14.0     14.0      14.3      16.8     18.5     15.8       8.8      7.8       6.4      0.0      10.4
Madagascar                         ..       5.9      7.6      7.8      6.2       6.0       6.7      5.6       5.6      6.1      7.9       6.4      7.0       6.7
Malawi                           17.5       8.3     10.2      8.4     15.1       9.4       6.1      7.1      8.7      10.6      8.6      13.6      8.1       9.1
Mali                               ..      12.1      9.5      9.3     13.7       9.4       9.2      8.2      9.5       9.4     10.4         .     10.2      10.1
Mauritania                         ..       3.8      3.4      4.3      4.3       3.8       6.1      5.6       5.6      6.0      8.0        ..      7.6       5.2
Mauritius                         8.4       8.2      9.6      7.9      9.1       8.0       9.3      6.5      6.1       6.9      7.5       7.9      7.9       8.2
Mozambique                        7.6      11.4     12.8     12.3     14.0      12.0      10.3     10.7      9.0      10.6     12.6      10.4      8.6      11.6
Namtibia                         13.9       6.6      8.9      7.3      7.0       7.1       7.3      8.2       7.8      7.4      7.5      12.3      6.6       7.5
Niger                            20.4       3.7      5.4      4.9      6.6       5.2       4.6      5.8      6.4       6.4      5.8      13.8      8.5       5.6
Nigeria                            ..      11.4     13.4     10.7      3.6       5.3       5.2      7.1      11.3     10.4      9.8         .        ..      9.0
Rwanda                           12.2       7.0     10.1      8.5      2.7       8.1       9.1      8.2       6.7      6.3      6.0      13.7     10.2       7.1
SAo Tome and Prinicipe            0.0     26.8      23.8     20.3     26.6      33.1      29.2     22.1     19.8      26.0     22.8       0.0      0.0      22.8
Senegal                           5.5      4.6       5.2      4.2      5.0       4.4       6.4      6.4      6.5       6.6      6.7       4.1      4.0       5.5
Seychelles                         ..      12.9      9.4     11.2      7.5       6.8       8.1      8.9     13.4      12.3     12.0      16.3      7.6      10.1
Sierra Leone                      6.0      4.4       4.7      5.1      4.0       7.4       2.3      3.1      3.0       3.0      1.8       4.9      3.0       3.8
South Africa                     13.0      6.1       5.2      4.4      4.1       4.3       4.4      4.5      5.5       4.7      4.2      13.0      8.1       4.9
Sudan                             6.9        .        ..        .        ..        .         ..     0.6      0.8       1.3      2.2       5.6      3.0       1.2
Swaziland               ~~11.8    10.6      11.8     10.0      8.8       6.4       5.3      5.0      6.1      7.1       7.5      11.9      9.2       7.
Tanzania                           ..       8.8      9.2      7.5      6.0       3.4       3.5      2.9      3.3       3.2      3.4        ..      3.5       5.6
Togo                             20.2      4.5       3.5      2.3      2.3       3.5       5.0      3.6       7.7      6.4      6.2      12.2     10.2       4.8
Uganda                             ..       7.4      7.4      6.7      5.4       5.4       5.3      4.7      4.6       4.7      6.7        ..      4.4       5.9
Zambia                            4.0       7.8      6.7      4.5      4.0       5.1       6.0      5.4      11.3     10.7     11.1       4.1      4.7       7.2
Zimnbabwe                         1.8       3.5      3.8      3.7      3.1       2.9       2.3      2.8       1.8      4.1      0.0       2.9      2.6       2.8
NORTh AFIUCA                                8.2       8.6      9.4      8 3       7.5       6.8      9 2      9 5         .   __                    II        8 5
Algeria                          11.0       6.2      6.9      8.7      7.9       7.3       68       73        7.6      5.9      8.0      12.9     12.7       7.3
Egypt, Arab Repuiblic              ..       9.2      8.5      7.1      6.1       5.5       5.5     10.6     11.3       9.8      7.5        ..     12.6       8.3
Morocco                           9.8       9.6      9.5     11.8     10.1       8.9       6.8      7.1       6.5       .         ..      13.5     8.8       8.8
Tunisia        ___      ___      15.0      10.2    .12.0     15.3     13.7      12.3      11.0     11.9      11.6   _ 12.4     12.5      17.2      11.4     12.2
ALL AFRICA                                   6.9      7.2      6 8      6 1       6.0       5.7      6 8       7 6   ~   1       6 6       10)8      90        6.
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page- 2). Since 1994, Nsigeria's ratios are distorted because the ofricial exchange rate used by the Govemmenst for sit exports and oil value added is sipsifitcanttly over-valued



24                                                                 National Accounts
2-10. Gross private investment
Percentage of GDP                                                     Annual Average
1980      1991     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996      1997     1998      1999     2000      75-84    85-89    90-MR
SUR-SAHARAN AFRICA                  8 7      10.6      9.6     10.7      12 0      1 1.8     11.9     1 1.8     1121     118I      12.0       9 9      9.3       11.3
excdudtmgSouth Afnica                      10 3       9 0     III1      12 9      11.9      12.1     11 9      12.7     12 8      13.0       7 7      8.1       11 4
e'icl S Africa& Nigeria                    10.0       9.2     10.9      12 3      12.1      12 8     12 2      1 2 7    12.7      12.9       9 6      8.5       11.5
Angola                              ..      10.5      0.1     19.8      28.4      21.1      21.7     20.7      22.7     25.5     22.4         ..      9.2       17.7
Benin                               ..      6.1       6.7      7.9       6.2       6.9       9.1     11.3      10.8     10.8      11.2        ..      4.5        8.5
Botswana                          19.1        .         ..       .        ..         .        ..      7.1       4.6      3.5       5.5      14.1       ..       5.2
Burkina Faso                       ..      14.2      13.2     10.3      14.9      14.0      13.9     14.4      16.6     10.2      12.6        ..     13.0      13.6
Burnmdi                            1.1      2.9       2.8      3.0       1.6       1.4       1.8      2.2       2.3      1.8       2.4       1.5      2.7        2.3
Cameroon                          15.6      12.7     11.6     14.7      14.0      13.3      14.9     15.2      16.4     16.4     15.1       24.2     12.1      14.2
Cape Verde                       20.8       14.0      8.2     11.5      11.3      15.3       3.6      4.0       4.1      2.7       4.4      10.1      7.7        8.3
Central African Republic           3.2      4.7       4.4      3.3       4.5       3.4       2.5      5.9       6.5      7.7       3.6       4.1      5.3       4.9
Chad                                        0.7       0.8      l.I       4.4       5.3       5.9      7.0       6.5      6.7      10.2       0.3       0.8       4.5
Comoros                            5.3      14.3      9.2      9.8       9.5       9.2       7.3      8.9       7.4     11.5      6.4        5.4       5.7       9.1
Congo, Demnocratic Rep, of        3.7       3.5       4.3      1.4       7.0       5.3       4.6        .        ..        .        ..       5.8      8.3        5.0
Congo, Republic of                 0.0      15.0     15.9     21.8      40.1      21.1      21.8     23.7      30O.'5   19.9"     17.0       0.0      11.4     21.7
C6te crlvoire                     13.0      5.1       4.7      4.1       7.0       8.7      11.4     10.1       9.6     12.0       9.7      12.3      7.1        7.9
Djibouti                            ..        .         .        .         .       4.8       5.2      5.1       8.6        .        ...                 ..       5.9
Equatorial Guinea                   ..     37.3      14.1     13.1      70.0      74.4     112.4     61.3      84.1     53.4      36.8        ..      0.0       51.3
Eritrea                             .         ..      1.8      1.0       7.3       8.2      13.9     21.9      24.9     15.2    ~    ..                  .      11.8
Ethiopia                            ..      5.6       6.0      9.2       8.0       9.0       9.4      8.7       9.8      8.2       8.3        ..       8.9       8.0
Gabon                             21.4     20.9      16.7     17.8      15.4      17.6      17.3     20.4      23.9     20.8      21.3      24.0      29.8      19.1
Gamnbia, The                       ..       14.2     14.4     13.5      11.1      10.2       8.6      9.3      13.2     13.1      13.5       7.4       9.5      12.4
Ghana                               ..      7.5       2.4     12.7       9.3       7.1      15.9     11.4      11.1    I11.8      14.8       4.4       3.7      10.1
Guinea                              ..     10.0       9.8     10.6      11.1      10.3      11.9     11.6      13.8     14.0      14.1        ..      8.7       11.4
Guinea-Bissau                       ..      7.8      20.0      6.3       1.4       7.1       8.3      8.5       5.2      5.1       1.5        ..      10.0       7.2
Kenya                              8.2      7.7       6.2      8.9       7.5       9.7       9.2      8.1       9.4      8.5       8.1       8.8       7.8       8.2
Lesotho                          37.0      64.7      61.6     41.4      43.1      46.9      41.4     36.5      33.2     38.8      34.8      25.2     43.1       45.0
Madagascar                          ..      4.6       3.7      3.7       4.7       4.9       5.0      6.3       6.9      6.8       8.2       2.2       3.9       5.6
Malawi                            4.7       8.7       6.9      4.6      11.6       5.1       3.0      2.7       2.4      2.3       2.4       7.0       7.8       5.6
Mali                                ..      10.7     12.4     12.5      13.7      13.5      13.7     12.4      11,4     1 1.8     12.2        ..      9.9       12.4
Maurntania                          ..      14.1     15.9     16.4      16.4      15.5      12.5     12.0      13.3     1 1.8     22.1        ..      19.0      14.9
Mauritius                         14.9     20.4      18.3     20.6      21.7      16.3      16.7     20.6      17.5     20.9      18.4      15.3      15.0      19.1
Mozambique                        -1.7      4.7       2.8      0.4       5.8      10.8      10.7      7.9      14.2     21.3      21.1      -4.5       1.7       9.4
Namibia                           12.2      8.6      11.0     13.8      12.5      15.1      16.2      11.9     15.7     16.1      16.0       8.9       7.5      13.6
Niger                              5.1      4.1       1.9       1.9      2.3       1.8       4.7      4.8       4.6      3.6       4.6       3.6       2.4       3.5
Nigena                              ..      12.0      8.3     12.5      16.0      11.1       8.9     10.3      12.8     13.0      12.9       5.2       6.1      11.1
Rwanda                            0.0       7.0       4.2      6.1       9.0       6.9       6.4      6.7       9.0      8.0       9.2       0.0       4.7       7.4
SAloTom6 and Principe             11.4     10.0      15.0     15.0      15.0      35.0      27.0     27.0      16.0     14.0      16.5      11.4     13.7       18.9
Senegal                           7.7       9.3       9.2      9.7      11.1      10.2       9.9     11.6      1 1.8    12.4      13.1       7.9      8.4       10.6
Seychelles                         ..       8.4      11.5     15.6      17.9      23.6      40.8     21.7      24.6     24.8      17.3       5.4     14.9       20.1
SierTa Leone                      9.0       4.0       2.9      2.4       3.5       0.5       4.9      2.5       2.4      2.4       1.5       7.8       5.0       2.9
South Afiica                      12.9     11.0      10.4     10.3      11.0      11.6      11.7     11.8      11.3     10.5      10.7      13.9      1 1.8     11.1
Sudan                              3.8        .        ..        .        ..         .        ..     13.0      15.1     13.2      12.1       8.0       8.3      13.3
_Swaziland                        13.3       8.2      11.4     12.7      12.2      13.1      14.3     14.8      15.7     12.5     12.A       17.2     11.4      12.7
Tanzania                            ..      17.2     17.8     17.4      18.5      16.2      13.0     1 1.8     10.1     12.5      14.1       8.6      11.7      14.9
Togo                              8.0       13.5     12.5      8.6       9.7      10.1      12.2     11.0      12.9     12.6      14.1       8.0       7.6      12.3
Uganda                              ..      7.8       8.5      8.5       9.2      10.2      11.3     11.6      10.5     11.7      11.5        ..       5.4       9.8
Zamnbia                           17.2      3.5       3.8      7.0       7.3       7.3       5.2      7.7       3.5      5.7       5.5      12.6       4.1       5.8
Zimbabwe                          12.3     17.1      18.6     19.9      18.3      21.7      15.7     15.3      15.7     10.8      12.4      13.3      12.4      16.4
NORTH AFRICA                         .       72       16.7     17        15 3      15.4      14.1     14.6      I5S4     16.2      15.0      13.0      15.3      15 7
Algeria                          22.8      19.2      19.8     18.3      20.7      21.9      18.1     17.4      19.0     20.1      13.5      25.3     16.6       18.7
Egypt, Arab Republic                ..      13.1     10.5      9.2      10.5      10.7      10.5     12.1      12.3     13.0      14.1       7.1      13.3      1211
Morocco                           16.7     18.6      18.6     18.6      17.2      17.7      16.3     17.3      19.3     20.7      20.7      18.1      17.6      18.7
Tunisia                           13.3      19.9     20.3     12.8      13.3      11.9      12.2     12.7      13.2     12.9      13.8      13.2    .12.2       14.8
ALL AFRICA           _    ___      10.6      12.6     11 9      12 0     13 2      13 0      12.6      12 8     13 4     13.5      13.2       11 6     l4        12.8
Note: 2000 data arm preliminary (aee page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Govemnment for oil exports and oil value added is signif'icantdy over-valued.



National Accounts                                                                    25
2-1 1. Gross domestic savings
Percentage of GDP                                                  Annual Average
1980      1991     1992     1993     1994     1995      1996     1997     1998     1999     2000      75-84    85-89    90-MI?
SLIB-SAHIARAN AFIUCA             23 3      16.1     12.9     14 0     16 4      15.9     18.6     16.3      14 6     IS I     18 8      20.2     19 1      16 1
e.cduding South Africa           19.1     IS I     10.1     10.8     15 2      12.9     18.7     IS 3      12 5     12 9     18 7      17.6     169       14.5
excl S Africa& Nigcria          III1      12.2      6.9      8.9     14 0      11 8     14 9      13 2     11 0     11 6     14 5      is52     16 5      12.2
Angola                            ..      16.2      1.7      9.9     26.1       0.7     39.9     24.7      6.4     29.4      44.2        ..     24.0     20-Yo.8
Benin                           -6.3       1.9      0.0      1.1      6.0       6.7      3.4      5.9      6.8       4.9      6.1      -1.7     -2.3      4.1
Botswana                        34.4      37.7     35.2     36.1     38.9      40.6     43.4     31.8     21.8      14.2     15.9      30.2     49.2     32.1
Burkina Faso                    -5.8       6.1      7.0      5.6      7.9       9.2      9.3     11.3     13.0      9.2       8.7      -1.7      2.4      8.6
Burunadi                         -0.6    -4.2      -5.1     -4.7     -7.6     -4.8       2.5      3.9     -2.9     -0.5      -5.7       4.1      3.3     -3.1
-Camneroon                       21.7      22.0     16.5     17.6     17.9      19.5     17.3     19.1     19.9     18.4     20.3       23.1    22.9      19.0
Cape Verde                      -24.0    -4.2      -3.5      3.7      2.8       2.4     -8.0     -8.4    -15.3    -17.5     -14.5     -19.8     -2.9     -6.4
Central African Republic        -8.9       2.6     -0.4      1.8      6.0       6.2      0.6      4.4      5.3      11.0      7.7      -1.6      0.8      4.0
Chad                                      -5.9     -6.3     -6.2     -1.4      -1.7      3.3      2.3      4.1     -2.2       1.5       2.4    -11.1      -1.0
Comoros                         10.1       2.1     -1.6      2.9     -5.9      -9.2     -11.4   -12.1       1.5    -4.8      -0.2      -6.5     -2.5      -3.8
Congo, Democratic Rep. of        0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0       ..        .         .       0.0      0.0      0.0
Congo, Republic of              35.7      18.6     24.4     23.6     26.6      42.5     46.9     38.7     24.6     46.1      60.7      26.1     23.2     34.2
C6te dIvoire                    20.4      10.4     10.7      9.4     22.4      18.9     23.2     22.3     22.7     22.8      18.7      24.3     18.4      17.5
Djibouti                          ..        .         .       .         .      -8.3     -6.9     -5.7     -0.8     -5.5      -5.3        .        ..      -5.4
Equatorial Guinea                 ..      21.0    -10.0    -13.7     25.1      27.3     30.7     43.1     19.9     64.9     74.0        7.6    -33.3     23.9
Eritrea                            .        .     -31.3    -24.6    -35.4     -38.6    -31.0    -17.3    -40.4    -42.9    -27.0         .        ..     -32.0
Ethiopia                          ..       2.7      3.0      5.6      5.4       8.0      7.0      7.9      7.7       1.2     -1.1       6.4      7.2      5,0
Gabon                           60.6      40.5     34.7     36.7     45.3      47.3     51.0     51.0     39.0     34.8     28.3       58.1     32.3     40.5
Gambia, The                      5.8      10.6      9.3      4.0      2.8      -3.9      5.6      4.5      2.8      3.2       4.1       4.3      7.6      4.9
Ghana                            4.9       7.3      1.3      6.0     12.5      11.6     21.2      4.2     10.2      3.7       3.3       6.3      5.5      7.9
Guinea                            ..      18.0     11.2     11.1     12.1      12.8     12.0     15.4     14.3     17.5      16.6        ..     16.4      14.4
Guinea-Bissau                    -1.0      3.2      3.2      7.0      3.9      -1.2      1.8      5.3     -8.6      -1.1     -8.8      -3.0     -0. 1     0.7
Kenya                           13.4      19.0     13.7     23.8     19.6      11.3     13.2      7.9      7.4      8.3       3.6      17.4     16.9      12.9
Lesotho                         .52.0    -50.4    -34.8   -45.5     -36.0     -38.4    -36.2    -31.4    -33.5    -22.4     -19.5     -64.3    -63.0    -36.4
Liberia                         27.3        .        ..        .        .....                       .        .....                     23.3     16.4
Madagascar                       -1.4      0.7      3.4      2.5      3.4       3.6      6.3      3.7      4.6       5.0      6.0       2.0      5.8      4.1-
Malawi                          10.8      14.2      0.7     -0.9     -3.0      -0.3      3.0      0.9      6.1     -0.6       1.1      15.6     1 1.8     3.1
Mali                             1.1       6.4      4.4      6.4      7.5       7.8      7.2     10.0      11.2    l0.1       7.3       0.2      0.1       7.7
Mauritania                       -3.5      9.7      4.8      4.7     16.9       8.9      6.3      7.9       5.0      7.2     15.0      -5.6     10.3      8.3
Mauritius                       10.5      24.9     26.1     24.5     23.4      23.3     23.8     24.5     24.8     22.8      22.2      18.5     25.5     24.0
-Mo-zanmbique                   -10.6     -11.2    -17.2    -22.4    -13.9      -1.9     -1.8      0.9      7.1      6.6       9.5     -10.4    -10.2     -5.1
Namibia                         44.6      11.3     14.5     12.3     19.1      15.5     15.1     10.7      15.0     16.7     16.6      17.8     17.3      15.7
Niger                           14.6       2.8      5.8      3.9      0.0       0.2      3.1      3.2      2.7       3.8      2.9       8.4      7.9      2.7
Nigeria                         31.4      29.3     23.5     20.2     20.6      18.4     34.9     24.6     19.6     19.1      34.0      21.5     17.7     24.9
Rwanda                           4.2       3.3      1.6     -0.9    -46.8      -5.8     -4.3     -2.8      -1.8    -2.6      -0.5       6.8      5.3     -5.0
Sao Tome and Principe          -11.6     -21.8    -28.1    -31.6    -17.5     -11.4    -13.7    -16.5     -7.0     -9.3     -10.1      -6.6    -21.9     -19.0
Senegal                         -5.0       5.9      7.4      5.5     11.9      11.1     12.8     12.3     12.9      11.5     10.8       1.1      3.8      10.1
Seychelles                      27.1      18.7     17.6     18.4     22.1      23.5     37.8     20.      22.4     23.6      21.3      21.9     30.1     22.4
Sierra Leone                     2.9       8.1      6.3      2.9      2.5       1.8     -7.9      1,6     -2.5      3.9     -13.5       4.7      5.7       1.0
Somalia                        -12.9        .        ..       .        ,.        ...                .        ...               ..     -11.4      5.6     -12.5
South Affica                    31.4      16.9     16.1     17.6     17.9      19.1     18.3     17,1     16.7     17.3      18.0      24.4     22.0      17.5
Sudan                            2.1        .        ..        .        ..        .        ..     4.2      2.8      7.4     14.8        5.8      7.9      7.3
Swaziland                        6.5       8.8      1.4     -1.6      2.3       1.8     -3.8      1.4      3.3      3.8       4.4      13.6     14.7      3.8
Tanai                              .       3.0      0.3    -4.6       1.6       1.9      3.6      4.9     -0.7       3.9      9.2      11.0      7.1      2.2
Togo                            23.2       9.0      6.5     -0.2     11.3      11.2      7.9      0.4       5.5     7.6       6.2      21.4      7.6      7.3
Uganda                           -0.4      0.7      0.4      1.1      4.3       7.4      4.6      8.0       5.6     4.7       2.6       4.1      3.0       3.6
Zamnbia                         19.3       8.4      0.3      8.2      7.4      12.2      5.3      9.4      3.9     -0.9       3.1      18.9     14.9      6.7
Zimbabwe                        13.8      15.8     11.0     21.0     21.8      17.0     18.7     11.1     15.3     15.7      12.3      15.2     19.0      16.1
NORTH AFRICA                     40 5      24 5     23 0     20 0     18 0      17.9     19.1     21 3      19 8    21.8      25.1      35.-3   21    2     1.2
Algeria                         43.1      37.4     32.2     27.7     26.6      28.1     31.4     32.2     27.1     31.4     44.2       38.6     23.8     31.4
Egypt, Arab Republic            15.2      13.2     15.4     13.2     11.4      12.2     10.8     15.5     15.5     16.9      17.3      15.4     15.7      14.3
Libya                           56.9         .        .        .        .        .         .        ..                ...              46.5
Moroc-co                        13.7      17.0     16.5     16.5     15.3      14.1     16.2     17.4     18.1      19.6     18.2      12.9     18.0      17.1
Tunisia                         24.0      21.0     22.3     21.3     22.2      20.4       ..        .                 .      25.3      22.1     19 1     21 8
ALL AFRICA              ~~28.6     188      16.2     16.1     16.9      16.6     18.8     la80     16 4      17.6     211i      24 7     203        7
Note. 2000 dam tar preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's raitios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil excports and oil value added is sigunifisantly over-valued.



26                                                                National Accounts
2-12. Gross national savings
Percentage of GDP                                                   Annual Average
1980      1991     1992     1993      1994      1995     1996     1997      1998     1999     2000      75-84    85-89    90-MR
SL[B-SAHtk.ARN AFRUCA             22 9      12 5      9.8     10 9      13 5      12.7     15.7      13 6     12 0     1 1.8    14 8       20 6     15.7      12.8
excludwg South Affnca            20.3      11 0      6 S      7 1      11 6      8.9      15.6      12 6     10 1      9 4     14.3       20.3     13 9      10.9
e'id S AErca &Nigena             14 5       9 1      4 1      5.9      11 3      a I      11.9     101I       8 9      8 4     10 6       19.1-    14 1       9.!
Angola                             ..       2.5     -4.4 .-24.6      -16.8     -46.0      17.7    -14.6     -39.6    .24.1     -0.3         ..     13.7     .14.8
Benin                             0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0       0.0     17.8      11.6     10.2     11.5        0.0      0.0       4.6
Botswana                         36.3     43.9      40.7     45.0     35.5      39.3      44.      33.6      27.9     12.3     21.1       34.0     44,4      34.7
Burkina Faso                        ..     13.9     14.9     17.3     14.6      19.6      17.3     24.5      25.9     22.0     21.0         .        ..      18.9
Burundi                           4.6       6.3      4.2      7.9      9.0       9.2       7.7      8.8       2.9      3.7      3.2        5.6      7.9       6.0
Cameroon                          6.3      16.3     12.4     11.3      11.2     13.6      11.2     13.4      15.7     14.6     13.6       13.4     20.6      13.6
Cape Verde                       16.4      21.4     29.3     31.7      31.4     31.5      18.7      11.2      6.1      5.2      5.8        4.7     21.6      19.1
Central African Republic         -2.9       4.5      0.1      I.8      11.4      6.3      -1.6      4.1       5.9     11.4      8.5        6.0      4.2       4,7
Chad                                       -0.1I    -0. 1    -4.6      6.1       1.9       6.5      5.4       6.4     -1.3      3.2        6.9     -3.7       2.7
Comoros                                      ..        .        .        .         .         .        .         .        .     13.3         1.       .        3.3
CEongo, Democratic Rep. of         0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0       0.0      0.0       ..        .         .       0.0      0.0       0.0
Congo, Republic of               26.2       2.2     11.5      9.7     16.6      17.5       3.6      8.3     -19.9     15.7     30.7       19.8     16.8       9.3
Clited'lvoire                      ..     -20.2    -17.3      2.4     13.9       9.9       9.0     10.6      1 1.8    11.0      6.9       15.7      5.1       1.5
Equatorial Guinea                  ..      14.6    -15.6    -16.2     22.5      23.6      10.1     27.7       9.7     18.5     11.3         ..    -12.3       7.6
Eritrea                             .        ..     27.6     43.3     57.8      22.9      32.5     63.3      13.8     14.3     19.6         .        ..      32.8
Ethiopia                           ..       6.3      8.8      9.7      10.7     14.9      18.0      10.5     12.1      5.1      8.9        7.9      9.5      10.4
Gabon                            47.8      29.1     19.7     22.0     30.7      29.0      32.3     34.5      23.9     18.9     11.5       48.1     23.5      25.2
Ganbia, The                      13.2      24.8     27.7     28.0     22.1       6.5      14.9     13.4      15.4     13.5     12.7       11.5     18.6      18.3
Ghana                             4.5       8.8      3.6     12.8     19.1      17.6      26.1     10.3      18.1      9.6     13.4        5.9      5.8      13.3
Guinea                             ..      10.6      4.7      6.1       7.6      8.0       8.9      11.2     10.2     14.9     13.6         ..      8.        9.7
Guinea-Bissau                       .,      6.8     10.6      9.8       9.4      4.7       6.6       9.4    -4.0       4.2     -2.6     -635.9   -108.1       6.4
Kenya                            10.7      15.1      9.7     18.3     16.2       11.8     15.5     10.4      10.8     12.2     10.4       14.3     14.0      12.9
Lesothro                        -11.4       1.2     15.1     20.9     27.2      20.5      23.5     29.2      17.8     19.7     23.7      -34.1    -19.6      17.2
Madagascar                       -2.4       0.1      3.9      3.6       1.4      1,1       6.4       6.2      4.9      7.3      7.6        1.7      5.6       4.7
Malawi                            6.6      10.6     -0.7     -1.5     -5.0      -4.0       0.3      -1.5      1.9     -1.8     -0.6       13.9     10.3       1.2
Mali                              1.9      166      14.3     14.9     19.1      13.7      12.8     13.0      13.7     12.5     11.2        1.0      7.5      14.3
Mauritania                      -12.8       4.3      5.7      0.4     13.1       6.8       4.9      8.1       6.5      8.5     17.4      -15.5     20.4       7.9
Mauritius                        13.1      28.1     29.1     27.5     25.7      25.3      25.9     26.9      26.9     24.3     23.4       19.5     26.6      26.4
Mozanbique                       -9.9     -17.5    -26.6    -30.9    -22.8      -9.6      -7.7     -4.3       1.6      1.3     18.5      -10.9    -15.5     -10.5
Namibia                          33.8      28.9     29.9     26.6      31.2     32.0      29.7      25.3     30.9     27.9     29.3       27.7     21.5      30.3
Niger                            13.0       1.1      4.5      2.5      -1.9     -2.5       1.7       1.6      1.6      2.8       1.3       6.1      3.9       1.0
Nigeria                           0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0       0.0       0.0      0.0     13.9     27.6        0.0      0.0       3.8
Rwanda                           13.3       0.0      0.0      3.4      4.7      12.3       9.2      10.5      9.9      7.6     13.9       15.5      8.8       6.5
5Ao Tomd and Principe            -5.5     -31.7    -36.5    -39.9    -21.6     -22.2     -23.0    -25.7     -18.1    -18.0    -15.1      -4.1     -28.0     -27.5
Senegal                          -7.4       2.9      5.8      2.3      11.7     10.1      12.2     14.7      15.4     12.9     13.4       -2.8     -0.6       9.8
Seychelles                         ..     20.2      19.5     19.6     21.0      21.6      38.3     21.0      21.3     22.1     18.9        0.0       ..     22.3
Sierra Leone                      2.6       4.8     -3.2     -2.2     -2.6      -0.5      -7.6      2.1      -3.1      4.3    -14.3        4.2      3.3      -1.7
South Africa                     27.3      13.8     13.5     15.1     15.6      16.8      15.6     14.5      13.8     14.2     14.7       20.2     18.1      14.6
Sudan                             0.5        .        ..        .        .....                        ......                               0.8      0.8
Swaziland                        20.9     24.9      20.7     17.7     16.0      16.8      14.8     21.2      14.9     17.1      9.5       23.6     26.6      19.2-
Tanzania                           ..       3.9      4.2      4.9      6.6       -1.2      4.2       4.0     -0.9      3.3      9.1       13.8     21.5       4.0
Togo                             26.4      13.4      1.1      1.5      9.6      14.2      11.4      3.8       8.8      7.3      9.6       23.7      9.0       9.0
Uganda                           -1.0       1.4      2.1      3.0     10.4      12.1      10.8     12.8      13.4     10.3     10.7      -13.4      3.8       8.0
Zambia                            9.3     -4.2     -10.6      0.7     -0.2       4.6      -1.5      3.7      -3.6     -6.5     -1.7        9.5      0.3      -1.1
Zimbabwe                         12.4      13.8     11.3     20.6     21.7      16.8      1 8.0     9.1      12.6     14.0     11.2       13.1     17.0      15.0
NORTh AFRICA                      Yy. I    21I0      19.9     16.8      1 52      15.2     16 5      19 4     183      20 1     23 3       317     -176       18
Algeria                             .         .        .         .        .         ..                 ..                ..     40.6         ...             40.6
Egypt, Arab Republi                 .        .         .        .e                          . ..      .         .        .     23.0         .        ..      23.0
Libya                            53.5        .         .        .        ..                  .        ....                        ..      39.8
Morocco                             .         .        .        ..       .         ..        .        ..     21.3     22.5     22.8         .        ..      22.2
Tunisia                          25 0      21$5     21 4     19 3     20 4       19 3                                          24 7       22 5     18Q9      21 2
.ALLAFRICA     :27 3                        1 .4     14.6      14 8     15 6      1I5.0     17 3     16 9     15 6     16.3      19 4      23.9     18 0      16 4
Note: 2000 data are, preliminary (asee page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted becasse the official exchangle rate used by the Govermment for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued.



National Accounts                                                                    27
2-13. Resource balance
Percentage of GDP                                                  Annual Average
19W9      199)     1992     1993     1994      1993     1996     1997     1998     1999     2000      75-84    85-89    90-A 41
SLIB-SAHARtAN'AFIUCA              2 9       0 2     -1.1     -1 7     -I I      -1 6      1 2      -1 5     -4.1    -3 1       0.3      -1.7      0 5      -0 9
excludingSouth Afnca             '16      -3 0     -5.1     -6.2     -43       -3 8       1.0    -3 5      .7.8     -71      -14       .37      -2 7      -3 8
e.ccl. S Africa & Nigeria       -S.?     -4.6      -6.6     -6 7     -5 4      -5.0     -3.6     -5 9      -8 5     .7 7     -4.8-     -5.0     -7 6      --S6
Angola                            ..       3.2     .1.9     -1.3      9.5      -2.2     13.3     -0.7    -17.6     -8.7      16.0        ..  ~9.1        2i.5
Benin                          -21.5     -12.5    .13.7    -14.2     -9.8     -12.9     .13.7   -13.4    -10.7     -13.0    -13.6     -19.4    -14.8     -12.7
Botswana                         -2.4      7.3      6.6      9.5     12.0      13.7     17.6      8.8       1.2     -5.5       .   ~   -2.8     24.2      7.6
Burkina Faso                   -22.9     -14.5    -14.1    -14.1    -13.9     -16.5     -18.1   -17.2    -17.5     -17.9    -18.9     -21.8    -19.3     -16.0
Burundi                        -14.5     -18.6    -20.1-   --21.0   -18.2     -14.4      -9.6    -4.2     -11.6    -9.7     -14.7     -10.2    -12.6     -14.7
Cameroon                         0.8       5.4      2.2      1.1      2.6       5.0      2.0      2.9       1.5    -0.3       3.9      -2.0      0.3      2.6
Cape Verde                     -75.6     -30.4    -38.0    -36.0    -40.5    -40.0     -32.2    -30.4    -35.1    -38.4     -33.8     -68.9    -35.2    -35.1
Central African Republic       -15.9      -9.8    -12.6     -8.3     -5.7      -7.3      -3.7    -5.4     -8.2     -3.4      -3.0     -12.0    -11.7     -7.3
Chad                           -11.9     -12.4    -13.7    -16.0    -18.2     -12.0    -11.6    -12.5    -13.3     -14.7    -15.5     -10.3    -19.0    -14.1
Comoros                        -43.2     -18.2    -23.8    -17.7    -26.9     -26.8    -24.9    -27.6    -13.7    -12.4        ..     -39.8    -26.7     -21.5
Congo, Democratic Rep. of        0.1      -3.7     -0.8      2.2      2.7       4.8      6.3      1.9       ..        .         .      -2.2     -0.4       1.7
Congo, Republic of               -0. 1    -1.9      2.8     -5.9    -27.9      11.6     18.9     10.1    -12.9     18.5     36.8      -10.2      0.8      5.3
C6tedIfvoire                    -6.2       3.0      3.8      1.1      9.8       5.4      7.6      6.5      6.3      6.7       6.4       0.7      6.6      5.6
Djibouti                          ..        .         .        .        .     -16.7     -16.0   -15.1    -16.1    -14.4     -18.2         .       ..     -16.1
Equatorial Guinea                 ..     -29.7    -34.2    -35.7   -49.0      -49.0    -82.8    -22.5    -71.7     10.3     36.5       -6.3    -28.6     -33.2
Eritrea                            .        ..    -36.6    -39.7    -53.1     -57.8    -60.3    -58.3    -71.7    -82.0        ...                 .     -57.4
Ethiopia                          ..      -7.2     -6.2     -8.6     -9.8      -8.5     -9.9     -9.1     -9.4    -14.8     -15.3      -7.4     -7.5     -9.4
Gabon                           33.1      14.0     12.3     14.2     23.4      23.6     27.6     21.4      1.7      6.8       2.2      15.2     -3.4     14.8
Gambia, The                    -20.9     -11.3    -12.9    -17.0    -15.3     -24.1    -15.9    -12.7    -15.6    -14.6     -13.2     -15.4     -9.5    -14.9
Ghana                            -0.7     -8.6    -11.5    -16.2    -11.5      -8.4      -8.0   -20.6    -12.9    -17.3    -20.4       -0.6     -5.3    -13.1
Guinea                            ..       0. 1    -6.2     -6.7     -3.3      -3.8      -5.4    -2.2     -3.7     .4.6      -5.6         . .    0~.2     -3.8
Guinea-Bissau                  -29.2     -27.8   -45.2     -23.8    -17.9     -23.5    -21.3    -18.8    -21.5    -18.0    -26.5      -27.2    -35.6     -24.7
Kenya                           -11.1     -1.0      0.0      6.0      3.2      -6.2      -3.6    -7.5     -7.8     -5.7     -9.1      -4.1      -3.5     -3.4
Lesotho                        -89.1    -115.1   -101.1   -100.3    -91.5     -98.9    -94.6    -85.3    -80.6    -71.0    -59.9      -94.8   -106.1    -91.3
Liberia                          0.0        .         .       .         .        .         .        ....                       ..      -0.5      7.2
Madagascar                     -16.4      -7.5     -7.9     -8.9     -7.5      -7.3      -5.1    -8.2     -7.9     -7.9     -10.1      -8.2     -5.1     -8.1
Malawi                          -14.0     -6.0    -19.2    -16.1    -32.1     -17.4      -8.6   -11.3     -7.4     -15.4    -12.0      -9.7     -7.0    -14.1
Mali                           4.14      -16.4    -17.4    -15.4    -19.9     -15.1    -15.7    -10.6     -9.7    -11.1     -15.3     -14.6    -20.0    -14.8
Mauritaniua                    -29.8      -8.2    -14.5    -15.9     -3.8     -10.4     -12.3    -9.7    -14.0    -10.6     -15.1     -32.3    -16.2    -11.8
Maurifius                      4.13       -3.8     -3.3     -6.2     -8.9      -2.5     -0.9     -4.8     -0.9     -3.5      -3.5      -6.8     -1.1     -4.1
Mozambique                     .16.5     -27.3    -32.8    -35.1    -33.7     -24.7    -22.7    -17.7    -16.1    -25.3    -24.2      -16.2    -20.5     -26.1f
Namsibia                        12.8      -7.9     -8.1     -4.8     -2.8      -6.2      -8.0   -10.0    -11.9      -7.2     -7.2      -6.1      3.2     -7.5
Niger                          -13.5     -4.7      -1.1     -2.5    -10.3      -7.2     -6.5     -7.6     -8.6     -6.4      -7.7      -98      -5.8     -6.3
Nigeria                         10.2       5.9      1.7     -3,1      1.0       2.1     20.7      7.2     -4.5     -4.2      11.3      -0.8      2.6      4.8
Rwanda                         -11.9     -10.7    -12.6    -15.4    -58.5     -20.8     -19.8   -17.7    -17.5     -16.9    -15.7      -5.0    -10.1     -19.5
Sao Tomd and Principe          -28.4     -58.6    -66.8    -66.9    -59.1     -79,5    -69.9    -65.6    -42.8    -49.3    -49.4      -21.2    -36.7    -60.5
Senegal                        -16.7      -6.9     -7.4     -8.6     -6.7      -5.7     -5.7     -5.7     -5.7     -7.6      -9.0     -12.0    -8.0      -6.7~
Seychelles                     -11.2      -3.6     -3.6    -10.3    -4.0       -6.8     -11.3   -10.6    -15.6    -13.5      -8.0      -8.3      6.5     -8.3
SierTa Leone                   -14.8      -2.4     -1.9    -4.5      -5.2      -6.7     -15.3    -1.7     -7.3     -5.7     -16.9     -11.5     -3.6     -6.2
Somalia                        -55.3        .        ..        .        ..       .         ..       .        ..       .        ..     -38.5    -22.9     -28.0
South Africa                     8.0       5.0      4.0      3,7      2.3       0.9      1.4      1.1      1.2      2.7       3.0       3.0      7.1       2.8
Sudan                          -12.6        ..       .         .       .          .    -11.6     -9.4    -13.1     -7.0       0.5     -10.2     -5.0     -8.1
Swaziland                      -23.8     -10.9    -22.7    -25.2    -19.6     -18.5    -24.3    -19.2    -18.7    -15.8     -15.2     - 17.0    - 7.3   -17.i2
Tanzazia                          ..     -23.4    -26.9    -29.7    -23.0     -17.9     -13.0   -10.0    -14.2     -12.0     -8.5      -8.5    -15.3    -18.5
Togo                             -5.3     -8.1     -9.2     -7.7     -3.7      -5.0     -10.9   -15.8    -15.3     -11.2    -14.3      -8.4     -9.6     -10.3
Uganda                           -6.6    -14.5    -15.5    -14.1    -10.4      -9.0     -11.5    -8.1     -9.4     -11.7    -15.6      -3.1     -6.8     -12.0
Zamnbia                         -4.0      -2.6    -11.6     -6.8     -0.8      -3.8      -7.5    -5.2    -12.5     -18.9    -15.2      -3.4      0.3     -7.8
Zimbabwe                         -3.2     -3.3     -9.3     -1.7     -1.9      -2.7      0.2     -7.0      -1.8     -0.4   -0O.3   _   _-1.5     2.1      -2.6
NORTHiAFRICA _       __8.2                  3.9      3.3      2 1      0 5       0.9      4.1      4 3      -1 2      1 0      6 6       0 6     -3 -9     -22
Algernia                         4.0       5.7      2.4     -1.4   -4.6        -3.7      6.3      8.4     -1.6       3.5     20.4      -2.7     06.2  -    3.1
Egypt, Arab Repuiblic           -12.4     -8.0     -2.8     -3.0     -5.2      -5.0      -5.8    -6.3     -10.1     -8.6     -6,6     -14.5    -12.9     -6.7
Libya                           34.8        .         .        .        ..                 .        ..                ...              20.1
Morocco                         -1o.s     -5.7     -6.7     -6.0     -6.0      -6.7      -3.4    -3.3     -4.1      -3.8     -6.1     -13.6     -5. 1     -5.2
Tunisi-a         __     _        -5 4     -5 0     -6 9     -7 5     -3 0      -4.1      -1 6     -2 5     -34      -2 2     -3 5       %       -3 4      -4 2
ALL AFRICA                        3 9       0.8     -0.21    - 1.0    -1 0       1.12      1.7     OtI      -3 5     -2 1      2 1      -I5       1         0
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued.



28                                                                  National Accounts
2-14. Exports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal
Millions of/US. dollars, current prices                                           Annual Average
1980      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998     1999      2000      75-84    85-89     90-MR
SUB-SAHARAN AFIUC4.              80.843    74.1 II  'i8,305   71.741    77.486    91.272   102.568   102,040    90,135   92.646   109.582     51.81 1  58,494    88.0F36
excluding South Africa          52,682    47.191    50,555   43,738    47.424    56.622    67.312    65.530    55.703   583967    73.134     34.228   36.056    56,133
exad S Aftica & Nigena          32.573    37.098    36.707   33.715    37,621    44.284    50-324    49.253   45.058    462I1'    51,504     25.151   30.625    42.790
Angola                              ..     3,690     3,976    2,849     3,465     3,852     6,226     5,257     3,700    5,337     7,959         ..    2,613     4,573
Benin                              222       292      241       291       302       405       349       347      399       385       334        168      227       328
Botswana                           562     2,091     1,998    1,960     2,124     2,435     2,657     2,210     1,724    1,391     1,427       432     1,371     2,009
BurkmnaFaso                        173       337      202       237       244       306       276       267      361       287      235        126       214       282
Bunindi                             8 1      116       95        88        95       129        5 1       96       7 1       62        62        86       125        87
Cameroon                         1,898     2,487     2,342    2,032     1,734     2,045     2,048     2,306     2,306    2,241     2,728      1,615    2,226     2,229
Cape Verde                          1 9       39       43        48        61        94       112       129      109       114       131         1 8      39        84
Central African Republic           201       176       165      182       205       229       185       196       178      117       125        145      194       180
Chad                               175       224      209       195       189       321       281       286      319       242      233         143      173       248
Comoros                             I1  ~     49       48        53        38        46        42        38       49        50         .         1 5      29        45
Congo, Democratic Rep, of        2,371     1,852     1,369    1,017     1,316     1,607      1,650    1,390        ..        .         .      1,691    2,105      1,620
Congo, Republic of               1,024     1,228     1,257      849     1,115     1,366      1,737    1,661     1,264    1,704     2,526       782       996      1,474
C6te d'lvoire                    3,561     3,149     3,559    2,991     3,291     4,109     5,014     4,777     4,890    4,909     4,298      2,701    3,301     4,037
Djibouti                            ..         .         .        .         .       203       204       209      244       250       247          .        ..      226
Equatorial Guinea                   ..        63         3        3        70        91       201       502      464       818     1.478         34       39       340
Eritrea                              .         ..      88       139       144       171       200       203       109       66        96          .        ..      135
Ethiopia                            ..       304      251       521       489       786       787     1,011     1,034      916       984       560       640       692
Gabon                            2,770     2,554     2,577    2,136     2,585     2,851     3,489     3,199     2,119     1,964    1,825      1,877    1,603      2,549
Gambia, The                        103       202      219       213       159       187       185       185      213       199       208         77      117       196
Ghana                              376     1,120     1,105     1,208    1,374      1,583    2,224     2,231     2,532    2,479     2,510       336       850      1,760
Guinea                              ..       694      637       640       763       766       734       771      770       735       795          ..     660       743
Guinea-Bissau                       14        26        1 1      21        39        30        28        56        30       56        68         12       16        35
Kenya                            2,030     2,227     2,149    2,244     2,647     2,948     3,035     2,976     2,845    2,686     2,744      1,533    1,779      2,610
Lesotho                             91       107       151      171       181       199       225       274      239       216       256         55       70       193
Liberia                            614         *.       *.        .         .         .          .        .         .         .        .        508      466
Madagascar                         539       480     -496       516       656       762       795      774       801       921       990       415       406       700
Malawi                             307       513      418       334       350       424       518       586      578       489       445        258      293       464
Mali                               263       442      439       424       406       521       525       646      636       640       575        175      290       515
Maunitanua                         261       498      448       413       431       525       506       430      399       370       387        255      455       443
Mauritius                          579     1,780     1,912     1,899    2,018     2,370      2,801    2,581     2,739    2,743     2,783        471     1,092     2,305
Mozambique                         383       274      257       262       304       351       339       377      402       455       578        275      155       346
Namtibia                         1,662     1,285     1,438     1,477    1,577      1,734     1,766    1,728     1,566     1,702    1,704      1,175    1,047      1,560
Niger                              617       327      393       251       258       323       337       303      369       322       282        397      385       322
Nigeria                         18,859    10,165    13,816   10,062     9,881    12,449    16,995    16,286    10,776   12,832    21,499      8,898    5,563     13,375
Rwanda                             168       140       113      102        47        67        83       144       11O      110       149        144      179        110
SAo Tom6 and Principe               10       I11        10       I 1       12         9        11        12        12       16        16          9       1 1        12
Senegal                            803     1,358     1,404     1,204    1,272     1,544      1,588    1,488     1,538    1,443     1,335        775    1,035      1,420
Seychelles                         100       219      243       257       250       271       315       370      400       455       488         77      157       318
Sierra Leone                       276       213      215       187       166       163       164       112       95        95       110       203       175       158
Somalia                            200         .         ..       .         ..        .         ..        .         ..       .         .        142       64        90
South Africa                    28,267    26,997    27,844   28,025    30,090    34,702    35,307    36,549   34,403    33,699    36,572     17,752   22,450    31,956
Sudan                              806         ..        .         .        .          .      672       624      612       814     1,928       782       838       930
Swaziland                          404       670      718       745       807       970       935     1,037     1,038      993       888       290       396       858
Tanzania                             . .     509      573       766       930      1,089     1,142    1,274     1;1o1    1,210     1,325        581      395       950
Togo                               580       536      456       301       300       425       488       434      471       455       433       401       498       440
Uganda                             242       248      250       227       349       679       724       826      697       726       626        563      483       515
Zambia                           1,608     1,169     1,158     1,099    1,205     1,252      1,024    1,178      865       701       890      1,138      946      1,066
Zimbabwe                         1,561     2,064     1,838    2,016     2,384     2,721     3,116     3,227     2,911    2,537     2,245      1,211    1,631      2,461
N4ORTH AFRICA                    47.051    48.585    51.289   50,307    49.746    57-218    62,364    64.478    58.396   63.127    78,499     31.418   3 3.263    57,483
Agra         -14,541                   13,311    12,154    10,880    9,966     11,325    14,148   14,665    10,829   13,259    22,579     10,590   10,182     13,424
Egypt, Arab Republic             6,992    10,284    12,150   13,071    11,904    13,506    13,650    14,779    13,442   13,500    15,940      5,294    6,161     12,807
Libya                           23,523         .         ..       .         ..        .          .        .         ..        .        ..    13,757
Morocco                          3,273     6,712     7,134    6,986     7,555     9,045     9,629     9,510     9,971   10,624    10,409      2,580    4,515      8,582
Tunisia                          3,518     5,278     6,127    5.909     ".0IU     8,3       8,29      8,-I      8,529    8,852     8,50~      2,441    3,0        7,8
ALL AFR3CA                      12 3.6231  120. I28  126.882  118.935  1:4.140   145.817   16 2.2-3 0  163,35!I  14 5.444  152.036  182,940i  80.557  90.683    1421.47 3
Note: 2000 data are preliminaxy (see page 2).



National Accounts                                                                         29
2-15. Imports of gos and nonfactor services, nominal
Millions of US. dollars, current prices                                           Annual Average
1980      199)      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997    --1998    -1999      2000      75-84    85-89    90-AIR
SUIB-SAHARAN AFRICA              7 3.305   73.405    81.593   76,494    80.498    96.253    98,113   107.107   103.261  102,158   108.,706    54.960   57,366   '9I.C22
excludLmg Souath Afnca          5l.t04    52.679    59,363   53.513    53.696    63.018    65.420    72.291    70.487   72.484    75.996     39.318   SU.465    62.828
exd S.A.frica & Nigena          39.175    44.226   46,032    42.780    44.093    51.183    55.768    58.620   58.294-   58. 165   59 05 5    30,199   35.730_   51 117
Angola                              ..     3,299     4,088    2,915   -3,079      3,964     5,222     5,310    4,836     5,879     6,551          ..   1.895     4,299
Benin                              524       528      464       591       448       664       652       623      642       688      627        373       439       583
Botswana                           589     1,805     1,724    1,562     1,597     1,765     1,792     1,766     1,665    1,670     1,726       439       876      1,724
Burkina Faso                       564       743      483       540       488       666       725       660      798       729      649        413       596       654
Bwurndi                            214       333      312       285       263       273       137       136      174       131       162       175       267       229
Cameroon                         1,847     1,820     2,087    1,904     1.532     1,646     1.867     2,041    2,176     2,268     2,383      1,696    2,209     1,969
Cape Verde                         100       146       192      179       227       290       273       283      298       340      319         77       113       245
CentralAfiican Republic            327       314      346       290       253       311       225       250      264       153       154       220       327       270
Chad                               298       458      467       429      403        493       467       475      544       473      451        240       404       469
Comoros                             64        94       111       99        88       103        95        91       79        78        ..        60        75        93
Congo, Demnocratic Rep, of       2,353     2,192     1,438      818     1,157     1,339      1,281    1,282        ..        .         .      1,916    2,141      1,530
Congo, Republic of               1,026     1,280     1,176      962     1,609     1,074     1,257     1,427     1,515    1,269     1,345       872       963     1,291
C8te dIvoire                     4,190     2,832     3,136    2,874     2,538     3,570     4,188     4,086    4,169     4,161     3,698      2,714    2,742     3,471
Djib-outi                           ..         .         .        .         .       286       282      285       327       327      347           .        ..      309
Equatorial Guinea                   ..       102       56        57       132       171       416      614       791       729      909         49        72       370
Eritrea                              .         ..     248       301      415        503       580       585      597       598      524           .        ..      484
Ethiopia                            ..       686      595     1,059      969      1,276     1,382     1,589     1.648    1,877     1,961       973     1,191     1,263
Gabon                            1,354     1,798     1,890    1,513     1,603     1,679     1,904     2,037    2,041     1,669     1,718      1,338    1,717     1,790
Gambia, The                        153       237      263       275      214        279       248      237       278       262      265        108       140       253
Ghana                              407     1,685     1,845    2,172     2.000     2,126     2,776     3,648    3,493     3,826     3,551       360     1,124     2,604
Guinea                              ..       697      841       860       875       906       942      855       903       895      967          ..      658       873
Guinea-Bissau                       46        97       113       77        81        89        86       107       74        96      125         48        75        94
Kenya                            2,837     2,307     2,152    1,943     2,420     3,512     3,366     3,770    3,739     3,289     3,690      1,791    2,063     2,986
Lesotho                            475       883      982       989      946      1,121     1,117     1,147      956       864      794        371       508       959
LibeTia                            614         ..        .         .        .          .        .         .        .                   .       514       387
Madagascar                       1,202       681      733       817       878       994       997     1,064     1,097    1,215     1,398       691       542       974
Malawi                             480       646      764       667       730       672       727       873      706       768      649        352       392       712
Mali                               520       838      935       836      756        894       936      910       888       925      927        364       635       878
Mauritania                         473       591      620       563      470        636       643       536      539       471      528        463       591       565
Mauritius                          695     1,887     2,017    2,098     2,330     2,468     2,839     2,780    2,773     2,893     2,937       541     1,122     2,449
Mozambique                         965       941      865       958     1,038       922       985      979      1,027    1,465     1,499       836       711     1,052
Namibia                          1,367     1,499     1,684    1,614     1,669     1,950     2,046     2,092     1,972    1,952     1,955      1,287      999     1,803
Niger                              957       436      418       291       420       457       466       444      547       452      422        569       495       445
Nigeria                         12,324     8,559    13,248   10,719     9,646    11,858     9,688    13,677    12,236   14,304    16,861      8,996    4,898    11,727
Rwanda                             307       345      372       404      488        334       362      475       464       437      432        237       397       407
Sao Tom6 and Priicipe               24        44       41        42       4 1        46        42        41       30        40       39         19        30        4 1
Senegal                          1,302     1,740     1,851    1,668     1,515     1,797     1,852     1,737     1,804    1,803     1,729      1,070    1,340     1,748
Seychelles                         117       233      259       306      270        306       377      432       494       538      537         89       141       363
Sierra Leone                      449        232      228       222      213        228       303       128      143       135      212        319       215       206
Somalia                            534         .         ..       .         ..        .         ..        .         ..       .         ..      400       296       346
South Africa                    21,838    21,014   22,585    23,232    26,965    33,385    33,340    34,879   32,855    30,122    32,842     15,866   17,053    28,373
Sudan                            1,763         ..        .        .         .         .     1,629     1,620     1,968    1,520     1,870      1,606    1,637      1,721
Swaziland                          543       767      939     1,001     1,023     1,211     1,248     1,304     1,284    1,204     1,094       377       422     1,065
Tanzania                            ..     1,667     1,811    2,031     1.968     2,029     1,986     2,040    2,319     2,225     2,094      1,058    1,061      1.979
Togo                               640       665      612       396      337        490       647       672      687       615      608        471       609       588
Uganda                             324       729      694       682      763      1,199     1,417     1,335     1,335    1,479     1,587       625       873      1,096
Zambia                           1,764     1,258     1,527    1,322     1,232     1,383     1,271     1,381     1,268    1,287     1,333      1,249      941     1,315
Zimnbabwe                        1,771     2,348    2,463     2,130     2,516     2,912     3,099     3,829    3,027     2,560    2,266       1,342    1,481     2, 650
NORT'H_AFRICA                    36,840    43.113    46 264   416.963   48,941    55.715    54,2 31   55.849   60.921    60.884   63.114      30,264   Ta.40u'      - -5t,Ž
Algeria                         12,847    10,789    11,458   11,557    11,940    12,855    11,204    10,636   11,592    11,571    11,709     11,053   14,352    11,889
Egypt, Arab Republic             9,822    13,234    13,325   14,488    14,604    16,544    17,562    19,528   21,812    21,144    22,457      8,159   10,934    17,164
Libya                           11,167         .         ..       .         ..        .         ..        .        ..        .         ..     8,634
Morocco                          5,247     8,285    9,043     8,594     9,377    11,243    10,862    10,627   11,426    11,959    12,458     4,374     5,397    10,204
Tunisia                          398_7     5,926    7,201     7,007     7,8__     8,766     8,53      8,735    9,9        ,1         57        9509fi 3          7I 969
:ALL AFRICA                     108.465   116-375   Q17.797   123.181  1-:9,177  151,827    153,081  163,220   163.978  163.111   l'l1.5?8    84.199   95.824    144 121
Note: 2000 data an, preliminsay (see page 2)



30                                                                 National Accounts
2-16. Exports of goods and nonfactor services, real
Average annual
Millions of US. dollars, constant 1995 prices                                      percentage growth
1980      1991     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996      1997     1998      1999     2000      75.84    85-89    90-MR
SU7B-SARA4,RAN AFRICA           65.757    76.150    78.438   79.120    84.378    91.u8g   100.918  104,662,  107.0121  108.100  112,295       0 9       2 7       4.4
*e%cIuding South Affica         41.739    48.1'75  49,"58    49,024   52.9Q4    56,437    63.0"74   64,714   66.194    66.757   67.453        1 1      2 7       4 1
M 'I S Africa & Nigena          28 145    38.249   39.502    39.171   42.4 35   44.058    49.239    50.718   i 1.422 _  53.967  54 893        2 3      2 8       4 0
Angola                           1,990    2,074     4,472    2,671     3,920     3,852     4,617    4,141    3,078     3,130    2,914         ..       1.1       2.9
Benin                             502       383      451       446      425       405       398       430      430       482      521        4.0     -7.9        3.4
Botswana                            ..    2.295     2,140    2,112     2,253     2,435     2,835    2,785     2,610    2,448    2,446         ..      10.7       1.8
Burkmna Faso                      335       387      333       398      287       306       290       307      440       388      347        4.7     -0.2        0.9
Burundi                            5 1      114      146       131      lOl        129       82       159      153       208      274        4.7       0.2       8.0
Camneroon                        1,337    2,363     2,489    2,078     1,976     2.045     2,270    2,590    2,878     3.249    3,090       14.0     -l.5        2.0
Cape Verde                         31        47       47        57       68        94       113       137      117       121      157       11.5     -5.0       12.5
Central African Republic          144       123      108       126      239       229       211       293      312       241      309       -0.4      0.0       10.7
Chad                              190       246      237       253      258       321       255       289      303       255      289       -0.3      5.2        0.9
comoros                             8        37       33        44       40        46        49        53       67        53       52         ..      10.2       8.4
Congo, Democratic Rep. of       1,788     2,719     1,584    1,443     1,335     1,607     1,855    1,633     1,866       --        .        4.2       1.0     -7.0
Congo, Republic of                784     1,141     1,215    1,219     1,329     1,366     1,557    1,766     1,911    1,924    2,099       10.1      2.2        5.0
C6te dIlvoire                   3,073     3,796     3,787    3,386     4,093     4,109     5,031    5,262     5,215    5,304    5,203        8.5       0.7       3.9
Equatorial Guinea                   ..       39        2         2       80        91        164      365      449       520      641         ..      -1.8      51.4
Eritrea                             ..        ..      lO       173      358        171      192       195      304        64       93          .        ..      -6.7
Ethiopia                            .,      619      329       605      708       786       900     1,225     1,106    1,077     1,331        ..       1.6       7.1
Gabon                            1,593    2,415     2,477    2,787     2,913     2,851     2,969    3,060     2,889    2,698    2,602        0.7       0.4       2.1
Gambia, The                       127       226      231       219      165        187       184      185      219       210      231        7.3      -3.6       0.4
Ghana                             961     1,237     1,271    1,488     1,542     1,583     2,256    2,345    2,596     2,930    2,844        -9.4     11.3      10.6
Guinea                              ..      690      643       652      673       766       791       818      923       953      981         ..       6.6       4.2
Guinea-Bissau                      24        25        1 3      19       38         30       28        55       35        70       93        -1.8      5.8      16.0
Kenya                            1,562    2,475     2,456    3,230     3,193     2,948     3,083    2,637     2,501    2,818    3,060        -0.2      5.6       2.0
Lesotho                            86       132      160       184      193        199      245       290      262       301      377        9.9      32.3      10.4
Madagascar                        843       696      671       708      778       762       733       808      825       981     1,134       4.1       0.3       4.6
MalawAi                           353       439      407       386      426       424       494       533      649       527      499        2.7      -1.7       4.5
Mali                              243       416      444       458      490        521      536       777      758       866      835        8.9       2.7       9.3
Mauritania                        366       452      371       323      456       525       522       427      447       469      481        5.8      -0.3       0.8
Mauritius                         802      1,930    3,996    2,156     2,220     2,370     2,658    2,764     3,007    3,132     3,304       3.8      15.5       6.3
Mozambique                        314       219      261       284      324       353       437       484      535       623      632         ..       2.7      14.0
Namibia                          1,239     3,389    1,477    1,635     1,583     1,734     1,782    3,733     1,729    1,972     2,175        ..       2.5       5.2
Niger                             388       312      356       326      291       323       382       376      439       394      396        -1.3     -3.3       2.6
Nigeria                        12,962    30,005    30,337    9,940    10,656    12,449    13,913   34,082    14,846   13,004    32,800       -2.9      2.3       4.4
Rwanda                            175       199       182      158       61         67        95      123      126       144       366       6.5       1.8     -4.6
Sao Tomd and Principe               .        1 2       12       1 1       3 1        9         8       10       12        1 6      3 7         .      13.6       2.4
Senegal                           956     1,493     1,386    1,353     1,378     3,544     3,568    1,589     3,683    1,782     1,968       0.5       2.8       2.6
Seychelles                          ..      318      300       318      339       273       339       373      345       506      563         ..     21.7        4.8
Sierra Leone                      378       412      388       336      256        163      239       349      157       347      179      -33.1     -2.5       -9.7
South Africa                   24,398    28,039    28,749   30,343   31,447     34,702    37,913   40,004   40,876    41,395   44,802        0.7       2.8       5.0
Swaziland                         385       878      874       892      919       970       983     1,052     1,143    1,317     1,011       2.7      39.0       2.7
Tanzania                            ..      463      567       736      821      3,089     1,094      822      903     1,070     3,267         .        ..       9.5
Togo                              532       461      370       359      352       425       504       465      460       454      456        4.6       4.2       0.7
Uganda                              ..      363      420       401      528       679       863     1,318      952     1,250     1,241        ..       1.2      14.3
Zambia                           1,787    1,286     1,333    1,379     1,500     1,252     1,336    1,593     1,671    1,754     1,841       -2.9    -2.9        3.3
Zimbabwe       ___965                    1,714      1,790    2,069     2,457     2,721     2,833    2,999     3,596    3,785     3,358       5.4       5.5       9.3
'NO0RTH AFJ4_CW                  28.71o    48.306   51.981    53.7 38  54,4.40   57.238   .58.900i62.473      63.425 67.488      72.483     -3 38     -65     -   43
Al2ena                           '2 39   lt0,823   I 3,21A3  33,0'29  30,654    113,325   32,3' 3512.94 2    313,k(2  1 ,5 11 31,98 -i         '       3         3
Egypt, Arab Republic            6,537    30,830    32,228   13,313    12,477    33,506    13,718   14,051    13,547   14,472    35,963       5.5       7.1       3.8
Morocco                         3,403     7,474     7,846    8,232    8,846      9,045     9,271    9,983    10,576   31,404    11,909       4.1       8.2       5.4
Tunisia                         3,855     6,255     67__7      78895             8,033     7,95   8,780     _9 _169    9602   _ 30233        5.6    -105        -5.0
-A,-L AFRICA                     94.767   122.3317  132'.589  129.'52  136.053  145.638   157.697  364,6731  16.003   1721.533I  181.352       3.'      3 8       43
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2).



National Accounts                                                                    3 1
2-17. Imports of goods and nonfactor services, real
Average annual
Millions of US    dollars, constant 1995 pri'ces                                percentage growth
1980      199)     1992     1993     1994     1995      1996     1997     1998     1999     2000      75-84    85-89    90-MR
SI.IB-SAHARAN AFIUCA           94.321    78,473   81,940   92,187   86.405    96,248  I u2.815  110.654  112,035  114.822  1.21,905      1 6     .0 9      4 8
excluding South Africa        72,590    i7.242   59.561   57,891   58,059   63,035    66.679   72,6t)9  73.5.48  79,451   83.897        A I     *2 2      3 9
exci SAfrica & Nigeria        43.000    45.856   47,934   4 6.4 I9  47,458   51,203   54-283   58,584   60,016   63.830)  65.650         .       2.2       3 6
Angola                         2,359     1,715    4,460    2,41,7   3,438    31,964    3,948    4,125    2,598    J1,72     5,138               -5 6       7 4
Benin                            965      612      695      700      479       664       656      689      736      748      803        2.8     -6.0       3.6
Botswana                           . .   2,046    1,885    1,716    1,705     1,765    1,927     1,945    1,971   2,044     2,208         . .   14.0       0.0
Burkina Faso                     547      740      706      763       545      666       709      702      928      849      732        3.2      4.3      2.0
Bunundi                          190      274      287      313      294       273       162      152      275      311      436        8.4    -4.1        1.6
Camermon                       1,207     1,960    1,580    1,593    1,628     1,646    1,891    2,203    2,493    2,566    2,976       10.5     -3.7      4.5
Cape Verde                       160      176      214      210      252       290       277      301      319      362      383       11.9     -3.1      7.4
Central African Republic         319      306      329      286       305      311       222      292      298      175      198        3.0      2.8      -3.6
Chad                             379      592      584       559     460       493       424      480      451      413      446       -4.0      7.9      4.1
Comoros                          102      106       121      115       98      103        99      102      100      101      103         ..     -3.2     -0.8
Congo, Democratic Rep. of      1,872     3,274    2,021    1,312     980      1,339    1,265    1,234    1,349        .        ..       4.3      9.5     -13.9
Congo, Republic of               938     1,039     926     1,166    1,334     1,074    1,324    1,535     1,633    1,372    1.609       8.0    -11.9       5.4
C6t dIlvoire                   4,160     3,013    3,089    3,030    3,077     3,570    3,927    4,202    4,147    4,267    4,310        3.2     -0. 1     4.1
Equatorial Guinea                 ..       59       31        37      151      171       340      447  _   767      987     1,063         ..    12.6     39.0
Eribea                             .        ..     277      338      449       503       522      542      549      549      459          .       ..      6.8
Ethiopia                          ..     1,250    1,088    1,333    1,174     1,276    1,314    1,556     1,710   2,024    2,152         ..      3.0      4.8
Gabon                          1.900     1,939    1,960    2,048    1,723     1,679    1,918    2,295    2,297     1,920    1,964       4.0     -9.2      0.3
Gambia, The                      342      266      278      283      223       279       247      237      286      277      295        5.3     .1.0       1.4
Ghana                          1,994     1,790    1,909    2,231    2,022     2,126    2,777    3,824    4,132    4,584    3,791       -9.8      9.9      10.8
Guinea                            ..     901       879      837      858      906       881      883      959      993     1,042         ..     4.9       1.5
Guinea-Bissau                     98      117      130       98        96       89        84      104       79      108      154        0.1     -5.9     -0.5
Kenya                          2,115     1,958    1,912    2,558    2,989     3,512    3,576    3,670    3,472    3,292    3,887       -3.9      9.4      7.3
Lesotho                          592      948      983     1,047    1,018     1,121    1,207    1,220    1,082      962      903        7.7      4.1       1.4
Madagascar                     1,895      822      843      962      972       994     1,002    1,127    1,145     1,316    1,596      -3.2     -5.1       5.1
Malawi                           854      787      904      834      757       672       737      884      775      835      684       -2.1      2.2      -0.5
Mali                             506      907      971      895      835       894       963    1,062     1,069    1,060    1,187       7.0      2.6      2.7
Mauritania                       471      547      553      517      473       636       609      538      612      605      682        2.9     -3.4       1.6
Mauritius                        952     2,188    2,252    2,416    2,546     2,468    2,717    3,005    3,228    3,329     3,351      -1.1     20.6      4.9
M~ozamnbique                    1,53       884      822      926     1,194      922       983      951    1,049    1,503     1,488        ..      1.2      4.3
Narnibia                        1,535    1,651    1,740    1,722    1,787     1,950    2,256    2,334    2,514    2,516    2,643         ..      4.0       5.3
Niger                          1,151      521      447      453      465       457       461      452      529      428      426        4.9     -3.1      -3.0
Nigeria                       2-7,928   11,378   11.631   11,458   10,640    11,858   12.430   14,036    13,575   15,597   18,099       5,8    -15.1      4.9
Rwanda                           175      381      392      456       515,     334       352      503      544      485      461       10.4     -0. 1     6.2
Sao Tom6 and Principe             ..       50       45       47       43        46        41       43       35       44       43          . .    5.3     -1.9
Senegal                        1,548     1,826    1,901    1,816    1,736     1,797    1,851    1,891    2,096    2,188    2,306        2.3      1.3       1.6
Seychelles                         . .    222      249      325      279       306       390      442      573      633      634          . .   14.2      11.9
Sierra Leone                     448      267      243      236      226       228       314      121      170      161      249       -7.8      4.3     -4.4
South Africa                  22,394    21,597   22,752   24,599   28,557    33,385   36,294   38,248   38,694   35,814   38,453       -1.4      2.8       6.7
Swaziland                        489     1,005    1,142    1,198    1,165     1,211    1,312    1,323    1,414    1,355     1,246       9.6      8.0      4.2
Tanzania                          ..     1,719    1,793    1,999    1.911     2,029    1,866    1,339     1,365    1,483    1,485         .        .      -1.8
Togo                             702      724      635      430      378       490       624      717      770      704      668        6.0      5.7     -0.1I
Uganda                             . .    727      716      692      772      1,199    1,355    1,382     1,425   2,105    2,238          . .    7.3      11.6
Zambia                         2,287     1,108    1,166    1,080    1,217     1,383    1,322     1,385    1,449    1,473    1,578     -10.7      3.8       1.8
Zimnbabwe                        960     1,977    2,477    2,200    2,613     2,912    2,826    3,537    3,746    3,833    3,007        3.7      3.1       8.8
NORTH_iiAFRIC A               -52,209   49.001    51,050   51,292   52.529    55.715   53,159   55.918   61.853   63.302   67.,0l        479     4-s1      2 5
Algenia                       18,603    12,171   12,731   1 1 878  12,603    12,855   11,145    11,413  12,246    1 2,4 54  13,326      SI1    .10. I     *l 1,
Egypt, Arab Republic          16,885    14,948   14,253   15,385   15,675    16,544   16,801   17,123   18,494   18,804   19,270        4.5     -5.9       2.9
Morocco                        5,495     9,177   10,289   10,004    9,802    11,243   10,687   11,800    14,334  14,804    15,955       2.7      6.1      6.2
Tunisia                        5.316     7,157    7,998    8,21% 8,.0L        8,766    8,0       ,2    _      7   1 0:(7 4  I04           5        j       39
ALL AFRICA              ___146.278      127.143  132.652  133.134  138,658   151,825  156.2 15  166,9lO  173,911  178.152  189.1i37      2 8     .2-.5      40r
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2).



32                                                             National Accounts
2-18. GDP growth
Average annual
Percent annual change                                           percentage growth
1980     1991     1992     1993     1994      1995     1996     1997     1998     1999     2000   75-84   85-89  90-MR
suFR.AHARAN AFrtiCA               5 7      (14     -1 I      0 7      22       4.1       4'1      3.3      2 1      2 I      II     2       2 3     23i
excluding South Afnca            Ii      1I9      -0 2      0 2      1 3      5 0       5 3      4 1      3 8      2 9      3 U     1 9    3 3     2 8
excl S Afrca &Nipena             0'       Ii -    -0 8     -0.7      1 6      5 5       5 5      44A      4 2      3 3     2 0     2 5     3 0     2 8
Angola                            ..      0.7     -5.1    -23.8      1.4      10.3     10.0      6.2      6.9      3.4      2.1     ..     4.5     0.7
Benin                            6.8      4.7      4.0      3.5      4.4      4.6       5.5      5.7      4.6     4.7       5.8    3.8     1.5     4.6
Botswana                        11.7      7.5      3.0      2.0      3.6      5.1       6.9      4.0      6.0      5.9      3.4   11.5    10.6     4.8
Burkcina Faso                   0.8      10.0      2.5      4.9      1.4      4.5       7.5      4.8      6.4     6.3       2.2    3.6     4.4     4.7
Burundi                          1,0      5.0      0.7     -5.7     -3.9      -7.3     -8.4      0.4      4.8     -1.0    -0.9     3.8     5.1    -2.2
Cameroon                        -2.0     -3.8     -3.1     -3.2     -2.5      3.3       5.0      5.1      5.0     ~4.4  ~  4.2     8.5    -0. I    1.0
Cape Verde                      37.7      1.4      3.3      7.1      6.9      7.5       4.0      5.4      7.4      8.6      6.8   13.8     4.5     5.6
Central African Republic        4.       -0.6     -6.4      0.3      4.9       7.2     -4.0      5.3      4.7      3.4      2.5    0.4     0.7     1.6
Chad                            -6.0      8.5      8.0    -15.7     10.1      0.8       2.4      4.3      7.3      1.0      0.6   -1.3     5.4     2.1
Comoros                                  -5.4      8.5      3.0     -5.3      -3.9     -0.1I     0.5      1.2      1.9     -1.1      . .   1.3     0.0
Congo, Democratic Rep. of        2.2     -8.4    -10.5    -13.5     -3.9      0.7      -0.9     -5.7      3.0       .        ..    -0.3    1.7    -5.6
Congo, Republic of              17.6      2.4      2.6     -1.0     -5.5      4.0      -4.3     -2.4      3.7     -3.2      7.9    9.2    -1.0    -0.3
C6te d'Ivoire                  -11.0      0.0     -0.2     -0.2      2.0      7.0       6.9      6.0      5.8      1.6     -2.3    2.2     2.0     3.1
Djibouti                          ..      0.5     -0.2     -3.9     -2.9     -2.3      -3.3     -0.6      0.5      2.2      0.7      .       ..   -1.4
Equiatorial Guinea                ..     -.        07       63       51       1.        91      71.2     21.9     41.4     16.9     ..     1.4    19.7
Euitrea                          ..         .        .      2.5      9.8      29        68       7.9      3.9      0.8     -8.2      .       ..    3.9
Ethiopia                          .      -4.7     -5.1     13.4      3.5      6.1      10.6      5.2     -1.2      6.3      5.4     ..     2.9     4.2
Gabon                            2.6      6.1     -3.3      2.4      3.4       7.0      5.2      5.8      2.1     -6.2      2.0    -0.2   -1.4     2.9
Gambia, The                      6.3      3.1      3.4      3.0      0.2      0.9       2.2      4.9      4.9      6.4      5.6    4.3     3.3     3.1
Ghana                            0.5      5.3      3.9      4.8      3.4      4.0       4.6      4.2      4.7      4.4      3.7    -1.1    5.2     4.3
Guinea                            ..      0.8      2.9      4.2      6.3      4.4       4.6      4.8      4.6      3.6      2.0     ..     4.7     4.2
Guinea-Bissau                  -16.0      5.1      1.1      2.1      3.2      4.4      11.6      6.5    -28.1      7.8      7.5    2.1     3.1     1.6
Kenya                            5.6      1.4     -0.8      0.4      2.6      4.4       4.1      2.1      1.6      1.3     -0.2     4.7    5.9     2.1
Lesotho                         -2.7      3.9      4.6      3.5      3.4      4.4      10.0      8.1    -4.6       2.2      3.8    5.2     5.3     4.2
Madagascar                       0.8     -6.3      1.2      2.1      0.0       1.7      2.1      3.7      3.9      4.7      4.8   -0.2     2.3     1.8
Malawi                           0.4      8.7     -7.3      9.7    -10.2      16.7      7.3      3.8      3.3      4.0      1.7    3.2     1.9     3.7
Mali                           -4.3       1.6      8.3     -2.1      0.9       6,2      3.2      6.8      3.4      6.1      4.5     2.3    0.8     3.5
Mauntania                        3.4      2.6      1.7      5.5      4.6      4.6       5.5      3.2      3.7      4.1      5.2     1.6    3.3     3.9
Mauritius                      -10.1      4.3      6.2      5.4      4.1       4.7      5.7      5.9      5.9      3.3      8.0     3.6   _7.7     5.3
Mozambique                        ..      4.9     -8.1      8.7      7.5      4.3       7.1     11.0     12.6      7.5      1.6     ..     6.0     5.8
Namibia                           ..      8.4      7.0     -1.6      7.3       4.1      3.2      4.5      3.3      4.3      3.9     ..     2.5     4.2
Niger                           -2.2      2.5     -6.5      1.4      4.0       2.6      3.4      2.8     10.4     -0.6      0.1     2.0    4.2     2.1
Nigeria                          4.2      4.8      2.9      2.2      0.1       2.5      4.3      2.7      1.9      1.1      3.8    -0.7    5.0     2,7
Rwanda                           9.0     -2.5      5.9     -8.3    -50.2      34.4     15.8     12.8      9.5      5.9      5.6     6.8    2.9    -0.9
Slo Tomt and Principe             ..      2.2      0.7      1.1      2.2      2.0       1.5      1.0      2.5      2.5      2.9     L.18           1.7
Senegal                         -3.3     -0.4      2.2     -2.2      2.9       5.2      5.1      5.2      5.7      5.1      5.6     2.1    3.5     3.4
Seychelles                      -4.2      2.8      7.2      6.2     -0.8     -0.6       4.7      5.3      3.4     -3.0      1.2    3.6     5.2     3.0
Sierra Leone                     4.8     -8.0     -9.6      0.1      6.7     -10.6      1.7    -17.0      2.8    -11.3      7.0    2.3     1.8    -4.1
South Africa                     9.2     -1.0     -2.1      1.2      3.2      3.1       4.2      2.5      0.7      1.9      3.1    2.4     1.4     1.7
Sudan                            1.5      6.0      4.9      4.3      4.0     25.2       4.0      9.7      6.1     -5.2      8.3    2.6     0.9     7.6
Swaziland                       10.7      4.0      1.3      2.9      3.4      3.7       3.9      3.8      3.4      3.5      2.6    3.2     9.7     3.4
Tanzania                          ..      2.1      0.6      1.2      1.6       3.6      4.6      3.5      3.7      3.6      5.1      .       ..    3.0
Togo                            14.6     -0.7     -4.0    -15.1     15.0       7.8      8.8      4.3     -2.1      2.4     -0.7    2.1     3.4     1.8
Uganda                            ..      5.6      3.4      8.3      6.4      11.5      9.1      4.7      5.6      7.5      3.5     ..     3.4     6.9
Zamnbia                          3.0      0.0     -1.7      6.8     -8.7      -2.5      6.6      3.3     -1.9      2.0      3.5    0.2     2.3     0.4
Zimnbabwe                       14.4      5.5     -9.0      1.1      9.2     -0.2-     10.4 --   2.7      2.9     -0.7    -4.9     3.0O    4.2     2.5
NOR IH AFIUCA                     SC'      2 u      2':      0 5      3 9       I        6 6      2.6      5 8      4u       3 5    6u      3 0     3 2
Algeria                          0.8     -1.2      1.8     -2.1     -0.9      3.8       4.1      1.1      5.1      3.2      2.4    5.5     0.8     1.6
Egypt, Arab Republic            10.0      1.1      4.4      2.9      3.9      4.7       5.0      5.5      5.6      6.0      5.1    8.3     4.1     4.5
Morocco                          3.6      6.9     -4.0     -1.0     10.4      -6.6     12.2     -2.2      7.7      0.0      0.9    4.1     4.7     2.4
Tunisia                          74       3 9      7 8      2 2      37       2         7 1      5        4 8      6 1      4 7     53     2 4     4 8
~~A, L AiTu  A            5 5      11)     -01I      u        2 8      3 2       5 3      3 1      3 5      2 9      3.2    3 3     2.5     2 6
Note: 2000 data are preliminuay (see page 2).



National Accounts                                                                           33
2-19. Gross national income (GNI) per capita
U.S. dollars, Atlas method                                                  Annual Average
19.80     1991      1992      1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998      1999      2000      75-84    85-89     90-MR
SUJB-SAHARAN AFIUCA                 665        552       551      531       511        521       537       543       ¶8       487       474        544       513       5243
exdudng SouLh Afiica                528       370       349      317       285        286       304       319      311       302       209        4 2'      173       320i
cxci S Afiica &Nigena              448        395       366      338       303        306       318       3 31      32 3     315       309        371       393        ;38
Angola                    ..     ~~~~      ~~~~      ~~~~920  530  350  210  230    290       350       300       20        20.                  5          0
Benmn                              410        380      370       380       340        350       350       380      380       380       380        313       326       368
Botswana                          1,190     3,080     3,280     3,350    3,020      3,330     3,440     3,250     3,250    3,040     3,300        980     1,598     3,188
Burkina Faso                       260        320      290       240       210        220       240       240      240       240       230        198       242       251
Burnmdi                            220        220      210       180       160        150       140       140       140      120       110        186       246       163
Cameroon                           630        910      920       900       730        660       620       620      610       600       570        602       996       737
Cape Verde                            ..    1,000     1,100     1,110     1,150     1,210     1,270     1,290     1,290     1,330     1,330         ..      940      1,187
Central Aftrican Republic          340        470      460       440       360        350       300       310      300       290       290        271       392       367
Chad                               240        310      350       260       230        210       210       220      220       210       200        221       238       245
Comoros                                       530      620       610       490       440        410      400       390       390       380        327       420       473
Congo, DemocraticRep. of           620        210      210       180       150        130       110       100       100         .        ..       479       238       157
Congo, Republic of                 880      1,020     1,120      900       720        510       460       500      650       520       630        833     1,044       728
C6te d'Ivoire                     1,140       760      790       740       660       650        660       700      690       670       660        857       792       705
Djibouti                             ..         .         .         .         .         .         .       820      790       810       840          .         .       815
Equatorial Guinea                     ..      340      400       420       370        390       430       860     1,060     1,170        ..                 337       579
Eritma                                                 ~~~    ~   ~~~~~~~180  180  200  230      210      200       170           ..196
Ethiopia                             ..       120       110      120       110        110       110       110       100      100       100        135       162       114
Gabon                            4,830      5,100     5,030    4,460     4,060      3,860     4,060     4,340     3,940    3,280     3,180      4,338     3,988     4,189
Ganbia, The                        380        330      350       350       340       350        340      340       340       330       330        296       284       338
Ghana                              430       410       430       410       370       370        380      390       390       400       350        355      404        390
Guinea                                ..      470      510       540       560       560        570       560      520       490       450          ..     445        517
Gusinea-Bissau                     140        250      240       230       220       220        230       230       160      170       180        178       184       214
Kenya                              450        340      330       250       240       260        320       350      350       360       360        341       364       321
Lesotho                            490        590      650       680       680       690        710       690      620       570       540        437       470       637
Liberia                            620         ...                                                .         .         .        .          .       522       470
Madagascar                         450        220      240       240       240        240       250       250      260       250       260        352       270       245
Malawi                              190       230      210       230       160        160       180      210       220       200       170        162       164       196
Mali                               270        270      320       300       250        250       240       260      250       240       240        201       226       263
Mauritania                         460        500      520       490       470       450        460      440       410       390       370        404       492       458
Mauritius                         1,240     2,610     2,960    3,080     3,180      3,420     3,720     3,800     3,590    3,540     3,800       1,071    1,648     3,285
Mozambique                           ..       170       140      130       130        140       150       180      200       220       210        240       246       167
Namibia                              ..     2,070     2,190    2,100     2,220      2,370     2,350     2,340     2,200    2,100     2,050       1,693    1,464      2,175
Niger                              440        300      290       240       210        190       200       200      200       190       180        318       288       228
Nigeria                            780        270      290       240       220        210       250       270      260       250       260        601       292       254
Rwanda                             250        320      310       260       140        190       200       220      230       240       230        207       330       246
Sao Tome and Prisicipe                       430       410       370       350       340        320      290       270       270       290          ..     495        343
Senegal                            530        710      780       710       590       550        530       530      510       500       500        436       558       603
Seychelles                        2,080     5,240     5,930    6,330     6,440      6,460     6,940     7,400     7,280    7,010     7,310      1,644     3,352     6,492
Sierra Leone                       370        200       150      160       170        180       200       160       150      130       130        314       296       172
Somalia                             110         -..                                                         .         ..        .         .       133       138       120
South Africa                      2,540     3,050     3,320    3,460     3,610      3,740     3,770     3,690     3,310     3,160    3,020      2,131     2,374      3,365
Sudan                              480        560      350       300       270          .         ..290                      310       320        427       648       378
Swaziland                          970      1,210     1,290     1,250    1,220      1,400     1,490     1,580     1,330     1,330    1,290        816       870      1,327
Tanzania                             ..       180       170      170       160        160       190       210      240       260       280           .        .       201
Togo                               430        430      440       350       320        310       320       350      320       310       300        324       340       353
Uganda                                . .     260      200       190       200        250       290       320      310       320       310        180       328       272
Zambia                             630        400      370       380       350       350        360       370      330       320       300        562       330       362
Zimbabwe                           970        920      750       680       650       630        710       720      640       530       480        869       806       694
NORTH11AFIUCA                      1,316     1.305     1,319     1,261    1,0         .337     1.433     1,8        .2        .6       .3          .7 .u               .1
Algeria                           2,080     2,040     1,980     1,790    1,700      1,610     1,540 --1,530      -1,560     1,540    1,590       1,772    2,670      1,753
Egypt, Arab Reptiblic              530        780       800      800       870        990     1,100     1,200     1,280     1,380     1,490       483       772      1,045
Libya                            30,460         .         ..        ...                           .         .         ...                       7,927     6,034
Morocco                            970      1,100     1,100     1,060     1,170     1,120     1,300     1,250     1,250     1,190     1,180       733       794      1,159
Tunisia____1.360                            1,490     1,70      1,90_        1,40   1,2       2,000     2.080     2,050  _ 2090      2,090     __I M    _1,244       1 8~5
ALIL AFRICA      ___                 783       692       692       666      655        668       697       71)9      68.5      673      ("I         6-41     rs'6       683
Note: 2000 data ar; preliminary (see page 2). Gross National Inrome (GNI) previously called Gross National Product (GNP).



34                                                                      National Accounts
2-20. T'otai consuDmJp~ion peir capita
Current US. dollars                                                         Annual Average
1980       1991      1992      1993      1994       1995       1996      1997      1998       1999      2000       75-84    85-89     90-MR
SLrB.SAAkR.AN AFRICA                  527        .186      493       450       416        461        454       470       437       421        397        427       419        451
excludwngSouth Afnca                 41?        319       3 12      274       2 33       268        276       289       281        274       26fl       335       312        28 3
exci S AffKa & Nigeria               367-       352       329       304    __248         285        296       304       299        28 6      2 7        3'35      336        703
Angola                                 ..     1,66         72       46        282_     4_56         399       496        02       34         387          ..      676        524
Benin                                431        377       323       402       264        342        379       334       356       362        324        305       334        349
Botswana                             818      1,856     1,986     1,921      1,888      1,994     1,856     2,249      2,469     2,731     2,701        643       900      2,137
Burkina Faso                         260       288        199       212       166        198        220       194       201       204        178        193       239        213
Bunuidi                              224       217        198       167       165        170        140       143        138       108       105        179       219        161
Cameroon                             609        822       784       786       503        486        556       530       488       510        469        491       7960
Cape Verde                           458      1,055     1,151       964      1,073      1,253     1,382     1,360      1,498     1,616     1.449        349       741       1,261
Central Afiican Republic             375       454        467       405       249        320        317       281       285       264        247        274       416        345
Chad                                           337        330       249       185        218        225       208       223       214        180        200       254        243
Comoros                              406        545       594       548       410        476        471       419       400       414          ..       343       450        488
Congo, Democrafic Rep. of            479       231        193       209       122        III        112       113          ..        .         .        411       209        165
Congo, Republic of                   658       971        943       606       522        564        512       526       528       444        430        587       818        637
C8te dIvoire                         989       770        789       723       442        584        583       564       586       551        477        671       711        626
Djibouti                               ..         .          .        .          .       897        862       851       815       873        882           .         .       864
Equatorial Guinea                              286        459       457       242        299        438       673       847       691        890        446       452        521
Eritrea                                 .         .       173       ISO       198        222        225       204       247        232       188           .         ..      204
Ethiopia                              ..         98        99       III        84         94         96        98         98       102       101         130       148       100
Gabon                              2,438      3,249     3,584     2,655     2,141      2,379      2,503     2,309     2.388      2,348     2,858       1,944    2,794      2,757
Gambia, The                          354       295        315       338       328        357        323       331       333        334       324        272       269        326
Ghana                                393       399        402       346       286        334        312       368       365        399       257        326       360        349
Guinea                                 ..      417        479       466       470        489        504       462       434       390        346                  348        442
Guinea-Bissau                        141       251        216       213       214        237        239       224        192       191       194         180       179       220
Kenya                                378       271        280       150       221        301        294       349       369        328       332        278       298        291
Lesotho                              487        576       614       643       602        670        653       669       577        530       499        397       417        598
Liberia                              433          .         ..        .          ...                             .         ...                          408       411
Madagascar                           462       224        238       262       223        229        273       241       245        235       243        340       241        242
Malawi                               179       216        199       226       128        147        236       244        155       169       152         140       148        188
Mali                                 268        261       305       273       174        236        247       221       223        218       197         196      225        238
Mauritania                           473        490       529       408       376        418        437       410       377        342       298        440       414        415
Mauritius                          1,049      1,993     2,181     2,198     2,412      2,716      2.888     2,702      2,642     2,778     2,873        847      1,254      2,481
Mozaimbique                          322        189       148       162       161        149        178       202       212        215       196        300       259         182
Namnibia                           1,241      1,717     1,830     1,705      1,752      1,918     1,873     2,005      1,745     1,702     1,668       1,526     1,307      1,755
Niger                                384       283        267       181       177        205        203       182        199       185       163        281       260        215
Nigenia                              619        195       245       162       174        206        201       232       214        227       214        464       223        207
Rwanda                               216       259        274       262       178        213        218       243       254       239        212         196      312        245
S8o Tom6 and Principe                588        586       479       501       453        384        377       369       308       354        348        490       613        443
Senegal                              566       690        725       650       396        478        474       438       448       453        409        428       579        533
Seychelles                         1,667      4,308     4,986     5,267     5,086      5,163      4,462     6,071      5,941     5,848     6,029       1,285    2,480      5,214
Sierra Leone                         350        181       154       174       204        209        211       187        141       143       137        365       272        177
Somalia                              116                   ..         .          .         .           .        .          .         .         .        136       137        133
South Africa                       2,004      2,782     2,986     2,866     2,913      3,125      2,945     3,024     2,676      2,556     2,412       1,655     1,873     2,810
Sudan                                399         .....                                                ....                                              405       659
Swaziland                964      1,02~~~~~TA1  1,168  1,221     1,237      1,423      1,440     1,424     1,290      1,262     1,240        64         34      1,236
Tanzania                               ..       183       169       159       154        174        205       233       269       247        243        246       178        200
Togo                                 334       401        422       319       218        283        319       343       300       287        245        246       332        321
Uganda                                          195       163       177       206        277        291       284       304       282        271        189       333        247
Zamnbia                              546       386        384       353       355        339        336       375       322       317        280        455       334        345
Zimbabwe                             822       726        585       492       500        515        599       640       440       374        513        724       629        557
NORTH AFRICA  _____       84         A 1 2     984     1,038     1.057       1.3        .22       12        1.7        .67-     2261         707 1__,014          .3
Ai-ger-ia          _    __F12_91     1,117     1,239      1,342     1,136      1,070      1,125     1,117     1,170     1,091       979       1,125     1,998      1,199
Egypt, Arab Republic                 476       599        647       732       806        908      1,018      1,058     1,136     1,183     1,280        417       641        914
Libya                              5,040         ..         .          .         .          .         .          ..                            .      4,325
Morocco                              838       942        950       879       991      1,074      1,143     1,011      1,056     1,004       950        610       675        988
Twnisia                            1041       14 3      1,3"2       .  1,31   1.9      1,593      1,648      1,559     1         1,6__ -~2  1,4I7       820       969     1..9A!
ALLAFR1~~~~~~A       589        561       58i ~~~~~~~58       532        582        591       6i.O      583        568       547        482       541        54
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2).



35
Figure 2-1. Gross domestic product, 2000*
GDP level**                                                                                   GDP per capita
(US$ billions)                                                                                (US$ thousands)
100             75             50             25             0                                 0              1              2               3              4
*    South Afr
Egypt Arab Rep.
Alge -ria 
Nigeria
Morocco
Sudan
Kenya
Cote d lvitre
Tanzania
Cam.eroon
Zimbabwe
Ethiopia
Uganda
Ghana
Gabon
Maiurtin,
Senegal
Miadaghscar
Mozambique
Namibia
Congo
Guinea
ZaOrbia
Mall
Buarkina Faso
Benin
Niger
Rw.nda
Malawi
Equatorial Guinea
Chad
Swaziland
Togo
Ce-ntral African Republic
Mauritania
Lenotha
Burundi
Sierra Leone
Seychelles 
Enream
Cap Verde
l)jibouil
Gambia The
Gulnea-Binaau
*Or most recent year available.
**Sorted by GD?I level.



36
Fnigure 2-2. GlDP and export growth rates, average 1999-2000*
GDP growth rates**                                                                      Export growth rates
(average annual percent change)                                                         (average annual percent change)
-2            0             2             4             6             8                     -20        -10         0         10        20         30
7-                                         E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~quatorial G.otsc
Mocowtaiqiot
jNigle.
Mororcoo_
Cap. Vocd.
Chad
Ddbdaa Wota
Moodwmat
Cote d ha-..
Utoodo
I            ~~~~~EgypL A-ab Rap.
I              I                iUiA,~~~~~~Gbi. n                       = 
i          |                    ~~~~~~~~~Cmcrooa 
i   i                           ~~~~~~~~~~~~Gao.blo Ti .
Bautadi
Ghoaa
C-t,a Afica. Pi
r   ;                            Co i)emorra                                            _i ~~~Coai
=                           NWToX  e  tud P~~~~~~~~~~~Irit = 
Mail
S.-aoiaad
Seycbdlca
Noaibla
Malawci
Co.g D-etorail.
Sion Leoft
Sao Toore ed PbG
G.b..
Sooth Afrkca
Djibouti
Ethiopia
Zambia
Toge
0Or most recent year available.
4 * Sorted by GDP.



37
Figure 2-3. Composition of GDP, 2000*
Agriculture share**                     Industry share              Services share
(percent)
0      20     40     60      80      0   20    40   60   80      0    20    40   60    80
C~C-
CstMr, Aa Rqobbi             ___
B,mddl
Coraoro._       _   s    
B..fnd
Teankbktt
Niged  =    i                             _   _      _                      _
Cote d tolr_
"aiae.eII h
Kenya
Met.w.        _
Ziabte=_
Kq ".6.1I G.noe
Moro.ceo . 
1  Pt Ansb Rep,
Cape Verde
Swseaold                                                                       - 
SWeele*d
C..,
Gem,.
Soth Ahie*_
Djlbe-nt   _
Or most recent year available.
** Sorted by agriculture share.



38                                    National Accounts
Technical notes
Tables                                          Table 2-3. Value added in industry. Value added in
Table 2-1. Gross domestic product, real. Gross  industry is shown at factor cost (World Bank country
domestic product (GDP) measures the total output of  desks). It comprises the gross output of mining, manu-
goods and services for final use produced by residents  facturing, construction, electricity, water, and gas, less
and nonresidents, regardless of the allocation to do-  the value of their intermediate inputs. However, for
mestic and foreign claims (World Bank country   Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Gabon, Guinea,
desks). It is calculated without making deductions for  Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal,
depreciation of "manmade" assets or depletion and  Togo, Zaire, and Zambia it is shown at market prices,
degradation of natural resources. In this table, GDP  that is, including intermediate inputs.
figures are shown at market prices (also known as
purchaser values) and have been converted to U.S.  Table 2-4. Value added in services. Also shown at
dollars using constant (1995) exchange rates. For a  factor cost, this table consists of the gross output of
few countries where the official exchange rate does  all other branches of economic activity, including
not reflect effectively the rate applied to actual for-  government, less the value of their intermediate in-
eign exchange transactions, an alternative currency  puts (World Bank country desks). However, for
conversion factor has been used (Table 3-6). The sum  Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Gabon, Guinea,
of the components of GDP by industrial origin (pre-  Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal,
sented in this volume in the form of value added) will  Togo, Zaire, and Zambia it is shown at market prices,
not normally equal total GDP for several reasons.  that is including intermediate inputs. Other items,
First, components of GDP by expenditure are indi-  such as imputed bank service charges (which are
vidually rescaled and summed to provide a partially  difficult to assess in the same fashion for all coun-
rebased series for total GDP. Second, total GDP is  tries) and anycorrections forstatistical discrepancies,
shown at purchaser value, while value added compo-  are not included.
nents are conventionally reported at producer prices.
As explained above, the former excludes net indirect  Table 2-5. Gross domestic product, nominal. This
taxes, while the latter includes indirect taxes. Third,  table, presented at market prices, is obtained by con-
certain items, such as imputed bank charges, are added  verting national currency GDP series in current prices
in total GDP.                                   (World Bank country desks) to U.S. dollars at offi-
cial annual exchange rates (Table 3-4; see also the
Table 2-2. Value added in agriculture. Value added  note for Table 2-1). GDP growth rates are presented
in agriculture is shown at factor cost (World Bank  in real terms.
country desks). It comprises the gross output of for-
estry, hunting, and fishing less the value of their in-  Table 2-6. Total consumption. Total consumption
termediate inputs. However, for Botswana, Cameroon,  is the sum of private consumption (World Bank coun-
Chad, Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Madagascar, Mali,   try desks) and general government consumption
Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Togo, Zaire, and  (Table 2-7). Private consumption, not separately
Zambia it is shown at market prices, that is, including  shown here, is the value of all goods and services
intermediate inputs,                            purchased or received as income in kind by house-
holds and nonprofit institutions. It excludes purchases



National Accounts                                   39
of dwellings, but includes imputed rent for      and nonfactor services (GNFS) provided to, or by, the
owner-occupied dwellings. In practice, it includes any  rest of the world, including merchandise, freight, insur-
statistical discrepancy in the use of resources.  ance, travel, and other nonfactor services. The value of
factor services, such as investment income, interest, and
Table 2-7. General government consumption. This  labor income, is not included. These series are gener-
indicator includes all current expenditure for pur-  ally estimated on the basis of foreign trade statistics
chases of goods and services by all levels of govern-  from customs declarations. They are not fully compa-
ment, including capital expenditure on national de-  rable with the series from the balance of payments,
fense and security (World Bank country desks). Other  which are based on changes in ownership between resi-
capital expenditure by government is included in in-  dents of a country and the rest of the world. Exports,
vestment.                                        as well as imports of GNFS, are shown in current U.S.
dollars.
Tables 2-8, 2-9, and 2-10. Gross domestic, public,
and private investment. Gross domestic investment  Tables 2-16 and 2-17. Exports and imports of goods
(GDI) consists of gross domestic fixed capital forma-  and nonfactor services, real. These are defined as
tion plus net changes in the level of inventories (World  in Tables 2-14 and 2-15, but expressed in constant
Bank country desks). GDI comprises outlays by the  1995 U.S. dollars.
public sector (Table 2-9) and the private sector (Table
2-10). Examples include improvements in land, dwell-  Table 2-18. GDP growth. This table (World Bank
ings, machinery, and other equipment. For some coun-  country desks) provides average annual growth rates
tries the sum of gross private investment and gross  calculated from GDP at constant 1995 prices (Table 2-I).
public investment does not add up to gross domestic
investment due to statistical discrepancies.     Table 2-19. GNI per capita. Figures presented here
(World Bank country desks) are calculated using the
Table 2-11. Gross domestic savings. Gross domes-  World Bank Atlas method, as described in the techni-
tic savings (GDS) is calculated by deducting total  cal notes for Table 1-1; they are similar in concept
consumption (Table 2-6) from gross domestic prod-  to GNI per capita in current prices, except that the
uct in current prices (Table 2-5).               use of three-year averages of exchange rates smoothes
out sharp fluctuations from year to year.
Table 2-12. Gross national savings. Gross national
savings (GNS) is the sum of gross domestic savings  Table 2-20. Total consumption per capita. This
(Table 2-1 1), net factor income from abroad (World  table is obtained by dividing total consumption at
Bank country desks) and net private transfers from  current U.S. dollars (Table 2-6) by the correspond-
abroad (Table 5-5). The estimate here also includes  ing midyear population (Table 1-2).
net public transfers from abroad (Table 5-6).
Figures
Table 2-13. Resource balance. The table indicates  The following indicators have been used to derive the
the difference between exports f.o.b. (Table 2-14) and  figures in this chapter.
imports c.i.f. (Table 2-15) of goods and nonfactor
services (or the difference between GDS and GDI).  Figure 2-1. Gross domestic product (Table 2-5); GDP
The resource balance is shown as a share of GDP in  per capita (Tables 1-2 and 2-5).
U.S. dollars at current prices (Table 2-5).      Figure 2-2. GDP growth (Table 2-1); export growth
(Table 2-16).
Tables 2-14 and 2-15. Exports and imports of goods  Figure 2-3. Value added in agriculture (Table 2-2);
and nonfactor services, nominal. Data for exports  value added in industry (Table 2-3); value added in
and imports of goods and nonfactor services are from  services (Table 2-4); gross domestic product (Table 2-l ).
the World Bank country desks and refer to all goods



40                                                              National Accounts
Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 2
Aggregations a                                      Period averages b
Table                         (3)                           (4)                          (5)              (1)            (2)
2-1                            x                                                                                          x
2-2                            x                                                                                          x
2-3                            x                                                                                          x
2-4                            x                                                                                          x
2-5                            x                                                                            x
2-6                                                          x                                             x
2-7                                                          x                                             x
2-8                                                          x                                              x
2-9                                                          x                                              x
2-10                                                         x                                             x
2-11                                                         x                                              x
2-12                                                         x                                             x
2-13                                                                                       x               x
2-14                           x                                                                            x
2-15                           x                                                                            x
2-16                           x                                                                                           x
2-17                           x                                                                                          x
2-18                            x                                                                                          x
2-19                                                         x                                              x
2-20                                                         x                                              x
Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three
columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter.
a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country
coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled
secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the
simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean.
b. Period averages: (I) arithmetic mean (using the satne series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest
of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares
growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms).



Prices and Exchange Rates
I nformation on prices and exchange rates are im-  temational value of domestic currencies because it is
portant in monitoring national economic perfor-  based on five major currencies. For Sub-Saharan Af-
mance. This chapter provides three sets of price de-  rica, it may be more representative of movements in
flators and six exchange rate indicators. The GDP  non-dual exchange rates than that expressed in U.S.
deflator for national currency series shows changes  dollars alone because a large share of the region's
in domestic prices only. The US dollar series GDP  foreign trade and debt is not denominated in U.S. dol-
deflator includes the effects of both domestic price  lars. A decrease in the index shows that the currency
changes, as reflected in the national currency series  has depreciated, which indicates that foreign goods
GDP implicit deflator, and changes in the exchange  have become relatively more expensive than domes-
rate between national currencies and U.S. dollars. The  tic goods. We have included information on the par-
consumer price index measures the price changes of  allel market exchange rate and the ratio of the paral-
a selected bundle of consumer goods, which differs  lel to the official exchange rates to provide a measure
among countries.                                of the premium on the official rate. It is tempting to
The US dollar exchange rate (units of national cur-  view the divergence between the official and parallel
rency per US dollar) is reported because of extensive  rates as a measure of the disequilibrium in the offi-
use of U.S. dollars to denominate international trans-  cial exchange rate. However, this is not necessarily
actions; U.S. dollars are also widely used for statisti-  true. Conversion factors are sometimes used in place
cal comparisons across countries. The SDR exchange  of official exchange rates when the latter are consid-
rate index (based on SDRs per unit of national cur-  ered to be especially unrepresentative of rates effec-
rency) is a broader measure of the changes in the in-  tively applied to international transactions.
41



42           2         P       ri           c        e       s    and Exchange Rates
-1.GDIP dlefifltoir (ilocail curreinicy seiries)
Index 1995=10OO                                                 Annual Average
1980     1991     1992     1993     1994      1995     1996     1997     1998     1999     2000     75-84    85-89    90-MR
s;LrB.SAHARAN AFRICA%            22.8     6394     64.8     70.0     90)0     1000     t09 0    117 1    121 6    12591    139 0      itt.    48 1      96.6
e%cluding Scwlh 4frta           24 8     64 0     6.4.7    68 5     89 9     1000     109!I    11l 3    12! 4    125 6    1351i      24 8    498       961 
excI S Africa &Nigens           2689     64 4     6489     700O     90 0     1000     1Q90     116 6    121 O    125 3    131.3      26 9    5017      95.8
A-n-gola                         0.0     -0.0-      0.0      02       5.0  -100.0    5,561.8 10,997.5 14,843.2 97,999.0 491,934.4     0.0      0.0  56,494.7
Blenin                          47.5     62.1     64.2     64.9     86.7     100.0    106.7    107.1    114.4    117.1    119.0     45.9     59.6      91.3
Botswana                        20.8     66.1     71.5     81.1     91.5     100.0    112.4    122.2    130.2    137.7   153.7       18.6    45.2     102.8
Burkina Faso                    57.5     82.2     80.7     80.9     93.4     100.0    108.1    108.7    112.2    109.3    110.0      56.4    81.3      97.5
Burundi                         45.5     71.8     75.9     81.3     86.7     100.0    119.0    146.8    163.2   168.8    206.9      38.2     58.5     117,2
Camero-on                       43.0     76.4     75.4     77.0     85.4     100.0    105S4    108.2    109.5    108.2    111.9      42.9    74.0      93.7
Cape Verde                      32.6     84.5     87A~     89.1     95.9     100.     105.8    114.1    119.3    125.3   125.6       30.1    67.1     102.6
Central African Republic        35.0     74.7     76.5     73.9     90.7     100.0    101.8    103.2    104.2    105.6   109.1       35.1    71.6      92.3
Chad                            5s.s     74.5     64.9     64.1     91.9     100,0    111.7    114.8    121.4    115.9    119.8      54.4    67.6      95.6
Cornoros                        41.7     88.2     82.3     84.6     92.6     100.0    102.0    105.1    117.1   125.2    131.3       52.3    73.5     100.9
Congo, Demuocratic Rep. of       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.1     17.7     100.0    713.1  2,049.0  2,356.3       .        ..       0.0     0.0     581.8
Congo, Republic of              47.0     61.2     60.3     59.6     81.5    100.0     108.4    115.8     94.8    123.4   180.6       47.7    62.2      95.3
C6te dIvoire                    50.3     64.4     64A      64.4     91.3     100.0    104.1I   110.3    113.3    112.5    112.4      45.9    69.2      91.0
Djibouti                          ..     83.3     86.1     89.9     95.7     100.0    102.6    105.1    106.9    109.1    111.7        ..    70.5      97.0
Equatorial Guinea                 ..     63.6     63.7     63.2     97.5     100.     125.4    160.5    121.9    172.1   261.8         ..    64.5     117.4
Eritrea                           .         ..    57.0     73.6     89.8     100.0    102.9    105.7    108.5    117.4    139.0        .        ..     99.3
Ethiopia                          ..     68.6     76.4     86.4     88.7     100.0    101.2    105,2    115.1    117.5    119.2      41.8     56.4     94.3
Gabon                           50.8     67.5     67.8     68.5    100.6     100.0    112.8    115.1     97.0    101.7    130.6      46.6    64.2      94.3
Gamobia, The                    18.0     82.3     88.2     92.7     96.2     100.0    102.9    106.9    108.1    112.8    117.0      17.6    52.1      98.5
Ghana                            0.8     36.7     40.8     53.7     69.8     100.0    139.8    167.0    195.5   222.8    283.5        1.6     14.4    121.8
Guinea                            ..     73.9     93.7     95.0     95.7     100.0    101.4    103.2    105.7    109.5    118.6        ..    37.7      96.2
Guinea-Bissau                    0.2     22.8     37.6     56.1     69.1     100.0    139.3    186.8    201.0    212.4    219.4       0.3     4.2     114.4
Kenya                           18.7     50.7     59.6     66.5     89.9     100.0    109.1    126.0    137.4    145.4    155.3      19.0    35.9      98.7
Leaotho                         18.5     65.2     77.3     85.0     91.5     100.0    109,0    117.3    128.2    141.9    153.3      18.2    41.0     102.4
Madagascar                       6.6     38.3     43.1     48.6     68.9     100.0    117.8    126.4    137.1    150.5    161.2       7.7    22.6      93.2
Malawi                           6.6     30.1     34.1     43.7     55.2     100.0    158.9    171.3    214.8    305.3    380.1       6.9     16.9    138.3
Mali                            37.6     63.1     64.3     66.0     84.4     100.0    105.4    106.5    109.2    106.3    105.1      37.1     59.6     88.4
Mauritania                      33.3     78.4     86.3     90.0     95.7     100.0    104.7    110.3    120.7    123.2    130.3      33.3    60.4     101.0
Mauritius                       28.7     78.3     82.5     88.9     95.4     100.0    105.7    111.7    119.5    125.9    125.9      26.5    53.8     100.6
Mozambique                       0.6     18.9     27,3     41.3     65.8     100.0    143.6    157.4    164.7    169.5    189.3       0.8     4.7      99,2
Namibia                         20,3     68.7     75.3     81.8     94.6     100.     114.5    122.6    133.2    143.7    157.4      24.2    47.9     105.2
Niger                           57.9     70.8     71.6     71.5     94.9     100.     104.7    108.0    111.2    113.4    118.6      55,9     77.7     94.5
Nigenria                         3.2     17.9     32.9     50.2     64.1     100.0    136.9    138.8    131.1    147.2    184.5       3.2      8.4     92.6
Rwanda                          24.8     46.1     49.7     56.0     66I      100.0    110.5    127.7    131.1    126.5    1'29.7     25.0    33.9      89.4
SAo Tom6 and Principe                    l&189    23.8     33.0     57.3     100.0    150.8    302.0    413.9    480.1    517.9        . .    6.7     192.0
Senegal                         41.4     75.2     75.7     74.6     95.3     100.0    101.3    103.7    105.0    106.6    107.4      40.8    71.0      92.7
Seychellea                      62.9     91.8     96.1     99.1    100.2     100.0    107.6    110.7    115.2    122.4    129.5      55.2    83.4     106.0
Sierra Leone                     0.2     28.3     45A4     57.3     66.3    100.0     112.7    147.1    165.9   226.9    211.9        0.2     3.48    107.0
South Africa                    13.6     63.9     73.2     82.8     90.7     100.0    108.3    116.9    124.8    132.6    141.2      13.1    36.3      99.0
Sudan                            0.2     10.5     20.3     39.2     70.9     100.0    2369     350A4    410.4   475.8     513.8       0.2      1.8    203.1
Swaziland                       20.6     58.0     6417     75.2     85.9     100.0    112.0    125.1    137.3    149.7    167.2      19.3    39.9     102.6
Tanzania                          ..     38.5     48.3     60.1     78.8     100.0    119.3    143.9    168.4    179.6    195.9        ..    22.5     105.7
Togo                            41.0     69.9     72.2     66.3     90.0     100.0    105.4    118.0    115.1    117.7   117.6       42.2    63.5      94.6
Uganda                           ..      45.3     65.8     85.6     91.4     100.0    104.6    108.7    120.3    125.3   129.5        0.2     8.5      92.0
Zambia                           0.1      6.8     18.1     44.0     72.9    100.0     123.6    155.7    186.0   224.2    264.7        0.1     0.8     109.0
Zimbabwe                        11.4     48.4     61.7     75.4     91.3     100.0    125.8    146.2    188.9    294.9   471.6       11.8    24.9     149.2
N~O-RTH AFRUCA                   26.u     730      SI 7     87 5     91 2     10.1.0   hiS 9    III I    I I s    3 18 I   123.0      215A     49.3     97 
Algeria                         10.9     43.5     53.0     60.3     7 7.    1~00. 0   1F23.8   131.9    126.3    139A4    172.4       9.9     17.7     96.1
Egypt, Arab Republic            16.3     63.7     76.3     83.9     89.8     100.0    107.1    113.4    117.4    119.6    126.5      14.4    34.4      95.8
Morocco                         40.2     84.3     88.0     91.2     92.6     100.0    101.0    103.0    103A     103.9    105.5      38.8    68.2      95.6
Tunisia                         3 57     82 3     8 -0r    91 1     951     1000 1,I04'        1088      I'1d    116 6    l1 Q4      36 5    643I      Q- 95
ALL<AFRICA                       22I30             63        2       90       1(1      138.7   _1164     120      15        33        24      .8 1      9160
Note. 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2) Gmup data are meediasa of individual country values for each year,



Prices and Exchange Rates                                                                 43
3-2. GDP deflator (U.S. dollar series)
Index 1995= 100                                                  Annual Average
1980      1991     1992     1993     1994     1995      1996     1997     1998     1999     2000      75-84    85-89    90-MR
SUB-SAHARAN AFRUCA              10412     101.0    102.7     96.3     91.8     100.0     99 9     99 9     91 3     88.6      86 9      82 4     86 3     962
ex~clucsng South Afnea         147.2     116.9    111.4    100.4     91 0     100.0    107.6    107.1     99.6     97 2     98 3      117 5    115.-3   104 6
excl S Afncs&S Nigenia         115.9     119 4    109.1    105 3     92 0     100.0    105.0    104 4     98 6     94.2     92.4       99)4    115 I    103 9
Angola                            ..     196.9     98.3    118.0     89.3     100.0    135.0    T23~.2   113.8     90iO.7  -92.7         ..    131.1     120.4
Benin                          112.1     109.9     91.4    114.5     77.9     100.0    104.1     95.5     98.4     98.1     99.5       83.7     88.8     100.2
Botswana                        71.7      96.1     92.6     99.6     97.1     100.0    103.6     94.0     94.4    100.3     103.1      57.9     68.3     97.3
Burkina Faso                   118.3     126.7     88.5     91.6     81.9     100.0    101.7     91.1     93.0     99.1     101.3      89.5    105.4    101.2
Bwunidi                        127.7      99.8     92.2     87.8     85.8     100.0     98.5    104.3     99.0    105.6     107.0     104.0    113.4     98.3
Cameroon                       106.7     147.5    139.5    150.4    101.9     100.0    108.9    103.7     94.6     99.2    103.2       83.4    110.7    116.0
Cape Verde                        ..      89.0     96.6     85.7     86.6     100.0     97.2     94.4     96.5     99.1    101.8         ..     77.4     93.9
Central African Republic        82.6     132.2    144.2    130.2     81.5     100.0     99.5     88.7     89.2     91.1     93.3       62.5    106.6     108.1
Chad                           131.2     138.7    126.8    117.2     82.6     100.0    109.8    100.9    103.3    106.2     110.0     100.2    112.0     113.2
Comoros                         13.9     117.1    116.3    111.8     83.2     100.0     99.8     90.6     91.0     92.7      96.0      61.8     82.7     101.0
Congo, DemocraticRiep .f           ..    107.4    108.4    137.0    113.7     100.0     93.4    103.0    114.2    117.7    121.1       85.5     83.5     110.7
Congo, Republic of             131.8     128.5    134.9     89.1     87.0     100.0    112.3    104.4     85.4     93.3     95.4      101.1    108.2     105.9
C6te d'lvoire                  118.8     114.0    121.5    113.6     82.1     100.0    100.2     90.6     92.3     99.6     102.4      82.9    102.8     103.1
Djibouti                          ..      82.9     85.7     89.5     95.3     100.0    104.1    106.8        .        ..       ...              68.5     94.9
Equatorial Guinea                 ..     112.5    120.0    111.4     87.6     100.0    122.3    130.3       ..    128.3    133.9         ..     96.1    115.9
Eritrea                            .        ..     83-.9    80.5     91.5     100.0    103.0     99.1     95.5        .        ...                ..     93.4
Ethiopia                          ..     108.7    120.1    118.9     89.9     100.0     93.8     94.0     97.4     90.0     82.6      118.4    159.2    102.6
Gabon                          120.0     119.4    127.8     97.7     90.4     100.0    112.3     96.2    101.0        .        ..      82.9     94.7    109.4
Gambia, The                     99.9      89.2     94.7     96.9     95.9     100.0    100.4     99.4     98.8     99.0    103.7       75.8     77.4     97.3
Ghana                          105.0     119.7    111.9     99.2     87.6     100.0    102.5     97.8    101.9    103.9    104.1       93.9    112.5     103.7
Guinea                            ..     101.0    105.5    100.9     97.7     100.0    103.1     97.4     85.9     83.9      81.2        ..     84.0     95.8
Guinea-Bissau                   82.8     112.6     98.0    100.5     96.9     100.0    101.8     95.5    101.7    105.5    104.3       85.3     87.1    102.6
Kenya                          129.5      94.8     95.1     59.0     82.5     100.0     97.9    109.9    118.3    113.6     115.1     104.1    105.7     98.9
Lesotho                         88.0      91.0     99.4    101.3     97.2     100.0     89.6     91.7     79.3     81.4     83.8       71.1     71.6     92.0
_Madagasca                      132.6     89.0      98.5    108.4     95.8     100.0    123.8    106.1    107.9    113.7    115.9      108.3    93.2     105.0
Malawi                         119.5     157.4    138.7    145.5     91.9     100.0    140.0    147.9     96.1     98.6     99.6      103.2    107.4     123.3
Mali                            90.0     113.1    122.6    117.7     79.9     100.0    103.7     91.9     95.3    100.2    103.3       67.8     90.1    103.9
Mauritania                      94.1     124.1    128.5     96.6    100.5     100.0     97.8     93.9     81.8     78.6     80.6       87.4    111.9    100.9
Mauritius                       65.1      87.1     92.4     87.8     92.5     100.0    102.8     95.0     90.8     92.5     94.8       54.3     66.8     92.7
Mio -ambique                    175.8     116.8     99.6     98.6     98.8     100.0    110.9    120.5    121.9    118.3    120.1      188.4   197.9     111.7
Narmibia                        92.1      88.8     95.0     90.3     95.3     100.0     92.9     93.9     87.6      81.9     83.6      81.8     73.8     91.1
Niger                          136.8     125.2    134.9     91.1     85.3     100.0    102.3     92.3     94.0    101.8     105.2     100.7    115.4     106.3
Nigeria                        287.2     104.9    122.0     77.9     86.3     100.0    120.4    131.2    133.7    146.3     154.3     210.6    116.3    117.4
Rwanda                          70.3      96.9     97.6    102.7     77.4     100.0     93.6    113.0     114.8   114.4     116.4      69.8    105.8     105.0
Sao Tom6 and Principe              ..    132.7    105.4    109.1    111.1     100.0     97.2     94.2     85.4     94.8     93.7         ..    131.1     103.8
Senegal                         96.8     131.9    141.4    130.2     84.9     100.0    101.3     90.8     91.7     93.7     96_.1      73.8    I05.S    108.9
Seychellcs                      46.9      82.8     89.3     91.1     94.4     100.0     95.4     97.1     94.6     82.6     84.8       39.3    67.4      905
Sierra Leone                   115.8      78.5     74.4     83.0     96.4     100.0    103.6    113.4     88.5        .        ..     103.1    104.2     90.9
South Africa                    70.8      88.4     96.5     93.0     94.0     100.0     91.5     92.0     83.2     79.8      81.8      54.3     61.9     89.4
Sudan                          178.4     226.0    120.8    142.9    142.1     100.0     96.3    126.1    123.7        .        ..     177.1    344.5     150.5
Swaziland                       98.5      77.2     84.0     82.8     86.1     100.0     93.2     96.1     86.9     82.2      85.2      75.8     64.6     86.5
Tanzania                          ..     101,8    115.4     95.4     87.2     100.0    113.1    131.6    142.6    144.7     147.1        ..    108.4     115.8
Togo                            95.8     122.5    134.8    117.5     80.2     100.0    102.5    100.1    101.7    108.2     110.5      76.6     94.2     109.2
Uganda                             ..     76.7     63.8     66.4     77.4     100.0     96.4     95.8     97.6     85.0      81.1      72.9    147.1     85.9
Zambia                         122.9      96.4     92.5     89.0     94.3     100.0     88.9    102.9     89.5     81.5     83.4       98.8     81.3     92.0
Zimnbabwe                      148.7     118.5    101.8     97.7     96.0     100.0    111.6    106.2     73.6     68.6     77.7      130.8    117.2     98.1
NORkTi AFRIUCA                  1175        7.5     921.8    95 6 _   932   -100.0      1 04.8   lOS ~2   10 5   -I 1050     107.       '28      0 6   -00 
Algeria                        134.1     114.4    119.4    123.7    105.8     100.0    107.6    108.5    108.9        .        ..     108.5    147.7     115.5
Egypt, Arab Republic            78.0      73.1     79.3     86.9     91.9     100.0    109.0    115.5    113.6        .        ..      70.4     85.5     95.1
Morocco                         87.2      82.6     88.0     83.8     86.0     100.0     99.2     92.5       ..        .        .       66.2     66.6     89.3
Tunisia                         83 5      84 6     93 5     86 2     89 0  .1000a      101 7     93 3     103 3           ___      _   68 3     71 2     92
ALL AFRICA                      107 5      96 6     99.      96.1     921 3     00.0    101 5     101 7    96 0     94 2      94.n      84.9     91 4     97 5
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page, 2). Group data are obtained by dividing GDP in curfent US$ by GDP in constant USS series for each group.



44                                                            Prices and Exchange Rates
3-3. Consumer price index
Average annual
Index 1995= 100                                                   -percentage growth
1980      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998     1999      2000      75-84    85-89    90-MR?
SLrB-SAHRA-N AFRICA                2v17      63 9      68.9     70 5      89 0     300        10I8.0   117 1     127 3    134 1     143 4        9.8     12.6       10 Ž
exc;udmg SouIhAffnca              21 9      63 8      68 7     70.1      88 6     100 0      108 5    337 6     1278a    133 9     142 1        9 4     11 4       10 Ž
e%c1_S Afri~a &N,gena             23 0      634       68 9     70l5      89)0     Iwos      108 O     116 7     12n 5    133 7     140.8        9.8     10 6       101I
Ango0a                               ..      0.0       0.0      0.2       2.7     100.0   1,75-1.3  2,87-2.2  5,957.7  13,396.5  18,305.8        ..      3.9     544-.-3-
Botswana                          20.7      63.3      73.5     81.8      90.5     100.0     110.1     120.6     131.3    142.3     153.3       12.1      9.5      10.7
Burkina Faso                      59.6      75.4      73.9     74.4      92.8     100.0     106.1     108.5     111.3    114.0     116.9         ..     -0.9       5.3
Burnmdi                           28.9      65.4      66.5     73.0      83.8     I00.0     126.4     165.8     186.6    201.6     215.7       13.4      5.4      14.8
Cameroon                          33.6      73.3      73.2     70.5      79.5     100.0     106.6     112.1     115.3    117.6     119.9       11.5      6.4       6.0
Cape Verde                           .         .         .         .        .         .         .         .        .         .         .
Central Afiican Republic                    69.9      69.4     67.4      83.9     100.0     104.4     106.1     104.1    106.6     309.4         ..     -0.8        5.2
Comoros                                     77.7      95.4     96.1      98.2     300.0     103.7     108.0     112.8    108.0     112.8         ..      3.9        3.7-
Congo. Democratic Rep. of            .         .         .         .        .         .         .         .        .         .         .
Congo, Republic of                32.0      63.9      61.4     64.4      92.0     100.0      110.2        .        ..        .         ..      11.1      3.3       9.9
C8te dIlvoire                     40.2      65.7      68.5     70.2      92.9     100.0     103.5     106.6     109.8    112.5     115.4       13.3      5.3        6.6
Djibouti                            ..      82.9      85.7     89,5      95.3     100.0     104.2     106.3        .         ..        ...               7.1        5.0
Equatorial Guinea                    .         .         .        .         .         .         .         .        .         .         .
Ethiopia                          34.6      65.5      79.3     87.2      88.2     100.0     100.9      94.4      97.9    101.4     105.1       10.6      2.4        6.4
Gabon                             41.0      76.1      72.4     65.9      96.7     100.0     106.2     108.3     116.0    107.5     109.1       12.5      1.0        5.5
Gambia, The                       15.6      83.3      88.2     91.7      95.4     100.0     102.1     305.0     106.1    108.8     112.0       105      24.3       4.1
Ghana                              0.8      33.4      36.8     45.9      57.4     300.0      146.6    187.5     223.7    246.1     261.8       67.9     27.7      29.0
Guinea                              ..      72.8      84.8     90.9      94.7     100.0     103.0     106.3     111.1    115.6     119.6         ..     30.5        7.1
Guinea-B3issau                      ..      23.8      40.2     59.7      68.8     100.0      156.6    233.5     252.2    267.3     276.7          .        ..      36.8
Kenya                                ..     41.2      52.4     76.5      98.5     300.0      109.0    121.2     134.1    141.3     353.1         ..     10.0       36.7
Lesotho                           15.5      63.8      74.7     84.6      91.5     100.0     109.3     118.7     129.3    138.4     148.3       14.2     13.7       10.6
Madagascar                          ..      38.3      44.2     48.2      67.3     100.0      319.8    125.1     132.9    140.3     147.2         ..     17.7       17.6
Malawi                             5.5      27.6      33.9     40.5      54.5     300.0      137.6    150.1     183.3    267.9     287.3         ..     20.4       29.9
Mali                                ..      76.6      71.8     71.3      89.0     100.0     106.5     305.8     110.1    111.1     112.7         ..       1.3       4.9
Mauritania                          ..      74.9      82.5     90.2      93.9     100.0     104.7     109.4     118.2    122.9     127.2         ..      6.8        6.2
Mauritius                         32.3      76.0      79.5     87.9      94.3     100.0     106.5     113.8     139.4    125.3     131.2       14.9      5.3        6.8
Mozambique                         0.4      19.2      27.9     39.7      64.8     100.0     144.6     153.8     154.7    157.0     167.5         ..     68.4      32.2
Namibia                           17.0      64.2      75.6     82.1      90.9     100.0      308.0    117.6     126.5    134.1     140.8          .     13.1        9.8
Nigenia                            2.0      15.9      23.0     36.8      57.8     100.0      329.3    140.0     154.5    369.1     185.2       17.7     23.2       32.6
Rwanda                            23.0      42.0      46.0     50.0      82.0     100.0     108.9     122.0     130.3    136.8     143.6       11.1       1.9      16.4
S8o Tom& and Principe                -.     32.8      41.7     52.3      66.3     100.0     145.5     246.5     350.7    403.0     432.8         ..     27.4       37.7
Senegal                           40.7      70.6      70.6     69.9      92.2     100.0     102.7     104.6     306.7    108.8     311.0        9.7      1.7        5.3
Seychelles                        68.5      94.2      97.2     98.5     100.3     100.0      98.9      99.5      97.0    104.6     112.1       10.6      1.5        1.4
Sierra Leone                        ..      26.9      53.4     71.7      84.6     300.0     133.5     146.4     354.9       ..         .          .     92.4      39.3
South Africa                      14.9      67.6      77.0     84.5      92.1     300.0     107.4     136.6     127.3    136.1     145.3       32.8     15.7        9.7
Sudan                              0.1       6.0      13.0     28.5      58.5     100.0     214.3     282.9     305.5        .         ..      22.9     39.8       88.6
Swaziland                         16.7      65.0      70.4     78.2      89.0     100.0     106.4     134.1     323.8    133.7     143.4       14.4     13.5        9.6
Tanzania                           2.0      37.5      45.8     57.3      74.6 ,   100.0     125.7     147.2     162.5    176.1     185.0       19.6     30.7      22.7
Togo                              43.1      62.9      63.9     63.8      86.4     300.0     304.6     112.0     113.1    116.      119.2       13.1      0.7        7.7
Uganda                               ..     48.5      68.9     88.5      94.3     100.0     107.5     115.9     122.6    128.7     135.2         ..    158.9      14.3
Zambia                             0.1       6.3      36.8     48.5      74.5     100.0     146.3     182.6     234.9    297.1     332.8       14.7     57.0       63.8
Zimbabwe        _  __..                     36.8      52.3     66.7      81.6     100.0     121.4     344.5     196.3    282.5     325.8         ..     11.2      26.4
.NORTIIAFRICA       _   __          22 s      64'1      ".3      8~.3      023      IrdlO     179      _ 1165i  -1252 1_-I36 5       13132        8 2     1-9-3      8 6
Algeria                           12.1      37.6      49.5     59.7      77.1     100.0      118.7    125.4     131.7    137.0     142.5       10.9      8.9      38.2
Egypt, Arab Republic                ..      64.7      77.3     85.3      92.3     300.0     107.9     116.5     125.2    336.5         ...              19.3        9.2
Morocc-o
Tunisia _______        33~~~~~~~~~~~  817  865      900       941      1000      1037      3074      3114     1156      1199         85       13        4.8~81  865  9 n  4 11037  17 4119
ALL AFRICA                         2tI        .1       6.2      709       89 0      I0(        l8      I16       36        15I      l2            8      3'         1.
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2). Group data are medians of individual country values for each year.



Prices and Exchange Rates                                                          45
3-4. Official exchange rate
National currency per U.S. dollar                                    Annual Average
1980     1991    1992    1993     1994     /995    1996     1997    1998    1999     2000     75-84   85-89   90-M
SUB .SAHAR4N AFItICA
excluding S,uth Africa
excl S Affnca & Nigana
Angola                        0.0      0.0     0.0      0.0     0.0      0.0      0.1     0.2     0.4      2.8    10.0      0.0      0.0      1.2
Benin                        211.3   282.1    264.7   283.2   555.2    499.1    511.6   583.7   590.0    615.7   699.3     276.7   342.6    468.8
Botswana                      0.8      2.0     2.1      2.4     2.7      2.8      3.3     3.7     4.2      4.6     4.7      0.9      1.9     3.1
BurkinaFaso                  211.3   282.1    264,7   283.2   555.2    499.1    511.6   583.7   590.0    615.7   638.0     276.7   342.6    463.2
Buundi                       90.0    181.5   208.3    242.8   252.7    249.8    302.7   352.4   447.8    563.6   785.0      91.8   131.5    341.6
Cacneroon                   211.3    282.1   264.7    283.2   555.2    499.1    511.6   583.7    590.0   615.7   658.2     276.7   342.6   465.1
Cape Verde                   40.2     71.4    68.0     80.4    81.9     76.9     82.6    93.2    98.2    102.7   115.9      46.6    78.9     85.6
Central Afirican Republic   211.3    282.1   264.7    283.2   555.2    499.1    511.6   583.7   590.0    615.7   699.2     276.7   342.6    468.8
Chad                        211.3    282.1   264.7    283.2   555.2    499.1    511.6   583.7   590.0    615.7   662.6     276.7   342.6   465.5
Comoros                     211.3    282.1    264.7   283.2   416.4    374.4    383.7   437.7   442.5    461.8   534.0     276.7   342.6    377.5
Congo, Democratic Rep. of     0.0      0.0     0.0      0.0     0.0      0.1      0.5     1.3     1.6      4.0 147,181.8    0.0      0.0  13,380.8
Congo, Republic of          2113     282.1   2647     283.2   555.2    499.1    511.6   583.7   590.0    615.7   709.9     276.7   342.6    469.8
C8tedlvoire                 211.3    282.1    264.7   283.2   555.2    499.1    511.6   583.7    590.0   615.7   646.8     276.7   342.6    464.0
Djibouti                     177.7   177.7    177.7   177.7   177.7    177.7    177.7   177.7   177.7    177.7   177.7     177.7   177.7    177.7
EquatorialGuinea            211.3    282.1    264.7   283.2   555.2    499.1    511.6   583.7   590.0    615.7   613.0     276.7   342.6    461.0
Eritrea                                 *-     4.6      6.2     6.6      6.8      6.7     7.2     7.4       ..     9.8       ..      ..      6.9
Ethiopia                      2.1      2.1     2.8      5.0     5.5      6.2      6.4     6.7     7.1      7.9     8.2      2.1      2.1      5.4
Gabon                       211.3    282.1   264.7    283.2   555.2    499.1    511.6   583.7   590.0    615.7   601.2     276.7   342.6    459.9
Gambia,The                    1.7      8.8     8.9      9.1     9.6      9.5      9.8    10.2    10.6     11.4    13.0      2.3      6.4     9.9
Ghana                         2.8    367.8   437.1    649.1   956.7   1,200.4  1,637.2  2,050.2  2,314.1  2,647.3  5,456.0  6.1    153.9  1,640.2
Guinea                        19.0   753.9   902.0    955.5   976.6    991.4   1,004.0  1,095.3  1,236.8  1,387.4  1,709.6  21.1   370.4  1,061.2
Guinea-Bissau                 0.5     56.3    106.7   155.1   198.3    278.0    405.7   583.7   590.0    615.7   712.0      0.6     11.8    339.6
Kenya                         7.4     27.5    32.2     58.0    56.1     51.4     57.1    58.7    60.4     70.3    76.2      9.4     17.5     51.9
Lesotho                       0.8      2.8     2.9      3.3     3.6      3.6      4.3     4.6     5.5      6.1     6.3       1.0     2.3     4.1
Liberia                        1.0     1.0      1.0     1.0     1.0      1.0      1.0     1.0    41.5     41.9    40.8       1.0     1.0     12.0
Madagascar                   211.3  1,835.4  1,864.0  1,913.8  3,067.3  4,265.6  4,061.3  5,090.9  5,441.4  6,283.8  6,767.5  297.7  1,083.7  3,825.9
Malawi                        0.8      2.8     3.6      4.4     8.7     15.3     15.3    16.4    31.1     44.1    59.5       1.0    2.2      18.5
Mali                         211.3   282.1    264.7   283.2   555.2    499.1    511.6   583.7    590.0   615.7   662.6     276.7   342.6    465.5
Mauritania                   45.9     81.9    87.0    120.8   123.6    129.8    137.2   151.9    188.5   209.5   237.0     49.0     76.7    140.7
Mauritius                     7.7     15.7     15.6    17.6    18.0     17.4     17.9    21.1    24.0     25.2    26.6      8.5     14.1     19.4
Mozambique                   33.0   1,462.9  2,566.5  3,951.1  6,158.4  9,203.4  11,517.8 11,772.6 12,110.2 13,028.6 15,689.5  34.7  335.3  8,037.1
Namibia                       0.8      2.8     2.9      3.3     3.6      3.6      4.3     4.6     5.5      6.1     6.8       1.0     2.3     4.2
Niger                        211.3   282.1    264.7   283.2   555.2    499.1    511.6   583.7    590.0   615.7   699.2     276.7   342.6   468.8
Nigeria                       0.5      9.9     17.3    22.1    22.0     21.9     21.9    21.9    21.9     92.3   101.7       0.6     3.7     32.8
Rwanda                       92.8    125.1    133.4   144.3   220.0    262.2    306.s   301.5   312.3    333.9   3900       93.7    85.0    237.5
SaoTomdandPrincipe           34.8    201.8   321.3    429.9   732.6   1,420.3  2,203.2  4,552.5  6,883.2  7,119.0  7,923.5  36.5   69.7   2,902.8
Senegal                     211.3    282.1   264.7    283.2   555.2    499.1    511.6   583.7   590.0    615.7   710.0    276.7    342.6   469.8
Seychelles                    6.4      5.3     5.1      5.2     5.1      4.8      5.0     5.0     5.3      5.3     5.6      6.7      6.0     5.2
Sierra Leone                   1.0   295.3   499.4    567.5   586.7    755.2    920.7   981.5  1,563.6  1,804.2  2,098.3     1.3    29.5    929.5
Somalia                       6.3        ..     ..       ..       .        ..      ..      ..       .       ..      ..       9.1   175.6
South Africa                  0.8      2.8     2.9      3.3     3.6      3.6      4.3     4.6     5.5     6.1      6.9       1.0    2.3       4.2
Sudan                         0.1      0.7     9.7     15.9    29.0     58.1    125.1   157.6   200.8    252.6   252.0      0.1      0.3    100.2
Swaziland                     0.8      2.8     2.9      3.3     3.6      3.6      4.3     4.6     5.5     6.1      6.7       1.0    2.3      4.2
Tanzania                      8.2    219.2   297.7    405.3   509.6    574.8    580.0   612.1    664.7   744.8   800.4       9.2    71.4    509.4
Togo                        211.3    282.1    264.7   283.2   555.2    499.1    511.6   583.7    590.0   615.7   560.6     276.7   342.6    456.2
Uganda                        0.1    734.0  1,133.8  1,195.0  979.4    968.9   1,046.1  1,083.0  1,240.3  1,454.8  1,511.4  0.7     78.6  1,070.5
Zambia                        0.8     64.6    172.2   452.8   669.4    864.1   1,207.9  1,314.5  1,862.1  2,388.0  3,110.8  0.9      8.5  1,103.3
Zimbabwe                      0.6      3.6     5.1      6.5     8.2      8.7     10.0    12.1     23.7    38.3    44.4       0.8     1.8     14.8
NORTH AFPICA                                      .               ._.
Algeria                       3.8     18.5    21.8     23.3    35.1     47.7     54.7    57.7    58.7     66.6    75.3      4.3      5.6     42.6
Egypt, Arab Repuiblic         0.7      3.1     3.3      3.4     3.4      3.4      3.4     3.4     3.4      3.4    14.6      0.6      0.7      4.2
Libya                         0.3      0.3     0.3      0.3     0.3      0.3      0.4     0.4     0.4      0.5     0.5      0.3      0.3     0.4
Morocco                        3.9     8.7     8.5      9.3     9.2      8.5      8.7     9.5      9.6     9.8    10.6       5.2     8.8      9.2
Tunisia                       0.4      0 9      0.9     1.0     1.0      0.9   .1 0       1.1      1.1     1 2     1.4       0 5     0.9      1.0
ALL AFRICA A.
Note: 2000 data are preliminary Uganda changed is currency in 1987 and Congo Den. Rep. in 1993. Angola and Congo Dem. Rep. again changed their currency in 1998. Guinea-Bissau joined W.A.M U in
1997.



46                                                           Prices and Exchange Rates
3-5. SDR exchange rate index
SDRs per unit of national currency, index 1995=1400                                          Annual Average
1980     1989      1990      1991      1992     1993     1994       1995     1996      19~97    1998         75-84       85-89      90-AIR
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                     .                  ,-                                     .        -                   .         .-
acIuOllig Soukt  Aficta                                                     -              ~-                                              ~-
exL $Alida.& Meea g                                                                           .
Angola                          5.+6      5E0        .+6     3.1E+06   8E+05    8.1E+04    6,952       100         4         I        0       6.E+06      5.E+06      9.1E+05
Beni                               275       185       205       197      203       192       95       t00       102       94        95          245         185         143
Botswana                           416       163       167       152      140       124      109       100        88       84        74          402         188         215
Burkina Faso                       275       185       205       197      203       192       95       100       102       94        95          245         185         143
Bumnind                            323      -186       163       153      129       112      lOS       100        86       78        63          354         244         110
Camneroon                          275       185       205       197      203       192       95       100       102       94        95          245         185         143
Cape Verde                         223       117       123       120      122       104       99       too        97       91        88          240         122         105
Central African Republic           275       185       205       197      203       192       95       100       102       94        95          245         185         143
Chad                               275       185       205       197      203       192       95       100       102       94        95          245         185         143
Coosoros                           207       139       154       148      153       144       95       100       102       94        95          1841        139         120
Congo, Democratic Rep. of       7.E+lII   5.1E+09   3.1E+09  3.E3+08   8.1E+06  4.E3+05    3,010       100                                   I13412       2.1E+10     5.1E+08
Cotkgo, Republic of                275       185       205       197      203       192       95       100       102       94        95          245         185         143
Clite d'lvoire                     275       185       205       197      203       192       95       100       102       94        95          245         185         143
D3jibouti                           117      118       112       III      108       209      106       100       104       110      112          130         125         108
Equatorial Guinea                  275       185       205      -197      203       192       95       100       102       94        95          245         185         143
Ejitrea
Ethiopia                           347       352       333       330      274       134      120       100       101      101        97          386         373         177
Gabon                              275       185       205       197      203       192       95       100       102       94        95          245         185         143
Gambia,1tIr                        647       ISO       136       121      115       114      106       100       102      103       100          568         204         III
Ghana                            50,406      524       408       359      296      201       132       100        76       64        57       76,474        1,429        188
Guinea                            6,092      199       168       146      119       113      108       IOD       103       171                 6,082        1,435        128
Guinea-Bissau                    61,655    1,173       909       551      281       193      148       100        73       52        52       62,731       7,181         262
Kenya                              796       292       247       205      170       100       98       100        93       96        94          727         369         134
Lesotho                            543       164       157       146      137       121      108       100        89       87        74          520         202         113
Liberia                             117      118       1112      III      108       109      106       t00       104       110      112          130         125         108
Madagascar                        2,349      314       318       258      246      241       160       100       110       92        87        2.029         587         179
Malawi                            2,199      656       627       605      470       377      221       200       104       103       59         2,087        910         295
Mali                               275       185       205       197      203       192       95       100       102        94       95          245         185         143
Mauritania                         330       182       180       175      164       119      112       100        99       95        77          347         212         124
Mauritius                          264       135       131       123      120       107      103       100       101       93        85          284         155         107
Mozamnbique                      31,524    1,404     1,057       704      385      259       154       100        81       84        83        33,628     13,389         323
Nanubsa                            543       164       157       146      137       121      l08       100        89       87        74          510         202         113
Niger                              275       185       205       197      203       192       95       100       102       94        95          245         285         143
Nigena                            4,669      352       305       246      145       108      106       100       105      1t0       112        4,415        1,462        148
Rwanda                             302       356       324       223      195      181       115       100        82       88        86          333         356         154
SiloTorn6 and Pnnpcsp             4,681    1,337     1,090       824      477      355       210       100        67       36        23        5,055       3,204         354
Senegal                            275       185       205       197      203      192        95       100       102       94        95          245         185    -    143
Seychelles                           87      100       100       100      100       100      200       100       100      104       101           92         100         101
Sierra Leone                     81,552    1,495       569       297      159       141      133       100        84       85        53       78,935       8,296         180
Somalha
South Afrnca                       543       164       157       146      137      121       108       100        89       87        74          510         202         113
Sudan                           129,985   14,664    13,854    11,388      865      392       214       200        49       39        31      142,261      23,432       2,992
Swaziland                          543       164       157       146      137      122       108       200        89       87        74          510         202         113
Tanzanta                          8,149      477       329       291      210       156      119       100       10.3      103       96         8,361       1,975        168
Togo                               275       285       205       197      203       192       95       100       102       94        95          245         185         143
Uganda                        1,520,277      545       256       150       92        88      205       100        97       99        88     1,025,920      7,512         119
Zambia                          126,813    7,855     3,302     1,535      590      210       121       100        75       72        52      127,103      1 8,640        673
Ztmbabwe                          1,570      485       395       280      183       145      113       100        91       80        45         1,556        622         159
NORTh AFRICA                           -                                                         -        *                   .-
Algeria                           1,441      741       600       290      234      221       150       t00        91       91        90         1,447       1,103        207
Egyp, Arab Republic                565       493       267       127      110       110      106       100       105       110      112          823         592         127
Libya                               136      137       137       137      131       123      115       100       100      100                    152         147         118
Morocco                            253       119       116       109      108       100       98       100       102       99        99          225         121         104
Tunisia                            272       128       120       114      215       102       99       100       101       94        93          254         140         104
ALL AFRICA                                                                                                -          *        -        -.-
Note 2000 dateameprel3iniariy(see page 2) Guinea-Bissau joined the Westemn African Monetar Uaion (W AM U) in May, 1997 Some values for Angola and Congo, Dan Rep are in scientific notation



Prices and Exchange Rates                                                                 47
3-6. Currency conversion factor
Units ofnational currency per US dollar                                       Annual Average
1980      199)     1992     1993     1994      1995     1996     1997     1998     1999     2000      75-84    85-89    904-AIR
SLIB-SAHtARAN AFTiC"%
e%Jc   S   Affi e.i& _N  ig na  __ _ _ _ _ _   _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _                         _ _ _ _ _ _ _  _      _  _ _   _  _   _ _  _ _ _ _ _  _ _ _ _ _
Angola                            ..       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.1      0.2      0.4       2.8     10.0        ..      0.0       1.2
Benin                          211.3     282.1    350.6    283.2    555.2     499.1    511.6    583.7    590.0    615.7     712.0     276.7    342.6    477.8
Botswana                         0.8       2.0      2.1      2.4      2.7       2.8      3.3      3.7      4.2      4.6      5.1        0.9      1.9      3.2
Burkina Faso                   211.3     282,1    396.6    388.5    555.2     499.1    511.5    583.7    590.0    615.7    712.0      276.7    342.6    491.5
Burnmdi                         90.0     181,5    208.3    242.8    252.7     249.8    302.8    352.4    447.8    563.6    720.7       91.8    131.5    335.8
Cameroon                       209.2     268.6    280.4    265.4    435.0     518.5    501.8    541.1    602.1    588.4    656.3      265.6    356.7    450.8
Cape Verde                      40.2      71.4     68.0     80.4     81.9      76.9     82.6     93.1     98.2    102.7     115.9      46.6     78.9     85.6
Central African Republic       211.3     282.1    264.7    283.2    555.2     499.1    511.6    582.4    590.0    615.7     712.0     276.7    342.6    469.8
Chad                           211.3     282.1    264.7    283.2    555.2     499.1    511.6    583.7    590.0    615.7     712.0     276.7    342.6    469.9
Comoros                        211.3     282.1    264.7    283.2    416.4     374.4    383.7    437.8    442.5    461.8    534.0      274.7    342.6    377.5
Congo, Democratic Riep. f        0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.1      0.5       1.3      1.6     4.0        .        0.0      0.0      0.7
Congo, Republic of             211.3     282.1    264.7    396.1    555.2     499.1    511.6    583.7    590.0    615.7     712.0     276.7    342.6    480.2
C6te dIlvoire                  211.3     282.1    264.7    283.2    555.2     499.1    511.5    583.7    590.0    615.7     712.0     276.7    342.6    469.9
Djibouti                       177.7     177.7    177.7    177.7    177.7     177.7    177.7    177.7    177.7    177.7     177.7     177.7    177.7     177.7
Equatorial Guinea              110.6     282.1    264.7    283.2    555.2     499.!    511.6    583.7    590.     615.7     613.0     146.9    342.6    460.9
Eritrea                            .        .       4.6      6.2      6.6       6.8      6.7      7.2      7.4      8.5       9.8        .        ..      7.1
Ethiopia                          ..       3.7      3.7      4.3      5.8       5.9      6.3      6.5      6.9      7.5       8.1       2.1      2.1      5.6
Gabon                          211.3     282.1    264.7    349.6    555.2     499.1    511.5    583.7    590.0    615.7     712.0     276.7    342.6    476.0
Gambia, The                      1.7       8.8      8.9      9.1      9.6       9.5      9.8     10.2     10.6      11.4     12.4       2.3      6.4      9.8
Ghana                            9.6     367.8    437A!    649.1    956.7   1,200.4   1,637.2  2,050.2  2,314.1  2,647.3  5,321.7      17.5    157.0   1,628.0
Guinea                          M9.      753.9    902.0    955.5    976.6     991.4   1,004.0  1,095,3  1,236.8  1,387.4  1,~709.6     21.1    373.0   1,061.2
Gumnea-Bissau                    0.8      56.3    106,7    155.1    198.3     278,0    405.7    583.7    590.0    615.7    712.0        0.8  .12.3      339.6
Kenya                            7.4      27.5     32.2     58.0     56.1      51.4     57.!     58.7     60.4     70.3      76.2       9.4     17.5      51.9
Lesotho                          0,8       2.8      2.9      3.3      3.6       3.6      4.3      4.6      5.5      6.1       6~9       1.0      2.3      4.2
Liberia                          1.0       1.0                          - . .    ..       ..        .        ..                         1.0      1.0       1.0
Madagascar                     211.3   1,835.4  1,864.0  1,913.8  3,067.3   4,265.6   4,061.3  5,090.9  5,441.4  6,283.8  6,528.2     297.7  1,083.7   3,804.2
Malawi                           0.8       2.8      3.6      4.4      8.7      15.3      15.3    16.4      31.1    44.1      59.5       1.0      2.2      18.5
Mali                           211.3     282.1    265.3    283.2    555.2     499.1    511.5    583.7    590.0    615.7     712.0     276.7    342.6    470.0
Mauritania                      45.9      81.9     87.0    120.8    123.6     129.8    137.2    151.9    188,5    209.5     238.9      49.0     76.7     140.9
Mauritius                        7.7      15.7     15.6     17.6     1 8.0     17.4     17.9     21.1     24.0     25.2     26.3        8.5     14.1      19.4
Mo-zambique         _32.4              1,462.9  2,566.5  3,951.1  6,158.4   9,203.4  11,517.8  11,722.6 12,110.2 13,028.6 15,447.!     34.3    328.8 ~8,0 10.6
Namibia                          0.8       2.8      2.9      3.3      3.6       3.6      4.3      4.6       5.5      6.1      6.9       0.9      2.3      4.2
Niger                          211.3     282.1    264.7    391.4    555.2     499.1    511.5    583.7    590.0    615.7     712.0     276.7    342.6    479,8
Nigeria                          0.8      12.0     19.0     45.3     52.3      70.4     80.0     81.1     88.       92.3    101.7       1.1      5.3      59.2
Rwanda                          92.8     125.1    133.4    144.3    220.0     262.2    306.8    301.5    312.3    333.9     389.7      93.7     85.0    237.4
SAo Tome) and Priicipe          34.8     201.8    320.0    429.9    732.6   1,420.3  2,203.2   4,552.5  6,883.2  7,119.0  7,923.5      36.5     69.7   2,902.7
Senegal                        211.3     282.1    264.7    283.2    555.2     499.1    511.6    583.7    590.0    615.7     712.0     276.7    342.6    469.9
Seychelles                       6.4       5.3      5.1      5.2      5.1      4.8       5.0      5.0      5.3      5.3       5.6       6.7      6.0      5.2
Sierra Leone                     1.0     295.3    499.4    567.5    586.7     755.2    920.7    981.5   1,563.6  1,804.2  2,092.1       1.3     29.1    928,9
Somalia                         28,8        .         .       .         .        .         ..       .        ..       .        ..      28.1    236.3   1,896.1
SouthAffica                      0.8       2.8      2.9      3.3      3.6       3.6      4.3      4.6      5.5       6.1      6,9       1.0      2.3       4.2
Sudan                            0.1       2.7      9.7     15.9     29.0      58.1    125.1    157.65   200.8    252.6    257.1        0.1      0.3    100.9
_Sw-aziland                       0.8       2.8      2.9      3.3      3.5       3.6      4.3      4.6      5.5      6.1      6.9        1.0      2.3      4.2
Tanzania                         8.2     219.2    297.7    405.3    509.6     574.8    580.0    612.1    664.7    744.8     800.4       9.2     71.4     509.4
Togo                           211.3     282.!    264.7    283.2    555.2     499.1    511.6    583.7    590.0    615.7     712.0     276.7    342.6    470.0
Uganda                           1.0     550.9    960.8  1,201.8  1,101.0     932.5   1,012.0  1,058.1  1,149.7  1,362.1  1,512.0       2.1     53.2   1,014.6
Zambia                           0.8      64.6    178.9    452.8    669.4     864.!   1,207.9  1,314.5  1,862.1  2,388.0  3,110.8       0.9      8.5   1,104.3
Zimbabwe                         0.6       3.4      5.1      6.5      8.1       8.7      9.9      11.9     21.4     38.3     43.3       0.8      1.8      14.5
NORT'H AFRICA                                 .       .__
Algeria                          3.8      18.5     21.8     23.3     35.!      47.7     54.7      57.7     58.7     66.6     75.3       4.3      5.6      42.6
Egypt, Arab Repuiblic            0.7       3.0      3.3      3.3      3.4       3.4      3.4       3.4      3.4      3.4      3.4       0.7      1.4       3.2
Libya                            0.3       0.3        .        ..       .         ..     0.4        .        ..        .       ..       0.3      0.3       0.3
Morocco                          3.9       8.7      8.5      9.3      9.2       8.5      8.7       9.5      9.6      9.8     10.6       5.2      8.8       9.2
Tunisia            _    _        0 4       00 __       09    11       10 r      0 9       I 111    11       Il ____2          1 4       0.5      0.9       1.0
kl.L  AFRICA.        _  __             _  _  _  _     _  __                             _  _  _  _  _  _
Note: Offl exch. rate adjusted for some countries to better reflect the rate at which intl. tranactions are rarrid out, G. Bisanu joinn-d W.A.M4.U. in 1997.



48                                                       Prices and Exchange Rates
3-7. Pair,%1DeD mairket exchaxnge irate
National currency per US. dollar                                         Annual Average
1980     1989     1990     1991     1992     1993   J1994      1995     1996     1997     /998     75-84    85-89     90-AM
SLrB-SAH1ARAN AFRICA
e,c Iudrng South Afrcic
ewlI  S  Afnca &   Nigerna         _ _ _         __-_         __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _
Angola                           ..       .         .   1,266.7  1,087.5  31,740  203,138  569,574 163,370 283,139    564,250     900.0  1,837.5   227,196
Benin                         209.5    324.8    281.8    289.0    270.1    288.0    586.4    499.3    516.4    593.3       ..     304.2    343.9     415.5
Botswana                        0.8      2.3      1.9      2.4      2.5      2.8      2.9      2.8      3.4      3.7      4A4       1.2      2.4       3.0
Burkina Faso                  209.5    324.8    28L.8     17.1     16.8    288.0   586.4     499.3    516.4    593.3       ..     304.2    343.9     349.9
Bwrundi                       106,0    214.0    186,1    269.3    310.9    370.7   409.4     340.8    369.6    459.2    568.1     122.3    161.7     364.9
Cameroon                      209.5    324.8    281.8    289.0    270.1    288.0   586.4     499.3    516.4    593.3       ..     304.2    343.9     415.5
Cape Verde                       W...               .     8.       79.5     87.0     92.0     89.3     89.5     99.5      0.0         .       ..      78.1
Central AfricankRepublic      209.5    324.8    281.8    289.     270.1    288.0    586.4    499.3    516.4    593.3    603.2     304.2    343.9     436.4
Chad                          209.5    324.8    281.8    289.0    270.1    288.0    586.4    499.3    516.4    593.3       ..     304.2    343.9     415.5
Comoros                       209.5    324.8    281.8    289.0    270.1    288.0    446.0    390.6    415.6    467.6    468.3     304.2    343.9     368.6
Congo, Demnocratic Rep. of      6.4    469.4    738.1  19,318.8  756,558 3,112,921  1,210    7,452   52,429  160,358   69,064      14.3    182.6   464,450
Congo, Republic of            209.5    324.8    281.8    289.0    270.1    288.0    586.4    499.3    516.4    593.3       ..     304.2    343.9     415.5
Cdte dlvoire                  209.5    324.8    281.8    289.0    270.1    288.0    586.4    499.3    516.4    593.3       ..     304.2    343.9     415.5
Djibouti                          . .  217.9    191.8    213.8    205.8    212.0   208.6     198.5    192.1    183.9    184.0        ..    207.8     198.9
Equatorial Guinea             209 5    324.8    281.8    289.0    270.1    288.0    586.4    586.4    516.4    593.3       ..     304.2    343.9     426.4
Ethiopia                        2.8      5.9      6.0      6.7      9.5     13.3     12.0     10.7     10.2      7.5      7.2       3.5      5.1       9.2
Gabon                         209.5    324.8    281.8    289.0    270.1    288.0    586.4    499.3    516.4    593.3       ..     334.6    343.9     415.5
Gambia, The                     1.7      7.4      8.3      8.8     115       9.1      9.0     10.4     10.8     10.8     11.2       2.5      7.1       10.0
Ghana                          15.9    328.8    360.8    382.2    451.6    665.7    976.4   1,224.3  1,663.4  2,080.7  2,334.8     41.7    222.1    1,126.7
Guinea                         41.7    580.1    693.3    793.0   1,608.1  1,156.9  1,074.1  1,017.9  1,025.9  1,125.3  1,265.8    102.9    453.8    1,084.5
Guinea-Bissau                    ..       .         .   4,172.5  6,075.0  9,883.3 14,012.5  19,166.7  26,855.0     . .    0.0        I..  1,800.0  11,452.1
Kenya                           8.2     22.4     23.3     30.0     44.4     91.7?    66.8     53.4     59.5     62.1     63.6      11.9     19.0       55.0
Lesotho                           .      2.7      2.7      2.9      3.0      3.5      3.8      3.7      4.5      4.7      5.6       1.4      2.5        3.8
Liberia                          -.       .         ..       .        ..    40.0     45.0     42.3     45.8     48.5     48.5        ..      1.5       45.0
Madagascar                    265.0  1,639.1   1,589.2  2,071.3  2,239.2  2,217.9  3,122.9  4,397.5  4,551.7  5,582.1  5,630.6    521.1  1,133.5    3,489.2
Malawi                          1.6      3.6      3.3      3.9      4.6      5.9      9.2     1 6.7    16.5     17.6     33.3       1.7      2.8       12.3
Mali                          209.5    324.8    281.8    289.0    270.1    288.0    586.4    499.3     516A4   593.3       ..     304.2    343.9      415.5
Mauritania                     65.0       -.        -    213.3    221.7    247.5    145.0    139.3    144.0    158.9    194.3      93.2    178,0      183.0
Mauritius                        ..     16.0     15.7     17.1     16.8     18.3     18.4     18.2     19.4     21.4     24.4        ..     14.5       18.8
Mozambique                     80.0  1,250.0       ..   2,100.0  2,800.0  3,95~0.0  6,87~5.0  9,865.7  12,172.5 1-2,533.7 1~2,851.3  ~322.2 ~1,793.8 -7,893.5
Namibia                          ..       .         .        .        .       .        ..                 .      4.9      5.8         ...5.3
Niger                         209.5    324.8    281.8    289.0    270.1    288.0    586.4    499.3    516.4    593.3       ..     304.2    343.9     415.5
Nigen ia                        0.9     10.7      9.3      6.7     21.9     56.8     71.7     78.3     81.8     84.7     91.5       1.4      6.4      55.9
Rwanda                        115.0    109.8    104.2    209.1    238.9    297.4    286.5    268.1    331.8    360.5    642.1     135.4    1 11.4     304.3
Sio Tomt and Principe            ..       .         .    222.5    360.0    432.5    810.0   1,503.3  2,407.5  7,300.0     0.0         .       ..    1,629.5
Senegal                       209.5    324.8    281.8    289.0    270.1    288.0   586.4     499.3    516.4    593.3       ..     304.2    343.9     415.5
Seychelles                        .        .      5.9      5.7      5.5      5.4      5.5      5.5      5.4      5.5      5.7         .       ..       5.6
Sierra Leone                    1.4    180.9    470.6    535.7    845.1    647.5    618.7    741.3    942.1   1,137.9  2,024.4      2.1     86.5     884.8
Somalia                         9.9    398.8   1,982.1  4,675.0  6,095.0  7,456.3  6,961.3  6,549.2  7,789.8  5,919.3  7,850.0     14.7    224.0    6,142.0
South Africa                    0.9      2.7      2.7      2.9      3.0      3.5      3.8      3.7      4.5      4.7      5.7       1.2      2.5       3.8
Sudan                           1.0     15.9     43.6    105.3     62.4     31.6    45.3      77.5    147.2    1 71.2   221.6       1.3      8.4      100.6
Swaziland                         ..'    3.0      2.7      3.1      3.3      3.8     3.9       3.9      4.7      4.9      5.8        ..      2.5       4.0
Tanzania                       21.0    263.5    292.4    348.5    405.9    443.5    523.2    587.3    604.7    656.9    709.8      30.5    175.4     508.0
Togo                          209.5    324.8    281.8    289.0    270.1    288.0    586.4    499.3    516.4    593.3       ..     304.2    343.9     415.5
Uganda                         75.7    597.5    685.8    859.2   1,365.4  1,515.8  1,289.2  1,076.2  1,135.2  1,178.1  1,333.8    203.8  3,681.6    1,159.8
Zamnbia                         1.3    107.83   121.2    133.3    104.2    531.0    805.4    935.6   1,281.8  1,583.0  2,411.7      1.7     33.5     878.6
Zimbabwe                        1.1      3.5      3.3      5.3      6.7      7.7      9.4      8.9      1 0.8   13.9    195.0       1.7      2.8      29.0
NORATH AFRICA5~
Algeria                        10.9     37.1     29.8     33.8 -   87.4    106.8    128.7    131.9    127.6    129.8    131.4      13.6     27.2      100.8
Egypt, Arab Republic            0.8      2.6      2.6      3.4      3.4      3.4      3.4      3.4      3.6      3.4      3.4       0.9      2.0       3.3
Libya                           0.5      0.9      1.0      1.2      1.6      1.7      1.6      1.3      2.0      2.2      2.5       0.5      1.0        1.7
Morocco                         4.1      9.2      9.3      9.2      8.9      9.4      9.4      8.6      8.8      9.7      9.8       6.0      9.1       9.2
Tunisia                         0 4      1 0      0 0       Ifl     10 ___   If       I1       09        1.0     11       12        0.6      0.9        L.0
ALL AFRICA
Note: Rates are annual avg of month-end est, based on a sample ofutansactions. G. Bisaua.joined the W.A.M U. in 97. New Ugantda shilling introdtuced in l987.



Prices and Exchange Rates                                                                              49
3-8. Ratio of parallel market to official exchange rates
Ratio ofparallel market to official exchange rates                                                  Annual Average
1980      1989       1990       1991       1992      1993       1994       1993       1996       1997       1998         75-84        85-89       90-MR
SUB-SAHIARAN AFRICA
eacluding South Al5ca
exccl  S  Africa &   N ugana    _  _ _ _                        _ _ _ _  _ _ _ _  __          _  _ _ _ _  _ _ _ __                               _ _  _ _ _ _
Angola                                 ..         .          .2.30E+10    4.33E+09 1.19E+10 3.4 1E+09      2.07E+08  1.28E+06   1.24E+06   1.44E-+06      3.01E+10     6.14E+10     5.36E+09
Benin                                0.99      1.02       1.04       1.02       1.02      1.02       1.06       1.00       1.01      1.02          ..1.03                   1.01         1.02
Botswana                             1.03      1.14       1.02       1.19       1.18      1.16       1.08       1.01       1.02      1.01        1.03          1.23         1.27         1.08
Burkina Faso                         0.99      1.02       1.04      0.06        0.06      1.02       1.06       1.00       1.01      1.02          ..1.03                   1.01         0.78
Buunmdi                              1.18      1.35       1.09       1.48       1.49      1.53       1.62       1.36       1.22      1.30        1.27          1.28         1.22         1.37
Cameroon                             0.99      1.02       1.04       1.02       1.02      1.02       1.06       1.00       1.01       1.02         ..1.03                   1.01         1.02
Cape Verde                              ..        .          .       1.23       1.17      1.08       1.12       1.16       1.08      1.07        0.00             ...                    0.99
Central African Republic             0.99      1.02       1.04       1.02       1.02      1.02       1.06       1.00       1.01      1.02        1.02          1.03         1.01         1.02
Chad                                 0.99      1.02       1.04       1.02       1.02      1.02       1.06       1.00       1.01      1.02          ..1.03                   1.01         1.02
Comoros                              0.99      1.02       1.04       1.02       1,02      1.02       1.07       1.04       1.08      1.07        1.06          1.03         1.01         1.05
Congo, Democratic Rep. of       6.86E+1 I 3.69EvlII 3.08E+1I1  3.72E+I1 3.52E+1I1 1.24E+11I 1.OIE3+05     1.06E+05   I.04E+05  1.22E+05   4.30E+04       6.49E+1I1    3.25E+1l I   l.28E+11I
Congo, Republic of                   0.99      1.02       1.04       1.02       1.02      1.02       1.06       1.00       1.01      1.02          ..1.03                   1.01         1.02
C6te dIvoire                         0.99      1.02       1.04       1.02       1.02      1.02       1.06       1.00       1.01      1.02          ..1.03                   1.01         1.02
Djibouti                               ..      1.23       1.08       1.20       1.16      1.19       1.17       1.12       1.08      1.03        1.04            ..         1.17         1.12
Equatorial Guinea                    0.99      1.02       1.04       1.02       1.02      1.02       1.06       1.17       1.01      1.02          ..1.03                   1.01         1.04
Eritrea                                 .         ..         .          ...                  ........                                           0.00              ...0.00
Ethiopia                             1.35      2.85       2.90      3.24        3.39      2.66       2.20       1.74       1.61      1.12        1.01          1.70         2.48         2.21
Gabon                                0.99      1.02       1.04       1.02       1.02      1.02       1.06       1.00       1.01      1.02          ..1.02                   1.01         1.02
Gamnbia, The                         0.99      0.98       1.05       1.00       1.29      1.00       0.94       1.09       1.10      1.06        1.05          1.06         1.10         1.07
Ghana                                5.78      1.22       1.11       1.04       1.03      1.03       1.02       1.02       1.02      1.01        1.01          7.98         1.67         1.03
Guinca                               2.20      0.98       1.05       1.05       1.78      1.21       1.10       1.03       1.02      1.03        1.02          4.62         3.42         1.14
Guinea-Bissau                          ..         .          .     74.13       56.95     63.72     70,65       68.94     66.19          ..       0.00             ..      105.43        57.22
Kenya                                1.11      1.09       1.02       1.09       1.38      1.58       1.19       1.04       1.04      1.06        1.05          1.18         1.08         1.16
Lesotho                                ..      1.03       1.04       1.05       1.05      1.07       1.07       1.02       1.05      1.02        1.02          1.09         1.09         1.04
Liberia                                ..         .          .          .          .     40.00     45.00       42.30     45.80      48.50        1.17            ..         1.50       37.13
Madagascar                           1.25      1.02       1.06       1.13       1.20      1.16       1.02       1.03       1.12      1.10        1.03          1.53         1.05         1.09
Malawi                               1.97      1.30       1.21       1.39       1.28      1.34       1.05       1.09       1.08      1.07        1.07          1.77         1.25         1.18
Mali                                 0.99      1.02       1.04       1.02       1.02      1.02       1.06       1.00       1.01      1.02          ..1.03                   1.01         1,02
Mauritania                           1.42         .          ..     2.60        2.55      2.05       1.17       1.07       1.05      1.05        1.03          1.79         2.37         1.57
Mauritius                              ..      1.05       1.06       1.09       1.08      1.04       1.02       1.05       1.08      1.02        1,01            ..         1.03         1.05
MOzambique                           2.42      1.65          ..      1.44       1.09      1.00       1.12       1.07       1.06      1.06        1.06          8.06        24.05         1.11
Nanmibia                               ..         .          .          .          .         .          .          .          .      1.06        1.04             ...                    1.05
Niger                                0.99      1.02       1.04       1.02       1.02      1.02       1.06       1.00       1.01      1.02          ,.1.03                   1.01         1.02
Nigeria                              1.65      1.45       1.16       0.68       1.27      2.57       3.26       3.58       3.74      3.87        4.18          2.09         2.24         2.70
Rwanda                               1.24      1.37       1.26       1.67       1.79      2.06       1.30       1.02       1.08       1.20       2.06          1.44         1.31         1.49
Sao Tom6 and Principe                   ..        .          .       1.10       1.12      1.01       1.11       1.06       1.09      1.60       0.00              ...                    1.01
Senegal                              0.99      1.02       1.04       1.02       1.02      1.02       1.06       1.00       1.01       1.02         ..1,03                   1.01         1.02
Seychelles                              .         ..      1.11       1.08       1.07      1.04       1.09       1.15       1.09      1.09        1.09             ...                    1.09
Sierra Leone                         1.33      3.02       3.11       1.81       1.69      1.14       1.05       0.98       1.02       1.16       1.29          1.42         2.46         1.47
Somalia                              1.57      0.81                                ..        *          .          .          .         .           .1.45                   1.76
South Africa                         1.16      1.03       1.04       1.05       1.05      1.07       1.07       1.02       1.05      1.02        1.03          1.12         1.09         1.04
Sudan                               20.00     35.33     96.89     151.39        6.40      1.98       1.56       1.33       1.18       1.09       1.10         16.25        23.50        29.21
Swaziland                              ..      1.14       1.04       1.12       1.16      1.16       1.10       1.08       1.09       1.~06      1.05            ..         1.11         1.10
Tanzania                             2.56      1.84       1.50       1.59       1.36      1.09       1.03       1.02       1.04      1.07        1.07          3.02         3.08         1.20
Togo                                 0.99      1.02       1.04       1.02       1.02      1.02       1.06       1.00       1.01      1.02           ..1.03                  1.01         1.02
Uganda                           1,020.63      2.68       1.60       1.17       1.20      1.27       1.32       1.11       1.09      1.09        1.08        535.92       151.70         1.21
Zambia                               1.65      7.80       4.00      2.06        0.61      1.17       1.20       1.08       1.06      1.20        1.30          1.69         3.17         1.52
Zimbabwe                             1.71      1.65       1.35       1.46       1.31      1.19       1.15       1.03       1.08       1.15       8.23          2.09         1.55         1.99
NORTH AFRICA                                                  .          .
Algena                               2 8.1     4 88       3 33       1 83       4 00      4 57       3 67       2 77       233       2 25        224           38 .82
Egypt, Arab Republic                 1.14      3.00       1.68       1.08       1.02      1.01       1.00       1.00       1.06      1.00        1.01          1.42         2.74         1.10
Libya                                1.69      3.00       3.53      4.27        5.62      5.57       4.99       3.76       5.53      5.77       6.30           1,64         3.47         5.04
Morocco                              1.04      1.08       1.13       1.06       1.04      1.01       1.02       1.01       1.01       1.02       1.02          1.07         1.03         1.03
Tunisia                              0.99      1.05       1.02       1.08       1.13      L,00       1.09       0.95       1.03      0 99        1 02          1.02    -    1.03         1.03
-ALL  AF RICA__                                    _  _  _  _  _  _  _   _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   __            _  _  _   _  _
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2).Gluinea-Bissaujoined the WAMU in May,1997.New Ugandan ahilling -100 old Ugandan ahilling, introduced in 1987.Values for Angola and Coago, Denm, Rep. are in
scientif'ic notation.



50                                                            Prices and Exchange Rates
3-9. Real effective exchange rate index
Index 1990=100                                                       Annual Average
1980      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998     1999      2000      75-84    85-89     90-A4R
SLrB-SkR.HRAN AFRJCO.             117 4      95 7      92 9      89.8     ?9v9       70 2      83 7     79 9      86 0     81 7      78 8       69 6    106 9       86 1
excludeSotAh Afnc"               1120)      95 4      925      8998      '9 Q      79~0       82 3     '799      84 4     80 6      766        68 '    107 6       85 5
excl_SAffica &Nigena             HUb1       95 7      92 9     8998      75 8      790(      81 9      79 1      82'I     80 4      76! 1       7'     106 9      84 8
Benin                               ..      98.7     102.5    102.3      69.0      79.5      81.5      80.0      86.0     83.0         ...              93.1       88.2
Botswana                         117.1      98.0     101.5     104.2    102.7     104.3      99.0      99.0      99.0     99.0      99.0      114.2     92,4      100.5
Bwicina Faso                         .         .         .         .        .          .        .         .         .        .         .
Burundi                          129.8     100.4      84.5     81.7      85.1      92.2      97.9      85.6      87.9     90.1      92.7      159.6    137.1      90.7
Cameroon                          88.2      95.7      96.4     89.8      57.6      66.4      67.3      66.1      65.7     71.3      68.3       84.0     98.8       76.8
Cape Verde                        88.7      89.0      90.2      87.6     88.0      89.6      89.0      92.1      94.2     89.1      85.8       97.2    100.1       90.4
Central Afirican Republic        105.9      94.4      94.4     89.7      56.0      66.0      67.5      65.2      64.0     64.9      65.6      100.7    101.7       75.3
Chad                             102.3     100.6     108.6     111.6     58.7      64.4      66.8      66.9      66.9     63,9      66.1      114.4    108.5       79.5
comoros                                     93.6      96.3     97.3        ..         .          .        .         .        .         .       98.0    104.9       96.8
Congo, Democratic Rep. of..                    .         ..        .        ..         .        .         .         ..*
Congo, Republic of               102.2      89.5      90.0     89.2      69.3      79.0      75.2      77.6      79.9     80.3      75.5      102.2    102.1       82.3
C6te d'lvoire                    106.1      96.7     100.8     99.2      60.9      70.3       70.7     69.5      74.1     72.7      69.4       90.0     94.5       80.4
Equatorial Guinea                    .         .         .         .        .                             .         .
Ethiopia                          92.5     108.6      98.9     44.5      37.9       38.5      35.4     35.8      35 .5     35.2     32.9       92.5    109.5       54.8
Gabon                            113.4      87.1      87.2     84.1      56.5      62.5      63.9      62.4      67.8     68.7      67.9      102.5     98.7       73.5
Gambia, The                      100.8      97.1     103.2    103.1      95.9      95.3      94.8      99.6      98.2     95.9      91.8       97.0     81.0       97.7
Ghana                                ..    102.3      90.3     79.4      63.8      73.5       80.1     84.9      91.9     92.3      59.6      341.2    139.7       83.5
Guinea                              ..     104.5      96.9    100.6      98.5      92.8      95.1      94.4      93.7     80.6      76.6         ..    116.2       94.0
Guinea-Bissau                        ..     91.2      75.8      80.8     71.8      66.4       69.6     78.2      81.3     77.2      80.9         ..    100.0       79.4
Kenya                            142.5      98.1     102.5     87.2     113.1      117.8     113.4    105.3     106.9    108.9     111.5      141.2    120.5      105.9
Lesothto                         118.4      66.2      92.2     86.9      79.9       85.9      88.5     72.8      73.8      73,8     74.9      116.8    109.9       81.4
Madagascar                       193.1      87.3      92.9     102.7     90.2       81.9     104.1     93.6      94.5     91.9     101.1      200.0    130.3       94.5
Malawi                           110.6     103.5      95.2     97.0      68.6      59.6       82.3     91.9     126.2    126.1     138.6      108.1     97.5       99.0
Mauritania                       120.7     101.8     102.6     93.8      86.3       78.9      79.6     79.9        ..        .         .      139.8    115.1       90.4
Mozambique                       117.6      85.0      65.5     63.5      61.4       58.7      67.4     73.7      66.6     67.7      70.0      150.1    205.2       70.9
Namibia                          129.0      98.3     103.3     103.5    103.8      104.4      96.5     99.6      93.1      98.9       ..      133.6    105.3      100.1
Niger                               ..      87.4      82.8      79.3     55.2       62.1      65.5     65.7      67.2      63.2     61.8         ..     108.0      71.8
Nigeria                          350.6      85.0      70.5      77.2    142,8      122.1     167.7    193.1     203.6     193.3    191.4      431.4    282.8      140.6
Rwanda                            83.3      76.0      73.4      85.1    128.7       78.0      85.2    102.2     103.2    104.8     106.4       60,9     112.9      94.8
S8o Tom4 and Principe                .         .         .         .        .          .        .         .         .         .        .
Senegal                          108.2      93.7      93.3     91.0      58.8      63.7      64.2      59.9      61.2     59.8      56.2       98.2    106.9       72.9
Seychelles                        90.6      99.2      99.5     106.0    104.5     102.1       97.3    101.1     101.1    101.1     122.4      103.8    109.4      103.1
Siefra Leone                     122.8     101.1      92.1     102.5    116.6     105.4      106.0    122.8     104.3     121.6    101.4      173.7    166.9      106.7
South Africa                     133.9     104.2     107.7    105.5     100.8      97.8      90.2      96.5      87.4     82.7      81.0      134.6     97.3       95.8
Sudan                             45.0     176.9      28.2     27.9      33.0      25.4      25.3      26.2      19.9     21.5        ..       43.4     47.1       48.4
Swaziland                           ..      66.2      92.2     86.9      79.9      85.9      88.5      72.8      73.8     73.8      73.8      167.6    127.3       81.3
Tanzania                            ..      98.8      86.8      94.0     93.6       97.7     118.3    125.6     135.5     135.5    120.6         ..    138.3      109.7
Togo                                 .      95.0      96.5     93.1      61.9       71.8      73.6     75.7      82.7     76.          .      117.5    104.9       82.6
Uganda                               ..     61.2      49.2     50.4      61.0      65.9      64.8      66.2      67.7     58.9      60.0         ..    133.2       64.1
Zambia                           135.0      93.2      89.3     101.4     97.5       93.4      97.7    117.0     127.4     134.4    137.8      143.7      85.3     108.1
Zimbabwe                         165.4      66.2      92.2      86.9     79.9       85.9      88.5     72.8      73.8        .         ..     167.1    127.3       82.9
NOR TH NFRIC a                    150 6   ~   993     in'2      103 A    1049    ::.1078      109.1'   109 5     IIU 9     III'     1!220      148 9     1200      1U7.3
AlgFeri-a -.143.1                           59.6      60.8     74.0      64.7      53.7       55.8     61.4      64.3     59.2      5.9       16.      132         64.7
Egypt, Arab Republic                ..      96.3     101.4     108.7    112.6      118.9     126.9    131.2     156.3     162.2    174.1         ..    104.7      126.2
Morocco                          156.8     102.4     103.1    105.9     108.3      111.9     113.7    114.7     117.5    118.7     122.0      139.6    109.3      110.7
Tunisia                          l5nl 6    102 5     104 7     1007     101 5      103 7     104 4    II. 3     los 1     1-:14 8             18189     116 3     PJ3 I
ALL ATRITCA                        11'4     946 3      93      910        '9         8 u-'.-  -868    8-2 4       8' 4       29      80t)9      '2       1'          7
Note: 2000 data awe preliminary (see page 2).



51
Figure 3-1. Real effective exchange rate, 2000*
(index 1990=100)
0       25       50       75      100      125      150      175     200
Nigeria                  I        I                             -       -
Egypt. Arab Rep.
Malawi
Zambia
Seychelles
Mor occo
Tanzania
Kenya _
Tunisia _
Sierra Leone
Madagascar
Botswana -
Namibia
Burundi
Gambia The
Cape Verde     _
Benin
South Africa -
Guinea-Bissau    -
Mauritania             _
Guinea     --
Togo      _        _
Congo              _
Lesotho              _
Zimbabwe               _        _
Swaziland
Mozainbique
Cote cd Ivoire -
Cameroon             _        _
Gabon      -       -
Chad      -       -       -
Central African Republic _ _
Niger
Uganda      =       =      -
Ghana -
Algeria i
Senegal _
Ethiopia          _
Sudan
Congo. Democratic Republic
Rwanda



52                                 Prices and Exchange Rates
Technical notes
Tables                                          jor urban areas. Thus, the consumer price indexes
shown for some countries may not accurately repre-
Table 3-1. GDP deflator (local currency series). The  sent price movements because the underlying con-
implicit GDP deflator for national currency series is  sumption basket may not be representative of overall
obtained by dividing, for each year of the time series,  national consumption patterns, and the weights as-
the value of GDP at current prices (World Bank coun-  signed to prices may be outdated.
try desks) by the value of GDP at constant 1995 prices
(World Bank country desks), both in national cur-  Table 3-4. Official exchange rate. The official ex-
rency.                                          change rate (IMF, IFS, line rf) is expressed as the
annual average of the official market exchange rate
Table 3-2. GDP deflator (US dollar series). The  in national currency per US dollar.
GDP deflator for US dollar series (with base year 1995
= 100) (World Bank country desks) is obtained by  Table 3-5. SDR exchange rate index. This index is
dividing, for each year of the time series, the value of  based on the average annual exchange rate for SDRs
GDP at current U.S. dollars (Table 2-5) by the value  per unit of national currency (IMF, IFS, line rd-zf).
of GDP at constant 1995 dollars (Table 2-1). GDP at
current U.S. dollars was obtained by converting cur-  Table 3-6. Currency conversion factor. These are
rent national series at single-year exchange rates,  the annual exchange rates used by the World Bank
while GDP at constant 1995 dollars was obtained by  (World Bank country desks) to convert national cur-
converting constant national series at 1995 prices at a  rency series into U.S. dollars. For most countries, in
fixed (1995) exchange rate. As a result, the GDP de-  most years, the conversion factor is identical to the
flator for US dollar series includes both the effects of  average annual official exchange rate. However,
domestic price changes and the effects of exchange  where the official exchange rate is judged to diverge
rate variations.                                by an exceptionally large margin from the rate effec-
tively applied to international transactions, a more
Table 3-3. Consumer price index. Consumer price  appropriate conversion factor is estimated. An alter-
indexes (IMF, IFS, line 64) are generally compiled  native conversion factor is used when there are egre-
using the Laspeyres formula: goods in the consump-  gious differences between the official and effective
tion basket selected according to consumption pat-  transaction rates, when officially recognized multiple
terns in the base year, derived from household ex-  exchange rates have analytically significant spreads,
penditure surveys, are weighted by their relative prices  or when exchange rates need to be adjusted to a fiscal
in the base year. The data often relate only to selected  year base. The objective in estimating alternative con-
representative income groups in capital cities or ma-  version factors is to approximate as closely as possible



Prices and Exchange Rates                              53
exchange rates actually used. For example, where  exchange rates (Table 3-4), to measure the premium
multiple  exchange rates are maintained,. a     on the official exchange rate. The premium is usually
transaction-weighted rate is calculated.        high in the presence of an overvalued exchange rate.
Note that national statistical compilers sometimes  This table reflects the corrected series for Table 3-7.
use an official exchange rate to assign a national cur-
rency value to international transactions originally de-  Table 3-9. Real effective exchange rate index. This
nominated in foreign currencies. In these cases, the  index (IMF, IFS Database) gives a measure of price
official rate must be used to convert the same items  competitiveness of the country's exports relative to
back to dollars, regardless of whether it was the rate  its trading partners. A decline (increase) in the index
actually applied to the international transactions, even  indicates real depreciation (appreciation) of the ex-
if an alternative conversion factor is used for other  change rate. The data have been rebased to 1990. The
components of GDP.                              year 1987 coincided with the early period of massive
devaluations in the process of adjustment by several
Table 3-7. Parallel market exchange rate. Data re-  Sub-Saharan African countries. As a result, the sub-
ported here are from Pickv Currency Yearbooks and  stantial devaluations that continued to take place af-
Currency Alerts (now discontinued) and Global Cur-  ter 1987 may not be very pronounced in the data.
rency Report. They are averages of month-end rates  Relative movements in the inflation rates between a
for the period covered, based on a sample of transac-  country and the trading partner(s) may diminish the
tions, usually in a capital city or a financial center of  real impact of a devaluation, particularly if inflation-
the country. They include the rates at the Bureaux de  ary tendencies are stronger domestically than abroad.
Change that have been established in some countries
with auction markets as semi-official foreign exchange  Figure
windows for small transactions. The current table
corrects some errors contained in ADI 1994-95.  The following indicator has been used to derive the
figure in this chapter.
Table 3-8. Ratio of parallel market to official ex-
change rates. This ratio is obtained by dividing par-  Figure 3-1. Real effective exchange rate (Table 3-9).
allel market exchange rates (Table 3-7) by official



54                                                          Prices and Exchange Rates
Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 3
Aggregations                                        Period averages
Table                          (4)                      (7)                      (8)                (1)                (2)
3-1                                                      x                                           x
3-2                             x                                                                    x
3-3                                                      x                                                              x
3-4                                                                               x                  x
3-5                                                                               x                  x
3-6                                                                               x                  x
3-7                                                                               x                  x
3-8                                                                               x                  x
3-9                                                      x                                           x
Nowe: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the
last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter.
a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same
country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-
filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all
divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic
mean.
b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (uising the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if
tlle rest of the table is shown as level, growtls rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-sqtiares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least
squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms).



Money and Banking
M      onetary variables directly affect prices and ex-  financial conditions of a country and to arrive at a
M       change rates and indirectly affect real eco-  proper evaluation of the financial policy options open
nomic performance. Money plays a vital role  to a country for achieving its macroeconomic objec-
in any modem economy. Data in this chapter are con-  tives. The government usually intervenes in finance
cerned with the creation of the types of assets that  to control the supply of money and credit. The pri-
transactors in the economy wish to hold from the types  mary objective of such intervention is to maintain
of liabilities that debtors are willing to incur. How-  price stability. However, the government may also
ever, emphasis here is on the creation of the means of  intervene to finance a budget deficit that in turn may
payment, that is, on the more liquid end of the liquid-  threaten price stability. The government also ensures
ity spectrum for assets.                        that financial institutions are properly supervised to
Mioney and the institutions that deal in money pro-  ensure continued confidence in the financial system
vide cover against credit risks, limit transactions costs,  and to avoid destabilizing runs on the banking sys-
help mobilize savings, allocate credit, and facilitate  tem. Time series are provided for nine indicators in
investment and hence growth of the economy. Data  this section.
on money and banking help to assess the prevailing
55



5            6             M            o         n        e        yy and Banking
4-1. Domestic Credit
Average annual
Level                                         Percentage annudal change                                              percentage growth
1995        1980      1991     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996      1997     1998     1999     2000       75-84   85-89  90-MR
SUB-.SAHARAN AFRICA&,                          20        II       I 1        6       20        Ii1       1 1       14       ii1      10        7          21      14      I 
ecluding SouhthAftica                         19        II1      11         .5      20       I1I        10        13       1 i      10        6          22      14      Il1
exctS.Ah~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a&Nierl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  18  10  10  4  20  11  II      14        11       10        2         22       14      11~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1  42  1  1  4  11
Angola                                8                                                                404      340       156      176    -1,187
Beunm                           117,710       49       -30       -4       -26       74        21         4       -24        2        6       71           9              -
Botswana                         -4,747      -26         0        14       10       20         -3       16       146       19        0       -65                -54      20
Burkina Faso                     66,293        3       -10      -16        -5        4       -14        30       116        9        5       2 1        -32      68      10
BUncodi                          39,933       20        16       -6         4       16       -14        52       20        25       34       12         -12              12
Cameron                         791,344       28        21      -34        -3       -1        -1        -4         6        9        9        5         -11      1 3
Cape Verde                      21,027        39        27       17        19       23        19        1 1       21        6       1 1      17         -17      -4      -6
Central Afncan Reprublsc         63,333       39        Is      -18         0       3 1        -4        4        -2       1 1      14       26         -1l              16
Chad                             71,325       j1        17       12       -15       30       -10        28         0        2        8       46         -13              48
Cornoros                         12,449                 I I       8       -20        9         0       -18         3       -2       20        3                   2     -12
Congo, Democratic Rep. of             7       22     1,404    2,862     1,648    5,299       182                                                          3      84      26
Congo, Republic of              183,036       17         3        4       -32        3        10         8        14       1 1       9        -3,        -2     -13       7
C6te dIlvoire                 1,540,052       23         0        2        -3        6        1 2        3         8        5        -1       6         .20      35       6
Djiboutis                        45,598                  3        8        -2       t0        17         7        -3       -4      -31       53                 -36      29
Equatorial Gumnea                20,829                 91       -12      -26       47          I       II1       16      -15       36       -52                          6
Entrea 
Ethiopia                         14,087       18        10       14         6        9        II        19         8        9       27        9          -4       7      -1
Gabon                           453,735       1 I        3        -7        1       25        IS        -4        14       26       -4       -4         -13     -27      29
Gambia, The                        281        23      -100 -223,914       -17      -13        41         9        35       17       3 1      -16         -3
Ghana                         1,850,561       28        82       45        52       19        53        20        73       23       54      -22           I     -12       9
Guinea                          282,366                          24         9       la        29        17        -7       -7
Guinea-Bissau                     2,171                -70       30        52       14        -50       58       234       15       44       42                         -10
Kenya                           198,876       13        19       18        -2       50        37        19        21        9       10       42          -6     -13       3
Lesotho                            -270                 -3      -39       -37      -71      -616        83        52       25      -98     3,444                 29
LAbena                            1,692        2                 14        2 1       6        14        1 1        5    1,783       -9        12          7      30      15
Madagascar                    2,506,189       50        12       28        16       29        -3         -2        2       29       10       -II          1     -27      -3
Malawi                            2,644       12        21       65        14       36        -3        16        12       -3       75       -13        -16      31      12
Malt                            136,883        5        -3        2        12       20        1 5        0        29       29       18       I11         -9              10
Mauritamia                       32,877       13        10        0         7       -1       -37       -36       -38      -66      -87    -1,488        -16      44
Mauritius                        46,369       14        25       19        25       23        13         6        26       22        9        7          -9       2      -5
Mozamnbique                     887,600                 38        -3      -39      131        28       -40       107        4      192       36                   i       6
Nanubia                           5,595                 10       91        29       28        3 1       22        -1        9        9       15                         -12
Niger                            81,241       45       -10       -4       -17       25       -17        10        23        3        3         I         -3
Nigeria                         474,361       23        IS5     142        64       56         8       -22        -1       40       23       -18        -21      31      -5
Rwanda                           44,016       12       -15       33        23       -7         -7        -2       61       13       13        8           4      10      -4
S8o Tom6 and Principe            22,360                                                                 22      -110     -783      -30     -322
Senegal                         538,122       16        -2       -1        -2        7         2         7         2        6        8        0         -13     -13
Seychelles                        1,615       12        10       11        25       20        15        16        23       31       15        12         -3      15       2
Sierra Leone                   426,184        35        24       48         1    1,076        -12        6        It        7       13       is          -3       1     -16
Somalia                                       31                                                                                                         -6      16
South Afnica                   333,490        21                           12       21        12        18        16       17        9       14           3       1      -2
Sudan                            46,238       22        56      153        65       48        47       114        18       24       23        4          -6      16     -16
Swaziland                          328         0       -67       68       109      163       -36       -45       -15     -269        7     -239         -17
Tanzania                        693,880       24        13       23        40       11        Il       -15        -1       17       23       -29         -6      14       -8
Togo                            169,769       13        10       -7         2       21        44        10         7       II       -7        0         -20             -30
Uganda                          234,994       64                           -4      -13        -42       34        38       31       15       60          19
Zambia                        1,921,138       17       137                         123        63        21         0       71       13       -59         -8      62     -15
Zimbabwe                         20,496       28        29       43        59       20        19        27        83       41        7       96                  15       3
NORTH AFRICA                        I.-....... 18         9        II1       7       14        I'S        6        15        91      12         2         20      Il.     10
Algena                          968,930       17        17       32        17        4        25        10        10        9       25       -20         -3     -13       1
Egypt, Arab Republic            157,300       42         a        4         7       13        17        14        16       19       12        3          -3       3      -5
Libya                            11,529      -11         9         I        4       10         8         -4      -16        2        3         2        -II       8     -17
Morocco                         166,721       18        19        it        9       11         15        6        49        9        3         2         -7      -3      -11
Tunisia                           9,746       19         8       1 1        5        6         7         0        15        8       14       28          -2      -5      '4
ALL AFR,ICA                                    is 1      20       it.        6       20        1l        10        14       10        10        5         21      14      la)
Note 2t00 data are preliminary (isepage2) Levels forl1995sre expressed inmsitllionssof units of natinalcnsnrency Group data are medimsiof individual country values inecawsyear or perind



Money and Banking                                                                               5 7
4-2. Credit to the private sector
Average annual
Level                                              Percentage annual change                                                    percentage growth
1995         1980       1991      1992      1993      1994       /995       /996      1997      /998      1999       2000        75-84   85-89   90-Ad!
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                                  1 5       I2         7         1 I       14        31         3 13      20         14        33       6it          17       14       14
excIudinf.South4frica                             15         3 2        7         I13       14        31-        33        22         14         I        3 6         17l      33       14
taclt SAfica &Nigmna       _   ___                15         32         6s       '1         1 3        17        3 3       20         13        II        itl         It,           1    33
Angola                                   I          .         ...                            ..3,595                      243         -1       391  -    102    -___        __        __
Benin                               80,447        34        -16       -20         -2        11          7        27        -30       40         61        14          -17
Botswansa                            1,560        10         43        36        12         32         -3         4         9        39         43        23           -2       I       -6
Burkina Faso                        80,590         4        -23       -32        -9        -17         9         3 3       80         1 0        3        1 6        -27        5        2
Buwundi                             30.648        14         39         7        35          8        -15        3 1        7        26         29        46           -9      57        0
Casneroon                          371,390        29          0       -55        -8          0          I         4       -30        23         3 2        ..-5
Cape Verde                          10,391       -14         1 5       20        59          1        37         17        20         1 2       12        -3         -10        3       -6
Central African Republic            23,159        50         -9       -37        -5         3 7       24          0         4         3 6       -3        I 1        -24        ..      -1
Chad                                27,790         -2        -8        -3        -33        34         17         8         -3        1 7        0                     -7
Comnoros                             9,525                    7         3        -12        -3         10       -29        25        -17        23         9           ..       -3       2
Congo, Democratic Rep. of                4        32        744     4,6%      1,889    22,432        474           .        .          ...1                                    13       89
Congo, Republic of                  85,68-3       23          3         -1      -46         3 5        1 3       14         9          5        41         2           6      -22        5
C6te dIvoire                     1,016,035        32         -3       -13        -5         -5         19         2        13          I        -7         4         -38
Djibouti                            37,901         ..        -3        -1         -6         2         33         3         -I         9       -3 5       54           ..     -32
Equatorial Guinea                    3,397                   52       -37_      -74         13_       53         82        94         18        51        27           .         .      24
Ethiopia                             3,706       -30          1        52       116        47         86         74        24          9        29         1         -29       -7       12
Gabon                              196,08')       36          7       -28        -3          0        25         -2        43         6          0       -20         -12       -8       -2
Gamnbia, The                           36:3       19         14       -24        59          7        -30         0        23         14        20        18          -7      -II       -2
Ghana                              393,289        1 8        -6        56        35        46         44         73        70        42         50        89           9   ~    4        3
Gruinea                            181,518         ..34                          22        1 1        26          4         -I      -13..                  .
Guinea-Bissau                        6,129         ..         7        27        78        53          -8        20        531       13        -22        64                    ..       4
Keniya                             118,189        20         22        3 1        5        28         50         24        25          1        1 1        4           -8       5      -13
Lesotho                                674       -10         31        16        59        39          -4         0        46        -15         2         3           -5      -1      -21
Liberia                                191       -39         ..        53       -12        64         -20       -60        36      1,040       -21       -23         -10       79
Madagascar                       1,563,020        26         12         6        IS5       26          16         2        14          1         7        23          14      -22       -9
Malawi                               1,264         8         28        34       -12        54           5        12        1 5       98          6        49         -13                -
Mali                               131,787         8          2         7         3         -9        52         3 1       16        27         14        1 5        -22        -.      29
Mauritania                          31,417        1 3        1 1        2         3          3        -27        13          8         7        38        22         -10       30        3
Mauritiua                           32,879         9         17        23        28        20          1 5        5        26        3 1        10       I11          -3       -1       -5
Mozamabique                      2,374,2(00         .        44        45        34         58        54         46        50        27         32         7            ..     40       -7
Namibia                              4,4                     17        30        30         31        34         19         16         9         4        17            .-133
Niger                               42,0(14       20         -9        -4       -10         30        -43         3        -18        39        -3        29          -21
Nigeria                            201,7115       38         26       141         1 8       61        42         25        23         1 8       22        30          -19      32        1
Rwanda                              28,538        46        -17        26        1 7        -9        74          1        56        20         331       20         -20      -13        3
SAo Tomd and Principe                6,694         -...32                                                                  36        88         24        -9
Senegal                  ~~~~~~~~357,834  16        -4          6         2       -17          2         16         4         2        331        6          -20        9       9
Seychelles                             2,45        3          9         S         10       23          3 7       10        44         1 9        9        22           -6        -       5
Sierra Leone                        17,600        28        154        28        44         12          5        23        25          6       -13        12           4       331     -19
Somalia                                            -5                   ...                             .         .          .         .         .         .~17                64
South Africa                       327,114        26         ..         -         1         18         16        1 7        14        1 6       10        15           7        4       -2
Sudan                               33,068        29         83        90        69        96         48        344        23         13        -2        64          -2       -7        1
Swaziland                   ~~~~        ~~    ~~928  15  40   3          9        22          2          6        12         6         6         7          -13      63    -14
Tanzania                           201,015        1 1        32       -12        40         20        -10       -42        43         44        26        10           -1      78      -16
Togo                               131,243        33         12         0         -8        -3        28          7         10         4       -10         1          -18       -6     -11
Uganda                             246,361        85                             56         12        28         31         -1        33        22        3 9           5       .       -5
Zambia                             253,973        10         57                   ..       98         81         47         30         3        31        42         -30       74      -15
Zimbabwe                            15,276        18         70        42        44        29         28         21        49        37         33       130                  116        0
NQRTH A RICA                                       13          9        34        I         13          9         30        3         3          0Ii3                            9  .:I12:
Algeria                            103.499        34         32       -77          1       25           7        33       -21         19        35    -    .-4                -13        8
Egypt, Arab Republic                66,777        -9          1        25        19        32         37         26        26        27         20        19          -3       -6        8
Libya                                3A475         8          2         7        10          7         8        -17         8          0        28         0          -1        ..      -9
Morocco                             90,906        13         34        15        1 1        1 1        15        10        54         12         9        10          -4        ..      -6
Tunisia      _     -           _     9,274        2-2 _       9        14         7--        8          9          1        12        10l       10        24          -1        I        0
ALL:AFPJC'____14                                        o2         7        FW        ii         36         13        In        34        I1         it,         37       1 3      1.1
Note. 2000 data are: preliminary (see page 2). Levels fur 1995 are expressed in millions of units of national currency. Group data are msedians of individual country values in each year or period.



58                                                                  Money and Banking
4-3. Credit to the government
Average annual I
Level                                            Percentage annual change                                                percentage growth
1995         1980      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995       1996     1997      1998      1999     2000       75-84    85-89  90-MA
SVO-SAPIAW   AMICA20                       ~    I        16         2       35          2         8         4       16        U1        -v       -26        14 
wiicluclig SouthAf.o                  2Q        11        1          2       34                    B         2        16       l1        47         2        14
exA. S.Ahicsa&Niggfia                                               Is1  1             34          4         8        -4       j6        11        47         27       15s
Angola                                 7         ..        .         .         .         .         .         6      538       322       122    -2,063           .       .       L
Bermi                             36,262        -9      -178      -172      -308     -274         73       -45         8     -12.5    1,037       -78                   .        I
Botswana                           -6,426       15         7        19        11       19         -3        13       113       23         5       -65         -t0     -25       -2
Burkana Faso                     -14,605        46       -51         4       -25     -115       -704       -63      -500       -7        27       133                 .60
Burnmdi                            7,694         9        -4       -27       -58       93        -20       136       64        20        43       -72          1 3    -4
Cameroon                         410,935        40       149        16         I        -2        -3       -1l        2 1       -2        B        -7           .       .       1
Cape Verde                         10,732      188        36        i5        -3       46          6         4        20        0        1 1       36        -41       26      -1
Contra] AfnticaRepublic           40,174        26        SI        -3         2       38        -15        -6        -6        8        23         8          -6
Chad                              43,535         0        81        44        -1       38        -21        40        -1       -9        1 5        6         -10
Comoros                            2,924                  25        23      -41        49        -23        1 7      -41       62        1 I       -9                  4
Congo, Democratic Rep. of              2        18     1,459     2,786     1,628    3,914         -3                            3.143 3
Congo. Republic of                96,501         7         6        24       -18        -s         8         3       20        1'7      -16        -9           8               -s
ColicdlIvoire                    510,099       -52         6        70         2       35          1         6         0       13        II       -34          -8             -22
Djiubot                            7,697                 -53      -165       123      112         37        30       -13       -60       17        37                           Ii
Equatonal Guinea                  17,432                 168        26         5       53         -5        -3       -13      -42        1 1      -29                           ..
Ethiopia                           9,916        18        14        15        -1       24        -4         -3        -3       10        24        25         -26      16
Gabon                            246,554        -3        -6        47         7       50          8        -4        -6       52        -9        14
Gambia, The                           -82       28        65      -113      -453       38        -60       -30       -43       -22     -194       247          -9
Ghana                           1,420,078       30       149        42        57       13         51         8        76       16        57        -7          -2      22     -iii
Guinea                           100,355         I.         .        1       -13       35         36        42       -IS        4
Gumea-Bissu                       -3959          .      -100       988      -979      324         72        -1     -108        85     1,383        48           .              1
Kenya                             69,644        1 1       15         0       -10       89         17         7        16       10        -8        -5          -2      59
Lesotho                             -944       329       -30      -120      773        97         44        24        49        2       -51       108         -19      -4     -0
Libenia                             1,498       49                  II        IS1      -1         20        19         4     1,824       48        13         -13      25       18
Madagascar                       943,169        81       I11        68        16       33        -24        -7       .21      102        14       -53         .17     -23
Malavi                              1,380       18        I 1      117       41        24         -9        20        11      -93     1,741       -98         -14     -24      41
Mali                               5,096         2       -80      -374      -239      639        -84      -799       -37        16      -15       -25           0 
Mauritani                           1,411       1 3        5        -6        24       -17       485    -1,118        77       44        30        40           1      53      11~
Maurtitus                         t3,358        18        49        10       20        32         1 1        9        26        -1       -2         4         -25      .        -5.
Mozambique                     -1,486,000       ..        62       335       95        26         75        97        36       36        -4       -10           .       .     -12
Namibia                              796          .       33      -303        27        4         20        49       -79        16      115       -17                          14
Niger                             39,237       -59       -13        -6       -39      102         50        17        62       -14        8       -19         -12      16      -di
Nigerna                          272,350         6         3       181        98       55         -g       -56       -57      181        27      -138         -12      38      10
Rwanda                            15,365       132       -13        41        28        -7       -50        -7        70        -1       19       -20                 -15
SfioTom6 and Principe             15,665                                                                    is.. 1  -178      -68       231       247
Senegal                          179,488        53         2       -26       -23      174          3       -10        -5       1 8        4       -16         -18     -25
Seychelles                          1.369      118        11        13       28        20         IS        17        19       33        16        10          -8      -9       1
Sierra Leone                     408,584        37        11       -16       -14     1,689       -12         5        10        7        14        19          -6      48     -189
Sonmalia                                        38          ..                                                                                      .         -28     -12        .
South Africa                       6,376         0                           51       112        -60        81        79       50        -7         3         -25        .    -18~
Sudan                             33,177        19        48       176       65        34         47       101        16       30        34       -26         -13      19      -8
Swaziland                           .600        27       102        -3        -6      -28         50        34        19       50         6      -110          .         .    -18
Tanzania                         492,865        25         1        55        40        7         23        -4       -12        6        21       -30          -7      12      -7
Togo                              38,278        14        59        66       -57     -278        177        20        -3       32         0        -2
Uganda                            -11,367       58         ..   87,960       -21      -28       -105       -26    -1,469       26        -4       209          19     136
Zambla                          1,667,167       20       148         ..126                        60        17        -2       86        II       -67         -23      42      -16
Zimbabwe                           5,051        41       -26        50       105        6         -4        43       167       53        -5        53                   6      14
NORThfAFRICA                 -           .       23          6        .2        2                   8    3             1 2        3        5        .3-         2b      t3        s.
Algeria                          864,285        24        -5       253        20         I        28         7        1s        8        24       -64          -5     -17        1
Egypt, Arab Repisblc              86,799        60        10        -2         2         5         5         5         7        10        5       -IS          -2       8      -3
Libya                              8.055       -20        12        -2         2        11         8         1       -24        3       -12        -3         -13              -31
Morocco                           74.178        21         6         8         7        10        14         3        12        -l      -11        24         -10       3        8
TunLisia                             473         2         6       -13       -14       -12       -16       -22        81       -17       97        66          -1     -26
ALL APRIUA                               .       20        It        i5         2       3-2         5         6         7        12       It        -7          74      13i
Note 20D00data ae pretnminry (see pap 2) Levels for 1995 are expressed ini millons ofunitsofnatLonal currency roup data are medians of individual country values in eacIi year or period



Money and Banking                                                                        59
4-4. Net foreign assets
Billions of units of national currency                                         Annual Average
19850     1991     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996      1997     1998     1999      2000      75-84    85-89    90-AIR
SLrB-S&IIARAN AFIUCA
e%duding South Affica
e%cl  S  Africa  &  Nigenia   _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _    _ _ _ _   _ _ _ _
Angola                                                                              0         0         0        0        6        31                             6
Benin                             -23        41       65        70      160       146       173      215       206      298       354        -17      -43       157
Botswana                            0         8        9        11       II        12        19        22       28       30        25          0        3        16
Burkina Faso                        0        76       90       106      164       236       220      204       183      170       147          6       58       151
Burundi                             5        1 8      30        35       45        54        47        46       32       33        32          3        6        35
Cameroon                 ~~~~~~~-14  -182   -182     -236      -318      -343      -302     -204      -195     -191                  1 3     -60      -234
Cape Verde                          2         4         5        6        6         5         7         6        6         8       ID0         2        5         6
Central Ahican Republic             3        14       13        21       85        92       101        90       66       66        68          1       14        58
Chad                               4         20        1 1      -1       14        48        55        47       35       24         0          0       12        26
Comoros                                       7        7        1 1      16        16        19        19       1 5      20        23          4        6        15
Congo, Dermocratic Rep. of          0         0        0         0        0         0                                                          0        0         0
Congo, Republic of                  8       -20       -19      -4         4         IS5      25        18      -44       -11      -99         -3      -22       -13
C8te dIvoire                     -223     -474      -511      -515      -72        58        62       100      114       25       322       -211     -409      -126
Djibouti                                     45       35        37       36        34        28        26       24       34        42         2 1      32        35
Equatorial Guinea                            -9      -10        -7      -14       - 10       -7        -7       -6         1       14                  -5        -6
Eritrea                                      I.                                                                                                                   I
Ethiopia                            0         0         1        2        5         5         4         5        6         5        S          0        0         3
Gabon                              16        1 8     -29       -33       52         9        86       69       -64      -74       110        35       -20        13
Gamnbia, The                        0         0         1        1        I         I         I         I        I         I        I          0        0         1
Ghana                               0       -1I     -126      -146       14       181       206      244       311     -744       278         -2     -III         5
Guinea                                       76      105       159      112        97        80       151      176                128                           120
Guinea-Bissau                                -2       -4        -5       -6        -4        -3        16       15       14        24                  -1         4
Kenya                               2        -8       -6        30       16        24        47        56       54       55        77          I       -2        3 1
Lesotho                             0         0         1        1        1         2         2         3        4         3        3          0        0         2
Liberia                             0        -1        -1       -1       -1         -1        -1       -1      -28      -25       -27          0        0        -8
Madagascar                       -110    -2,807     -133       -11        1       316       861     1,489      921     1,496    2,165       -150   -1,458       191
Malawi                              0         0        -I        0       -2         0         2         1        8        9        18          0        0         3
Mali                               -8        65       69        74      107       120       184       205      172       126       92        -29      -33       113
Mauritantia                        -2       -24      -32       -30      -33        -25      -11        -2        0         7       24         -3      -11       -13
Mauritius                           0        15       16        17       16         19       20        22       20       26        25          0        3        19
Mozambique                               -2,002    -2,707   -5,671    -3,162   -3,534     -1,627     -861     -243      735     7,354        -26     -354    -1,149
Namiibia                                      1        0         0        0         0         0         I        1         2        3I
Niger                               5        26       28        24       23        22        12         0       -9       -17        3          5       16        12
Nigeria                             6        54       35        63       56       108       237       228      235      663     1,165          3        8       262
Rwanda                             14        12       10         5        3        28        38        46       40       45        44          8        9        25
Sao Tom6 and Prinicipe                                                              9        19       101      139      149       146                            94
Senegal                           -97      -179     -172      -207     -130       -70       -46        36       78       119      130       -102     -233       -57
Seychelles                          0         0        0         0        0         0         0         0        0        0         0          0        0         0
Sierra Leone                        0      -145     -188      -204     -339      -396      -159      -169     -220     -322      -181          0      -11      -217
Somalia                             0         -0                                                                                                      -63
South Africa                        6                 -11      -16      -21        -18      -31       -23      -32         2       13          2        I       -14
Sudan                               0        -2      -37      -_59     -122      -202      -444     -494      -687     -724      -669          0       -1      -313
Swaziland                           0         1         1        1        1          1        2         2        2         3        3          0        0         2
Tanzania                            0      -159     -295      -384     -278       -207       -68      245      275       374      565          0      -79        -6
Togo                                0        74        54       23       43        33         13       14        8        23       67         21       62        38
Uganda                              0         ..     -243     -104       64       177       252       392      655      790       906          0       -3       321
Zambia                             -1      -102              -496      -788     -1,022    -1,287   -1,228    -2,397   -2,572    -2,693        -l      -12    -1,264
Zimbabwe                            0        -2       -3        -3       -2         -3        -3      -13      -30       -12       16          0        0        -5
NORThi AFRICA                                            .     _   _  _  _  _   _  _  _  _   _  _  _  _   _  _  _  __                _   __                 _
Algeria                            17        24       23        20       60        26       134       350      281       170   -775      -    12  --10          170
Egypt. Arab Republic               -1        17       34        46       51        49        54        49       36        25       24         -1        1        35
Libya                               4         2        2         2        2         3         3         2        2         3        6          2        2         2
Morocco                             0        23       30        35       40        34        36        40       43        59       55         -1       -3        37
Tunisia          __      _   _      0         1         I        I        I          I         I        2         1        2        1          0        0         1
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2).



60                                                                Money and Banking
4-5. Growth of money supply
Average annua
Level                                          Percentage annual change                                               percentage grot
1995        1980      1991      1992     1993     1994      1993      1996      1997     1998      1999     2000       75-84   85-899-Af
SUB-SAHLARAN AFRICA                             19        13       1 1      12        32        i5        14       IS        9        16       13          14      is
xelt1dt1g SutbAftiti$.                         16       12        1 l      12       33         1s        14       14        8        16       is          14      14      l
-dxCl. S.Aftla &Nioeriai                       14        Ii      I11       12        32        II        14       14         7       16        13         14      is      il
Angola                                3                                                               3,393      108       40       343      342
Benin                           161,730       32        12        10      -13        67       -13        17        2        -5       47       35          .5
Botswana                            829        10        5        -1       15        1 1        7        15        9       46        17        7         -10      16
Burkna Faso                     213,703       20         6         I       1 2       39        25         7       1 8       -3       -2        5          -8      -8
Buritdi                          38,802         3        1 1      10       12        28        -3        1 2      10         1       42        -1        -11     -23
Cameroons                       319,242        13        3       -28      -14        35       .12        -2       35       14        I I       17          1       3 
Cape Verde                       11,867       26         9        3 1       7         8         3        1 1      22        -2       1 7       II-11I             1
Central Afuican Republic        111,237       32         -3       -4       16        74         8         5       -8      -18        13        3         -t0      1 5 
Chad                             85,330       -16        4        -9      -28        32        43        33       -5        -8       -3        1 8         0     -26      J.
Comoros                          12,040                 -7         9        5        10        -5         8      -19       -6        16       21                  -4     1~
Congo, Democratic Rep. of            1 9      73     2,387     4,114    2,461     5,635       407                                                         3 1     30   ~
Congo, Republic of              134,845       37         -7        6      -20        40         0        14        9       -14       28       68           I
C6te d'Ivoire                   944,519         1        -3       -4        1        62        1 8        2       1 2       13       .2       -4         -15              4
Dji'bouts                        36,998                 1 6       1 I       4         3        -2        -3      -10      -10         4        -8                 2
Equatorial Guinea                 9,509                -16        35      -29       135        58        50       -4        1 0      90       35             ~
Eritrea
Ethiopia                          9,280        0         18       1 5       4        21         3        -2        8        -7       12       II          - 3     ;        6i
Gabon                           219,087        10        8       -27       -3       42         12        26        8        -5       -5       1 9        -17      - 
Gamnbia, The                        471        6        33        1 1       6       -12        16        -4       39        0        1 4      37           5     -10 
Ghana                           925,287       30         14       53       28        50        33        3 1      45        1 7       3       22           I      -I      -7
Guinea                          274,125                           20       1 9       -3         9         0       2 1       9
Gusnea-Bissau                     7,211                -75        83       27        58        47        5 1     236      -12        22       64                           i
Kenya                   ~~~~~~~69,333  -8       1 5      47        27       13         4         14       1                   6        9-                2
Lesotho                             538                 1 8       12       23        12        1 1       1 9      23       25        -3        8                 -13       3
Li'bera                             653       -4                  -6       60         8        42         7       -1       129       1 5      -12          I      -9       2
Madagascar                     1,848,007      22        31        22       12        57        15        1 7      23       II1       20       1 3          8       4
Malavs                            2,211        7        3 1       19       35        5 1       44        24       17       56        33       37          14      -9   ~   6
Mali                            198,195         5        9         1        9        48        14        21        6         5       -1        9          -7     -34       6
Maurtania                        18,202        1 2       10        4        4        -5        -8       -11        8         5        6       23         -4      -12      13
Mauntius                         9,573       2 1       20         8        3        19         8         3        8         9        4        1 1       -13       5     -10
Mozamnbique                   3,264,000                 47        45       52        5 1       35        20       25        1 5      25       22                  44      U9
Namibia                           1,822                 34        22       46        15         8        54        4       27        22       28                           1
Niger                           100,238        13        3       -10       II        15         9       -10      -19       -18       15       12          -4       3      'I 
Nigeria                         207,509       50        4 1       63       57        43        1 6       1 4      1 7       1 9      22       62         -24      3 6 
Rwanda                           40,658         7        8        25       1 1       1 6       4 1       1 2      23       -I1        7        7         -11     -28
Sao Tom6 and Principe            14,225                                                                  66      108       _3         4
Senegal                         316,756        1 4       4         2       -9        54         4         8        0        1 6      1 1       6         -30       7       6
Seychelles                          335       38        23        10       14       -3          3        34       44       20        37        6          -7      22 
Sierra Leone                     49,902       20        76        25       12        10        29         7       57         7       49        4          15       9     -IS
Somalia                                       19                                                                                                          -8      38
South Africa                    111,844       36        37         3        7       25         18        32       17       23        22        2          19     -18       O
Sudan                            40,464       31        60       101       76       55         67        86       32       29        28       42          -3      19      -
Swaziland                           363       22        10        20       14         7        17        16       16        2        32        0         -15       2
Tanzania                        428,284       28        23        34       33       33         30         5       10       10        16       10         -21     109     -~
Togo                            131,199         5        4       -27      -18       105        38        -8        2         7       10       22         -19              -
Uganda                          408,701       32        50        61       26       36         IS        10       14       19        13       17           9     -10     -14
Zambia                          227,058        0        78                          45         61        19       31        17       24       39           4      29      1
Zimbabwe                         11,270       37        23         6       95        18        52        23       54       24        35       53          12       8
NOkTR AFICA                                    21          8        9        3        II         7        -7       13         8        9         8         19       0 
Algeria                         520,286        17       20        16       19         8         7        13       15       21         9        17        -4       -9 
Egypt, Arab Republic             41,540       56         8         9       12        II         9         7        9       20         1         5         -5      -7      7
Libya                             6,251       29         -4       16        4        13         6         1        5         0        5        4          -3              2~
Morocco                         135,964         8       14         6        5        11         6         6       16         8       12        8                 -237     7
Tunisia                           3.637       21          1        7        4        11        10        13       13         8       16       10          -2      2       2
ALL AFRICA                                      19        12       10       12        25        12        13   1__4           8       15        12         15      14      1
Note 2000dataarepreliminary(seepage2) Levels forl1995 ae expresed in millions ofunitsofnationalcunenscy Group daisaare medians of individual eountry values in each yearor peiod



Money and Banking                                                                               6 1
4-6. Discount rate
Percenag                                                              Annual Average
1980      1989       1990       1991      1992      1993      1994       1995       19.96     1997      1998       75-84     85-89     90-AIR
SUIB-SAHARAN AFRICA                    8.5     ''.0       lI.O       II.!      12.5      118a       12.5       13 3      13 5      11.6       11 4        8 4       ') 8      12 1
excludinp SouLh Arica                11.51     11 0      11.0       11.1      12.5       Iii5     12 0       13.1       13 3      10.8       10 2        8 2       9l7       11.7
excl S.Afric.a& Nigen,a              11.5     11 0       ILO0       11 0      12.5      II 5      12 0       13.0       13.0      10)6       9 1         814       9 7       1 1.5
An_gola.                                          .         .          .         .          .        .      160.0        2.0      48.0      58.0           .         ..      67.0
Benin                               1 0.5     11.0       11.0       11.0      12.5"     10.5      10.0        7.5        6.5       6.0        6.3        9.5       9.6        9.0
Botswana                             5.8       6.5        8.5       12.0      14.3      14.3      13.5       13.0       13.0      12.5      12.5         8.3       7.9       12.6
Burkina Faso                        10.5       11.0      11.0       11.0      12.5      10.5      10.0        7.5        6.5       6.0        6.3        9.5       9,6        9.0
Burundi                              7.0       7.0        8.0       10.7       9.8       9,8       9.4        9.9          .         .          .        64        6,6        9.6
Cameroon                             8.5      10.0       11.0       10.8      12.0      11.5       7.8        8.6        7.8       7.5        7.0        7.6       8.9        9.3
Cape Verde                             .          .         .          .         .                    ..                             .         .
Central African Republic             8,5       10.0      11.0       10.8      12.0      11.5        7.8       8.6        7.8       7.5        7.5        7.6       8.9        8.4
Chad                                 8.5       10.0      11.0       10.8      12.0      11.5        7.8       8.6        7.8       7.5        7.0        7.7       8.9        8.4
Comoros                                          ..         .          .         .         .          -.        .          .         .                  10.0       9.3        0.0
-Congo, Democratic Rep. of           12.0      50.0      -45.0       55.0      55.0      95.0     145.0      125.0      238.0         .         ..       14.7      33.6      108.3
Congo, Republic of                   8.5       10.0      11.0       10.8      12.0      u.s         7.8       8.6        7.8       7.5        7.0        7.6       8.9        8.4
C8tedIrvoire                        10.5       11.0      11.0       11.0      12.5      10.5      10.0        7.5        6.5       6.0       6.3         9.5       9,6        8.7
Equatorial Guinea                      .      10.0       11.0       10.8      12.0      1 1.5       7.8       8.6        7.8       7.5       7.0          ..       8.9        9.3
Ethiopia                               ..      3.0        3.0        3.0       5.3      12.0      12.0       12.0          .         ..         ...                4.2        7.9
Gabon                                8.5      10.0       11.0       10.8      12.0      11.5       7.8        8.6        7.8       7.5       7.0         7.6       8.9        8.4
Gambia, The                          8.0      15.0       16.5       15.5      17.5      13.5      13.5       14.0       14.0      14.0      13.0         7.6      18.0       14.6
Ghana                                13,5     26.0       33.0       20.0      30.0      35.0      33.0       45.0       45.0      45.0      37.0        12.7      22.9       35.7
Guinea                                 ..     13.0       15.0       19.0      19.0      17.0      17.0       18.0       18.0      15.0         .,.                10.5       17.0
Guinea-Bissau                          -.         -      42.0       42.0      45.5      41.0O     26.0       39.0       54.0       6.0         ....                          33.6
Kenya                                8.0      16.5       19.4       20.3      20.5      45.5      21.5       24.5       26.9      32.3      17.1         9.9      14.0       24.7
Lesothso                             8.0      17.0       15.8       189.0     15.0      13.5      13.5       15.5       17.0      15.6      19.5        1 1.8     12.6       14.3
Madagascar                           5.5         .          ..         .         ..        .          .          .         ..         .        ..        8.0      11.5
Malawi                              10.0      11.0       14.0       13.0      20.0      25.0      40.0       50.0       27.0      23.0      43.0         8.5      11.6       25.5
Mali                                10.5      11.0       11.0       11.0      12.5      10.5       10.0       7.5        6.5       6.0        6.3        9.5       9.6        8.7
Mauritania                           6.0       7.0        7.0        7.0       7.0         .         ..          .         ..         .        ..        5.5       6.6        7.0
Mauritius                           10.5      12.0       12.0       11.3       8.3       8.3      13.8       11.4       11.8      10.5       17.2        9.5      10.8       11.9
Mozambique                             ..        .          .          .         .         .          .         .          .         .          ..                   .        0.0
Narmibia                               ..        .          .       20.5      16.5      14.5      15.5       17.5       17.8      16.0       18.8          ...               16.4
Niger                               10.5      11.0       11.0       11.0      12.5      10.5      10.0        7.5        6.5       6.0        6.3        9.5       9.4        9.0
Nigeria                              6.0       18.5      18.5       15.5      17.5      26.0      13.5       13.5       13.5      13.5       13.5        5.9      12.8       15.9
Rwanda                               9.0       9.0       14.0       14.0      11.0      11. 0     11.0       16.0       16.0      10.8      11.4         7.4       9.0       13.0
Sao Tom6 and Principe                  ..     25.0       25,0       45.0      45.0      30.0      32.0       50.0       35.0      55,0      38.5          ..      25.0       39.5
Senegal                             10.5      11.0       11.0       11.0      12.5      10.5      10.0        7.5        6.5       6.0        6.3        9.5       9.6        9.0
Seychelles                             ..      6.0        1.0        1.0       1.0       1.0        1.0        1.0       1.0       1.0        1.0        6.0       6.0        0.9
Sierra Leone                        12.0      16.0      .55.0          .                   .         .           .         ..         .        ..       10.2      15.6       55.0
Somalia                              4.0      45.0         -.          .         -.       5.         .           .         .         .         .          .2      25.2
South Afiica                         6.5      18.0       18.0       17.0      14.0      12.0       13.0       15.0      17.0      16.0       19.3       11.1      12,9       15.3
Swaziland                            7.0      12.0       12.0       13.0      12.0      11.0      12.0       15.0       16.8      15.8      18.0        11.1      10.8       12.6
Tanzanua                             4.8      15.5          .          ..     14.5      14.5      67.5       47.9       19.0      16.2      17.6         4.5      II,1       27.2 .
Togo                                10.5      11.0       11.0       11.0      12.5      10.5      10.0        7.5        6.5       6.0       6.3         9.5       9.6        9.0
Uganda                               8.0      55.0       50.0       46.0      41.0      24.0      15.0       13.3       15.9      14.1       9, 1       13.7      38.2       25.4
Zambia                               6.5         ..         .          .      47.0      72.5      20.5       40.2       47.0      17.7         -,        7.5      21.3       40.8
Zimbabwe                             4..5      9.0       10.3       20.0      29.5      28.5      29.5       29.5       27.0      31.5      39.5     _   6.3       9.0       24.5
NOR TR AFRIUCA                        5.9      11.4       11.9       11 9      11.4       8 9       8 9        1l 2      10 4      12 3       12rI        6 U       9 4       1 1 0
Egypt, Arab Repuiblic               11.0      14.0       14.0       20.0      18.4      16.5      14.0       13.5       13,0      12.3      12.0         9.7      13.2       14,8
Libya                                5.0       5.0        5.0        5.0       5.0       5.0         ..         .          .         .          .        5.0       5.0        5.0
Morocco                              6.0                    .                    .         ..      7.0           .         ..         .        ..        5.6       8.5        7.0
Tunisia                              5.8      11.4       11.9       11.9      11.4       8.9       8.9        8.9        7.9         .6 1                          9 7        8 7
ALLAFRICA                              8.5      1 p        11.0      11 6      12.5        IS       12 0       13 3       1 30      12 3       I1          81         8         I1
Note: Group dtatare mediausof individual country values ineach year or period.



62                                                             Money and Banking
4-7. Real discount rate
Percentage                                                     Annual Average
1980     1989      1990     199)     1992     1993     1994      1995      1996     1997     1998      75.84   85.89    90-AMi
SUJB-SAHARAN AFRICA               -4 I     2 3       31        1.6      17       26      -0 8      -0 1      24       48       42        -3.5     12        12
excludmg South Afrtca            -36      20        31        1.6      21       31      -1 2      A02       21       4.5      42        .3 9      13       2.1
eicd S Atnca &Nigena             -3 9     23        31        16       28       3 6     -0 8      '3 1      24       42       42        - 34     13        23
Angola                            ..        .         .        .        .        .         .     -93.1    -94.2     -9.8    -23.8         .        ..    -55.2
Botswana                         -6.9    -4.6      -2.6      0.2     -1.6       2.6      2.6      2.3       2.6      2.7      3.3      -3.1     -1.5       1.3
Burkina Faso                      ..     11.4      11.9      8.3     14.8       9.8    -1 1.8    -0.3       0.4      3.6      3.7       3.9     10.6       4.5
Burundi                         -2.3     -4.2       0.9       1.6     7.9      0.1     -4.7      -7.9        ..        .        .       -5.6     0.9      -0.4
Camneroon                        -1.0    11.9       9.8      10.6    12.1      15.8    -4.4     -13.7       1.1      2.2      4.1      -3.8      3.1       4.2
Cape Verde                         .        .        ,         .        .        .        .         .        .         .        .
Central African Republic                  9.3      11.2      14.0    12.9     14.8     -13.5     -8.9       3.2      5.8      9.6       -1.3     8.7       5.5
Comoros                                     .        ..        .        ..       .        .....                        ...              2.4      6.2
Conga, Democratic Rep, of          .        .        .         .        .         .       .         .         .        .        .
Congo, Republic of               1.2      5.7      16.5       1.5     16.5      6.3    -24.5      0.0      -2.2        .        ..      -3.4     5.1       2.0
C6te dtvoire                    -6.3      9.9      11.7      9.3       8.0      7.7    -16.8     -0.2       2,9      2.9      3.2      -2.3      4.8       3.2
Equatorial Guinea                  .        .         .        .        .        .        .         .         .        .        .
Ethiopia                          ..      -6.0     -2.1     -14.8    -13.0      1.8     10.7      -1.2        .        ..       ...              0.5      -3.1
Gabon                            -3.3     3.1       3.0      5.1      I7.8     22.4    -26.6       5.0      1.5      5.4      0.0      -4.9      7.0       3.7
Gambia, The                      1.1      6.2       3.8      6.4      11.0      9.!      9.1       8.8     11.7     10.9     11.8      -4.2     -3.1       9.2
Ghana                           -24.4     0.6      -3.1       1.6     18.2      8.0      6.5     -16.8     -1.1     13.4     14.8     -30.2     -2.2       4.6
Guinea                            ..    -11.9      -3.6     -0.6      2.1       9.2     12.3      11.8     14.6     11.4        ...             -15.1      7.1
Guinea-Bissau                      .        ..      6.8     -9.9     -14.1     -5.0      9.4     -4.4      -1.7    -28.9       ...                 .      -6.0
Kenya                             ..      2.6       3.2      0.6      -5.4     -0.3     -5.7      22.7     16.4     18.9      5.8         ..     3.3       6.2
Lesotho                          -6.6     2.0       3.7      0.3      -1.9      0.3      4.9       5.7      7.0      6.4      9.9       -1.6     -1.0      4.0
Madagascar                        ..        .         .        .        .        .        .          .        .        .        .         .      6.3
Malawi                             ..     -1.3      2.0      0.3      -2.2      4.5      4.0     -18.2     -7.7     12.7     17.1       -3.2    -5.9       1.4
Mali                              ..     11.1      10.3      9.0     20.0      11.2    -11.8     -4.3       0.0      6.7      2.1         ..     8.4       4.8
Mauritania                        ..      -5.3      0.4       1.3    -2.8        -.       .          .        .        .        .          .     0.6      -0.4
Mauritius                      -22.3     -0.6      -1.3      4.0       3.5     -2.0      6.0       5.1      5.0      3.4     11.7       -3.4     4.6       3.9
Mozamnbique                        .        .        .         .        .        .        .         .         .        .        .
Namibia                           ..        .         .      7.7      -1.0      5.5      4.3       6.8      9.0      6.6     10.3         .        ..      6.1
Nigeria                          -3.6   -21.2      10.4      2.2     -18.7    -21.4    -27.7    -34.4     -12.2      4.8      2.9      -11.7    -8. 1    -10.5
Rwanda                           1.6      7.9       9.4     -4.7       1.3      2.2    -32.3     -4.9       6.5     -1.1      4.3       -3.6     7.2      -2.1
S8o Tom6 and Principe              . .   -14.4    -12.1      -1.0     13.9      3.6      4.3     -0.6      -7.2     -8.5     -2.7         . .   -14.4     -1.1
Senegal                          1.6     10.5      10.6      13.0    12.5      11.6    -16.7     -0.9       3.7      4.2      4.2       -1.2     7.1       4.7
Seychelleas.                              4.4      -2.8      -1.0    -2.2     -0.3      -0.8       1.3      2.1      0.4      3.7        1.2     4.5       0.0
Sierra Leone                       ..   -20.3     -18.8       ..        .        .        .         .         .        .        .         .     -37.0    -18.8
South Africa                    -6.4      2.9       3.1       1.5     0.1       2.1      3.7       5.9      8.9      6.8      9.3      -1.4     -2.4       4.6
Swaziland                        -9.6     3.4       0.9      2.0       35      -0.2     -1.6      2.4       9.7      8.0      8.8      -2.4     -2.4       3.7
Tanzanua                       -19.5     -8.2        .         ..     -6.0     -8.6     28.6      10.4     -5.3     -0.8      6.5      -13.2   -14.8       3.5
Togo                            -1.6     10.5       9.8      10.7    10.7      10.6    -18.7     -7.2       1.8     -1.0      5.2      -0.8      9.1       2.4
Uganda                             ..    -32.8      3.1      17.2    -0.7     -3.4       8.0 .    6.8       7.8      5.8      3.1         .     -44.4      5.3
Zamnbia                         -4.6        .        ..        ,     -45.4   -40.1     -21.6       4.5      0.5     -5.7       ..       -6.7   -17.2     -18.0
Zimbabwe                           ..    -3.4      -6.1      -2.7    -8.9       0.7      6.0      5.6       4.6     10.5      2.8       -7.4    -1.8       1.4
NORTH AFRICA                     -2 1      -1 3     239       .:0      2.2       5!       47        3 6      4.4      4 C.     4 2       -2'3     -1 3      5 9
Egypt, Arab Republic              ..     11.7      11.7      18.2     16.4     15.4     14.2      12.5      6.0      6.0      8.4        ..      7.3      11.3
Morocco
Tunisia  __ _ __           _ _  _ _  _     _  _  _ _  _                _ _  _  _    _-4                               0      -31 I_              _        -346
1_ALLAfRC.A                      -3 6      2.3.      3 2      16 45    i.       3 6      26(       0 6       2.8      4 5      4 2      -3 4      1 2       2 7
Note. Real discount rate in each year is the nominal discount rate deflated by the annual change in the CPI.



Money aind Banking                                                  63
4-8. Commercial bank lending rate
Percentage                                        Annual Average
1980    1991   1992   1993   1994    1995    1996   1997   1998   1999   2000    75-84  85-89  90-MRl
StfB-SAHARAN AFRICA        I'l"   18 1    178    175    17'     I P3   22 u   22 0    2J12 1                        14n    19 4
e%cIuduingSoulh etfnc.a   I:O     Is81   1'8    175    175     20 2   22U     22 0   2 2                    I2 0   14 0    19 5
excl SAfrca &Nignra       2.     18 1    I7 8   I'S    1 '     193    22 v    220    22'1)                 12 2    1401   19 
Angola                      ..      .      .      .       .   206.3   217.9   37.8   450      .       ..             .    126.7
Benin                     14.5    16.0   16.8     .      ..      .       ..     .      ..     .      ..     13.8   14.0    16.3
Botswana                   11.5   11.8   14.0   14.9   13.9    14.3    14.5   14.1   13.5     .      ..     13.5   9.6     13.2
Burkina Faso              14.5    16.0   16.8     .      .,      .       .      .      ..     .      ..     13.8   14.0    16.3
Burundi                   12.0    12.8   13.7   13.8   14.2    15.3     ..      .      .      .       .     12.0   12.0    13.7
Cwmeroon                  13.0   18.1    17.8   17.5   17.5    16.0   22.0   22.0    22.0     .       ..    13.0  13.9    19.0
Cape Verde                 6.5   10.0    10.0   10.0   10.7    12.0    12.0   12.1   12.5     .       ..    6.5   10.0     11.0
Central Afiican Republic  10.5   18.1    17.8   17.5   17.5    16.0   22.0    22.0   22.0     .      ..     11.1   12.2   19.0
Chad                      11.0    18.1   17.8   17.5   17.5    16.0   22.0    22.0   22.0     .      ..     10.7   11.1    19.0
Comoros                             ..     .      .      .       .       .      .      .      .     0.1     15.0   14.0    0.1
Congo, Democratic Rep. of   .       .      .      .      .       .      .       .      .      .      .
Congo, Republic of        11.0    18.1   17.8   17.5   17.5    16.0   22.0    22.0   22.0    ..     0.0     11.3   11.8   17.I
C6te d'Ivoire             14.5    16.0   16.8    ..      .       .      .       .      .      .     7.5     13.8   14.0   14.1
Equatorial Guinea           .     111.1  17.8   17.5   17.5    16.0   22.0    22.0   22.0    ..      .        .    14.8   19.0
Ethiopia                   ..     6.0     8.0   14.0   14.3    15.1    13.9   10.5   10.5    ..    13.0      ..    6.8    11.1
Gabon                     12.5    18.1   17.8   17.5   17.5    16.0   22.0    22.0   22.0     ..    0.1     11.8   11.9   17.1
Gamnbia, Thie             15.0   26.5   26.8    26.1   25.0    25.0   25.5   25.5    25.4     .      ..     16.7  25.4    25.8
Ghana                     19.0      .      ..     .      .       .      ..      .      ..     .      ..     19.3   23.1
Guinea                     ..    24.5    27.0   24.5   22.0    21.5     .       ..     .      ..   22.0      ..    15.8   23.2
Guinea-Bissau               ..   47 0    50.3   63.6   36.3    32.9   51.8     ..      .      .      .        .    26.1   46.8
Kenya                     10.6    19.0  21.1    30.0   36.2    28.8   33.8    30.2   29.5     .      ..     11.8   14.9   27.5
Lesotho                   11.0   20.0    18.3   15.8   14.3    16.4    17.7   18.0   20.1     .      ..     15.2   15.3   17.9
Liberia                   18.4     ..      .      .    14.5      .      ..    16.8    ..      .       .     19.9   14.9   15.7
M    -adagaacas~         - ..    24.5   25.0    26.0   30.5    37.5   32.8   30.0     -.      .       .       .    22.3  ~29.0
Malawi                    16.7   20.0   22.0    29.5   31.0    47.3   45.3   28.3    37.7    ..     0.3    17.7   20.4    28.2
Mali                      14.5    16.0   16.8     .      ..      .       ..     .      ..     .      ..     13.8   14.0    16.3
Mauritania                12.0    10.0   10.0            ..             ..      .      ..     .      ..     12.0   11.6    10.0
Mauritius                  ..     17.8   17.1   16.6   18.9    20.8   20.8    18.9   19.9    ..     0.1     13.5   14.7   16.9
MVo -ai bique ..                           .      .       .      .       .      .      .      .     0.1       ...          0.1
Namnibia                    ..    23.4   20.2   18.0   17.1    18.5    19.2   20.2   20.7     ..    15.3      .      ..    19.2
Niger                     14.5    16.0   16.8     .      ..      .       ..     .      ..     .      ..     13.8   14.0    16.3
Nigeria                    8.4    20.0   24.8   31.6   20.5    20.2    20.3   20.4    ..      .       .      8.0   14.1   22.9
Rwanda                    13.5    19.0   16.7   15.0     ..      .       .      .      .      .       .     13,3   13.0    16.0
SA0 Tom6 and Principe      ..    37.0   37.0    37.0   30.0    52.0   38.0   51.5    55.6    ..      .        .    20.0   39.8
--Sienegal                 14.5   16.0   16.8     ..      .       .      .       .      .      .    17.0    13.8   14.0    16.4-
Seychelleas.                      15.6   15.6   15.7   15.7    15.8    16.2   14.9   14.4     ..    0.2      ..    15.5   14.0
Sierra Leone              11.0   56.3   62.8    50.5   27.3    28.8   32.1   23.9    23.8    ..    26.2    12.7   24.1    38.4
Somalia                    7.5      .      ..     .      ..      .       ..     .      ..     .      ..     8.9    23.8
South Africa               9.5   20,3    18.9   16.2   15.6    17.9    19.5   20.0   21.8    -.      .      14.1   16.7   19.0
Sudanwi.                                   .      .      .       .       .      .      .      .     0.0       ...          0.0
Swaziland                  9.5    16.3   15.0   14.0   15.0    18.0    19.8   18.8   21.0             -     13.2   14.2   16.9
Tanzania                  11.5      .      ..   31.0   39.0    42.8   37.2    29.2   26.7            .,     11.4   23.8   34.3
Togo                      14.5    16.0   17.5     ..     .       .       .      .13.8                              14.4    16,5
Uganda                    10.8   34.4     ..      .      .     20.2   20.3    21.4   20.9                  15.2   33.4    26.0
Zambia                     9.5     ..    54.6  113.3   70.6    45.5   53.8   46.7    31.8          39.1     9.7   20.8    54.5
Zimbabwe                  17.5   15.5    19.8   36.3   34.9    34.7   34.2    32.5   42.1           0.6    20.3   13.8    26.2
NORTfi AFRICA               'I      N 8')  l3 -  12 6   1 t3    1. 6    1tsc  1) 8    1 3              0                 K:5 v  12.8
Egypt, Arab Republic      13.3      ..   20.3   18.3   16.5    16.5    15.6   13.8   13.0     -.      .     12.5   16.3    16.6
Libya                      7.0    7.0     7.0    7.0     ..      .       .      .      .      .       .     7.0     7.0    7.0
Morocco                    7.0    9.0      .      ..   10.0      .       ..     .      ..      .      ..    7.0     8.7    9.3
Tunisia  __ __1 I__                           __I 9                                                                 89  _  0.1
ALL &lRICA          11~~~~~ I8  -181 -I'          ItS     85F   122     22      2'I16                                19:'
Note: 2000 data are preliminary(seepag,e2). Group data ae medians of individual country valuesin each year or period.



64                                              Money and Banking
4-9. Commeirciad barnk deiposit irate
Percentage                                     Annual Average
1980   1991   1992   1993  1994    1995   1996   1997   1998  1999   2000    75-84  85-89  90-A4R
SUrB-SAHARAN AFRICA       .2     96     90    10 6   10 7    12 4   125   9)5     76                   66     7 9    99
.~Judine S,oth Alnca     o 2    92     84     96    104    12 2    12 5   '24    75                    66    78      96
excl S Afijca Nigena     a 2    8 8     '8    96    1021    11 8   12 4   95     7.3                   66    76      94
Angola                    ..      .      .     .      .    125.9  147.1  29.3   36.9     .      ...            ..   84.8
Benin                    6.2     7.0   7.8     ..     .       ,      .      .    3.5     .      .      6.5   6.1     6.3
Botswana                 5.0    11.4   12.5  13.5   10.4    10.0  10.4    9.3    8.7                   9.3   7.2    10.3
Burkina Faso             6.2    7.0    7.8     ..     .       .      .      .    3.5                   6.5   6.1     6.3
Burundi                  2.5      .      .     .      ..     .       ..    .      ..3.4                      4.9
Camneroon                7.5    7.5    7.5    7.8    8.1    5.5    5.4    5.0-   5.0                   7.3   7.3     6.6
Cape Verde                .,    4.0    4.0    4.0    4.0    5.0    5.0    5.0    5.3    ..      .       .    4.0     4.5
Central African Republic  5ss   7.5    75     7.8    8.1    5.5     5.5   5.0    5.0     .      ..     6.4   7.4     6.6
Chad                     5.5     7.5   7.5    7.8    8.1    5.5     5.5   5.0    5.0                   5.3   5.0     6.6
Comoros                           .      ..    .      ..      .      ..     .     ..0.0                7.5   7.0     0.0
Congo, Democratic Rep. of  .      .      .      .     .       .      .      .     .      .      .
Congo, Republic of       6.5    7.5    7.5    7.8    8.1    5.5     5.5   5.0    5.0           0.0     6.5   8.0     5.9
C6te dIlvoire            6.2     7.0   7.8     ..     .       .      .      .    3.5     .     2.0     6.5   6.1     5.5
Djibouti                   .      ..   3.0    2.6    ..       .      .      .     .      .      ..             .     2.8
Equatorial Guinea         ..    7.5    7.5    7.8    8.1    5.5     5.5   5.0    5.0      .             .    7.3     6.6
Ethiopia                  ..     5.0   3.6    11.5  11.5    11.5    9.4   7.0    6.0           6,0     ..    6.5     7.4
Gabon                    7.5    7.5    7.5    7,8    8.1    5.5     5.5   5.0    5.0     .     0.0     7.4   8.1     5.9
Gambia, The              5.0    12.7   13.8   13.0  12.6    12.5   12.5   12.5   12.5                  7.1   13.9   12.6
Ghana                    11.5   21.3   16.3  23.6   23.1    28.7   34.5   35.8  32.0     .      ..    12.0   16.7   26.9
Guinea                     ..   22.0   23.0   19.8  18.0    17.5     .      ..     .     ..     ...          17.1   20.2
Guinea-Bissau              ..   36.0   39.3  53.9   28.7    26.5   47.3   4.6     .      ..     ...          25.5   33.6
Kenya                    5.8      .      ..     .     ..    13.6   17.6   16.7   18.4    .      ..     7.7   11.0   16.0
Lesotho                   .     13.0   10.6   8.1    8.4    13.3   12.7   11.8   10.7    .      ..    10.2  10.0    11.3
Liberia                  10.3            .      .    6.3      .      ..   6.5     ..            ..    10.4   6.9     6.4
Madagascar                ..    20.5   20.5   19.5  19.5    18.5   19.0  14.4     .      ..     ...          17.8   19.0
Malawi                   7.9    12.5   16.5  21.8   25.0    37.3   26.3   10.2   19.1     .    0.2     9.8   13.2   18.1
Mali                     6.2    7.0    7.8     -.     .       .      .      ,    3.5      .6.5               6.A     6.3
Mauritania                ..     5.0   5.0     ..     .       .      .      .     .       ..           5.5   6.2     50
Mauritius                  ..   12.3   10.1   8.4   11.0    12.2   10.8   9.1    9.3     .     8.0    10.7   9.9    10.4
Mozambique                 ..     .      .     .                            .     .       .    0.!      .      .     0.1
Namibia                   ..    12.8   11.4   9.6    9.2    10.8   12.6   12.7   12.9    ..    6.5      .      ..   10.9
Niger                    6.2     7.0   7.8     ..     .       .      .      .    3.5     .      ..     6.5   6.1     6.3
Nigeria                  5.3    14.    18.0  23,2   13.1    13.5   13.0   7.3     -.     ..     .      5.1   11.8   15.4
Rwanda                   6.3     8.8   7.7    5.0     .       ..   10.9   9.5    8.5     .      ..     5.1   6.3     8.2
SAo Tomd and Principe     ..    35.0  35.0   35.0   35.0   35.0    31.0  36.8   38.3    ..      .       .    16.0   33.0
Senegal                  6.2    7.0    7.8     ..     .       .      .      .    3.5    ..     3.5     6.5   6.1     5.8
Seychelles                ..    9.6    9.6    9.5    8.9    9.2    9.9    9.2    7.5     .     0.1     9.1   9.8     8.3
Sierra Leone             9.2    47.8   54.7  27.0   11.6    7.0   14.0    9.9    7.1     .     9.4     9.2   14.9   22.9
Somnalia                 4.5      .      ..    .      ..      .      ..     .     ..                   5.5   18.2
South Africa             5.5   17.3    13.8   11.5  11.1    13.5   14.9   15.4   16.5    .      .     10.0   13.7   14.8
Sudan                    6.0     ..      .      .     .       .      ,      .     .            0.0     9.2    ..     0.0
Swaziland                4.5    10.9   9,0    7.4    8.0    10.3   12.3   11.3  13.4    ..      .      9.0   7.8    10.1
Tanzania                 4.0      ..                  ..    24.6   13.6   7.8    7.8     .4.0                12.6   13.5
Togo                     6.2     7.0   7.8     ..     .       .      .      .    3.5     ..6.5               6.1     6.3
Uganda                   6  8   31.2   35.8  16.3   10.0    7.6   10.6    11.8   11.4    .      .      9.9   23.4   18.4
Zambia                   7  0     -.  48.5     ..   46.1   30.2    42.1   34.5   13.1   ..    18.7     6.2   13.8   32.4
Zimbabwe                 3.5   14.2   28.6   29.4   26.8   25.9    21.6   18.6  29.1    ..     0.4     6.6   9.7   -20.3
NORTH AFRc                50     8'      8            I818  10)9   lOS     9       4                     9    '7     9
Algeria                   ..      .      .     .      .       .      .      .      .     .     0.0      .,.          0.0
Egypt, Arab Republic     8.3   12.0    12.0   12.0  11.8   10.9    10.5   9.8    9.4      .            8.0  11L1    11.2
Libya                    5.1    5.5    5.5    5.5             .      .4.7                                    5.5     5.5
Morocco                  4.9     8.5    ..     .      .       .      .      .      .5.6                      8.4     8.5
Tunisia                  2 5      ____       ____         ____      _     _0 0                         34 4  67      0.0
AFL -F RIJC.%             6 2   -.      'IC9 0 716   11      2       2      2     86.4                        7 9    l't
Note 2000 data.ae preliminary (see page 2). Group data are medians of individual country valuesin each year or period.



65
Figure 4-1. Credit to private and public sectors as a share of GDP, 2000*
Credit to public sector**                                                        Credit to private sector
(percent of GDP)                                                                (percent of GDP)
-30     -20    -10      0      10     20     30      40     50                   0                 25                 50                 75
Congo. Deoc
Entrta
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
_       _    |              ~~~~~~~~~Cap. Verde  
Ethiopia_
_       _                   ~~~~~~~~~EUpl Arnb R                                      a
_                      ~~~~~~~~Mnuritius3_
tt_Mt _                     ~~~~~~~Zamnbia  
Zimbabwe
Algeria
Kenya
Gabon
Guinra-Bimasu
Cameroon
Central Afoi co
Tunisia                                                    _
Chad
Toga
Cote d Ivoir
Djibouti
Tanzania
I_                          ~~~~~~~~~~~Senegal
Guinea
Congo
Uganda
Niger
Burklina Paso
South Afri_C
Sudan
Rwansda
l   -                                   ~~~~~~~     ~      ~~~~~~Comoras_
Burundsi
Madagascar
Nansibie 
2                                       Swazilnd
G|abia The
!   l  l     l               ~~~~~~~~~~~Equtsaomiol Cu 
I           ~~~~Molowi_
Nigerin
Mozambique
Sao Tome and
Botswana
Leusotho
Monloinia 
* Or most recent year available.
** Sorted by credit to public sector.



66
Figure 4-2. Real discount rate, average 1992-99*
(percent)
-15                           -10                            -5                            0                             5                            10
Egypt. Arab Rep.
Ganbia The
Guinea
Kenya                                                                                                                                -
Ghana                                                                                           .
Namibia
South Africa
Mauntius
Lesotha
S-aziland
Uganda
Gubon
Tanzania
Mali
Central African Republic
Zimbobme
Burkina Fain
Senegal-
Cameraan
Botswana
Manlawi
Cote d Iaire
Seychelles
Sao Tome and Principe
Tag.
Djibouti
Ethiopia
Conga
Burundi
Mauritania
Rwanda
Tunisia
Guinea-Bissau
Nigeria-1                8
Zambia
Angola     ____
* Or most recent year available.



Money and Banking                                      67
Technical notes
Tables                                             eign assets (that is, foreign assets less foreign liabilities)
indicate the direct monetary impact of a country's trans-
Table 4-1. Domestic credit. Domestic credit (IMF, IFS,  actions with the rest of the world.
line 32) includes all domestic assets of the banking sys-
tem. It is the sum of the claims on the central govern-  Table 4-5. Growth of money supply. This table shows
ment (net), on official entities, and on the private sector.  the annual percentage change in money (MI), defined
Domestic credit comprises credit to the private sector  as the sum of currency outside of banks and demand
(Table 4-2) and credit to the government (Table 4-3).  deposits other than those of the central government (IMF,
IFS, line 34). The presentation of the money supply in
Table 4-2. Credit to the private sector. Credit to the  the form of growth rates rather than levels reflects the
private sector is taken from IMF, IFS, line 32d.  importance from the point of view of macroeconomic
stability of the rate of growth rather than the stock of
Table 4-3. Credit to the government. Credit to the  money.
govemment sector is taken from IMF, lFS, line 32an.
Negative numbers for net claims on the central govern-  Table 4-6. Discount rate. The discount rate reported here
ment indicate that government is a net depositor to the  is the nominal interest rate at which the monetary au-
banking system. The government's financial position  thorities lend to (or discount eligible paper from) deposit
with the monetary system is always presented on a net  money banks (IMF, IFS, line 60).
basis because its recourse to the monetary system can-
not always be analyzed meaningfully in terms of liquid-  Table 4-7. Real discount rate. The real discount rate in
ity preferences cr by considering debtor and creditor  each year is the nominal discount rate (Table 4-6) de-
positions separately. Movements in net claims on the  flated by the annual change in inflation as reflected by
central government (that is, claims or credits less gov-  the consumer price index (CPI) (Table 3-3). It has been
eminent deposits) indicate the impact of government  calculated using the formula:
operations on the liquidity of the rest of the economy.
{[I + (i/l00)] /[(&r, lit,.,)] -I } x 100
Table 4-4. Net foreign assets. Data for net foreign as-
sets are from the IMF, IFS, line 31 n. As for credit to the  where i is nominal interest rate and it is inflation rate
government, the financial position of the foreign sector  based on the CPI.
with the monetary system is presented on a net basis for
the same reason as noted above. Movements in net for-



68                                      Money and Banking
Table 4-8. Commercial bank lending rate. The com-  Figures
mercial bank lending rate (IMF, IFS, line 60p) is the
rate charged to borrowers by commercial banks for short-  The following indicators have been used to derive the
and medium-term use of funds.                      figures in this chapter.
Table 4-9. Commercial bank deposit rate. The deposit  Figure 4-1. Credit to the private sector (Table 4-2); credit
rate (IMF, IFS, line 601) is the rate paid to depositors on  to the public sector (Table 4-3); gross domestic product
time savings and demand deposits by deposit money  (Table 2-5).
banks and similar financial institutions.
Figure 4-2. Real discount rate (Table 4-7).



Money and Banking                                                                    69
Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 4
Aggregations a                                     Period averages b
Table                                (4)                              (8)                        (1)                (2)
4-1                                    x                                                                             x
4-2                                    x                                                                             x
4-3                                    x                                                                             x
4-4                                                                     x                         x
4-5                                    x                                                                             x
4-6                                    x                                                          x
4-7                                    x                                                          x
4-8                                    x                                                          x
4-9                                    x                                                          x
Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the
last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. The definitions of the methodologies used throughout the book
are given below.
a. Regional aggreg;ations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same
country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the
gap-filled secondary indicator; (S) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator,
all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic
mean.
b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if
the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3)
least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms).



External Sector
T    he external sector provides data on economic  The tables provide gross entries for goods and ser-
and financial relations between African coun-   vices and net entries for unrequited transfers (official
tries and the rest of the world, with detailed ac-  and private) and other financial flows; a table for cur-
counting of commodity trade, one of the principal  rent account balance as traditionally defined (with
components of the current account within the balance  transfers above the line) is also shown. The informa-
of payments framework. Commodity trade and price  tion is presented for broad aggregates; fuller detail
data can also provide a partial basis for analyzing  can be found in the IMF's Balance of Payments
Africa's constraints and performance in the intema-  Manual (1993) and Balance ofPayments Year Books.
tional marketplace, including its terms of trade. Com-  Unit values for exports (f.o.b.) and imports (c.i.f.)
modity exports are a major source of foreign ex-  measure changes in the aggregate price level of a
change. Other sources of foreign exchange include  country's exports and imports of goods and nonfactor
receipts from factor and nonfactor services, borrow-  services over time. Unit values reflect average price
ing from abroad, incoming foreign investment, and  changes for broad groups of commodities, rather than
foreign transfers and grants.                   for any single commodity. The terms of trade indi-
The balance of payments is a system of accounts,  cate relative movements in export and import unit
covering a given period, that is intended to record  values (here, they are based on goods and nonfactor
systematically: flows of real resources, including the  services from the national accounts). If the prices of
services of the original factors of production, between  exports rise while the prices of imports rise more
the domestic economy of a country and the rest of the  slowly, stay constant, or decline, the same quantity
world; changes in the country's foreign assets and li-  of exports "buys" a bigger quantity of imports. The
abilities that arise from economic transactions; and  effect of such price changes is equivalent to an in-
transfer payments, which are the counterpart of real  crease in the real value of output (or increased pro-
resources or financial claims provided to, or received  ductivity in value terms) of the export sector. Were
from, the rest of the world that carry no provision for  import prices to rise more quickly than export prices,
repayment.                                      the reverse would be true. Export figures for specific
70



External Sector                                   7 1
commodities show physical quantities rather than value  the five major oil-exporting countries in Sub-Saharan
in either current or constant prices. Most of the key  Africa (which in the 1980s accounted for about half
nonagricultural primary commodities are exported  of Sub-Saharan export earnings) have dominated
from a few countries with substantial mineral re-  trends in this region as a whole.
sources. Variations in export prices and earnings for



72                                                                    External Sector
5-1. Merchandise exports, f.o.b.
Average annual
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                         percentage growth
1980      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998     1999      2000      75-84    85-89     90-AM
SUJB.SAHAXA-N AF`RlCA            '8S.636   66.356    66,'fl   62.635    65.802    '89,329   86.311    86,606,  'S.C'90   78.356    95,657        6 9      2 9        3 3
exr:.;: gta~zt Afnca            53:atJ9   4-2.579   41.963    17.890   39.462     418.258   56.064    55,424   45.9711   492746   643 08         53       0 I6     '34
c%__________c_____Nig_na    ___6_3_        30.438   30.065    27,965   3~43.057   36.534    39.93!    39.874   35.9n9    37.906   43.738          9         9        36
Angola                              ..     3,449     3,833    2,900     3,017     3,723     5,095     5,007    3,543     5,157     7,802         ..      7.0        5.9
Benin                              222       337      371       341       308       235       263       191      239       223       186        7.1      6.0      -3.7
Botawana                           544     1,871     1,744    1,722     1,874     2,160     2,233     2,069     1,711    1,388     1.521       20.0     24.5      -1.1
Burkina Faso                       161       269      238       260       191       237       233       229      325       254      206         8.1     1!.1       0.0
Buruidi                             66        90       77        74        8 1      113        40        87       64        56       49         9.9     -1.0      -4.3
Cameroon                         1,506     2,159     1.937     1,652    1,433     1,655      1,605    1,816     1,800    1,682     2,125       18.2     -5.5      -0.3
Cape Verde                           9         4        4         4        20        25        30        38       23         8        24       1512     -8.8       1717
Ccntral AfricankRepublic           147       126       116      132       162       179       142       155      138        96       III        8.6      3.9       -1.7
Chad                                7 1      194       182      152       135       243       238       237      261       188       181        0.8     10.0       2.4
Comoros                             I         24       21        22        I 1       1          6         6        6         9        12         ..     15.7      -10.0
Congo, Democratic Rep. of        2,269     1,649     1,246     1,144    1.256     1,612     I,727     1,395        ..        .         .        5.9      5.8       -5.1
Congo, Republic of                911      1,110     1,179    1,119       959     1,173      1,564    1,587     1,150    1,556     2,442       22.9     -3.2        4.4
C6te dIlvoire                    3,013     2,810     3,189    2,519     2,948     4,304     4,281     4,076     4,122    4,163     3,672        6.4      0.8        4.1
Djibouti                            -.         .         .         .        .        38        40        43       59        69        72
Equatorial Guinea                   ..        35       52        52        65        86       101       291      460       814     1,363          ..    12.7       40.6
Eritrea                              .         ..       15       36        65        8!        95        54       28        20        35          .        ..      -0.9
Ethiopia                           459       276       154      222       280       454       412       599      602       485       486        6.3     -0. 1       6.5
Gabon                            2,531     2,230     2,257    2,326     2,365     2,643     3,190     3,043     2,209    2,526     2,750        8.9     -6.5        3.0
Gambia, The                         51       132       151      141       124       121       115       108       130      120       133        3.2      7.9        1.2
Ghana                            1,104       997      986     1,064     1,227      1,431     1,810    1,810     2,091    2,006     1,898       -3.8      8.5        9.7
Guinea                             500       764      651       672       610       649       610       660      659       646       695        4.7      2.5        0.1
Guinea-Bissau                       ..        20         6       16        33        24        22        48       26        SI        63         ..       1.3      14.0
Kenya                            1,363     1,056     1,013    1,103     1,484     1,924     2,083     2,060     2,012    1,755     1,774        5 8      -2.1       8.2
Lesotho                             58        67       109      119       141       151       164       193      196       191       197       10.4     25.7       12.5
Liberia                            600         ..        .         .        .          .        .         -.        .         .        .        1.4     -5.6
Madagascar                         437       334      324       332      447        566       512       507      522       584      829         2.0     -1.1        8.3
Malawi                             281       476      397       321       327       404       483       539      539       447       406        8.8     -0.4        3.2
Mali                               205       371      362       349       336       442       433       561      561       596       624       10.9       8.9       7.5
Mauritania                         196       434      400       380       393       479       484       408      360       333       345        6.8       7.1      -1.7
Mauritius                          434     1,213     1,303     1,334    1,407     1,565      1,692    1,670     1,643    1,603     1,569        2.9     24.5        4.2
Mozamnbique                        281       162       139      132       164       174       226       230      245       284       364         ..      4.5       10.3
Namnibia                         1,534     1,135     1,262     1,240    1,308     1,409      1,417    1,339     1,236     1,373    1,480         ..      8.3        2.5
Niger                              576       270       344      301       225       287       302       272       334      287       253       14.6       3.9      -0.8
Nigenria                        25,956    12,127    11,886    9,924     9,415    11,734    16,117    15,539    10,114   11,927    20,441        3.8     -7.1        3.0
Rwanda                             134        96       69        68        32        50        62        93       64        62        87        5.6     -6.0       -2A4
Sao Tome and Principe               17         6         5        5         6         5         5         5         5        4         3       -3.0      -71       -3.3
Senegal                            480       904      828       719       791       968       986       905      973     1,028       959        2.1      6.0        2.0
Seychelles                           6        49        48       49        52        53        78       115       123      145       175       -1.8     32.2       18.3
Sierra Leone                       214       176       150      118       194       102       105        88        65       61        75       -1.0       0.0      -817
Somalia                            133         .         ..       .         .....                         ......                                3.6      -2.7
South Africa                    25,698    23,805    24,487   24,750    26,342    30,084    30,285    31,213    29,145   28,625    31,486       10.3       7.4       3.1
Sudan                              566       346      350       427       462       556       620       594      596       780     1,864        2.8     -4.4       10.5
Swaziland                          368       594      639       685       791       868       856       962      978       943       912        6.3     22.6        6.5
Tanzania                           508       394      414       411       486       593       696       794      577       563       663        0.1       1.6       5.7
Togo                               476       393      327       215       226       357       372       352      396       392       363        7.1      10.!       0.4
Uganda                             319       176       172      157       254       595       590       671      458       549       439        1.3     -6.1       11.8
Zambia                           1,457     1,085     1,120      994     1,067      1,186      993     1,119      816       756       746       -0.9     10.2      -4.6
Zimbabwe                           281     1,785     1,530    1,610     1,947     2,216     2,496     2,424     1,925    1,924     1,791        0.0       9.3       2.0
NORr1THAFRICA                    420       3.9       3332     3,4       3632       7.625    412179    43,368    38,416   41:314     W5654.7               Sil
Algeria                         13,652    12,440    11,510   10,410     8,892    10,260    13,220    13,820    10,140   12,320    21,700       14.3     -8.0        3.2
Egypt, Arab Republic             3,854     4,250     3,880    3.725     3,337     4,957     4,609     5,345     5,128    4,445     6,388        9.4     -8.0        6.0
Libya                           21,919         ..        .         .        .          .        .         .         .         .        .        6.7    -10.5
Morocco                          2,414     5,089     5,024    4,922     5,541     6,871     6,886     7,039     7,144    7,621     7,508        5.1     14.5        6.0
ALL.A%FRJC'A                    1 19.~73  100,405    99.4 10  03 481    965.5 13  1 15.8i(0  127.510  1219.512  I 1 2954  118.866  l"31.l [O.-02                     3 's
Note: 2000 data are prelinminny (see page 2)



External Sector                                                                       73
5-2. Merchandise imports, f.o.b.
Average annual
Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices)                                      percentage growth
1980      1991     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996      1997     1998     1999      2000      75.84    85-89    90-A4R
SU[B.SAHAkRAN AFIUCA            61.227    56537     59.256   57._fni   58.99"   71.7'9     74.2 18  79.8.44  77.70I6   76.279   81,558        8 3      3 9       4.5
e%clIuding South Afnca         42 Q76    39.413    41.098   38.73 3  37.136    43,373    46.632    50.9?89  5u.487    51.903   54 402        8.2      2 7       3 9
ewd S Afnica & Nigena          28 2 16   31.521    3 2.19')  30.425   30.618    36.19%    38 426   41,363   41.224    4 1.35 3  4 1.qf7      6 5      6 3       3 7
Angola                     ..   1~~~~~~~_ _,_34_71,988  1,463  1,454    1,852     2,040    2,597     2,079    3,10O9-  3,43-0        ..      -1.8       8.0
Benin                             499       482      561       539      374       439       444      426       451      474       438        8.3      6.9       0.8
Botswana                          602     1,604     1,557    1,455     1,350     1,579     1,436    1,449    1,486     1,559    1,724       17.4     18.4       1.1
Burkina Faso                      368       490      516       534      355       485       562       511      639      581       519        8.1     10.3       1.7
Bunindi                           165       196       182      173      173       176       100        96      124       97       108       17.1     -1.8      -6.0
Ca_n_eroon                       1,452    1,251     1,023    1,021     1,017     1,074     1,200    1,347     1,452    1,483    1,538       12.5      5.5       1.6
Cape Verde                         80       128      167       152      191       234       206       211      208      223       218       10.1      6.2       6.8
Central African Republic          185       179      189       158      151       179       125       145      ISO       86        83        8.7      4.6      -7.2
Chad                               55       250      243       205      212       277       243       246      272      244       243       -1.8     12.5       0.4
Comnoros                           22        49       58        50       45        54        49        48       42       43        38         ..      6.1      -0.5
Congo, Democratic Re.o            ,19     1,304      935       614      667       997       923       834        ..        .        .        0.0     10.7      -9.7
Congo, Republic of                545       494      438       500      613       653       586       649      559      523       594       15.2     -5.0       1.9
C6te dIlvoire                   2,614     2,186     1,984    1,784     1,608    2,474     2,763     2,712    2,767     2,809    2,525        6.1     10.4       3.0
Djibouti                            ..        .         .        .         .      207       201      204       240      252       271
Equatorial Guinea                   ..       90       62        52       67        97       127      206       434      440       464         ..     10.6      25.5
Enritra                             .         ..     278       275      396       404       514      495       527      495       471          .        ..      8.0
Ethiopia                          692     1,029      875     1,052      915      1,063     1,144    1,309    1,357     1,558    1,611       16.4      1.0       5.2
Gabon                             829       861      887       845      777       898       969     1,018      987      841       887        4.6      0.0       1.3
Gaxnbia, The                      116       174      204       205      179       184       196       176      207      194       202       11.0      7.8       3.7
Ghana                             908     1.313     1,457    1,728     1,580     1,684    2,295     3,042    2,918     3,252    2,759       .1.6     11.2      11.1
Guinmea                           ~339       566      589      602       583       583       584      573       577      582       555        5.0      5.7       0.1
Guinea-Bissau                       ..       67       84        54       54        59        57        73       51       66        88         ..      1.5       0.0
Kenya                           2,585     1,686     1,608    1,385     1,761     2,636    2,512     2,944    3,028     2,656    2,965        8.1      4.3       6.5
Lesotho                           424       804      933       888      860       913      1,011     997       960      785       774       14.2     10.5       2.2
Liberia                           478         .         .        .         .        .          .        .        .         .        .        1.8     -1.5
Mia-dag.car                       764       440      465       510      546       628       629       682      672      742~      930        5.4     -3.1       7.2
Malawi                            308       616      712       628      536       474       624       783      579      673       563        2.7      8.7       2.3
Mali                              308       505      532       502      466       556       552       556      558      632       714        9.7      8.3       4.1
Mauritania                        321       385      424       375      304       395       403       355      358      305       329        7.0      2.6      -1.5
Mauritius                         516     1,419     1,473    1,576     1,716     1,921     1,993    2,017    2,031     2,012    2,034        4.6     27.6       4.8
Mozamtbique                       720       791      745       830      881       727       783      760       817     1,200    1,157         ..     11.4       3.2
Namibia                          1,094    1,128     1,275    1,225     1,283     1,464     1,532    1,606     1,515    1,503    1,621         ..      8.1       4.6
Niger                             677       281      266       259      263       297       306       300      396      317       298       11.0    -14.5       3.5
Nigeria                         14,735    7,892     8,891    8,293    6,470      8,183     8,216    9,630    9,276    10,531   12,372       12.7     -8.9       4.8
Rwanda                            196       228      241       268      367       194       213       277      256      249       241       12.3      6.8       0.3
Sao Tomd and Prujicipe             15        24       22        26       24        23        20        19       17       22        22       12.5      2.1      -2.1
Se_negal                          973     1,186     1,192    1,102     1,022     1,217     1,268    1,176    1,288     1,375    1,342        4.9      4.7       2.0
Seychelles                         84       162      180       216      188       214       263       304      352      379       361       12.4     14.2       9.8
Sierra Leone                      334       139      136       130      131       120       185        81       85       68       137        1.4      2.6      -4.9
Somalia                           402         .         .        .         .        .          .        .        .         .        ..      15.0     -6.3
South Africa                   18,268    17,190   18,224    18,518   21,875    27,412    27,599    28,876   27,261   24,477    27,236        8.7      7.0       5.6
Sudan                           1,440     1,201     1,002      975      957      1,036     1,547    1,580    1,925     1,412    1,553        5.6     -0.7       5.3
Swaziland                         538       635      780       789      832      1,064     1,062    1,090     1,104    1,062    1,015       16.6     10.0       7.
Tanzania                        1,089     1,381     1,444    1,472     1,591     1,510     1,370    1,388    1,519     1,351    1,335        3.6      9.0       0.7
Togo                              524       452      409       251      229       350       447       508      553      490       491        9.4     13.8       1.7
Uganda                            318       545      451       523      672      1,085     1,218    1,246     1,411    1,376    1,513        4.5      9.9      12.4
Zambia                          1,114       952     1,302    1,019     1,003     1,194     1,056    1,218      971      871       978        0.3      6.9       0.3
Zimbabwe                          308     1,700     1,781    1,512     1,778     2,128    2,247     2,654    2,020     1,675    1,520        1.4      6.5       2.5
N 6FHAFRIC                       ',1.015   3 7 124  36.752   3 7,8%6   37.bS1    45,426    .14.78P  46.533   41,.Sb0   49.505_ 51.0           St       -0 
Algen'a                ~~~~9,59-6 7,770     8,310    7,990    9,154     10,100    9,090     8,130    8,630     8,960    9,300        5.6     -2.8       0.0
Egypt, Arab Reputblic           6,814    13,410    10,753   12,879    10,377    13,372    14,263   16,718   15,321    16,969   17,861       10.2     -3.7       5.5
Libya                          10,368         .         .        .         .         .         .        .        ..        .        ..      12.0     -3.1
Morocco                         3,770     6,848     7,450    6,981     7,648     9,353    9,080     8,903    9,463     9,957   10,601        7.3      8.7       5.4
Tunisia           ______  3_              4,895     609_5,757         6,210      7,458    7,280     7,514    _7,875  .8&015.    8~,093    _13 2       7.2        5.7
ALL AFRICA               11~~~~~) 279  93.255  95.729  94.656  96.295   116,802   118.'43  126,219  2-4.028  I2 5. T9Y  132.828       '8       2'        4.1
Note: 2000 data are prelimninary (see page 2).



74                                                                    External Sector
5-3. Exports of total services
Average annual
Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices)                                        percentage growth
1980      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998     1999      2000      75-84    85-89     90-MfR
SUJB-SAHAkRAN AFRICA             12.382    13.597    13.178    13.766   13.892    16.74 2    17.832   18.442    19,443   19.812    20.554        6 3      6 1        5 2
e%c1uduig South Afnca            8.876     9.561     9,517    9,805     9.173    10.994     11.735   11.808    12,949   13.2'70   1 3.37 1      7 6      6)8        4 5
excl S Afnica & Nigena           6.356     9.088     9.269    9.656     9.012    I0.184     II.337   11.432    11.742   11.960    iI.981 _  _     8'     8 3        3 8
Angola                              ..       186       159      117       163       129    ~311         251   -158      -179         162         ..      3.4        3.0
Benin                               84       123       143      137       108       162       168       162       191      187       159       11.3      8.9        5.6
Botswana                           203       693      731       746       417       744       669       788      851       917       986       14.8     16.5        6.0
Burkina Faso                        65        85        83       80        67        80        71        55       54        46        4 1       9.2      5.8       -3.6
Bunundi                             26        35        3 1      25        23        27        1 7       1 3       1 1       8         6       21.0      7.4      -12.8
Cameroon                           395       334      436       394       310       405       456       507      521       574      612        21.7      -1.7       3.8
Cape Verde                          14        41       46        46        53        73        85        99       89       108       111       43.2     11.5       11.6
Central Afirican Republic           58        56        56       54        45        53        47        43       40        22        16        7.0     10.9      -10.1
Chad                                 0        40        44       47        28        79        55        54        57       58        56      .13.0     10.2        3.7
Comoros                              3        28       33        35        30        38        38        35       45        45        42         ..     48.4        6.6
Congo, Democratic Rep. of          135       226       135      151        66       159        66        63        ..        .         .        3.1     13.3      -16.3
Congo, Republic of                 119       118        79       68       159        61        63        90       109      107        85        7.6    -28.9        9.5
C6te dIlvoire                      587       358      404       773       536       813       774       741      819       794       673        8.4     -3.5        8.3
Djibouti.                                      .         .         .        .       192       188       188      206       196       195
Equatorial Guinea                   ..        66         4        5_        4         4         4         4         7        7         7          ..    32.3      -20.1
Eritrea                             ..         .         .        .         .        99       113       160        93       60        64
Ethiopia                           131       271      305       291       283       354       413       442      458       460       514        5.0      11.5       5.7
Gabon                              350       352      369       344       231       286       298       263       249      261       280       12.2     10.1       -2.0
Gambia, The                         2 1       58        70       77        62        5 5       7 1       80        86       82        83       10.0     19.7        5.4
Ghana                              110       103       137      156       171       178       461       474      494       498       535       -5.8     14.7       22.6
Guinea                              54       145       160      187       153       118       124       III       III      113       114         ..     20.3       -2.5
Guinca-Bissau                       ..         5         5        5         6         6         7         8         4        5         6          ..    -13.6       1.5
Kenya                              835     1,177     1,144     1,152    1,184      1,050      974       955      872       964     1,014        7.1       9.9      -2.0
Lesotho                            305       518      538       519       483       498       523       496      468       384       356       14.8       6.8      -1.7
Liberia                             1 3        .         ..       .         .....                         ......                               18.0      17.0
Madagascar                          82       151       177      187       208       254       292     -287       30~6      347       380        2.6     24.1        8.3
MalawAi                             34        44       27        1 9       30        23        44        62        5 I      54        56       -5.4      5.5        4.6
Mali                                58        96       106       99        78        88       103       102       III       99       110       10.7     14.1        1.8
Mauritania                          73        66        53       34        40        48        33        23       4 1       42        47        9.6       9.8     -4.0
Mauritius                          150       643      691       632       693       817       909       946      980      1,086    1,172        8.1      31.6       7.9
Mozambique                         171       203      223       240       246       292       314       342      333       356       405         ..      9.0        8.3
Namnibia                           205       393      378       451       483       757       664       612      513       508       432         ..      8.8        4.9
Niger                               68        58        56       49        37        4 1       39        39        54       46        39        7.4     10.5      -4.6
Nigeria                          2,164       478      259       171       187       239       427       405     1,129     1,219    1,250        2.7    -11.0       13.7
Rwanda                              49        47        50       37        22        38        27        60        57       56        7 1      27.2       8.4       2.0
Sao Tomntand Principe                6         5         5        5         6         6         6         7         7       1 3       1 2      20.0     17.7        9.0
Senegal                           416        599      616       577       504       604       630       440      505       500      456         9.0     10.8       -1.9
Seychelles                          97       173       198      211       201       224       242       262      280       310       315       15.4     14.2        5.7
Sierfa Leone                        21        69       66        70        76        61        61        26       32        33        37       42.5     -4.0       -6.2
Somaslia                            71                   --.      .         ...                  .        ...                ..                13.9    -15.9
South Africa                     3,560     4,062     4,281    3,975     4,720     5,756     6,106     6,640     6,559    6,617     7,265        8.5      4.5        6.7
Sudan                              228        54       74       III        96       134        57        47       30        70        33       12.6     -3.4      -11.3
Swaziland                           82       356      296       248      265        227       219       222      210       193       154      I15.4     1-8.4      4.6
Tanzania                           179       141       141      206       369       511       472       520      567       703       726       -1.1       1.8      20.6
Togo                                95       172       161      115        81       103       162       117       120      104       112       17.7     10.9       -3.8
Uganda                              1I        27        27       85        90        87       157       192      218       227       235        9.2      1.4       27.3
Zamnbia                            168        87       94       107       123       152       143       228       144      130       172        3.7      1.6       6.9
Zimbabwe                            34       297      330       401      443        542       646       696      660       472       358        5.2      8.4        6.6
.NORTH- AFRICA                    11.109    14.481"  18,334    18.463    14~.221   2 1.1:176  2 3.2131  24.448  23.803    24.q38    25.153       1 22      7 3       6 2
Algeria                            978       490      730     -760        798       800       750     1,330     1,110      940     1,300        7.4      0.9        7.6
Egypt, Arab Republic             2,662     7,153     8,189    8,332     8,677     9,556     10,636   11,241    10,455   11,015    11,420       19.9      11.9       5.8
Libya                            1,446         .         ,        .         .         .          .        .         ..        .        ..      12.8      1.9-
Morocco                            896     1,821     2,402    2,288     2,238     2,425     2,932     2,643     3,020    3,302     3,281        8.1     14.5        6.3
Tunisia                          I _____   1~50'1!I0'         2 1       23,       2,65'      2 A9  . 2 62        94         ,9      1o.        II)       I4'        r ,I
ALL AFRICA                       21.428    26.90 3   29.80-4  29.891    30.638    35,242    38.166    39.811    40 378   41.69'q   43.1.42      II 5       78        5 6
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2).



External Sector                                                                            75
5-4. Iports of total seirvices
Average annual
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                            percentage growth
1980      1991       1992      1993      1994      1995       1996      1997      1998      1999     2000       75-84     85-89    90-MR
SUB-SAHARAN AFIUCA                32,276     36.834    38.086    36,103    35.5 34   40.091     42.285    42,818    4 3.663   45.807    49.481         7.8      SI1        3 1
exclud&ng South Africa           24.662     29.028    29.955    28,111    27,107    30.155     32.407    32,356    33.682    35.503    38.54 5       8 8       5 5        3 1
e%ci S Africa & Ni8eria          l.'3       2 3.268   24.625    2 3.309  21.856     2-i.741    27.168    2 .0W5 2  27 119    27.9U3    29.397      -1-1. 1     7 2        28a
Angola                                ..     2,967     2,980     2,568     2,469 --  3,071      3,940     3,639     3,638     3,991     4,628          . .    20.3        6.2
Benin                               112        170       219       192       171       226        242       234       236       255       222       11.2       4.1        4.1
Botswana                            351       803       790       587       777        960        893     1,214     1,289     1,369     1,467       18.6      18.7        6.8
Burkina Faso                        228        279       238      230        165       204        198       180       191       180       163        9,1       5.1       -1.6
Burundi                              58        158       158       133       110       120         57        61        62        45        53       20.4      14.1      -11.3
Cainern                            1,026     1,350     1,741     1,626     1,071      1,115     1,270     1,320     1,208     1,267     1,450        19.0    -12.1        1.0
Cape Verde                            8         24        3 1       36       40         66         77        88        98       127       118       29.4      15.8       16.6
Central Afirican Republic           144        157       179       155       126       156        124       123       134        80        84        7.0      12.3       -6.5
Chad                                 28       219       239       240        188       235        246       250       257      249       221         -7.6     16.6        0.4
Comoros                              12         48        55        52        45        52         48        45        39        37        28          ..      2.8       -3.5
Congo, DemocraticRe.               1160      1,552     1,223     1,092     1.186      1,266     1,192     1,315     2,295         .         ..       8.5      11.3        0.8
Congo, Republic of                  650      1,232     1,115     1,219     1,253       935      1,638     1,497     1,814     1,538     1,699       16.3       6.0        5.9
C8te dIvoire                      2,110      2,035     2,725     2,484     1,638     2,359      2,383     2,192     2,244     2,211     1,975       11,6       7.4       -0.3
Djibouti                              ..         .         .         .         .        88         90        91        98        80        8 1
Equatorial Guinea                     ..        36        41        5 1       82        95        224       345      411       672      1,204          .,     69.2       38.5
Eritrea                                .         ..     -278      -275      -396        44         70       108        78       114        32
Ethiopia                            105       274       292       314       273        293       318       406       386       397       425         -1.9     16.5        4.6
Gabon                             1,414      1,519     1,781     1,688     1,336     1,679      1,985     1,833     1,511     1,663     1,850       10.8      -3.3        2.1
Garnbia, Ile                         44         72        80        80        70        70         73        73        81        78        79       14.3      15.0        1.6
Ghana                               355       461       513       568       666        588        815      928       932       930        929        0.4       8.9        9.4
Guinea                              238       484       408       403       365        407       453       406       455       426       444           ..     12.3        0.0
Guinea-Bissau                         ..        47        43        39       41         48         48        48        37        45        54          ..     10.7        1.8
Kenya                               872       999       906       930      1,041     1,222      1,101       989       880       841      903         4.9       4.3       -0.9
Lesotho                              58        104       115       132       129       178        202       173       179       149       120       12,9      14.1        4.9
Liberia                              97          .         ..        .         ..         .         ..        .         ..        .         ..      28.2       7.5
Madagascar                          368       439       421       457       480        538        536      490        520       518       633       10.2       8.7        2.9
Malawi                              330        121        96        84       112       125        152       146       180       142       131        11.5     -0.9        4.5
Mali                                221        360      440       356       322        395        446       424      432       417       416         7.9       8.8        2.0
Mauritania                          172       270       267       258       22!        295        298       233      222       205       200        13.2       4.2       -2.5
Mauritius                           207       542       619       591       625        682        727       767       788      787        808        8.7      22.1        5.4
Mo-zambique                         155       312       355       366       393        416       404       423        509       592      619           ..      7.0        6.8
Namnibia                            787       517        594      547       550        761        757       642       553      646        558          ..      4.9        1.9
Niger                               339        155       152       143       193       215        193       180       193       166       154        10.7      3.6       -0.3
Nigeria                           8,498      5,743     5,328     4,806     5,250     5,420      5,251     5,315     6,559     7,550     9,040         5.3     -0.8        4.0
Rwanda                              139        131       147       154       132       156        169       222       223       205       219        13.4      8.8        3.7
Sgo Tom6 and P'rincipe                7         26       23        22        22         28         27        27        18        23        19       14.7      11.0       -0.5
Senegal                             475       803       832       787       657        763        743       532       579      606        554       12.0       9.6       -3.6
Seychelles                           43         84       91        104       94        116        133       145       163       185       195       14.6      19.7        9.1
Sierra Leone                         95        138       138      134       160        113        122        56        63        69        83        3.4       1.0       -6.2
Somalia                             139          .         ..        .         .          .         ..        .         ..        .         ..       9.9       6.1
South Africa                      7,720      7,904     8,231     8,077     8,485     9,987      9,937    10,518    10,030    10,394    11,029        10.5      4.0        3.1
Sudan                               416      1,097     1,091     1,146     1,183      1,236     1,039     1,152     1,203     1,362     1,637        19.8      5.6        2,0
Swaziland                           121       344       282       364       347        205        242       243       262      233       218         9.8      18.1       -2Y.0
Tanzania                            160       379       635       723       805        659        759       793       898     1,008       916        5.7      19.5        7,3
Togo                                227       278       264       201        186       208        272       228       202       205       184       14.0       9.9       -3.1
Uganda                              132        187      222       223       241        371        450       460       511       521       534        6.2      11.9       12.3
Zambia                              872       693       623       530       566        588        490       622       536       480       505        3.1       7.5       -4.0
Zimnbabwe                           330       931       961        836     1,016      1,120     1,224     1,415     1,048       993       710         8.8      7.5        2.2
NORTH AFRIUCA                      7,995     11.124    13.191    12,616    16,132     16,894    16.860    15.468    19,536    17.50-7    1.6         128         37        .10
Algeria                           5,035      4,060     4,030     3,510     3,770     4,320      4,710     4,630     4,590     5,070     5,500        16.1      -5.1       3.7
Egypt, Arab Republic              2,931      1,592     3,027     2,620     5,273      4,952     4,688     3,894     7,342     5,069     5,796       20.4       2.5        6.0
Libya                           -10,368          ..        .         ..        .          .         .         ..         .        ..        .
Morocco                           2,076      2,752     2,943     3,045     3,124      3,459     3,280     3,072     3,190     3,175     3,001         9.0     11.8        1.9
Tunisia             _     _   --    918      1.461    _ ,701y,,2012        2,138      2.250     2,7        ,2_       ,0         2       2,254        11.5      6 6        6.0
ALL AFRICA        ___             41.966     48,611    51.84C'   49 249    5 1,9 32.  57,374    59.626    58,889    63,533    63.864    68.745        11 6       52        33
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see pagc 2).



76                                                                       External Sector
5-5. Net Ipirivate tiranisfeirs
Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices)                                             Annual Average
1980       1991      1992      1993     1994       1995       1996      1997      1998      1999      2000      75.84     85-89     90-MR?
SUB-SALA.RAN AFRICA                 -319        632     1,958    2_003      2.5u3      2.7218    3.296     4,656     4.806     4.659)    5.291         ?5       948     21.990
e%,:ludwg South Afnca              -413       639      1.9155    2.01(     2.515      2.745     3.319     4.653     4.799     4.656     5.284         90       857      2 998
oextS.Atia& Nigeria               4313       611      1. 17n    1.218     1.966      1 9046    22714     2.7&6     3.258     3.03 2    3.59.2        42       864      2.030
Angola                                ..       -32        Il       -14        -4       -34         1 1       38        73        17        35         26       -19        -4
Benin                               107         84        95        94        50        68         67        77        72        74        84         60        77        77
Botswana                            -II        -39       -19       -65       -85       103        -23       220       220       220       258         -5        -9         68
Burkina Faso                        112         98       169       153        98       106         84        75        75        65        42         75       164        97
Burundi                               3         1 3       1 3       1 7       2 1       1 6        1 1        9         6         6         5          6         9         3 2
Cameroon                             1 9       -59       -72       -95       -41        -23         7        86        80       100        97         1 I      -69          3
Cape Verde                           40         58        70        7 1       81       100         96        731       79       107       109         30        34         81
Central African Republic              0        -30       -27       -31       -10        -1l       -10       -10        -9        -6        -8          0       -14        -17
Chad                                 .4         -9       -15       -23        -8          2         4         4         3         7         2          -6       -5         -3
Comoros                               2         10        16        16         7          9        12         0         0         2         3          2         6          8
Congo, Democratic Rep, of           -79        -82       -97      -123       -98      -124       -138       -35         ..        .         .        -47       -72        -97
Congo, Republic of                    -1       -IS       -19        -9        60         -2        -4        -4       -II        -6         7        -44       -64         -2
C6te dIlvoire                      -706       -368      -379      -305      -259      -439       -470      -417     -449       -475      -336       -403      -433      -400
Djibouti                              ..         .         .         .         .        -11       -10        -9        -5        -7        -9                              -
Equatorial Guinea                     ..         2        -4        -3         0         -3        -3        -1         0         0         0          0        -1         -1
Eritirea                               .         .       128       165      276        215        244       35        26        244       196           .        ..       229
Ethiopia                             20       203        316      248       247        311        313        3 3       88        89       410         3 7      162        221
Gabon                              -124       -125      -190      -209      -163      -192       -216      -218      -160      -170      -181        -58      -143       -180
Gamnbia, The                          2         10        12        13        35         16        17        17        24        20        12           2        3         IS
Ghana                                 -3      220       255        261       271       263        276       393       454       472       496           7      136        324
Guinea                                -3       -57       -73       -79       -82        -92       -25       -37       -16        -8       -10         -3       -26       -48
Guinea-Bissau                         I.                   I         I         1          3         2         2        16         5         8         -10       -1          4
Kenya                                27        144        68       147       148       408        433       497       557       564       746         41        76        353
Lesotho                               2         14        16       135       148        160       172       173       174       133       141         29        20        117
Liberia                             -29         ..         ..        .         ..         .          .        ..        .         .         .         -32      -25
Madagascar                          -21         67       109       114        46        63         78       102        68        94       102         -14       54         84
Malawi                                ..        33        14        30        20         -5       -25       -19       -31        13         8          15       13         -4
Mali                                 40         70        74        93        85        96         90        73        68        68        64         24        53         80
Mauritania                          -28          1        77        28        14        30         39        54        56        46        48        -25        69         36
Mauritius                             0         71        79        92        94        90        100        89        89        81        79          4        47         85
Mozamnbique                           0          0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0         0          0         0          0
Namibia                               0         27        50        38        44        142       155       143       142        96       100           0        0         87
Niger                               -57        -38       -40       -34       -41        -23       -25       -22        -6        -5       -11        -40       -26        -27
Nigeria                               ..        28       784       792       549       799        945     1,867     1,541     1,625     1,692       -137       -18        968
Rwanda                                0         21        20        22        45         16        27        25        18        18        11           1        7         21
SAo Tom4 and Principe                  I         I         1         2         3          1         1         1         1         1         I           1        0          1
Senegal                               0         28        26        40        39        40         40        35        36        83       131           1        7         48
Seychelles                            0         -2        -3        -6        -7         -5        -6        -6        -8        -7        -6          0         5         -5
Sierra Leone                          0          0         0         0         0          0         0         6         5         7         7           1        1          2
Somalia                              57         ..         .         .         .          .         .         .         .         .43
South Africa                         94         -7         3        -7       -32        -17       -23         3         7         3         7         79        91         -8
Sudan                               257        124       138        81        68        60        321       429       490       446       315        267       330        237
Swaziland                             0          9         4        27        40       134        346        93       131       130       341           1        3         76
Tanzania                             22        172       194       197      465          18        20        26        31        34        35         22       364        126
Togo                                   1        14         9        10         9         13        10         9        11        21        39          -1        8         14
Uganda                                -2        81       136       308      304        330        421       322       539       375       513          7        95        291
Zambia                             -176       -40        -33       -39       -19        -20       -17       -16       -27       -16       -18        -86       -35        -24
Zimbabwe                            120          2        40        26        86       120        149       126       128       315       -70         87        23         66
;NORTH,AFRCA_                                                                                                       _
Egypt, Arab Republic              2,791      2,569     3,029     3,835     3,232      3,279     2,798     3,256     3,718     3,772     3,747      2,091     3,289      3,362
Libya                            -3,089          .         .         .         ..         .         .         .         .         .         ..    -1,075      -571      -446
Morocco                            1,070     2,157     2,325     2,141     2,096     2,261      2,526     2,158     2,293     2,165     2,332        822     3,419      2,237
Tunisia _____348                               563      570       -597      688        753        835       766       813       886       807        255       435        717
ALLAFRIC A                        2 02       5.920     '.881     8.5'      8.519     9.02r,     9.455    10.835      .3       143      1.'          .8        .2         .6
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's series shows a data break between 199t and 1992.



External Sector                                                                              77
5-6. Net official current transfers
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                                Annual Average
1980       1991      1992      1993      1994       1995       1996      1997      1998      1999       2000       75.84    85-89     90-MR
SU7B.SAHARA.N AFIUCA                1.231      2.3'71    2,395     1.978     2,020       1.547     2.54 2     1.729     1.844     1.262     1.494       1.37('    1.958     2.0? 1
e%cldudig South Afri.:a            1.0%6      2.876     2,764     2.612     2.616      2,175      1,265     2.454     2.592     2.192      2.427      1.262     I 9n3      2.2
exc1 S Afnice&_NigL'ra             1.2S3      2.85      2.772     2.558     2.666      2 241      3_333     2.480     2.t171    2.172      2.395      1.736     1.8 95     2,635
Angola                    ..        ~~~       ~~~      ~~~~60  91  179  249  190      1,013        68        87        45         54          ..-       7   -    1~1-
Benin                                  0         19        20        64         5          6          4        70        52        64         49          0         3         34
Botswana                              65       218        135       142       160       -131        113       129       129       129        129         3 1      135        120
Burkina Faso                           0        128        79       108       129        133        121       241       259       271       249           0         0        170
Burundi                               42        120       102       IIl       144        136         50        5 1       50        46        7 1         45        65         89
Cameroon                              64        118      248         76        6 1        80         28         0        25        1 7         0         40       115         62
Cape Verde                             0         32        58        34        40         48         45        36        42        35         16          0        28         38
Central African Reptublic              0         73        50        50        32         33          8        23        34        30        27          27        41  .      38
Chad                                   0        102       108        49       129         78         57        59        50        21         32          0        95         72
Comoros                               I          29        19        28        21         24          0         0         0          0         0         20        38         14
CEo-ngo, Democratic Rep. of           267         25         8         7        99        153        112        68         ..         .         .        137       113         66
Congo, Republic of                     0          5         0         0        19         21          8         2         6          1        12          0         3          8
C8te dlvoire                           0         74       -20        46       -31        .27        -28       -22       -21        -20       -16         23        92         1 5
Djibouti                               -.         .         .          .        .         60         57        6 1       74        68         52          .         ..        62
Equatorial Guinea                      ..         2         I         1         7          7          4         6         4          1         1          0         6          4
Eritrea                                .          ..       43        17        44         22         27         0         0         0          0          .         ..        17
Ethiopia                              60         26        57       108        87        148        392       226       261       213       291          40        57        169
Gabon                                 33         14         6        14        15          0          0         0        17         1 7       1 7        30        16         II1
Gambia, The                            ..         .         .         0        30         27         25        28        36        3 1        33           1        0         26
Ghana                                  0          0         0       256       201        260        206       160       288       148        154          0         0        152
Guinea                                 0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0          0o
Guinea-Bissau                          ..        25        29        21        26         30         30        23         7        22         1 7         6        24         25
Kenya                                  0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0          0        91          0         0          8
Lesotho                              -90       -45        -33         0         0          0          0         0         0         0          0       -174      -166        -22
Liberia                               36          .         ..        .         ..         .          ..        .         ..         .         .         57        78
Madagascar                             0        113        54        70        44         17         81        80        17        35         34         37       106         64
Malawi                                 0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0          0
Mali                                  -6        179       214       132       143         97        106        56        47        39         65          2        98        109
Mauritania                           118         61        72        86        41         32        104       105        87       118         78        119       III         77
Mauritius                              0         17        14         6         7         19         16        30        17          8         6          3        19         14
Mozambique                             0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0          0
Namibia                              101        348       401       313       300        280        284       323       314       312       364         360       294        324
Niger                                154         18        34        61         0          0          0         0         0          0         0        127       104         13
Nigeria                             -167         22        -9        54       -49        -66        -68       -26       -25        20         32        -44         8         -6
Rwanda                               104        162        92        78       347        231        196       263       244       250       268          92        74        206
SAo Tom6 and Principe                  0          9         3         2         3          5          1        10         9         6          4          0         6          6
Senegal                               28          3         8       -26        95         70         1 8      143       136        77        67         -10        -4         54
Seychelles                            15         19        20        22        15         13         16        15        18        It         11         13        23         16
Sierra Leone                          26         34         0         0        10          0         21         7         3         11         0         II        13         11
Somalia                              143          .         .          .        ..         .          ..         .        .          .         .        III       291        265
South Afiica                         145       -505      -369      -634      -596       -628       -723      -725      -748      -930       -933         96        55       -608
Sudan                                 84       237        177        77        55         44         40        23        17        11          4        124       335         87
Swaziland                             79        100       124       128       116        102        110       128        79       129        138         46        60       1~l14~
Tanzania                               0       235        262       266         0          0          0         0          0         0         0         42         0         93
Togo                                  86         68        56        28        16         26         24        21        22          .         .         55        56         37
Uganda                                 0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0          0         0          6         0          0
Zambia                                 0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0          0         0         10         0          0
Zimnbabwe                              0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0          0         0        50          0         0          5
WO-RThf AF7RIA                                      .                   .          .7 ..                                                                              .       ,3
Algeria                                0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0          0         0         0          0         0          0
Egypt, Arab Republic                   ..     4,851     1,352     1,902       814        919        724       890       883      1,097      932           ..      584      1,405
Libya                                -46          ..        .          .        .                      .        .          .         .         .        -85        39        -35
Morocco                               47        118      208        154       173         70         50        48        52        -11        94         15        95        103
Tunlisia                 _     _      42          0         0         0         0          0         25        25         18        16        18         36         7          9
ALL AFRLICA        _______7,351                          3.955     4.035      3.007     21.535     3.34u     2,691      2,796     2.363     2.539       13145     2.365      3.535
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2).



78                                                                   External Sector
5-7. Current account balance, excluding net capital grants
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                         Annual Average
1980      1991     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996      1997     1998      1999     2000      75-84    85-89    90-AMRl
SL11B.SAHARA4N AFRICA             -'17   -10.241   *12.171  .12.641   * I10.139  .12.475  .6.500O  -1 1.034  -20(098  -17_274    -7.621    -8.842   -7.577   .1I1.631,
e%ldsdng South kirnca           -4.226  .12.502   -14.72-4  .14.130  -10.233   -10.271    -A.609   -8.771   -17,770  -16.'18   .7 181     -8.5(1   -9 874    -11.471
ex.c S Afnca & Nigena           .8 5!.6  *l11.521  -13.425  -I I .9'2  .8.614   -9 374    -8.562  *l11.611  -14.695  .13.428    -9.184    -6.731   -8.033   -11.198
Angola                             ..       651     -874      -848     -498       -916      451      -872    -1.858   -1,702       -4          .      -49      -728
Benin                            -197       -89     -151       -95      -73      -194      -185      .159     -133     -181      -182       -174      -84      -140
Botswana                         -152       337      244       503      239       338       663       542      136     -275      -335       -101      301       221
Burkina Faso                     -259      -188      -186     -163      -35       -133     -251       -92     -117      -126     -143       -203     -227      -140
Bunundi                           -86       -95     -117       -79      -15        -4       -39         2       -55      -28      -30        -98      -90       -53
Cameroon                         -495       -50     -216~     -620     -324        -71     -375      -258     -235     -377      -153       -389     -356      -261
Cape Verde                        -25       -17      -20       -33      -38        -54       -27      -55      -74      -93       -75        -38      -14       -46
Central Afiican Republic          -43      -1II      -173     -108      -48        -81       -63      -57      -80      -25       -21        -24      -96       -87
Chad                              -16      -143      -162     -219     -115       -110      -134     -143     -158     -219      -193        -80     -ISO      -161
Comoros                            -9       -16      -40       -17      -22        -24       -41      -53      -30      -25        -9        -14       -9       -28
Congo, Democratic Rep, of         -87     -1,037    -866      -528     -530       -465      -348     -658     -583         .        ..      -366     -514      -639
Congo, Republic of               -167      -508     -315      -541     -670      -335      -593     -471     -1,119    -403       253       -258     -230      -451
C6te dIlvoirec.                          -1,347    -1,515   -1,235       -52      -183     -588      -527     -538      -558     -508       -594     -686      -765
Djibouti                           ..         .         .        .         .       -17      -16       -12       -3       -4       -43         -.        .       -16
Equatorial Guinea                   ..      -25      -51      -48       -73        -97     -244      -250     -375     -289      -297          6       20      -157
Eritrea                                      -.       -19       46       62        -31      .104      -37     -238      -285     -208          .        ..      -91
Ethiopia                         -126      -528     -335     -497      -291        -90       68     -416      -333      -708     -335       -176     -376      -337
Gabon                             514        91     -226       -58      336        159      317       237      -183      131      128        157     -490        98
Gamnbia, The                      -86      -46        -51      -54      -18        -35       -40      -IS       -13      -19      -21       -47       -33       -32
Ghana                             -54     -454      -592      -559     -376       -140      -358   -1,132     -522    -1,058     -605       -154     -254      -566
Guinea                            -26      -198     -260      -225     -267       -316      -327     -244     -278      -257     -201        -62     -227      -258
Guinea-Bissau                      ..       -62      -86       -50      -29        -45       -45      -39      -35       -28      -46          .      -49       -45
Kenya                           -1,233     -309     -290        88       14      -475      -124     -421      -467      -215     -243       -493     -572      -282
Lesotho                          -207      -354     -418      -247     -216       -282      -354     -308     -301      -227     -200       -222     -270      -297
Liberia                            46         ..        .        .        .          ...                .         ..                 .I               -15
Madagascar                       -635      -216     -222      -263     -280       -267      -201     .196     -278      -201     -219       -264     .142      -235
Malawi                           -310      -250     -371      -341     -271       -177      -273     -346     -200      -301     -225       -163     -110      -264
Mali                             -232      -150     -216      -185     -146       -228      -265     -187     -203      -247     -267       -168     -216      -208
Mauritania                       -133       -93      -90      -105      -37       -102       -40        1       -36       29      -12       -133      -22       -57
Mauritius                        -139       -16       -6      -103     -138       -112        -3      -49       -90      -21       -16       -81       -6        -61
Mozambique                       -423      -738     -738      -825     -864       -677      -647     -611     -749    -1,152    -1,007      -489     -635      -798
Namibia                           -40       258      223       271      303       362       231       169      137       139      196         33      135       224
Niger                            -429      -128      -24       -24     -233       -208      -183     -192     -207      -156     -170       -247      -33      -155
Nigeria                         4,310      -980    -1,298   -2,158    -1,618      -897     3,953    2,840    -3,075   -3,290    2,003     -1,767    -1,841     -272
Rwanda                            -48       -33     -157      -218      -53       -IS       -70       -59      -96       -67      -23        -23     -157       -80
Sao Tom6 and Principe               I       -30      -31       -33      -28        -35       -34      -23      -12       -22      -22         -6      -19       -27
Senegal                          -524      -455     -545      -578     -251       -298      -336     -185     -216      -292     -284       -392     -488      -353
Seychelles                        -23        -8       -8      -42        -21       -44       -66      -63     -102      -105      -62        -17        6       -48
Sierra Leone                     -168         I       -59      -76      -11        -70      -119      -11       -43      -26     -101       -128      -56       -49
South Africa                    3,508     2,261     1,947    1,489       94     -2,204    -1,891   -2,263    -2,328     -556     -440       -341    2,297      -166
Sudan                            -721    -1,538    -1.354  .-1,426    -1,459    -1,479    -1,548   -1,639    -1,995   -1,467     -974       -555     -603     -1,471
S§waziland                        -130        80         1      -64       34       -35       -87         0      -49        -7      -41        -61       42        -7
Tanzania                         -540      -818    -1,068   -1,115    -1,076    -1,047     -942      -842    -1,242   -1,061     -827      -424      -586      -982
Togo                              -95       -79      -119      -84      -64       -63      -112       -88      -89      -120     -115       -101      -90       -97
Uganda                           -121     -449      -338      -396     -265       -444      -500     -521     -706      -746     -861        -57     -177      -514
Zambia                           -538      -513     -743      -467     -398      -464      -427      -509     -574     -481      -583       -377     -308      -504
Zimbabwe                         -444      -547     -842      -311     -318      -370       -180     -823     -355      -157     -101       -283      -46      -387
_NORTH AkFRICA ___                6.l "I     .220    2.438     1.301   -2.805    - 3.8'0      421_    2.889   41.207    .2, 186   6.621     -3,616   - . 5350      l71
Algeria                  ~~~~242  2,390    1,290      810    -1.839    -2,240     1,050     3,450     -910       20     9,000     -1,008     -855      ,3 0-6
Egypt, Arab Republic             -438     3,821     2,670    2,295      410       386       -185      119    -2,479   -1.709    -1,171    -1,765    -1,701      320
Libya                           8,259         .        ..        .        ..         .        ..        .        ..        .        ..     1,034     -408     2,236
Morocco                         -1,420     -413     -433      -521     -723     -1,186       35       -87     -144       -55     -387     -1,369     -251      -374
Tunisia                          .3        .57     .1.089    1 ?83     -654      .830       -4'0     -593      -6'5     -413     .8?1       .50'     .314      -'38
ALL AFRICA                       5.55-3   -5.1)21 --10.339?  -11 340  -12.944_  _.16.345  -6.67'~   -.145   -24.76    .19,460)  *l.000- .12.4i8   .11.10'        um 1091
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2).



External Sector                                                                    79
5-8. Current account balance, excluding net capital grants/GDP
PercentagZe of GDP                                                 Annual Average
19830    1991      1992     1993     1994     1995      1996     1997     1998     1999     2000      75-84    85-89    90-tMR
SLIB-SAHROANAQ1UCA                t'3      *3 4     -4.2     -44      .37       -140      -20(     - 32     -6 3     -56(     -2 4      -44      -31       -38
e%cluding SouLh Afica            .2!3     .7 (     .8.6     -9 2     -7 2      -6.3      -2 5     -46      -9 6     -9 2     -3 8      -6 2     -6 1      -6 6
e',J S Africa& Nigana           -4        -'6        7      .9 0     -73       -6 9      .5 7     -74      .96      -92      -62       *4       A 
Angola                            ..      -5.3    -15.1    -16.0    -12.3     -18.2      6.0    -11.3    -28.8    -27.5       0.0        ..     -0.6    -11.9
Benin                           - 14.0   -4.8      -9.3     -4.5     -4.9      -9.7     -8.4     -7.7     -5.9     -7.8      -8.4     -16.6     -5.8     -6.9
Botswana                       -13.4       8.6      5.9     12.1      5.4       6.9     13.5     10.7      2.       -5.4     -6.3     -11.4     13.5      5.0
Burkina Faso                   -15.2      -6.8     -9.3     -7.6     -2.0      -6.1    -10.1     -4.0     -4.7     -5.1     -6.5      -15.6    -11.4     -6.0
Bunindi                         -9.3      -8.2    -10.8     -8.4     -1.6      -0.4      -4.4     0.3     -6.2     -3.9      4.5       -9.8     -8.0      -5.4
Cameroon                         -7.3     -0.4     -1.9     -5.2     -4.1      -0.9     -4.1     -2.8     -2.7     -4.1      -1.7      -7.5     -3.2      -_2.7
Cape Verde                      -23.5    -4.8      -5.2     -9.0     -9.1     -11.0      -5.4   -10.8    -13.7     -15.7    -13.5     -42.3     -9.4     -9.4
Central African Repujblic       -54       -7.9    -12.1     -8.3     -5.6      -7.2      -5.9    -5.6     -7.6     -2.4      -2.2     -4.0      -8.2     -7.0
Chad                             -1.5     -7.6     -8.6    -15.0     -9.8      -7.7     -8.4     -9.5     -9.3     -14.0    .13.7      -8.6    .12.3     -10.3
Comoros                         -7.2      -6.5    -15.2     -6.6    -11.7     -11.1    -19.1    -27.1    -13.8    -109       4.6      -13.0    -.6.0     -12.5
Cog,eocraticRepf            -0.6    -11.4   -10.6     -5.9     -9.1      -8.2      -5.9    -11.4    -10.4        .        ..      -3.4    -6.2      -9.0
Congo, Republic of              -9.8     -18.7    -10.7    -28.2    -37.8     -13.4    -23.4    -20.3    -57.4    -17.1       7.9     -21.5    -11.1    -20.8
C8te d'Ivoire                     ..     -12.8    -13.6    -11.9     -0.7      -1.8      -5.4    -4.9     -4.7     -5.0      -5.4      -8.6     -6.8     -7.2
Djibouti                          ..        .         .       .         .      -3.4     -3.3     -2.3     -0.6     -0.8     -7.7         .        ..      -3.0
Equatorial Guinea                 ..     -18.9    -32.8    -31.6    -58.2     -58.9    -94.3    -50.3    -82.2    -33.2     -19.1        ..     18.7    -42.0
Eritrea                            .        ..     4.4      1 1.2    12.1      -5.4    -16.5     -5.6    -35.0     43.9    -34.2         ..       ..      13.5
Ethiopia                          ..      -9.9     -6.0     -8.0     -5.9      -1.6      1.1     -6.5     -5.1    -10.9      -5.2      -5.8     -5.1     -5.6
Gabon                           12.0       1.7    -4.0      -1.3      8.0       3.2      5.5      4.4     -4.0      3.0       2.6       4.2    -13.9      2.0
Gamnbia, The                   -35.7     -14.4    -14.7    -14.6     -5.0      -9.3     -10.2    -3.8     -3.0     -4.3     -4.7      -22.5    -15.1     -8.8
Ghana                            -1.2     -6.9     -9.2     -9.4     -6.9      -2.2      -5.2   -16.4     -7.0    -13.6     -11.9      -3.9     -5.0     -8.7
Guinea                  ..     ~~~~     ~~~~~~6.6  -7.9  -6.9  -7.8  -8.6     -8.5     -6.5     -7.7     -7.5     -6.5        ..    -10.1      -7.6
Guinea-Bissau                     ..     -24.2    -37.8    -21.0    -12.4     -17.6     -16.5   -14.7    -16.9     -12.6    -21.1        ..    -26.6     -19.0
Kenya                           -17.0     -3.8     -3.6      1.8      0.2      -5.3      -1.3    -4.0     -4.1     -2.0      -2.3      -8.4     -7.4     -2.9
Lesotho                        -17.9     -52.5    -50.9    -30.3    -25.9     -30.2    -37.5    -30.1    -33.8    -24.9     -22.3     -66.6    -61.5    -36.1
Madagascar                      -15.7     -8.1     -7.4     -7.8     -9.4      -8.4      -5.0    -5.5     -7.4      -5.4     -5.4      -7.~6    -5.3      -7.1
Malawi                         -25.0     -11.4    -20.6    -16.5    -22.9     -12.4     -11.2   -13.7    -11.5     -16.6    -13.2     -15.6     -8.2     -14.3
Mali                            -13.0     -6.2     -7.6     -6.9     -8.3      -9.2     -10.1    -7.6     -7.8     -9.6     -11.6     -12.9    -12.6      -8.4
Mauritania                     -18.8      -8.2     -7.6    -11.1     -3.6      -9.5     -3.6      0.1     -3.6      3.0      -1.3     -19.9     -3.0     -5.4
Mauritius                      -12.3      -0.6     -0.2     -3.2     -3.9      -2.8     -0. 1     -1.2    -2.2     -0.5      -0.4      -7.6      0.0      -1.8
Mozambique                     -12.0     -30.2    -39.8    41.6     -39.7     -29.3    -22.8    -18.0    -19.3    -28.9     -26.4     -14.2    -23.1     -29.7
Namibia                          -1.7      9.6      7.3      9.5      9.3      10.3      6.6      4.6      4.0       4.0      5.6       1.8      7.5       7.1
Niger                           -17,1     -5.5     -1.0     -1.5    -14.9     -11.0     -9.2    -10.4    -10.0     -7.7      -9.3     -13.6     -3.1     -8.0
Nigeria                          6.7      -3.6    -4.0     -10.1     -6,8      -3.2     11.2      7.8     -9.6     -9.5       4.9      -4.5     -8.5      -1.6
Rwanda                          -4.1      -1.7     -7.7    -11.1     -7.0      -1.2     -5.0     -3.2     -4.7      -3.4     -1.3      -1.6     -7.0     -4.5
Sao Toind and Principe           2.1     -53.3    -67.9    -70.1    -57.4     -76.7     -76.0   -53.1    -30.5    -45.8    -46.0      -10.5    -36.8     -56.5
Senegal                        -17.5      -8.3     -9.0    -10.6     -6.9      -6.7     -7.2     -4.2     -4.7      -6.2     -6.5     -16.1    -12.4     -7.1
Seychelles                     -15.9      -2.1     -1.7     -9.0     -4,4      -8.7     -12.0    -10.7    -16.8    -17.1     -9.9     -15.8      2.8      -8.7
Sierra Leone                    -14.4      0.2     -8.5     -9.9     -1.2      -7.3     -13.2     -1.2     -6.4     -3.7    -16.7     -10,1     -5.1      -6.4
Somalia                        -22.6        .         .        .        .        .         .,       .        ..        .       ..     -17.3    -12.2      -8.8
South Africa                     4.4       1.9      1.5      1.1      0.1      -1.5      -1.3    -1.5      -1.8     -0.4     -0.3      -0.5      3.2       0.0
Sudan                           -9.5     -13.5    -21.1    -18.1    -17.9     -20.6     -18.8   -15.5    -19.3    -14.6      -8.5      -7.0     -3.8     -16.1
Swaziland   _                  -22.3       9.0      0.1     -6.3      3.1      -2.7     -6.7      0.0     -3.7     -0.5      -3.0     -1 1.1  ~  5.8      -0.1I
Tanzania                          ..     -16.5    -23.2    -26.2    -23.8     -19.9     -14.5   -11.0     -14.5    -12.5     -9.2     -10.0    -13.5     -17.2
Togo                             -8.4    -4.9      -7.0     -6.8     -6.5     -4.8       -7.6    -5.9     -6.3     -8.5      -9.5     -12.2     -7.8     -6.9
Uganda                          -9.7     -13.5    -11.8    -12.3     -6.6      -7.7      -8.3    -8.3     -10.4    -11.6    -13.9      -3.1     -3.2     -10.4
Zambia                          -13.8    -15.2    -23.4    -14.3    -11.9     -13.4     -13.1    -13.0    -17.7    -15.5    -20.0     -11.9    -13.0     -15.4
Zimnbabwe                        -6.6     -6.3    -12.5    -4.7      -4.6      -5.2      -2.1    -9.6     -5.6      -2.9     -1.4      -4.0     -0.8      -5.3
NORTHA XFRC                       49       4.2      1.8      0.9     -2 0      -21.5      0.2               i    -   i491.6  -3 I 32    40       .4        u4
Algenia                          ('6       5 2      2 7      1 6     413       -5 4      22        7 2     -19      (''      I    ~      5      -1 4       2 4
Egypt, Arab Republic             -1.9     10.3      6.4      4.9      0.8       0.6      -0.3      0.2     -3.0     -1.9     -1.2      -9.6     -4.7       1.4
Libya                           23.2        ...                         .        .         .        .         .       .         .       4.8     -2.2
Morocco                          -7.5     -1.5     -1.5     -1.9     -2.4      -3.6      0.1     -0.3      -0.4     -0.2     -1.2     -10.3     -1.7      -1.2
Tunisia     _____                4 3      -44      -7 0    ,-88      -4 2      -46       -24,     .Al      -3 4     -2 1     -4? 2      '4      -15       -45
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 194, Nigeria's ratios are distorte-d beeause the official exchange rate used by the Government for nil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued.



80                                                                       External Sector
5-9. Net capitll grants
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                              Annual Average
1980       1991      1992     1993       1994      1995       1996      1997      1998      1999      2000       75-84    85-89     90-AIR
SU~B-SAHIARAN AFRICA                1.130     1.99 I    5.025     4.298     3.908      4.066     3,605     3,203     3.656     3.123     3.349       1.095    2.656      3.800
ewcit,ding South Africa            1.IM4     4.027     5.067     4.356     3.842      J.106     3.65?     3.397     3.712     3.166     3.408       1.110    2.652      3 845
excl S Affica & Nigena             1. 13.0   4.027     5.uo7     4.356     3.842     4. 1 06    3.652     3 397     3.7 12    3.166     3.408       1.110    2.652      3.84 5
Anola                               0          0         0O        0         0          0         0         0                   0         0          0         0          0
Benin                                63         45        59        63        54        70         56        84        62        64        6 1        63        63         62
Botswana                              8          4         7         9         6          3         5         5         5         5         5          6         4          S
Burkina Faso                        211         98       142        98        65        103       159       139       144       191         0        151       193        110
Burundi                              34         66        63        53         0          0         0         0         0         0         0         38        37         22
Cameroon                              0          0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0      -377      -153          0         0        -48
Cape Verde                           29          8         9        19        20        2 1        13        51        70        42        31         20        10         26
Central African Republic              0         65        82        69        63        56         39         -.        .         .         .          0        43         62
Chad                                 28         77        76        95        70         53        49        53        70        49        67         76       107         68
Comoros                               0         1 1       21        14         0          0        21        19        17        16         9          0         0         13
Congo, Democratic Rep. of             0         76        24        19        4 1      204        110        1I         .         ..        .          0       108         80
Congo, Republic of                    0          0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0         0          0         0          0
C6te dlvoire                          ..        53        86        95        53        70         79        69        68        65        56          0         0         63
Djibouti                              ..         .         .         .         .          0         0         0         0         0         0           .        ..0
Equatorial Guinea                     ..        35        26        29         5          3         2         3         3         I         1           7       20         13
Eritra                                .          ..      125        52        36        49         55        29        64        88       102           .        ..        67
Ethiopia                              0        266       375       293       199       280        259       225       229       200       291          26      183        248
Gabon                                 0          0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0         0           0        0          0
Gamnbia, The                          ..        38        36        40        35         28        26        28        36        3 1       33          1 7      41         34
Ghana                                83        202       216       256       201       260        206       159       288       148       154         69       144        209
Guinea                                1 7      114       131       124       124        150       130       125       137       109       112          1 3      56        123
Guinea-Bissau                         ..        33        28        37        44         56        41        32         0        21        16          16       32         31
Kenya                               118        204       214        94        87        90        125        82        83        62        63         84       174        119
L.esotho                              ..        58        50        42        40        41          5        17        12        11         8           6       25         32
Madagascar                            0          0        72        87        72         85        SI       114       119       107       114          16         0        75
Malawi                               50         66       153       128       III        152        97        83       157       157       148          33       50        122
Mali                                 78         63        36        30        57         99        94        92        76        78       123          95       62         72
Mauritania                            0         22        21        20        26         30        10        16        25        12        21           0       42         20
Mauritius                             11        15        19         2         I         13        13        13        13        13        13           5        18        13
Mozambiquc                           56        502       499       503       565       339        225       313       313       434       564          90      293        428
Namnibia                              0         29        32        27        43         40        42        33        24        22        22           0         0        32
Niger                                 0        140        95        94       134        120       117       113       127       105        80           0       55        117
Nigen .a                              0          0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0         0           0        0          0
Rwanda                                0          0        79        87         7         69        68        87        71        53        47          10        0         52
SAo Tomd andlPrincipe                 0          7         4         8         8         18        20        22         4         9        12           0        3         11
Senegal                              92        262       328       266       256       272        273        92       108        94        70         138      226        208
Seychelles                           15         19        20        22        IS          0         0         0         0         0         0          10       23          9
Sierra Leone                         II          0         0         0         0          0         3         0         1         4         8           5        5 
Somalia                               0          0         0         0         0          0         0         0         ..        .          .0                  0          0
South Africa                          0        -36       -42       -58        66        -40       -47      -194       -56       -43       -59         -16        4        -45
Sudan                                 0          0        20        29        15        1II    -    8         4         0        26   -    18           4        0         12
Swaziland                             -2         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0         0          -1        0          0
Tanzania                            108        549       809       759      634        525        581       690       695       737       763         115      378        661
Togo                                  ..        24        26         4         7          8         7        13        15         .          .        24        34         16
Uganda                               38        262       206       277       228       303        277       307       380       277       312          47       72        271
Zambia                               23        521       635      340       338        318        304       198       221       214       185          13       95        324
Zimbabwe                             58         95       242       173       181        167        85        85        77       101        53          39       68        124
-NORTH AFRICA                          13       12-2       81I      lu04     _163      7_0           _46_    _95         82  --73             3        l'$        37        %[
Algeria                               0          0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0         0           0        0          0
Egypt, Arab Republic                  2          0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0         0        182       461          0
Libya                                 0          0         0         0         0          0         0         0         ..        .          .0                  0          0
Morocco                               0          0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0         0           0        0          0
Tunisia                              42        122        81       104       103        70         46        95        82        73         3          27       75         90
ALLAF1RIC-A:-:                      I.7       41        5.106     4.402     4.UIO      4.1 Y6    V.6 51    3,297     3.7;9      3.I%6    3.352       1.290    3.193      3.89u
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2).



External Sector                                                                              8 1
5-10. Net fo                            direct investment
Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices)                                               Annual Average
1980       1991      1992      1993      1994       1995       1996      1997      1998      1999      2000     75-84       85-89     90-AM
SI3B-SAHAkRAN AFRICA                 .706      1.683      -401     1.12.0      909       1)89      3.21 3    6.086     4.704     6.931      6,337        696     1,797      2.936
e.m;luduig South Afnca                59      1.64 3    1,532     1.408      1.765     2.245      3.439     4.620     5.923      7.378     5.9882       869     1.95;1     3 '33
excl S A&,ca &_NigVra                '798     1.055       818       827      1.177     1.568      2.680     3.080     4.703     5.905      4,608        686     1.074      24141
Angola                                 .       665        28        302       327        303        181       412      1,114    2,471      1,495        346       192        657
Benin                                  4          4        26        -7         8          4         -6        19        1 8       77         43          2         1         17
Botswana                             109        -17       -12      .296       -24         30         89       100       100       100       100          46        64         24
Burkiia Faso                           0         22         9         9        25         20         16        1 2      -24          9        3 1         1         0         1 1
Bunuindi                               I          I         I         0         0          1          0         0         0          0         6           1        1          1
Camneroon                            105        147       206       134      -228       -154         92       100       -50          7      280          58       322         59
Cape Verde                             I.                  -1         3         2         26         28        12         9        67         3 1                   I         1 6
Central African Repulblic              5         -8         4       -15       -13          4         12        -5         7          2         3          6         4         -1
Chad                                   0          5         3        21        35         37         43        37        46        46         72         1 1       21         34
Comoros                                0          3        -l         0         0          1          I         0         0          0         0          0         3          0
Co.ngo, Democratic Rep. of              0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         ..         .         .         91         9          2
Congo, Republic of                    40        -65        49       254       285         27        587       145       299       519       476          24        18        229
C8te d'lvoire                         83         45        35        24       -25        234        223       314       247       196        103         5 1       53        129
Djibouti                               ..         .         .         .          .         3          3         2         3          4         9          ..4
Equatorial Guinea                      ..        43        -3       -10        65         93        264       185       366        30        113          0         1        105
Eritrea                                .          ..        0         0         0          0         37        39        32        83         28           .        ..        24
Ethiopia                               0          0         0         0         0          0          0        60         7       136         5 I         3         0         23
Gabon                                 24       -150       -87      -114      -100       -109       -146       -63       -62       129        -15         59       219        -58
Gamnbia, The                           ..        10       I11         9         6          6          8         9        12          7         3          ..        5          8
Ghana                                 16         20        22       106       128         83         70        36        45        46        100         13         7         61
Guinea                                34         46        56         6        1 1        25         17        45        49        34         12         12        25         28
Guinea-Bissau                          ..         0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0          0         0          ..        0          0
Kenya                                 78         19         6         2         4         33         13        40        42        42        127         25        27         32
Lesotho                                4          7         3       185       249        295        278       262       278       201        145          2         9        175
Liberia                                ..         .         .         .          .         .          .         .          .         .         .         47         2
Mai dagascar                            0         14        21        15         6         10         10        14        16        58         70         -1         3         23
Malawi                                10          0         0         0         0          0         30        24        34        39         27          4         0         14
Mali                                  24         -8        -9        -7        38         30         60       -14       -50        24         18         16         1          6
Mauritania                            27          4         5        12         3          7          0        -3         0         0          1           I        2          3
Mauritius                              I         14       -16       -18        10         27         18        25        38        21        133          2        19         26
Mozambique                             0         23        25        32        35         45         73        64       213       382        139          0         3         94
Namibia                                ..       114       120        47       104        157        150        90        98       109        114           .        ..       103
Niger                                 44          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0          2        12         17         -5         0
Nigeria                             -739        588       714       581       588        677        760     1,539      1,220     1,473     1,374        206       857        920
Rwanda                                16          5         6         6         0          2          2         3         7          2        14         1I        19          5
SAo Tom6 and Principe                  ..         3         1         4         2          2          2         0         4         3          4           -.       1          2
Senegal                               61        -4        -53       -48        48        -10         -5       107        53       126         36         34       -25         22
Seychelles                             6          8        -3         6        17         27         17        34        42        52         30          5        11         22
Sierra Leone                          10          3         5        18        17         -5          0         0         4          2         2          4          1         4
Souti Africa                        -765        40     -1,933      -288      -856     -1,256       -226     1,466    -1,219      -447       355        -178      -134       -397
Sudan                                  0          0         0         0         0          0         70       300       700       224        179          0         0        134
-Swaziland                             18         58        50        44        -1         10         23        34        10        30        34          15        35         29
Tanzanua                               ..        10        15        62        63        104        134       15O       172       183        193          ...                 99
Togo                                  42         12        19         2         6          5         24        19          1         .         ..        23        13         1I
Uganda                                 0          1         2         4         5          2        110       160       190       230       248            1       22         87
Zambia                                62          0         0         3        40         97        117       207       198       163        126         20         0         86
Zimbabwe             _   ____        -26          3        15        32        30         98         35       107       436        50         IS        -18        -s         74
N4ORTHA AFIA.7                                                          .                  50      1.470:    2.409      2.477  ---2.2-8 4   2867                    9         .
Algeria                              281        -80        30         0         0          0        270       260       500       460       400           -2      -67          164-
Egypt, Arab Republic                 541      1,094     1,032     1,021     1,285        735        612       723       967       655      1,613        456       171        898
Libya                             -1,136          *         ..        .         ..         .          ..         .         .         .         ..      -564       -33         54
Morocco                                ..         .         .         .          .       320        327     1,071       313       831        143          .         ..       501
Tunisia                              236        166       487       545       442        295        261       355       697       337        731        182       128        409
ALL -AFRICA&                         *'84      2.863      1.1.19   2.685      2.635      2.339     ..8        8,'5      781       9.215i    9.1223       768      196        4.64
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2).



82                                                                       External Sector
5-11. Net long-term borrowing
Millions of US      dollars (current prices)                                          Annual Average
19080     1991       1992      1993      1994      1995       1996      1997      1998      1999      2000      75-84     85-89     90-A 41
SU!B-SALA RAN AFRIC t'.             7.741     4.351     3.850     4.911     4.127      3.983       '65     2.097      .'19      -9 33     -291      6.163     5.672      2.548
excAuding South Afnea             '.711      4.351     3.850l    4.9 1     2.9u.3     2.505     1.244     2.2021      1 0'     -235      -?91      6 163     5.672     .2.42'
exc. S Afinca & Nigena            6 2~1      4.327     5.197     5.006     3.051      2.'900    2!.316    2.727       594       185      .291      5.148     5.469     21.870i
Angola                    ..       ~~~      ~~~~~96-  _501  __6_22__ _ 263 ___ 215  ~ 124       385-     -12-2-    -672-     -819-       234    - 758-        116
Benin                                56         84        65        63        85        77         83        23        32        35         ..        77        57         65
Botswana                             21         49        23        45       -10          I       -45       -52       -33        75        ..         28        37          2
Burkina Faso                         55        121       128       119        80        83         73        39        56        68         ..        48        73         83
Burundi                              35         60        86        58        3 1       27         23         7        1 8       50        75         37        85         46
Cameroon                            500       219        520      264       249       -102       -41        -11       -89       -24         ..       313       237        144
Cape Verde                            ..        -1        10         6        23         16        19        12        31        16        12         18         8         14
Central African Republic             24         94        41        48        36        30         25         3        -4        -2         ..         17       68         38
Chad                                  3         88       139        52        61         56        91        68        29       123         0         21        41         73
Comoros                              13         -3        15         4         6          9         6         3        -1        28        30          1 I      14          9
-Congo, Democratic Rep. of           271       263         55        54         I          0         3         0         0         8         0O       281        395
Congo, Republic of                  488       -167        33       383        30        -67      -136       -30        -7      -315        37        222       141        -26
C6te dIlvoire                      1,017       389       351       284       524       204         64      -580      -225      -213      -206        636       141        101
Djibouti                              8         46        36        19        17          9        1 5        7         2         I         .           8       17         17
Equatorial Guinea                    18          7        1 3        9         4          2         0         1         0         3                     8       17          5
Eritr a                               .          .         .         ..       27          7         7        33        67       123         ...                   .        44
Ethiopia                             93        357       263       314       170        141         3       127        82       142       112        426       448        176
Gabon                              -109         68         8        58        38        57        -42       -23       -66      -264      -153         52       207        -14
Gwmbia, The                          51         1 3       37         7         3          9        43        II         I         2        21          1 8      21         14
Ghana                               143        388       354       324       302       405        690       417       273       117       132         69       244        336
Guinea                               47        145       149       245       122        49         85       143        54       -35       .80         44       132         89
Guinea-Bissau                        72         38        37        22        25         13        23        25        12        -l        10         22        40         22
Kenya                               424        544       175       Ill      -276        137       -76      -163      -128      -107      -169        251       340         3 1
Lesotho                               10        47        59        50        44         44        33        34        26        24        44          1 5      32         41
Liberia                              61        -13         0        20       -14          0         0         0         0         0         ..        61        22         -1
Madagascar                          333        ISO        77        91        51         66        93       217        45        61         ..        171      153        100
Malawi                              120        120       106       151        74        149       121       129       121       109       144         75        72        118
Mali                                 89        128       131        58        69        138       110        76        50        88        83         78       125         97
Mauritania                          108         23        81        92        82         42        83        26         -7      -35                   100       77         44
Mauritius                            79         77        -l        22        83       255         32       691      -102      -100         ..         37       58        106
Mozamnbique                           ..        73       168       153       176        196       222       221       181       246         ..       300       281        183
Niger                               223        -31        56        44        36         -3         8        54        49         8         ..        107      105         31
Nigenia                            1.510       -76    -1,343       -35      -148      -486     -1,102      -525      -487      -421         ..      1,015      203      -488
Rwanda                               25         77        71        50        20        43         53        62        79        99         ..        27        71         61
SAo Tom6 and Principe                 9         29        23        14        14         13        10         3         4        10        1I           6       11         13
Senegal                             171         33      225        100         7          4        66       124        50       -25        45        166       215         64
Seychelles                           12          9        13         6         8         -7         2         2         9        23        18           7        7          7
Sierra Leone                         50         14        41        95        47        40         31        33        35        II        69         25        14         39
Somalia                             106         13         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0         ..        136       83          6
South Afiica                          .          .         .         .     1,524      1,478      -478      -105      -386      -698         ...                   .       223
Sudan                               658        116        94        91         9        36         17         5        -1        -6        -5        495       164         48
Swaziland                            21         -6       -10        -9       -4           3         8         8         3        -4         2         22         0         -3
Tanzania                            318        162       222       139       158        131        63       166       120       165       104        290       183        149
Togo                                 78         47        35        11        34         19        77        25        48        16         ..         88       30         37
Uganda                               SI        119       202       301       183        161       169       235       109       208       191         62       197        191
Zambia                              388        102       136        99       109        110        80       108       -49        46         ..       205       161         81
Zimbabwe                             93        239      426       322         57        171        33        63   _-165       _86           ..       164        44        141
NORTH AFRICA               4.951        384 ___  l2l4       207     1.10       1.31'6      781      - 7 2    m2531 0  .2 3l8R   -2.328       i 5.088  3.328        -6
Algeria                             869      -692       475       -446     1,447      1,466       947      -369    -1,541    -1,887    -1,753       1,435      808       -200
Egypt, Arab Republic              2,337        297      -lOS       180       122      -372       -437      -163      -452      -522      -788      2,162     1,483       -180
Morocco                            1,394       428      491        196      -293      -183       -202      -794      -148      -438         ..      1,118      825          2
Tunisia                             352      _352_       352       277       131       465        473   _   655      -170       529 __    213  __    373       212        311
ALL AFRICA                         12 t,94    4.'35     S.ijr'    5.1'8__ 5.834        5.3wl      1 546     1.425    -2.589    -7.250    -2.619     I l.251   899')      2 482



External Sector                                                                         83
5-12. Other capital flows
Millions of US dollars (current prices)                                            Annual Average
1980      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997     1998      1999      2000      75-84    85-89    90-AM?
SUB SAHtARAN AFRICA               1.228    -5.783    -5.571    -4.754   -6.93U    -4,076    .5.551   .14.783    -1,921l  -19.053  -20.546      I.lf.3  *l8II*    .(195
excliudng South Africa           2.767    -1,77S    -3.664   -5.600    -3.862     .2.121   -6.676    -6,782~     675    -3.147   -23.19.3      906      238     -5.166
excl S Afr,ca & Nigeria          2.984    -2.568    -4.421    -3.0'9   -3.999)   -3.314    -5.152    -6,005       4 1   -2.905    *2.912      1.501      815    .3.i5U
Angola                               0        -7      193      -648      -640       201      -345      32        67       -549      -640                 32        23
Benin                              116        48       89      -109      -120      -46        -41        53       38       189       20         95        83        25
Botswana                           125        50      162       180      -91       -157      -208        -5       -5         0        0        104       47          8
Burkina Faso                         ..     -190      -1 44     -24       -29       -44      -148     .274      -267      -395        4         83       46       -143
Burundi                            -22        -4      -25       -22        34        -1       -55       -29      -16        -7       -9        -24       -27       -12
Cameroon                           665      -336    -1,143      241      -345     -455         76       147        0        10        -1       475      -141      -185
Cape Verde                           ..       -1         5      -24      -40       -41        -22       -53     -116       -52       -65         4        -7       -37
Central AfTican Repuiblic           24       -67       -67      -10      -47        -75       -31         4      -19       -54       -30         5       -58       -38
Chad                               -.24      -40       -32      -48       -93       -59       -87       -91       -79       -6      -69         -27      -21       -54
Comoros                            -1         28        1 1      26        12        -5        28        21        -3        1       25          -3        0        13
Congo, Democratic Rep. of          6-52      188       191     -159      -221      -512      -486       -70        ..        .         .       175       -18      -144
Congo, Republic of                 2 19      604       170      463        96     1.091    -1,019      463      1,630     -213     -633        317       389       351
C8te d'Ivoire                      626       227      144       260      -173      -587      -125         3      445       -57       -21       355      680          6
Djibouti                            ..         .         .        .         .         2        -2       -33        ..       -2       25           .        .        -2
Equatorial Guinea                   ..       -65       28         7        -8         6       -32        64        9       279      366         1 5      -63        52
Eritrea                              .         ..     -139      -43       -84      -133      -125         2     -164       -92      -101         .         ..      -98
Ethiopia                            -7      -981    -1,277     -856        58      -316      -642    -4,369     -148       -37       -73         -4     -148      -826
Gabon                             -337        33       187       26      -245      -153      -217      -126     -128       -83       -51      -259      -169      -100
Gamnbia, The                        ..       -17       -10        I       -36         0         8       -55      -66       -52        -2         ..      -27       -23
Ghana                             -168        46      -157       -7       -18      -351      -589      406       -50       529       24         -20      -28       -IS
Guinea                             -.8      -176      -115     -176       -84       -75       -66      -165     -133      -158      -111         6        28      -115
Guinea-Bissau                       ..       -60        -9      -66       -97       -67       -58       -52       10       -36       -17         -8      -21       -45
Kenya                              482      -317       -38       53       121       199       392      487       570       380      246        128      259        205
Lesotho                             ..       400      484      -142        18        20       113        35       21        65        16       115      245        126
Madagascar                         399        35     -140      -147       -21       -59        -7     -103      -156       -65     -145         68      210        -31
Malawi                              62        77      -118      -77      -112      -131        34        99      -80      -119       -28        31        -9       -24
Mali                                34      -138      -144     -106      -109      -169      -101      -102     -188      -111       -90        38      -109      -124
Mauritania                          -5       -66       -75       27      -107        98        40       -16        8       -34       -82        15      -145       -22
Mauritius                           74       -78         2       97       -4       -107      -196        90       88      -43       -164        14       -60       -30
Mozamnbique                        -85      -498      -540     -551      -554      -316      -113      -322     -360      -544       22        -90      -325      -386
Namibia                             ..      -116      -147     -181      -147      -247      -138       -39        -l      -99      -118         .         ..     -118
Niger                                0       -37      -185     -125       -36         7       -35      -116      -23       -20       23          0      -115       -56
Nigeria                           -217       790      757     -2,521      137       591    -1,524      -777      634      -242   -20,881      -783      -578    -2,016
Rwanda                               I         8       -11       13        27       -46       -40       -62      -55       -55       -85        -14       49       -29
Sao Tom6 and Prinscipe             -22       -17        0        -1        -9       -15       -23       -22        -8      -11       -11         0        -2       -13
Senegal                           -136      -276     -328      -266     -.241   ~-286        -273       -88     -107       -93        -1      -134      -218      -202
Seychelles                           0       -19        9        12        -8        30        26         8       27         7       -18         -5      -50         6
Sierra Leone                        28       -32      -42       -53      -124       -15        45       -31       -23      -19        -5        31        -3       -29
South Africa                    -1,538   -4,005     -1,907      846    -3,068    -1,353     1,125    -8,001    -2,596  -15,907     3.247       300    -2,038    -2.930
Sudan                              -71       351      252       394      501        591       615      272       204        65     -231         65      460        284
Swaziland                          131      -129       53        .10      -64         6         4        -6       61         1       55         31       -65       -13
Tanzania                            ..        19       -68      -14      -289      -279      -490      -711     -563      -797      -825         .         ..     -367
Uganda                               ..     -352      -269     -361      -199     -429       -348     -432      -362      -256      -287        -27      -17      -297
Zamnbia                           -123      -600      -895     -552      -295      -380      -331      -229     -439      -404       147        12      -124      -398
Zimbabwe                           365       -63      -284     -101      -176        -6      -132      -235     -182        30        21        66       -54      -lOS
Z4ORTH -AfRICA           -    ~    -573     -2,332   -2,097      56       .2         66         179       86_    1.797      165 -3,147           I5        42 .T
Algeria                            201      -270    -1,340   -~ 780      574       -180       -10    - 40          0      -950    -200          -19  --221        -353
Egypt, Arab Republic                 0    -1,221      -333      333      318       -525       237      -138     1,673    -411     -3,152         0      -595      -195
Libya                            -481          .         ..       .         ..        .         ..        .        ..        .        .        161     1,348      -142
Morocco                           -101      -636      -673      610     1,377        43      -144      268       240     1,293       -67        97     -457        201
Tunisia                           -192      -206      249       398      255         16        96       -4      -117       231      -378        -22      45         53
ALL AFRkIcA_                        655    -8.115    -7.6oB   .4.193    -4.407    -4.122     -5,37?  .14,697,     -1 'A  *18.890  -23.144      1.242   1.L328    .6.402
Note; tncludesaallcapitatlaccount flows, except changesianreserves, thatuaenaot included in the tables on foreign investment or long-teno borrowing.



84                                                                       External Sector
5-13. Use of ireserves
Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices)                                             Annual Average
1980       1991      1992      1993      1994      1995       1996      1997      1998      1999      2000      7S-84     85-89     90-AM
SUJB-SAfIA.RAN AFRICA              -4 655         u     1.733    .2.369    -1.479      1.879    .7.164    -1,954      *t77     4.760   -12.61(1:Y    l.262 ...1,397     -I 966
excludsng Scitith Afirca          .3.8413   -1AW9      1.534       360    .2.424      -487     -S.9'6    .4.310       55j       526    *5.665  1:.ln'4      .1.422     4,838&
e%cd S Afnea & Nigena     _____      O!     -1.212     -481       .365    2.2,25        *88    -3.623    -1.249      4136    .1.1 40   -1.706        638    .1.280     -1.1-44
Angola                                0          0      15        90          3         2       150         18        31       -639      -613                  40         -76
Benin                                19       -113       -92       -30       -75         18       -58       -14        -9      -181        16         10        -5        -59
Botswana                            -91      -374       -405      -397      -135      -213       -548      -606      -192       100       146        -55     -416        -267
B3urkina Faso                       -11        -43       -61       -72      -119      -143          4        38        4 1       26        63        -13       -14        -24
Burundi                               8        -26       -13         0       -48        -11        62        19        39        14        17         -1       -37          5
Cameroon                           -162       -41       -112      -291      333         -13       -81      -142        39        -4      -242        -38      -108        -55
Cape Verde                            0         10       -IS         4         3         9        .22         3         8       -29        21          -1       -4          0
Central African Republic            -1o         10        -4       -27       -72        -11       -20        1 8       41        -6       -11          -4        3         .7
Chad                                  5          8        33        32       -19        -58        13        14        20        33         8          -3       -9          7
Comoros                               4          4         0       -14       -10          4        -9         4         3        -4       -10          0        -3         -3
Congo, Democrafic Rep. of           -35         43        -1        14        17        39        -15        2 1        ..        .         .         76       -60         1 5
Congo, Republic of                  -59         45        27         5       -56         -6       -17        20        69       -51      -168           1        2        -12
C6te dIlvoire                       112        -50      235        -88      -794      -222        -39       -82         3       115       134         92       -75        -58
Djibouti                              ..         .         .         .         .          7        -1        12        ..        -3        -5          .         ..2
Equatorial Guinea                    13         -3         8         2        -1         -8        -4        -7         2       -29      -176          2         3        -20
Eritrea                                .         .       -91      -109       -78         58        76      -113       179        20        25          4.        .
Ethiopia                             40       -154       -46      -112      -256       -253      -104      -163      -134        40       225         27         2        -83
Gabon                               -93        -67       222        79      -137        42        -83       -39       107        59       -39          -9     -180          9
Gainbia, The                          ..         5         1        -6         5         -4       -13        -7       -10        -3         3           s        -4        -2
Ghana                                96       -171       124       -41      -164      -211         14       -25      -100        94       -27         25       -44        -57
Guinea                              -25        -18        -3      -49         34        -13        27       -47         5        42        44          -5      -12         -3
Guinea-Bissau                         0          9        -5         9         6          I       -12       -25        -l        10        .6          5        -6 
Kenya                               131         91       -75      -330      -103        133      -417        13        42       -31       -94           7     -194        -60
Lesotho                             -41        -42       -50       120      -121       -108      -103       -84       -71       -SI        48          -8        -1      -44
Liberia                              41         ..         0        -1        -3          .         .          .        ..         .        ..        27        -3         -1
Madagascar                          -83        -17       -17       -20         8        -61      -134       -54       104       -46       -28           6      -44        -12
Malawi                               1 7       -11        74       -13         3        -87      -110        63       -76        3 1       1 I         16        -1       -IS
Mali                                 -9       -178       -89       -28       -87        -68      -128         3        61        56        19         -6       -38       -48
Mauritania                            2        -28         3       -26        1 1      -131       -67       -61       -19       -23         4          9        32        -28
Mauritius                           -25        -22         0        -8        43        75         73      -125      -103        32        41         24       -28         -3
Mozambique                           32        -13       -40        46       -52        -60      -159      -115       -62       -68      -307         46       -17        -76
Namnibia                              ..        12         7       -91       -75        -24       -23       -68       -56       -57       -16          -.        .        -39
Niger                                53        -4         10        -6       -21          9        1 1       29         1        22       -29           6        5          0
Nigeria                          -4,545      -287      2,015       725         I       -399    -2,353    -3,061       115     1,666    -3,959        436      -142       -694
Rwanda                               33        -66        41        3 1       -4       -35         -8       -29         7         7       -10          19       91         -1
Sao Tomd and Principe                12          0         0         0         0         -5         0        -8         3        -1         I           0        0         -1
Senegal                             135        -16       -20       112      -240        -82       -55      -147       -61       -86        22         56        -5        -58
Seychelles                           -8        -10        -4        -3         6          1         4        -6         2        -8        14          -1       -1         -1
Sierra Leone                         32          1       -26       -17         7         18        20        -5        II        20       -23          19       -4          1
Somalia                              18          .         .         .         ..         .         ..        .         ..        .         .           5      -12        -51
South Africa                       -815      1,499       199    -2,729      945      2,366     -1,188     2,356      -727     4,234    -6,945        188        25       -128
Sudan                               177       -23         35         2         1        -23       -13       -23       -25       -36       -90         85       135        -22
Swaziland                           -34        -14       -92        64        13        -30       -15       -25       -20       -24       -49          -8      -17        -19
Tanzania                             66        -63      -102       123      -107       -46        -81      -208       -34      -143      -348           9       -2        -97
Togo                                  2        -15        86       125        11        -12        12       -35        19         .         ..        -18      -21         2!
Uganda                               55         37        -2       -29       -90      -146        -73      -132      -134       -33        15         25       .10        -52
Zamnbia                             162        -31       -76       -17       -77      1,210       -52       -33       211       -19      -109        152       -85         81
Zimbabwe                           _125-       126       171      -207       -17      -255         43       739       205 __   -286      -163 _     _46        -52         34
NORTlH AFRICA                      .765      .5.232    -4.9i3     4.3'('   -3.W44       865     -368       -6.982    l.l4      2.139    -3.9I 8        tS4      24      -2.6W~
Algeria   .                       -1,341      -860       330       300    -1,122       740     -2,380    -4,180     1,090     2,350    -7,600         -39      337     -1,006
Egypt, Arab Republic                168     -3,843    -3,999    -4,312    -2,106      -754       -570    -1,912       135     2,117     3,025        421       161       -954
Libya                            -6,407       ISO       -520       -35         ..         .          .        .          .        .          .        73       -81       -391
Morocco                              30       -782      -683      -284      -361       982       -292      -553      -247    -1,639       415           0     -117      -462
Tunisia                             -65        103       -82       -39      -355       -103   -. 397       -336       1-87     -690       243        .20       .57?--    .1?6
ALL AFRICA                        .12.27n1   -5.232,   .3.220    -6.'39    .5.423      275     -083        -.3          8       .~      1.2           .9      113     ~   .5
Note: Excludes IMF credit transactions, which appea in the table on long-tena borrowing.



External Sector                                                                         85
5-14. Import coverage ratio of reserves
Reserves in months of imports of goods and services                                       Annual Average
19830     199)      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997     1998      1999      2000      75-84    85-89    90-MR
SU B-SARIARAN AF1UICA                 4         6         7        8         8                   8         8        8         q         73                  .5        a
e%Judiae SouthAfnca                            7         9       10        10         9         9        10       10        I I        8          3        6         9
e,.J S Afrea &Nigena                 7         9        10       I I       I 1        9        Ilo       it       II         I         93                            i
Angola                                                      I         1        ~    ~   ~~        ~    ~   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I  0  1  2
Benin                                0         4        4         4         6         4         5         5        S         7         5          1        0         4
Botswana                             4        19       19        24        25        22        26        26       26        26       21          4        15        23
Burkina Faso                         2         5         5        6         6         6         5         6        5         5         7         2         5         6
Burundi                              6         5         6        7         9         9        1 1        9        5         4         8         S         3         7
Cameroon                             I         0         0        0         0         0         0         0        0         0         0          1        1         0
Cape Verde                           6         5         5        4         2         1         I         1        0         1         3         6         7         3
Central African Republic             2         4         3        4         9         9        II1        8        6        10       I11         2         3         7
Chad                                 2         3         2        1         2         3         4         3        3         2         2          1        2         3
Comoros                              2         4         3        5         6         5         6         5        6         6         5         2         3         5
Congo, Democratic Rep. of            2         I         I        0         1         1         0                                                 1        2         I
Congo, Republic of                   I         0        0         0         0         0         1         0        0         0                   0         0         0
Orted'lvoire                         0         0        0         0         1         I         1         2        2         2        2          0         0         1
Djibouti                                                                              3         3         3        2         3        2                              3
Equatorial Guinea                              I         2        0         0         0         0         0        0         0        0          0         I         0
Eritrea                                                                                                                                I                             I
Ethiopia                             4         1        3         4         6         7         6         4        4         3        2          5         2         4
Gabon                                1         2        0         0         1         1         I         1        0         0         1          I                  1
Gambia, The                          0         3        4                   5         5         5         5        4         5        5          2         2         4
Ghana                                3         4        3         3         4         4         4                  1         2         I         3         5         3
Guinea                                         I         I        2         I         1         1         1        3         2        3                              2
Guinea-Bissau                                  2         2        2         2         2         1         3        5         4        4                    1         3
Kenya                                2         I        0         2         3         1         3         2        2         3        2          2         2         2
Lesotho                              I         2        2         3         5         5         5         6        6         6        7           1        1         4
Liberia                              0                                                                                                           0         0
Madagascar                           0         I                            I         1         2         3        2         2        2           1        3         2
Malawi                               1         3         1        1         1         2         4         2        4         4        5          2         2         3
Mali                                 1         5         4        S         3         4         S         S        5         4         3          I        1         4
Mauritania                           4         1         I        1         1         2         2         4        4         S         6         3         1         3
Mauritius                            2         6         5        4         4         4         4         3        2         3        4          2         3         4
M4ozambique                                    3         3        2         2         2         3         5        6         4         5          1        2         3
Namibia                                                 0         1         1         I         1         1        2         2         2                             I
Niger                                2         6         7        6         3         2         2         1         1        I         1         2         6         3
Nigeria                              5         4         1        2         2         2         4         6        5                   5         3         2         3
Rwanda                               7         4         2        1         1         3         3         4        4         5         5         5         4         3
Sao Tosn andPrincipe                                                        -         I         I         3        3         3        4                              3
Senegal                              0         0        0         0         1         2         2         3        3         2         3         0         0 
Seychelles                           2         1         I        1         I         1         I         I        1         1         1          1        1         1
Sierra Leone                         1         0         1        1         2         2         1         3        4         3        2           1        0         2
Somalia                              I                                                          -.2                                                        0
South Afirica                        4         2         1        I         1         1         I         2        2         3        4          2         1         2
Sudan                                0         0        0         0         0         1         0         0        0         1        0          0         0         0
Swaziland                            3         2        3         3         3         3         2         3        3         3        4          3         3         3
Tanzania                             0         1        2         1         2         1         2         3        3         4         5          1        0         2
Togo                                 1         6         5        4         3         3         2         2        2         2         3         3         6         3
Uganda                               0         1        2         2         4         4         4         4        5         5        4           1        I         3
Zamnbia                              I         I                  1         2         I         2         2         1        0         1          I        I 
Zimbabwe                             8         1        2         3         3         3         3         1         1        2         1         3         2         2
NOGRYHAFRIC1,                                             7        8         8         8         9         9         8        7         8   __ 
Algeria                              6         4        3         4         4         3         5         9        8           S  l                 4                5
Egy'pt, Arab Republic                3         5       10        11        11        11        12        it       10         8         7         2         2         9
Libya
Morocco                              2         4        4         5                   4         4         4        4         5        4           1        1         4
Tunisia                              2         2         1 ____I            2         2         2    __3        _2 --        3         2         2         2         2
:ALLAFRICA~                           4          5        7                   8        8 8                 9                  IS                   1        41
Note: 2000 data are preliminasy (seepage2). BaLsed on total reserves, excluding gold, at year-end and on importsof all goods and services at current prices and exchange rates.



86                                                             External Sector
5-15. Export unit values
Average annual
Index 1995= 100                                              percentage growth
1980     1991     1992    1993     1994     1995     1996     1997     1998    1999     2000     75-84   85-89    90-AMi
SUrB.SARA.RAN AFRICA           122 9    97 3     4998     90i7    91 8     100.2    101.6    9'7      84 2     85I     97 6       6 0     1 6      -0.5
exceuduig South Afnica        12(. 2   98 0    101 6     89.2    89 5     100 3    106.7    101 3    84.2    88 3    108 4       4.1     278       0.0
exccl_S Africa &Nigena        115.7     97 0    92.9     86 1    88 7     100 4    1 02 3   97 1     87 6     85 6    9)38       2 5      1 4     - 33
Angola                                 17.      889      067      84      10 0.0  1_3_4.8   127.0   12_0.2_ _170.5-  273.1        .      4.1       3.0
Benin                         44.2      76.3    53.5     65.3    71.0     100.0     87.6    80.6     92.9     80.0    64.0       5.9     7.7       1.5
Botswana                        ..     91.1     93.3     92.8    94,3     100.0     93.7    79.4     66.1     56.8    58.4        . .   12.4     -3.9
Burkina Faso                   51.6     87.2    60.5     59.6    85.0     100.0     95.3    87.0     82.2     73.9    67.7       5.1    12.3      -0.8
Burnmdi                       159.5    101.3    64.9     67.1    93.8     100.0     61.4    60.0     46.8    29.8     22.7       6.3    -0.9     -1 1.8
Cameroon                      142.0    105.2    94.1     97.8    87.8     100.0     90.2    89.0     80.1     69.0    88.3       4.8    -3.4      -1.5
Cape Verde                     62.3     82.7    89.8     85.1    90.0     100.0     98.4    94.2     93.4     93.7    83.3       7.1     11.8      1.7
Central African Republic      139.5    143.7   153.5    144.1    85.7     100.0     87.8    668      57.1     48.5    40.5       8.4     6.4     -12.9
Chad                           92.3     91.2    88.2     77.1    73.3     100.0    110.2    98.8    105.1     95.0    80.7      -0.7     3.2       1.8
Comoros                       135.7    135.2   144.4    120.8    95.4     100.0     86.9    71.5     72.9     95.7       ...             12.8     -6.5
Congo, Democratic Rep, of     132.6    68.1     86.4     70.4    98.6     100.0     89.0    85.1       ..       .        .       0.9     1.8       3.2
Congo, Republic of            130.7    107.6   103.4     69.6    83.9     100.0    111.5    94.1     66.1     88.6   120.3       9.7    -6.1      -0.1I
C6te d'Ivoire                 115.9     83.0    94.0     88.3     80,4    100.0     99.7    90.8     93.8     92.5    82.6      -1.1     -1.1      0.7
Equatorial Guinea               ..     159.6   180.0   _133.3   _87.6     100.0   1I22.4   _137.5   103.2_   157.3   230.4        ..     17.8      0.0
Eritrea                          .        .     83.9     80.5    91.5     100.0    104.3    104.4   104.3    102.7    102.8        .       ..      3.1
Ethiopia                        ..      49.1    76.3     86.1    69.1     100.0     87.4    82.5     93.5     85.0    73.9        ..     2.0       2.0
Gabon                         173.9    105.7   104.0     76.6     88.7    100.0    117.5    104,5    73.3     72.8    70.2       8.8    -4.5      -2.9
Gambia, The                    81,3     89.2    94.7     96.9    95.9     100.0    100.4    100.0    97.0     94.5    89.9       3.4     15.8      0.6
Ghana                          39.2     90.5    86.9     81.2     89.1    100.0     98.6    95.1     97.5     85.2    88.2       0.9     8.5       0.8
Guinea                          ..'    100.6    99.0     98.1    113.3    100.0     92.8    94.2     83.4     77.2    81.0         . .   0.6      -3.7
Guinea-Bissau                  57.5    102.6    88.7    109.8    102.2    100.0    102.1    102.3    84.2     79.8    73.4      14.0     0.9      -3.8
Kenya                         130.0     90.0    87.5     69.5     82.9    100.0     98.5    112.8   113.7     95.3    89.7       5.5     -1.8      1.6
Lesotho                       105.8     81.0    94.4     93.1    93.7     100.0     91.7    94.5     91.3     71.9    67.9       1.9     5.9      -0. 5
Madagascar                    63.9     69.1     73.9     73.0    84.3     100.0    108.3    95.7     97.1     93.9    87.4       6.5     3.4       2.8
Malawi                         87.1    122.4   102.7     86.5    82.3     100.0    104.9    110.0    89.0     92.8    89.2       3.8      1.4     -1.2
Mali                          108.3    106.3    99.0     92.6    82.7     100.0     97.8    83.2     83.9     73.9    68.9       3.5     6.5      -3.3
Mauritania                     71.4    110.1   120.5    127.8    94.6     100.0     96.9    100.8    89.2     78.8    80.6       1.7      7.5     -2.7
Mauritius                      72.2     92.2    95.8     88.1    90.9     100.0    105.4    93.4     91.1     87.6    84.3       0.5      8.9      0.1
Mozamnbique                   122.0    125.1    98.5     92.3    93.9     100.0     77.5    78,0     75.2     73.1    91.6        ..     4.8     -4.2
Namibia                       134.1     92.5    97.4     90.3    99.6     100.0     99.1     99.7    90.6     86.3    78.3        ..      5.2     -1.7
Niger                         158.9    105.0   110.5     77.0    88.7     100.0     88.2    80.6     84.0     81.8    71.3      12,0     6.0      -3.7
Nigeria                       145.5    101.6   133.7    101.2    92.7     100.0    122.2    115.6    72.6     98.7   168.0       3.1     10.3      0.8
Rwanda                        95.9     70.5     62.5     64.7    77.4     100.0     88.1    116.9    87.4     76.2    89.6       8.0    -8.3       3.6
SAo Tome and Principe           ..      90.8    85.3     94.4    110.0    100.0    127.0    130.5   103.6    102.6    89.4        ..    -14.1      1.8
Senegal                        84.0     91.0   101.3     89.0    92.3     100.0    101.2    93.6     91.5     81.0    67.8       2.5     6.8      -1.5
Seychelles                       ..     68.9    81.0     80.9    73.8     100.0     93.1     99.2   116.0     90.1    86.7        ..     -5.3      3.3
Sierra Leone                   73.0     51.5    55.4     55.8    64.8     100.0     68.8    75.4     60.1     64.8    61.6      11.7     2.1       2.5
South Africa                  116.8    96.3     96.9     93.0    95.7     100.0     93.1    91.4     84.2     81.4    81.6       9.1      5.0     -1.4
Swaziland                     104.9    76.3     82.2     83.5    87.8     100.0     95.1    98.6     90.8     88.9    87.8       3.8     2.0       2.6
Tanzania                        ..     110.3   101.0    104.0    113.2    100.0    104.4    155.0   121.9    113.0    104.5                        LO.. 1.
Togo                          109.2    116.3   123.1     83.9    85.2     100.0     96.8    93.4    102.5    100.3    95.1      -1.9      5.9     -1.9
Uganda                          ..      68.2    59.6     56.7    66.2     100.0     83.8    73.9     73.3     58.1    50.4        ..     -2.1     -3.0
Zambia                         90.0     90.9    86.9     79.7     80.3    100.0     76.7    74.0     51.7     40.0    48.4       2.4      9.3     -6.2
Zimbabwe                      161.6    120.4   102.7     97.4    97.0     100.0    110.1    107.6    81.0     67.0    71.1       0.3      3.9     -5.1
NORTH AFRICA                   13        016     9,        3     9-14       - lCODU  1       103 2    92 1     93 5    18          5       5 
Algeria                       200.9    123.0   108.1     98.7    93.5     100.0    116.2    113.3    82.3     95.0    150.7     11.4     -9.6     -0.1I
Egypt, Arab Republic          106.9    95.0     99.4     99.7    95.4     100.0     99.5    105.2    99.2     93.3    99.9       9.8    -7.5       1.9
Morocco                        96.2     89.8    90.9     84.9    85.4     100.0    103.9    95.3     94.3     93.2    87.4       1.8      5.8      0.5
Tunisia                        91.3     84.4    90.7     84 6   _88.8     100.0    103 4    94 2     93 0     92 2    83 7       5 3      1 6_     1 3
.ALL AFRICA                ::.§I.30A  .$ 98 4    (44      91 7     91 7    I001     11:12 9   99 2    86,6     88.1    1(1.(1     6 7      ('6     -'31
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2).



External Sector                                                                 87
5-16. Import unit values                                                                                                           Aeaeana
Index 1995= 100                                               percentage growth
1980     1991     1992     1993    1994      1995     1996     1997     1998    1999     2000     75-84    85-89   90-MR
SLrB.SAHARAN.JAFIUCA            7'1.7    93 5     99.6     91 1    93 2     100.0     96 0     96 8     92 2    89 2     89 2       53       ' 8      0 0
exuudmg 1&outh Afnca           71 1     92.0     99.7     92 4    92 5     100 0     98!1     99 6     95      91 2     90)6       3 0      9        05
ex~cl S.Afica &Nigtria  9___      9!    96 4     96 0     92!      92 9    1000o    102 7    I Du 1    97      91 1     v0 (I9                       n 3
Angola                           ..    192.4     91.7    120.1     89.6    100.0    132.3    128.7    186.2   134.5    127.5        ..      1.4      3.2
Benin                          54.3     86.2     66.7     84.4    93.6     100.0     99.3     90.4     87.3    92.0     78.1       6.3     11.7      0.8
B3otswana                        ..     88.2     91.5     91.0    93.7     100.0     93.0     90.8     84.5    81.7     78.2         . .    7.8      0.3
Burkina Faso                  103.1    100.4     68.5     70.8     89.5    100,0    102.2     93,9     86.0    85.8     88.7       5.8      4.3     -0,4
Burnmdi                       112.9    121.5    108.6     91.2    89.7     100.0     84.5     89.5     63.1    42.1     37.2       8.9      7.4     -9.5
Cameroon                      153.0     92.9    132.1    119.5     94.1    100.0     98.8     92.7     87.3    88.4     80.1       6.9     -1.1     -2.8
Cape Verde                     62.3     82.7     89.8     85.1    90.0     100.0     98.4     94.2     93.4    93.7     83.3      -0.5     11.8      1.7
Central Affican Repujblic     102.6    102.8    105.1    101.4    83.0     100.0    101.7     85.8     88.6    87.5     78.0       4.4      4.1     -3.5
Chad                           78.6     77.3     80.0     76.8     87.7    100.0    110.2     98.9    120.6    114.5   101.0       2.2      5.8      4.8
Comoros                        62.8     89.1     91.9     86.3     89.3    100.0     96.1     89.7     78.5    77.4        ...             11.9      0.0
CZongo, Democratic Rep, of     125.7     67.0     71.2     62.3   118.0     100.0    101.2    103.9      ..        .        .      -2.6    -4.9       9.0
Congo. Republic of            109.4    123.3    127.0     82.5    120.6    100.0     95.0     93.0     92.8    92.6     83,6       5.8      7.4     -2.5
C6te dIlvoire                 100.7     94.0    101.5     94.9     82.5    100.0    106.7     97.2    1005     97.5     85.8       4.4      63       0.0
Equatorial Guinea                ..    173.3    177.3    156.1     87.7    100.0    122.4    137.3    103.1    73.9     85.5        ..     12.9     -5.4
Eritrea                           .        .     89.5     89.2    92.4     100.0    111.2    108.0    108.8   108.8    114.2         .       ..      3.3
Ethiopia                         ..     54.9     54.7     79.5    82.5     100.0    105.2    102.1     96.4    92.7     91.1        ..     -0.9      4.0
Gabon                          71.2     92.7     96.4     73.9    93.0     100.0     99.3     88.8     88.8    86.9     87.5       1.3     10.7      0.1
Gamnbia, The                   44.8     89.2     94.7     96.9    95.9     100.0    100.4    100.0     97.0    94.5     89.9       7.6     11.2      0.6
Ghana                          20.4     94.1     96.7     97.4    98.9     100.0    100.0     95.4     84.5    83.5     93.7       2.0     11.9     -0.1I
Guinea                           ..     77.4     95.7    102.8    101.9    100.0    106.9     96.9     94.2    90.1     92.8        ..      5.8      0.5
Guinea-Bissau                 417.0     82.9     87.1     79.3     84.3    100.0    102.6    102.7     94.1    88.8     81.4       8.1     13.0      1.1
Kenya                         134.1    117.9    112.6     75.9     81.0    100.0     94.1    102.7    107.7    99.9     94.9       9.6     -0.6     -1.9
Lesotho                        80.3     93.1     99.8     94.5    92.9     100.0     92.5     94.1     88.4    89.8     87.9       6.8      6.4      0.4
Madagascar                     63.4     82.9     87.0     84.9    90.4     100.0     99.4     94.5     95.8    92.3     87.6       9.1      6.5      1.8
Malawri                        56.3     82.1     84.5     80.0    96.4     100.0     98.6     98.7     91.2    91.9     94.9       6.4      8.7      2.3
Mali                          102.9     92.5     96.3     93.4    90.5     100.0     97.2     85.7     83.1    87.3     78.1       1.7      4.9     -0.7
Mauritania                    100.4    108.1    112.0    109.0    99.4     100.0    105.7     99.6     88.2    77.9     77.5       5.6      4.9     -2.8
Mauritius                      73.0     86.2     89.6     86.8    91.5     100.0    104.5     92.5     85,9    86.9     87.6       6.1      5.5      0.7
Mozambique                     77.0    106.4    105.3    103.5     86.9    100.0    100.2    102.9     97.9    97.5    100.8        ..      8.4     -0.2
Narmbia                        89.1     90.8     96.8     93.7     93.4    100.0     90.7     89.6     78.5    77.6     74.0         .      3.7     -0.8
Niger                          83.1     83.7     93.6     64.1     90.4    100.0    101.1     98.!    103.3    105.6    99.3       1.8      9.3      2.9
Nigeria                        44.1     75.2    113.9     93.6     90.7    100.0     77.9     97.4     90.1    91.7     93.2      -3.4     31.6      1.8
Rwanda                        175.5     90.5     95.0     88.7     94.9    100.0    102.9     94.4     85,4    90.0     93.6       5.9      6.4     -4.35
Sao Tom6 and Pfiricipe           ..     87.8     90.8     90.3    94.4     100.0    101.9     95.5     84.6    90.0     88.8        -.      3.4      0.5
_Sienegal                       84.1 -   9 5.3    97.4    91.9     87.3     100.0    100.1     91.9    86.1     82.4     75.0       3.8     5.6      -0.7
Seychelles                       ..    105.1    103.8     94.1    96.5     100.0     96.6     97.8     86.2    85.1     84.8        ..      1.8     -1.8
Sien-a Leone                  100.2     86.9     93.7     94.1    94.4     100.0     96.4    105.6     84.2    83.8     85.1       9.3     -2.9      0.8
South Affrca                   97.5     97.3     99.3     94.4    94.4     100.0     91.9     91.2     84.9    84.1     85.4      10.3      4.2     -1.2
Swaziland                     111.1     76.3     82.2     83.5    87.8     100.0     95.1     98.6     90.8    88.9     87.8       4.3      2.0      2.6
Tanzania                         ..     97.0    101.0    101.6    103.0    100.0    106.4    152.3    169.9    150.0   141.0        -.       .       5.4
Togo                           91.2     92.0     96.3     92.0     89.1    100.0    103.6     93.7     89.3    87.4     91.0       0.2      7.0      0.1
Uganda                            ..   100.2     96.9     98.6    98.9     100.0    104.5     96.6     93.7    70.3     70.9         . .   10.9     -3.5
Zamnbia                        77.1    113.5    130.9    122.5    101.3    100.0     96.2     99.7     87.5    87.4     84.5      11.9      3.7     -1.7
Zimbabwe                      184.6    118.7     99.4     96.8    96.3     100.0    109.7    108.3     80.8    66.8     75.4       5.7      3.7     -4.9
NORTH AFRICA                    706      88.0    90.6     9!6      92       1 N. 0   102.2__     9     9          .      9.          5      8 
Algefia                        69.1     88.6    -90.0-    97.3    94.7     100.0    100.5     93.2     94.7    92.9     87.9       5.6     10.3-    --0.5
Egypt, Arab Reptiblic          58.2     88.5     93.5     94.2    93.2     100.0    104.5    114.0    117,9    112.4   116.5       8.6      9.7      2.7
Morocco                        95.5     90.3     87.9     85.9    95.7     100.0    101.6     90.1     79.7    80.8     78.1       3.7      2.7     -1.1
Tunisia              ____      75.0     82.8     90.0     85.3    -88 0    1- ]000  1005      94 4     94 0    9251     83 8       5-1   __i4 __ 1 
LLAFRIC~A        _   __--'74 2          91 5     96.3   ,92 5   193 2      I Q00     98.0     9'       94 3    91 6      )0 7      5 5      8 0      0.3
Note: 2000 data are preliminazy (tee page 2).



88                                                             External Sector
5-17. Terms of trade
Average annual
Index 1995=100                                              percentage growth
1980     1991     1992    1993     1994     1995     1996     1997     1998    1999     2000     75-84   85-89    90-A 41?
SUJB.SAHARAN AFRICA            158 2    104 'J  100 3     97.4    ')6r     l002     105' 9   1Q07     91 4    96 0    10U9.4     0)6      -3 8     -0)5
excluding South kfnea         17' 5    106 4   101 9     965     96 8     1004     10188    21017    87 a     96 8    119.7      LI1    .61       -0)6
excI S Afnca &Nigena          I."?0    1006     % 8      93 4    95 4     100 5     99 5    97 1     9132    95 0    20437              -2 4      -0 6
Angola                          ..     92.5     97.0     88.8    98.7     100.0    101.9    98.6     64.6    126.8   214.2        ..     2.6      -0.2
Benin                          81.4     88.5    80.1     77.3    75.9     100.0     88.2    89.2    106.4     86.9    82.0      -0.3    -3.6       0.7
B3otswana                       ,.     103.2   102.1    101.9    100.6    100.     100.7    87.4     78.2     69.5    74.7        ..     4.3     -4.1
Burkinta Faso                  50.0    86.8     88.4     84.2    95.0     100.0     93.2    92.7     95.6     86.1    76.4      -0.7     7.7      -0.4
Burundi                       141.3    83.3     59.7     73.6    104.6    100.0     72.7    67.1     74.1     70.8    61.1      -2.4    -7.8      -2.6
Cameroon                       92.8    113.3    71.2     81.8    93.2     100.0     91.4    96.1     91.8     78.0   110.3      -l.9    -2.4       1.3
Cape Verde                    100.0    100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0   100.0    100.0  .100.0       7.6     0.0       0.0
Central Afirican Republic     136.0    139.8   146.0    142.1    103.3    100.0     86.4    77.9     64.4     55.4    51.9       3.9     2.1      -9.7
Chad                          117.5    118.0   110.3    100.4    83.6     100.0    100.0    99.9     87.1     83.0    79.9      -2.8    -2.4      -2.8
Comoros                       216.1    151.8   157.1    140.0    106.7    100.0     90.4    79.8     92.8    123.6       ...             0.8      -6.5
Congo, Democratic Rep. of     105.5    101.7   121.4    113.0    83.5     100.0     87.9    81.9       ..       .        .       3.6     7.0      -5.3
Congo, Republic of            119.5     87.3    81.4     84.4    69.6     100.0    117.4    101.2    71.3     95.7   144.0       3.7    -12.6      2.4
C6te d'Ivoire                 115.1     88.3    92.6     93.1    97.5     100.0     93.4    93.4     93.3     94.9    96.3      -5.2    -7.0       0.7
Equatorial Guinea               ..      92.1   101.6     85.4    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.2   100.2    213.0   269.6        ..     4.3      -5.6
Eritrea                          .        ..    93.8     90.3    98.9     100.0     93.8    96.7     95.9     94.4    90.0         .       ..     -0.2
Ethiopia                        ..      89.5   139.4    108.3     83.8    100.0     83.1     80.8    97.0     91.7    81.1        ..     2.9      -2.0
Gabon                         244.0    114.0   107.9    103.7    95.4     100.0    118.4    117.7    82.5     83.7    80.2       7.5    -13.7     -2.9
Gambia, The                   181.6    100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0    100.0   100.0    100.0   100.0      -3.9     4.2       0.0
Ghana                         191.9     96.2    89.9     83.4    90.1     100,0     98.6    99,7    115.3    102.1    94.2      -1.1     -3.0      0.9
Guinea                          ..     130.0   103.4     95.4    111.2    100.0     86.8    97.2     88.5     85.7    87.2        ..     -5.0     4.2
Guinea-Bissau                 122.2    123.8   101.8    138.4    121.3    100,0     99.6    99.6     89.5     89.9    90.2       5.3    -10.7     -4.8
Kenya                          96.9    76.3     77.7     92.5    102.4    100.0    104.6    109.8   105.6     95.4    94.5      -3.8     -1.2      3.5
L.esotho                      131.8     87.0    94.5     98.5    100.9    100.      99.1    100.5   103.4     80.1    77.3      -4.6    -0.4      - 1.0
Madagascar                    100,8   8-3.3     84.9     85.9    93.2     100.0    109.0    101.3   101.3    101.7    99.7      -2.4    -~2.9     1l.0
Malawi                        154.7    149.1   121.5    108.2     85.3    100.     106.3    111.5    97.6    100.9    94.0      -2.4     -6.7     -3.4
Mali                          105.3    115.0   102.8     99.1    91.4     100.0    100.7    97.1    101.0     84.7    88.2       1.8      1.5     -2.6
Mauritania                     71.1    101.8   107.6    117.2    95.1     100.      91.7    101.2   101.1    102.1    103.9     -3.6     2.5       0.1
Mauritius                      98.8    106.9   107.0O   101.5    99.4     100.0    100.8    100.9   106.0    100.8    96.1      -5.3     3.2      -0.7
Mozarmbique                   158.4    117.5    93.6     89.2    108.0    I00.      77.3    75.8     76.8     75.0    90.9        ..     -3.4    -4.0
Namnibia                      150.6    101.9   100.6     96.4    106.7    100.0    109.3    111.2   115.5    111.2   105.9        ..      1.5     -0.8
Niger                         191.1    125.5    118.1   120.1    98.1     100.0     87.2     82.1    81.3     77.5    71.9      10.1     -3.0     -6.5
Nigeria                       329.7    135.1   117.3    108.2    102.3    100.0    156.7    118.7    80.5    107.6    180.3      6.7    -16.2     -2.1
Rwanda                         54.7     77.8    65.7     73.0    81.6     100.0     85.6    123.9   102.3     84.6    95.7       2.0   -23.8       8.3
SAo Tomtand Principe             . .   103.3    94.0    104.6    116.5    200.0    124.6    136.6   122.4    113.9   100.6         . .  -26.9      1.3
Senegal                        99.9     95.5   104.0     96.9    205.8    100.0    101.2    202.0   106.3     98.3    90.5      -1.2      1.1     -0.8
Seychelles                      ..'    65.6     78.0     86.0    76.5     100.0     96.3   102.4    134.5    105.9   102.2         . .   -7.0      5.3
Sierra Leone                  72.8     59.3     59.1     59.3    68.7     l00.0     71.4    71.4     71.4     77.3    72.3       2.2     5.1       1.7
South Africa                  119.8     99.0    97.6     98.5    101.3    100.0    101.4    1002     99.1     96.8    95.6      -1.2     0.8      -0.2
Swaziland                     9-4.5   i100.0   100.0    100.0    100.0    I00.0    100.0    100.0   100.0    100.0   100.0      -0.5     0.0       0.0-
Tanzani a                        ..    113.7   200.0    102.4    110.0    100.0     98.1    101.7    72.8     75.3    74.1        ..       .      4.2
Togo                          119.7    226.4   127.8     92.2    95.6     200.0     93.4    99.7    114.8    114.8    204.5     -2.1     - 1.0    -2.0
Uganda                          ..'    68.1     61.5     57.5    66.9     100.0     80.2    76.5     78.2     82.7    71.1         . .  -11.7     0.5
Zambia                        116.6     80.0    66.4     65.1    79.3     100.0     79.7    74.2     59.1     45.7    57.3      -8.5     5.4     -4.5
Zimbabwe                       87.6    101.4   103.3    100.7    100.7    100.0    100.3    99.4    100.2    100.3    94.3      -5.1     0.I      -0.3
NORTHIAFRICA                  2322      lI4-I   1 iCS    102 2    98       2(a3)0   1036    I01 33_   I3        7      ll.              l-0
Algeri.a                      290.9    138.8   120.1    101.4    98.7     100.0    115.6    121.6    86.9    102.3    171.5      5.5    -18.1      03
Egypt, Arab Republic          183.9    107.3   106.3    105.9    102.4    100.0     95.2    92.2     84.1     83.0    85.7       1.0    -15.6     -0.8
Morocco                       100.8     99.5   103.4     98.8     89.3    100.0    102.2    105.8   118.3    115.3    111.9     -1.8      3.0      1.6
Tunisia    __    ___          121.7    101.9   100.7     99.2    100.9    100.0    102.9 __99.8_     98.9     99.7    99.9       0.2    -_2.7     -0.4
ALLAFRICA            l75~~~~  It T     103      99l      9 ga4   1ltu I   2:5 0    lul l    91 8     963     I)         Ii       6        1,
Note: 2000 data are prelimintary (see page 2).



External Sector                                                89
5-18. Forest products exports
Average annual
Thousands of cubic meters                            percentage growth
1980   1987   1988  1989    1990   199)   1992   1993   1994    1995   1996   75-84  85-89  90-MRl
wSUB-SAHARAN A1FRJCA     8.169  6.803  8.821  7.032  6,931  6,824  7.170  4.764  4.364  3.788  4.289    149.9   2 4    .9 7
e'rcudmg SouLh AfTica   7,413  5.283  6.044  5.855  5.794  5.632  5,478  4.339  3.960  3.300  7.74.8  149 8   .1 7    -8 
e'~cI S Attia &_N3gerta  .402  5.266  6.028  5.844  7  5.583  5.444  3.908  37672  3.030  7.499  150-.2  -J 1  -q9 5
Angola                    ..     0      0      3       0      ..     2      ..     .      .       .           56.3
Burkina Faso               .      .     .       .      .      .      .      .      .      ..
Camneroon                934    521    652    539    837   1,049   816      .      ..     .       ..   151.6  -4.7
Cape Verde                 .      .     .       .      .      .      .      .      .      ..
Central African Republic  177    74     80    113     67     37     36      .      ..     .      ..    150.6  -5.5
Comoros                          I.     .       .      1      .      0      .      ..,.
Congo, Democratic Rep. of  116  147    163    143    142    172    136    113    101     74     91     171.2   0.4   -9.3
Congo, Republic of       385    643    941    937    816    609    530      .      ..     .      ..    163.8  28,3
C6te drlvoire           3,394  1,175  1,138  1,084  1,127   967    878      .      .      .      ..    1504  -16.9
Equatorial Guinea         16    133    133    142    129    126    143    400    380     ..      5    218.1   12,4   -24.1_
Gabon                   1,150  1,353  1,343  1,460  1,244  1,392  1,447  1,685  1,729  1,359   1,632   154.9   0.8    2.4
Gambia, The                ..     .      .     .       .      0      0      ..     .              .
Ghana                    183    514    531    371    361    390    426    936    735    754   1,018    107.8  26.0   17.3
Guinea                     ..    8      8      8      13     IS     17     45     45     45      45    112.1  -7.6   31.0
Guinea-Bissau              6      5     4      4       6     12      9      5      5      6      8     117.7  22.1    1.3
Kenya                     33     4      4      3       4      3      0     82     94     95     27     138.6  -26.5  78.3
Liberia                  524    255    701    729    663    429    642    149    145    206     225    147.3  30.0  -20.0
Madagascar                 0      2      1     2       3     26      6      6     10      8      4     111.7  21.2   10.2
Malawi                    I.      .            0       0      0      I      I      I      1       1    153.8   ..    20.3
Mozambique                3 1     5     1 0    2       5      4      1    149    137    140     158    68.8   -3.8   115.9
Nigeria                  I11     1 7    1 6    I1     3 7    49     34    431    288    269     248    143.7  -32.2  59.9
Rwanda                     ..     .      .     .       .      0      .      .
Sao Torn6and Principe      .      ..     .     ..      0      .0                   .
Seychelles                 .      ..     .     ..      0..           .      ..     ....
Sierra Leone              I.      I            0       0      0      0      ..     .      .      .        .   -8.8
South Afirica            756   1,520  2,777  1,177  1,137  1,191  1,692   425    405    488     541    150.9  24.9   -15.6
Swaziland                421    355    293    285    254    254    254    241    239    299     270    163.6  -13.1   0.2
Tanzania                   5      5     6      3      25     14      8     40     40     37      9     115.7   3.0   16.4
Togo                       ..     .             .      0      ..0                  0      1      0
Uganda                    0      ...                          .9                  II      7      7     45.4
Zamnbia                   ..      .             .      0      0..                  ....
Zimbabwe                  26     65     17     17     56     83     89      .      ..     .      ..   214.2  -14.1
N-R THA AFRIC A            88    941                                        7 8    84  ~          J     6(      1     -
Egypt, Arab Republic       .      ..     .     ..      0      0      ..     3      6      0       .
Morocco                   74     85    102     88     84     70     98     43     48     50     39     169.1   6.3   -11.4
Tunisia ________          14     10     16     7      10      8      7     32     29     20     21     135.1   3.4   22.6
ALL AFRICA   _______     8258  6,8q7  8.938  1.121  ".0'6  6.90 1  7.2'S5  4.842  4,448  3.8,9  4.34v   15t) 1)  2 5   C.C



90                                           External Sector
5-19. PetroDeuim expoirts
Average annual
Thousands of metric tons                       percentage growth
1980  1990   1991  1992   1993  1994  1995   1996  1997   1998  /999  75 84  85-89  90-MR
%I)B.SAHARAN  ~.FR1CA  .<  <:118522  1.27,609  1:32;768. 13,8;200  1a'.455  l~~4 l8,423:: 1632'66  1 '4.50f7,7:.6,3  5 ...:> :,
.t!%CIud.u-g Sc'uih Atrnc3  I 1.8,2 M 2>9  132,768  .138;122  14*',182 jl4 .558  145 3 30  l6712c64  I'4  IIS .  '3,I1  :1J65,310 ~  -45  4.47. :-3.6
--.!SArica  Nigeria  : .21 791K< >5,6   20   .,8:.5,9     lv2.O55            2 oI12:'74  638  3.8  9.0.:  :4.9
Angola               6,334  22.198  23,255  25,706  23,497  25,315  28,654  31,441  33,410  35,108  35,171  -02  21.6  5.7
Benin                  ..    210    200   138   1 57  131     97    84     65    62    45          63.4  -14.3
Burkina  Faso..                .     .     .      ..    .      .     .     ..     -     ...          .-
Cawneroon            3,407  7,166  6,456  6,097  6,091  5,278  5,014  5,354  5,532  6,200  5,503  81.5  -0.7  -2.7
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Comoros                        .     .     .,     .     ..     ...          .     .     .
Congo, Democratic Rep. of  859  1,158  1,125  1,027  1,019  1,141  1,138  1,133  1,136  1,138  1,052  0.3  -0.8  .0.6
Congo, Republic of   3,432  7,611  7,496  8,358  9,201  8.725  9,047  10,272  11,809  12,549  13,500  12.2  6.6  6.2
C6te dIlvoi're         122    ..     .            .     .      .    767   748   472   472      ..  -34.8
Equjatorial Guinea      .      .     .      .     .     .      .     .     .      .     .
Eritrea                 *      .     .      -     .     ..
Ethiopia                0     0      0     0      0     0     0      0     0      0
Gabon                7,637  12,123  14,068  13,790  15,023  15,710  17,072  17,676  17,855  17,083  15,980  -4.5  1.9  5.3
Gambia, Thce.                  .     .     .      .     ..     .     .     .      .     .
Ghanda
GuinemdandPicp
Senegal
SMalia
Sothafricania8                                  33    16      4      2    81    66    ,2             .    3.
Zamibia                 .      .     .     ..
Egypt Arab Repulic1        77,14639,2  180,468  230,41  192,1924  89,4580  87,531  96,836  106,24 102,836  20,8652  20.7  -2.8  -1.5
Liban8,5d576                      6,0a843     5483  5,6     453   5,6    363   625   5,8      64   -.      .
Maorocco iPinip
Tunisial477                  ~    352    419   3     ~      356,97       283   297   336     -.     39    -.
SechlA leAsA3'             26~f   5,'2  22I (  5  '  5.6   4.-I   r42a   1.0  2  i   2.44     -3    2. 



External Sector9 
5-20. Copper exports
Average annual
Thousandy of metric tons                                                  percentage growth
19830     1989      1990      1991      1992      1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998      75-84     85-89    90-A4R
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                 1.286     1,074      973        792      714       598       495       418        392       393      316         5 2      -3 1     -1289
excludmg Soth Afnca               1.164      958       883        688      581       517       421       339        318      322,      248         4 6      .3 4     .14 0
excI S Afica &Nigerna             1.164      958       883        688      581       517       421        339       318      322       248         4 6      -3 4     .14 A
Angola                     ~     ~   ~~        ~~~       ~~0  0  0'  0  0               0         0          0T _     0         0
Benin                                 0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Botswana                            20        19         19        20        19       22        20         18        23        18       20           ..      1.0       0.4
Burkina Faso                          0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Burundi                               0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Cameroon                              0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Cape Verde                            0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Central African Republic              0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Chad                                  0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Comnoros                              0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Cog,Democratic Rep. of          41       439        374       252       116        28        14         5         0         .         ..      16.8      -2.7     -55.3
Congo, Republic of                    I        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         ..        .
C8te dlvoire                          0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Djibouti                             0         0         0          0        0         0         0          0         0         0         0
Equatorial Guinea                    0         0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Eritrea                              0         0          0         0         0o       0         0          0                   0         0
Ethopia                              0         0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Gabon                                0         0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0        0
Gambia, The                          0         0          0         0        0         0         0          0         0         0         0
Ghana                                0         0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Guinea                     ~~        ~     ~   ~~        ~     ~~0  0  0  0  0  0       0         0          0        0         0
Guinea-Bissau                        0         0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Kenya                                0         0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Lesotho                              0         0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Liberia                               0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Miadagascar                           0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Malawi                                0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Mali                                  0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Mauritania                            1        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         ..        *
Mauritius                             0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Mozambique                            0        0          0         0         0         0O       0          0         0         0         0
Nanmibia                             4 1      33         30        34        35       30        26         25        1 8        .         .        1.9      -7.0      -6.8
Niger                                0         0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Nigeria                               0        0          0         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         0
Rwanda                                0        0          0         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         0
Sao Tom6 and Priricipe               0         0         0          0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Senegal                              0         0         0          0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Seychelles                           0         0         0          0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Sierra Leone                          0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Somalia                              0         0         0          0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
South Africa                       121       115        90        104      132        SI        74         79        74        71       68        13.2      -0.8      -5.7
Sudan                                0         0         0          0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Siwaziland                            0         0         0          0        0         0         0          0         0         0        0
Tanzania                              0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Togo                                  0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0
Uganda                                0        0          0         0         0        0         0          0         0         .         .
Zamnbia                            617       456       460        382      412       437       361        292       276       304      228        -1.8      -3.4      -7.0
Zimbabwe             __      _      23        10          0         0         0         0        0          0         0         .         ..       3.8     .16.6   _    _
NCORT14 AFRICA                         6       12         16        16        17        13        19        16        16         0         0)               *I I        2 5
Al gecri a                            0        0          0         0         0         0        0          0         0         .         .
Egypt, Arab Reptiblic                 0        0          0         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         0
Libya                                 0        0          0         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         0
Morocco                               6       12         16        16        17       13        19         16        16        ..         .          .     -12.9       2.5
Tunisia    __0                                 0          0         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         0_                            _
ALL AFRICA               ~~~~~~~1.92  I'U86    989        807       730      611       514        434       408       393       316        5 4      -331     .12 9



92                                                                External Sector
5-21. Efron exjpoirts                                                                                                                   Aeaeana
Thousands of metric tons                                             percentage growth
1980     1987     1988     1989      1990     1991      1992     1993     1994      1995     1996      75-84   85-89    90-MR
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA             28.215   20.447   22.981   241.956   2 1.05'   17.5U9   15.778   18.986   19465     21.39'   19.545                -0 4     -1 3
ecqcuding Southi Afr,ca       17.482   14.903    15,734   15.78t)   9.988     7.474    6.114    6.276    6.72-2   '.196     7.000- .23                     .87
excl S Africa & Nipcn.a  ____17,482    14.,903  15,734    15.780    9.9g8     7,474    6.114    6.2'6    6.722     7.19%    7.0)(K)             -2 7      .8'
Angola                             0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0         0         0
Benin                              0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0         0         0
Botswana                           0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0         .
Burkina Faso                       0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0         0         0
Burundi                            0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0         0         0
Camseroon                          0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Cape Verde                         0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Central African Republic           0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Chad                               0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Comoros                            0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Congo, Demo-crafic Rep. of         0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0                  0
Congo, Republic of                 0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
C6te d'voirc                       0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Djibouti                           0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Equatorial Guinea                  0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Erintrea                            0        0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0         0
Ethiopia                           0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Gabon                              0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Garmbia,Tne                        0        0        0        0         0        0        0         0        0        0         0
Ghana                              0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0         .
Guinea                             0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Guitiea-Bissau                     0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0         .
Kenya                              0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Lesotho                            0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Liberia                       11,695    9,052    9,231    8,540     2,607      670      853        0         0        0         0         ..     -5.4
Madagascar                         0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Malawi                             0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Mali                               0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Mauritania                     5,673    5,851    6,503    7,240     7,381     6,804    5,261    6,276    6,722     7,196    7,000                 3.0     -0.3
Mauritius                          0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Mozamnbique                        0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Namnibia                           0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Niger                              0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Nigeria                            0        0        0        0         0        0        0         0        0        0         0
Rwanda                             0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
SAo Tom6 and Principe              0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Senegal                            0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0         0         0
Seychelles                         0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Sierra Leone                       0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0         0         0
Somalia                            0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
South Africa                  10.733    5,544    7,247    9,176    11,069    10,035    9,664   12.710   12,743    14,201   12,545         ..     4.0       5.4
Sudan                              0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Swaziland                        114        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0         0         0
Taizania                           0        0        0        0         0        0        0         0        0        0         0
Togo                               0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Uganda                             0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Zamnbia                            0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Zimbabwe                           0        0        0        0         0        0        0         0        0        0         0
-NORTH AFRCA:: x,'84                         6        18      612       $'        50       55       58       42        Il        4          .    -11 3      2,4 3
Algeria                          699        6        0       10         9       10       20       25        25        5         4         .     -41.9     -6.9
Egypt, Arab Republic               0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Libya                              0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0         0        0         0
Morocco                           85        0       48       52        38       40       35        33       17        16        0         .        ..    -17.4
Tunisiao                               0        0         0        0        0         0        0        0        0              0  ____      ____
.AIL AXWRCA                     28.99v ; 0.453    23(129: 25.018    2 1. I 4  17.559  :,83      19.0.14  19,507.   21.418    19.54'4              .0 r,      1 4



External Sector                                                                  93
5-22. Phosphates exports
Average annual
Thousands of metric tons                                           percentage growth
1980     1988     1989     1990     1991     1992     1993     1994      1995     1996     1997      75-84   85-89    90-MRfl
SLIB-SAHARAN AFRICA             4.277   5,983    5,877     4.995    5.544    4.617    3,747    4.154I   4.919     4,496    4.290       0 4     6 9      -3 1
e"cludmg South Africa          4.274   4,715    4,783     3,778    4.378    3.272    2.550    2.881    3.511     3.522    i.990i     -0 6     4 6       4.3
exul S Afnt~a & Nigena___      4.274   4.115    4,783     3.778    4.3'S    3.272    2.550    2.881    3.511     3.522    2.90       -0 6      4 6      4 3
Angola                            0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0       0          0      0
Beniin                            0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Botswana                          0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0        0        0
Btrkina Faso                      0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Bunundi                           0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Cameroon                          0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Cape Verde                        0        0        0        0         0        0       0        0         0        0        0
Central AfTican Republic          0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0        0        0          .
Chad                              0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Comoros                           0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Congo, Democratic Rep. of         0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Congo, Republic of                0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0         .
C6tedIlvoire                      0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Djibouti                          0        0        0        0         0        0       0        0         0        0        0
Equatorial Guinea                 0        0        0        0         0        0       0        0         0        0        0
Eritrea                           0        0        0        0         0        0       0        0         0        0        0
Ethiopia                          0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Gabon                             0        0        0        0         0        0       0        0         0        0        0
Gambia, The                       0        0        0        0         0        0       0        0         0        0        0
Ghana                             0        0        0        0         0        0       0        0         0        0        0
Guinea                            0        0        0        0         0        0       0        0         0        0        0
Guinea-Bissau                     0        0        0        0         0        0       0        0         0        0        0
Kenya                             0        0        0        0         0        0       0        0         0        0        0         .
Lesotho                           0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Liberia                           0        0        0        0         0        0       0        0         0        0        0
Madagascar                        0        0        0        0         0        0       0        0         0        0        0
Malawi                            0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Mali                              0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Mauritania                        0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Mauritius                         0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0        0        0
Mozambique                        0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0        0        0
Namnibia                          0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Niger                             0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Nigeria                           0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Rwanda                            0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0        0         0
SAo Tom6 and Principe             0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        ci
Senegal                        1.378    1,847   1,435     1,356    1,304    1,187     983      648       859      836      598       -3.9    -4.4     -0.1
Seychelles                        0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Sierra Leone                      0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0         0       0
Somalia                           0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0         0       0
South Africa                      4     1,268    1,094    1,217    1,166    1,344    1,197    1,273     1,408     974     1,300      39.6     20.6      0.6
Sudan                             0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0        0        0
Swaziland                         0        0        0        0         0        0-       0       0         0        0        0
Tanzania                          0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0         0       0
Togo                           2,896   2,868    3,347     2,422    3,074    2,086    1,567    2,234     2,652    2,686    2,392       1.9      4.5     -2.1
Uganda                            0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Zambia                            0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Zimbabwe                          0        0        0        0         0        0       0        0         0        0        0
NARlge  aFR                   18.932   16.560   14,700    13_297   10,537   11J.068    . 10,6%  I 1.5 2 3  T1.46~6  1,2   330        -.1 .1   .2 3      -0 f.
Algeria   -            ~~~~     ~~768  877  970    735       804     800      449      575       671      993      474        5.6      8.5     -4.3
Egypt, Arab Republic            258      268      246      297       164      180      134      114       48       65        ..      12.4      3.8    -21.0
Libya                             0        0        0        0         0        0        0       0         0        0        0
Morocco                       16,457   14,260  12,407    11,672    9,143    9,132    8,398    9,527    9,420    10,141   11,669      -0.8     -3.1     -0.9
Tanisia                        1,44_  9  1fi56   I (177    593       426      956    1.114    1,31)8    1.327    1,224    1.247      -69C     -0.8      9.3
ALL AFRCA                      23-.210  222.543  20,576   18.29-2  16.080   15.6-4   13,843   15.678    16.385   16.918   17,680       .0.8    -2        .1 3.~



94                                                External Sector
5-23. Cocoa exports
Average annual
Thousands a/ metric tons                            percentage growth
1980   1990   1991   1992   1993   1994   1995   1996   1997   1998   1999   75-84  85-89  90-MR
.SUB-SAH-ARAN AFRICA      869  1. 352  1..369'  1.190  1,469  I.2'1  1,340  1.995  1.633  1,749  1.975  0 4   5 3     40(
n'c1udmg South Africa   869'  1.349   1.364  1. 180  1.456  1,260  1,332  1.985  1,623  1,740  1.967   0 4   5 3     4 0
excl S Africa & Nipena   718   I 196  1.203  l.u69  1.296  1.113  1.193  1.803  1,169  1,605  I.,5')   1.1    5 2    4 3
Benin                     5      0       0      .     ..     .       ..     .      ..    0      ..     6.2  -63.8
Botswana                  0      0       0     0      0      0       0      0      0     0      0       ..  128.8  -15.0
Burkinia Faso             .       .      .      .     .      .       .      .      .      .     .
Camneroon                105    119     98     68    112    82     120    142    110    122   121      0.1   3.8     2.4
Cape Verde..                     .       ..     .      .     ...            .      ..     .
Central African Republic  o 0.                  .     .      .       .      .      .      .     .     -21.8
Chad                              .      .      *      .     .                     ..
Comoros                   0       .      .      .     ..     ...            .      ..     .     ..    -14.3
Congo, Democratic Rep. of  4     5       4      3     3      6       2      3      3     3      2     -0.2   2.8    -6.7
Congo, Republic of        2       I      0     0      0      0      0       1      1      1     1     -5.1  -18.7    7.4
C6te dIlvoitre           332    767    793    724    872    744    795   1,138  1,028  1,103  1,277    9.1   5.4     5.0
Equatorial Guinea         7      6       6      5     3      3       3      6      4     6      3   _ -0.2  ..0.4   -4.1-
Gabon                     4      2       1      2      1     1       1      1      1      1      1    -4.2    2.6   -12.0
Gambia, The               .       .      .      .     .       .      .      .      .      .     .
Ghana                    218    270    265    243    278    252    253    478    288    333    321    -7.7   9.0     3.0
Guinea                    4      2       2      2     4      4       3      6      7      8     4      4.3   -6.2   11.9
Guinea-Bissau             .       .      .      .     .       .      .      .      .      .     .
Kenya                     0      0       0      1      1     1       0      0      0      0     0     -8.2   46.3   19.8
Liberia                   4      3       2      0     0      0       0      1      1      2     2      9.1  -15.1   -7.1
Madagascar                2      3       4      3     4      3       2      2      1      I      1     5.8    7.6   -12.9
Mauritius                 ..      .      .      0     0      0       0      0      0      0     0       .      ..    -5.5
Mozambique                .       .      .      .     .       .      .      .      .      .     .
Nigeria                  151    154    161    III    161    148    139    182    155    135    208    -2.6    4.2    1.7
Sao Tom6 and Principe     7      3       5     4      4      3       3      4      3      5     4     -4.3    0.4    0.3
Senegal                   0      0       0     0      0      0       0      0      0      0     0     65.7  -28.8   51.4
Seychelles                 .     ..      0     0      ..     0       0      0      ..    0      0       .      ..    3.4
Sierra Leone              8      5      13      5     4      3       3      4      3      3     3      6.0   -4.6   -11.0
South Africa              0      3       6     10     13    II       8     10     10     9      8     -8.5   34.0   11.3
Swaziland                 .       ..     .      ..    .      ...            ..     6      8     7
Tanzania                  I      3       2      2     2      2       3      3      3      3     2      9.0    9.7    2.6
Togo                      15     8       6     6      5      6       4     11     10     6      8     -1.7  -11.9    1.7
Uganda                    0      0       1      1     1      I       I      I      I      2      1     2.5    5.5   16.2
Zimbabwe                  0      0       0      0     0      0       0      0      0      0     0     -14.6  -4.1   17.2
NORrH AFRICA                       I      2      I     0      0       1      1      1      I     I      6     25.6   -2'1
Algeria  ..     ..      ..    ..     ..    ..      ~~      ~~~   ~~     ~~~   ~ ~~~~~~~~0 .. 0...
Egypt, Arab Republic      ..      1      2     0      0      0       0      1      1     0       1    -22.9  81.9   -0.7
Morocco                   ..     0       0      0     0      0       0      0      0      0     0       ..  -17.2    0.0
Tunisia                   ..     0   _    0     0     0      0       0      0      0      0     0       ..   17.4   -4.7
'ALL AFRICA               869   1.353  1.3 72  1.191  1.4.69  1.2'2  1,341  1.996  M16.4  1.75(3  1.916  0.4   53     4 ri



External Sector                                              95
5-24. Coffee exports
Average annual
Thousands c/metric tons                           percentage growth
1980   1990   1991   1992  1993   1994   1995   1996   1997  1998   1999   75-84  85-89  90-MR
SLIB-SAHARAN AFRICA      S19   1,032  828    847    830    751    788    949   937    841    791    -2 I   U')   .09
e"cludhing South Africa  SIB 8  .034  827    846   830    750    787    948    933   835    789    -2 4   -0 I   .0)9
exad S Africa & N1pena  8___116  1.030  827  846   8219   750    786    947    932   834    788    .2 4   -u I   *ui 9
Angola                  47       5     5      5      2     0     2        3     3      3      3    -17.7  -19.0  -7.1
Beni                      0      ..    0      0      0      .      .      .     ..     .      ..   18.1  -21.6
Botswana                  0     0      0      0      0     0       ..     0     0      0      0     3.8   56.4  -23.1
Burkina Faso              .      .      .     .      .      .      .      .     .      .      .
Bunindi                  19     34     41    40     23    29      29     13    32     22    24      3.0  -0.2   -4.8
Camneroon                92    158    113    104    67    54      63     74    59     53    69      0.0   4.4   -9.5
Cap,eVerde                .             .     .      0      ..     .      .     0      .      .
Central African Republic  I 1   13     9      6      8     8      14      5     12     6     12     2.2   10.4   -5.2
Comoros                   0      .      .     .      ..    ...            .     .      .      .    -17.4
Congo, Democratic Rep. of  74  104     84    104    55    63      61     49    23     38     23     0.3   2.7   -14.0
Congo, Republic of'       2     0      0      0      0     0       2      I     0      .      ..    8.4  -28.7   17.2
C6te dIlvoire           207    232    199    203   226    122    135    145    254   239    132    -2.6   -7.4   -0.2
Equatorial Guinea        0      0      0      0      0     0       0      0     0      .      ..   -10.7  _-18.2-  -19.1
Ethiopia                  .     ..      .     ..    70     89     77    110    119   115    109      .      ..    8.5
Gabon                     I     0      0      0      0     0       0     0      ..     0      0    26.9   12.9  -13.2
Gamnbia, The              .     ..      .     ..     .     ..      0..          .      ..     .
Ghana                    0       1      1     2      3     1      2       1     3      6      6    -21.1  12.5   23.0
Guinea                   3      7      4      5      6     12     19      8    20     22      7     0. 4 -  1 05. 1  9.1
Guinea-Bissau             .      .     .      .      .      .      .      .     .      .      .
Kenya                   80     112     83    78     88    80      89    114    68     5 1    70     2.9  -2.7   -4.0
Libefia                  1 3    2       ..    .      .     .       ..     .     .      .      .     6.3  -10.9
Madagascar              69      48     41    50     51    37      35     40    26     30     13    -2.5   2.6   -10.0
Malawi                   0       7     6      9      6     5       5      5     4      4      4    25.2   12.9   -3.7
Mauritius                0      0       ..    0      ..    .       ..           0      ..     0
Mozambique                .      .      .     .      .      .      .      .     .      .      .
Nigeria                   2      0      0     0      1     0       1      1     1      1      1     -1.8  41.6   20.6
Rwanda                   22     46     38    34     30     2       8     18     14    14     17     1.4    1.4  -11.9
SAo Tomd and Psincipe    0       ..    0      ..     0     0       0      0     0      0      0    -6.1  -41.0   32.0
Senegal                   I      0      .     0      0      ..     .      ..     .     .      0.9         -2.6
Seychelles                ..     .      .     .      .      0      .      .     .      ,
Sierra Leone             10      8     6      4      3     4       5      2     3      3      1     -0.7  12.2  -13.1
South Africa              0      1      1     1      0      0      1      1     4      6      2    24.9   26.1   18.7
Swaziland                 .      ..     .     -.     .             .      ..    0      0      0
Tanzania                 43     61     52    51     59    37      48     62    47     45     38     0.8   -2.2   -2.4
Togo                      9     14      9     19    13      9     13      5     19    10     19     -6.2  28.6    0.0
Uganda                  110    141    127    119   114    194    169    279    210    163   230    -2.8   3.8    5.1
Zambia                   I.             0     1      I     0       I      2     2      2      3      ..   59.2   16.4
Zimbabwe                  3     35      9     10     4   .4       10     11     12     8      7    13.2   -9.3   -3.3
NWORTHAFRCA                .     2      '3     1      0     0       0      0     0                 .3 ___
Egypt,Arab Republic      I.            0      0      0     0       0      0     ..     0      0      .      ..  -47,1
Morocco                   .      .     0      ..     0     0       0      0     0      0      0      ..     .    4.2
TuLniCia                        *0      0   -0  0    0      0             0      0     0      0      .      .    11 5
XL_L.A1fTd_A_____ _819   lu))3   828    847   830    751    788    949    937   8-Il   '91    -2.4  -01.)   -11 Y



96                                                External Sector
5-25. COtfto ejPOIrtS
Average annual
Thousands of metric tons                            percentage growth
1980   1990   1991   1992   1993   1994   1995   1996   1997   1998   1999   75-84  85-89  90-MR
SUB-.SAHARAN AFRICA      JS9    '00     661    693   695    699    186     83 3   971    94 3   79i2    I 2   7 n     2
e"cludmg South Afn,:a   459     694    658    689    695    698    786    833    9o9    936    78'     I 3     4     25
excl S Afa &Nigenas     459     691    657    688    691    6%~    784    811    937    92'    778     1 3    7 4    23
Angola                    *..                         ...                   .      ..     .     ..   -27.7   10.4
Benin                     8      41     43     58     60    74     99      89    112    107     84    -0.6   13.3    9,6
Botswana                  ..     .       .     0       I     1       I      1      I      I     I 1.                20.7
Burkina Faso             28     59      55     55    60     40     55      42     6 1    96    69     10.8  14.3     3.7
Bwrundi                   I      0       .      ..    2      2       I      0      ..    .      .     -0.4   2.0
Cameroon                 26      38     23     42     5 I   59     54      66     5 1    6 1   65     15.1   19.5    3.5
Cape Verde                0      0       0      0     0      0      0       ..     .     ..      .
Central African Republic  14     9      13      6     8      5      1 2    IS5     9     15     10    -4.0  -12.8    4.4
Chad                     35      57     65     85     40    32     62      50     72     68     37    -2.4  -0.4    -0.9
Comoros                   0      0       0      0     0      0       0      ..     .      ..     .
Congo, Democratic Rep. of  2     .       ..     .     ..     I       I      I      0     0      0
Congo, Republic of        0      0       0     0      0      0       0      .      .     .
C6te dIlvoire            39      89     97     67     96    100     88     75     86    117    122    14.7   15.3    2.2
Djibouti                  0      0       0      0     0      0       0
EquatorialGumnea          0      0       0     0      0      0       0      ..     .     ..      .
Eritrea                   0      0       0      0     0      0       0..           .      ..     .
Ethiopia                  .       ..     .      ..    0      0       8      1      0      I      5      .      ..   43,8
Gabon                     0      0       0      0     0      0       0      ..     .      ..     .
Gamnbia, The              ..             2      I      1     1       1      1      0      0     0       ..   10.6   -17.5
Ghana                      .      .      .      ..    2      7       1      ..     0      1     7
Guinea                    ..     2       1      4     10     6       7      5      4      5     9       ..  .       18.6
Guinea-Bissau             ..     0       1      0      I     1       1      I      1      1      1      ..   25.4    7.2
Kenya                     4       ..     1      6     8      7       1      ..     0      0     0     -18.6  -73.2  -47.6
Lesotho                   0      0       0      0     0      0       0      .      .      ..     .
Liberia                   0      0       0     0       .      .      .      .      .      .     .
Madagascar                I      0       3                           I. .   I      0            0     2 2~.2 - -16.8  -6.9
Malawi                    3       3      6      3     0      ..      .      .      9      5     3     -20.5  -0.6    6.0
Mali                     53      93    114    113    133    90     105    130    140    160    138     9.9   14.2    4.2
Mauritania                0      0       0      0     0      0       0..                  ,
Mauritius                 .       ..     0      ..    0      ...            0      .      ..    0
Mozambiqtue               6       6      6     I      3      1      13     16     16     17    10     -8.0   1. 1   10.8
Namnibia                  0      0       0      0     0      0       0      ..     .      ..     .
Niger                     0       I      0      I      1     1       0      2      3      I      I    -12.4  80.4    0.8
Nigeria                   ..      3      1      0     3      3       2     22     32      9     9       .      .    36.2
Rwanda                    0      0       0     0      0      0       0      ..     .      ..     .
Sgo Tom4 and Principe     0      0       0     0      0      0       0      ..     .     ..      .
Senegal                   6      5      1 2    1 6    20     1 5     9     1 1    1 5    1 4    5      2.1   -6.4    0.4
Seychelles                0      0       0     0      0      0       0
Sierra Leone              0      0       0     0      0      0       0
South Africa              0      6       3      5     0      0       0      0      4      7     5     -30.6  269.4  -7.9
Sudan                   132     126     87     76     48    78     96     104     94     62     24     0.0   1.2    -9.7
Swaziland                 4      19     10     6      7      4       3      4      2      0     0      4.8   40.8  -29.1
Tanzania                  31     46     39     73     61    60      71     82     86     37     28    -3.9   17.8   -1.2
Togo                      5      33     36     39     42    43      61     56     48     67     53    27.3   22.1    6.6
Uganda                    2      4       8      8     8      4       6     10     19      1     10   -21.5  -25.3    5.6
Zambia                    5       3      2      2      1     I       3      5     17     12     16    15.9   12.7   18.9
Zimbabwe                 54      54     34     16    18     47      27     44     91     78     80     4.2   -0.2    7.5
N4ORT-H AFRICA            lo'    -41     16     1      (     1       8      2      2      6     1        1   -7        s
Algeria  -                 _  _      -                                       _    _  _    _ _   _  _ _
Egypt, Arab Republic    164      39     13    16     18     113    67      23     42     66    112     0.2  -18.9   10.4
Libya                     0      0       0     0      0      0       0      ..     .      ..     .
Morocco                   3       1      3      1     2      1       0      ..     0      1     0      3.4     ..   -25.6
Tumisia                         'i.                          0     _0..            .     0      0
iALL AFRICA               62'    74-    677    71t)   715    813    854    85'   I.u1i~ 1.01(   9u4     0 9    3 r    29



External Sector                                         97
5-26. Groundnut exports
Average annual
Thousands of metric tons                       percentage growth
1930   1990  199)  1992  1993  1994   1995   1996  1997  1998  1999  75-84  85-89  90-MR
SUJB-SAHARAN AFRICA    605   574    342   336   216   397    280   390   392   405    229    .8.9  IS 7   4777
excluding SwthAfrica  !60    53 5  309    312   249   3 37  24.3  351    334   372   203    -8 7  15 2   -4 
excl S Africa& Nigeria  __   559  53 5  309  310  249  3 30  243   34 7  312   359   190    -8 2  15 I   -5 5
Benin                   2     ..     0     .     ..    .      ..    .     ..     .     ..  -27.0
Botswana                0     0      ..    0     0     0      0     0     0      0     0   -10.2  29.0   2.8
Burkina Faso            I                  I     0     0      0     0     0     0      0   -43.9  152.2  -8.8
Camneroon               I     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0     0      0   -39.5  15.8  17.9-
Cape Verde              .     .      .     .     .     .      .     .     .      .     .
Central African Republic      .      ..    .     ..    1      1     0      1     1     1
Chad..                               .     0     1     2..          1     0     0      0.           ..   1 7
Comoros                       ..     .     .     .     . 2.         I     ..    ..    ..3
Co g,Demnocratic  Rp  f.    .     .      .     .     .     .      ..
Congo, Republic of      0     .      ..    .           .      ,     .     ..     .     ..  -10.6
C6te d'Ivoire           0                                     I. .  .  . .  0  I  1    1    -8.4
Equatorial Guinea       .     .      .     .     .     .      .     .     .      .     .
Gambia, The            67    24     17    18    28    26     38    32     38    37    33    -7.7  -11.7  6.7
Ghana                   2     .      ..    .     ..    .      ..    0     0     0      0
Guinea                  0     .            .     .                  .     .      .     .
Guinea-Bissau           8     2      0     0     ..    0      0     0     0     0      0    -4.4  -17.9  -14.2
Kenya                   0     ..     0     0     1     0      0     0     0     0      0   -24.6  23.1   14.5
Madagascar              4     0      1     0     0     0      0     0     1     0      0   -44.9   ..    -1.3
Malawi                 28     0      1     ..    0     1      1     1     3     4      I   -17.8  23.7  22.8
Mali                   1 5   1 2    10    I I   1 2   1 7    1 6    1 5   1 5   1 2   1 2  -11.7   9.3   2.4
Mauritania             ..     .      .     0     .     .      .     .     .      .
Mauritius               ..    0      0     0     0     .      ..    .     ..    0      0
Mozamnbique            10     2      0     0     0     0      1     0     0     0      0    -8.5  22.4  -15.3
Niger                   1     1      1     1     0     0      0     0     0     5      5   -38.0  182.2  -2.0
Nigeria                 I     ..     0     1     0     7      1     4     22    1 3   1 3  -37.9   ..   73.1
SAo Tome and Principe   .     .      .     .     .     .      .     .     .      .     .
Senegal               175    360   215   219    119   164    98    207    88   103    54    -9.1  21.2  -14.6
Seychelles              .     .      .     .     .     .      .     .     .      .     .
Sierra Leone..                .      ..    .           .      .           .      .     ,
South Africa           45    39     32    24    27    59     36    38     58    33    26   -12.5  23.7  -2.9
Sudan                 238    109    39    51    84    110    82    84    156   167    71    -6.0  15.7   5.0
Swaziland               .     .      .     .     ..                       3     It     8
Tanzania                1     7     16     7     .     ..     0     1     1      1     0      .. 181.1  -23.1I
Togo                    .     ..     0     .     ..    0      0     2     0     0      0   -36.2  296.1  28.6
Uganda                  ..    0      0     0     I     0      0     0     0     0      0      .     ..   -1.9
Zambia                  0     0      5     1     0     0      0     0     0     0      0   -26.0   ..    -7.7
Zimnbabwe               3    16      3     1     3     7      3     1     5     15     2   -19.6  107.4  -3.7
NOR-THl  AFRi_C/kA     13      7     5 -   S     21    16     IS5   10    19    23     13    -7.i  -19 9  16i
Egypt, Arab Republic   13     4      2     4    12     9     10     6     11    15     4    -7 .3  -19.9  13.1
Libya                   ..    3      4     1     8     4      5     5     8     8      8      .     .    i.
Morocco                 ..    0      0     0     0                               ..    .
Tuni sia                ..    0      .     ..    0     3  _ _  0          .      .     .  __
AELL'FRPCA             61    51      47   341   297   413    296   .100  411   428    241   .8 9   15 5   -471



98                                External Sector
5-27. Oil palm products exports
Average annual
Thousands c/ metric tons           percentage growth
1980  1990  1991  1992  1993  1994  1995  1996  1997  1998  1999  75-84  85-89  90-MRfl
SUJB-SAHARAN AFRICA  28u  233  194  269  319  247  187  21 180  202  191  -I 2  9 57.K.:I9
e"cludmng South Ahtica  280)  2 32  194  267  317  244  187  220  flo  205  189  .121.2  94.._  -20n
excl S Afna &Nigena ___  184  223  186  2o4  315  237  '15  2(13  160  194  179  .9 3  6 3.:  -0)9
Benin            13    6        2    3   7    9    8   1'3  1'7  1'5  -l2.'5  8.9  2 2.'6
Botswana          .    ..  0    0    .   ..   0    ..   .   ..   .
Burkina  Faso..        .   ..   .    ..  .    ..   .    .   ..   .
Burundi           .    .    .   .    .   .              0   0    0
Cameroon         2 1  28   10   27  27   30   8    41  13   1 5  IS5  -7.7  12.3  -4.9
Cape Verde        .    .   .    .    .    .   .    .    .    .   .
Central African Republic  .. .  .    .    .   0    0    0   0    0
Comoros                .    .   .    .   .         ..
Congo, Democratic Rep, of  10  4  I  I  1  3   I   I    I    I   .   -23.7  -21.9  -17.6
Congo, Republic of  0  .    ..  .    ..   .   ..   .    ..   .   ..  -17.6
COte divoire     99   166  158  186  207  153  121  103  76  103  106  -7.9  9.5  -3.9
Equatorial Guinea  .   .    .   .    .    .   .    .    .    .   .
Eritrea           .    .    *        .   .     .   .         .   .
Gabon             ..   4   2    5    1   ..   3    6    9    3   6    ..  9.6  4.2
Gamnbia, The      I    .    .   .    ..   .   ..   .    ..   .   ..  -19.8
Ghana             ..   7    3   8_   9   1 1  1 2  21   19  10   11   ..  39.0  10.7
Guinea           15    1    I   1    7    I   0    4    4    1   1   -3.6  1.5-  1.0
Guinea-Bissau     6    2    5   3    2   3     1   3    1    2   2    2.0  5.1  -7.6
Kenya             0    ..       25  53   14   13   10  26   31   12  -52.7  .. 43.8
Liberia           6    5   4    5    5   5    5    S    5    6   6   24.9_  _12.7  -0.6
Madagascar        ..   .    .   0    0   0    0    0    0    0   0    .        44.3
Mauritania        .    .    ..  .    ..  .    ..   .    .
Mauritius         .    ..  0  0      0-  0    0    0    0    0         .   .   29.1
Mozamnbique..                   .         .*            ..   .
Narnibia
Niger                       .   ..   .   .    ..   .    ..   0   0
Nigeria          96    9   8    3    2   6    11   17  10   I I  1I  -16.9  17.5  -2.0
Rwanda
SAo Tomt and Principe  0   ..   .    .   .     .   .    .   .    .   -19.1
Senegal           0    ..  .    .    0   0    0    0    2    2   2   -55.4  18.6  62.6
Seychelles        ..   0   0    ..   .   ...       ..   .   ..   .
Sierra Leone      I    0   0    0    ..  11   0    0    0   0    0   -11.4  -48.9  -15.4
South Africa     ..    0    1   2    2   3    0    I    1    3   1    .    ..  43.1
Swaziland         ..   .    .   .    .   .     .   .    .   0 
Tanzanma          I    ..  0   I.    .    .    .   .        0    0
Togo             10    0   0    2    0   0    .    ..   .        ..  -13.6  -15.9
Uganda            ..   .    .   .    .   .     .   .    .   3    2
Zimnbabwe         ..   0    0   0    .    .   .    .    .    .   .
N1ORTH  AFRCA                                - I .  -    V-U---.1-
Egypt,Arab Republic  . ..  0    ..   0   0    0    0    0   0    0    .    .  -15.1
Libya
Morocco                0    .   ..   .   ..   0    .    ..   0   0
Tunisia                    ..   .    .         .   1    0   0
:ALLAFRICA.  .   20    33:::  9  2b9) 31  24'  187  221  181  20'  191  .12 2  9 5  -19



External Sector                                         99
5-28. Sisal exports
Average annual
Thousands of metric tons                       Percentage grow.th
1980  1990   1991  1992  1993  1994   1995   1996  1997  1998  1999  75-84  85-89  90-MR
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA     1(19   5.0   42     44    42    4 1    47    36    38     32   37     -9 6  .8 7   -3 4
excluding SouLh Afri.a  1119  50    42    43    42    41     47     316   38    32    37     c.9.7  .8 7  -.3 4
exci S Atnea & Nigena  1119  s0     4 2   43   .1Ž    4!1    47     36    38a   3 2   3 7   -9.7  .s 7   -34
Angola            ~~    ~~~   ~~~~3 . .. . ..    .      ..    .     ..     .     ..  -30.8
Benin                   0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0     ..     .
Botswana                .     ..     .     ..    .     .      0..          .    .      .
BurkmnaFaso             0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0      .     .
Bunindi                 0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0      ..    .
Cameroon                0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0     ..     .
Cape Verde              0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0      .     .
Central Africwn Republic      .      .           .     ..     .     ..    .     .      .
Chad                    0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0      ..    .
Comoros                       .      .     .     .     .      .     .      .     .
Co-ngo, Dem-ocratic Rep, of  .  .    .      .     .     .     .
Congo: Republic of      0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0
C6te dIvoire           ..     .      .     .     .     0      0     0     0     0      0
Djibouti                0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0
Equatorial Guinea       0     0      0     0     0     0      0     -0    0
Eritrea                 0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0      ..    .
Ethiopia                0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0     .      .
Gabon                   0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0     ..     .
Gambia, The             0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0      .     .
Ghana                   0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0      .     .
Guinea                  0     06     0     0     0     0      0     0     0      ..    .
Guinea-Bissau           0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0      .     .
Kenya                  40    30     2 8   3 2   27    26     25     1 7   1 9   1 8   1 7   -1.3  -4.8   -7.0
Lesotho                 0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0      ..    .
Liberia                 0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0     ..     .
Madagascar             1 0    1 2   1 0    7     9     8     1 0    1 0   4     3      5    -5.9  -8. 1  -9.0
Mali                    0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0      .     .
Mauritania              0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0      ..    .*           .
Mauritius               0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0      ..    .
Mozambiqise      ~~~~~~7 ..          0     0     0      0     0     0      0     0   .14.5  1.7   -11.4
Namibia                 0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0
Niger                   0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0
Nigeria                 0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0
Rwanda                  0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0      . 
SAo Tomt and Principe   0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0      . 
Senegal                 0                              .      ..    .     ..     .     ..   38.6
Seychelles              0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0      ..    .
Sierra Leone            0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0      .     .
South Africa            0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0     0      0    -4.4  -7.3  -24 .5
Sudan                   0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0     ..     .
Swaziland               .     ..     .     ..    .     ...          ..    0     ..     .
Tanzania               48     8      5     4     5     7     11     9     15    12    15   -12.1  -16.9  10.0
Togo                    0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0      .     .
Uganda                  ..    .      .     .     .     .      .     .      .    0 
Zambia                  0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0     .      .
Zimbabwe                0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0     ..     .
NORrHIAFRICA            0      0     0     Ci     0     a     0      0     0     0     0      .     .      4
Ageria                 0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0    0       ..    .
Egypt, Arab Republic   ..     .      .     .     .     0      0     .     ..    0      0
Libya                   0     0      0     0     0     0      0     0     0     ..     .
Morocco                 ..    .      .     0     0     0      0     0     0     0      0      .     ..  43.3
Tunisia                 .     .     0      ..    0     ..     0     0     0     0      0      .     .    -8.5
ALL AFRICA             109    50    42    44     42    41    47     36    38     3      7    -96   .8 7    .



100                                           External Sector
5-29. Tea~ expoirts
Average annual
Thousands of metric tons                        percentage growth
1980  1990   1991   1992  1993   1994  1995   1996   1997  1998  1999   75-84  85.89  90-AM
SUB-SAH4ARAN AFRICA    i82     267   277   271    298   214    347    354   312    330   359     3.8   4 0    3 8
excludmg Sodth1Afrca   180    266    2'5   270  219'   2Fl     346   3 53   311   37 7   3154   3 7   4 8    3 7
.e%EI S.Air,a & Niena   180   266    2'S5  270   297    Ž13    346    3 53  311   377    354     3 7   458    3 7
Benin                    0     0      0     0      0     0      0      0     0      ..    .
Botswana                 0     0      0     0      0     0      0      0     0      0     0    21.8  -48.8  27.5
Burkina Faso             ..    .      .     .      .     .      .      .     .      .     .     -6.7
Burindi                  1     4      5     6      5     7      7      4     6      6     6     12.3  2.6    4.0
Cameroon                 I     3      0      ..    0     ..     0      0     ..     .     .    23.2  -32.4
Cape Verde               0     0      0     0      0     0      0      0     0      .     .
Central African Republic..            .      .     .     ..     .      ..    .      .     .
Comoros                  0     0      0     0      0     0      0     -0     0      .     .
Congo, Democratic Rep, of  1   3      2      1     2     2      1      2     I      1     1     -8.5  -4.9   -7.0
Congo. Republic of       .      .     .      .     .      .     .      .     .      .     .
C6te d'Ivoire            0     ..     .      .     .      .     0      0     0      0     0
Equatorial Guinea        0     0      0     0      0     0      0      0     0      ..    .
Eritrea                  0     0      0     0      0     0      0      0     0      ..     .
Ethiopia                ..     .                   .     0      0      0     0      0     0
Gabon                    0     0      0     0      0     0      0      0     0      ..    .
Gambia, The              .            ..                 ..     0      0     0      0     0
Ghana                    ..    .      .      .     .     .      .      0     .      0     0
Guinea                   0     0      0     0      0     0      0      0     0      ..     .
Guinea-Bissau            0     0      0     0      0     0      0      0     0      ..     .
Kenya                  84     166    176   172   199    177    259   261    199   264   246     6.7   8.4    4.9
Lesotho                  0     0      0     0      0     0      0      0     0      . 
Liberia                  .     ..     .      ..    0     0...                ..     ,   
Madagascar               0     0      0     0      0     0      0      0     0      0     0       .. -54.8  42.4
Malawi                  31     41    37     37    35     35    32     32     40    41    30     3.8   -0.2   -1.3
Mauritania               0     0      0     0      0     0      0      0     0      -.    .
Mauritius                4     4      4      5     4     4      3      I     0      0     0     8.2   -7.0  -33.8
Mozambique              30     1      1      1     0     0      0      0     0      0     0     -0.2  -48.5  -8.1
Narnibia                 0     0      0     0      0     0      0      0     0      ..     .
Nigeria                  ..    0      0     0      .     ..     0      0     0      0     0      .      ..   16.7
Rwanda                   7     12    13     13    12     5      3      3     10    12     10    8.5    8.0  -5.8
S8o Tom6 and Principe    0     0      0     0      0     0      0      0     0      ..    .
Senegal                  0     1      .     ..     .     .      .      .      .     ..    0     -8.6  281.6
Seychelles              0      ..     0      ..    0     0      0      0     0      0     0     -7.6   ..    -1.9
Sierra Leone             0     0      0     0      0     0      0      0     0      ..    .
South Africa             2     1      1      1     1     1      1      1      1     3     5     44.8  13.6   11.0
Sudan                    0     0      0     0      0     0      0      0     0      ..    .
Swaziland                .     ..     .     ..     .     ...           ..    0      0     0
Tanzania                13     15    18     20    20    22     22     22     22    22    21     2.6    1.2   5.0
Togo                     ..    0      0      .     ..    0      .      .     .      .     .
Uganda                   I     5      7     8     10     II    II     15     18    19     22   -28.0  11.3   19.3
Zamnbia                 ..     0      0     0      .     ..     0      0     0      0     0       .     ..   28.0
Zimbabwe                 6     12    II     6      8     10     9     12     13    II    16     10.5   5.4   2.5
*NORTH.IAFlJCA  _   _ _   .     0      Ct     u     0     0      Ci    C'     u      0     0           870u  161J
Algeria                  .      .     .      ..
Egypt, Arab Republic    ..     0      0     0      0     0      0      0     0      0     0      .      ..   29.6
Morocco                 ..     0      0     0      0     0      0      0     0      0     0      .      ..   48.0
Tunisia   _______        ..     .     ..     .     ..    0      0      0     0      0     0              _.  .  34.2
ALLAFRICA   .182               26'   27"   271    298    274   348    354   312    380   35'1    3 8   4 9    3 8



External Sector                                            101
5-30., Sugar exports
Average annual
Thousands o/metric tons                           percentage growth
1980   1990   1991  1992   1993  1994   1995   1996   1997   1998  1999   75.84  85-89  90-MR
SLIB-SAHARAN AFRICA    2.148  2,441  2.068  1.627  1.259  1,741  1,604  2.356  2,614  2.760  21.476_  0 8  21 n  I 
excluding South Africa  1.362  1.469 .  1.356  1.341  1.118  1.422  1.215  1.523  1,610  1.527  1.338  3 1  u   0 17
excl S Afica&&Nitena  L____  .4'62  1.469  1.36  1,343  1.118  1.422  1,215  1.523  1.610  1.527  1-338  I  u  U  u 7
Botswana                 0      0      0      0     0      0      0      1     1      I     1    -14.0  65.9   33,4
Burkina Faso             2      .      ..     .     ..     ...           .     ..     .     ..    91.6
Bwrundi                  ..     0      0     10     ..     0      0      4     0      1     2       .     ..   27.3
Camseroon                9      0      2            I.     0      I      7     1      1      1    42.1  -24.4   3.7
Cape Verde..                    .      ..     .     ..     .      ..     .
Central African Republic       ..      0      .     .      0      0      0     0      0     0       .     ..    -5.5
Comoros                  0      0      0      0     0      0      0      0     0      ..     .
Congo, Dermocratic Rep. of..    .      ..     .     .,.                  .*
Congo, Republic of       0     26     23     29     18    II     14"     7    37     2 1    25"   -1.3"  - 14.0"  0.3"
03te dlvoire             I 1   23     40     23    39     33     12     29    31      6     18   142.4  -18.9  -63
Djibouti                 .             0      .     ..     .      ..     .     ..    10     10
EquatorialGCuinea        0      0      0      0     0      0      0      0     0      ..    .
Eritrea                  ..     .      .      .     .      0      .      .
Ethiopia                I...           .      .     5      5      .
Gabon                    2      ..     8      7     0      .      .      .     .      .9.3
Gambia, The              .      .      .      .     .      .      .      .     .
Ghana                   I.      .      .      .     .      .      .            0      0     2
Guinea                   0      0      0      0     0      0      0      0     0
Guinea-Bissau            .      .      .      .     .      .      .      .     .      .     .
Kenya                   56      0      0    104    50    112     13     52    31      2     5     19.0  -15.5  61.9
Lesotho                  0      0      0      0     0      0      0      0     0      ..     .
Madagascar              26     47     21     17     11    24     15      7     1      1     7     -1.1  19.9   -29.6
Malawi                  92     62     51     22    26     34     66     55    30     72    30     13.9  -5.4   -1.0
Mauritania               0      0      0      0     0      0      0      0     0      ..     .
Mauritius              618     578   551    598    535   519    524    773    575   602    534    -0.7   4.4   -0.1I
Mozambique              64     1 8    25     52    ..     52     54     25    59     20     ..   -12.8   -8.1   8.3
Narnibia                 0      0      0      0     0      0      0      0     0      ..     .
Nigeria                  ..     0      0      0     0      ..     0      0     0      0     0       ,     ..    3.6
Rwanda                   0      0      0      0     0      0      0      0     0      ..     .
Slo Tome and Principe    0      0      0     0      0      0      0      0     0      ..    .
Senegal                  0      3      0      0     0      0      0      ..    0      0     0    -34.3  244.7  -19.9
Seychelles               ..     .      .      .     .      0      ..     .            0     0
Sieffa Leone             .      .      .      .     .      .      .      .     .      .     .
South Africa            786   971    712    284    141   318    390    833   1,005  1,233  1,138  -2.7   6.2    5.0
Sudan                   ..     65     49     54    39    136     20     49    80    127     76     -.     .     5.5
Swaziland               300   425    492    379    363   279    275    241    466   345    395     9.2   1.5   -2.2
Tanzania                 13    22      ..    11    11     11     II     12     13    22     12    33.4   0.9    0.5
Togo                     .      ..     0      0     0      ..     0      0     0      0     0       .     ..    -1.0
Uganda                  I.      .      .      .     .      .      .      .     .            5
Zamnbia                 ..      2      4     26    II      7     50     69    63     87    50     60.8  -21.0  47.4
Zimnbabwe  ___169              197    89     12   -0     201    160    192    219   207    165     3.9  -7.3-Z  14.0
R __R_f ________       213     6      25     1            7   ~  6      4           -                    l     23
A lgeria                              13-               _   _ _   _  _   .- - -  -._                   _ -. _ _ _
Egypt, Arab Republic     10     2      8      1     1      7      6      4     0      2     0    -12.4  134.0  -26.8
Libya                    0      0      0     0      0      0      0      0     0      ..     .
Morocco                  ..     0      0      0     0      0      ..     0     0      0     ...         -17.5  39.7
Tunisia                 13      3      4     0      0     0       0      ..    0      0     0    -28 6  -44.5  -11.2
AkLL AFRICA           21.171  2.446  2.0Ni3  1,628  1.260  1,748  1,610  2.360  ,1  2.'62          1) ~  4  27   1 9



102                                              External Sector
5-31. Tob~acco exjpoirts
Average annual
Hundreds of metric tons                            percentage growth
1980   1990   1991   1992  1993   1994   1995    1996  1997   1998   1999   75-84  85-89  90-MR
~SIUB-SAHARAN AFRICA    1.177  2.259  2.494  2.817  3.1641  4.414  3.1 lb  3.669)  3.364  3.83  3.08')  30   0 4     8
e"cluding Southi Afnca  1.705  2.179  2.404  2,736  3.0?0  4.244  3,(004  1.581  3.243  3.678  2.93u  3 2   0i2    5 8
excI S Afnca &_Nigena  1.705  2 178  2.4t)3  2.'31  3.n68  4.241  3.003  3.573  3.240  3.b'7  2.928   32    02C    5 8
Benin                     0      .      .      .      ..    .       ..            .     .      .    -36.9
Botswana                  I      0      0      0      0     0       0      I      1     1      I     32.5  -1.9   21.7
Burkina Faso              .      .      .      .      .      .      .      .     .      .      .
Burundi                          7     II     11    _10     4       0 _    2     0      1      0       ..  89.6   A43.2
Cameroon                 21      8      7      7      6     1       3      ..     I     I      2     -7.9  -11.6  -19.5
Cape Verde                0      0      0      0      0     0       0      0     0
Central African Republic  8      0      I      I      1      1      2      I      1     1      1     -8.6  -2.0    4.3
Comoros                   0      0      -0     0      0     0       0      0     0
Congo, Democratic Rep. of..      .      ..     .      .      .      ..     .     ...
Congo, Republic of        I      -.     .      .      .      .      .      .     .       .     .    -23.6  -46.4
C8te dIvoitre             0      I      .      0      .     ..      2      2      1     1      1     -2.6    ..    10.4
Djibouti                  0      0      0      0      0     0       0      0      0     .
Equatorial Guinea         0      0      0      0      0     0       0      0    -0      .      .
Eritrea                   0      0      0      0      0     0       0      0     0       .     -
Ethiopia                  0      0      0      0      0     0       0      0      0     ..     .
Gabon                     0      0      0      0      0     0       0      0      0
Gamnbia, The              .      ..     .      .      .     .       I      I      I     I 
Ghana                     ..     3      3      2      3     5       2      7      4     2      3    -33.6  -12.6   5.6
Guinea                    0      0      0      0      0     0       0      0      0     ..     .
Guinea-Bissau             .      .      .      .      .      .      .      .      .      .     .
Kenya                     0      0     19     48     56    29      30     76     5 1    50    44     9.8   31.8    35.0
Lesotho                   0      0      0      0      0     0       0      0      0     .      .
Liberia                   0      .      .      .      .      .      .      .             .     .      3.3
Madagascar                I      ..     0      0      0     0       4      4      1     ..     0    -11.2   -6.9   -0.1I
Malawii                 611    874    982    973    957    983    980   1,121  1,168  1,296   930    8.4   -3.3    4.7
Mauritania                0      0      0      0      0     0       0      0      0
Mauritius                 ..     .      .      .      .     0       0..           .      ..
Mozamnbique               .      .      .      .      .      .      .      .      .      .     .
Narnibia                  0      0      0      0      0     0       0      0      0
Niger                     3      9      ..     .      .     .       .      .      .     4      4     39.9
Nigeria                   ..     I      I      5      2     4       2      9      3     2      2       .     ..    14.9
Rwanda                    0      0      0      0      0     0       0      0      0     ..     .
Sdo Tom6 and Principe     0      0      0      0      0     0       0      0      0     ..     .
Senegal                   ..     3      0      0      1      1      1      I      2     2      4       .     ..    8.6
Seychelles                0      0      0      0      0     0       0      0      0     ..     .
Sierra Leone              ..     1      2      7      2     2       2      2      2     2      I       .   23.3    -1.8
South Afiica             72     80     90     81     94    169    112     88    121    145    159    -1.8   7.0    5.8
Swaziland                 2      0      0      0      1      1      1      I      0     0      0    -17.4  -22.6  -25.9
Tanzania                 83     71     80    127    106    154    171    249    279    264    214    -7.4   6.4   16.0
Uganda                    3     23     25     23     41     41     35     31     48    72     47     -8.6  -20.7  18.1
Zaimbia                  26     20     13     25     41     30      9     34     31    38     36    -13.6   0.0   10.0
Zimbabwe                930   1,158   1,261  1,50-5  1,843  2,989  1,760  2,042  1,650  1,941  1,639  3.9   2.3    5.3
NORTH AY__ F__A                         Ii_iu 1  7     7            12   -4        6     5      3      601..7.72%   8;
Egypt, Arab Republic     ..      I      ..     0      0     0       ..     0      .      .
Morocco                   ..     .      .      3      3      I      0      .      ..    0      .
Tunisaa     __      _  _  15     9     11      4      4     8      12 _  _4  _    6  _  5      3 ___26.9__  -5.4  _-5.5
41-L AFRTI-CA           I 792  2 269  2.505  2.825  3.I'l  4.323  3.128  3.674  3.31 1  3.828  3.0')2  3(1   u 4    57



External Sector                              103
5-32. Meat exports
Average annual
Hundreds of metric tons              percentage growth
1980  1990  1991  1992  1993  1994  1995  1996  1997  1998  1999  75-84  85-89  90-MR
SUB-SAH-ARAN AFRICA  1.436  730  839  928  1.281  1.153  1,417  1.3210  1,046  1.158  833  -6.8  -8 8  118
excludmg South Africa  895  648  754  837  1,133  1.068  1.113  978  905  965  641  -7 2  -& 8  22
c'xcl S Africa &Nigerta  -- - 95  647  754  _836  1.133  1,068  1.113  978  905  965  64l  -7 2  -8 8  2 2
Botswana          249  209  256  240  279  250   241  201  228  217  168   -0.8  -8.6  -2.2
Burkina Faso       3    ..    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    4.6  -52.2
Burundi            0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0    0    .    ...
Cameroon           0    0     ..   .    .    0    ..   0    ..        .   -53.6  -61.3
Cape Verde         .     .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    ,    .
Central African Republic  20            .*.            .    ..   .    ..  -19.8
Chad                    4     2    2    2    2    2    2    2    2    2   -37.5  14.5  -1.9
Comoros            0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0    0    ..   .
-Congo, Democratic Re4p. ~Of - .  . .  . .   .    .     .   .     .   .
Congo,Republic of  0    ..    .    .    0    1    0    0    0    0    0     .    ..  10.0
C6ted'Ivoire       2    .     .    .    ..   0    0    0    0    0    0   11.9
Equatorial Guinea  0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0    0
Eritrea            0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0    0    .    .
Ethiopia           .    ..    .    ..   0    2    6    6    6    6    6     .    ..  42.4
Gabon              ..   .     .    .    .    0    0    0    0    0    0
Gambia, The        .     .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
Ghana              ..   .     ,    .    .    .    .    0    ..   0 
Guinea             0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0    0    ..   .
Guinea-Bissau      .     .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
Kenya              16   20   28    6   10   11    8    II   12   12   12  -11.6  -54.6  0.7
Madagascar         72   1     5   17   22   30   49    24   8    1    0   -16.0  -61.1  -5.5
Malawi             ...             .    ..   0    .    ..   0    0    0     .. -61.0
Mauritania        ..    .     .    .    .    0    .    .    .    .
Mauritius          0    6     4   16   32   65   69    45   52   32   11   13.7  44.6  19.2
Moza-mbique        ..   .     .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    9.6  _ .
Namnibia          306  286   350  360  438  459  425  391  265  372  132   5.1  5.8  -3.6
Niger              0    0     ..   .    .    .    .    .    .    0    0   -20.1
Nigeria            ..   0     .    I    0    ..   .    ..   .    ..   .
Rwanda             0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0    0
SAo Tom6 and Prinicipe  0  0  0    0    0    0    0    0    0    .
Senegal            3    1     0    I    1    1    0    0    1    1    1    3.1  -18.2  -6.1
Seychelles         ..   .     .    .    .    .    .    0    0    ..   .
Sierra Leone       .     .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
Somalia            10   ..    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .   40.8
South Africa      542   82   85   91   148  84   304  342  141  193  192   -7.0  -9.2  13.3
Sudan              0    .     ..   7   61   40   65   134  169  134   78  -12.0  ..  36.8
Swaziland          35   10   15    4   10   10    9    10   16   21   22   -5.1  -53.1  23.7
Tanzanma           2    43    .    ..   .    ..   .    ..   I    I    1   -37.0
Togo               .    ..    0    0    .    ..   0    0    0    0    0     .    ..  10.4
Uganda             ..   .     .    .    .    .    .    .    .    0    0
Zamnbia            0    0     1    0    1    1    1    1    1    1    I   -11.8  51.9  6.2
Zimbabwe          175   66   91   183  275  195  238  151  143  164  205  -16.5  -19.4  9.2
NORrHA.FRICA  ~~~  ~~ ~~34  5412 .5  39  24  17    13  18   19   IS   2-22  19 8  . 5.6
Algenia            0    .   .0     .    ..   .    ..   0    ..   .    .   -58.2
Egypt, Arab Republic  1  56  II1  43   37   21   14    10   14   11   7    -0.4  60.4  -11.8
Morocco            32   0     0    0    I    2    2    2    3    3    5    -2.5  -19.9  64.8
Tunisia   _  _I         I     I    2    1   -2    1    1    2  ~ 5    6   _ -6.5  -9.8  18.1
ALL AFRICA  1___   .4'71  789  851  973  1,320  1.177  1.434  1.133  1l,u64  1.17'  851  *_6 7_  .8 5  3 5



104                                                       External Sector
5-33. Manufactured goods exports
Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices)                           Annual Average
1980    1991    1992    1993    1994     1995    1996    1997    1998    1999    2000    75-84   85-89   90-MR
SLrB SAH kRAN AFRICA        .l.323~  10.421  10.02?  10.356  1 i.685  14.590  14.466  15.34o  16.011  15.816  i18232  3.2 70  7.465  13.392
e%duding Sodlh Afrnca        775    4.106  4.374   4,384   4.891    6.086   6.261   5,891   5.841   5.198   5.71 5    6'0    MM10    5.264
exci S Afnca & Nigena       7175    4.321    338   4345    4.844    6.0 I t  6.215  5,852   5.701   5.1 71  5,684  ~   100   3.093   5.2117
Angola ----                           56 -6-6       63        72      78      105     101  -62        75      132      ..      89      79
Benin                         ..       0       0       0       0       0       0       .                .      .        0       0       0
Botswana                      ..       .       .       .       .       .        .      0       0       0       0        ..              0
Burkina Faso                   .       .       .       .       .       .       .        .      .        .      .
Bunundi                        1       4      1 1      9       5       7       4        I      0       1       1        3       8       4
Cameroon                     96      268     241     227     204     259     302      291    423     399     381       8 1    232     _305
Cape Verde                    ..       I       I       1       2       6       0       0       0       0       0                I.  I
Central African Republic               0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0        ..      0       0
Chad                                   0       1       0       0       1       2        1     27      29       ..       5       4       6
Comoros                                0       0       0       0       0        0      0       0       0       0        0       0       0
Congo. Democratic Rep. of     ..     297     163      93     140     225     305       .                .      ..       .       .      204
Congo,Republic of             0       26      25      20      13      23       1 7     16      10     1 2     12        6      40      19
C6te d'lvoire                 ..     988    1,037    956    1,012   1,294   1,329   1,210   1,179   1,309   1,299     672     841    1,160
Djiboun                       -.       .       .       .       .      26      27       29     39      46      46        -.      .       36
EquatorialGuinea               .       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0        0       0        0
Eritrea                        .       ..      1      16      21      31       4       21  ~   7                                -..  ..  20
Ethiopia                               0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0        ..      0       0
Gabon                         ..       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0        0       0        0
Gamnbia, The                   .       .       .       .       .       .       .        .      . 
Guinea                        ..       0       0       0       0       0        0      0       0       0       0        ..      0       0
Guinea-Bissau                  .       .-                      .-                                               .-
Kenya                        177     171     144     230     224     298      290     283     220    238     252       128    127      226
Lesotho                       ..       .       .       .       .     136      130     228     163     48      56        .       .      127
Madagascar                     ..    159     180     183     237     335      356     342     402    478     486       44      72      300
Malawi                        ..      23      28      32      39      49      69       74     63      56      56        ..     40       47
Mauritius                    116     804     861     887    1,004   1,104   1,098   1,034   1,135   1,171   1,177      125    512~    1,006
Mozambique                    ..      40      14       7       3       5        8      20      14      14      14       0       0       IS5
Namibia                      158     394     501     500     579     618      540     525     595     575     522      169    236      522
Niger                         ..       0       0       0       0       0        0       0      0       .                0       0        0
Nigeria                       ..      85      36      40      47      70      47       40     140     27      30         .     34       57
Rwanda                        ..       2       2       7       2       4        5      1 8     10      16     42        4       4       10
S5o Tom6 and Principe..                .       .       .       .       .        .       .      .       .        .
Senegal                      136     213     190     164     201     254      250     254     258    242     241       171    157      223
Seychelles                    ..      12      13      II      17      18       34      57     60      63      67        0       5       33
Sierra Leone                  ..       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0        0       0       0
South Africa               3,548   6,021   5,653   5,972   6,794    8,504   8,205   9,455  10,170  10,018  12,517    2,600   4,358   8,128
Swaziland                     ..      13      26      56      52      66      87      81      76      69      67        ..     20      54
Tanzania                     91       74      64      52      77     109      123     III      30     22      34       54      56       70
Togo                          ..     145     128      75      60      86      78       74      78     79      73       66      92      93
Zambia                        ..      46      62     103     129     155      168     180     194     189     163      101     47      132
Zimbabwe                      ..     587     579     652     750     829      846     900     655    640      567     319     495      689
NORTH AFRCA                   22     587     614     .3     _7.118    .89     .71     .24     .63    I'71   1.2       1.0 39  2.851   8.140
Algeria                       ..     226     213      68      28      30      31       40     42      46      81        7     105      97
Egypt, Arab Republic          ..    1,163   1,461   1,167   1,127   1,655   1,314   1,302   1,685   2,080   2,845       ..    868    1,555
Morocco                      387    2,374  2,612   2,710   3,010    3,754   3,673   3,802   3,932   4,087   3,997     320    1,093   3,291
-Tunisia          ____       905    2,085 2,432     2,8     3 012   _O..75 ...3.742  3_      4,033   4,058  -4,005 __  718    ,133 ....3198
ALL AFRICA -     -___       5.615- 16.274   16.75 _16.689   18.863  23.779  23.127  24.170  25,703  26.08-Y  Z9.159  -4.709  10.3-16  21.53Ž



External Sector                                           105
5-34. Manufactured goods exports, growth
Average annual
Percent                                 percentage growth
1980  1991   1992  1993   1994  1995   1996   1997  1998   1999  2000 75-84 85-89 90-MR
SLFB7.SAI-AR.4N AFRICA         30    -1     4 O  I I     44    QA     51    0,6    4 2  _25 6  14 3  '.In  '7
c diidn   Soi tAfln6ca:: x  ....s;:   31 -2  *i;  401~   .f~  44  9.6  5. :  u 6  4.2  -25.6  44.3  27,2..i -3.7
eN,l S Ah.ca & M.eriu         2     -I u   3.9   II1. I        "I    52    -.      .   -.7   4.3   2;.   38
Angola           ..   ~~~~~  ~~~~~~12.6  -6.3  28.3  12.0  -4.9  4.7  -0.6  -20.1  8.2  1.8  9.4  -0.3
Burkina Faso             .     .      .     .     .       ,     .      ,     .     .      .    .     . 
Burundi                  ..  -15.1  185.4  -19.2  -39.1  19.1  -36.3  -87.7  3.0  2.2   6.2   ..    0.3  -22.9
Cameroon               21.3  -16.0  1.1   -0.4  -4.6    -5.5  21.1   5.6    2.7  20.0    5.0  13.0  0.7  2.4
Cape Verde               .     .      .     .     .       .     .      .     .     .      .
Central African Republic..            .     ..    .             .     .      .     ..     .
Chad                          1.1   -2.9  -4.5   -0.8  22.6   14.0   0.0    5.0   6.1    ..    .     .   4.7
Comoros                        ..     .     .     .       .     .      .  100.0  50.0   33.3
Congo, Democratic Rep, of  .    .     .     .     .       .     .      .     .     .      .
Congo, Republic of       ..   0.3    0.3  -33.3  0.0    0.0    0.0   0.0    0.0   0.0   0.0    .     ..  -4.4
C6te dIlvoire            ..   -7.4   5.5  -7.3   19.7   1.2   11.5   2.0    6.0   7.1   7.1   ..    0.7  5.0
Djibouti                                                 ..   -0.2   1.1   31.4  14.9   -2.9
Equatorial Guinea..            .
Eritrea                  .     .
Etliiopia..                    .
Gabon..                        .
Gamnbia, The..                 .
Ghana..                        .
Guinea                   .      .
Guinea-Bissau ...               .
Kenya                    ..  10.3   -8.3   7.0   10.2   9.4   18.8   5.2    2.9   7.7   5.9   ..   -9.1  7.9
Lesotho                  .     ..     .     ..     .     ..   -2.1  80.0  -27.0  -69.5  18.2
Madagascar               ..   5.6   12.2   5.3  23.6   42.0   12.8   11.2  17.9  19.6  -2.2   ..   11.3  16.5
Mauritius                ..   6.1   7.4    9.5   1.0    5.0    5.0   5.0    0.1   2.5     .    ..  14.9  5.6
Mozambique               ..  45.1  -66.6  -49.5  -55.5  43.4  67.8  159.7  -28.3  -2.2  0.0    .     .. 25.2
Namibia                 ..    3.1   27.2  10.9   1.6    1.1   -8.3   -2.9  16.4   1.6  -78.3  ..    3.0  0.3
Nigeria                 ..    19.4  -59.7  11.6  14.4   38.3  -30.6  -10.0  260.3  -81.2  11.0  .    ..  -3.2
Rwanda                   ..  -23.9  16.5  -25.9  -38.8  175.0  -15.5  2.8   2.3  61.9   93.7  ..  -22.1  6.2
Sao Tome and Principe    .     .      .     .     .      .      .      .     .     .      .
Senegal                 ..   19.1  -48.3  12.7   14.0   -9.0  10.0   4.8    2.2   4.0   5.0   ,.    0.8  -1.2
Seychelles               ..  18.2   47.0  27.7  -61.0  33.2   -55.0  -100.0  .     ..     .    ..-8.6
Sierra Leone             .     .      .     .     .       .     .      .     .
Southt  Africa           .     .      .     .     .      .      .      .     .
Swaziland                ..  324.8  92.5  113.9  -10.4  19.9  38.6   0.1   -2.6  -8.3   0.1    ..28.1
Tanzania                 .     ..  -100.0  -19.0  48.1  41.8  12.5  -9.4   -73.2  -27.9  59.1  .     .. -56.7
Togo                    ..    -1.9  -164.5  192.4  -22.7  88.5  -94.3  1,063.5  29.6 ..   .
Zambia                  ..   32.4   28.9  67.3  19.9    11.3  13.5  12.5   12.2  -2.8  -15.9   .     ..  15.3
Zimbabwe                 ..   2,8    1.3   8.8   20.2  -4.6    5.1   14.9  -25.1  0.2  -9.1    .     ..  1.8
NORTHFIC                 2    -IS    o(     6    l3t    In?    .81    74    22 1  I v4  .      t    22.9. :5.2
Algeria                 ..   -34.0  8.7   -23.6  -57.6  -1.5   7.6   27.3   4.6   9.2     .    .. 100.0  -13.0
Egypt, Arab Republic    ..   -13.2  22.0  -21.9  -5.5  40.1   -20.9  -15.0  69.5  25.9  39.2   .     ..  6.0
Morocco                2.2    3.4    5.5   4.0   7.1   15.6    2.5   8.6    5.4   6.8   0.4   5.5  23.6  7.3
Tuinisia                      5.9~  -1.6  -4.0  34.9    8 5  _-tn(   16 4  21 0   5'                12   91I
A~LL  'ILFRlCT _  _   ...             2co   .2    12.5   11 5   H'    6 4    2~    sn    6t   2'')  26 C   In,



106                                                                     External Sector
5-35. Foocdlf Emports
Millions of U S. dollars (current prices)                                             Annual Average
1980       1991      1992      1993      1994      1995       1996      1997      1998      1999      2000      75-84     85-89     90-MR
SLID-SAHARAN AFRICA                5.455      5.420     5.9 )9    5.379     5.90 1     7,435     7.279     7,456     7.491     6.59      8.131       3.693    41922      6.606
excduding South Africa            4.522      4.454     4.991     4.429     4.485      5.479     5,437     5,806     5.8~9     5-374     6.128     21.859     3,950      5.161
exdJ S Affica & Nigenia           1.361      ).694     4,184     3.658     3.'47      4.419     4.508     4,587     4.462     3.858     4.370i       953     3.048      4,11)'
Angola                                ..        57      244       203       215        205        275       365         .         ..        ...                263       231
Benin.                                          99       117       113        85        134       136       130       138       128       135         80       141        118
Botswana                            109        265       347      316       289        305        293       307       322       340       364        121       140       307
Burkina Faso                          ..       104        90         0         0        70         86        7 1      III         .         ...                  .         70
Burundi                              18         15        1 1       19        30        29         1 1       1         1 0       1 1       1 1        1 9       1 4        1 5
Camw_eroon                            82        199       189       161       189       123        138       155       173       169       162         70       134        168
Cape Verde                            0         4 1       75        53        65        79         75        78        50        53        55          0        25         60
Central African Republic                        28        30        25        23        29         22        20        23        23        1 8        20        26         25
Chad                                             7         0         6        25        22         2 1       18         4         4         ...                 16         12
Comoros                                         12       -13        10         9         18        12        20        18        1 8       1 5         8         8         14
Congo, Democratic Rep. of             .          .         .         .         .          .         .          .        .         .         .
Congo. Republic of                    0         3 1       34        36        15         16        18        1 9       20        21        23          10       23         24
C8te d'lvoire                       435       490        377      431        317       523        563       538       539       544       503        389       441       481
Djibouti                              ..         .         .         .         .        70         67        69        72        75        78           .        ..        72
Equatorial Guinea                     ..         .         .         .                    ..        .          .        .          .        .
En.trea                                 .         .        25        35        76        69         92        83        63        89         ...                   .        66
Ethiopia                              ..       152       131       167       126        181       103        17        28       100       116        126       219        109
Gabon                                 ..       157       174       166       166        181       191       189       166       138       142         142      151        165
Gambia, The                           ..        12        14        13         7          8         8         8         9         9         9           ..       7         10
Ghana                                 ..        39        38         ..        .          .         ..        .          .        .         ..-       39        48         39
Guinea                                ..         8        49        53        76        77         76        77        79        82        87           ..      12         62
Guinea-Bissau                          ..       21        32        25        17         26        25        31        17        31        34          16       14         25
Kenya                               109        149       156       145       173        117       199       401       312       189       278         89       123        204
Lesotho                                ..        .         .         .         .          0         0         0         0         0         0           .                   0
Madagascar                           89         35        58        51        79        67         60        49        54        46        67         87        42         56
Malawi                                          I 1       63         5        65         82        43        32        77        32        32          ..        3         41
Mali                                103        117        97        97        86        III       113       III       123       lOS       III         113       88        108
Mauritania                            ..       121       137       104        95        128       103       117       103        98       120         76       107        114
Mauritius                           165        201       219       235       287       330        350       320       339       299       291         133      146        279
_Mozamnbique                           ..         .         .         .         .        44         29        30        32        47        87           .        .         45
Namnibia                               .         ..        .         .         .          ..        .         ..         .        ..      396           .        ..       396
Niger                                  ..       31        22        22        16         18        19        27        36         ..        .           .       30         26
Nigeria                           3,161        760       807       771       738      1,060       929     1,219     1,397     1.516     1,758       1,906      902      1,054
Rwanda                                ..        35        29        59       218         56        51        54        57        35        47         27        31         61
Sao Tomt and Principe                 .          6         6         7         7          7         6         5         5         5         5           8        7          6
Senegal                             210       362       363       348       310        394        395       336       348       336       305        246       243        351
Seychelles                            ..        33        40        46        42        47         63        88        85        75        76          17       25         57
Sierra Leone                          ..        53        58        57        52        66        110        41        36        28        66         39        49         55
South Africa                        933       965       948       950      1,416      1,956     1,842     1,650     1,632     1,585     2,003        835       972      1,445
Sudan                                 ..      275        166      205        181       215        232       238       264       276       340        219       189        238
Swaziland                            42         97       110       135       136       202        172       170       169       163       156         32        49        146
Tanzania                              ..        32        25        58        97        97         54        57       169       200       176         96        86         93
Togo                                  ..       156       131        82        75        96        149       209       212         .         ..       118       137        141
Uganda                                 .         .         .         .         .
Zambia                                 .         ..      258        50        55        98         25        12       108         0         9         24        16         62
Zimbabwe                               ..      245       257       121        43        78        119        84 __     90     _88_         54___      77-       28 -_     127
NORTH AFRICA            3.100     ~~~~~4-.626  5-.4-31  5,364    5."-li    7.766      7.034     7.192     7.'14     6 142     5.135      2,484     4,242      6.193
Algeria                           1,992      1,894     2,127     2,092     2,206      2,762     2,601     2,544     2,657     2,609     2,465       1,558    2,102      2,372
Egypt, Arab Republic                  ..     1,802     1,979     1,878     1,982     2,760      2,513     2,885     3,194     1,799     1,395           ..   1,999      2,228
Morocco                             720        594       895      978        817      1,373     1,298     1,072     1,191     1,177     1,338        594       512      1,029
Tunisia                             388        336       430       417       537       871        622       691       705       557       538        333       428        564
ALL AFRICA ______                   8.5 55   10.1)451  11.369    10.743    11,442     15.201     14.313    14,648    15.23'    1).101    13.8o7      6.177    1).Io      1?.799.



External Sector                                                                       107
5-36. Food imports, growth
Average annual
Percent                                                     percentage growth
1980      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997     1998      1999      2000   73-84    85-89  90-MR
SUFB-SAH{ARANAFRICA                61 3       -A2      19 3     -14.1      31       129        03       11 2     -33 9     -3 1       25     2    1   -3 3    -_3
*excluding Souih.Affica            61 3      -3.2      19.3    -14 1       3.1      12.9       03       I 1.2   -3 39      -3.1       2 5    22 1     4~ I    -~ I
e xci_S.Afnca &Nigeria             76 5      -_85  --23 7      .17-0      78         8.1        58       .1A2-  -42        -3 1       25     26 3     78       1 6
Angola                              ..      79.9     340.6    .12.6       2.5     -13.2      34.2      47.1        .         ..        .       ..   -12.7     7.3
Burkina Faso                         .         .         .         .        .         .         .         .        .         .        .
Bunwidi                             ..       0.2      -0.3     75.5      61.3      -4.0     -62.2       2.8     -9.6       4.0       4.6      ..     3.3     -0.5
Camneroon                          0.8      35.3      -6.8    -17.2       9.5     -27.6      -3.8      20.6      9.5     -10.1       1.6    -0.9    20.2     -1.4
Cape Verde                           ..      9.8      78.5    -27.7      11.9      12.5      -8.4      11.0    -35.0       3.5       3.1       .       ..     2.3
CentralAfricanRIepublic                    -19.1       1.4    -16.9     -11.4      19.4     -26.5      -7.7       9.4     -3.9     -21.1       .       ..    -6.8
Chad                                         2.0     -89.5    500.0      25,0     -12.8      -0.3      -1.9      2.8       1.2        ..       .        .    -0.3
Comoros                                     17.4       1.5    .12.6      32.7      77.9     -30.5       1.0       1.5      2.0       3.5      ..     5.3      5.7
Congo, Democratic Rep. of           ..         .         .        .         .      62.8      50.1         .        .         ..        .
Congo, Republic of                   ..      1.9     -16.5     32.2      10.9      -1.1      -0.7       9.6       7.6      3.0       3.5       .     -6.'5    4.1
Cdte dlIvoire                        .       2.5     -25.8      13.0    -26.1      52.6        1.5      7.1       5.0      4.0      -2.0       .       ..     1.4
Djibouti                             .         ..        .        ,.        .         ..      -7.3     -1.5      0.9       1.5      -0.1I
Equatorial Guinea                    .         .         .         .        .         .         .         .        .         .        .
Gambia,The                          ..      23.0       8.0    -11.6    -41.9        3.6      -1.8      -1.7       1.3      1.6       2.0      ..       .     4.4
Ghana                                ..      2.7       4.3      5.5       4.2       5.4       7.7      -0.7       7.3      6.0       4.1      ..     8.4      4.6
Guinea                              .,     -34.3     513.8     12.8      38.7      -7.4       0.0      -2.0       5.3      5.8       5.2      ..     7.8     21.0
Guinea-Bissau                        ..     37.2      43.8    -21.4     -15.6      61.3      -7.9      20.2    -44.9      87.3      11.4       .       ..     6.7
Kenya                                ..    -37.6     112.6    -41.6     186.6     -59.6      66.3      97.6    -20.7      -3.2      -1.5      ..    22.4     11.3
Madagascar                           .     -40.6      61.7    -17.5      53.4     -26.2     -19.9      -8.8     22.0     -22.2      -9.1      ..    -17.0    -2.8
Malawi                               ..    161.0     354.3    -90.5     967.9      23.5     -47.9     -30.5      56.2     -8.6      -1.7       .       ..    20.6
Mali                               2.1      11.1     -20.9       1.9     -8.7      13.3       11.3      7.5      11.4    -10.2      23.5     6.7    -17.6     3.9
Mauritania                          ..   .-4.5        12.3    -22.4      -5.1     -19.4       4.6      -6.1      11.9     -9.0      52.0      ..     -3.0    -2.8
Mauritius                            .,      5.8       6.9      8.0       6.0       2.5       8.0       7.5       3.5      3.0       3.0      ..    -11.1     5.8
Mozambique                           .         ..        .                  .         ..    -39.4       4.3        .         .         .
Nigeria                           59.2      19.0       5.3     -3.0     -11.7      31.3     -17.1      39.8        ..        .         .    20.0   -27.0      7.9
Rwanda                              ..       5.4       1.5      0.9       5.1       8.1      12.2     -10.8     -12.7     -3.8      -6.6      ..    -11.6     0.7
Slo Tom6 and Principe               ..     -22.1      -1.9     23.6     -14.2       2.9     -24.9     -14.6      25.7     -6.9     -13.4      ..    20.0     -5.2
Senegal                             ..      11.4      -2.1      0.7     -15.3      -0.5        1.4     -5.8       5.6      0.7       3.9      ..      05     -0.5
Seychelles                          ..       1.5      14.4     27.2     -16.4      10.4      38.5      40.6       3.0      1.5       1.5      ..      6.3    12.2
Sierfa Leone                        ..      45.9       6.9      5.4     -11.6      16.3      64.9     -60.1      -5.5    -25.8     131.1      ..       .      08
South Africa                         .         .         .        .         .         .         .         .        .         .         .
Swaziland                           ..      -1.7      13.2     21.4       0.4      47.6     -15.4      -1.8      -1.2     15.2      -2.4       .       ..     7.1
Tanzania                             .         .         .                  .         ..     -6.4.1       ..        .        ..        .
Zambia                              ..         .         .     -80.3      0.7      64.0     -75.9    -47.3     864.4    -100.0         .       ..   -14.5   -63.3
Zimbabwe                            ..      13.1       3.2    -51.0     -65.7      71.9      59.4     -26.4      13.5      0.8    -40.8       ..    -12.7    -3.2
NOR rH AFRICA                       5.8      -8 U-    6I        -3.6      .10        16.5     I1 5       06       I i8')     -1_97 -.3-6.1  _ 9.9__   I        1 II
Algeria                             ..       3.5       8.6    -10.5       7.5     -12.0      -7.0     -10.6      12.4     -2.5        .        ..   10.0     -3.8
Egypt, Arab Rtepublic               ..     -19.1       9.8     -4.8       2.0      27.8     -15.3      14.1     21.1     -35.3     -13.3       .       ..    -0.1I
Morocco                            5.8       2.6      49.5     10.9     -22.9      53.6     -10.6     -12.2     23.1      18.4      17.8     3.6    -3.8      8.9
Tun-isia    ___      ___-355                          21 9      2 3  __211         35 2     -30 8      18 3       63   _  -9 7                       -44      1 8
k1LLAFRCA                          43 1      -6 4      171 3     73        '3 4     is3       -8 3       36       -2 3     -9 6     .25 3    16 7     8 8     -CiB



108                                                                     External Sector
5-37. Nonfood consumer goods imports
Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices)                                             Annual Average
1980      199)      1992      1993      1994       1995       1996      1997      1998      1999      2000      75-84     85-89     90-MR
SUIB.SAHkR.AN AFRIlCA              9.824     12.1 I1   12.85'    11.846    14.I'i8    18.(u20   17.745    16,99)8   15.740     9.363    lu.585      7.0      I(.6       1.6
eC%lddIng Sooth A".nca             1.618     1.127     5.997     4,94.     5.14 3    6.690      0.861     7,267     6,115S    6.04-     6.390      1.11'     4.38'      4.t9'4
exJ. S A6,ca & N,genb              I.61I11   5.127     5.997     4.974     5.143     6.690      6.861     7.2o7     6.115S    6.0441    6.390       1. 1 17  4.382      5.9-71
Angola                                ..      676      1,009      778       712       1,069     1,119     1,26..                  .         ...                328 -      897
Benin                                          107       126       121        92       144        146       140       148       137       145          ..       97        128
Botswana                            146       426       394       355       363        367        350       375       403       436       478        158       197       396
Burkina Faso                          ..       168       215         0         0        170       192       176       160        ...                              .       144
-Burundi                             53         36        45        33        28        28          8        19        49        -4        10         43        38         27
Camneroon                           136        131        68        89        76        64         74       179       244       402       432        222       262        170
Cape Verde                            0         57        60        57        65        85         91        81        45        48        49          0        43         62
Central Afilican Republic                       20        27        26        29         II1       32        5 1       IS       -13       -31         30        45         2 1
Chad                                           117       102       131        85        103       109       116       120       117         -.                 108        112
Comoros                                         40        49        41        36        35         28        22        17        17        IS5        25        29         30
Congo, Democratic Rep. of             .          .         .         .         .          .         .          .        .          .        .
Congo, Republic of                    0          2         3         3         5          5         7         9        28        36        82         26       212         1 7
C6t d'lvoire                        629        398       534      491        454       743        793       771       784       789       730        466       475       629
Djibouti                               ..                            .         ..       35         34        34        36        38        39                    ..        36
Equatorial Guinea                     ..        28        33        25        22        29         50        43        39_       49        49         21        27         36
Eritrea.                                                 198       109        95        28         59        80       174          .        ...                  ..       106
Ethiopia                                       168       174       189       183        176       254       272       256       365       293        116       140        228
Gabon                                          224       252       241        71         77        78        79        67        61        65        330       236        129
Gambia, The                                      I         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0         0           ..       0          0
Ghana                                          228       306         ..        .          .         .          ..                            .        80       125        231
Gui-nea                               ..       334       313       318       320       389        313       355       378       405       436          ..      259        355
Guinca-Bissau                          ..       10         7         5         6          7         7         9         9        10        10         I11        9          8
Kenya                               152        550       537       376      689       1,008       980       987     1,123     1,036     1,040        130       599        823
Lesotho                               ..         .                             .          0         0         0         0         0         0           ..0
Madagascar                             ..      155       188       209      236        299        309       353       363       417       434         89        90        284
Malawi                                ..        52        57        54        39        3 1        45        58        30        44        53           ..      42         46
Mali                                181        151       182       188       176        159       182       168       154       147       165         163       95        163
Mauritania                                      27        29        16        12         1 8       17        23        22        25       -12         23        32         20
Mauritius                            41        145       159       163       186       204        179       181       188       188-      181         35        87        173
Mozasnbique                           ..         .         .         .         .        140       137       137       147       216       175           .        ..       159
Namibia                                         ...                                                  ..                            .      501           .        .        501
Niger                                 ..         7        94        92       117       112        154       130       147         ..        .           .      113        114
Nigeria...                                                                     ....                                     .
Rwanda                                          46        92        88       158        69         7 1      120       105       133        95         31        46         96
S8o Tom6 and Principe                 ..         9        10       I11         9          7         8         6         6         5         8          1 5       9          8
S--enegal                            151       216       212        192       170       199        203       191       203       207       198        139       166        201
Seychelles                            ..        23        29        39        33        33         40        51        50        51        53           8       16         39
Sierra Leone                          ..        15        15        19        16         II        II         4         7         6        19          18       34         13
Somalia                                .         ...                           .          ...
South Afiica                      8,206      6,984     6,859     6,872     9,055     11,330    10,884     9,731     9.625     3,319     4,195      6,185     5,787      7,791
Sudan                                 ..       126         3         8        IS         17        64        64        72        72        43        120        88         53
S§waziland                           127    ~   42    ~    58      78 *g 46              32         39        41        43        41        40         86        75         46
Tanzania                              ..       179       274       293      237        355        268       323       272       357       376         71       117        280
Togo                                            19        27        16        22        27         29        28        14         .         .         61        89         23
Uganda                                 .         .         .         ..                                        .        .
Zambia                                ...                            .       167       199        200       125       121       128       125           ..152
Zimbabwe                               ..      115       121       119       173       205        183       203        77        76        93        303       198        134
NORTH AFRIA                          .14      5.1~4-    5 I i8    6. 25     7,6        -.6         .7        .2       7.454     8.4o9    I LA(OuJ    2.0&.3    4, 160     7A
Algena                    F~~~~17 85  1,485   1,617     1,373     2,027      1,757      1,037     1,095-    1,314     1,422     1,386      1,333     2,029      1,520
Egypt, Arab Republic                  ..       799       813     1,448     2,159      1,531       121     1,167       785     1,621     4,087          ..    1,252      1,345
Morocco                             334      1,337     1,414     1,366     1,525      1,853     2,037     2,134     2,418     2,481     2,701        288       580      1,863
Tunisia           -595                       1,523   ,895        1,3        ,5        2,621     2_8        ,2       2,937     2 95      2,825    __462         799      2,356
ALL AFJRICA                        12.538    17.255    s8.595    17.9'0    22.167     25.782    23.622    24.120    23.194    17.832   2'1 .585      9.384    14.329.   20,850:



External Sector                                                    109
5-38. Nonfood consumer goods imports, growth
Average annual
Percent                                       percentage growth
1980    1991   1992    1993   1994    1995    1996   1997    1998   1999    2000  75-84  85-89 90-MR
SliB.S.kHARAN' kFRICA-      -1I    -12.    17      '0. (  1132    82      9 2    'i 4   .188    i')          36 4   ?O0-   JIJ)
c%Iud,r,g S.-urh.Afia      -12    .1 2    157    *'      132     82      02     9~4   -I118     I co        I6     IT' I   u
e%~I SAI nci &.Nigeriai ___   12   .1 2   l1     '0L    132      82      92     ') 4   -1118    I~~           4    Iii    4'6
Angola                      ..    23.4    54.2  -19.0  -1 1.5   36.7     4.7    25.1     .       ..     .      ..  52.1  12.3
B3otswana..                         .       ..     ,       ..      .      .               .     ..
Burkina Faso                 .       .      .      .       .       .      .       .      .       .      .
Burundi                     ..    -18.4   9.2    -33.2  -46.6    0.2   -101.6  -5,796.8  259.1  -130.0  -120.4  .. -9.7  -15.6
Canieroon                -40.2    28.4    58.8  -25.5   69.5   -22.2    40.4    21.7   16.6    3.4     5.0  -3.7   -3.0O  14.9
Cape Verde                  ..    30.1    8.2    -4.5    -6.5   20.1    14.7    -8.7  -44.4    1.5     1.9     .     ..   -0.6
Central African Republic         -69.0    29.9   -1.4    8.2   -64.1   166.4    66.9  -72.7  -186.3  133.1     .     ..   -8.3
Chad                             -23.3    9.5   -20.4  -96.4   -313.0  183.6   -5.4     4.2    1.9      .
Comoros                           13.9    14.6   -9.5   27.5    -11.0   20.0     1.0    1.5    2.0     3.5    ..   -6.6   6.1
Congo, Democratic Rep, of    .       .      .       .      .       .       .      .      .       .      .
Congo, Republi.. of          ..    1.9   -16.5   32.2    10.9    -1.1   140.8  -22.9  -22.1    8.7    -3.1    ..    2.9   8.4
C6te dIlvoirec.                    2.5    22.8   -8.2    -8.4   48.7     5.0    4.7     4,5    4.0    -2.0     .     ..   6.5
Djibouti                     .       .      .       .      .       .    -7.1    -1.5    0.9    2.4    -0.1I
Equatorial Guinea            ..   38.1    -6.6   13.5    -8.5    18,6   71.3    57.6  157.1   -59.7  -27.2    L.15       18.9
Gamnbia, The                 ..  144.8   -60.9   -1.7   -5.2    -17.0   -6.2    4.9    -4.5    0.4    -2.1     .     ..   -6.5
Ghana                        ..   40.0    28.6   69.6   -30.7    4,8    10.3    0.9     7,3    6.1     4.1    ..   11.8  10.1
Gu i nea                     ..    3.8    -9.3    6.2    -3.0    10.6   -20.2   18,6    4.0    4.4     4.8     ..  12.1   0,5
Guinea-Bissau                .    -25.7  -32.3  -36.5    15.8    13.8   10.9    12.2    2.8    9.3     9.2     .     ..   -3.2
Kenya                        ..   -23.5   20.9  -25.3   70.4     -0.9   -19.5   7.1     4.6    0.3     0.2    ..    9.0   3.7
Mkadagascar                  ..     0.5    15.5   17.1    8.2    15.9     6.6   23.8     3.8   17.1    10.0    ..   -9.3  13.7
Malawi                       ..   -23.7    7.3   -5.4   -32.3   -35.3   66.0    45.9   -19.2  -8.9    18.0     .     ..   -3.2
Mali                       2.5    29.3    9.6     7.7   -9.5    -19.0   17.8    10.4  -119.4  -455.4  148.9  -3.4   9.9   2.8
Mauritania                  ..    -31.1    2.8  -46.9   -12.1    23.2    7.7    -7.1    4.3   -42.3  666.1     .. -10.9   -2.8
Mauritius                    ..   17.3    -3.3   -1.7    6.0     -1.8    5.0    4.0     3.0    4.0     2.5    ..   33.0   2.5
Mozambique                   ..     .       .      ..      .       .     1.5     4.3
Nigeria..                           .       ..     .       ...
Rwanda                       ..   11.5    3.9    -6.3    3.3   -45.0   -83.6   787.7   11.9   -13.2  -46.0    ..    0.1  -5.8
S8o Tom8 and Principe       ..   111.2    7.8    13.3  -20.2   -31.9    17.6    5.1   -57.9   152.8   27.8    ..   -9.4  -0.9
Senegal                      ..    5.1    -6.0   -8.8   -15.1    8.6     7.2    -1.2    7.9     5.2   -2.0    ..    7.7   -1 I
Seychelles                   ..   -10.0   18.3   47.0   -25.4   -1.6    34.6    24.0    3.0     1.5    1.5    ..   21.0   8.7
Sierra Leone                 ..    4.6   -4.8    34.3   -17.7   -38.2    4.1   -58.2   66.6    -8.0  189.4     .     ..   -6.6
South Africa                 .       .      .      .       .       .       .      .      .       ,      .
Swaziland                   ..     0.3    35.1   33.7   -41.0   -31.7   20.7     4.1    3.9    11.7    1.0     .     ..   -1.8
Tanzania                     .      ..      .       .      .       ,.    13.1     .
Uganda..                            .       ..     .       ..      ...            .
Zambia                      ,,      .       .      .       .     10.2    4.9   -33.9    0.0     6.0    0.4          ..    -5.7
Zimbabwe                     ,.   13.1     3.2    2.2   40.9     11.7    -6.2   15.5   -59.5    0.8   25.3    ..  -19.5   -0.4'
NORTH AFRICA    -            1 _- I  14 6  -1 4   16.2   31 0     -5 4   -23 3   1t'-    2 8    21 .    2 2    '8   -I' 
Algeria                     ..     14    -19     -9.3    73.2    17.    -1.    -27.0    5.5     7.       .     .   20.3   0.
Egypt, Arab Republic        ..   212.1     1.8   78.6   44.1    -3449  -92.6   858.0  -26.3   137.3  182.5     .     ..   19.7
Morocco                     1,5    6.2     1.3   -3.1    7.7     12.6    15.2    9.9   15.5     5.4   11.8  -4,9   21.0   9.3
Tunisia                           -so0    11 7    8 3    11 6    3 1     0 3     8 0    68      1 Q_                4 9   631
.lI AFICA                  -14      57     7        0    21 9     I 1    -6 8    I' 8   .9 6    11 i    I'   It       '



110                                                                   External Sector
5-39. ]FUiel impoirts
Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices)                                          AnnualAverage
1980      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998     1999      2000      75-84    85-89     90-MR
SUIB-SAHIAR.AN AFRICA            10.34'    10.031     9.506    9.575    11.4u9     13.241    14.440   15,766    15,205    7.157     9.1 12     7.189    8.170     1 .411
e%cluindg SouLh Africa           2.79-2    7.525     3.207    3.1l'4    3.2161    3.781     4.444     4.716     4,2'S6   4.281     5,476      l.'2-8   2.692      3.9'8
es,:I S Africa & Nigena ___      2.452     1.481     3.157     3.128    3.175     3,663     4.354     4.5721    4 153    4.129     5.298      1.4 58   2.63 5     3 Big
Angola                              ..         0    0             0         0         0         0         0         .        ..        ...                 00
Benin.                                        34       40        39        2?        43        54        48       64        59        80        34"       29        47
Botswana                            90       123       102      113        98        98       III       112       116      121       130         91       68       III
Burkina Faso                         ..       80        53        0         0        52        73        69       72         .         ...                 .        54
Buunmdi                             25        29       26        24        29        27        18        14       14        19        20        30        27        23
ateroon                          187         9         8        7         7       139       151       136      149        12       24         96        13        60
Cape Verde                           0         8         8        6         5        10         9         9         7       1 1       20          0        3         9
Central African Republic             .        1 6       16       IS        1 1       1 7       13        1 5       14       13        16         1 7      18        1 5
Chad                                          I 1        4        4        1 2       12        14        1 8       22       24        28         20       28        17
Comoros                                        6         7        6         6         8         4         4         4        5         5          5        4         6
Congo, Democratic Rep. of            .         .         .         .        .          .        .         .         .         .        .
Congo, Republic of                   0       196       104      162       367       187       215       225      216       221       229          2        9       205
CiSte dlvoire                      557       530      511       459       396       470       589       624      528       576       562       433       355       528
Djibouti                                                ..        .         .        14        14        14       II        1         12          .        .        1 3
EquatorialGuinea                    ..         3         4        3         3         3         5        1 1  1    I        1 3       1 3         5        5         7
Eritrea                              .         ..        I        I         2         7         6         7         6        ..        .          .4
Ethiopia                            ..       102       120      198       222       169       148       147       143      III       213        183      125       153
Gabon                                ..       10        12       1 1      161       173       221       217      216       162       177         44       33        125
Gwnbia, The                         ..         1        16       15         9         9        1 0       10        10       10        I I.                 9         1 1
Ghana                                ..      175       162      158       176       194       266       240      220       342       533        168      156       243
Guinea                              ..        68       69        73        69        82        87        90        86       93        99         ..       55        80
Guinea-Bissau                        .        10         5        3         6         8         9         9         6        7        10          9        7          8
Keniya                             852       385      412       407       333       401       448       519      532       527       850        456      343       480
Lesotho.                                       ..        .        ..        .         0         0         0         0        0         0          .        .         0
Madagascar                         159        7 1       72       85        72        81       106       117       102      124       214        123       60        105
Malawi                               ..       54       47        40        25        49        59        79        56       66        80         ..       38        55
Mali                               120        79       84        74        52        85       102       105        88      112       166         99       67        92
Matuitania                           ..       39       36        37        36        5 1       43        69        50       61       100         43       34        52
Mauritius                           87       132      -126      116       123       146       169       159       135      151       236         83       82       147
Mozambique                           ..        .         .        .         .        68        78        78        84      124        44         -.        .        79
Namibia                             -...                 .         -,       .          ...                .         .                 83          ...83
Niger                               ..        19        22       23        20        35        32        28        23        ..        .          .       19        25
Nigeria                            340        44       49        46        86       118        89       143       123      152       178        270       58        98
Rwanda                              ..        39       37        35        24        22        27        32        35       4 1       62         49       52        36
Sgo Tornfand Principe                ..        2         3        2         2         3         4         4         3        4         7          ..       0         3
Senegal                            276       148       150      124       142       138       176       191       156      197       280        272      170       169
Seychelles                          ..        38       33        34        32        30        43        50        47       45        47         26       23        40
Sierra Leone                        ..        26       24        22        29        24        23        Is       25        21        29         45       25        25
South Africa                     7,555     6,506     6,390    6,401     8,148     9,460     9,997    11,050    10,929    2,877     3,636      5,461    5,478      7,433
Sudan                               ..       356      225       249       230       225       306       293      256       184       137       351       230       246
Swaziland                           99        95       108       91        4         78       15        149       126      121       117         57       71       104
Tanzanma                             ..      189       142      101       124       186       189       194       129      104        95       247       175       148
Togo                                ..        35       37        26        22        41        34        42       38          .        .         33       25        36
Uganda                               ..       83       72        58        55        64        90        92       84       l08       143         91       69        84
Zambia                               ..       83        53       47        56        41        51        87       42       115       177        144       85        79
Zimbabwe                             ..      197      207       260       150       176       222       250      229       216       250        213      143       212
1'iORTI-l AFRICA  2.365  2.580     2.6'.'   2.82(1    2~~~~~.20  .54        .86     3.931     3.6It~    3.222      42       123       2.4       314
Algeria                            259       130       147      141       1SO       115       110       132       110      17         0649               183    12I8
Egypt, Arab Republic                ..     1,062      959     1,267       542       721       854     1,909     2.188     1,228    2,451          ..   1,237      1,269
Morocco                          1,006       991     1,124      957     1,113      1,177     1,285    1,296      922      1,326    2,039        745      776      1,218
Tunisia                            799      3'in      4479      455       406       541     -60',       5'9'      3%)      511       82'        38'      313       524
ALL AFRICA                       12.412   :12.611    12 .276   1'2395   13.6 7q    1 5."95   17.29'   19.69#9   18.821    10.3")   14.536      842Ž     U Iu.18   1 .50



External Sector11
5-40. Fuel imports, growth
Average annual
Percent                                                     percentage growth
1980      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997     1998      1999      2000   75-84    85-89  90-MR
SUB-S.AHARAN AFRICA                Is56      16 2      -9.9      16 8    -19 3       17 5      9.2      14.0       97       I')     -10 4     8 7      49      43
excluding South Africa            156       16 .2     .9 9      16 8    -19 3       17 5      9.2      14.0       97        IC)    -10 4     87       10      43
excI S Afrca &Nigena     _   __60 4         16 6     -10 3      170     -21ZI6      17.1      11.6     12 3      14 7       10)    -10 4    227       14      4~
A_g`ola                             ..     -16.7     -20.0    -25.0     -33.3     -50.0    -100.0         ..        .        ..        .
Burkina Faso                         .         .         .         .        .         .         .         .        .         .         .
Burnmdi                             ..      15.3      -8.5      2.4      29.0     -15.1     -42.3     -19.8      50.0     20.0      -3.8      ..     -0.3    -2.2
Cameroon                           9.7     -14.3     -63.5    379.3     -38.3      40.6     -12.9     101.9     -4.4     -44.7     255.0   -42.7    10.1     13.2
Cape Verde                           ..      -9.3     -0.6    -10.2     -15.1      91.5      -9.9      -1.1     -18.2     13.5      12.0       .       ..     3.8
Central African Republic                   -33.5      -3.7     .5.9     -28.1      46.2     -25.4      18.6     -12.5     -9.0      15.4       .       ..    -5.7
Chad                                       -19.2     -61.0O   -21.0     190.0      35.4      20.5       9.3     124.3    135.4        ,.       .        ,    18.7
Comoros                                      6.2       8.2     -5.7      42.0      13.8     -47.9       2.0       2.5      2.9       3.5      ..    -14.2     2.1
Congo, Democralic Rep. of            .         .         .         .        .          .        .         .        .         .         .
Congo, Republic of                  ..      -1.9     -16.5     32.2      10.9      -1.1      -3.6      12.7       9.4      2.1       3.1      ..     -2.6     4.2
C8te d'Ivoire                       ..       2.5      -3.1       1,8     27.1       9.8       9.5       6.2       4.8      3.5      -5.7       .       ..     6.0
Djibouti                             .         ..        .        ..        .         ..      -7.2     -1.7    -25.8       2.4      -0.5
Equatorial Guinea                   ..     -50.3      24.3     -2.4      -4.5      15.8      23.9     126.9       5.3     24.7       1.9      ..    22.7     12.2
Ethiopia                            ..      46.5      20.0    119.9         .         ..        .         ..        .        ..        .       ..   -10.4
Gambia, The                          ..    -94.9   1,470.5     -11.6    -40.3       0.8      -1.8      -1.7       1.3      1.6       2.0       .       ..    -1.2
Ghana                                ..      4.2      -7.1      3.2      19.0       3.9-      9.9      17.9      22.7     11.9       4.4      ..      9.3     8.2
Guinea                              ..      26.1       1.4     14.1       0.1      10.2       11.1      1.5       7.7      5.4       6.5      ..     -3.4     7.3
Guinea-Bissau                       ..      16.4     -49.1    -39.3     137.1      44.3      14.9       4.0     -33.1     15.0      47.3       .       ..     4,8
Kenya                                ..     29.8      -9.5      2.8     -18.7      12.8       11.7     16.0       2.5     -2.4      -0.5      ..    -10.2     3.5
Mia~dagascar                          .     -24.4       1.2     33.7     -14.4      3.8       11.6      16.9     27.3     -12.1      -8.7       .     -4.5     8.2
Malawi                               ..     27.4     -12.6     -2.8     -33.5      78.2        2.7     41.8      31.5      1.2      19.7       .       ..    10.3
Mali                               3.0      -9.4       2.5     -14.1     12.9      28.3      14.8      20.2      70.0    -10.6      -6.6     0.7      2.7    11.8
Mauritania                          ..       1.3      -7.3     17.2      -2.6     158.8       3.3      -6.1      15.0     17.1     -23.4      ..     6.2     14.3
Mauritius                            ..      9.1      -7.9       1.7      4.8       2.3       5.1       5.0       3.3      4.0       2.5      ..    -16.9     3.6
Mozamnbique                          .         ..        .        ..        .         ..      5.4     -62.5        .         .         .
Nigeria                          -35.3      -5.1      14.8      5.3      98.6      26.6     -36.1      70.8        ..        .         .   -10.6     -9.8    16.3
Rwanda                              ..     -14.1       0.0     -8.2      -5.4       8.0        3.5     26.4      60.5    -14.5      -3.4      ..     -6.9     4.1
Sao Tom6 and l'rincipe               ..    -26.0      16.7    -21.7      -1.9      36.5       6.2      40.8     -12.3     26.9       0.6       .       ..     7.2
Senegal                             ..     -14.5      24.5     -8.9      32.2     -14.3       8.2       4.5      15.3     10.1     -11.9      ..     4.9      3.7
Seychelles                           ..      6.3       0.8      8.2      -3.4     -14.2      44.7      17.7      11.1      1.8       1.8      ..      3.2     6.5
Sierra Leon                         ..     -30.5     -10.4     -0.6      27.3     -25.5      -1.1     -28.4      69.4    -18.4      38.1       .       ..    -2.4
Swaziland                           ..      28.7      22.0    -10.0    -49.9       97.3      85.6      18.4      -9.3    -30.5     -37.9       .       ..     6.7
Tanzania                             .         .         .                  .         ..      -5.2        ..        .                  .
Togo                                 ..    -22.8         .        .         .         ..                  ..                 .         .       ..     5.3
Zamnbia                             ..     -17.5     -35.0      0.1      25.2     -31.7       4.6      82.1    -29.5      98.0      -0.4      ..      0.5     0.9
Zi-mbabwe                            ..     28.3       6.4     42.3     -39.1       8.5   __6.3        19.4     34.8     -31.3     -25.5      ..     -0.9     4.1
NORTH ARIUCA                       19.13      S I      10 4      9.6      -4 5       4 8    -.5 4       232       23 7     .14 9     -5 3      3      73 I     5.'
AlJgeria                            ..     -10.0       8.0    -13.6       5.9       1.3     -12.8    _-9._9   -30.0     -3.6-          ..     ..     -8.7     1.4
Egypt, Arab Republic                ..      31.0      -0.7     41.4     -53.2      31.9       4.1      80.0      65.9    -41.9      34.2       .       ..     9.2
Morocco                           19.0.      0.0      15.5     -3.9      23.3      -2.1      -8.2       7.4       4.4      4.0      -1.5     3.8      4.7     4.0
Tuntisia                                   -13 2      15 0     16 5       9 8       7 1    ~  47        5 8     -12 0     25 5                        2 6     46
L LLAFRICA          _   ___        17 6       9 6 __1.8         12 3      F-1(3      9 3       02       19.4     18 2      -9 1      -7 4     6 9    12       47



112                                              External Sector
5-41. Pirimairy kieitrmediate goods imJpoirts
Millions of US. dollars (~current prices),                Annual Average
1980   1991  -1992  1993   1994   1995    1996  1997   1998   1999   2000   75-84  85-89  90-MR
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA      4.325  3.882  3.672  3.491  4.166  5,136  4.878  5.653  5,408  5.4A  6,485  2.851  3.313  4.'39
exc.udjng South Africa   141  1.608  1,439  1.2354  1.513  2.251  2-391  2.146  1.939  1.808  l.,439  I'3  1.343  1.819
ecIJ  S Afrca &Nigeria  141   1.608  1.439  1.254  1.513  2.251  2.3191  2.146  1.939  1.808  I 4)39  173  1.343  1.819
Angola                   ..    254    223     89    129    157      0   - 0      .      ..     ...         292     151
Botswana                 22    103    106    97     95     145    127    126    125   124    132     25     41    117
Burkina Faso              ..    28     28     0      0      42     42     40    68      .      ...                 30
Burundi                   0      0      0     0      0      0       0     0      0      0      0      0      0      0
Cameroon                 55     65     72    61     60     69      77    94     76     69     70     61     76     73
Cape Verde                .      .      .     ..     .       ..    16     16    1 7    18     21                    I 8
Central African Republic        55     53    40     44     58      44    39     45     54     56      ..    53     50
Chad                             0      0     0      0      0       0     0      0      0      ..0                  0
Comoros                          3      3      4     4      4       2     0      0      0      0      2      2      2
Congo, Democratic Rep. of  .     .      .      .     .       .      .      .     .      .      .
Congo, Repubic of         0     23     28    28     72      78     98    89     101    108   117      0      6     70
COte dIlvoire                    .      .             ..                         .      .      .
Djibouti                         .      ..     .             7      7     7      7      7      8      ..7
Equatorial Guinea 
Eritrea                   .      .      1      5     7      10     1 7    9      6      .      .       .     ..8
Ethiopia                 ..     28     17     21     IS5    21     29     27     28    27     21      35    28     24
Gabon                     ..    10     1 0    10     10     10     10    I11     5      5      5      ..    10      9
Gainbia, The             ..     79     85     88    79      76     82    73     87     80     84      ..    45     79
Guinea                    ..     0      0      0     0       0      0      0     0      0      0       ..    0      0
Guinea-Bissau             ....                               ..    12     1 5    4     19     19       .     ..     14
Kenya                    ..     57     59     47     5 I    71     75     67    60     54     56     42     47     59
Lesotho                   .      ...                 ..      0      0      0     0      0      0             ..0
Madagascar                ..     .      .      .      .      .      .     46    41     44     49       .     ..     45
Malawi                   ..     78     85     81    58      46     67     87    46     66     80           119     69
Matuitania               ..      0      0      0     0       0      0      0     0      0      0             0      0
Mauritius                 0      0      0      0     0       0      0      0     0      0      0      0      0      0
Mozambique               ..      .      .      .      .    124    140    140    151   221    169      .      ..    157
Namibia                                 ...                159    163     .      ..     0      ...           .     107
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda                           0      0     0      0       0      0     0      0      0      0      0      0      0
Sao Tomf and Principe            0      0     0      0       0      0     0      0      0      0             0      0
Sene~gal
Seychelles                       0      0     0      0      0       0     0     29     29     30      ..     0      8
Sierra Leone                    10     14     13     1I     18     29     14     12    12     20                    IS
South Africa           4,184  2.274  2,233  2,237  2.653  2.886  2.487  3,507  3,469  3,596  4,545  2,678  1,970  2,920
Sudan                    ..     154    57    113    117    134    234    190    157    114   208     172    195   142
Swaziland                64    105    117    132    19     283    235    200    223   215    206     41     34    182
Tanzania                 -,    236    132    116    113    255    381    284    123   207    200     134    232    220
Zambia                          34     48    20     72     80      80     50    54      2      2            45     45
Zimbabwe                  ..   287    300    292    379    404    424    522    476   332    386     39     163   369
NO_RTH AfRICA _______   1.0    161     .9_6 ~1.601  1. 8-18  _1903  1L.432  .39'1  T.02 1368  1.345    3     oS    l5~
Al-geria                606    870    981    942    999    831    539    520    603   607    580     535   652    765
Egypt, Arab Republic...                        ..            .      .      .     ...
Morocco                 5oi    811    816    659    819   1,072   893    871    799   761    765     395   656    828
Tunisia
ALL AFRICA      5.431  5.564~~~~5.  4r9  5.092  i.984  '.04  a-3l  .4    ll   672    '8f     .8     .2     .3



External Sector                                             113
5-42. Primary intermediate goods imports, growth
Average annual
Percent                                  percentage growth
1980   199/  1992   1993   1994   1995   1996   1997  1998   1999   2000  75-84 85-89 90-MR
SIJB-.SaI{.'RAN AFRICA   1'2    7.3  .16.3  -15 9  213 8   189.8  -10.5  8.3   -5   -.17 3   66   i5, 9  36 3  (I 
e,kciuding SouthAfr*a   1'2    72    . 16.3  -15 9  20.8  188   -10 5   8.3   .5 3   17 3   6 6  35 9  41l9  L)I
F~O..S.Affica&  .N,itena -  1 2  7.31  .16 3  -15 9  20.8  ISE  .1') 5  83    -5 3  .17 3   6 b  35 9  319)  0 
Angola                   ..    2.     94    -58.0  40.2   10.8  -100.0   ..     .      .     .     .   -3.2  -15.8
Burkina Faso
Cameroon                17.2  -21.1  15.9  -16.5  -19.4   2.6   -8.7    12.6  -7.3   4.0    1.3  15.3   0.6  -4.0
Cape Verde                .      .     .      .      .      .      .      .     .      .     .
Central African Rtepublic     -14.4   -8.3  -25.0  8.5    19A4  -26.5   -7.7   9.4   17.5  -0.2   ..     .   4.1
Comoros                       -4.2   -5.0   16.6   64.2   -1.4  -46.7    ..     .      .     .     .  -12.8  15.2
Congo, Democratic Rep. of  .     .     .      ..
Congo. Republic of        .      .      .     .      .      .      .     .                         .-
Djibouti                  .      .     .      ..     .      ..   -6.6   -2.3   1.9   2.4    1.8
Equatorial Guinea         .      .     .      .     .       .      .      .     .      ,     .
Gamnbia, The              ..   51.3   4.7    0.5  -10.8   -8.0   4.2   -13.8  16.9   -9.5   2.3    .     ..   1.2
Guinea-Bissau             .      .     .      .     .       .      .     .      .      .     .
Kenya                     ..   9.4    1.6  -17.6   5.1    50.3  -10.8  14.7   38.5   0.5    0.1   ..    0.8  7.4
Malawi                        -59.6   7.3   -5.4  -32.3  -35.3   66.0  45.9  -19.2   -8.9  18.0    .     .   -1.4
Mauritius                 .    5.2    2.4   10.8   5.1    2.4    4.1    4.5    3.0   40O    2.5    .   -8.4   5.7
Mozambique                .      .     .      .      .      ..   3.7    4.3     .      .     .
Namibia..                        .     ..     .      ..     .
Nigenria..                       .     ..     .      ...
Rwanda..                         .     ..     .      ..     .
Sao Tomnd and Principe..         .     ..     .             .
Seychelles                .      .     .      .      .      .      .      .     .      .     .
SiemmaLeone               ..   8. 1  35.4   -6.4  -14.1   52.7   54.4  -45.4  -8.3   -7.1  64.8    .     ..   4.2
South  Africa..                  .     ..     .      ..     ...           .     ..            .
Swazitland                ..   19,4   7.6   12.3   43.6   35.8  -12.7  -8.5   15.8   -2.8  -0.4    .     ..  10.3
Tanzania                  .      ..    .      ..     .      ..   43.8    ..     .             .
Zambia                   ..   -32.5  51.0  -52.3  222.6   0.1   -13.5  -37.5   5.1  -95.8   19.6  ..   52.5  -19.8
Zimnbabwe                 ..   13.1   3.2    1.1  25,6     0.2   10.4  28.2   -2.9  -28.8   11.6  ..   42.1   6.2
NORTH AFRICA             4.3   -5 1    37   -.7     94     3     -11 2   19    25     -5    -32    8     ,
Al-geria        -         .    -10.0   8,0  -13.6  10.1    1.3   -10.8  -10.6  25.6   4.9     .     ..  -2.7  -2.2
Egypt, Arab Republic      .      .     .      .      .      .      .      .     .      .     .
Morocco                 4.3   -2.4    1.4  -27.9   8.9    21.8  -11.4   9.0   19.5  -6.1    -2.8  4.7   0.9   1.4
Tunisia       _ _ __                      _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ALLAFIC    -S                 - ('6   -6. f-19F7   1I4.6  16.0   -108    SI     18  :.'~.   I '.3  ~7    9 5  -(i



114                                             External Sector
5-43. Maiiufgactuire1 goo~ds mjpoirts
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                 Annual Average
1980   1991  1992   1993   1994   1995   1996   1997   1998  1999   2000   75-84  85-89  90-MR
SUIB.SAHIARANAFRICA     2.01b  4.050  4.167  4.129  4,185  5.351  6.285  1.126  0.9ifl  8.099  9.029  1.425  3.094  5.890
eucluding South Ainca  1.057  3.151  3.284  3.244  3.03')  3,974  4.749  4,990  4.837  4.263  1.151  "IS  2.444  4.022
e%,ci S Affica&  Nigeni.  lOS"  3.151  3.284  3.244  3.030  3.974  4.749  4.990  4.837  4.263  1 181  718  2.444  4 ('22
Angola                    .     9 1   135    72     7 1    94    343    400     .      ..     ...         154    170
Botswana                54     174    175   163    159    177    178    188    198   211    227     59    86     312
Burkina Faso              .      .     .      .      .      .      .      .     .      .     .
Burundi                  40     68    55     57    55      62     38    33     35     41    44      46    49      50
Camneroon               605    455    367   378    370    363    398    385   407    424    438    511    569    417
Cape Verde                -.     .     .      .      .      .     10     10    12     13     14      .     ..     12
Central African Republic..       ...                 .      ..     .     ..     .      .     .
Cbad                           108    127    156   136     92    108    109    82     8I1     ..           87    110
Comoros                          2     2      2      2      2      2     3      3      3     3       0     2       2
Congo. Democratic Rep, of  .     ..   60     61     45     52     82     .      ..     .     ...           ..     60
Congo, Republic of        0    116    142   141    86      94    118    141    148   156    164     14    128    132
C6te dIlvoire..                  .     ..     -      .      ...           .     ...
Djibouti                 ..      .     .      .      .     28     27     26    37     39     40      ..33
Equatorial Guinea         .      .     -      .      .      .      .      .     .
Eritrea                   .      ..   41     63    102    117    177    153    139     .      ..            ..   113
Ethiopia                 ..    115    113    95    129    183    200    332    321   312    212     117   140    197
Gabon                    ..    100    103    89     30     32    286    289    388   401    422     ..     85    202
Gamtbia, The             ..     79    85     88     79     76     82    73     87     80    84      ..     45     79
Guinea                    ..   223    211    196   151    173    159    174    194   215    227      ..   140    194
Guinea-Bissau                    ..    .      .      .      .      5      6     2      8      8      .      .      6
Kenya                    ..    289    291   307    293    487    443    465    413   402    361     186   268    365
Lesotho                   .      ..                  .      0      0      0     0      0      0      .      .0
Madagascar                ..     .      .     .      .      .      .     92     83    89     97      .      ..    90
Malawi                    ..   171    226   214    176    122    169    230    106   160    190      ..    29    173
Mali                    193    148    156    136   122    150    150    148    159   189    209     174    93    154
Mauritania               ..    151    137    133   113    138    200     97    148    86     54      ..   101    127
Mauritius                 0      0     0      0      0      0      0     0      0      0      0      0      0      0
Mozamnbique               ..     .      .     .      .    185    229    221    237   348    257      .      .    24
Namibia                   ..     .      .     .      .    159    164      .     ..     0      .      .      .    108
Rwanda                   ..    128    92     91    23      41     55    71     66     48    43      82    100     69
S8o Tom6 and Principe    ..      0     0      0      0      0      0     0      0      0     0       ..    0       0
Seychelles               ..      0     0      0      0      0      0     0     44     63     64      ..     0     16
Sierra Leone              ..    16     19    15     15      7     15     6      8      6     9       .      .     12
South Africa            959    899    883   884   1,156  1,377  1,536  2,136  2,112  3,836  4,848   707   650   1,868
Sudan                    ..    175    200   293    255    307    324    353    636   276    333     160   122    293
Swaziland               165    166    169   211    229    321    275    333    318   306    294     91    104    254
Tanzania                  ..    17     21    12     10     15     17     27     18    IS     14      6      7     16
Togo                     ..    116    102    60     48     80     72     63    75      .      .     67     74     82
Zambia                                       ..     40     54     55    116    108   103    116      .      .     85
Zimbabwe                 ..    244    256   212    290    364    369    447    365   189    257     166   184    29
NORTH AYRJC~~~~~~~~  3.492  3.887  .1.15 3. I .81~2  142  4.74I  4.0375  3.74 4.0 382 '9u     .C5    14    4,b
Algeria                2,593  2,045  2,306  2,212  2,347  2,390  1,788  1,564  1,732  1,665  1,681  2,341  2,073  1,996
Egypt, Arab Republic..           .     ..     .             .      ..     .     ..     .
Morocco                 899   1,842  1,846  1,670  1,994  2,350  2.247  2,210  2,376  2,227  2,249  716  1,081  2,068
Tunisia
ALL A&FRICA             5.508  '79 37  8.318  8 (III  8.5.27  I 0.09  10.32u  I0,900  11.058  I 1.990  i2.'959  4.482  t,.24'  'c. 934



External Sector                                             115
5-44. Manufactured goods imports, growth
Average annual
Percent                                  percentage growth
1980   1991   1992  1993   1994   1995   1996   1997  1998   1999   2000  75-84 85-89 90-MR
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA      is85    -5 5  -1 7   67     -1 5  2 1.6  10.2   13.0  -14 7   -50    14   31.4  10 3  37
excituding South Africa  Is85  .5 i   -1 7   6'    -IS5   21I6   10 2   13 0  -14 7  -5 0   14   31 4   96    3 7
ecIc S.Africa & tJaena  ___18 5  -5 5  -Ii7  67    -IS5   216    102   13.0  -14 7   .50)   14   31 J   96    37
Angola                   ..   -39.4  53.5  -43.9   -5.0   205   264.7  29.4     .      ..     .    .. -15.4  11.9
Burkina Faso              .      .     .      .     .       .      .      .     .      .     .
Burundi                   ..   9.7   -21.6   1.9  -6.4    4.3   -36.1  -7.9    9.0   15.7   6.1    .   -4.2  -5.3
Carneroon               16.5   -5.0  -17.1  31.5  -12.3   10.6    2.4   0.8    8.1   2.3    10.0  -3.9  3.5  2.1
Cape Verde                .      .     .      .     .       .      .      .     .      .     .
Central African Republic  .      .     ..     .      ..     .      ..     .     ...
Chad                          -19.2  19.2  -13.0  27.0    21.5   18.3   -0.6   7.0   3.6     ..    .     .   7.0
Comoros                        60.8  31.2   -1.4   24.3   3.3    6.7    2.0    2.0   2.0    3.5   ..   17.6  10.3
Congo, Democratic Rep. of  .     .     .      .      .      .      .      .     .      .     .
Congo, Republic of       ..     1.9  -16.5  32.2   10.9   -1.1   35.9  35.9  -31.0   8.5    4.6   ..    4.7  6.7
C8te dilvoire
Djibouti                  .      ..    .      ..     .      ..   -7.3   -4.5  33.9   2.4    -0.1I
Equatorial Guinea         .      .     ,      .     .       .      .     .      .      .     .
Gainbia, The              ..   51.3   4.7    0.5  -10.8  -8.0    4.2   -13.8  16.9  -9.5    2.3    .     ..   1.2
Gu~inea                   ..    2.1   -8.6  -2.0   -25.6   3.2    -7.5   8.1   9.4    7.9    2.9   ..   2.8   -1.7
Guinea-Bissau             .      .     .      .     .       .      ,     .      .      ,     .
Kenya                    1. 7.1      -1.5    9.6   -7.7   86.9  -12.3   0.5   -9.8   -2.1   -0. I  .    1.3  5.5
_Madagasa                 .      ..     .      .     ..     .      .      ..     .     .      .
Malawi                    ..  187.3  29.2   -3.9  -18.3  -42.3   60.6  48.2   -18.4  -8.9  17.0    .     ..  9.0
Mali                    4.5    18.6   4.7   -5.0  -13.6   10.2   3.5    4.7    3,8   18.4   8.4   4.6   0.0  3.8
Mauritania               ..    6.4   -13.4  -2.2  -6.3   -20.3   -3.8   0.8   26.6  -23.3  -50.5   ..  -2.7  -7.1
Maurifius                 ..   6.1    3.7   13.1   5.0    2.5    5.6    4.5    3.0   4.0    2.5   ..    3.3  5.3
Mozambique                .      ..    .      ..     .      ..   13.5   -3.3    .      .     .
Rwanda                    .,  -19.8   3.9   -6.3   3.3    62.1   36.6  39.3   -5.3  -25.5  -4.1   ..   -0.3  9.3
SAo Tom6 and Pritncipe    .      .     .      .     .       .      .      .     .      .     .
Seychelles                .      .     .      .     .       .      .      .     .      .     .
Sierra Leone              ..  -15.7  12.0  -14.2   -2.4  -59.6  120.8  -54.9  47.5  -33.2  43.4    .     .. -10.4
South Africa              .      .     .      .     .       .      .      .     .      .     .
Swaziland                 ..   -8.0  -1.7   24.0   4.9    32.1   -9.9  30.2   -0.8   -2.8  -0.4    .     ..  8.1
Tanzania                  .      ..    .      ..     .      ..  -29.3    ..     .      ...
Zambia                   ..      .     .      .      .    54.3   55.7  130.3  -0. 1  -9.4   9.5    .     ..  -6.8
Zimbabwe    1_____        .    3.1    3.2  -13.7  32.5    18.1    6.4  26.2  -13.1  -47.0  39.4    .   -2.9  4.3
;O_R_TIAliE-'ZA          -2'    -42   25    -117   lOS _   5.0   -5.6   .35     7 7   0 5   -I442  6 6  -o 9  -2:6
Algeria                  ..   -10.0   8.1  -13.6   6.7     1.3  -11.1  -10.6   5.5   58.           .. -23    -3.8
Egypt, Arab Republic      .      .     .      .     .       .      .      .     .      .     .
Morocco                 -2.7   3.4   -3.9   -9.3   15.2   9.2    0.2    3.2    9.6   -3.7   3.7  -1.2   8.0  3.2
Tunisia__                                   ___             _ _   _ _
ALL AFRICA               7.2   -4 9    0.4   -7     -II   13 4    3 0    6.1   -6 2   -2 6  -19 1  I? 7  -0 3  u 9



116                                                                     External Sector
5-45. Capitali goodis iMpoirts
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                              Annual Average
1980       1991      1992      1993      1994      1995       1996      1997      1998      1999      2000      75-84     85-89     90-MR
S LrB.SAHARA.N A.YRUCA             3.066      7.919)    8.560     7.55'     '.642     10.051    11.182    10.3 74    9.958    2 1.063   24 779       1.551    6.2249    11.548
e%cludwng Sw,th Africa             3.066     7.919     8.560     7.557     7.642     lOuSI51   11.1821   10.374     C1.9ill   9.233     9 8?2?      I 851    6.249       .I 13
e%~1 SAfnica& Nigena              3.066)     7.9 1 c   8.5nc'    7.557     '.6-42    100Oi1    11.182    I0,374     9.958     9.233     9.827       1.851    6.249      9 ii3
Angola                                ..       269      378        322       327       327        303       354         .         ..        ...                263      3-14
Benin                                 ..       182       215      207        156       246        249       239       253       234       247          ..      120       217
Botswana                            195        642       536       542      485        657        523       502       487       500       584        197       348        557
Burkina Faso                          ..       III       131         0         0       151        169       155       196         .         ..                   ..       116
Burundi                              33         91        78        78        81        88         49        45        49        52        59         45        67         68
Camroon                          388        392       319       325       314        315       362       399       403       407       412         359      480        373
Cape Verde                            0         65        98        71        98        121       114       117        95        99       106          0        29         94
Central African Republic                        60        64        53        43        63         14        20        54        62        82         73        67         52
Chad                                           100        97       125       124        126       149       158       174       154         -.        52        67        129
Comoros                                          .         .         .         .          .         .        13        11        14        IS1.5                           13
Congo, Democratic Rep. of             .          ..      683       464       553       788        862         .         .         .         ...                  ..       670
Congo, Republic of                    0        180       188       203       113       336      1,105       510       371       321       525         20       249        372
C6te d'Ivoi're                     1,102      404        481       417       410       584        734       740       773       801       762        663       512        591
Djibouti                              ..         .         .         .         .        54         53        54        77        81        96           .                  69
Equatorial Guinea                     ..        60        26        24        42        64        192       300       384       205       108         10        IS5       129
Eritrea                                .         ..       12        62       114        173       162       161       140         .         .           .        ..       118
Ethiopia                              ..       466       320       382       239       334        411       516       582       643       755        449       396        453
Gabon                                 ..       360       335       320       320       339        355       388       343       311       327        188       245        341
Gambia, The                           ..                   3         3         3         14        13        12        14        13        14           ..       4          8
Ghana                                 ..       247       277         .         ..         .         .          .        .          .        .        200       171        250
Guinea                                ..       101        98        92        72        88         78        83        85       106       120           ..      62         93
Guinea-Bissau                          ..       15        24        14        IS         15        10        18        26       -10         4          12       13         14
Kenya                               409        527       411       328       503       995        869       844       894       680       721        287       455        677
Lesotho                                ..        .         .         .         .          0         0         0         0         0         0           .                   0
Madagascar                          333        165       129       140       143        141       164       146       149       154       168        160       109        153
Malawi                                 ..      280       278       272       199        164       259       326       250       305       166           ..      91        247
Mali                                225        188       201       182       193       246        226       221       231       252       257        214       146        217
Mauritania.                                     78       121       114        73         93        72        79        64        59        78         85       115         83
Mauritius                            98        384       378       381       529       412        493       548       498       653       465         69       241        470
Mozamnbique                            ..        .         .         .         .        166       170       154       166       243       410           .         ..      218
Namibia                                .         .         .         .         .          ..        .          .        .         .       639           .                 639
Niger                                  ..      102        85        80        67         87        56        68        87          .                           107         87
Rwanda                                ..        54        69        72        36         50        54        62        60        55        53          50       84         57
Slo Tom8 and Principe                 ..        13         9        II        12         12         7         7         8        12        10           1       10         10
Senegal                             158        197       175       159       154        180       186       184       221       234       246         137      141        19_4
Seychelles                            .         40        40        60        48        67        166        75        90        91        96          16       35         75
Sierra Leone                          .         38        25        23        27         11        24        12         9         5        18         54        40         20
South Africa                          ..         .         .         .         .          .          .        .          .   11,830    14,952           .              13,391
Sudan                                 ..      348       355       _336      259        322        387       443       541       490       492        348       266        389
Swaziland                           126        170       193       172       213       249        284       286       280       269       259         95       107        232
Tanzania                              -.       579       639       628       597       602        461       503       733       710       770        458       472        615
Togo                                  ..       113       102        58        41        75        1OS       101        97         .                    51       95         92
Zambia                                ,.       285       349       328       296       396        361       388       284       253       284        118       243        324
Zimbabwe                               ..     611        640       508       743       901        930     1,148       784       773       480        345       440        733
NORnTI AFRICA            -            71      8.411     '.0        .841     7.905      9.'75    10.63         ')UP)  12.195   13.795    IliliS       4.58Cm,  5.2)5§.: :10,157.
Algeria                           3,324      1,888     1,894     1,835     2,118      2,934     3,023     2,831     2,907     3,155     2,983      3,054     2,444      2,605
Egypt, Arab Republic                  ..     3,340     2,610     2,545     2,349      3,108     4,101     4,114     4,801     5,575     5,639          ..    2,001      3,757
Morocco                             806      1,880     2,019     1,946     2,003     2,186      1,948     1,939     2,567     2,833     2,388        808     1,009      2,144
Tunida       ____                   '4'      1 1nA4    I_5'8     1 515     1 434                 , 5.                         -1        _____                   ___
7.938    lo3u      1.n       1.9        55         9._826   21.81-6     '.9l     22.150- 34.8~8      P1.887      DnA3l    1 11A441  21.71)4



External Sector                                                        117
5-46. Catpital goods imports, growth
Average annual
Percent                                          percentage growth
1980    1991    1992    1993    1994     1995    1996    1997    1998    1999    2000  75-84  85-89 90-AIR
SLJB-SAHARAN AFR1CA          39 2    113      -'01   -5.8     5 3     23!1    13 2     .13    -6 1    03      -0)4  25.9   133     42F
excluding Sauth.kfnca       39 2     113    .-'     .5 8     53      23 1    13 2     .1.3   -6 1     ('13   -0 4   259    133    42
ecxi S.Africa &NigenA       392      11 3    -70i   -5 8      3      23 1    132      43     -6 1     ('3    -0 4   25 9   133    42
Angola                        ..     16.2   45.1   -10.5    -1.7     -9.0    -7.3    29.4      .       .       .      .   -19.2   6.3
Botswana..                             .       ..      .       ..      ...             ...                     .
Burkina Faso..                         .       ..      .       ..      ...              ...*
Buunmdi                       ..     8.9   -16.8     6.9     0.2    _-3,3   -42.7     2.8    12.0     7.0    10.9    ..    -3.0  -4.7
Camneroon                   -7.4    12.2    -1.9     2.3   -15.3     13.2    21.9     6.3     6.0     4.0    45.0   -5.6   8.2    6.1
Cape Verde                    ..    24.4    49.3   -27.7    36.1     21.4    -8.3     0.1   -21.2     4.3     5.8     .      .    5.2
Central African Rtepublic           -1.0     2.9   -17.2   -21.1     34.1   -79.1    47.6   162.6    11.9    28.5     .      ..   -4.6
Chad                               -19.2    .7.0    -8.0    -2.0     29.6    18.9     5.9     0.4     1.1     ..      .      .    2.3
Comoros                                .       .       .       .       .        .      .               .       .
Congo, Democratic Rep. of      .       .       .       ..                                      .       .
Congo, Republic of            ..     -1.9  -16.5    32.2    10.      -,.'I  199.4"  - 58.4"  19.1,    2.6"    1.2     .    7.6"   7.9"
C8te dIlvoire                 ..     2.5    52.6   -13.5    -2.6     29.4    23.7     8.5     7.5     8.0    6.5      ..     .   10.4
Djibouti                      ..       .       .       .       .       .      4.9    -2.5    37.1     3.0    14.6
Equatorial Guinea             ..    194.2  -58.9    -4.3    67.5     39.0   189.2    62.3    22.4   -48.3  -48.7     ..    3.3   26.4
Gwnbia, The                   .     -43.2  177.2   -10.8    24.4    322.4   -1 1.8  -12.6    15.1    -8.5     2.2     .      ..  20.3
Ghana                         ..     7.5     7.2    14.7     6.0     9.1     24.8   -17.1    13.8    9.8      7.6    ..    -3.1   8.0
Guinea                        ..     2.2    -6.7    .0.5   -24.3      9.4     5.2     7.2    23.5    21.2    11.1    ..     1.9   3.6
Guinea-Bissau                 ..    -35.9   58.5   -40.9    26.2     13.8   -37.4    74.0    38.2  -138.9  -140.2     .      ..   -6.3
Kenya                         ..    -19.2  -23.4   -15.9    50.3    102.4   -12.6    -2.9     8.9    -2.0     1.1    ..    -3.7   9.1
Madagascar                    ..     9.8   -25.4    13.9    -2.1     -9.9    20.1    -3.3     2.8     5.5    10.6    ..    3.4    0.6
Malawi                        ..    101.3   -5.4    -1.8   -28.7    -20.4    59.8    29.5    -8.1     1.6  -46.6      .      ..   3.2
Mali                         3.0     0.7     3.0    -5.0     2.2     15.5    -8.0     8.9     8.7     9.0     0.1   -1.1   3.2    3.6
Mauritania                    -.    -13.8   48.8    -4.9   -31.0     46.9   -26.3   -15.9    -0. 1  -24.0    56.5    ..   -14.3  -3.1
Mauritius                      .     -4.5   -4.0     6.7     4.0    -20.0     7,0     7.0     3.0     5.5     4.7    ..    19.8   1.2
Mozambique                    ..       .       .       ..      .       .     14.2    -9.6      .       .       .
Rwanda                         ..   -10.2    3.9    -6.3     3.3     25.8    11.5    23.3    -0.8     6.1     1.6    ..    6.4    6.7
Sao Tom6 and Principe         ..     12.6  -32.4    20.8     3.9     -6.4   -38.0     0.2    51.7    12.5   -19.0    ..    18.8  -4.8
Senegal                       ..     -0.8  -15.2    -8.7    -6.8      8.4     8.4     3.6    22.8     8.7     7.6    ..    4.3    2.0
Seychelles                    ..     -9.4    8.8    52.2   -12.7     32.7   125.5   -46.4    25.0     2.0     2.0    ..    23.4  12.6
Sierra Leone                  ..     16.2  -35.1    -3.2    16.1    -61.4   106.6   -47.0   -21.1   -46.8   273.4     .      ..  -13.3
South  Africa                          ..      .       ..      ...             .       ..       .      ...
Sudan                          ..      .       .       .       .       .        .      .        .20.1
Swaziland                     ..     8.0     9.3   -11.9    19.8     10.4    19.9     8.3     1.7    -2.8    -04A.                6.2
Tanzamia                       .       ..      .       ..      .       ..   -22.7      ..       .      ...
Zambia                        ..    -19.4   17.4    -5.8   -13.0     23.7    -4.8    13.1   -23.9   -11.3    15.3    ..    16.6  -2.2
Zimbabwe ______..                    13.1    3.2   -17.3    41.4     14.0     8.5    28.5   -27.2     0.8   -36,2    ..    3.4    4.3
NORTH AFRICA                 13(1   -12 0    -122    -i 8    -6 5   -106      13 5     Sb     23 8    125';  .3t.r   8 6    -3 A   2-)
Aligeria                      ..   -35.2   -13.1   -10.5     7.6      7.0     8.9    -1.0    25.3    -1.0      .      ..  -20.6   0.3
Egypt, Arab Republic          ..     3.0   -24.1    -4.7    -9.6     26.2    31.5     6.6    23.4    18.4     2.9     .      ..   7.9
Morocco                    -13.0    -1.9     3.0    -3.4    -0.7      1.1    -6.6     4.4    35.0    13.4   -13.4  -2.0    6.8    3.4
Tunisia     3__4___                  34       1   -20 7     -2737 -__ 42    .-_(     17 1   ...(     1'72    --         -1-3 2    3.6
A1,UL AMC,%                   6 u     -II1   .10 1    .35     .1 8    l5 1    13 4     5 u    10 4      9     '3 4   13 0    2 3    3:4



118                                                                              External Sector
5-47. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1990
Importers                                            Percentage of total imports
Exporters                               DZA    AGO      BEN    BFA     BWA     BDI CMR         CPV     CAF    TCD     COM     ZAR     COG     CIV     DII    EGY     GNQ      ERI ETH        GAB
Algefia                     DZA                   000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00            0    00 0  0.00  0.00   0.00   0.00 O      0.00    0.00    0.09      .     0.13    0.00           0.00    0.50
Angola                      AGO           0.00                                   OM00    0 00    0.49      .       ..   0 00    0.00    0.33    0.38      .     0.00      -.      .       .    0.00
Benin                       BEN           0.00    0 00           0~29            0,00    0.00    0.00    0.00      ..      .    0.00    001l    0.25    0.00    0.00             ..    000     0.01
Burkina Faso                BFA           0.00      ..    1.22  ~                   .    0.22    0.00    0.00   0.00    0 00    0.00    0.00    2 59      ..    0.00              ..   0.00    0.00
Botswana                    BWA              .       .      .       ...                                     .       .      .       ..      -       .       .      .
Burundi                     BDI           0.00      .     0.00      ..   0.00            0.00    0.00      .       ..      .    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.94    0 00      ..      .    0.00
Camneroon                   CMR           0.00    0.02    1.21    0.00   0.00    0.00         0.00M      0.15   0.64    0.00    0.00    0.03    0.21    0.03    0.00    0.08       .   0.00    0.08
Cape Verde                  CPV           0.00    0.03      ..    0.00              - .  0.00      ..    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.11      ..    0.00      .       ..   0.00    0.00
Central African Republic    CAF           0.00    0.00    0.00   0.0.0     ..    0.00    1.55    0.00      ..   0.03      ..    0.00    0.00    0 02      ..    0.00                   0.24    0.00
Chad                        TCD           0.00      ..    0.00   0.00      .,    0.00    0 28    0.00    0. 18            ..    0.00    0.00    0.03      ..    0.00                   0.00    0.00
Comoros                     COM           0.00      ..       .       .   0.00       I.   0.00    0.00      ..      .            0 00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00                   OM. .0  0.00
Congo, Dem, Rep. of         ZAR           0.00    0.00    0.00     ..        .   1.94    0.00    0.00    0 00    0.00   0.00      ..    0.33    0.97    0.00    0.00      ..      .    0.00    0.00
Congo, Republic of          COG           0.00    0.02    0.19   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.06      ..    0.03    0 00    0.0     0.00     ..    0.00    0.00
Cote dIlvoire               CIV           0.00    0.29    5.14    1.32   0.02    0.00    0 15    0.00    0.01   0.03    0.00    0.01    0 01      ..    001     0 00    0,00      .    0.00    0.07
Djibouti                    DJI           00        ..      .       .            0.00    0.00       .    0 00       -.  000o    000     0.00    0.00      ..    0.01       .      .    6.16
Egypt                       EGY           0.07    0.00   0.00    0 00    0.00    0.00    0.05    0.00    0 00   0.00    0.00    0.52    0.00    0.01    0 00     ..     0.00      .    0.01    0.00
Equatorial Guinea           GNQ           0 00       .    0.00      .       ..     .     1.76              ..   0.00       .       ..   0.00    0.01      ..    0.00              .       ..   0.00
Ethiopia                    ETH           0.00    0.00    0.00      .       ..   0 00    0.00      -.    000     0.00      .    0 00    0.00    0.00   21.67    0.03      .
Gabon                       GAB           0.00    0.00    0.05   0,00    0 00       ..   A.9     0.00    0 00   0.00       .    0.03    0.00    0.27      ..   000      0.00
Gambia, The                 GMB           0 00      ..    0.00    0.00   0 00       .    0 00    0.00      ...                     .       .    0.40      ..    0.00    0 00      O. .00       0.00
Ghana                       GHA           0.00    0.00    0.25   0.33    0 00       .    0 02    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00    0.01    0.00    3.11       .    0 00    0.00       .   0.00    0.00
Guinea                      GIN           0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00      .       ..   0.00    0.00      .     0 00      ..   0.00    0.00    1.85       .    0 00              ..   0.00    0.00
Guinea-Bissau               GNB           0.00    0.00    0 00      ...                  0 00    2 52                   0.00.            .0     0.24       .    0.00      -.
Kenya                       KEN           0 00    0.0     0.00   0 00    0.00    0.31    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.0     0.0.0   0.0     0.00    0.00    0.00    o000    0 00       .   001l    0.00
Liesota                     LBR           0.0     00-.2           00              .0     0.0     00       .0    00       .0     00      0.0     04-.            00      00             00       0
Libyra                      LBR            .0 0.00    0.0   1 0.0   5 0.00       0.00    0.00      .. 000    0.00. 0.0             6 0.00  0.00  0.00   0        .72 0.00 ..0          0.00    0.00
Madagascar                  MDG           0.00    0.00    0.00   0.0       0        ..   0.00    0.00    0.00      .    0.08    0.00    00 0o.09        0.0000    0        .      .     0.00   0.00
Malawi                      MWI           0.00    0 00      .       ..    1.07   0 00    0.00       ..   0 00       .   0 00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00       .      ..   0.00    0.00
Mali                        MLI           0 00       .    0.00    0.60       .   0 00    0 00    0.00    0.00    0.00       .   000     0.00    4.03       .    0 00    0.00      ..    0.00   0.00
Mauritania                  MRT           0. 14     ..    0.00    0.00      .    0.01    0.00    0 01    0.00     ..       .    0.00    0 00    0.03       .    0.00    0.00       .    0 00   0.02
Mauritius                   MUS           0.00    0.00    0.0     0.14   0.15    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.13    0.00   0.14    0.03    0.0     0 73    0.0     0.04       .            0.00   0.00
Morocco                     MAR           0.28    0.00    0.00    000O   0.00    0.00    1.01    0 00   58.77    O   0.00   0.00 00     0.00    0.54    0.00    0.8     0.00       .    0.00    1 86
Mozambique                  MOZ           0.00    0 00       .   0.00      ..    0.00    0.01    0 00    0.00      ..       .   0.00    0.00    0.86      ..    0 00                    GM. 00  0.00
Niger                       NER           0.00      -.    1 51    0.68      ..   0.00    0.02    0.00    0.00    0.00    0 00   0.00    0.00    1.18       .    0 00    0.00      ..    0.00    0.00
Nigeria                     NGA           0.0     0.01    0 45   0.06    0.0     0.00    0.02    0.00    0.00    0.52   0 09    0.00    0.00    0.14    0.00    0.02    0.0M            0.01   0.01
Reunion                     REU           0.00    0.00    0.00      .    3.79       ..   0.00       ..   0.00      I    0.00    0.00    0.59    0.00       ..   0.00       .       .    0.00   0.00
Rwanda                      RWA           0.0     0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    1.02    0.00    0 00    0.00    0.00       .   0.12    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00      ..    0.00   0.00
Sao Tome and Principe       STP           0.00    0.00      .        .      .       .    0.00    0.00       .              ..   0.00    0.00    0.00      -.    0.00      -.            0.00   0.00
Senegal                     SEN           0 00    001l    0.11    0.02   0.00    0.00    3.13    0.03    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.02    2.13    0.00    0.00    0.00      ..    0.01    1.43
Seychelles                  SYC           0.00    0.00      .    0.00    0.01       ..   0.00      ..      .       ..   0.00    0.00      ..I   0 00    0.00    0.00    0.00      ..    0.00
Sierra Leone                SLE           0.00      ..    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.0     0.00      ..    0.00                   OM. .0  0.00    0.23    0.00    0.00       .       .    0.00   0 00
Somalia                     5DM           0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00      ..       ..   0 00       .   0 00    0.00    0.00   35.60    0.00      .        .    0.00   0.00
South Africa                ZAF           0.00    0.00      ..       .   0.00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.0    0.00    0.01    0.0     0.41       I.   0.00       .       ..   0.00   0.00
Sudan                       SDN           0.00    00   00 0OM               .    0.00    0.00      ..    0.00    0.11 I     .   0.00    0.00    0.03    0.00    0.42       .       ..   0.07   0.00
Tanzania                    TZA           0.00    0 00              ..   0 I     0.03    0.00    0 00       .      ..   0.00    0.03    0.00    0 00    0.00    0.01       ..0.02              0.00
Togo                        TGO           0.00    0.09    5.43    1.36     ..       .    0.02       ..   0.00    0.00   0 00    0 00    0.00    1.38       .    0.00      I.                   0.21
Tunisia                     TUN           0.69    0 00    0.08   9 84    0.28    0.51    0.15    0.00    0.20    0.00   0.00    0.07    0.07    0.38    0.00    0.62    1.59            0.04   0.16
Uganda                      UGA           0.00       .       .              ..   0.62    0.00      ..      .        .      .    0.00    0 00    0.00      ..    0 00                   0.00
Zambia                      ZMB           0.15    0.00    0.00    0.00    1.93   0.03    0.00      ..    0 00    0.00      ..   0.44    0.00    0.00      ..    0.00                    0.00   0.00
Zimbabwe                    ZWE           0.02    0.00       .   0.04    19.32   0.76    001     0.00    0.00       .   0.00    4.47    0.00    0.12    0,01    0.00      ..0.02               0.00
Sub-Sabaran Africa          SSA         .j,1       .7.15:59,.:: :9,3 :26.44:     4.72.. 9,g6:    I 'sr   047.   :1.33   0.31.:  A'.r     1. 12:<.:22.29:;.5827)  0.55                   6 56,. . 1.83
European Community          EEC          67.30   36.16   52.39  59.14   28.92   77.31   76.69   93.961  35.00  73.88   76.47   68.34   59.63   61.2 8   7.60   56 76   93.03      ..  44.87   45.59
North America               NNA          21.43   51.87   20.52   0.84    4.30    6.73    7.36    1.86j   0.72    1.33   19.06  16.85   34.25    7.20    0.00    8.20~   0 00       .   12.33  29.40
Rest of World               ROW          10.95   11 50   11.50  35.18   40.34   11.25    7.10    1.15   63.82   23.46   416     9.45 .5.00      9.4    3.3     3.9      6.89      ..   36.25  23181
World                       WLD          ''ta''".   'oIf;. '~   1''' .'.'4  "'I"'C'00) 0.0            .100:0.     100,00t000:.t00.00[ 100.00  10   . I  '3    I' "    l~'''                  ~,0
Source: Intemnational Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.                                                                                     (Table continues on the following page)
Note: ** means "not applicable."



External Sector                                                                            119
5-47. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1990 (continued)
Importers                                             Percentage of total imports
Exporters                               GMB GHIA         GIN     GNB     KEN     LSO     LBR     LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM                                     NER     NGA     REU     RWA
Algeria                      DZA           0.00    01.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    1.04    0.00O      .    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00
Angola                       AGO              ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0 43       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.01       .    0.00    0.00    0 00    0.03       ..      .    0.00    0 00
Benin                        BEN           0.00    1.22    0 00       ..   0.00            OM .0   0.00    0.00    0.02    0.00    0.17    0.00    0,11       ..      .    0.38    0.14            0.00
Burkina Faso                 BFA              ..   0.34    0.00       ..   0.00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00       ..   0.52    0.00    0.00    0.00       ..0.32               0.08    0.00    0.00
Botswana                     BWA              ..      .       .       .       .       .       .       ..      .       .       .       .       .       ..      .       .
Burundi                      BEIlI                    .       .       .    0.40       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.36            0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00       ..   C.0     0.00    0 00    0.27
Cameroon                     CMdR          0.00    0.00    7.70    0 00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    000O    0 00    1.12    0.11    0.13    0.00       .    0 00    0.04    0 00    0 00
Cape Verde                   CF'V          0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00      ..    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00            000O    0.00    0.00
Central African Republic     CAF           0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0 00      ..    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00       .    0.97    0.00    0.00            OM .0
Chad                         TCD              .       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00      .     0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00       ..      .    0.00    0.19       .    0.00
Comoros                      COM..                    ,       ..      .    0.00      I. .             I.   0.60       .       ..      ..   0.15    0.00      D...           000    0.00    0.86
Congo, Bern. Rep. of         ZAkR          0.00    0.00    0.00       ..   1.14      ..    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.32    0.00    0.01    0.01    0.27    0.00       .    0.00    0.25    0.02    0.32
Congo, Republic of           COG           0.00oo  T0.0 000        000     0,00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0 00    0.42    0.00    0.08    0.39       .    0.00    0 00    0 00    0.00
Cote dilvoire                CIV           0.01    0.39    0.50    2.92    0.09       ..   0.01    0.04    0.00    0 04    4 39    4 64    0.00    0.08    0.09            0 86    3.33    0.00    0.00
Djibouti                     DJI              I    0.00    0.00       ..   0.06       .       ..      .    0.00    0 00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.0     0.00       .    0.00        .   0.00    0.00
Egypt                        EGY           0.00    0.02    0.03    0.00    1.56    0.00    0.00    0.10    0.00    0.93    0.00    0.04    0.00    0.02    0.00       .    0.06    0.00    0.00    0.00
Equatorial Guinea            GNQ              .       ..      .       ..   0.00         O.W000        ..   0.00      .        .    0 03       ..   0.00       ..          _0.00    0.00
Ethiopia                     ETH           0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    1.29       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00            CM.0    0.00    0.00    0 00
Gabon                        GAB           0.00    0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.11    0.00    0 00    0.00    0.16    0.01       .    0 00    0.00    0 00    0.00
Gambia,The                   GMB                   0.01    0.6     0.16    0.0             00      000 o   0.00    0.00    0.00    001i    0,00    0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00
Ghana                        GHIA          0 50      ..    0.02       ..   0.00    0.04    0.01    0.00    0.00    0.00    0 00    0.02    0.00    0.00    0.00            OM.0    1.71    0.00    0.00
Guinea                       CiIN          0.00    0.00      **    0,10    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.01    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.02    0 00...         0.00    0 05       ..   0.00
Guinea-Bissau                GNB           0.14    0.00    0 02            0.00       ..   0.00       ..     ..    0.00    0.00    0 00       ..   0.00    0.04       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00       -
Kenya                        KEN           0.00    0.0     0.00    0.00            0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    000o    0.00    0.00    0.17    0.00    0 00    0 00    0 00    0 35
Lesotho                      LSO
Liberia                      LBR           0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00            0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.59    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.06    0.00    0.00
Libya                        L'BY          0.00    0.05    0 05       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00      ..    0.33    0 00    0.00    0 00    0.00    2 21    0.00       ..   0.86    0.00       ..   0 00
Madagascar                   MDG              ..   0.00       .       ..   0.20       ..   0.00    0.00         0.0U0      0.0     0.00    0.39    0.00    0.18            0.00    0.00    1.84    0 00
Malawi                       MvWI          0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.27    0.31    0.00    0.00    0.00                    O 000   0.02    0.00    0 55    0 03    0.00    0 00    0.00    0 00
Mali                        MVLI           0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.02    0.00            0.03    0.00    0.03       .      .     0.04    0.00    0.00    0 00
Mauritania                   MRT           0 02    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.06    0.00            0.00    0 04    0 00       .    0.01    0.00       ..   0.00
Mauritius                    MUS           0,00    0.00    0.00      .     1.25    0.05    0.00    0.00    2.74    0.12    0.00       ..0.03               0.01       ..   0.00    0.00    0.42    0.00
Morocco                      MAR           0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    1.03    0.00    0.00    4.09    0.00    0.00      ..    0.00      .     0.00    0 00    0.00    0.00
Mozamabique                  MOZ           0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.11    0.00    0.00    0.00    1.48    0.55       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00   ~           .    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00
Namnibia                     NAM                                              - . .   .       ..                              ...                                    .
Niger                        NER           0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0 00    0.0     0 00    0.14    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00       ..0.03               0.00    0.00
Nigeria                      NGA           0.07    0.05    0.01    0.41    0.03    0.00    0.02    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.18    0.00    0.00    2 81      ..    0.00    0.06
Reunion                      REU                   0.00       -.     ..    1.07       .       ..      ..   4 64    0 00    0.00       ..   1.59    0.00    0.00    0.80    0 00    0.00            0.00
Rwanda                       RWA                   0.00    0.00    0.00    3.27       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0 00    0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00
Sao Tome and Principe        STP                   0.00       ..   0.00    0.00       .       ..      .       ..      .               ..   0.00            0.00       .       .    0.00    0.00
Senegal                      SEN           0. 13   0.00    0.12    0.49    0.00       ..   0.12    0.00    0.00    0.09    1.01    0.00    0.00    0.07    0.00    0.00    0.11    0.65    0.00    0.00
Seychelles                   SYC                   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.26       ..   0.00       . .  0.01    0.01    0.00       ..   0.32    0.00    0.00    0 00    0.00    0.00    0.0     0.00
Sierra Leone                 SLE           0 00    0.00    0.01    0.00    8.00    0.00    0.03    0.00    0.00    0.13    0.00       ..   0.00    0. 00   0.00      -.    0.00    0.27
Somalia                      SOM           00       .0     00         ..   1.23    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.25    0.01    0 00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.09       .    00000      0    0oo .00  0.00O
South Africa                 ZAF           0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.06       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    8.55    0.00       ..   052     0.00    1.08       ..   0.00    0.00    0.32
Sudan                        SDN           0.00    0.00       .       ..   1.15    0.00       ..   1.33    0.00    0.00       .    0.00    0.0     0.00    0.00       .    0 00    0.00       .    000
Swaziland                    SWZ..                    .       ..      .               ..      ..                                      ..                      ..
Tanzania                     TZA           0.00    0.00       ..     .     1.23    0.01    0.00    0.00    0.14    0.19       .    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.09       ..   0.00    0.01    0.01    0.03
Togo                         TGO           0.00    0 58    0,00    0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.57    0.00    0.02    0.00       ..   0.28    0.09    0 00    0.00
Tunisia                      TUN           2.18    0.02    0.00    0.31    0.06    1.73    0.02    0.24    0.47    0.37    4.48    0.08    0.79    1.04    0.09       ..   0.02    0.00    0.08    0.00
Uganda                       UGA              ..   0.00       .       ..  14.24       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.01               - .  0.00    0.00    0.00       ..      ..   0.00    0.00    0.65
Zambia                       ZMB           0.00    0.00    0.00       ..   0.30    0.34    0.00    0.00   15.30    1.26    0.00    0.00    0.0     0.00    0.01    0.09    0.00    0.00       ..   0.00
Zimbabwe                     ZWE           0.0(1   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.86    1.26    0.00    0.00    0.00    1.43    0.00    0.001   0.43    0.00    0.17    0.03    0 08    0.00    0.07    0 00
Sub-Saharan Africa           SSA           961Bi   2 ~9    8.1 4     ~I~  ~9~      2.5     0".     I 37l ~2. o3 Ii         '3      7       1 54      1             151I',.  Ant AR  .      3.54:.1.1K,68
European Commutnity          EEC          54 91   65.95   56,91   55.56   46.97   25.77   41.22   81.~92  46.40   46.76   36 87   53.32   78.30   71.42   22.20   37.39   75.89   41.31   89 57   62.88
North America                NNA           0.0-1  13 95   23.12    0.27    5.17   59.47    2.59    0.00   10.12   1 593    5.45    4.49   13.11    2.83    7.71    8 43   1 7.36  47.74    0.89   22.89
Rest of World                ROW          44.17   17.51   11.52   40 10   18.93   12.76   55.99   16.70   18.27   24.05   51.62   34.57    5.05   24.53   67.19   52.26    1.87    4.05    6.00   12.55
Source. Intemnational Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.                                                                                        (Table continues on the following page)
Note: ** meant "not applicable."



120                                                                         External Sector
5-47. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1990 (continued)
Importers                                             Percentage of total imports
Exporters                             STP    SEN    SYC     SLE    SOM    ZAF     SDN    SWZ    TZA    TGO     TUN    UGA    ZMB     ZWE     SSA    EEC    NNA    ROW     World
Algeria                   DZA          0,00    0 00   0 00   0 00    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00   0 00    2.38   0.00    0.00   0.00 :,0,28    0 42   0.27    0. 13  028
Angola                    AGO          0 00    0 00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00          0.0M      .    0.06           0.06   0.83   :006    0.08   0.03    0,02   0.0S
Benin                     BEN                  0.83     ..   000       ..   000      ..    0.00   0 00   4.42    0 00   0.00    0 00   000    02      0.01   0 00    0.01 .0.01
Burkina Faso               BFA           ..    1.51      ..  0.00    0.00                     .      .    6.19   0.0M           0.00   0.00   022     0.02   0.01    0.01   0~0Z
Blotswana                  BWA            .      .       .       .     .       .      .       .      ..     -
Burundi                    BDI         0 00    0.00   0.00   0.00    0 00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0 61    0 00   0.00   0.0     0 46   0.39  :0.04    0.01   0.00    0.01   0-01
Camneroon                  CMR         0.00    3.43   0 00   0.00    0.00   0.00   0 00    0.0    0.00    0.08   0.40   0.06    0 00   0.09   0,20    0.07   0.02    0.02  0404
Cape Verde                CPV          0 00   0.02      ..   0.00     -.    0.00      .      ..   0.00    0 30   0 00     .          .000     0.01    00DI1   000    00 oo   000
Ceatral African Republic  CAF             .    004      ..   00      .0.0     0     .1.                  0 00    0.00      .    0.00   000    0.07    0 01   0 00    0.00   001t
Cliad                     TCD            ..    0.03          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00      .      .    0.00   0.00      .    0.00   0,00   0.06    0.01   0.00    0.00   00
Coinoros                  COM             .    0.00   0.00           OM .0  0.00                  OM. 00  0.00   0 00           0.00   00 0o601       000o   0.00    0.00   0.00
Congo, Dcm. Rep, of       ZAR            ..   0.08       .   000     0.00   0.17    0.00     .    0.16    0 00   0 00   0.00    0 50   0.52   0.24    0.05   0 02    0.02   0.04
Congo, Republic of        COG          0.00    0.76   0 00   0 00    0.00   0.02   0 00    0.05   0.00    0.26   0.00   0.00    0.0    0.11   0.04    0.03   0.01    0.01   0102
Cote dIlvoire             CIV          0.00    2.73   0.00    3.46   0.00   0.07    0.00   0.44   0.00    0.16   0.20   0 00    0.00   0.71   0~98    0.07   0 02    0.02   0.06
Djibouti                  DJI                  0.00   0.00      .    0.25   0.00   0.00      ..   0.13      .    0.00     ..    0.00   000    :004    0.01   0 00    0.01  b001
Egypt                      EGY         0.00   0 05    0.00   0 00    0.37   0.00    5.97   0.27   2.05    0.00   0. 12   1.60   0.00   0 99   :020    0.27   0 25    0.26   0.28
Equatorial Guinea         GNQ             .    000. 00        .0OM.                   .       .      .           0.06             .    0,00   0 07    0,00   0.00    0 00   0.00
Ethiopia                   ETH           ..    0.00      .   0.00    0 00   0.00   0.00    0 00   0.00      .    000    0.00    0.00   0.09   0,06    0 04   0.01    0.03   0-03
Gabon                     GAB          0 00   0.32      ..   0.00    0.00   0 00      .    003       .    0.26   0.01      .    000    0.01   0.00)   0.04   0 01    0~01  :0-02
Gambia, The               GMB             .    0.86     .    00      00     0000.00        0.00   0.00    0.00   00       ..    0.00   0.00   0.037   0.01   0 00    0.01   0.01
Ghana                     GHA          0.00    0.14   0.00   0.00    0 00   0.00   0.00    0 00   0.00    1.59   0.25   0 00    0.00   0,08   0.56    0.03   0.03    0 02
Guinca                    GIN             .    0.69   0.00   0.00    0 20   0 00                     .    1 43   0.02      .    0.00   0 00   0 17    0 02   0 01    0 01
Guinea-Bissau             GNB          0 00   0.36      -.           0 00   0.00      .    0.00     ..    000    0.11      .         .000     0,02    0.01   0.00    0 00   0.00
Kcnya                     KEN          0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.05   0.0     0.00   2 20    0 00   0 00   0.00    0.66   1 16   0.07    0 06   0.03    0.06   0.0-6
Lesotho                   LSO
Liberia                   LBR          0 00    0 07   0.00   0.00    0.00   0 00   0.00       .   0.00    0 00   0.01   0 00    0.00   000    0,04    0.10   0.01    0 19  0612
Libya                     LBY            ..    0.00      .   000     0.02   0 00   0.26      ..   0.00    0 00   3.29   0.00    0.00   0.00   :0.47.  0.25   0 02    0 It   0.10
Madagascar                MDG             ..   0.01   0.00     ..    0.00   0.0     0.00     ..   0.04    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0 00   :002    0.02    0.00   002   0:02
Malawi                     MWI            .    0.00   0.00   0.00    0 00   1 17    0 00   0.54   0.34    0.00   0.00   0.00    1.25   3.55   .041.   0 02    0.00   OOt1   002
Mali                      MLI             ..   8.29   0 00   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00     ..   0.00    0.28   0 00   0.00    0.00   0 00  .032     0.02   0 00    0.01   0.02
Mauritania                MRT             .   0.00    0.00      .     000   0 00   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00   0.06      .    000    0,00   0.04    0.02   0.00    0 01   0.01
Mauritius                  MUS         0.00    0.00   0.10   0.00    0.00   0.93    0.03   0.40   0.10    0 00   0 00   0 00    0.00   0,17    0,33   0,04    0 01   0.05   0.05
Morocco                    MAR            .    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.73   0.00    0.00   0.00    0,82.  0.27    0.11   0.20   0.22
Mozamnbique                MOZ         0.00    0 00   0 00       .   0.00   0.00    0 00   0 00   0 20    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.01   4 04  0. 016   0 03    0.01   0.02   00
Namibia                    NAM
Niger                      NER            .    0.03   0000    00  000       0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00    I 40   0.Ot    0 00   0.0    0.03    0.00   0.01    0.00   0 01 .:0.01
Nigeria                   NGA          0.01    0 16   0.0    0.01    0 00   0.00    0.02   0 06   0.00    0.38   0.02   0.0     0.00   0.01   05      0.17    0 07   0.09.. 0.12
Reuinion                  REU                  OM .0  0 00     ..    0.00   0.27      .    000    0.00      .    0.00   0 00         0.000     0,19   0.11    0.00   0 02 .0.06
Rwanda                    RWA             .   0.00    0.00      .   0.00    0.0    0.00    0 00   I 161   0.00   0.00   I 67   0.01    0.00    0 10   0.01    0.00   0.01:: AM.
Sao Tomne and Principe    STP                           ..      .     .0    000.                     .      .       .       .        ..  00    0;00   0.00    0.00   0.00 . 0.00
Senegal                    SEN            .000O               0.00   0.00   0 00    0 00   0.00   0.00    0 02   0 03   0.00    0.00   0.03  0:646    0.05    0.02   0.02 :  - 0.4
Seychelles                 SYC.                0 00     m       .    000    0,16    0.0    0.03   0.02      .    0.00    0.00   O   0.0 001    009    0,00    0.00   0.01   o 001
Sierra Leone               SLE.                0 06                  0.00   000     0.00      .   0.00    0 00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.01    0.08   0.01    0 00   0 00.  0.01
Somalia                    SOM         0 00    0 00   0.00   0.00      m-   0.00    0.04   0.01   0.25    0.0    0 00   0.00    0 00   0,00 .  0.07   0.01    0.00   0.01.. .0,01
South Afiica              ZAF          0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00           0.00     ..   0.00    0.00   0.27   0.00    0.13   8 64    0.31   0.49    0.32   0.21   03 5
Sudan                      SDN            ..   0.00      .   0.00    0.00   0.00             .    056     0.00   0.03   0.04    0.00   004     0,33   0 04    0.01   0.04   0~04
Swaziland                  SWZ
Tanzania                   TZA            .    000    0.00     ..    0.31   0.00    0.00   0.69           0 00   0.00   0.43    0.36   0.31    0.06   0 04    0.01   0.02   "'
Togo                        GO0.71                      ..    00        .    000    0 00      .      .0 07 TG. 00000                   0.00   .015    0.02    OOt1   oot
Tutnisia                  TUN            ..    1.06   0.00   0 00    0.0    0.01   0.61    0 05   077     2.05          2.96    0.84   013     0,52   0 27    0.06   0.10   0,t7
Uganda                    UGA             ..   0.00   0.00     ..    0.08   0.00    0.00   0 00   0.94       .   0.10     m     0.00   042     035    0.02    0 01   0.01   02
Zambia                    ZMB                  OM.0   0.00   0 00    0.00   1.35    0.00   2 16   0.47    0.00   0.00   0 07           375     0,60   0.03    0.02   0 02   .003
Zimbabwe                  ZWE          0.01   0 00    0.10   001     0.00   2.60   0.00    2.99   0.30    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.74           0.95   0.04    0.03-  0.04  -005
Sub-Saharan Africa        SSA          ''III           r~         '    .~1          'I   ~   '     '     '       I~~'           41    .5"'      .'C   1 00:0.45     0~86:    1,16
European Community        EEC         31.66   58 19  63 03  66.72   37.58  56.96   37.88  45.48  49 83   38.68  78.47  74.41   32.09  42 99   50.79  6509    23.44  28.35  43.75
North America              NNA         0.30    1.43   0.61  22 80    0 00  12.34    2.75  16.56   3.50   12.91   0.98   10.26   1.98   9.18   21.26   S.1I1  32.81  23 57   1846
Rest of World             ROW         68.32   19.25  36 16   6.99   61.57  23.92   59.26  30.56  39.11   3 1.62  18.82  13 11  61.74  22.83   1963   24 60  43.30   47.23  36 63
World                      WLD       IO'      .,-' "''~ 100.00 A.00.00i 100.0 10.0 0  Ioo 10001000>00,00 ..100.00.100.00 100,00.100.00 1000(0  10000r 00.00 11000....,100~00 100,00
S5ource: Intemational Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.
Note: **means "not applicable."



External Sector                                                               121
5-48. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1995
Importers                                              Percentage of total imports
Exporters                                DZA     AGO     BEN     BFA    BWA      BDI CMR         CPV     CAF     TCD    COM     ZAR      COG     CIV     DJI     EGY     GNQ     ERI     ETH     GAB
Algeria                      DZA             ..    0.00    0,00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.10    4.50    0.25    003     0 00    0.06    0 00    0.26       ..   0.97    0 00       ..   0.03    0.41
Angola                       AGO           0.00               ..   0.00       ..   0.00    0.09    0.52    0.03      .     0.00    0.00    0.46    0 13       ..   0.01                       - .  0.10
Benin                        BEN           0.41    0.00            0.01       ..   0.00    0.01    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.49    0.00    0.00    0.01       ..   0.00    0.01
Burkina Faso                 BFA           0.00    0.00    0.28   ~           .    0.01    0.07    0.00    0.02    0.02    0.00    0.00    0.00    I 69    0,00    0.00    0.00       ..   000     0.00
Botswana                     BWA              .a                                                              .      ...                                              .
Burundi                      BDI           0.00       -.   0.00       ..   0.00            0.00    0.00      -.       ..     .     0.11    0.00    0 00    0.01    0 00                    0.00       -
Cameroon                     CMR           0.00    0.00    0.08    0.00    0.01    0.00      ..    0.00    0.14    0 04    0.02    0 00    0.07    0.31    0.00    0.01   22.42       ..   0.00    0.08
Cape Verde                   CPIV          0.00    0.07       -.   0.01      ,        .    0.00            0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0 05       ..   0.00       .       ..   0.00    0 00
Central African Republic     CAF           0.00    0 00    0.06    0.00       ..   0.00    0.53    0.00            0.95       ..   0.05    0.17    0 01       ..   0.00       .       .    0.00    0.00
Chad                         TCD           0.03       -.   0.04    0.10      ..    0.00    0.30    0.00    0.39       '       .    000     0.00    0 04       .    0 00       .       .    0.00    0.00
Comoros                      COM           0.00       ..     .        ..   0.00       -.   0.00    0.00    0.00       ..  ~        0.00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00       .       .    0,00    0.00
Congo, Dem. Rep. of          ZAR.          0.00    11.00   0.00    0.00       ..   0.03    0.15    0.00    2.42    0.00    0.00            0.47    0.72    0.00    0.01              .     0.00    0.27
Congo, Republic of           COG           0.wo00     110  0.48    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.06         ~0 09      0.00    0.00    0.00       .    0 02    0.00
Cote dilvoire                CIV           0.00    0.02    0.28    0.30    0.00    0.03    0.00    0.00    8.99    0.00    0.02    0.03    0.01      ..    0.00    0.24    3 78       .    0.01    0.07
Djibouti                     DJI           0 00      ..       .    0.00       -.   0.00    0.00       ..   0.00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00      ..    0.01       .       .    7.800
Egypt                        EGY           0.06    0.00    0.00    0.05    0.0     0.03    0.04    0.00    0.00    0,25    0.00    0.07    0.00    0.01    0.00            0 00       .    4.33    0.04
Equatorial Guinea            GNQ           0.00       ..   0.00    .00        ..     .        22     ..    0.02    0.00       .       ..   0.00    0.01       ..   0.00               .       .    0 00
Ethiopia                     ET'H          0.00    0 00    0.00    0.00      .     0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00       .    0.00    0.00    0.00   26.95    0.09
Gabon                        GAB           0.00    0 00    0. 14   0.03    0.00       ..   1.25    0.00    0.00    0.01      ..    0.00    0.00    0.28       .    0.00    0.00       ..      .
Gambia, The                  GM`1B         0 00    0 0.0   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0 00    00 0o 00           .    0.00    0.00    0.4~3      .. -0.00     0 00       ..   0.00    0.02
Ghana                        GIIA          0.00    0.02    0.05    3 49    0.00       ..   0.02    0.10       ..   0.02    0.00    0.00    0.00    2.27       ..   0.02    0.01       .    0 00    0.0
Guinea                       GIN           0.00    0.00    0.04    0.03    0,00    0.00    0.03    0.00    0.03    0.01    0.00    0.00    0.00    1.74    0.02    0.00    0 00       ..   0.00    0.17
Guinea-Bissau                GNB           0 00    0.00    0.00    0.00       .       ..   0.00    2.71    0.00       ..     .        .    0.00    0.03       ..   0.00       .
Kenya                        KEN       -0.00       0.31    0.00    0.00    0.00    2.57    0.02    0.00    0 00    0.00    0.00    0.12    0.00    0.02    0.05    0.06    0.00       ..   0.02    0.00
Liberia                      LBR.          0.13    0.00    0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00    0,00    0.00    0 00    0 00    0.00    0.00    0.47       .    0.00    0.00      .     0.00    0 00
Libya                        LBY           0.02    0.00    0.00    0.04    0.00    0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0 02    0 96    0.21       ..   0.00    0.00
Madagascar                   MDG           0.00    0~.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.03    0.00    0.00    0.00    077   ~0.02     0.0     0,01 ~0.02      0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00
Malawi                       MvW!          0.00    0.00       ..   0 00    0.00    0.00    0.00            0.00      -.    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.01    0.00       .       ..   0.01    0.00
Mali                        IviLl          00        ..    0.00    0.70       ..   0.00    0.03    0.00    0.00    0.00      ..    0.00    0.00    3.73       ..   0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00
Mauritwnia                   MIRT          0.19      ..    0.00    0.01       ..   0.00    0.00    0.01    0.00       .       ..   0.00    0.00    0.10       ..   0.00    0.00       .    0 00    0.00
Mauritius                    MIUS          0.00    0.~00   0.00    3.07    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.06      .        .    0.00    0.00
Morocco                      MIAP.         0.96    0.00   10.68    0.90    0.09    0.00    0.33    0.00    1.41    0 13    0.19    0.06    0.49    0.60   0D.00    0.60    0.00       ..   0.00    1 90
Mozamobique                  MO0Z          0.00    0.00       .    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00      .        .    0.001   000     0.00       ..   0.00       .       .    0.00    0.00
Niger                        NEP.          0.02       ..   2.47    1.07       ..   0.00    0.11    0.00    0.00    0 00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.61       ..   0.00    0.00            0.00    0.00
Nigeria                      NJGA          0.0     0.00    2.23    0.12    0.00    0.00    0.42    0.00    0.03    1 87    0.00    0.00    0.01    1 96    0.00    0.03    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00
Reunion                      ILEU          0.00    0 00    0.00    0.01    2.23       . .  0.33    5.29    0.09    0.0     1.04    0.0     0.32    0.05    0.00    0.01       ..   .       0.12    0.00
P.wanda                      RtWA          0.00    0 00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.94    0.00    0 00    0.00    0.00       .    0.21    0 00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00      ..    0.00    0.00
Sao Toine and Principe       STP           0.00    0.~00      .       .       ..I     . .  0.00    0.00       .. I    .            0.00    0.00    0.00       . .  0.00       ..   .       0.00    0.00
Senegal                      SEN           0.00    0.00    0.07    0.0     0.00    0.00    1.86    0 00    0 00    0 00    0.00    0.00    0,00    0.72    0.00    0 02    0.00       ..   0.00    0.51
Seychelles                   SYC           0.00    0.00       . .  0.00    0.00       ..   0.00      -.       .       I..  0 00    0.00       . .  0.00    0.00    0.00    0 00      ..    0.00
Sienra Leone                 SLE           0.00       ..   0.0     0.01    0.00    0.00    0.00       ..   0.00       .       ..   0,00    0.00    051     0.00    0.00       ,       .    0.00    0.02
Somalia                      SOM           0.00    0.00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00       ..     -.    0.00       .    00.00  .1600    000 ~46.66      0.01       .       ..   0.00    0.00
South Africa                 ZAF           0.00    0.03    0.00    0.31    0.00       ..   0.17    0.00    0.14    2.38    0.00    6.00    0.05    0.90       ..   0.08       .       ..   0.17    0.06
Sudan                        SDN           0.00    0.0     0.00    0.04      .     0.00    0.00       ..   0.29    0.18            OM .0   0.00    0.00    0.00    0 44       .       .    0.24    0.00
Swaziland                    SWZ                                                                                                         _________
Tanzania                     TZA           0.00    0.00       .       ..   0.32    2.14    0.01    0 00       .       ..   0.00    0.07    0.0     0.01    0.00    0.011.                  0 03    00
Togo                         TGO           0.00    0.06    0.81    4.0207    ..            0.07    0.01    0.00    0.01    0.00    0.01    0 00    0.94       ..   0.00    0.02       .    0.01    0i5
Tunisiat                     TUN           0.93    0.00    0.00    0.0     0.00    0.00    1.95    0.00    0.40    0.05    0.04    0.0     0.02    0.60    0.00    0.50    0.00       ..    1.57   0.07
Uganda                       UGA           0.00       ..      .     .0        .     .5     00        ..       .       .       .     .0     0.00    0.00       .    00         .       .    0.00
Zambia                       ZM            00      00      00      00      0.78    0.01~   0.00       -.   0.00    0.00       .    031     0.00    0.00       .    0.00       .       ..   0 01    0.00
Zimbabwe                     ZWE           0.00-   0.00   0.00     0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.01    0.00  ,  .2     0.00    0.00    0.00    0.0!                    0 00    0 00
Sub-Saharan Afiica           SSA          l' a     C. rI    IS    1.1'     It I;    18      75     8 f.         ;oI        I    ~     ,    I~    ~~                   I       .                    IS
European Community           EEC          67 40   22.89   33.57   49.31   46.38   79.90   76.43   68.69   79.41   80 42   70 11   64.22   60.39   64.99    8.82   49.24   27.42       ..  55.25   21.46
North Anmerica               NNA          18.02   65.97    4 79    0.34    7.60    9.32    2.79    1.55    0.31    2,69   21.39   18.40   14.36    5.69    0.00   11.031 24.931      ..    7.43   57.89
Rest of World                ROW          13.81   11.33   54.52   36.75   42.68    4.60   14.05   21.11    7.69   11 41    6.65   10.35   23.71   11.00   17.46   38.58   21.43       .   20.81   19.21
Source: International Monetary Fund's Direcition of Trade database.                                                                                       (Table continues on the following page)
Note: I* means "not applicable."



122                                                                            External Sector                                                            122
5-48. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1995 (continued)
Importers                                            Percentage of total imports
Exporters                              GMB GHA         GIN    GNB KEN         LSO    LBR     LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM                                  NER NGA         REU RWA
Algeria                     DZA          0.00    0.04   0.23    0.22    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.02    1.05   0 14    0.01   0.40    0.00    0.70   0.00       ..   0.14    0.00    0.00   0.00
Angola                      AGO          0.00    0.54   001t    0 00    0.02      ..   0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00           0.00    0.00    0.03   0.06       ..0.00               0.00
Benin                       BEN          0.00    1.14   0.00    0.10    0.00   0.0     0.00    0.00   0.02    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.00    0.07   0.00     0 07   0.00    0 00       I.  0.00
Burkina Faso                BFA          0.00    0.34   0.00    0 00    0.01   0.00    0 00    0.00   0 00    0.00   0.54    0.08    0.00    0.01   0.00            0.10    0.21    0.00   0.00
Botswana                    BWA
Bunundi                     BDI                     ..                  0.44     ..    0.00    0.00   0.0     0.32      ..   000     0.00    0 00   0 00       ..   000     0.00    0 00    1.0S
Camneroon                   CMR          0 00    0.03   5.44    0.56    0.03   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.04    0.01   2 71    0.00    0.06   0.00     0.261  0.00    0.76    0.0    0.00
Cape Verde                 CPV           0.00   0.00    0.0     0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00   0.03      ..   0.00    0.001   0.00    0,00   0.0             OM .0   0.00    0 00
Central Africai Republic    CAF          0.00O   0 00   0.0     0 00    0.00   0.01    0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0 00   0.00    0.00    0.00     ..    0.04    0 00    0.01      ..   0.00
Chad                       TCD           0.00      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00      .    0 00    0.00   0.00      ..    0.00   0.00    0.00    0 00      .        .   0.01    0.09      .    0.00
Comoros                    COM              .       .      .            0.11      .       . .    ..   0.73       .      . .     . .  0.16    0.00      ..      .    0.00    0 00    0.82 
Congo. Dern. Rep. of        ZAR          0 00    0.00   0.00      ..    2.06     ..    0.00    0.00   0 01    0.13    0 00   0.02    0.00    0.12   0 00       .    0 00    0.39    0 00    1.28
Congo, Republic of          COG          0.00    0.38   0.00    0.00    0.0M      .    0.01    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.01   0.71    0.00    0.02   0.37       .    0 01    0 02    0 00   0.00
Cote dIlvoire               CIV          0.00    0.52   0.56    0.55    0.00   0.00    0.37    0.00   0 01    0 02     24    2.93    0.01    0.25   0.00       .    0.02    2.86    0.05   0.00
Djibouti                    DJI            ..    0.00   0.00      I.    0.07      .       ..      .   0.01    0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00   0.00            OM.0    0 00    0.00   0.00
Egypt                       EGY          0.00   0.04    0.0     0.00    3.59   0.00    0 00    1.06   0 01    2 47    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.06   0.01        .   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00
Equatorial Guinea           GNQ          0.00      ..      .       .    0.00     ..    0.00      .    0.00      .        .   0.05      -.    0.01      .        .   0 00    0.00
Ethiopia                    ETH          0.00    0.00      .    0 00    1.59     ..    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00       .   0 00    0.00    0.00   0.00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.17   0.01
Gaboni                      GAB          0.00    0 00   0.00      .     0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0 00    001l   0.00    0.00    0.09   0.00        .   0 00    0.02    0.00    0.00
Gambia, The                 GMB                  0.00   0.00    0.01I   0.00      .    0 01    0.00   0.00    0 SI    0 00   0.02    0 00    0.00   0 00       ..   0.00    0.00
Ghana                       GHA          0.21      .    0.00      I..   0.02   0.00    0.03    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.17    0.00    0.06    0.00      .    2.99    2.98    0.00   0 01
Guinea                     GIN           0.68    0.02     . .   0.04    0 00   0.27    0 02    0 00   0 01    0 04    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.14   0.00     0.00   0 26    0.07       . .  0.06
Guinea-Bissau              GNB           0.01    0.00   0 00            0 .00     .    0 00      .    0.00    0 02    0 00   0.00       I    0.00    0 00      . .  0 00    0.00    0.00 
Kenya                       KEN       -a0.00     0.00   0.00    0.0            0.00    0.29    00     0.6     07      0 00   0.00    0.12    0.01    0 04    0 00    0.00   0.01    0.00    0.07
Lesotho                     LSO
Liberia                     LBR          0.00    0.00   0.01    0.00    0.00   0.00            0.00   0 00    0.00    0.00    1 08   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.01    0.00   0.00
Libya                       LBY          0.00    0.01   0.02      I..   0.00   0 00    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.0     2.43   0.00       .    0 09    0 00      .    0 00
Madagascar                  MDG       __0.00 0.0        0.01    0.00    0 03   0.00    0 00    0.00     .     0.03    0.00   0 00    0. 16   0.01    0.30    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.26    0.00
Malawi                      MW!          0 00    0.00      . .  0.00    0.11   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00      ..    0.00   0.00    O0.0    0 00    3 91    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.00    0 00
Mali                        MLI          0.08    0.00   0.01    0.00    0.00      .    0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00      ..   0 06    0.00    0.09     I.~   .   ..  0.23    0.00    0.0     0.00
Mauritania                  MRT          0.00   0.00    0.01    0.00   0 01       .    0 00   0.01    0.00    0.00    0.00           0.00    0 10    0.00      .     0.03   0.00       .    0 00
Mauritius                   MUS          0 00    0.00   0 00       . .  0.97   0.00    0.0     0.00   3.05    0 00    0.87          ..       0.03    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.68    0.00
Morocco                     MAR          0.00    0.02   3.29    0.00    0 01     I..   0 00    0 59   0.06    0.04    1.26   0.07    0.00       .    0.40    0.00    0 00   0 47    0.14    0 00
Mozambique                  MOZ          0.00    0.00   0 00    0 00    0 05   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.17      ..   0.00    0.02    0.00            0 00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00
Namibia                     NAM             .      .       .       .      ,       .               .      .
Niger                       NER          0.00    0.25   0.00    0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.01   0.00    0.0     0 15    0.01   0.00    0.00    0 00       .0 27               0.00    0.00
Nigeria                     NGA          0.02    3.01   0.00    0.00    0.16   0.00    0.01    0.00   0.02    0.02    0.72   0.01    0.00    0 12    0.00    1.84   10.23     ..    0.00    0.09
Reunion                     REU            .     0.00   0.00      ..    0,51   0.00      ..I     . .  4.12    0.00    0 00       .   1.68    0.03    0 00    1.03   0.00    0 00            0.00
Rwanda                      RWA                  OM.0   0.00    0.00    1.71           0.00    0.00   0.00    0 00    0 00   0.00    0.00    0 00    0.006     .    0.00    0 00
Sao Tome and Principe       STP            .     0 00      I I  0.00    0 00     -.       .       .      .       .       .      .    0.00       I    0.00       ..      .   0.00    0.00
Senegal                     SEN          0 00    0 02   0.01    0.00    0.01      .    0.00    0.00   0.01    0.05    000O    0.01   0.01    0.07    0.00    0.0     0.00   0 60    0 02    0.00
Seychelles                  SYC                  OM.0   0.00    0.00    0.2       .    0.00       . .  0.12   0.02    0.00       .   0 22    0.00    0.00    0 00    0 00   0 00    0.00    0.00
Sierra Leone                SLE          0.01    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.01   0.00    0. 14   0.00   0.00    0.05    0.00   0 00    0.00    0 01    0.00       .   0 00    0.06
Somalia                     SOM          0.00    0.00   0.00      .     1.59   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0 00   0.00    0.00    0.00       ..   0.00   0.00    0 00    0.00
South Africa                ZAF          0.00    0.24   0.00    0 00    2.33      ..   0 00    0.0    0.40   10.75    I 31    0.05   0 42    0.02   16 17      .     0.32   0.06    0.22   0.66
Sudan                       SDN          0.00    0.00      .       ..   1.08   0.00      ..    232    0.00    0.01      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0 00       .    0 00   0.00            OM.0
Swaziland                   SWZ                    -.      .               .       .      .              .       .       .      ..                   
Tanzania                   TZA           0.00    0 00      ..      .   10.84   0 01    0.00    0.00   0.00    1.35      ..   0.00    0.00    0 00    0.05       .   000     0.00    0 00    0.04
Togo                       TGO           0.06   1003    0.00    0.14    001l      ..   0 04    0.00   0.00    0 01    0 12   0.98    0.00    0.03    0.00       ..   0.54   0.14    0.00    0.05
Tunisia                     TUN          0.00    0.03   0.31    0.17    0.11   0.00    I 77    1.88   0.41    0 09    2 04   0.03    0.00    0 82    0.08    0.051   0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00
Uganda                     UGA                   0.00     -.       .   13.91      .    0 00    0.00   0.02    0.26       .      ..   0.11    0.00    0.0        .00              0 0.0      0.0
Zamnbia                     ZM            .2     00      .0        .    0.09   0 06    0 04    0 00   0.00    0.32    0.00   0.00    0.06    00      0.4     0 44    0.01   o0.0       .    0 24
Zimbabwe                   ZWE           0.03    0013   0.00    0.00    0.17   0.00    0 05    0 00   0.00    1.40    0 00   0.0     0.83    0.00    186    000      0.00   0.01    0.00    0.12
Sub-Saharan Africa          SSA           I' 1   '1 .                                                                                                  I,"I  I' 1~'~''  i 2  '6 14  9~~
European Community         EEC          78.38   54.96  55 33   56.74   38.10  26.38   79.66   80.69  66 82   41.81   32 90  59.561 74.77    72.22  39.33    83.54 j75.20   33.92   96 33   81.44
North America               NNA          1 23   12.38   18.45   0.00    5.64  70 01    0.97    0.00   10.71  11.38    4.82    1.22  16.46    4 28   12 29    9.66~   4.09  42.41    0.23    3.92
Rest of World              ROW          19 27   16.13  20.07   41.86   18 00   3.26   18.36   16.97   13.65  31.11   57 23  30 3 1   4.89   22.09  23.22     3.12    5.94  15.11    1.23   1096
World                       WLD       :10006.08 100.00:, 100 00 >100.00 .100.00: 100.00 100.00 J.100.00 l0.00  400.00l100.00 §100.001 100 001 100.00: l00.00i.t00:00J .l100.00..I00.00.io.*   160.I0.00i
Source: Intemnational Monetary Fond's Direction of Trade database.                                                                                  (Table continues on the following page)
Note: 1 ineans "not applicable."



External Sector                                                            123
5-48. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1995 (continued)
Importers                                               Percentage of total imports
Exporters                              ST'P    SEN    SYC     SLE    SOM     ZAF     SDN    SWZ     TZA     TGO    TUN     UGA     ZMB    ZWE      SSA    EEC     NNA    ROW    World
Algeria                     DZA          (1.00   0.08   0.00    0.10    0.00   0.02    0.02   0.00    0.00    0.08   2.65    0 02    0.00    0.00   0:41    0.34    0 22   0.10:   1021
.Angola                     AGO          (1.00   0 03   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.61    0.00      ..   0.00      ..   0.01      ..    003     0,70   0 26    0.06    0.03   0.01   :004
Benin                        E            .5     2 67   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00   0.0     000     0.24   0.6     0.00    0.00   0.00  0.O16     0 02    0.00   0.01   :001
Burkina Faso               BFA           3.00    0.85   0.00    0.00   0.01    0.03    0.00   0.00    0.00    1.61   0.02    0.00    0 00   0,00   0O~18    0.01    000o   0.00    0-01
Botswana                    BWA             .       .       .      .      .       .       .       .      .       .      .
Burnjdi                     BDI          0.00    0.00   0 00    0.00    0.00   0.01    0.00    0.00   0.86    0.00   0 00    0.00    0 62    0.22  .0 05    0 01    0.00   0 00 -000
Cameroon                    CMR          0.00    1.70   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.05    0.00    0.01   0.00    0.00    0 24   0.0     0.00    0.01   034     0.03    0.00    0.01 .. 00
Cape Verde                  CPV          0.00    0.42           0.00      ..   0.00       .      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00     ..            00     01      0.0 1   0.00 ~0.00     001
Central African Republic    CAF             ..   0.27     ..    0.00      ..   0.00    0 00      .       ..   0.00    0.00   0 00    0.00    0,00   0.03    0.00    0.00    0.00   000
Chad                        TCD             ..   0.21     ..    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.00      .       ..   0.00    0.00     ..    0.00    0.00   001     0.      0.00   000o    0.00
Comoros                     COM             .    0.00   0 00      -.    0.00   0.09       .      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00     ..    0.00    0.00   .005    001l    0.00    0.00   n00
Congo, Dein. Rep. of        ZAR             ..   0.00     ..    0.00    0.00   0.88    0 00      ..   0.22    0.00   0.00    0 00    2.37    0.51  -0,57.   0.03    0 01   0 01     ..
Congo, Republic of          COG          0.00    0 99   0.00    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.17    0.00   0 01    0 00    0.00   0.05    001l    0.01   0.01
Cote dIlvoire               CIV          0.00    2.84   0.00    0.05    0.00   0.10    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.04    0 13   0.00    0.00    0,03  .072     0.09    0.02   0.03    0.06
Djibouti                    DJII                 0.00   0.00       .    0 12   0.00    0.00      ..   0.00       .    0.00     ..    0.00    0.00   0:00    0.01    0 00   0.01    0.01
Egypt                       EGY          0.76    0.04   0.00    0.00    0 22   0.07    0.46    0.00   0.29    0 00   0.23    L.09    0.37    0.61  0..O39.  0.4     0.27   0.20    0.23
Equatorial Guinea           GNQ             ..   000  .00        .0        .   01         .       .      . 0.00       .0                .   0     0 004     0.01    0.00    0.00   000.D
Ethiopia                    ETH             ..   0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.01    0.14    0 00   0.12       .    0.00   0.00    0.06    0.00   0 I10   0.02    0 02    0.02   0 002
Gabon                       GAB          0.00    0.23     ..    0.00    0.00   0.03      ..   0.00       .    0 28    0.01     ..    0.00   0,00    0 08    0.03    001l   0.01    0.02
Gambia, The                 GMB             ..   0.59      ..   0.1 I   0.00   0.00    0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00      .    0.00    0,00   00P4    0.00    0.00    0.00   0 00
Ghana                       GHA          0.00    0.19   0.00    0.00    0.03   0.22    0.00    0.00   0 06    3 23    0 04   0.01    0.00    0 A6   0:79    0.06    0.02    0.03  .005
Guinea                      GIN          0.36    0.96   0.02    0.44    0.05   0.00       .      ..   0.00    0.01    0 03   0.01    0.00    0.00   0 16    0 02    0.01   0.01    0~02
Guinea-Bissau               GNB          0.00    0.605     .       .    0.00   0.00       .   0.00      ..    0.00   0.00       .      ..   0,00    0.01    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.00
Kenya                       KEN          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0. 14   1.17   0.01    00     3.2      .0    000     0.54    0.20   02        48,   0.07    0 02   0.07    0.06
Lesotho                     LSO             .       .      .       .      .       .       .              .       .
Liberia                     LBR          0.00    0.01   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.02    0.00      ..   0.00    0.04    0 11   0.00    0.00    000    0.07    0 10    0.01   0.16    011i
Libya                       LBY             .    0.00       .   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.97      ..   0.00    0.00   3.93    0 00    0.00   0.17    0163    0.17    0 01   0.06 ~010
Madagascar                  MDG            ..    0.01   0.01      ..    0.00   0.14    0.00   0.2     0.08    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.06    0.01    0.00   0.01    0.01
Malawi                      MWI             .    0.00   0.00    0.01    0.01   0,65    0.00    0.00   0.20    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.49    2,13   0.31    0.01    0.00   00   001: oo
Mali                       MLI             ..    7.27   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.04    0.00       .   0.00    0.49   0.01    0.00    0 00   0.00    0.32    0 02    0.00   0.02, .002
Mauritania                  MRT             .    2.08   0.00       .   0.00    0.08    0.00   0.01    0.00    0.00   0.02       .    0.00   0 00    09      0.02    0.01   0.01  0.O01
Mauiritius                  MUS          0 00    0.00   0.00    000O    0 00   0.90    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0,48   0 39    0 03    0.01   0.04    0.04
Morocco                     MAR            .     0.20   0.24    0.02    0.00   0.12    0.01   0.13    0.09    0.95   0.58    0.00    0.00    0,15   0.67    0.25    0.09   0. 15  .018
Mozambique                 MOZ           0.00    0.00   0.00       .    0.00   0.87    0.00   0.00    0.0     0.00   0.00    0.00    0.03    1 64 ~034      0.01    0 01   0.01    0091
Namibia                    NAM              .              .       .      .       .      .       .       .              ._________
Niger                       NER             ..   0.10   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.01    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.38   0.00    0 00    0.00    0.00   O.I    0.01    0.0    0.00    01
Nigeria                     NGA          0.01    2.84   0.00    0.00    0.00   0 23    0.00    0.06   0.00    4.45    0.01   0.00    0.00    0 10   0.41    0.15    0 08    0.09:  0 Il
Reunion                     REU             ..   0.12   3.40    0.01    0.00   0.23      ..    0.67   0.00    0.00    0.03   0.00    0.00    024    0.22    0 HI    0.00    0.02:  .005
Rwanda                      RWA             .    0 00   0.00      ..    0.00   0.01    0.00   0.00    5.45    0 00   0 00    0.19    0.04    0.02   0 12    0.00    0.01   0.00    .001
Sao Tome and Principe       STP                    ..             ..    0.00   0.01      ..      .       .      .     0.00              .    0 00  0O00     0.00O   0.00    0.00   0.00
Senegal                     SEN             .            .0     0.00    0.00   0.01    0.00    0 00   0 00    0 02    0.02   0.01    0.0     001    0.24    0 03    0.01    001    0.02
Seychelles                  SYC             ..   0.00             ..    0.00   0.15    0.00    0 09   0 01       .    0.00   0.00    0.00    0 04   006     0.00    0 00    000O   0,00
Sierra Leone                SLE            ..    0.29       .           0.00   0.02    0.00      ..   0.00    0.04    0 00   0 00    0 00    0.00   0.00    0.01    0.00    0 00   0.00
Somalia                     SOM          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00     ;'    0.01    0,07    0.02   0.34    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00  0O 12,   0.00    0.00    0.01   0.00
South Africa                ZAF          3.77    0.31    1.14   0.00    0.00           0.05      ..   0.58    5.06    0.09   0 09    1.53   18.67   00      0.60    0.33   0.43   .048
Sudan                       SDN             ..   0.00   0.00    0.00    0.01   0.01              ..   0.75    0.06    0.00   0.03    0.00    0.02   038,    0.02    0 01    0.02   0062
Swaziland                   SWZ             .       .      .       .      .       .       .              .       .       .      .
Tanzania                    TZA            ..    0.00   0.00      ..    0.57   0.78    0.01    1.67           0.00    0.00   0.30    1.96    0.58 0::.O66:  002     0.01   0.04    00D4
Togo                        TGO             ..   0.87     ..    0.00      ..   0.02    0.00      ..      .            0.06     ..    0.00    0.00  0f37     0.02    0.00    0.02 :,0,02
Tunisia                     TUN             ..   0.14   0.01    0.01    0.01   0.00    1.19    0.00   0.00    0.00           0.02    0.00    0.08  :068     0.30    0.06    0.06
Uganda                      UGA             ..   0.00   0.00      ..    0.14   OIl1    0.00    0.00    1.26     ..    0.01           0.08    0,23   ".6     0,01    0.00    0.01  .0.02
Zanmbia                     ZMB             ..   0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    1.06   0.00    2.03    1.31   0.00    0.00   0.01         ~3.06     "Ii'    0.01    001l    0.01   02
Zimbabwe                    ZWE          016     00      00 (4  000)    (n 001  4'     00 nn    00 n  07      n01     n 00   n0 nn     6       C     1 0    00(4    00      00 i     )
Sub-Saharan Africa          SSA          5 44  !2'"m    a '61     I       '9  IS IS 15  29     560           if.' 16  (.,6I  1 21   StS    2s.'.A  i'''            u.*
European Community          EEC         69.88   57.27  45.07   73.76   13.00  38.47   3001    54.57  34.28   27.89   82.50  80.41   17 85   42.62  .43.72  61.71   18.70   23.87  37.25
North America               NNA          1.42    1.18   6.08   17.45    0.01   10.72   3.99   12.59   3.69   20.78    1.47   3.54    2.91    6.01   18934   8.18   31.88   22.07  :18-51
Rest of World               ROW         24.26   15.05  44.24    8.16   85.90  37.66   65.72   28.24  46.87   35.18   15.11   14.83  70.59   22.29  25.85   20 95   49.07   53 34  4326
World                       W~LD     1:)00,10  K00's.  ris.--V.1         1..)IL. I'..4i'  "jo  10:0   Io,  r O  0.'.  UY.  '00..(                  .......r '   I"~'*''"  ''o  '
Source: Intemational Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.
Note: ** means "not applicable."



124                                                                            External Sector
5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 2000
Importers                                           Percentage of total imports
Exporters                              DZA    AGO     BEN     BFA    BWA      BDI CMR CPV            CAF TCD       COM     ZAR     COG     CIV     DJI    EGY     GNQ     ERI    ETH     GAB
Algeria                     DZA             .    0 00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.17    0.00   0.03    0 00    0 00   0.01    0.06    0.82           0 21    0.00            1.80   0~06
Angola                     AGO           0.00     ..    0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0 02    0.07   0.00      ..    0.00   0.00    0.36    0.60      .    0.00                      -    0.03
Benin                       BEN          0 00    0.00     ..    0.07      ..   0.00    0 5!    0.00   0.00    0.07    0.00   0.00    0.01    1.07   0.00    0.061   0 00           0.00    0.00
Burkina Faso                BFA          0 00    0.00   0.48            0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.01    0.00   0.00    0.00    3 22   0.01    0.01    0 00      ..   0.00    0.00
Botswana                    BWA 
Busnmdi                     BDI          0 00    0.00   0.00       .    0 00           0.00    0 00      .               .   0.05    0.00    0.00   0 32    0.00               .   0 00
Camecroon                   CMR          0.00    0.00   0.22    0.00    0.00   0.00      ..    0.00   0 0!    0,03    0.00   0.01    0.08    0.85    0.00   0.02    0.75      ..   000     0.04
Cape Verde                  CPV          0 00    0 00   0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.02    0.03   0.00    0 001   0.00      ..   0,00    0.00
Central African Republic    CAF          0.00    0.00   0.01    0.01      ..   0.00    0.74    0.00     ..    2 35      .    0 12    0.13    0.03      ..   0.01       .      ..   0 00    0.00
Chad                        TCD          0.00      ..   0.46    0.02      ..   0.00    1.22    0 00   0 00                   0.00    0.00    0.06      ..   0.00      .        .   0.00    0.00
Comoros                     COM          0.00      ..   0.00      ..    0.00      ..   0.01    0.00   0.00      ..0.00                 -.    0.00   0 00    0.00       .       .   0.00    0,00
Congo, Dem. Rep, of        ZAR           0 00   0.00    0.00    0.00      .    0.08    0 13    0.00   0.99    0.00    0.00     ..    0.37    0.80   0 00    0.01       .           000     0.25
Congo, Republic of          COG          0.00    0.07   0.09    0.04    0.00   0.00    0.69    0.00   0.5     0.00    0.00   0.13      ..    0.33   0.00    0.01    0.00      ..   0.00    0.21
Cote dIlvoire               CIV          0.00    0.00   0.1I1   0.15    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.01    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.17            0. O00  0.06   0 00       .   0.00    0.02
Djibouti                    DJI          0.00      ..   0.00    0.00       .   0.00    0.00      I.   0 00       ..   0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00     ..    0.07      -.      .    11.46
Egyt                        EGY          0.08    0.00   0.00    0.06    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.01    0.00    0 00   0.01    0.00    0.04   0 00            0.00      ..   3.08    0.00
Equatorial Guinea           GNQ          0.00      ..   0.00    0.00      .       ..   0.50      ..   0.00    0.00      .       .    0 00    0.47       .   0.00              .       ..   0.04
Eritrea                     ERI!
Ethiopia                    ETHl         0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00   4.37    0 02
Gabon                       GAB          0.00    0.01   0 05    001l    0.00   0.00    0.98    0.00   0.01    0.01      .    000     0.06    0.40      ..   0.00    0.01      -.   0.(00
Gambia, T'he                GMB          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.10    0.00   0.00    0 00      ..   0.00    0.00    0.30      ..   0.00    0.00      -.    0.00   0.00
Ghana                      GHA           0.00    0.02   O0.0    7.02    0.00      ..   0 00    0.00       .   0.04    0.00   0.00    0.00    3 36      ..   006     0 00      -.   0.00    0.00
Guinea                      GIN          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.0    001l    000     0.00   001l    0.0!    0.00   0.00    0.A0    1 33    0.01   0.00    0.0M       .    0.00   0.10
Guinea-Bissau               GNB          0 00   0.00    0.00    0.02      .       .    0.00    0.08   0.00      -.       .           0 00    0.01       .   0 00      -.
Kenya                       KEN          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.01    0.00   10 42   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.01   0.00    0.07    0.04   0.18    0.00       .    0 28   0.00
Lesotho                     LSO..                           .      .
Liberia                     LBR          0.00    0.00   0.01    0.00           0.00    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.00    0 00   0.00    0.00    1.03      ..   0.00    0.00      ..    0.00   0.00
Libya                       LBY          0.00    0.00   0.00    000O    0 00   000O    0,00       ..  0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00    0 02   0.00    0.93    0.00            0.00   0.00
Madagascar                 MDG           0.00    0.00   0 00    0,00    0.00   0.00    0.01    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.37   0.00    0.00    0.0!    0.01   0.00    0 00      ..    0.01   0.00
Malawi                     MWI           0,00    0.00      .    0.00    0 00   0.00    0.00      ..   0.00      -.    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0 02   0.00       .       .    0.00   0.00
Mali                        MLI          0.00      .    0.36    2.44      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00   0 00    0 00      ..   0.00    0.00    5.17      ..   0,01    0.00       .    0 00   0 00
Mauritania                  MRT          0.11 I     .   0.00    0.01       .   0 00    0.00    0.01   0.00      .       ..   0.00    0.00    0.16      ..   0.00    0 00      ..    0.00   0.00
Mauritius                   MUS          0.00    0.00   0 32    3.21    0.00    0.00   0.03    0.00    0.00   0.00    001l    0.0!   0.01    0 0!    0. 00  0. 00   0.00      ..    0.00   0.00
Morocco                     MAR          0.57    0.00   2.35    0 00    0 00   0 00    0 79    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.41    0 00   0.27    0.00      ..    0.00   0.59
Mozambique                  MOZ          0.00    0.00      .    0.00    0.01   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00      ..0.00               0.00    0.00      ..   0.00       .            0 00   0.00
Namibia                     NAM..                  .       ..      .      ..      .       ..     .       ..     .       ..      .       .      ..      .      .     
Niger                       NER          0.01      .     2.49   3.23      ..   0.00    0.01    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.00    0 00   0.00    0 83      ..   0.00    0.00       .    0 00   0.00
Nigeria                     NGA          0.17    0.00   0.26    0.05    0.00   0.00    0.17    0.00    0.02   4 33    0.00   0.00    0.01    1.~00   0.00   0.07    0.00       .    0 00   0.01
Rwanda                      RWA          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   3.43    0.00    0.00    0.00   0 00      .    0.48    0.00    0 00   0.00    0.00    0 00      ..    0.11   0.00
Sao Tome and Principe      STP           0.~00   0.00   0.00      I..     . .     . .  0.00    0 00      . .     . .     . .  0.00   0.00    0.02      .    0.00       .       .    0.00   0.03
Senegal                     SEN          0.00    0.00   0.44    0.00    0 00   0.00    0.25   67.62   0.00    0.00    0.15    0.01   0.11    0.00    0.00   0.03    0.01       .    0.00   0.10
Seychelles                  SYC          0.00    0.00      . .  0.00    0.00      . .  0.02       .      . .     . .  0.00    00 .O           0.00   0.00   0.00    0 00       .    0 00 
Sierra Leone               SLE           0.00      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.00      ..   0.00      -.      .    0.00    0.00    0.22    0.00   0.00      ..      .     0.00   0.00
Somalia                     SOM          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00      ..      ..   0.00            0.00   0 00    0.00   55.56   0 01      ..       .    0.00   0.00
South Africa                ZAF          0.00    0.50   0.00    0.00       .   0 05    0.11    0.10   0.02    0.00    0.00   0.31    0.14    0.24      -.   0 28       .       .    0.15   0. 13
Sudan                       SDN          0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00      ..   0.15    0 45       .   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.45       .       ..   0.05   0.00
Swaziland                   SWZ             ...                    .      ..      .       ..      .      ..     .       ..     .        ..      .      ..      .       .
Tanzania                    TZA          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.01    0.16   0.02    0.00    0.00       .   0 00    0.01    0.01   0.00    0.01    0.01   0.07    0.00      ..    0.63   0 01
Togo                        TGO          0.01    0.05   0.32    2.79      ..I     ..   0.06    0 00    0.01   0.03    0.00    0.02   0 00    2.20       .   0.00    0.00       .    0.02   0.06
Tunisia                     TUN          0.38    0.00   0.13    0.51    0.00   0.00    0.20    0.00   0.03    2.24    0.0!    0.00   0.01    0.44    0.00   0.65    0.00       .    0 03   0 04
Uganda                      UGA          0.00      I.           0.00       .   0.10    0.00       .      ..      .      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00     I.I   0.02       .       .    0.01
Zanmbia                    ZMB           0.00    0.00   0.01    0 00    0,79   0.01    0.00      .    0.00    0.00    0.01   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.24   0.01       .       .    00!I   0.00
Zimbabwe                    ZWE          0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00    5.57   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.02    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.02      ..       .     44    0.01
Sub-Saharan Africa          SSA       ..0.30.: :0.65:: 1;n ',   -~      6.55 -4.4.i 1, :5, K64.: .7 r28  .t4Y>3:      oS.     :1...338.905.                 1:57  '0.78 .          13 1&.. ..: 3   :1.04
European Community          EEC         66.28   17.29  32.27   46.58   75.16  54 60   62.98   21.90  80.24   60.79   52.71  73.00   11.18   47.55    8.55  52.61   55.23      ..  42 90   23.06
North America               NNA         16.28   44.89   4.35    2.39    5.68   11.27   7.93    7.81    1.48   6.18   20.08   18.64  15 92   11.03    0.27   15.00  12.94       .    6.50  53.22
Rest of the World           ROW         17.14   37.16  57.75   31.94   12.61  20.03   23 45    2.40   16.79  25.70   26.67   6.25   71.28   17.57   30.59  30.82   31.05      ..   37.4 1  22.68
Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.                                                                                  (Table continues on the following page)
Note: 11 means "not applicable."



External Sector                                                                125
5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 2000 (continued)
Importers                                   Percentage of total imports
Exporters                        GMB   GFIA   GIN   GNB    KEN   LSO    LBR   LBY   MDG    MWI   MLI   MRT    MUS   MAR    MOZ   NAM      NER  NGA   REU     RWA
Algeria                DZA        0.00   0.10  0.32   0.00  0 00   0.00  0,04  0
01   1,94  0.00   0.00  0 40   0.00  0.11  0.00         0.07   0.01         0.
Angola                 AGO        0.00   0.90  0.00   0.00  0.01     ..  0.00  0.00   0.00  0
00    ..   0.00   0,00  0.00  0.13                0.00
Benin                  BEN        0.12   1.42  0.00   0.01  0.01   0.00  0.00  0 00   0.00  0
00   0.01  0
00   0.00  0.08  0.00   0 00  0,95   0 04         0 08
Burkina Faso           BFA        0.00   0.38  0.00   0.01  0.01   0.00  0.00  0,11   0 00  0.00   1.02  0.08   0,01  0.00  0.00          0 24  0 08         0,00
Botswana               BVVA                                                                          -
Burundi                BDI        0.00                      0.37         0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00     -   0.00   CM    0.01)  0 00        0 00   0.00         1.39
Carneroon              Ch4R       0.00   0.02  3.77   0.50  0.03   0.00  0.00  0.00   0 00  0.01   0.00  1.62   0.02  0 04  0.00   0.70   0.00  0.89         0.00
Cape Verde             CPV        0.15   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00     .1  0.00  0 00   0 00    I.   OM    0.00   0,00  0.00  0.00          0 00  0.00
Central African Republic  ClkF  -6-00    5-0   0 00  -0.00  0.00   0 03  0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.01  0,00   0,00  0.00         0.05   0,00  0.00         0.00
Chad                   TCD        0.00         0,0(   0.00  0.00         0.00  0 00   0 00         0.00  0,00   0.00  0.00                0,10  0 08         0.00
Comoros                C(M                     0.00         0.20           -      ..  0.10                 ..   0.06  0.00                0.00  0.00
Congo, Dem. Rep. of    ZjkR       0,00   0.00  0.00         1.83         0
00  0.00   0.00  0.21   0.00  0.04   0.00  0.00   0.00         0.00  0.35         1.73
Congo, Republic of     COG          00   6 
58 O 01 
O 00   0.07         0.02  0
00   OM    0.00   O
02  1.40   0.00  0.00   0.02         0.00  0.02         0.00
Cote d'lvoire          civ        0.07   0.10   1.07  0.22  0.03   0.00  0,39  0.00   0 ol  OM     L64   3.92   0.03  0.09  0.00          0 01  2,80         0 00
Djibouti               DJI           .   0
00  0
00     -   0.15                  ..  0 00  0.00   0.00    ..   0
00  0
00  0.00         0,00   0 00         0 00
Egypt                  EGY        0 00   0.14  0.00   0.00  4.24   0.00  0.70  0.51   0 ol  L65    0.00  0.03   0 00  0.09  0.00   0.01   0.00  0.01         0.00
Equatorial Guinea      GNQ        600                       0
00         0.00         0 00               0 10   0.00  0.00                0.00  0.00
Eritrea                ERI
Ethiopia               ETH        0.00   0.00         0.00  0 99         0.00  0.00   0
00  0.00         0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00         0,00  0.00         0.00
Gabon                  GAB        0.00   0.00  0.02         0.01   0.00  0.00  0.00   0.07  0.09   0,02  0.10   0.01_  0.00  0 00         0.00  0.04         0.00
Gambia, The            GMB               0 
   0 00 
0 09   0.00   0,00  0.03  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0 03   0.00  0.01   0.00         0.00  0 00
Ghana                  CiHA       0.42    ..   0.01     ..  0.02   0.00  0.08  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.01  0.36   0 00  0.00  0,00          0 73  2 54         0.01
Guinea                 GIN         1.01  0.01    ..   0 02  0.01   0.00  0.03  0.00   0.00  0.01   0.01  0.00   0.00  0.00  0,00   0.00  0.00   0.02         0.00
Guinea-Bissau          GNB        0.67   0.00  0.00         0.00         0.00         0.00  0.03   0.00  0.00         0.00  0.00     -    0.00  0.00
Kenya                  KEN        0.00   .01   0.00   0.00    --   0.06        
000   0.05  0.03   OM    0.02   0.21  0.00  0.25   0.00   0 00  0.01         0 26
Lcsotho                llso
Liberia                LBR        0.00   0.00   1.02  0.00  0.00   0.00        0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00  2.29   0 00  0.00  0,00   0.00   0.00  0.01         0.00
Libya                  LBY        0.00   0.02  0.00    ..   0.00  0.00   0.00    ..   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00  1.39  0.00     ..  0 11   0
00         0.00
Madagascar             MDG        0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.03   0.00  0.00  0.00    ..   0.00   0.00  0.00   4,89  0.02  _0.00  0.00   0 00  0.00         0.00
Malawi                 mwl        0.00   0.00     .1  0.00  035    0 00  0.00  0.00   0.00    ..   0.00  0.01   0,08  0.00   2.73  0.00   0.00  0.00         0.00
Mali                   MLI        0.08   0.00  0,02   0
00  0,02         0
00  0
00   0.00  0.00    ..   OA3    0.01  0.00                0
09  0.00         0.00
Mauritania             MRT        0 23   0.00  0.00  'O 00  O
00         0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00   0 00         0.00  0 00  0.00         0,00   0.00         0.00
Mauritius              mus        0.00   0.00  0.00         0.12   0.00  0.00  0.00   3.53  0 24   4.44  0 00         0.03  O
44   0.04  0.00   0.00         0.00
Morocco                MAR        0.00   0 00  0.00   0.00  0.00         0.00  0.22   0.03  0.00   0.00  0
00   O
04    ..  0.00   0.00   0.00  0.35         0.00
Mozambique             moz        0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.01   0,03  0.00  0.00   0.00  0.15         0.00   0.04  0 00         0.55  OM     0.00         0 00
Narnibia               NAM
Niger                  NER        0,00   0.35  0.00   0 00  0.01   0.00  0.00  0.01   0.00  0.00   0.59  0.01   0 00  0.01   0
00               0.12         0
00
Nigeria                NGA        0.02   4,61  010    0.00  0.16   0.00  0.03  0 03   0.00  0 03   1.48  0.01   0.03  0.00   0,00  2.49  183 I               0 11
Reunion                REU
Rwanda                 RWA               0,00  0.00   0.00  2.72         0.00  0.00   0
00  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.10  0.010  0.00        0 OC)  0 00
Sao Tomc md Principe   STP               0.00         0.00  0.00                      0.01                      0.00        0,00                0,00
Senegal                SEN        0.36   0.16  0.01   0.00  0.00         0,19  0.00   0.01  0.03   0.00  0.05   0.00  0 14   OM    OM     0 00  1.24         0
00
Seychelles             SYC           -   CM    0.00   0.00  0.14         0 00    ..   0 20  0.01   0 (O    ..   0.36  0.00   0.00  0.(o   0 00  0.00         0,00
Sierra Leone           SLE         O
07  0.01  0.00   0.00  0
01   0.00  0.41   0.00  0.00  0.08   0 00  0 (O   0 on  0 00   OM           0.00  0.05
Somalia                SOM         0.00   .00  0.00         1.86   0.00  0.00  0.00   0.00  OM     0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00         0.00  0.00         0.00
South Africa           ZAF        4.65   0.26  0.00   0.00  0.35   0.00  0.07  0.00   0.35  20.55  1.03  0.00   0.58  0.04  13 24  0.00   0.00  1.17         1.47
Sudan                  SDN         0.00  0.00               2.72   0.00         0.02  0.00  0.01         OM     0.00  0.00   0.00         0.00  0.00         0 00
Swaziland              swz
Tanzania               TZA         1.21  0.00  0.01   0.00  4.34   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00  0,41   0.01  0.00   0.19  0.00   0.03  0 03   0.11  0.00         0.22
Togo                   TGID       0.00  16.63  0 00   0.25  0.00    ..   0.12  0 00   0.00  0.01   0.26  2.08   0.06  0.00   0,01    ..   0,07  0.12         0.06
Tunisia                TUN        0.00   0.06  0.05   0.17  0.05   0.00  0.10  2.27   0.01  0 25   1.60  0.03   0.00  0.74   0.00  0.00   0 02  0,00         0.02
Uganda                 UGA           ..  0.00  0.00        17.96    I.   0.00  0.00   0.00  0,40           ..   0,05  0.00   0 00           ..  0 00         0 00
Zainbia                ZMB        0.06   0.00  0.01         0.13   0.01  0 00  0.00   0.06  0,53   0.00  0 00   0.24  0.00   2.20  0.24   0 04  0 00         0.00
Zimbabwe               ZWE        0.00   0.01  0.00   0.00  0.30   2.16  0 00  0.00   0.00   1 93  0.37  0.00   0 37  0.00  16.02  I.-Ol  0.00  0200         0.00
Sub-Saharan Aftica     SSA          12   
sj,6.76 
-!               73                -4 I  4 a: 10,91   2 23  17
    0, 5: 
35,07,      C. -   ) I ',       5;34
European Community     EEC        69.85  46.21  50
01  4.53  34.38  12.21  61.96  85.36  56 31  31.18  37.75  61.87  65.44  67.55  37 46  76.82  18.87  25 04  56.09
North America          NNA         1.43  12
73  15.20  0.49
  5.70  85.00  7.56  0,00  17.47  13.40  13 60  0.09  18,73  6.25  6
01  14.501  1.917 45.32     8.43
Rest of the World      ROW        19.61  15.54  28.04  93.88  24.94  0.56  27.49  14.48  21.83  30.64  37.74  25.80  8.48  25.75  21.45  3.55 _,8 .5  20.06  M 14
World                  WLD       I'V., II      ..  .   I    -                                                    _-   I.Aj....
6.]  IIV. f)",  'J,  ."  I.W.....  I  I  Ir.  I.:  (P.
Source: Intemational tvionetary Fund's Direction ofTrade database.                                                          (Table Continues on the following page)
Note: ** means "not applicable."



126                                                                         External Sector
5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 2000 (continued)
Importers                                             Percentage of total imports
Exporters                             STP    SEN    SYC     SLE    SOM    ZAF     SDN    SWZ    TZA    TGO     TUN    UGA     ZMB    ZWE     SSA    EEC    NNA    ROW     World
Algeria                   DZA          0.00    0 07   0.00   0.00    0.011  0.04   0.05    0.00   0.02    0 30   1.04   3.01    0.00   0 23  .0,20    0.28   0.12    008    01:A5
Angola                    AGO          0.00    0.00   0.00   0 00    0 00   1.07   0 00      .    0 05           0.00           0.05   0.39 ~040.     0.05   0.02    0,02 ~003
Benin                     BEN          0.00    0.86   0.00   0 00    0.00   0.06    0.00   0 30   0,00   18 89   0.02   0.00    0.00   0 00   0.19    0.03   0 00    0~02   0,02
Burkina Faso               BFA         0.00    0 44   0 00   0 00    0.001  0.02   0.00    0 00   0.00    3.64   0.05   0 00   0.00    0.00   0.21    0.01I  0.00   000     001o
Botswana                   BWA
Bunindi                   BDI          0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.0!   0.00    0.00    .46   0.00    0.00   0.00    0 92   0,06   0~03    0,00   0.00    0 00   000b
Catneroon                  CMR         0.00    1 42   0.00   0.0     0.00   0.09    0.00   0.02   0.00    0.0!   0.03   0 00    0.00   0~09  .035     0.04   0.01    0 0!   0,02
Cape Verde                CPV          0 00    0.18   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00      .      ..   0.00    0 00   0 00   0.00   000o    0.00   0m0      00!   00     000O    0.00
Central African Republic  CAF             ..   0.07     a. 000              0.00    0.00     ..      ..   0.00   0.00   0.M     0.00   000O   0.03    0.00   0 00    0 00,  0!3t3
Chad                      TCD             ..   01 is         0 00    0.01   0.00   0.00      ..   0.00    0.0!   0.00           0.00   0 00   0.06    0.00   0.00    0 00   0000
Comoros                   COM             .    0.00   0.00     ..    0.00   0 03      .       .   0.0!    0 00   0.00           0.00   0 00   0.02    0.00   0.00    0.00   000
Congo, Demn. Rep. of      ZAR             .    0.03      .   0 00    0.00   0.43   0.00       .   1.18    0.01   0.00   0.00   0.00    0 51   0:34    0 0!   0.00    0 00   01
Conigo, Republic of       COG          0.00    0.82   0.00   0.0     0.00   0.09    0.00   0.00   0.04    0.2    02     0.03    0.0!   0~ 13  011     0 02   001l    0 01 ~001I
Cote dIvoire              CIV          a 000   2.25   0 00   0 02    0 00   0.12   0 00    0.00   0.27    0.65   0.06   O0.0    0 00   0.01   0.77    0,05   001t    0.02   0,04
Djibouti                  DJI            -.    0.00   0.00       I   0.30   0.0!   0.0        .   0.0!     -.    0.0!     -.   0.00    0.00   0067    0.01   000     0.01   0,01
Egypt                     EGY          0.00    0.00   0.00   0 00    0.68   0.07   2 17    0.00   0.1!   0 49    0.58   0.03   0 02    0.17   0313    0.36   0.34    0.30   033)
Equatorial Guinea         GNQ             ..   0.05      .   0.00           0.00       .      .   0.00    0.02   0.00      ..      .   0.00   0.94    0.0!   0 01    0 00   0,00
Ethiopia                  ETH             .    0 00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.04   0. 13   0 00   0 09      .    0 00   0.00    0 03   0.02   0.0     002    0 0!    003    0,03
Gabon                     GAB          0 05    0.76   0.0!   0 00    0 00   0.07      .    0.00   0.00    0.39   0 03     ..    0.00   0.00  .;0.09   0.05   0 0!    0.00   002~
Gambia, The               GMB             ..   4.50     -.   0 26    0 00   0.01   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00   0.01           OM .0  0 00  .0.05    0.00   0.00    0~01   G,000
Ghana                     GHA          0.00    0 37   0 00   0.00    0.00   0.33    0.00   0.0    0 03    6.58   0 03   0.02    0 79   0.21   (39,0   0 06   0 02    0 02   005
Gtuinea                   GIN          0.00    1.64   0 00   0 00    0.00   0 02                  0.00    0 12   0.03   0.00    0 00   0 00 ~..0.09   0.02   00!t    0.01   010!
G.i.ea-B3issa.            GNB          0 00    1.83                  OM 0.00       0.00 .  00   0 000     0 00   0.00          .   -   0.0    .0.01-  0.0    0.00    000    0,00
Kenya                     KEN          0 00    0 00   0.0    0.00    0.05   0.5     0 1I   0.0    5.09    0.0!   0.0!   0 34    0.50   0 30  .0,33    0.04    0.03   0 06   0065
Lesotho                   LSO             .      .       .      .       .      .      .       .      . 
Liberia                   LBR          0.00    I 19   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.0!    0 00     .    0 00    0.09   1.15   0.00    0.00   0 00   015     0.10   0.00    0 10 ~008
Libya                     LBY             .    0.00     -.   0 00    0 00   0 00    0 00      .   0.00    0.00   4 50   0.00    0.00   0 09   0.46    0 12   0.00    0.03   .096
Madagascar                MDG             .    0.03   0 00      .    0 00   0.15    0.00   0.0!   0.0!    0.00   0 02   0.01    0 02   O00!    0.14   0.02    0 00   0.01   00!
Malawi                     MWI            .    0.00   0.00   0 00    0.0!   0.82    0.00   0 00    1 48   0.00   0.00   0.0!    8.00   4.63    0.44   0.00   0.00    0.00   0,03
Mali                       MLI            .    6.80   0.00   0.00    0.00   0 14    0.00     .    0.03    0.99   0 02   0.00    O  0.00    0 0  033   0.02    0 00   0 02   0 2
Mauritaniia               MRT             ..   2.32   0 00      ..   0.00   0.0!   0 00    0.0!   0 00    0.00   0.03     ..    0.00   0,00    0.05   0.0     0.00   0.01   0.03
Mauiritius                MvUS         0.00    0 00   0 52   0.00    0.00   0.98    0.0!   I 84   0.12    0.00   0 00   0.00    0.02   0,34    0.38   0.03    0.0!   0 03   _003
Morocco                   MAR             ..   0.00   0.00   0.0     0 00   0.17    0 00   0.0    0.00    0.00   0 43   0.00    0.00   0 II    0.4!   0.35   0.07    0,1 I  0:19
Mozatsibique               MOZ         0.00    0 00   0.00     ..    0.00   1.34    0.00   3 25   0 13    0.0    0 00   0 00    0.06   0 26    0.44   001l    0 00   0.02   0102
Namnibia                   NAM            ..     .      ..      .                             ..     .       .      .       .
Niger                      NER             .   0 22   0 00   0 00    0.00   0.0!    0.00   0.00   0 00    2.50   0.03   0.00    0.00   0.00    0 10   0.00    0.00   0.00   0,00
Nigeria                   NGA          0.00    0 42   0.00   0.00    0.00   0 35   0 00    0.09   0 03    8.43   0 03   0.00    0 01   0.33   0.44    0.18    0.07   0 11   0.13
Rettnion                  REU                    .              ..     .       ..     .      ..      .      .       ..                         0.00      .    0 00
Rwanda                     RWA            ..   0.00   0.00      .    0.00   0.02    0.00   0 00   0,58    0.00   0.00   0.59    0 37   0.02    0.08   0.00   0 00    0.00   0,00
Sao Tome and Principe     STP                    .       .      ..   0.00   0 00              - .  0.0M          0 00     -.           0 00    0.00   0.00    0 00   0.00   0,00
Seniegal                  SEN             .           0.00    0 00   0.0    0. O04  0.00   0.0!   0 03    0.14   0 16   0.0     0.00   0.03    039    0.03    0 0!   0.01   0,02
Seychelles                SYC             .    0 00              .   0.00   0.11    0 00   0.14   0.01      ..   0.00   0 00    0 00   0.0!    0.05   0.0!    0.00   00!    600!
SielTa Leone               SLE            .    0.50     ..           0.00   0 0!    0.00     ..   0.0!    0.09   0 00   0.00    0 00   0.0!    0.03   0.01    0.00   0 00   0.00
Somalia                    SOM         0 00    0.00   0,00   0 00      m    0.00    0.04   0.03   0.06    0.00   0.00    0.0!   0.00   000m    0 13   0 00    0.00   0.01   0,0!
South Africa               ZAF         0 00    0 00   1.00    1.45   0.00           4.5!   0 00   212     4 59   0.13    1 04  26.08  13918    1 13   0 54    0 32   0.37   0,43
Sudan                      SDN            .    0 00   0 00   0.00    0 02   0.02             .    005     0.12   0.01   0.09    0.00   0.26    0.10   0.02    0.00   0.03   0,02
Swaziland                  SWZ            .       .      .      .       .             ..                    .    
Tanzania                   TZA         0 00    0 00   0.00   00!l    0.00   0.55    0 02   3.97           0 00   0.00    1 59   0.3!   0 23    0:31   0 02    0.0!   0 02   002
Togo                       TGO           ..    1.06      .    0.00     ..   00!     0.00     .    0.0!           0.02     ..    0.00   0.00    0.47   0.01    0.00   0.0!   0,02
Tuinisia                   TUN         0 00    0.22   0 47   0.00    0.9!   0.02    0.25   0 03   0 00    0.00          0 13    00!l   0.06    0.35   0 20    0.04   0.05   0,13
Uganda                    UGA             .    00.00   .00M          036    0,17    0.00   0.00   3.35     -.    0.00           0 2!   0.1     0.47   0.0!    0 00   0.0!   0101
Zamnbia                   ZMB           0 04   0.0!   0.00    0 03   0 00    1 96   0.00   1.52   3.80    0 00   0 00    0.04          3,48   .07 5   0.0!    0.0!   0.00   0,02
Zimbabwe                  ZWE          0 06   0.00    0.0!   0.03   0.00    2.41    0.00   3.83   0.4!    0.00   0.00   0.00    3.3!1    -     0.94   0 0!   00!     002    0,03
Suib-Saltaran Africa      SSA         .014   :27.97   1.55.   1.79 . 0,83 >12.28  >4.01 .15.02   20      4.0   .18.      3:80 .40.78  24.6!   11j48:  1.47    0.00   1.01    1,25
European Comtnutsity      EEC         6949    51.86  78 66  90.05    0.73  41 05    9.30  36 61  37.37   17.30  79 77  58.35   20.96  3430    35.56  60.04   18 25  22.74  34.61
North America             NNA          7 26    1.91   4 34   5.62    0 44  14 75    0.10  17 79   4.26    3.10   1 79   9.08    2 73   6631 2,331.   11.46   35.13  26 25  22,80
Rest of the World          ROW        23.11   18.26  15.46   2.53  198.00  31.93   85.79  30.58  3 7.91  32.00  16.56  28.78   35.54  34,461 29.65   27 03  46.03   49 99  4134
World                      WLD       I 0b00  100400  I oo.o  00.100   .00., I1000o.'0 .i000:..10(0.0:..()0.00  100.00 100.00iK 100.00 .100.00 10b000  100000.0 0 o  100.00 100~00, 100,00
Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.
Note: - mneans "not applicable."



External Sector                                                                127
5-50. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1990
Importers                                   Percentage of total exports
Exporters                        DZA   AGO    BEN   BFA   BWA    BDI   CMR    CPV   CAF    TCD   COM   ZAR    COG    CIV   DJI     EGY  ONQ    ERI     ETH  GAB
Algeria                DZA          ..   0.00  0 00   0.00  0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00  0.00   0 00  0.00   0.17  0.00         0.00   0.00
Angola                 AGO        0.00         0.00                  11  0.05  0.88   0.00    -          0.00   0.13  0.63         0.00               0.00   0 00
Benin                  BEN        0.00           ..   0AI         0,00   0.03     1.  0.00  0.00         0 00  0.00   039          0.00  0.00         0 00   0.01
Burkina Faso           BFik       0.00         0.13                      0.00  0.00   0.00  0 00                0 00  0,99         0,00                      0.00
Botswana               BW'A
Burundi                BDI        0,00   0.00  0.00         0.00         0.00         0.00  OM           0.13  OM     0.00  O.W    0.00               0 00
Cameroon               CMR        0,02   0.00  0.17   0.15  0.00   0.00   ..   0.00  20.70  318    0.00  0 15   4
09  0.43  0,00   0.01  40 1 5       0.00   4.30
Cape Verde             CPV        0 00   (.00  0.00   0.00         0,00  0,00         0,00  0,00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0,00    ..   0.00                 ..   0.00
0,00  0.00                                   0.33         0.00  0.00   n
0   0 Go 
00 o                0.00   0.(O
Central African Republic  CAF     0.00                                    03   0 06 -  ..
Chad                   TCD        0 (O                0.00               0.04  0,00   0.02               0.00   0.00  0.00         0.00   0 00        0.00   0.00
Comoros                com        0.00   0.00         0.00               0.00  0.00                      0 00   0.00  0.00  0.00   0,00     -
Congo, Dem. Rep. of    ZAR        0,00   (.00  0.00   0.00         0.70  0.00  0.00   0.66  0,00   0.00         O
 12  0.04  0.00  0.06               0.00   0,09
Congo, Republic of     CCiG       0.00   0.25  0.09   0.00  0.00   0.00  0 00  0 00   0,00  0.00         0.35         0.02   0. 
0  0.00 
O00         0.00   0 00
Cote d'lvoire          civ        0.12   0.75  4.26  28.47  1,04   0,01  0.72  2.59   0.39  0.59   0.00  2.28   0.53   ..    0.03  0.00   0.46        0.00   1.14
Djibouti               DJI                 ..  0.00           .    0.31  0.00                  ..  0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00    ..   0.00                1 12
Egypt                  EGY        0.05   0.00  0.03   0.00  0.00   0.03  O
00  0,00   0.00  0.01   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.03  0.14         0.00         0.01   0.00
--6--0-0- ..-                          --o-           
      
         .. .. o oo 050
Equatorial Guinea      G14Q                                   -           oo                                                       0.00                      0.00
Eritrea                FRI
Ethiopia               EI'H       0.00         0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00  0.00   0.54  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00  10,24  0.00
Gabon                  GAB        0.21   0.00  0 05   0.00  0.00         0.14  0,00   0.(O  0 00   0.00  0.(O   0.00  0,10         0.00   0 00
0.00         0.00                             -- --
-o                 0.00 0 
00   . 

O. 00
0. 00
GIVIB      0 00                0.00                   -                       -6 oo 0-0 oo
Gambia,The                                 .1  0.00                            0.00   0.00
Ghana                  GHA        0,00   0 00  3.52   0.92  0.00         0.00  0.00   0.00               0.00   0.00  0.27  0.00   0.00               0.00   0.00
Guinea                 GIN        0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00               3.36  0.(0   0,00  0.00         0 (O   0 00  0.18  0.00   0.00                  .   0.00
Guinea-Bissau          GNB        0.00   0.00  0.00                      0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00           ..   0.00  0.06    I.   0.00               0.00
Kenya                  KEN      -0 00   T3
6   O 00 
O00    0.00  11.34  0.00  0.00   0 00  0 (O   0 00  1.35   0.00  0.00  6.62   0.13   0.00        0.75   0.00
Lesotho                LSO
Liberia                LBR        0.00   0.00  0
00   0.00  0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00         0.00   0.00  0.01         0.00  0.00         0.00   0.00
Libya                  LBY        0.06   0.00  0.00   O
 13       0.00   0.00  0,00   0.00  0.00         0.00   0.00  0.00         0.65               0.00   0,00
Madagascar             N/IDG      0.00   coo-  0.00   0.00         0.02  0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00   2.98  0.00   0 00  0.00  0.00   0.00               0 (O   0.00
Malawi                 N11WI      0.00   0.00  0.00     . .  0.59  0.16  0.00     . .  0.00    . .  0.00  0.11  0.00  0.00  0.02   0.00               0,00   0.04
Mali                  IviLl       0,00     . I  0.00  0.29           . .  0 00  0.00  0.00  0.00         0 00  0.00   0 63  0.00   0.00                  . .  0.00
Mauritania             NJRT       0
00   0 00  0.15   0 00        0.00   0.31  0 00   0.00  0.00         0.00  0.0
1  0.89     . .  0.00  0.13        0,00   0.00
Mauritius              NIUS       0.00   0.00  0.00   0 00  0.14   0.01  0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00   2 13  0.01   CW
0  0.00 
0.01   0.00     . .       0.00   0.00
Morocco                NIAR       0 61   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.43  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.36   0.00  0.41  0.00   0.00  0.00         0.00   1.08
Mozambiquc             MOZ        0.00   0,01  0.00         0 00  0.00   0.00  0.00                      0,00  0.22   0.02  0.00   0.00               OrOO   0.00
Namibia                NAM
Niger                  NER        0 00         0.25   0.20         0,00  0.00  0,00   0,00  0.00   0 00  0.00   0.00  0,14   0.00  0.00   O
00        0.00   0.00
Nigeria                tJGA       0.00   0.01  0.23   0.02  0.00   O
00  5.31  0.00   O
03  16.35  0.00  1.76   0.06  12.96  0.00  0.00   O
00        0,00   0.01
Reunion                REU        0.00   0.00     . .  0.00   .    0.00  0.00  0.00            I .  1.58  0.00  O'GO  0.00  0.08   0.00               0.00   0.00
Rwanda                 ItWA       0.00     I .  0.00  0.00 -0.00   0.15  0.00     . .  0 00  OrOO        0 02   0.00  0.00  0.00   0.00               0.00   0
00
Sao Toine and Principe  STP       0 00   0.00                      0,00  0.0o-0.00                           
00 0                 0.00                      0.00
Senegal                SEN         0.00  0.00  0.95   0.70  0.00   0.05  2.70   0.09  0 17  0.16   0.00  0.03   0.72   L26   OM    0 00   0.00         0.00  0.31
Seychelles             SYC         0.00  0
00         0.00  0 00   0.00  0.00     . .   . .    I .  0.00    .   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00                0 00    . .
Sieffa Leone           SLE        0.0u   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00  OM    0.00   0.00  0.00     ..  0.00   0.00  0.00     I   0.00   0.00        0.00   0 00
Somalia                som         0.00  0.00    I.   0.00  0.00   0.00  0
00           ..  om     om    om     om    om     o. I I  o.oo              0.00  0,00
South Affica          :ZAF         0.00  0.00  0.00                0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00  0.00   0.00  1 41   0 40  0.58   0.00  0.00                0 00  0
00
Sudan                  SDN         OM    0.00                      0.00  0.00         0.05  0.00         0.00   0.00  0.00   0,00  0.26                0.00
Swaziland              swz
Tanzania               TZA        0.00   0.00  0.00     -   0.21   0.68  0.00  0,00                0.00  0.09   0
00  0.00   0,00  0.01                0.03
Togo                   TGO         0.00    ..  1.38   2.04    ..   0.00  0.01  0.62   0.00  0.01   0 00  0.00   0.04  0.05    ..   0.00                 ..   0.09
Tuni sin               TUN        0.86   0.14  0.64   0.24  0.00   0.00  0.70  0.00   0.00  O
00   0.00  0.00   0.10  0.44   0,63  0.03   2.06         0.00  O
07
Uganda                 UGA        0.00     . .  0,00    . .   . .  0.00  0.00                            0.00   0.00  0.00         0.03               0.00     . .
Zambia                 ZMB        0.00   0.05  0.00   0.00  0.06   0.62  0.00         0.00  0.00   0 00  0.42   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00               0.00   0.00
Zimbabwe               ZWE        0.00   0.73  0.00   0.00  29.48  1.65  0.00  0.02   0.00  0,00   0.00  0.79   0.03  0.01   0.00  0.03   0.00         0.12  0.01
Sub-Saharan Aftica     SSA        -J 3!  2 1,
  i I 14  
2 1,1  )I S.'  15 12  12 71  4 .1-)  2-1 56  21 32  (, 0  11 WI)  r. v.  19 1A  17 1:  1  4.. 14  .....  
02:  :.:6
European Community     EEC        69.31  69.99  53.09  54.06  38.15  67.98  68.38  81.69  65.60  65.44  82.44  48.47  66
52  62.27  37.54  45.04  51.41  49.79  73.15
North America          NNA        12.69  10.12  6.16  3.64  7.16   0.69  5.22  4.73   0.88  5.32   0.00  8.06  13.64  4.97   2.20  18,931  0.05       i5
07  7
28
Rest of World          ROW        17.65  17.73  29.56  9.39  23.18  15.61  13.68  9.37  10.96  7.92  10.88  34.58  13.39  13.11  43.14  35,501  7.80  33.12  13,57
World                  W LD      - -i 
-rj  I C, - C---  I -ic- (io  I taj 0  I - 0  'A  I 0J C-0  100 01)  I W   IJI)  I(-rJL-L-  Io.. cpj  1(
i C.,      I....
Source: lntemational Monetary Fund's Direction ofTrade database.                                                            (Table continues on the following page)
Note: II mcans "not applicable."



128                                                                External Sector
5-50. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1990 (continued)
Importers                                   Percentage of lotal exports
Exporters                        GMB   GHA    GIN   GNB    KEN   LSO    LBR   LBY   MDG    MWI MLI     MRT    MUS   MAR    MOZ   NAM    NER   NGA    REU   RWA
Algeria                DZA        0.00   0.00  0 00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00  0 06   0.00  0.00   0.00  8.04   0,00  0.56   0 00         0,00  0.00   0.00  0.00
Angola                 AGO           ..  0.00  0.00   0.10  0.00         0
00   0.00  0.00  0.00           ..   0.00  0.00   0 00           -   0.01   0.00  0.00
Benin                  BEN        0.00   0.02  0 00   0 00  0.00         0,00  0
00   0 00         0 00  0 00   0.00  0.15                0.53  0.42   0.00  0.00
Burkina Faso           BFA               0.03  0.00     -   0.00         0.00  0.00   0.00         0.16  0,00   0.00  0.00   0 00__       0.35  0.02         0.00
Botswana               BWA
Burundi                BDI                                  0,08   0.00  0,00  0.00         0.00         0.00   0 00  0.00   0 00         0.00  0.00         0.32
Cameroon               CMR        0.00   0 03  0.34   0 00  0.00   0.00  0.00  0.00   0.00  0 00   0 00  0.05   0.00  0,05   0 02         0 12  0.38   0.00  0.01
Capc Verde             CPV        0 00   0.00  0.00   0.15  0.00         0.00    ..   0 00     .   0 00  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00         0.00  0 00     .   0.00
Central African Republic  CAF                         0.00  0.00         0.00   0.00  0.00  0 00   0 00  0 00   0.03  2.22   0.00  0.00   0,00  0 00   0.00  0.00
Chad                   TCD               0
00  0 00         0 00         0.00   0 00  0 00         0 00         0.00  0.00                0 00  0
01     .   0.00
Comoros                com                                  0.00         0 00     .   0,00                      0 00  0.00                0.00  0 00   0
00
Congo, Dcin. Rep. of   ZAR               0.00  0.00         0.01         0 00  0.01   0,00  0 00   0.00  0.00   0.01  0.00   0.00         0.00  0.00   0.00  0,82
Congo, Republic of     COG        o oo   0.00  o oo   0.00  0.00         0,00  0.00   0.00  0.00   0 00  0.00                             0.00  0 01
Cote d'lvoire          civ        6.37   6.56  10 69  6.61  0.16         0.37   0.00  0.93  0.00  23.73   1.08  1.16  0.16   3.21        13 38  0 80   0.04  0 00
Djibouti               DJI                                  0 00           ..  0 00   0.00                  ..  0.00  0.00                  .   0 00   0
00  0.00
Egypt                  EGY        0 00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00  0.85   0
00  0.00   0.00  0 00   0.00  0.08   0.02         0,03  0.01   0 00  0.00
Equatorial Guinea      GNQ                                  0.00         0.00                      0.00  0.00         0 00                0.00  0.00         0.00
Eritrea                ERI
Ethiopia               ETH        0 00   0.00  0.00         O
04         0.00  0
00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00   0 00  0.00   0.00         0 00  0 00   0.00  0
00
Gabon                  GAB        0,00   0 00  0.01         0.00   0.00  0.00  0.(O   0.00  0.00   0.00  0 10   0.00  0 62   0.00         0 00  0.00   0.00  0 00
Gambia, The            GMB          -    0 06   1.25  0.21  0 00     ..  0,00   0.00  0 00  0.00   0.00  0
01   0.00  0.00   0 00         0.00  0.00
Ghana                  GHA        0.07    ..   0100   O
00  OrOO   oloo  0 00   OrOl  0.00  0.00   0.00  0
00   0.00  0,00   0 00         0 00  0.01   0 00  0.00
Guinea                 GIN         0 00  0 01    ..   0
09  0 00         0.00   0.01  0 00    ..   0.00  0.00   0.00  0 00   0 00         0 00  0.00     -   OM
Guinea-Bissau          GNB         0.03    I.  0 01    ..   0.00         0 00           I.   0.00  0.00  0.00 _   -   0 00   0.00         0
00  0.00     ..  0.00
Kcnya                  KEN        0.00   0.00  0 00   0.00         0.00  0.00   0 00  0.00  0.00   0.00  0 00   0,25  0 00   0.18  0 00   0.00  0.00   0.23  32 04
Lesotho                LSO
Liberia                LBR        0.00   0.00  0 00   0.00  0.00   0.00         0.00  0.00  0.00   0 00  0.00   0 00  0.00   0.00         0
00  0.01         0 00
Libya                  LBY        0.00   0.00  0.07     -   0 00     .   0.00    ..   0
00  0.00   0.00  0.08   0.00  1.54   0.00         0 04  0.00         0.00
Madagascar             MDG        0.00   0.00  0.01     -   0 03   0.04  0.00   0.00    ..  0 00   0.01  0.11   0 60  0.01   0 70  0'(0   0.00  0,00   1.01  G 00
Malawi                 mwl         0.00  0.00  0 00   0.00  0 02   0.01  0.00   0.00  0.00           -   0.00   0.02  0.00   0.20         0 00  0,00   0.00  0.32
Mali                   MLI        0.00   0.00  0,00   0.00  0.00         0 00   0 00  0.00          ..   0.00   0 00  0.14                0.12  0.00   0.00  0.00
Mauritania             MRT        0.02   0.01  0 00   O.Do  0.00         0.07   0.00  0.00  0.00   0,03    ..   0 00  0.00   0 00         0.00  0.00     ..  0.00
Mauritius              mus         0,00  0 00  0.00     ..  6-0-6--7-0 00       0.00  1.88  0.03   0 00  OM      ..   0 00   0.00         0.00  0 00   1.34  0.00
Morocco                MAR        0.00   0,00  0,00   0.00  0
00    ..   0.00   2.32  0.00  0 00   0 00  0.00   0 00    ..   0.00         0
00  0.20   0.00  0.00
Mozambique             moz        0.00   0,00  0.00   0.13  0 03   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.17  0
56         0.00   0.00  0.00                0.00  0.00   0.00  0
00
Natnibia               NAM
Niger                  NER        0.00   0 00  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0 00   0 05  0.00  0.00   0.02  0.01   0
00  0 00   0
00               0.13   0 00  0.00
Nigeria                NGA        0 30  15.39   1.19  0 00  0 18   0.00  0.19   0.00  0.00  0.00   0.05  0,00   0 00  0.03   O
00  0.04   1.35    ..   0
00  0
00
Reunion                REU               0
00     ,   0.G01  0 00  O.O.  0.00   0 ..  1.21  0.00   0.00     ,   0 24  0 00   0 00         0 00  0.00
Rwanda                 RWA               0 00  0,00         0 ol     0   0 00    00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0. 00  0 00  0 00   0,00         0.00  0,00   0 00
Sao Tome and Principe  STP               0 00         0.00                                                      0
00         0 00               0 00
3.09  0 07            I   0
0,         0
0,
Senegal                SEN                     0 90   2.3   o .          . ol   0.00  0.04  0.00  11.06  0.05   0 02  0.01   0.00         0 07  0.07   0
00  0,00
Seychelles             SYC               0,00  0 00         0.00         0.00     .   0 00  0 00   0.00  0,00   0.01  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0
00   0 00  0 00
Sierra Leone           SLE        0 00   0.00  0.00         0.00         0.00   0.00     .  0 00   0.00    ..   0.00  0 00                0.00  0 00
Soinalia               som        0 00   0.00  0,06   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00  0.00   0.00  0.00   0 0'0  0.00  0 00         0,00  0
00   0.00  0.00
South Aftica           ZAF         0.00  0.00  0.00   0.00  0.37         0.00   0.00  0.00  4&64   0.00  0.00  12.16  0.00   0.00         0 00  0.00   2.49  0.00
Sudan                  SDN        0.00   0.00     -         0 00         0.00   0.03  0.00  0 00   0,00  0,00   0.01  0.00   0,00         0.00  0
00         0.00
Swaziland              swz
Tanzania               TZA         0.00  0.00               059    0.00  0.00   0.00  0.08   0.24  0.00  0.00   0 04  0.00   0,11         0.00  0
01   0.05  0.21
Togo                   TGO        0.00   0.28  0.69   0.00  0.00     ..  0.00   0.00  0.00  0
00   0.14  0,00   0 00  0.08                133   0
15     ..  0.00
Tunisia                TUN         0.24  0.58  0.11   3.52  0.02   0.00  0.01   3.15  0.05   0 00  0.00  0 47   0.00  0.31   0.00         0.07  0.03   0.07  0.00
Uganda                 UGA           I.  0.00               0.00     .   0.00   0.00  0.00  0.00   Om      ..   0 00  0
00   0 00         0 00  0.00   0.0.0  1.29
Zambia                 ZMB        0 00   0.00  0 00         0.34   0.00  0 00   0,00  0.00   1.07  0.00  0 00   0.00  0 00   0.01  010    0.00  0.00     ..  0.00
Zimbabwe               ZWE        0,00   0 07  0.00   0.01  0.87   6.08  0 00   0,01  0.03  19.72  O.Oi  0 00   0 09  O
00   6 76  0,56   0.13-  0.01  0.00  0.49
Sub-Saharan Africa     SSA       ::9.$S,  22 53,  15.14  9:$l  2.79  6.11,.,  -- 0  :,O,l I  43$:
  76
26  35,2i  1:42  1 4  3.54  :1 1,19
  0.70  17.39  .2,06  $A0  .::35,49
European Community     EEC        52.67  45.00  60.03  6246  52.85  59.07  33.3 1  67.32  68,32  4107  50.52  70,51 43.30  61,18  42.77  74.52  6738  55.42  90.54  47.45
North America          NNA        0.12  10.45  9,12   L09   7.91   7.16  1. I 8  0.78  266  4.33   2.48  3.41   1.09  &96    8.68  22 38  5 44  9 94   0 32  0.77
Rcst of World          ROW        37.33  22.02  15.70  26.94  36.46  27.64  64.86  31.79  24
67 -15 66  11 79  24.66  40.94  26.3 1  3737  240  9,60  32,58  3.75  16.28
World                  WLD                                 lx,00                           100,00 I.0        :100.00 100,00 :100,00, 100,00 100.00 100.W, 100,00., 100,00
Source: Intemational Monetary Fund's Direction ofTrade database.                                                            (Table continues on the following page)
Note: 11 means "not applicable."



Externaul Sector                                                                              129
5-50. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1990 (continued)
bImporters                                              Percentage of total exports
Exporters                              sf1'    sEN    syc     SLE    SOM     ZAF     SDN    SWZ     TZA     TGO    TUN     IJGA    ZMB    ZWE      SSA    EEC     "NA    ROW    World
Algeria                     DZA          0.00    0~00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.0    0.0     0.     3.35    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.54    0.52    0 35   0.07   0~Q33
Angola                      AGO          0.00    0.03   0 00      ..    0.00   0.00    00000     0.   0.0      .7    0.00       .    0.00   0,00    0.03    0.09    0.32   0.03    0I
Benin                       BEN             ..   0.00     ..    0.00      ..000                         ..    0.52   0.0m       .    0 00           0.09    0.00    0 00   0.00 
Burkina Faso                BFA            ..    0.00     ..    0.00    0.00     ..       .       .      .    0.65   0.00      ..    0.00   0.00   .0.05    0 00    0.00   0.(.
Botswana                    BWA             .                                                     ...
Burundi                     BDI             .    0.00      .    0.00    0 00   0.00   0)00    0.00    0.00       .   0 00    0.13    0.00   0 00    0401    0.00    0 00   0.00    000O
Cameroon                    CMR          0.00    0.35   0.00    0.02    00     0.0      .   00  000   0.00    0.)9   0 00    0.00    0.00    0 00   03       .9     005     00      0
Cape Verde                  CPV          0.00    0.00       .      .       .   0.00       .      ..   0.00    0.00   0.00       .            000    0.00    000D    0 00    0.00,  000
Central African Republic    CAF             .    0.00     ..    0.00       .   000     0.06       .0.00               0 01      .    000     0.00 70733     0.01    0.00   0 00    001
Chad                        TCD                  0.00              - .  0.00   0.00    00        ..           0 00    0.00     ..    0.00           0.00    000D    0.00   0.00    000O
Comoros                     COM.                 0 00     -...            .    0.00      ..      .    000     00  00    0       .            0.00   0060    0.00    0.00   0.00    0,00
Congo. Detn. Rep. of        ZAR          0 00    0 00     ,.    0.00    0.00   0.00    0 00      ..   0.02    0.00    0.02   0.00    0.02    7.11   0.20    0 06    0.04    0.01   004
Congo, Republic of          COG          0.00    0 02      .    0.00    0 00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00 _7001     - 000   0.00    0.00    001t  *004     0.04    0.06    0 01   0.04
Cote divoire                CIV          0.15    4 92   0.00    7.02    0.00   0.11    0 07    0. 13  1.85    9.75    0 31   0.00    0.00    0 00    14     00      0.03    0.02  6o0g
Djibouti                    DJ]                  0.00   0.00    0.00    6.01     ..    0.00         . 0.0       -.    0 00      .          .. 000  ~0.07    0 00    0.0 0O .00: a0600
Egypt                       EGY          0.00    0.0-0  0.00    0.03    0.03   0 00    1.71    0.00   0.00    0 00    0.35   0 03    0.04    0.00  :019     0.07    0.04    0.1 t'  0,06
Equatorial Guinea           GNQ             .    0 00   0.00       .              .       .       .      .       .   0.0                            0 00    0 00    0.00   0.00    060
Eritrea                     ERI                     .      .                              .      .       .       .       .      .
Ethiopia                    ETH-         0.00    0.00     ..    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.02   0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.07    0.01    0.01    0.01  .001
Gabon                      GAB           0.05    2 86      .    000     0.00   0 00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.73    0.07      .    000     0.01  .:022.   0 00    0.12    0.04.  007
Gambia, The                GMB              .   0.02      ..    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.07      .     0.00   000)   .002     0 01
Ghana                       01HA         0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.96   0.00    0 00    0 00   0G   -0.0600    0 05             '1.. .
Guinea                      GIN            ..    0.06     ..    0.03    0 00   0.00       .      ..      .    0.00   0.00      ..    0 00   0 00    0 10    0 02    0.02   0.01:   0,02
Gjuinea-Bissau              GNB          0.00    0.01           0.00      ..   000   .00       .0        .    0 00   0.00       .       .    0-00   0.00    0.00    0 00   0,00    O000
Kenya                      KEN           0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00   4.66    0.01    1.27    0.00   1.89~   0.00   0.00   35.95    0 22   0.71  9..85.    0.03    0.01   0.02    00
Lesotho                     LSO                           ..       .      ..      .       ..     .       .       .
Liberia                     LBR             ..   0.20   0 00    0.14    0.00   0.00      ..      .    000     0.00   0.01    0 00    0.00   0.00    001     0.06    0.01   0,09    0.06
Libya                       LBY             ..   0.19      .    0.00    0 00   0.00   12.45      .    2.63    0.00    1 36   0.00    0.00   0.00    089i    0.70    0.00   0 14    0 41
Madagascar                  MDG             .    0.00   0.11    0.0     0.20   0.00    0.00    0.00   0. 13   0.00   0 00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.07    0.01    0.02   0 00    0-01
Malawi                      MWI             .    0.00   0.05    0.17    0.01   0.24    0.00    0 00   0 15    0.00    0.00   0 00    1.31    1 13   0112    0.01    0 01    0,01   00
Mali                        MLI             .    0.20      .    0.00    0.00   0.00       ..             .    0.00   0.21       .    0.00    0.00   07 0.01:oo      0.00   0 01    0.01
Mauritania                  MRT            ..    0.00      .    0.00    0.00     -.    0.00    0.00   0.0-0   0.08    0.02     ..    0.00   0.00    00O5    0.02    0 00   O.0    0O01
Mauritiisa                  MUS          0.00    0.00   2 27    0.00    0.00   0 05    0.00    0 36   0.01    0.01    0 00   0 01    0.04    0.27  .009     0.06    0.03   00        04
Morocco                     MAR             ..   0.40      .    000     0.00   0.00    0.00    0 00   0 00    0.00    1.16   0.00    0.00    0.00   0 5 5   0.19    0.02    0.11   014
Mozanmbique                 MOZ          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.10   0.04    0.00    0.00   0.03    0.00    0.01   0.00    0.00    0.06   0062    0 01    0 00    0.02.  001.
Namnibia                    NAM..                   .       .      .      ..      .              ..      .       .      .       ..      .      .      ..       .
Niger                      NER              ..   0.02     ..    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.11    0.00           0.00    0 02   0113.   0.01    0 01   0.00   '001
Nigeria                     NGA          0.00    3.45   0 00    7.36    0 00   0.00    0 00    0.00   0.00    0.53    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.01  1,I30    0.25    0 94   00GI   -0.30
Reunion                     REU          0.00    0.00   0.41      ..    0.00   0.00       .      ..   0.00    0.00   0.0000     0       .O   0 00   0.02    0.01    0.00   0.00    00
Rwanda                      RWA             ..   0.00   0.00      ..    0.00     ..    .0      0.00   0.02    0.00   0 00    0.16    0.00   0 00    0,00:   0.00    0.00   0.00    0,00
Sao Tome and Principe       STP                     .       .      .    0.00   0.00      ..      .       .       .       .      .       .     0   00        0.00    0.00   0.00    0100
Senegal                     SEN             .           0 00    0 1I    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.64    0.09   0.00    0.00    000o   0.3_2   0.03    000     0.02   0,03
Seychelles                  SYC             ..   0.00                   OM .0  0.00    0 00    0.00   0.00           0.00    0 00    0.00   0 00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0 00    D'000
Sierra Leone                SLE            ..    0.00     ..            0.00   0.00    0.00      ..      .    0.00    0.00      ..   0.00   0.00    000n    0 01    0.01    0.01)  0.00
Somalia                     SOM          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00           0.00    0.00    0.00   0 04       .    000    0.02    0.00    O000   0..     000  0.00 0. 0 001     0.00
South Africa                ZAF          0.00    0.0    16.98   0.00    0.00           0.00      ..    000    0.00    0.02   0.00   24.30   34.49   :201    0.59    0.29    0.7 0  0.45
Sudan                       SDN             .    000         O.. .0     0.05   0.00              0. 000       0 00    0 06   0.00    0.00    0.00   0:07:   00l     0 00    0.02 .0.02
Swaziland                   SWZ             .       .      .       .      .       .       .                      .      .               .____                  .       .
Tanzaia                     TZA            ..    0.00   0.00    0.0     031    0.00    0.20    0.00      '       .    0.00   0.76    0 24    0-30   0~07:   001     0.00    0.01  :0.01
Togo                        TGOO.                0.00      ..   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00       .. 0.0              0.03       .   000     0-00   0.09.   0 01    0.01    0.01    0.01
Tunisia                     TUN             .    0.10   0.00    0.07    0.03   0.08    0.09    0.00   0 01    0.49           0.63    0 17    0.13   0,66    0.19    0.01    0.04   011
Uganda                     UGA              ..   000    0.00    0.00    0.00J  0.00    0.01      ..   0.07      ..    0.10      -    0 01    0.00 :-0.02    001     0.00    0.00   0,01
Zambia                      ZMB             ..   0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.02    0.00    0.00   0.24    0.00    0.00   0.00            1.43  "008     0.01    0.00    0 02  :0,02
Zimbabwe                   ZWE           0.02    0.01   0.13    0.02    0.02    1.08   0.04    1.42    1.00   0.00    0.00    1.08   6.06           0.07    0.04    0 02   0 02    004
Sub-Saharan Africa          sS           65       u     IO.    Ih      I  5    I       16       9       t     51.     H      S     ~.                          11,5-04               1
European Commuinity         EEC         59.70   65.32  48.62   54.70   54.40  59.34   38.94  42.44   48.12   48.815  73.16  30 22   48.94  40.35   55.12   66 47   19.40  28.96   44,01
North America               NNA         29.56    5.03   1.61   13.04    4.00  15.14    3.98   14.13   5.32    4.77    4.20   5 41   10.48   13.22   7 95    7,72   29.40   17088  .1537
Reat of World               ROW         10.52   17.50  29.83   16.80   30.00  23.97   55.41   4 1.52  4 1.09  31.72  21.51  IS825    7.56    0.78  27 25   24.60   49.46   52 76  349A
World                      W~LD        i .s.u lA Iu VO  IOw l,.-ArA  lI 1KI' Iu 61' V.I                                                                                           ...... .. ... I''  40 ii.'.  '''.  ''''  I"0
Source: Internationial Monetary Funds3 Direction of Trade database,
Note:    means "not3 applicable."



130                                                                            External Sector
5-51. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1995
Importers                                           Percentage of total exports
Exporters                              DZA    AGO     BEN     BFA    BWA      BDI CMR        CPV     CAF    TCD    COM     ZAR     COG     CIV     DJI    EGY     GNQ     ER!     ETH    GAB
Algeria                     DZA            ..    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    1.83    0.00   0.00J   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.03    0 00      ..   0.00    0.00
Angola                      AGO          0.00     .     0.00    0.00      I    0 00    0.00    102    0.00      ..           000~    0.41    0.02           0.00       .           0.00    0.00
Benin                       BEN          0.00    0 00     ..    0.06    0.00   0.00    0.02    0.62   0.07    0.05    0.00   0.00    0.03    0 04   0.00    0.00    0.00           0.00    0.04
Burkina Faso               BFA           0.00    0.00   0.06   ~           .   0.00    0.00    0.01   0.00    0.09           o.00J   0.00    1.28   0.00    0 00    0 00      ..   0.00    0.01
Botswana                    BWA
Burundi                     BDI          0.00    0.00   0.00      ..    0.00           0.00       .   0.00    0 00      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.00      ..      .    0.00
Cameroon                   CMR           0.00    0.1    0.26    0.12    0.00   0.00      ..    0.00   7.78    4.14    0.00   0.25    2 17    0.34   0.00    0 00   1 8.85     ..   0.00    3.21
Cape Verde                  CPV          0.01    0.00   0.00    0.00      .    0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0 00    0 00   0.00    0.00    0.00      -.   0.00       .      ..      ..   0.00
Central African Republic   CAF           0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00      .       ..   0.03    0.00     ..    0 44    0.010  0.33    0.29    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.02      ..   0.00    0.00
Chad                        TCD          0.00       .      ..   0.00      .,       .   0.00    0.00   0 69   ~           .   0.00    0.00    0.00       .   0.00    0 00      .    0.00    0 00
Comoros                     COM          0.00    0.00     ..    0.00       .      .    0.00    0.00      .       ..0 00              0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00       .
Congo, Dem. Rep. of         ZAR          0 01    0.00   0.00    0.00      ..    1.01   0.00    0.00   0.49    0.00    00 'O          0.11    0.02   0,00    0.01       .      ..   0.00    0.00
Congo, Republic of          COG          0.01    0.3 0g~ .00    0.00    000o    0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00    0 00           0.54            0.00   0.00    0.011   0~.00     ..   0.00    0.00
Cote dIlvoire              CIV           0.03    0.31   4.88   23.56    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.92   8.72    I 19    0.00   2 39    0 77      ..    0.01   0.001   0.27       .   0.00    1.46
Djibouti                   DJII.                   ..   0.00    0.00      ..   0.01    0.00      ..      .       .    0 00   0.00    0 00    0.00     ..    0 00       .       .   2.09
Egypt                       EGY          0.34    0.03   0.0!    0.03    0 00    0.10   0.04    0 00   0.00    0 02    0.00   0.03    0 45    0.27    0.17           0.00       .    0.1 1  0.02
Equatorial Guinea           GNQ          0.00      .       ..   0.00      .       ..   2.49       .      .       ..      .      ..   0.00    0.1I8    I. 0001.                             0.00
Eritrea                     ERI
Ethiopia                    ETH          0 00      ..   0.00    0.00    0 00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0 00   0.00    0.00    0 00   10.68   0.021
Gahon                       GAB          0.11    0 14   0.02    0 00    0 00     ..    0.17    0.00   0.02    0.00    0.00   0.52    0.00  _0.06      ..     .011   0 00
Gamnbia, Thec              GMB           0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0 00      ..   0.00    0.00
Ghana                      GHA           0.01    0 50   2.29    1.32    0.00      .    0.04    0.00   0.00       .      ..   0.00    0.75    0.31    0.00   0.00       .      .    0 00    0 00
Guinea                      GIN          0.00    0.00   000O    0.00      ..      .    243     0 05   0.01    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.0     0.00   0 00                    OM. .0  0.00
Guinea-Bissau               GNE          0.00   0.00    0 01    0.00       .      ..   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.0M                   0.00    0.02      ..   0.00       .       ..   0.00
Kenya                       KEN          0.00    0.02   0 00    0.01    0.00   4 45    0.04    0.01   0.00    0.00    1 54   3.36    0.03    0.02    0.39   0.37    0.00       .    4 33   0.01
Lesotho                    LSO-
Liberia                     LBR          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0 00   0.00    0 00      .    0.00    0.01    0.14       .   0 00    0 00       .    0 00   0.00
Libya                       LBY          0.02   0 00    0.01    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.00       .   0.00    0.00    0 00      ..   0.57       .       .    0.00   0 00
Madagascar                  MDG          0.05    0.00   0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0 00    0.08   0 01    0.01    3.16   0.00    0.00    0 01    0.02   0 00    0.00      ..    0.0o0 000
Malawi                      MW!          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.29    0.00      ..   0.00      ..    0.00   0.04    0.00    0.00    0 00   0.02       .       .    0.00   0.00
Mali                        MLI          0.00      -.   0 00    0.31       .       .   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00         o.o0.0    0.00    0.11    0.00   0.00      ..       .       ..  0.00
Mauritania                  MRT          0.02    0.00   0.00    0.11      ..   0.00    1.33    0.00   0.00    0.00       .   0.00    0.50    0.62      ..   0.00,   0.20      ..    0.00   0.00
Mauritius                   MUS          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0 00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    1.69   0.001   0.00    0 .0   0.-00    000       .       .    0.00   0.00
Morocco                     MAR          0.61    0. 13  0.30    0.23    0.00   0.00    0.31    0. 14  0.14    0.00    0.17   0 66    0.37    0.73    0.01   0.02~   0.71      ..    0.00   0.77
Mozainbique                 MOZ          0.00    0.01   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00      -...            .    0.00   0 00    0.00    0.00   0 00              ..    0.01   0.00
Namibia                    NAM
Niger                      NER           0.00       .   0.22    0.31      .    0.00    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.02    0.00   0.00    0 00    0.24    0.00   0.00    0.0        . .00   0.00
Nigeria                     NGA          0.00    0.01   0.02    6.08    0.00   0.00    7 99    0.00   0.40    7.89    0 12   4.32    0.27   12.82    0.00   000     0.00       .    0.00   0.37
Reunion                     REU          0.00    0.00           0.00      ..   0.00    0 00    0.00      .       .    1.08    0.00   0.00    0 00    0.00   0.00       .       ..   0.03   0 00
Rwanda                      RWA          0.00      .    0.00    0.00    0 00   0.27    0 00       ..  0.00    0.00       .   0.05    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00              ..    0.00   0.00
Sao Tome and Principe       STP          0.00o- 0.00       . I             . .  0.00   0.00    0 00      ..      ..                  0 00    0.00       .   0.00               . .    ..   0.00
Senegal                     SEN          0.01    0.01    1.05   1.25    0 00   0.00    0.81    L.14   0.59    0 89    0,00    0.00   0.36    0 38    0.00   0.00    0 01      ..    0.00   0.19
Seychelles                  SYC          0.00    0 00       .   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00          .   ..      . .  0.00      . .  000     0.00    0.00   0 00      ..   .        0.00      -
Sierra Leone                SLE          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00      .    0.00    0.00    0.00      ..   0.0     0.00      ..    0.00   0.00
Somalia                    SOM           0.00    0.00      .    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00      ..      ..   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.06   0.00       .       .    0 00   0.00
South Africa                ZAF          0.06    8.80   0.13    2.10       .    1.91   0.99    0.17   0.55    0.00   15.39   17 53   0.00    0.96    0.28   0 12     1.27      .    0.10   0.80
Sudan                       SDN          0.00    0.00     ..    0.00           0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0 00            0.00   0.00    0 00    0 00   0.02       .       .    0.06
Swaziland                   SWZ
Tanzania                    TZA          0.00    0.00   0.00    0 00    0 60   3.33    0.00    0.00      -.      .    0.00    0.28   0.00    0.00    0.15   0.01        .      .    0.06
Togo                       TOO           0.00      ..   0.0     1.00.00                0.00    0.00   0.00    0.01    0.00   0.00    0.06    0 00      ..   0.00    0.02       .       .   0.10
Tunisia                     TUN          2.01    0.02   O0.06   0.25O   0 00   0 00    0.70    0.00    0.05   0 02    0 00    0.02   0.01    0.32    0 00   0.16    0.06       .    0 00   0.07
Uganda                      UGA          0.00      -.   0.00    0.001     ..   0.00    0.00      ..   0.00      I.       .    0 00   0.01    0 00      ..   0.04       .       ..   0.00
Zamnbia                     ZME          0.00    0.02   0.00    0 001   0.82   2.43    0 00      ..   0.01    0.00    0.00   2.21    0.00    0.00    0 00   0 00       .       ..   0 06   0.00
Zimbabwe                    ZWE          0.01   0.71    0.0     0.0     0.00   0.90    0.05    0.00   0.01    0.00   0.02    0.71   _0.00   0.02     0.00   0.06    0.00      ..    0.02   0.00
Sub-Saharan Afiica          SSA       .. ''i     It'C.-  w,,3 ~,, A     I J.   ISr    t,,S7                  10 t 4 I'r  2> -  Q:    S "a   I',)     H      O - S  :".-t           '.      '.1*
European Community          EEC         66 13   61.78  51.49   52.05   63.25  58.20   65.10   83.3 1  51.01  62.29   68.51  37.45   78.24   58.89   36.08  40 85   69.95      ..   51.70  71.43
North America               NNA         12.38   15 56   4.98    4.15   20.02   2.32    5.10    3.10   4.00    7.88    0.43    8.49   6.95    6.94    3.07   1960    4.25      ..   12.37   7.17
Rest of World               ROW         21.15   11.64  33.70    7.35   15.31  24.88   13 34    957   25.62   15.09    8.09  21.53    9 03   16.58  49.27   38,87    5.15      ..  29.16   15 22
World                      WVLD       .100:0&  I.~     tI: .,rj                .       I ":  I '  i         I .-. ., :CC .., ''1'n i'. I,:0  I.:  ..~     t:..       ,k..I'.
Source: Intemnational Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.                                                                                  (Table continues on the following page)
Note: ** mneans "not applicable."



External Sector                                                                   131
5-51. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1995 (continued)
Imporiers                                     Percentage of total exporis
Exporters                         GMB   GHA    GIN   IONB    KEN   LSO    LBR    LBY   MDG    MWI    MLI   MRT    MUS   MAR    MOZ    NAM    NFR   NGA    REU    RWA
Algeria                 DZA         0.00  O
00   0.03   0.00  0,00   0.00   0.26  0.051  0.00   0.00  0 00   3 46   0.00  0.90   0 00          0.00  0 00   0-00   0 0
Angola                  AGO         0.00  0 03   0 OD   0.00  0,35          0.00         0 00   0,00           ..   0.00  0.00   0 00            .   ID 00  0-00   0.0
Beiiin                  BF14        O.Go   0.00  0,01   0.00  0.00          0.00  0
00   0.00     . .  0.03  0 00   0.04  0.19      -   0 00   0.55  0.09   OM     O

Burkina Faso            BFih        0.00  0.19   0.00   0.00  0.00          0.00  0.00   0.00   0.00  0.13   0.00   0.39  0.00   0 00          0.45  0.00   0 00   0.00
Botswana                BWA
Burundi                 BDi                                   0.19   0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00   0.00         0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00         0 00   0 00          0,89
CainCTOOn               CMR         0-00   0.02  0.16   0.00   0.02  0.00   0.00  0 00   0.04   0.00  0.08   0.00   0,00   0.06  0 OID  0.00   0.03  0 17   0,30   0,00
Cape Verde              CPIV        0.00   0.00  0.00   0.29   0.00     -   0.00    ..   0.00     I   0 (O   0 00   0.00   0 OD  0.00     ..   0.00  0-00   0.03   0.00
Central AfriciLn Republic  CAF      0.00         0.00   0.(O  CM            0.00  0.00   0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00   0,00  0.00   C
0_0  0,00   0,00  0.00   TOO    CM
Chad                    TCD         0.00  (
Oo   0 00         0.00          0.00  0.00   0.00         0 00          0.00  CM                   0
00  0,05   0.00   0.00
Comoros                 com           ..  (.00                0,00          0,00    ..   0.01                       OM    0 00                 0.00  0.00   0
01
Congo, Dem. Rep of      ZAR         0.00  OM     CM           0.06          0
00  0,00   0,05   0 00  0 00   O'GO   0.00  0 ol   0,00          0.00  0,00   0 00   1 41
Congo, Repubiic of      COG         0 00  0.00   0.00   0.00  0.00          O.Do  0-00   0.00   (.00  OM     0-00   0.01  06-6   0 00          0.00  0.00   0.16   0.00
Cote d'lvoire           cilv        3.81  .4.01  9.66   0.89  0.02   0.00   0.36  O.DO   0.12   0.01  22 95  0.68   (.01  0 30   0.01          9.43   1 56  0.05   0 00
Djibouti                DJi                                   0,00            ..  0,00   CM       -            ..   O.OD  0. DD                  - ,  0
00  0.00   0 00
Egypt                   EGY         0,00  0.04   0.02   0.00  0 12   0 00   0.00  1.18   0
01   0.01  0.03   0.00   0,00  0 17   0.0 I         0-00  0 03   0.00   0.00
Fquatofial Guinea       GNQ         ( 00  0 00                0.00          0.(O  0,01   0,00         0.010  0 00         0.00                 0
00  0 00     -    0.00
Eritrea                 ER]
Ethiopia                EI'H        0 00  0.OD   0.00         0.00          0.00  0.00   0.00   0 OD  0.00   0.00   OM    0 09   0
00          0.(O  0.00   0.03   0.00
Gabon                   GAB         0.17  0.00   0 59         0.00   0 00   0.00  0,00 -0.00    0 00  0.00   0.00   0.00  O
54   0,00          0 00  0 00   0.00   0 01
Gambia, 'rhe            GMB          --   i6-2   0 GI     I   0 00     . .  0.00  0.00   (.00   0.06  0.02   0 CO   Cm    o -CO  O
00       -CO I    `Coo-        

Ghana                   GRA         0.02    I I  O.G4   0.00  0.00   0 00   0.00  0.00   0.00   0 01  0.00   0.00   0 00  OM     0,00          1-19  0,92   0 00   0 00
Guinea                  GIN         0.04  0 00     . .  0.00  0,00          O.DO  0.00   0.00     ..  0-01   0.01   0.00  0,04   0,00          0.01  0 00   0 00   0.00
Giiinea-Bissau          G14B        0.00         0.01         0 00          0.00         0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00         0.00   a 00          0.00  0.00          0.00
Kenya                   KEN         0.00  0.02   0.00   0.0(         0.00   0 00  0.00   0 07   0.68  0 00   0 02   0,52  0-00   0.13   OM     0.00  0 06   O
00  15.29
Lesotho                 LSO           . .    -            . .          I I           I .   . .    -      . .   -      - .          . .                               . .
Liberia                 LBR         0.03  0.GJ   0.03   0 00  0 09   UO           0.00   0.00   0.00  0.00   OSJG   OM    0.00   0.00          DM    0,00          O_(O
Libya                   LBY         0.00  0.00   0.00      .  0.00     . .  0.00    ..   0.00   0.00  0.00   0.12   0 00  0.56   0.00          0,19  0.00          0.00
Madagascar             rv[DG       _a oo-  -o 
00 0 DO 
0 01)  0 05  0.00   0.00  0.00     I I  0.02  OM     0.00   0 80  0-00   0,07   0.00   0,00
Malawi                  rviwi       0.40  0.00   0.04   0.05  0 02   0.00   0.00  OM     0.00                0.00   0.03  0.00   0.5D          0 00
Mali                    NILI        0.00  0.00   0.00   0.00'  O.DD         0.00  0.00  13 00                0.00   0.12  O
03     . .         0 IC
Maufitania              XIRT        0 04  0.04   0.00   0,00  0.00          0. I 2  0 001  0.00  0.00  0.05         0.00  CM     0.00          0.02
Mauritius               MUS      __
_O_o                      0.06   0.00   0.00  CM   -6.50    0.00  0,00   0 0(         0.00   0,00   0.00   0.00  0 00   1.26    .00
Morocco                 MAR         0.13  0.18   153    0.00  0.02     . I  0 00  3.60   0.08   0.00  0.95   1 20   0.11    I I  0 ol   0 10   0. t 7  0.16  0-04  0.00
Mozambique              N40Z        0.00  0.00   0.01   0.00  0-00   0.00   0.00  0 00   0.(I   0.61         0 00   0.01  0.00          CM     0 CID  0.00  0.00   0.06
Namibia                 NAM
Niger                   tJER        0.00   0.25  0,00   0.00  0,00   0 00   0.0          0.00   0 00  0.07   0 01   0.00  0.00   0.00                        00
Nigefia                 NGA         0.14  15.38  1.16   0.00  0.03   0.00   0.02  0.00   0.00   0.01  0.07   0 00   0.00  0.63   0.00   0 ol   9 66         0.00   0.00
Reunion                 l(EU              (.00          0-00  0.00          0 00    ..   LIO    0.00  0.00     ..   0.24  0 00   0.00   (M     0 w   O'DO
Rwanda                  RWA               Cm     Cm       ..  0,00   0.00   0.00  0.00   0.00   O.OG  0 00   0-00   0.00  0 00   0,00          0.00  0,(O   0.00
Sao Toine ad PFincipe   STP              -6 `CO      
o 00    0.00          0
00                                    0.00    1. _
O-O                   00
Senegal                 fiEN        3.50   0
05  0 96   3.32   0.00         0 00  0.00   0.04   0.00  6.91   2.28   OM     0 01  0-00   0.03   0.23  0-35   0,00   0 00
Seychelles              3YC           ..   0.01)  0.00         DM           OM       ..  0.00   OM    0.00   O-DO   0.01   0 00  0,00   o.oo
  0.00  0.00   0,00   0 00
Sien-a Leone            SLE         0.00   0.00  0.00          0.00         0
00   0.00         0.00   0 00     -    01)   0 00                0.00   0.00  0.00     -
Somalia                 som         0.00   0.00  0.01   0.00  0.01   0.00   0.00  0.00   0.     0.00  0 00   0.00   0.00  O.OD   0.00           .00  0.00   DM     0.00
South Africa            7-AF        0.07  23I    0.02   0.00  9.77          0.07  0.01   5.51  37 24  1.32   3,43  12.81  032   19.55          0.50  1.11   2.54   1.42
Sudan                   SDN         (.00  0.00                0,00          0 00  0.12   0.0G   OM    0.00   0.00   0.00  0.00   0,00          0.00  0.00           00
Swaziland               swz
Tanzania                TZA         0.00  0.02                0.81   0.00   0.00   0.00  0.01   0.44   0.00  a 00   0.00   0.01  (.00          OM    0.00   0 00  16 34
Togo                    TGO         O.OD  0.42   0.00   0.00  0 00     -    0.00  0.00   0.00   0 00  0.22   0.00   OM     0.03  0,00          0.34  0.47   0 00   0-00
Tunisia                 TUN         0.01   0,09  0.15   0.04  0.00   0.00   0.10   4.30  0 01   0.00  0 08   0.18   0 00   0.30  0.01   0.00   0,05  0 01   0.04   0.00
Uganda                  UGA           ..  O.Do                0 10      .   0.00  0.00   0.00   0.00  0.00      .   0 00  0.00   0.00     ..   0.00  0.00   0.00   0-47
Zambia                  ZMB         0.00  0.00   0.00         0 08   0.00   0.00  0.00   0 00   1.91  0.00   0.00
  CM    0.00   0 02   1.16   OM    0.00   0.00   0.19
Zimbabwc                ZWE         0.02  0,12   0.00   0.00 I  0 12  0.00  0.00  0.061  0 00  11.94  0.00   0.00   0 36  0.01   4.96   0.00   (.00  0.03   0.18   0.12
Sub-Saharan Africa      SSA               -2 
I  I 71   4 4%. it      w       a   C. 1,  II 1,;      '.I ?h  6 41  1%     2.25,
        1 M   2 .54
European Community      PEC        37.07  43.94  52.54  50,141 38.85  66.09  31.01  66.861 53.37  20 25  46.68  58 32  40.40  68.16  17.37  66.50  47.92  51 14  89.50  32 36
North America           MNA         2.46  7,73   9.94   0 691  4.25  3.34   CAD    1,001  3.09  5.30  4.61   i06    1.58  7,29   5 69  I 7.44  12,34  12 21  0.18  18.39
Rest of World           POW        52.23  25.42  25 81 I44 591 45,09  30.58  67.61  31 931 29.99  21.52  16.85  2-  42,67  22.30  51 81  14.84  17.20  31.29  4.84  13.02
W orld                  W LD      Itw
 I &J  I 00 1.-
  I f*                                                                           .... . ...  I.......  Li".. C.
Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction ofTrade database.                                                                (Table COntinues on the following page)
Note: II means "not appliCable."



132                                                                           External Sector
5-51. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1995 (continued)
Importers                                              Percentage of total exports
Exporters                              STP    SEN    SYC     SLE    SOM     ZAF    SDN     SWZ    TZA     TGO    TUN     UGA    ZMB     ZWE     SSA    EEC     NNA    ROW    World
Algeria                    DZA          0 00    0.0!   0.00    0.00   0 00 [  000    0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00    1.56   0.00   0.00    0 00  0A33     0.32    0.20   0.06'. .0.18
Angola                     AGO          0.00    0 00   0.05      .    0.0OJ   0.00   0.00    0.00   0 00    0 24   0.00      ..   0.00    0.00   0~03    0 04    0.24   0 02    0 07
Benin                      BEN          0.00    0 03     ..    0.00   0.03    0.00   0.00       .   0.00    0.19   0.00      ,.   0.00    0 00   0.04    0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00
Bourkitia Faso             BFA             .    001    0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00      .    063    0 00    0.00   0 00    0.00 .0.0      0 00    0.00   0 00   .0.00
Botswana                   BWA             .      .       .      .       .      .       ,      .               .      -      - 
Buirundi                   BDI             .    000            0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00   0.28      ..   0.00    0.12   0 02    0 00   0.02    0 00   0.00    00   o   t3.o'0
Camecroon                  CMR          0 00    0.50   0.00    0 00   0.00    0.02   0 00    0.00   0.01    0.16   0.02    0 00   0 00    0.00   0~19    0.07    0 00   00!l   0103
Cape Verde                 CPV          0 00    0.00                     .    0.00      .       .   0.00    0.00   0.00       .      .    0.00   0.00    0 00    0.00   0.00    6000
Ccnitrl African Republic   CAF             ..   0.00           0.00      .    000    0.04      .       ..   0.00   0 00      .    0.00    0~00   0.01    001l    0.00   0.00    000
Chad                       TCD                  0 00     .       .    0.00    0.0!   0.02      ..     .     0.00   0.00           0.00           0.0!    0 00    0 00   0.00    0,00
Coinioros                  COM             .    0 00     ..                   0.00      .       .   0.0     0.00   0 00      .0 00               0.00    0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00
Congo, Dern. Rep. of       ZAR          0.00    0.00     ..    0.00   0 00    0 41   0.00      .    0 03    0.02   0.00    0.00   0.50    0 02   0.17    0.05    0.03   0.01    0 03
Congo, Republic of         COG          0.00    0.00     ..    0.00   0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00   0 00    0 00   0.00    0 01   0 03    0 02    0.02   0 01    0,02
Cote dIlvoire              CIV          0.0!    3 23   0.00    9.46   0.00    0.16   0.00    0 00   0 02    4.49   0 26    00!l   0.03    0.02    I tIs  0.12    0 02   0 02    0,07
Djibouti                   DJI                  0.00   0 00    0 00  21 73      ..   0.00           0.00      ..   0.00             .     0.00  -0 tO    0.00    0.00   0 00    0,00.
Egypt                      EGY          0.00    0 03   0 00    0 00   0.14    0.02   2.14    0.04   0.03    0.01   0.39    0.07   0.02    0.01   0125    0 00    0 06   0 05    0~07
Equatorial Guinea          GNQ             .    0. 0   _0 000            ..     .       .              .    000    0 00      .                   0:05    0.00    0 00   0 00    00
Eritrea                    ERI..                  .       ..     .       ..      .      ..      .
Ethiopia                   ETI I        0.00    0.00      .    000    0.00    0.00   0.10    0.00   0.01       .   006     0.00   0.00    0.00   0 07    0.0!    0 00   00!l    0.0!
Gabon                      GAB          0 00    0.92     ..    025    0.00)   0.01   0 00    0.00   0.00    0 43   0 02      .    0 00    0 00   01i4    0.03    0 16   0.03    6005
Gambia, The                0M 04                               001    0.00    0.0    00       00    00 0.00        0.00      ..    .0     0.00   0 01"   0.00    0.00   0.00    0,00
Ghana                      GHA          0.0!    0.02   0 00    0.03   0 00    0.02   0.00    0.00   0.00   1 8.42  0.01    0.00   0.00    0.00    036    0.04    0.02   0 02    0t03
Guineca                    GIN                  0.00   0 00    0 00   0 00    0 00                          OM.0   0.0     0.00   0 00    000    004     0.02    0.02   0.01    0,01
G,uinea-Bissau             GNB3         0 00    0.0      .     0 00     -.    0.00     ..    00        ..   0 02   0.00             .     0.00    0.00   0.00    0 00   000     0.00
Kenya                      KEN          0.00    0.04   1 27    0.10   1 5.42  0 2!    1 80   0.00   13.27   0.03   0 04   35 40   0.35    0.12    1.16f  0.03    0.01   0 0!    010.4
Lesotlho                   LSO            -...            .       -.     .      ..                             .      . 
Liberia                    LBR             ..   0.00   0.00    0.30   0.00    0.00      .       ..  0 00    0.05   0.24    0 00   0.05    0 02    004    0 04    0 00   0 0!     0
Libya                      LBY             ..   0.00      .    000    0 00    0 00  18.75       .   0.00    0.00   2 30    0.0    0 00    0 00    0.73   036     0 00   0~05    017
Madagascar                 MDG             .    0.00    02!    0.00   0.00    0.0!   0.00    0.00   0 00    0 00   0.02    001    0.0      0      007    0.01    00      000 ,00!
Malawi                     MWI             .    0 00   0.02    0.08   0.00    0 17   0.00    0 00   0 30    0.00   0.00    0.12   0.46    0.27    0.10   0.0!    0.0!   000o    0.01
Mali                       MLI             ..   0.00      .    0.00   0.00    0.0!              .           0 03   0 07      ..    0.00   0 01    0063   0.00    0.00   0.0!    6000
Mauritania                 MRT             .    000            0.00   0.00    00     0.00    0.000   00             .0        .   0 00    0.0!   0O07,   002     0.00   O00!    0,0!
Mauritius                  MUS          00      0.O00   1.27   0 00   0,00    0.03   0.00    0.00   0 00)   0 00   0.00    0.2    0.00    0 30 .0.13     0.06    0.03   0 00    0 03
Morocco                    MAR                  0 35   0 02    0.7    00      0.0!   0.00    0.0!   0 01    0 23   0 76    0.00   0 00    0 00    0.52   0 15    0 02   0~07    0.10
Mozambiquie                MOZ          0.00    0.00   0 00    0 00   0 00    0 17   0.00    0.00   0.01    0.00   0.00    0.00   0.0!    0 36    60.07  0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00
Namibia                    NAM             ..     .       .       .      .      ..      ..                            ..      .       .
Niger                      NER             .    0.0!           0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.12   0.00       .   000     0 00   :0.05   0.0!    0 00   0 00    Q000
Nigeria                    NGA          0 00    5.24   0 00    3.80   0.00    0.03   0.03    0.00   0.00    0.34   0.00    0 00   0.04    0.04 .1.49     0.2!    0 55   0 tI 0,..q24
Reunion                    REU          0 00    0.00   0.56      ..   0.0     0.00      .       .   0.001   0 00   0 00    0.00       .   0 00  . 0,02.  00!l    0 00   0 00    9,00
Rwanda                     RWA             ..   0.00   0 00       .   0.00    0 00   0 00    0.00   o.ooj   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.0!    0.00    0.00   0.00    000o   0.00 ~000
Sao Tomne and Prinicipe    STP                     .      .           0,00    0.00     -.      -.     -.            0 00      .      .    0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00    9,00
Setiegal                   SEN             .           0 00    0.85   0.00    0.0!   0.00    0.00   0.00    0 64   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.22   0.0!    0.00   0.01    00!I
Seychelles                 SYC             .    000               . .  0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0 00       .   000     0.00   0 00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0 00   0.00    Q000
Sierra Leone               SLE.,                00        ...0 0.00           0.00             -.   0.00    0 00   0.00      .    0.00    000     0        00    0.00 0.0  0    000
Somalia                    SOM          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00           0.00   0.00    0.00   0 06      ..   0.00    0 02    0.00   0.00    0:00   0.00    0.00   0~01   'O000
Southi Africa              ZAF          5.! I   0.22   J8.07   1 77    1.40          019       ..   11.69   0.7!   00!     3.40  2732    50 4!    4.57   0.49    0,25   0 43    0.48
Suidani                    SDN             .    000       .    000    0.19    0.00   ~          .   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00    0 00  0.002    0 0!    0 00   0 02   .001
Swaziland                  swz             .       .      .       .      .                                                                          _________
Tanizania                  TZA             ..   0.00   0.02    0 00    1.1    0.02   0.44    0.00                                                              o . 00  .0 09  0  1   0   0.00   002 06
Togo                       TGO             .    000      ..    006    0.00    0.07   0 02      -.   0.00           0 00       .   000     0~00 ~009      0.00    0.0!   0 0!    010!
Tunisia                    TUN             .    0 17   0.00    0.00   0 00    0.02   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.33           0.04   0.02    0 00    0606   0.24    0.0!   0 03    01! 
Uganda                     UGA             .    0.0!   0.00    0.00   00!l    0.00   0.0!           010            0.00           0.00    0 00   0.02    0 02    0.00   0 00 ~001
Zambia                     ZMB             .    000    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.08   0 00    0.12    138    0.00   0.00    0.!!           1.32    0,17   00!     0 0!   0.03    0,02
Zimbabwe                   ZWE          0 06    0.00   0.46    0 00   0.00    1.40   0.03    0.00   0.6!    0.00   00!     0.5!   10.05          0087    0.04    0.0!   0.02    0,04
Sub-Saharan Africa         SSA        ... 5:20  10.77. 21,89  167.39.911.. .4        27 ~    0:l3. :27.76  27.18'  0.88 .40.99   2.6     5302    11.80.  0.94    1.15.. 025     0,83
European Commnunity        EEC         79 07   61.39  32.54   50 00   12,47  45.70  31.10   52.38  25.46   32.73  78.33   30.79  20.59   22 14  :45.9!  66 14   16.29  26.44   39~79
North Amnerica             NNA          45!     5 59   3 5!    0.46   4.50   11 68   3.96    4.58   4.62    2.26   411I    3.85   5.86    6.06   :7.7    7 08   30.54   16.23  15,25
Rest of World              ROW         11 22   22.25  42 06   24 82  43 12   39.70  62.17   42.9!  42.15   378      660   23      3.9    17      3464   28      5.0    579     44,12
World                      WLD       _ 100.00Y1I00.600.100:00 A:00.00 :.100,00~ !t00Oo 100.00.-100.00 .100,00 :100 00  100,00,::.i00.600:Ifoo.  100.00, 100:00 .100.00 .100.00  100~00  100.00
Soairce: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.
Nose: a* m eans "not applicable."



External Sector                                                                           133
5-52. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 2000
Importers                                         Percentage of total exports
Exporters                            DZA     AGO    BEN    BFA     BWA    BDI    CMR     CPV    CAF    TCD    COM     ZAR    COG     CIV     1331  EGY     GNQ     ERI    ETH    GAB
Algeria                   DZA             .    0.00   0.08   0.01    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00    000o   0.00    0.011  00       ..    0.00   0.00
Angola                    AGO          0.00      '    0.00   00 Go          0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00             .     000   0.76    0.00      .    .0       .             .00   0.04
Benin                     BEN          0.00    0.00          0 022   0 00   0.00   0.05    0.00   0.01   0.57    0 00   0.00   0.03    0 01   0.0     .0    0.00            0.00   0.01
Burkina Faso              BFA          0.00    0.00   0.01   ~          .   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.01   0.01      ..   0.00   0.01    0.01   0.00   0.00    00        .    0.00   0 00
Botswana                  BWA                    .       .      .                     .      .       .      .       .      .      .      .       .       .      .
Bunsodi                   BDI          0.00    0 00   Go        . 0.00  *-0        o.oo        0.. .o    0 00           0.01   0.00    0 00   0.00    0.00      ..     .    0.00
CaLmeroon                 CMR          0.00    0 02   0.13   0.00    0.00   0.00     ..    0.00  18.03   17.53   0.23   0.45   2.36    0 08   0.00    0.011  4.31      .    0.00   1.85
Cape Verde                CPV          0.O 000    0.00    0.00       0.00 .  0.00  0.00     ..    0.00   0 00    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00      .    0 00             .. ..      . o.
Central African Republic  CAF          0.00    I.00   0.00   0 00      .      ..   0.00    0.00          0 13    0.00   0.34   0.05    0.00   0 00   0 00    0.00     ..    0.00   0.00
Chad                      TCD          0.00      ..   0.00   0.00      .       ..  0.00    0.00   2.04             ..   0.00   0.00    0.00      .    0.00   0.00     ..    00     0.00
Comoros                   COM          0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00      ..      ..   0.0    0.00     .                   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00    0 00     -..
Congo, Demn. Rep. of      ZAR          0.00    0 00   0.00   0.00      .    0 45   0.01    0.00   1.45   0.00    0.0      ..   o   0.21 0O    0.00   0 00       .      ..   0 00   0.00
Congo. Republic of        CC'G         0.02    0 51   0.02   0.00    0 00   0.00   0.15    0.23   0.00   0 00      .    1.46     ..    0.16   0.00    0 00   0.00      .    0.00   0.13
Cote dlvoire              C1V          0.36    1.22   3.33  29.30    0 00   0.03   2.32    0.48   1.08    1.53   0.00   4.57    1.90    ..    0.00   0 01    6.79      .    0.00   1.28
Djibouti                  DJI             .      .    0.00   0.00      ..   0.34   0.00      .      ..      ..   0.00   0.00o  0 00    0.00     *'.   0.0 DD    .   .       0.56
Egypt                     EGY          0 16    0.01   0.03   0.11    0.00   0.00   0.46    0.00   0 54   0.09    0.09   0.05   0 07    0.11   0.71           0.03     ..    0.11   0.02
Equatorial Guinea         GNQ          0 00      .    0.00   0.00[.                0.57                                        OM.. .  .  0.00  0.00 . 00              .      .    0.01
Eritrea                    ER!                                         . 
Ethiiopia                 ET'H         0 09      ..   0.00   0.00I   0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0 00   0.00    0.80   0.00   0 00    0.00  10.02    0.08
Gaboni                    GAB          0 02    0.06   0.00   o.oo    0.00     ..   0.09    0.001  0 04   0.00    0.00   1 291   1.16   0.02      .    0.00   0.55
Gambi a, The              GMB          0 00   0.00    0.00   0.001   0.00   0.00   0.00   0.021   00  00    0   Go      0.00   0.00    0.00      .    0.00   0 00     ..    0.00   0.00
Ghana                     GOIA         0.02    0.781.817    ~1.45    0.00     -.   0.02    0.01   0 00      .      .    000o    1 43   0.06   0.00    0.01                   co 00  0.00
Guinea                    GIN          0.03    0.00   0.00   0 00      .       ..  2.11    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00   0.01    0,31   0.00    0.00      .      ..   0.00   0.01
Gjuirnea-Bissau            GNB         0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00     .       ..   0 03   0.00   0.00    0.00             - .  0.00   0.01      I    0.00     -.      .    000O
Kenya                     KEN          0.00    0.01   0.01   0.02    0.00   5.37   0.05    0.00   0.00   0.05    7.36   5 09   0.19    0.02   0 54    0.44   0.00     ..    2.65   0.01
Liberia                    LBR         0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00      .    0.00   0.01    0.08     ..    0.02   0.00     ..    0.00   0.00
Libya                     LBY          0.02    0.00   0.01   3.06      . .  0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00      .    0 00   0.00    0 00     ..    0.35     ..   .       0.00   0.00
Madagascar                MIDG         0.01    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00   0 00    0.00   0.02   0.00    1 66   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00     ..    0.00   0.05
Malawi                    MIW!        0~.-00   0.00   0.0    0.00    0.00   0.00   0 00      . .  0.00     -.    0 00   0.13   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.04      .      ..   0 00   0.03
Mali                      54L1         0.00      ..   0 00   0.44          .   ..  0 00    0.00   0.01   0.00      .    0.00   0.00    0. 11  0.00    0.00      .      .       .   0.00
Mauritania                MRT          0.02    0.00   0.00   0.08      ..   0.00   0 52    0.00   0.00   0.01      .    0.00   0 91    0.65     I.    0 00   0 17     ..    0.00   0.04
Mauritius                 MUS          0.00    0 00   000O   0.03    0.22  -0.17   0.02    0.00   0.00   0.00    1 68   0 00   0.00    0.01   0.00   0.00    0.00     ..    0.00   0.02
Morocco                   M.AR         0.09    000    0.47   0.00    0.00   0 00   0.39    0.13   0.00   0.00   0 00    0.00   0 00    0 25   0.00    0.04   0.00      .    0 00   0 00
Mozarnbique               MvlZ         0.00    0 03   0.00   0.00    0.00   0 00   0.00    0.00     -.      ..     .    0.00   0.01    0 00   0.00    0.00      .           0.00   0.00
Niger                     NER          0.00      ..   0.30   0.22      ..   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00   0 25    0.00   0.00   0.0     0.10   0.00    0.00   0.00           0.00   0 00
Nigeria                    NGA         0.02    0.02   0.74    3.90   0.00   0 00   13.04   0.00   1.06   10082   0.00  11.64    0.48  2 1.23  0.00    001f   0 00      .    0 03   0.60
Rwanda                    RWA          0 00      ..   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.62   0.00      ..   0.00   0.00      ..   0.15   0 00    0.00   0.00    0013     ..            CIO000  00
Sao Tome and Principe     STP          0.00    0 00   0.00   0.00      ..   0.00   0 00    0.00      ...                   .   0.00    0.00     ..   0.00      ,               .   0.00
Senegal                   SEN          0 00    0.00   0.43   0.63    0 00   0.00    0.63   0.30   0.48   0 72    0.00   0.03   0.77    0 59   0.00    0.00   0 12     ..    000    0.40
Seychelles                SYC          0 00    0.00      ..  0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00      -.      .      ..   0.0      ..   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00      .       .   0 00
Sierfa Leone              SLE          0 00    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.00   0 00   0.00      ..   0.00    0.00   0.00     ..    0.00   0.00      .    0.00   0.00
Somalia                   5GM          0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00    0 00   0.00   0.00      .       ..  0.00   00       00    0.00    0.00   0.07   0.00       .      .    000o   0.00
South Africa              ZAF          0 13   15.88   1.28    1.05     -.   4.71    1.72   0.42   0.30   0.23   16171  17.101  3.72    1.34   0.70    0.11   0 25      ..   0.98    1.61
Sudan                      SON         0.01    0.00   0.00   0.00      ..   0.00    0.00     ..   0.00    0.00     .    0 00    0.00   0.00   0.00    0.21      .       .   0.20
Tanzania                  TZA          0.0    0.02    0.00   0.00    0.03   8.91   0.00   O0.00          0.00    0.13   1.261   0.04   0.00   0.02   0.00    0 00      ..   0.06_  0.00
Togo                      TGO          0.01      ..   3.82   2.16      . .  0.00   0.00    0.00~ 0.01     0.01   0.00   0.00    0.12   0.06      .    0.01   0 02                  OM.0
Tunisia                   TU.N         0 67    0.00   0.09   0.61    0.00   0.00   0.0      .0    0.00    0.13   0.02   0.00    0.18   0.15   0.1 5   0.10   0.02     ..    0.02   0 13
Uganda                    UGA          0.11      . .  0.00   0.00      . .  0.00   0,00      ..   0.00     .. I         0.00    0.01   0.00      .    0.00      .      .    0.00
Zambia                     ZMB         0.00    0.02   0.00   0.00    0.00   3.69   0.00      ..   0.00   0.00    0 00   0.00    0.02   0 00   0 00    0.00      .      .    0.02   0.00
Zimbabwe                  ZWE          0.01    0.36   0 00   0.00   21.57   0.83   01      0.00'G  0.00  -0.00   0 00   1.31    0.33   0 00   0.00    0.02   0.0M      .    0.03   0.00
Sub-Saharan Africa        SSA          0c l.  I 45   II 3    0      2'      512     113    I la  !J -.3  II 6-  2'1. *         4.52 .287. Ai ~r             11290. r       453:I   6.24
European Community        EEC         61.73  47.35   39.34  46.59, 48.23   45.52  6,1.23  88.16  55.78  48.48   43.20  35.67  53.02   49.21  30.19  39.7lf 45.07       .   35.39  81.13
North Asnerica            NNA          13.20  11.49   2.26    4.04  14.94   I 88   4.91    2.94   2.37    5 81   1.55   1.78   11.69   3.71   3.17   18 66  33.29          13.77   5.43
Rest of World             ROW         24.11   22 21  46.43   0.82   14.11  27.48   12.41   7.13  17.12   13.84  27.49  16.91   20.77  22.21  55. 20  41 66   9.44     ..46 31      7.19
'World                    'WID        I00     C,,C  11,603.  .0,   I   C. 00 ., A I.5,, (., 10,' -Y OIOs1A  I '''u d--.- I: t'JC'.' 'fi  I.j(  t0'Y)  IC,O  ia  IL~"       .450   6'
Source: Intemnationial Monetary Fund's DiTCCtion of Trade database.                                                                           (Table continues on the following page)
Note: *1 means "not appilicable."



134                                                                            External Sector
5-52. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 2000 (continued)
Importers                                           Percentage of total exports
Exporters                              GMB GH-A        GIN    GNB     KEN     LSO    LBR     LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM                                  NER NGA        REU RWA
Algeria                     DZA          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.010   0.00   0.00    0.00    0.0l   0.00    0.00    0.00   4.131   0 00      IS1   0.00     ..    0.30    0 45     ..    0.00
Angola                      AGO          0.0     0.05   0.00    0.00    0.00     ..    0.00    0.00   0.00    000        .-     -    0.00    000    0.01      ..            0.00     ..    0.00
Benin                       BEN          0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00           0.00    0.00   0.00      -.    0 10   0.00    0.03    0,05      I.   0.00   1L43     0 01     ..    0.00
Burkina Faso                BFA          0.00    0.31   0.00    0.03    0.00     ..    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.40   0.00    0.19    0 00   0.00      L.113         0.0M      .    0.00
Botswana                   B3WA                    .       .       .              .       .       .      .       .      --
Burundi                     BDI          0.00      .       .       .    0 21   0 00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0 00      ..   0.00    0.00    0 00   0.00      ..    0.00    0.00     ..    II
Cameroon                    CMR          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.04    0.13    0.00   0.00    0 04    0.05     ..    0.00
Cape Verde                  CPV          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.06    0.0      -.    0.00      ..   0.00      ..    0.00   0.00    0.00    0 00   0.00        .   0.00    0.00     ..    0.00
Central African Republic    CAF          0.00      -.   0.00    0.00    0.00      .    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0 00    0 00    0.00      .    0.00
Chad                       TCD           0.00    0.00   0.00            OM000     .    0 00    0.00   0.00      .     0 00     ..    0.00    0.00     ..       .     00     0.05     ..    0.00
Comoros                     COM             ..   0.00   0.00      ..    0.00     ..    0.00       .   0.01       .              .    0.00    0.00      .       .    0.00    0.00
Congo, Dem. Rep. of        ZAR           0 00    0.00   0 00       .    0 00     ..    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.0     0.00   0.00    0.01    0.00   0.00       .    0 00    0.00     ..    3.15
Congo, Republic of          COG          0.00    0.00   0.66    0.00    0.00      .    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.01    0.00   0.00      ..    0.00    0.00     ..    0.00
Cole dIlvoirc              CIV           4.05    4~.77  80.58  0O60     0 10   0,00    0 83    0.02   0 06    0 00   27.35    1.21   0.03    0.16   0.01      ..   11.19    0.50     ..    0.02
Djibouti                    DJII            .           0.00      ..    0.00     -.      ..    0.00   0.00      ..       .      ..   0.00    0.00      .       .0.00                 ..    0.00
Egypt                       EGJY         0.02    0 13   0.04    0. 12   0 34   0.00    0.00    1.42   0.02    0.0l    0.07   0.00    0.22    0.15   0.00    0.01    0 02    0.05     ..    0.04
Equatorial Guinea           GNQ          0 00    0.00   0.00      ..    0.00     -.    0.00    0.00   0.00      .     0.00   0 00    0.00    0.00     -.       .    0.00    0.00     ..    0.00
Ethiopia                    ETH          0.00    0 00   0.00      .     01 Is          0 00    0.00   0.01    0.00    0.00   0.0     0.00    0.00   0.00            OM.0    0.00      .    0.30
Gabon                       GAB          0.00    0.00   0.62      ,.    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.02    0.00    0.0l   0 00    0 00    0.22   0.00       .    0 00    0.00      .    0.01
Gambia, The                 GMB            ..    0.01   0.06    0.35    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.02    0.00    0.00   0.00       .    0 00    0.00
Ghana                       GHA          0.26      ..   0.03    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.01   0.00    0.01    0.00   0,00    0.00    0.00   0 00       .    1.60    0.97     ..    0.00
Guinea                     GIN           0.01    0.00      .    0.00    0.00     ..    0.17    0 00   0.00      I.    0.03   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00            OM .0   0.08           0,00
Guinea-Bissau               GNB          0.03      .    0 00      1.    0.00      .    0.00      ..   0 00    0 00    0.00   0.00       .    0.00    0.00       I   000     0 00       .   0 00
Kenya                       KEN          0.01    0.01   0.03    0.01           0 00    0.00    0 00   0 08    1.23    0.06   0.01    0.11    0.00   0.02    0 00    0 05    0.04      ..  29.46
Liberia                     LBR          0.05    0.02   0.03    0.00    0 31   0.00       *    0.00   0.00    0.00    0 00   0.00    0.00    0 00    0 00           OM.0    0.00      .    0 00
Libya                       LBY          0.00    0.00   0.00      ..    0 00     -.    0.00      **   0.00    0 00    0 00   0.00    0.0     0.28    0.00      .    0.18S   0.05      .    0 00
Madagascar                  MDG          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.01   0.05    0.00    0 00           0 00    0.00   0.00    1.42   0.00    0.00    0,00    0 00    0.00       .   0.00
Malawi                      MWI          0.01    0.00   0.01    0.16    0.00   0.00    0.00    0 00   0.00               .   0.00    0.05    0.00    0.05           0.00    0.00      ..   0.01
Mali                        ML]          0.00    0.00   0.00    0 00    0.00     ..    0.00    0.00   0.00      ..   ~       0.00    0.39    0.00       .      .    0.31I   0.04      ..   0.00
Mauritantia                MRT           0.04    0 06   0 00    0.01    0.00      .    0.22    0.00   0.00    0.01    0.08     ..    0.00    0.00    0.00     ..    001     0.00      ..   0.00
Mauritius                   MUS          0.00    0.00   0.00       .    0.11   0.85    0 00    0 00   9.74    0 23    0.01   0.00      **    0.01   0.00    0.00    0.00    0 01       .   0.90
Morocco                     MAR          0 19    0.00   0.00    0 00    0.00   0 00    0.00    3.36   0.21    0.00    0 00   0 00    0.10            0 00   0.00 _0 16      00        .     0
Mozambique                  MOZ          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.03   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    1.97      .    0.00    0 00    0 00           0.01    0.00    0 00      ..   0.00
Namibia                     NAM             ..      .
Niger                       NE            0      .1     000     OM00    0.00-   0 00   0.00    0.01   0.00    0 00    0.05    0.00   0 00    0.00    0.00      -.           0.94      ..   0.00
Nigeria                     NGA          0.12   19 36   0 65    0.001   0.05   0.00    0.03    0.00   0.02    001l    0 09   0.00    0.0     0.74    0.00   0.01    7.19              ..   0.00
Rwanda                      RWA             .    0.00   0.00            0.01   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0 00    0 00   0.00    0.00    0 00    0.00       .   0.00    0.00
Sao Tome anid Principe      STI'                 0.00   0 00    0.001   0.00     ..    0.00      ..      .                      .    0 00       .    0.00     ..000
Senegal                     SEN         10.09    0.09    1.72  15.71    0.00      .    0.6     0.00    0.03   0.00    5.08    2.89   0.00    0,01    0.01   0.09    0.04    0.03       .   0 00
Seychelles                  SYC            -.    0.00   0 00       .    0 00      ..   0 00       .   0.07    0.00    0.00    0 00   0 04    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0 00      ..   0.00
Sierra Leone                SLE          0.00    0.00   0.00      .     0.00           OM.0    0.00      ..   0.0     0 00      ..   0.00    0.00       .0 00               0.00
Somalia                     SOM          0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00   0.0     0.00    0.00    0.0    0.00    0 00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     ..    0.00    0.00      ..   0.00
South Africa                ZAF          0.65    3.44    I 09   0.34    7.38   0.00    0.07    0.0     5 65  42.55    5.17   0 39   13.65    0.49   61.33      ..   0.36    1 27      ..   320
Sudan                       SDN          0 00    0.00       .      .    0.06      ..   0.00    0 00   0.00    0.00    0 00    0.00   0.01    0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00      ..   0.00
Swaziland                   SW Z                    ..     .              ..      .       ..     .       ..      .      .       ...                     .       .      .
Tanzania                    TZA          0.0    001l    0.00    0 00    1.29   0 35    0 00    0.00   0.01    1.98    0.03   0.00    0.02    0.00    0 18   0.051   0.0     0 00      ..   2.42
Togo                        TGO          0.00    0.6    0.5 00.0         .0       .    0.00    0.00   0.00    0 00    035    0.00    0.0     0.00    000       .      82    0.49      ..   0.00
Tunisia                     TUN          0.16    0.07   0.28    0 00    0.01   0.00    1.36    7.15   0.13    0.00    0.17   0.32    0.00    0 25    0 00   0.00    0.68    0 02      ..   0.02
Uganda                      UGA             ..   0.00   0.00      .     0.04      .    0.00    0.00   001l    0 00    0.00      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00      .    0 00    0.00      ..    1.06
Zambia                      ZMB          0.00    0.20   0 00      ..    0.14   0.04    0 00    0.00   0.02   10.26    0.00   0.00    0 02    0.00    0.02   0 36    0 00    0.00      ..    1.47
Zimbabwe                    ZWE          0 02    014    0.0     0.00    0.18   0.28    0.00    0.05   0 00   15.09    0.00   0.00    029     0.02    0.39   4.22    0.00    0.07      ..   0.22
Sub-Sabaran Africa          SS         .53.92YI.5              1:5     I'i        6    I 3%    ) u           7 .3  .39.61> 4.53 1:62. .1834.2.9              5 
European Community          EEC         3 1.22  40.83  49.35   54.78   28.99   8.39   39 28   62.40  45.03    9 63   40.58  64.97   3657    71.23   16.12  46.80   45.33   44.36      ..  20.15
North America              NNA           2 61    7.97   11.73   0.93    9.96   0.83    0.96    0.88   2.06    2.72    5.00   3.27    1.21    6.72    5.76  27.76   10.40    9.48      ..  10.34
Resl of World               ROW         50 83   22.00  25.37   27 04   50.97  89.21   58.28   36.551 37.19   14.30   14.81  27.23   45 93   20.24   16 03  20.69  I19.02  .41.57      ,.  10.18
World                       WLD        .I0600: 100,00$~ 100.06 1I0~0,00:100,00; l00.00-.100.00: 1100:00 .100.00 100o'.0. I100,00: 100.00  1600.00~ o 100.00:100 .0010 0   .100.00 :100.00 . .100.00
Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.                                                                                  (Table continues on the following page)
Note: 11 means "not applicable."



External Sector                                                                                 135
5-52. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 2000 (continued)
Importers                                                Percentage of total exports
Exporters                               STP     SEN     SYC     SLE    SOM     ZAF     SON    SWZ     TZA     TGO     TUN     UGA    ZMB     ZWE      SSA    EEC     NNA ROW World
Algeria                     DZA           0 00    0.02    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.01    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.10j   0.92    0.00    0.00    0.00   0- 2     o 05   0.24    0 13.:  0.32.
Angola                      AGO           ('.00   0.00    0.00     ..    0.00    0.15    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.36    0.00      ..    0.00    0.00   "".     0.06    0.23    OII    0.12
Benin                       BEN           1.00    0.05      ..    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00      ..   0.00    0.06    0.00      .     0.00    0.00  0  0     00      0.00    000M
Burkina Faso                                      OM 00   0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.34    0.01    00       .   0 000     03      0.0     000o    0,00
Botswana                    BWA              ..     .       ..      .       ..      .       ..     .       ..      .       ..      .
Buirundi                    BDI              ..   0.00      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.01      ..    0.00    0.01    0.00      "    I       00      0.0      .0     00
Camcroon                    CMR           03.00   0.31    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0.13    0.05    0.00    00000     0M  :0~1     0 07    0.01    0.02   .0,04
Cape Verde                  CPV           0.00    0.00      ..      .       .    0.00              ..   0.00    0.00    0.00       .       ..   0.00   :0.00   0.00    0 00    0.00:   :000
Central African Republic    CAF              ..   0.00           OM 0.      -.   0.00    0.03      ..      .    0.00    0.00      ..    0.00    0.00   :0.00   001i    0.00    0.00    00
Chad                        TCD              .    0.00       .      ..   0.00    0.00    0.03      ..   0.00    0.00    0 02       ..   0.00    0.00   0061     0.00   0.00    0.00: :000
Comoros                     COM.                  0.00    0 00      .       ..   0.00      ..       .   0 00    0.00    0.00       .       ..   0 00   000,     0.00   0.00    0.00   .000
Congo, Dem. Rep. of         ZAR           0.00    0.01    0.01   0 00    0.00    0.01    0.00      ..   0.01    0.03    0.00    0,00    0.00    0.01   0.02     0.04   0.02    0.00    0~02
Congo, Republic of          COG           0.00    0.16      .    0.00    0.00    0.02    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    O   0.00    0.00 00      06~   0.01    0.03    0.08    0,04
Cote dilvoire               CIV           2.20    7.54    0.00   3.04    0.01    0.04    0.00    0.00   0.03    0.60    0.13    0.01    0.01    0.01 :J1.56    0 07    0.02    0.02:   0.06
Djibouti                    DJI             O. .00        0.00   0.00   29.31      -.    0.0            0.00        .   0.00                    Om.. 00  0 1   00      0.00    0.00    0100
Egypt                       EGY           0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.10    0.03    1.91    0.00   0.29    0.01    0.42    0.12    0.04    0.06 .: 027    0.11    0.0     o.oa    0.09
Equatorial Guinea           GNQ              .    0 01   0.00       .       .       .       .           0.00    0 00    0 00       .      .            0.01    0.03    0.01    0.01   .002
EritreaER
Ethiopia                    ETHl          0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.02    0.00   0.22       .    0.00    0.01    0.01    0.15   0A 12     .01   00      0.1      0
Gabon                       GAB           2.78    0.20      ..   0.00    0.00    0.02    0.00    0.00   0.02    0.23    0.0M       .    0.00    0.01"''         0.04   0.14    0 04    0.06
Gambia, The                 GMB              ..   0.01       .   0 01    0 00    0 00    0.00    0.00   0.04    0.00    0.00      ..    0.00    0.00   000     0.00    0.00    0.00    0,00
Ghana                       GHA           0.02    0.14    0.00   0.04    0.00    0.02    0.00    0.00   0 00   27.40    0 01    0.00    0.01    0.02  .0.58    0.03    0.02    0.01    0,03
Guinea                      GIN              .    0.01   0.00    0.01    0.00    0.00       .      ..   0.01    0 00    0 01    0.00    0 00   0M 0  0  0 0    0.02    0 01    0.01    0 01
Guinea-Bissau               GNB           0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00      ..    0.00      ..   0.00    0 00    0.02    0 00       .      ..    0 00   0 00    0.00    0 00    0.00   .6000
Kenya                       KEN           0.00    0.00   0.84    0.05   13.25    0 03    4 03    0 00   6.26    0.01    0.01   43 17    0.27    0.42   :104    0 03    001t    0 02    0,03
Lesotho                     LSO              .      .       ..      .       .       .      ..      .               .       ..      .
Liberia                     LBR             ..    0.06    0.00   0.41    0.00    0 00       .      ..   0 00    0.07    0.01    0.00    0.00    0 00  ~0;03    0.02    0.00    0.01    0,01
Libya                       LBY             ..    0.01       .   0 00    0.00    0.00    0.15      ..    0.00   0.00    3.33    0.00    0.00    0.00  :0.54     0.48   0.00    0.06    0,20
Madagascar                  MDG           0.14    0.00    0.02-  0.00    0.00    0.01    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.06    0.00  :005     0.02    0.01    0.01I   001I
Malawi                      MWI              .    0.01   0.02    0.11    0.00    0.34    0.00    0.00   0.13    0.01    0.01    0.21    0.23    0.59  07.5 l    . 0-1  0 00    0.00    0,01
Mali                        MLI              ..   0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.01       .      ..   0.00    0.05    0.04      ..    .00     0.05   0,03     0.00   0.0     0.00    0 00
Mauritania                  MRT              ..   0.01      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   0 00    0.96    0.00      .,    0.00    00000     0    001l    0.00    0.00    01
Mauritius                   MUS           0 00    0.00    1.67   0.00    0.00    0 04    0 00    0 01   0.10    0.10    0 00    0 10    0.01   0 42   .015     0.04    0 02    0,00   .. 0,02
Morocco                     MAR              .    0 50    0.01   0.00    0 00    0.01    0.0     0.00   0.00    0.00    0.67    _0.00 000       0.0  .: 0.~31  0 22    0.03 ~009       03
Mozambique                  MOZ           0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.21    0.0     0.73   0.00    0.00    0.00    0 00    0.01    4.68   010      0.00   0 00    0.00: . 001
Niger                       NER              ..   0.00      ..   0.00    0.00    0.00    0 00    0.00   0.001   0.03    0.00       .    0.00    0,00  .0.12     0.00   0.00    0.00:. .0.00
Nigeria                     NGA           0.00   13.85    0.00   4.46    0.00    1.0O1   0.03  ~0.00    0.04    0.44    0.00    0.00    0 03    0.02    2684   0 24    0.60    0 17,   0O34
Reunion                     REU              .       ..      ..                     .       .      ..      .       ..      .       ..                   0.00       .    000
Rwanda                      RWA              ..   0.00    0.00      .    0.00    0.00    0.0     0.00   0.01    0.00    0.0     0.00    0 00    0.00   0.00    0.00    0.00    0 0      ....
Sao Tomne and Princ.ipe     STP                     ..      .       .    0.00    0.00      .       ..   0.00       .    0.00      ..0.00               9 00    0.00    0.00    0.00.   Q000
Senegal                     SEN              .0.0                  .5    000     0.00    0.00    0.00    0 0I   0 60    002     0.00    0.0I    0.00    025:    0.01    0.00   0.Ot: _001
Seychelles                  SYC              .    0.00              .    0.00    0.01    0.00    0.00    0.00      .    0 01    0.00    0.00    0.00   0)00     0.01   0.00    0.00    0,00
Sierra Leone                SLE              .    0.00      .            0.00    0.00    0.00       ,   0.00    0.00    0.00       .    0.00    000  00    0.00    0.00 O      0.00    0 00
Somalia                     SOM           0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00      m     0.00    0.00    0.00   0,0M       .    0.01    0.05    0.00    00000     0     0.00   0.00    0 00   :0100
South Africa                ZAF           1.65    0.72    9.68   0.8l    0.08            0.54      ..   14.64   0.29    0.05    6.11   65 67   50.48 ..5:47:    0.38    0. 18  0 25    0,34
Sudan                       SDN                   OM .0  0.00    0 00    0.26    0.32   ~           .   0.02    0.00    0.05    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.1-7   0 01   0.00    0.06    003
Swaziland                   SWZ              ..      .      ..      .               ..     ...                     .       ..      .
Tanzania                    TZA           0.00    0.00   0.02    0.02    0.17    0.06    0.03    0.29     '     0.00    0.00    3.09    0.97   022     0.16    0.02    0 00    00      001'd
Togo                        TGO              ..   0.02      ..   008     0.00    0.05    0.02      ..   0.00            0 00       ..   0.00    0.00    0.19    0.00   0 00    0.0     0,01
Tunisia                     TUN           0.02    0.53   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.03    0.03    1.19   0.00    O.M   ~         0.00    0.00    0 00 .067,      0.21   0.00    0.03 .009
Uganda                      UGA              ..   0.00   0.00    0.00    0.01    0.01    0.02       .   0.30       .    0.00      *5    0.01    0.00   0.03    0.01I   0 00    0 00    0,01
Zambia                      ZMB           0.00    0.00    0.00   0.00    0 00    0.74    0.00    0.6,6   1.84   0.00    0.00    0.19            1.71   704,2    001    0.00    0.01    0,01
Zimnbabwe                   ZWF           0.20    0.03   0.40    0.04    0.00    1.01    0.35    1.01   0.30    0 00    0.01    0.25    6.54
Sub-Saharan Africa          SSA          'f         I     '23 15  t4    13 Vi.   41V:...: 5411     1,,    14    0 1     QA49.    t5o:I 73.95:. 1. so   1   'D   I 21    .41 
European Commutnity         EEC          70.62   51.06  37.00   66.70   13.49   43.10   30.75  24.00   23.05   20.60   77.55   22.35   12.49   17.33  41.20   62 21    16.47  23.19: 35,86
North America               N'NA          2.55    4.87    2.20   6.9     2.01   13.06    2.61   11i.17  43       1.86   3.44    3.57    2.30    4.00    70~7    7,79  29.25   17.32: :1047
Rest of World               ROW          11.84   20.9   47.10   16.46   41.4 2  39.73   61.53  62.3    44      29 65   10 52   20.90   11.29   19.79  31503   20.76   52.85   58.58:4
World                       WLD        .0,0:100t<i9dj j '     .: t,' j'3  :- -1 I,"  ~  ~~t,,          '""    i':.V '"I       pi':,1',  I....  "'".1 F '. ' '.C
Source: Internationial Monetary Fund'.s Direction of Trade database.
Note: ** means "not applicable."



136                                                 External Sector
5-53. Diire(ction oDf tirade matrix, cuirrent U.S. dolilars, 1990
Importers                        Millions of current US dollars
Exporters                D3ZA AGO  BEN   BFA BWA   BDI CMR CPV    CAF TCD COM    ZAR COG   CIV  DJI EGY GNQ    ERI ETH GAB
Algeria           DZA            0     0    0    0    0   0     0    0    0   0     01   0    0    0   20    0         0    0
Angola            AGO       0         0               ..   I    I    0         .    0 ~  I   II    .    0    -0             0
Benin             BEN       0               0         0    0         0   0     .    01  0     7    ..   0    0         0    0
Burkina Faso      BFA       0     .                   ..   0    0    0   0          .~  0    17   ..    0                   0
Botswana          BWA..                     -..            -              .    .         .
Bunindi           BDI        0   0     0         0         0    -.   0    0         2    0    0    0    0    ..0
Cameroon          CMR        I   0     I    I    0    0        0    33    6   0     3   27    7    0    I   37   ..    0   32
Cape Verde        CPV        0    0    0    0         0    0         0    0    0    0    0    0         0                   0
Central Afiican Republic  CAF  0  .    0    0..            0    0         I    -.   0    0    0    0    0         ..   0    0
Chad              TCD        0         ..   0              I   0     0              0    0    0         0    0         0    0
Comoros           COM        0   0     ..   0         ..   0    0                   0    0    0    0    0
Congo, Dem. Rep. of  ZAR     0   0    0    0          I   0     0    I    0    0         I    I    0    7              0    I
Congo,Republic of  COG      0    4     0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    ..   6         0    0    0    00             0
Cote dIlvoire     CIV       II1  12   18  124    3    0   10    3    1    I    0   42    4         0    0    0         0    8
Djibouti          DJI                 0               I   0          .    ..  0     0    0    0         0    .    ..  13
Egypt             EGY        5   0    0    Oj    0   0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0    I    0         0-..      0    0
Equatorial Guinea  GNQ       0         ..0                      .         .    .    ..   0    0    ..   0         ..   . 
Eritrea           ERI            .          .    .         ..                                      *    .
Ethiopia          ETH-      0     ..  0    0     0    0   0     0    I    0   0     0    0    0   35    0
Gabon             GAB      20    0    0    0    0         2     0    0    0    0    0    0    2         0    0
Gamnbia,The       GMB        0    ..   0    0    0         0    0    0              0    0    0    ..   0    0    . 
Ghana             GHA        0    0   Is    4    0    ..   0    0    0    ..0            0    5    0    0              0    0
Guinea            GIN        0    0    0    0         -   47    0    0    0    -.   0    0    3    0    0         ..   .    0
Guinea-Bissau     GNB        0   0    0     -    .    ..   0    0    0    0    -    .    0    I         0    -0
Kenya             KEN        0    6    0    0    0   20    0    0    0    0    0   25    0    0   23   1 5   0    .    9    0
Lesotho           LSO       -.    .         ..                  ..                  .*
Liberia           LBR                  0 0  0  0   0    0    0    0       0    0         0      0    0                 0    0
Libya             LBY        6   0     0    I         0    0    0    0    0         0    0    0        790                  0
Madagascar        MDG        0    0    0    0    ..   0    0    0    0    0    2    0    0    0    0    0    0    ..   0    0
Malawi            MWI        0   0     0    ..   2    0    0    ..   0         0    2    0    0    0    0    ..0            0
Mali              MLI        0         0    I    .         0    0    0    0    ..   0    0   II    0    0              ..   0
Mauritania        MRT        0   0     1    0         0    4    0    0    0         0    I   15s   .    0    0         0    0
Mauritius         MUS        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    2    0    0    0    0    0         ..   0    0
Morocco           MAR       57    0    0    0    0    0    6    0    0    0    0    7    0    7    0    0    0    ..   0    8
Mozarnbique       MOZ        0    0    0         0    0    0    0    ..0                 I    0    0    0    ..0            0
Namibia           NAM..                .    ..             ..*                                -_            _ _   _ _ _ _ _
Niger             NER        0         I    I    ..   0    0    00  0          0    0    0    2    0    0    0    ..   0    0
Nigeria           NGA        0    0    1    0    0    0   74    0    0   25    0   32    0  225    0    0    0         0    0
Reunion           PEU       0    0          0         0    0    0         . .  I    0    0    0    0    0              0    0
Rwanda            RWA      -0          0    0-   0    0    0    ..   0    0         0    0    0    0    0    .    .    0    0
Sao Tome and Principe  STP   0    0              ..   0    0    0    ..   .         .    0    0         0    .    .0
Senegal           SEN        0    0    4    3    0    0   38    0    0    0    0    I    S   22    0    0    0    ..   0    2
Seychelles        SYC        0    0    . .  0    0    0    0    . .  I..       0    I..  0    0    0    0    ..I  . .  0
Sierra Leone      SLE        0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    -.   0    0    0         01   0         0    0
Somalia           SOM        0    0    -    0    0    0    0    .    .    0    0    0    0    0    0    I    .    .    0    0
South Afiica      ZAF        0   0     0              0    0    0    0    0    0   26    3   10    0    0         ..   0    0
Sudan             SDN        0   0     -.   .         0    0         0    0         0    0    0    0   31    .    .    0
Swaziland         SWZ.            ..   .              .    .    ..   .    ....                     ..
Tanzania          F-ZA       0    0    0         I    I    0    0    .    ..   0    2    0    0    0    2    .    ..   0
Togo              TGO        0    ..   6    9    -    0    0    I    0    0    0    0    0    I         0    ..
Tunisia           TUN       81    2    3    I    0    0   10    0    0    0    0    0    I    8    2    4    2    ..   0    1
Uganda            UGA       0     ..  0     .    .    0    0    ..   .         .    0    0    0         3    ..        0
Zambia            ZMB        0    I    0    0    0    1    0    ..   0    0    0    8    0    0    0    0    ..0            0
Zimbabwe          ZWE        0   II    0    0   87    3    0    0    0    0    0   1 4   0    0    0    4    0    ..   I    0
Sub-Saharan Affica  SSA    :~    5    u    5     t   ~    1        .36   32. 5... -163 :,43 :41 -;59   65   38, - 0   23 144
European Community  EEC   6,498  1,097  219  235  113  122  953  103  105  100  64  886  441  1,081  129  5,487  48  . 575  540
North America     NNA     1.190  159  25   16   21    I   73    61   I    8    0  147   90   86    8  2,306  0    0   174  54
Reat of World     ROW     1,655  278  122  41   68   28  191   121  17   12    8  632   89  228  149  4,3241  7   ..  382  100
World             WLD     '9,375  167.  413-  435  >:29S.  1179. >1,393.  1I27j  1160  '-  152  - 78  1 ~928 .  662  .1,736  >345.. 12,182 .  9 :.3  7:: I154*  739
(Table continuea on the following page)
Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.
1990 and 1995 valuea for South African trade is taken by looking at partner countries data.
Note: " means "not applicable."



External Sector                                                137
5-53. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1990 (continued)
Importers                         Millions of current US dollars
Exporters                 GMB GH-A   GIN  GNB KEN   LSO  LBR  LBY MDO MW! ML! MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM            NER  NGA  REU  RWA
Algeria            DZA       0    13    0    0    0    0    0    3~0       0     0   35    0   42    0          0    0    0    0
Angola             AGO       .    0     0    0    0         0    0~                        o    0    0     -    -    0    0    0
Benin             BENi       0    0     0    0    0         0    0,                        0   II               1   24    0    0
Burkina Faso       BFA        -    0    0    .    0         0    0    0          I    a    0    0    0          1    I         0
Botswana           BWA             .    .    .                    -    -   -     -    .    -    -
Bwtnmdi            BDI                 2.              0    0    0     -    0         0    0    0    0          0    0    ..   I
Carnmroon          CMR       0     0    2    0    0    0    0    0     0    0    0    0    0    4    0          0   22    0    0
Cape Verde         CPV       0 0     0    0    0       0         . 0        0      0    0     0    0       0         0    .    0
Central African Republic  CAPF.              0    0    ..   0    0     0    0    0    0    0   162   0     0    2    0    0    0
Chad               TCD             0    0         0    ..   0    0    0          0    ..   0    0    ..0             0         0
Comoros           COM              .    .    .    0         0         0               I..  0    0          I.I  0    0    0
Congo, DemniRep. of  ZAR          0     0    ..   0    ..   0    0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0          0    0    0    2
Congo,Repuiblic of  COG      0    0     0    0    0         0    0    0     0    0    0    0    6    0          0    1    4    0
Cote divoire       CiVl      12   96   57    7    3    ..   14   0    4     0  125    5   14    12   26        37   47    1    0
Djibouti           DJ],                 -    .    0    .         0    0     .    ..0            0    . 
Egypt             EGY        0    0    0     0    0    0    0    44   0    0     0    0    0    6    0     .    0    I    0    0
EquatorialGuinea  GNQ    -.                  .    0    . 0            0         _0    0         0    ..         0    0    .    0
Eritrea           ER!]..                     .    .    .    ..                   .    .
Ethiopia           ET8-1     0    0     0    .    I         0    0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0          0    0    0    0
Gabon             GiAB       0     0    0         0    0    0    0    0     0    0    0    0   46    00 0               0      0
Gambia, The        GMAB     **          7    0    0    ..   0    0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0          0    0
Ghana             GFIA       0          0    0    0    0    0    1    0     0    0    0    0    0    0          0    I    0    0
Guinea-asu        GlIN       0         0    *0    0         0    ..                   0    0    0    0 
Guinea-GINs0u0Gl                             0 0  0       0      0          - 0    0    0       0    0          0    0         0
Kenya             KEiN       0    0     0    0    ~    0    0    0    0    0     0    0    3    0    1    O     0    o    4    75
Liberia           L13R       0     0    0    0    0    0         0    0    11    0    0    0    0    0          0         ..   0
Libya             LI3Y       0    0     0         0    .    0         0     0    0    0    0   115         0            0      0
Madagascar         MDG       0     0         .              0    0          0    0    0    7    I    6     0    0    0   1 7   0
Malawi            MW!        0    0     0    01   0    0    0    0    0    110             0    0    2          0    0    0    I
Mali              MLI        0    0     0    0    0    ..   0    0    0               0    0    10         ..   0    0    0    0
Mauritania        MRT        0    0     0    0    0         3    0    0    0     0   .I    0    0    0          0    0    ..   0
Mauritius         MUS        0     0    0         I    ..   0    0    9    0     0    0         0    0     .    0    0   22    0
Morocco           MvAR       0    0     0    0    0    ..   0   118   0     0    0    0    0         0          0   12    0    0
Mozamobique       1*107      0     0    0    0    1    0    0    0     1    2         0    0    0    -0              0    0    0
Naroibia          NAM...                               ..   .    .     .                   .    .                    _ _ _  _ _
Niger        ~~~~~NIER   0    0    0    0    0    0     0    2    0    0    0    0    0    0     0a*                 0 
Nigeria            NGA       I   225    6    0    4    0    7    0    0     0    0    0    0    2    0     01   4         0    0
Reunion            REJ       .-    0         0    0         0    ..   6     0    0    ..   3    0    0I         0    0    *
Rwanda             RWA            0     0         0    0    0    0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0          0    0    0
Sao Tome and Principe  STP         0    -    0    0    ..   0    .         .0                        0               0
Senegal            S;EN      6     I    5    3    0         I    0    0     0   50    0    0    1    0          0    4    0    0
Seychelles         SYC       ..    0    0    .    0         0    ..   0     0    0    0    0    0    0          0    0    0    0
Sierra Leone       SLE       0     0    0    .-   0    --   0    0     -    0    0    -    0    0-j0
Somalia            Sam   -   0     0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0     .j   0    0    0    0
South Aftica      ZAP        0    0     0    0    8    ..   0    0    0   178    0    0   143   0    0     ..   0    0   41    0
Sudan              SDN       0     0         .    0    ..   0     I   0     0    0    0    0    0    0     ..   0    0    -.   0
Swaziland          SWZ..           -    ..   .    .    ..   .    ..    .    ..   .    .-   .    ...             .    .
Tanzania           TZA       0     0         ..  12    0    0    0     0    I    0    0    0    0     1         0    I    I    0
Togo               TGO       0    4     4    0    0    ..   0    0    0     0    I    0    0    6          ..   4    9     -   0
Tunisia            TUN       0     9    1    4    0    0    0   161   0     0    0    2    0   24    0     .    0    2    1    0
Uganda             UGA       ..   0          ..   0    .    0    0    0    0     0    .    0    0    0     ..   0    0    0    3
Zambia             ZMB       0     0    0         1. 7  0   0    0    0     4    0    0    0    0         0     0    0    -.   0
Zimbabwe          ZWE        0     1   0     0   II    3    0    0    0    72    0    0    I    0    56    1    0    I    0    1
Sub-Saharan Africa  SSA      IF'  '50(  gi  I    *     3         1;  ,  '   '   i5    I   it  As!    '     i   4 F7i         8
European Community  EEC     103  659  322   69  1,087  25  1,293  3,437  328  150  265  311  508  4,597  353  156  185  3,216  1,496  Itt
North America      NNA       0   153   49    I   163   3   46    40  13    16   13   Is   13  674   72    47   IS  577    5    2
Rest of World      ROw       73  322   84   30   750   12  2.517  1,623  119  -57  62  109  4t0  1,977  308  5  26  1,891  62  38
World              WLD          L '4  V9    Il  0- 47     I 66i  i I.;SI  It   b, 2' 'Ii Ilt  t1    85   2-              .
(Table continues on the following page)
Source: International Monetary Fuind's Direction of Trade database.
1990 and 1993 values for South African trade is taken by looking at partner countries data.
Note: '1 means "not applicable.'



138                                                                            External Sector
Importers                                                          Millions of curreni US dollars
Exporters                               STP    SEN    SYC     SLE    SOM     ZAF     SDN    SWZ     T7,A    TGO    TUN     UGA     ZMB ZWE        SSA      EEC        NNA      ROW       World
Algeria                     DZA             43     0       0       0      0       0       0      0       0       0    177       0       0      0     2NS      7,674     2,154      903      I I 1,9
Arngola                     AGO             43     0       0              0       0       0      0       0       3      0               0      0      Its     1,364     1,958      408      j,4
Benin                      BEN                     0               0                      0                      4      0              0              40         29        29       1 6 
Burkina Faso                BFA                    0               0.     0                                      5      a              0       0     26          63         0       62        152
Botswana                   BWA
Bunindi                     BDI                    0               0      0       0       0      0       0              0       I      43      1       6         32        9        27         '
Camerocon                  CMR              0      4       0       0      0       0       0      0       0       I      4       0      0       0     181      1,372      302       164       ka
Cape Verde                 CPV              0      0                              0                      0      43      0                      0       0          6         0        0
Cenlml African Republic    CAF                     0               0              0       I                     0       I              0       0     330         99         2       12         8
Chad                       TD0                                            0       0       0                     0       0              0               1         66         1       21         8
Comtoros                    COM                    0                              0                      0       0      0                      0       0         18         4         I        123
Congo, DemnRep of           ZAR             0      0               0      0       0       0              0       0       l      0       7     82     ids        882      253       114      15
Congo,Republic of          COG              0      0               0      0       0      0       0       0       0      0       0      0       0      2.2       647      357       183      I,0
Cote dIvoire                CIV             0     61       0      16      0      14       I      0      22      70     16       0       0      0     198      1,504       169      242      21l3
Djibouti                   DJl                     0       0       0     21               0              0              0                      0      15          5        0        20
Egypt                       EGY             0      0       0       0      0       0      21      0       0      a      18       0       0      0      96      1.4318     228      1,242-    2S
Equatorial Guinea          GNQ                     0       0                                                                                           1         32        0         2         1
Entrc                       ERI                                                                                                                        .
Ethiopia                    ETH             0      0               0      0       0       0      0       0              0       0       0      0      37        119        33      lOS         9
Gabon                      GAB              0     36               0      0       0       0      0       0       5      4               0      0     116      1,135       732      S0l      2~ 10
Gambia, The                 GMB                    0               0      0       0       0      0       0       0      4               0      0      12         90         0       70       i'l2
Ghana                      GIIA             0      0       0       0      0       0       0      0       0       7      0       0      0       0      32        787       167      249       13$
Guinea                     GIN                     I                      0       0                              0      0              0       0      SI        346       140                169
Guinea-Bissau              GNB              0      0               0              0              0              0       0                      0       I         19         0       14         3
Kenya                       KEN             0      0       0       0      16      I      15      0      22       0      0     190       2      8     436        418        34      232      l10
Lesotho                     LSO2                           0       0      0       0,                                                                                                        44
Liberia                     LBR                    2               0                                     0       0      0       0       0      0       4        812        51     1,076
Libya                       LBY                    -2              0      0       0     151             31       0     72       0       0      0     458     11,711         0     1,709     37
Madagascar                  MDG                    0       0       0       I      0       0      0       2       0      0       0       0      0   ~  1         170       108       52         6
Malawi                      MWI                    0       0       0      0      29       0      0       2       0      0       0      II     13      63        203       49       104       t419
Mali                        MLI                    2               0      0       0                              0     I                0      0      36         91        16      108
Maunitanua                  MRT                    0              0       0               0      0       0       1      I              0       0      26        281         0      162       16
Mauritiua                   MUS             0      0       3       0      0       6       0      0       0       0      0       0       0      3      49        954       158       41       J0
Morocco                     MAR                    5               0      0       0       0      0       0       0     62       0       0      0     282      2,788        95     1,407       53
Mozamnbique                 MOZ             0      0       0       0      0       4       0      0       0       0      0       0       0      1      12         83        29      258       '6
Namnibia                    NAM        ____________
Niger                      NER                     0               0      0       0       0      0       0       I      0               0      0      16        209        44        4    27
Nigenia                     NGA             0     43       0      16      0       0       0      0       0       4      0       0      0       0     670      3.753     5,696      154     id.271
Reunion                    REU              0      0       I              0       1                      0      0       0       0              0      I         17                  1
Rwanda                      RWA                    0       0              0               0      0       0       0      0       I       0      0       2         64         6       27       :]OD
Sao Tome and Prncipe        STP                                           0       0                                                            0       0         21         0        8        j29
Senegal                     SEN                    *       0       0      0       0       0      0       0       5      5       0       0      0     164        411         2      285A
Seychelles                  SYC                    0                      0       0       0      0       0              0       0       0      0       013                  0        1   ~     14
SierraLeone                 SLE                    0                      0       0      0                      0       0               0      0       0         91        35       II       f,,
Somalia                    SOM              0      0       0       0              0       0      0       0              0       0       0      0       2         56         0       92        100
South Allics                ZAF             0      0      25       0      0               0              0       0       I      0     206    397   1,037      8,703     1,765     3.774     68
Sudan                       SDN                    0               0      0       0                      0       0      3       0      0       0     -36        197        14      267        S1
Swaziland                   SWZ                                                             ~
Tanzania                   TZA                     0       0      0        I      0       2      0                      0       4       2      3      75$       168        29      184       j1
Togo                        TGO                    0               0      0       0       0              0               I              0      0      46        ItO        36       77       il
Tunisia                     TUN                     I      0       0      0      10       I      0       0       4              3       I       I    339      2,733        34      450    ~   5%
Uganda                      UGA                    0       0       0      0       0       0              1              S               0      0      12        135        19       15       'm~
Zamnbia                     ZMB                    0       0       0      0       2       0      0       3       0      0       0      *       16     42        166         9      326       :S14
Zimbabwe                    ZWE             0      0       0       0      0     131       1       1     12       0      0       6      5I            478        620       125      268       1,491
Sub-Sahsaran Africa        SSA              0    151      70     33      40     168     20        1     64     106     i60    202     2794   525   4$482     26,503    12,381   90,818     5   964
European Community          EEC            28    813      72     119    192   7,222    471      26     568    352    3.879    202    414     464 28,390     981,260   117,882  360,873   1,41 ,36s
North Amenria              NNA             14     63       2      28      14   1,842     48      9      63      34    223      29      89     152  4.095    114.027   178.662   222,828   51 I063
Rest of World              ROW              5    218      44      37    1065  2,9189   671      25     485    228    1,140     97      64      91 V4,4034   354.550   298,804   652,640  1326,0
World                       WLD            46   1,245    348     217     352i 12,169  1.218     61   01,9      720   5,707    520    846    1.150 51.501   1,476,340  607,719 1,246, 11i9  3,38,9
Source Internattional Monetary Fund'sDirectionof Trade database
1990 and 1995 values for South African trade ia taken by looking at partnaer countries data
Note ** means "not applicable



External Sector                                                 139
5-54. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1995
Importers                         Millions of current US dollars
Exporters                  DZA  AGO  BEN  BFA BWA    BDI CMR CPV    CAM  TCD COM    ZAR  COG   CIV  DJ] EGY   GNQ   ER] ETH   GAB
Algeria            DZA             0    0    0     0    0    0    0    0     3    0    0    0    0     0    5    0          0    0
Angola             AGO        0         0    0     .    0    0    2    0          .    0    3     1    -.   0    ..    . 0    0
Benin              BEN        0    a         0     0    a    0    1    0     0    0    0    o     1    a    o    o     ..        0
Burkina Faso       BFA        0    0    I          .    0    0    0    0     0         0    0    34    0    0    0          0    0
Botswana           BWA        -..             ..                        .    .. 
Bumundi            BDI        0    0    0     -.   0         0    ..   0     0         0    0    0     0    0    .     ..   0
Camcroon           CMR        0    2    2    0     0    0         0    13    6    0    3    17   9     0    0    24   ..    0   25
Cape Verde         CPIV       I    o    o    0     .    0    0    **   0     0    0    0    0    0     ..   0    ..    .  
Central African Republic  CAF      0         0     ..0            0          I    0    4    2     0    0    0~ 0            a.   0
Chad               TCD        0         ..   0          -    0    0     I              0    0     0    ..   0    0     ..   0    0
Cornoros           COM        0    0    ..   0          ..   0    0          ..0            0    0     0    0     ..   .-
Congo, Dem. Rep. of  ZAR      I    0    0    0     ..   2    0    0     1    0    0         I    0     0    1    .     ..   0    0
Congo, Republic of  COG       1    6    0    0     0    0    0    0    0     0    ..   7         0     0    I    0          0    0
CotedIlvoire       Clv'       3    3    38   94    0    0    0    2    14    2    0   29    6          0    I    0     ..   0   1 I
Djibouti           DJ[                  0    0     ..   0    0    -.   -.    .    0    0    0    0          0              26
Egypt              EGY       3 1   I    0    0     0    0    0    0    0     0    0    0    4     7    1    *~0        0    I    0
Equatorial Guinea  GNJQ       0    .    .    0     ..28                 .    .0                   3    -    0          .    ..   0
Eritrea            ERI 
Ethiopia           E1'H       0    .    0    0     0    0    0    0    0     0    0    0    0    0    39    3    .
Gabon              GAkB      10    2    0    0     0         2    0    0     0    0    6    0     2    ..-       0
Gambia,The         GMB        0    0               0    0    0    0    0)    0         0    0    0          0    0          0    0
Ghana              GliA       I    8    18   5     0    -    0    0    0          ..   0    6     a    0    I          -    0    0
Guinea             GIN        0    0    0    0     .    .   28    0    0     0    0    0    0    0     0    0    ..0             0
Guinea-Bissau      GNB        0    0    0    0               I. .  0   0     0              0     I    .    0    ..0
Kenya              KEN        0    0    0o  0o     0    a    0    0    0     0    2   41    0    0     1   58    0    0    53    0
Liberia            LBR        0    0    0    0    0     0    0    0    0     0         0    0    4          0    0     -.   0    0
Libya              LBY        2    0    0    0     ..   0    0    0l   0     0         0 ~  0    0     -.  9i               0    0
Madagascar         MDG        s    0    0          -    0    0    0    0     0    4    0    0    0     0    0    0     -.   0    0
Malawi             mwi        0    0    0    0     0    I    0         0     ..   0    0    0    0     0    2          ..   0    0
Mali               Mv L            ..   0     1    .    ..   0    0    0     0         0    0     3    0    0     -    .    ..   0
Mauritania         MIRT       2    0    0    0          0    15   0    0     0    ..   0    4    16   ..    0    0          0    0
Mauritius          MIUS       0    0    0    0     0    0    0    0    0     0    2    0    0     0    0    0     ..0            0
Morocco            NIAR      56    2    2     I    0    0    3    0    0     0    0    9    3    19    0    4    I     .    0    6
Mozamobique        MO0Z       0    0    0    0    0     0    0    0    ..0                  0    0     0    0               0    0
Namibia            NAM        .    .    .          ..                   ..
Niger              NER        0         2     1    ..   0    0    0    0     0    0    0    0     6    0    01   0          0    0
Nigefia            NGA        0    0    0    24    0    0   90    0     1   12    0   53    2   338    0    0?   0               3
Reunion           FLEU        0    0         0          a.   0    0     .    ..   2    0               0                    0    0
Rwanda            TEWA        0    .-   0    0     0    0    0    .-   0     0    -         0     0    0                    0    0
Sao Tome and Principe  STP    0    0    ..   .     .    0    0    0               -    ..   0    0     ..   0          ..0
Senegal            SEN        I    0    14   0     0    0    9    3     1    1    0    0    3    to    0    0    0          0    1
Seychelles         SYC        0    0     -   0     0    0    0    .     .         0         0     0    0    (I.             0
Sierra Leone       SLE        0    0    0    0     0    0    0    0    0     0    --   0    0     0    -    0    00              0
Somalia            SOM        0    0         0     0    0    0    .     .    0    0    0    0     0    0    01         .    0    0
South Africa       :ZAF       6   149   I    8          3    II1  0     I    0   21   214   0    25    1    lB9  2     ..   1    6
Sudan              SDN        0    0    ..   0          0    0    ..   0     0         0    0     0    0    2     ..   .    I
Swaziland          SW Z            .     .    ...            ..   .     ..   .    .-                         . _ _  _  _ _ _  _ _
Tanzania           TZA        0    0    0     0    1    6    0    0     .    .    0    3    0     0    I    2     ..   .          -
Togo               TGO        0         I     5         0    0    0     0    0    0    0    0     0         0    0     . 
Tunisia            TUJN      185   0    0     I    0    0    8    0     0    0    0    0    0     8    0   25    0     ..   0 
Uganda             UGA        0    .    0    0          0    0    ..   0     .    .    0    0     0         6    .     ..   0
Zambia             ZMB        0    0    0    0     2    4    0    ..   0     0    0   27    0    0     0    0    ..I             0
Zimbabwe           ZWE        I   12    0    02    0    2    I  -0     0     0  --0 --9   --0     I--0-- 91      0     ..   0    0
Sub-Saharan Africa  SSA      I7I        7 t  14%.  3   2v   at         I    2.        t"O   t   46.1  J.t  161   2               6
European Community  EEC    6,083 1,044  403  20B1 126  101  737  192  82    91   96  458~ 624 1,554  130 6,6     90   ..636    554
North America      NNA     1,139  263  39   17    40        58    7~.  6    12    1   104!  55  183   1I 3, 100  5    16  152   56
RestofWorld  ~~~~ROW   1.945  197  264  291  30   43'  151   221  41   22   It   263~ 72   438  178 6,147    7    ..  359  118
World              WLD    19.S    'r,'.'  7i.12   IM 3 1 7tt  lilt  21'  82 S    i.  I ~22 i'2,,    j  jot  il 41i  126   I.',-
(Table continues on the following page)
Saur"v.: Intemnational Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.
1990 and 1995 values for South African trade as taken by looking at panlner countries data.
Not,; 1* means "not applicable.'



140                                                  External Sector
5-54. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1995 (continued)
Imtporters                       Millions of current US dollars
Exporters                 GMB GHA   GIN  GNB KEN   LSO  LBR  LBY MDG MW! MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM           NER NGA   REU RWA
Algeria           DZA        0    0    0    0    0    0    14   2    0     0    0   20    0   81    0    ..   0    0    0    0
Angola            AGO        0    I    0    0    10        0    0     0    0    -    .    0    0    0         ..   0    0     0
Benin             BEN        0    0    0    0    0    ..   0    0    0          0    0    1   17         0    2    5    0    0
Burkina Faso      BFA        0    4    0    0    0         0    0    0     0         0    7    0    0    ..   I    0    -0   0
Botswana          BWA                  .    -                    .-                       .    ..   .    ..    .
Buruindi          BDI..                ..   .    5    0    0    0    0     0    ..   0    0    0    0         0    0         2
Camneroon         CMR        0    0    I    0l   0    0    0    0     0    0    I    0    0    5    0    0    0     8    7    0
Cape Verde        CPV        0    0    0    0    0    ..   0    .     0    ..   0    0    0    0    0    -.   0    0     1    0
Central Aftican Republic CAF  0   ..   0    0    0    ..   0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0     0    0
Chad              TCD        0    0    0    ..   0         0    0     0    ..   0    -.   0    0              0    3     0    0
Comoros           COM             0    .    .    0    ..   0          0              ..   0    0    .    .    0    0    0
Congo, Dem. Rep. of  ZAR     0    0    0         2         0    0    0     0    0    0    0    I    0         0    0    0     3
Congo, Republic of  COG      0    0    0    0    0    ..   0    0     0    0    0    0    0    6    0         0    0     4    0
Cote divoire      CIV       10   92   60    I    I    0    19   0     I    0  151    4    0   27    0    .    3 1  79    I    0
Djibouti          DJI             ..   .    .    0    .     .   0     0    ..   .         0    0    -.   .         0    0     0
Egypt             EGY        0    I    0    0    3    0    0    53    0    0    0    0    0   15    0    ..   0    2     0    0
Equatorial Guinea  GNQ       0    0    .    .    0    ..   0    0    0     ..   0    0    -.   0    .    .    0    0     ..   0
Eritrea           ERI 
Ethiopia          ETH-       0    0    0    ..   0     -.  0    0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0    ..   0    0     I    0
Gabon             GAB        0    0    4         0    0    0    0     0    0    0    0    0   48    0         0    0     0    0
Gambia,Thbe       GMB             0    0    0    0         0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0    0         0    0
Ghana             GHA        0         0    0    0    0    0    0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0         4    47    0    0
Guinea            GIN        0    0         0    0    -    0    0     0    ..   0    0    0    3    0         0    0     0    0
Guinea-Bissau     GNB        0         0         0    ..   0     -    0    0    0    0    -    0    0    ..   0    0     ..
Kenya             KEN        0    0    0    0         0    0    0     0    3    0    0    9    0    I    0    0     3    0   34
Lesotho           LSO        .    ..                                            .    .         .    .
Liberia           LBR        0    0    0    0    3    0    '    0     0    0    0    0    0    0    0         0    0     ..   0
Libya             LBY        0    0    0    ..   0    ..   0         0     0    0    I    0   50    0          I    0         0
Madagascar        MDG        0    0    0    0    2    0    0    0          0    0    0   14    0    I    0    0    0    21    0
Malawi            MW!        I    0    0    0    I    0    0     0    0              0    I    0    5    ..   0     0    0    0
Mali              MLI        0    0    0    0    0         0    0     0    -.        0    2    3    .    ..   0     2    0    0
Mauritania        MRT        0    I    0    0    0    ..   6     0    0    0    0         0    0    0         0     0    ..   0
Mauritius         MUS        0    0    0         2    0    0     0   40    0    0    0         0    0    0     0    0   28    0
Morocco           MAR        0    4    II   0    1    ..   0   161    0    0    6    7    2         0    0     I    8    I    0
Mozambiquc        MOZ        0    0    0    0    0    0    0     0    0    3    ..   0    0    0         0    0     0    0    0
Namibia           NAM        .         ..              .   .          .    .    .    .
Niger             NER        0    6    0    0    0                              0    0    0    0    0    .         20    0    0
Nigeria           NGA        0   352   0    0    I    0     I   0     0    0    0    0    0   56    0    0    32         0    0
Reunion           REU        ..   0     .   0    0    . I  0    .     7    0    0    .    4    0    0    0    0     0 
Rwanda            RWA        ..   0    0    . .  0    0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    .     0    0    0
Sao Tome and Principe  STP        0    . .  0    0     -.  0    .          .    .    .    0         0    .     .    0
Senegal           SEN        9    I    7    4    0    ..   0     0    0    0   45   13    0    I    0    0     I   18    0    0
Seychelles        SYC        .    0    0    ..   0    ..   0          0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0     0    0    0    0
Sierra Leone      SLE        0    0    0    ..   0    ..   0     0    .    0    0    ..   0    0              0     0    0
Somalia           SOM        0    0    0    0    0    0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    ..    0    0    0    0
South Aftica      ZAF        0   53    0    0   285   .    4     0   34  160    9   20  220   20   213   .     2   56   57    3
Sudan             SDN        0    0         ..   0    ..   0     5    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    ..    0    0    -.   0
Swaziland         SWZ            -.    .    .    .    .    .    .     .         .    .    .    .    -.
Tanzania          TZA        0    0    .         24   0    0     0    1    2    0    0    0    I    0          0    0    0   36
Togo              TGO        0   10    0    0    0    ..   0     0    0    0    I    0    0    3    0          1   24    0    0
Tunisia           TUN        0    2    I    0    0    0     5  193    0    0    I    I    0   27    0    0     0    0    I    0
Uganda            UGA        .    0    .    ..   3    ..   0    0     0    0    0    ..   0    0    0    ..   0     0    0    I
Zambia            ZMB        0    0    0    .    2    0    0     0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    2    0     0    0    0
Zimbabwe          ZWE        0    3    0    0    3    0  _0      3  - 0   SI5   0    0    6  __I  -53    0    0__   2    4  _ 0
Sub-Saharan Africa  SSA     -I      ~       a ~  J'0t124                        '   31  21-3  76''  1    '  J     20   'Z    8
European Community  EEC     93  1,006  366  62  1,133  38  1,627  2,993  327  87  307  333  694  6,119  189  108  157  2,605  2,010  72
North America     NNA        6   177  69    I   124   2    42   45   19   23   30   46 j 27   655  62    28   41  621    4   41
Rest of World     ROW       131  502  180  55  1,315  18  3,548  1,429  184  92  III  155  733  2,003  565  241  56  1.591  109  29
World             WLD       251::2 291:::.  697- 023 2,917 . :i:59:5,248,:4,477 :.:614: 42  5  7,177:;7  9  6  2 
(Table continues on the following page)
Source: International Monetary Fuind's Direction of Trade database.
1990 and 1995 values for South African trade is taken by looking at partner countries data.
Note: 11 means "not applicable."



External Sector                                                                      141
5-54. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1995 (continued)
ItWorters                                    Millions of current US dollars
Exporters                          STP    SEN    SYC    SLE   SOM    ZAF    SDN    SWZ    TZA   TGO    TUN    UGA    ZMB   ZWE       SSA    EEC     NNA      Row       World
Algeria                  DZA           0      (I     0      0     0      0      0      0      0      0    108     0      0      0    234:     6,067   1,784     1,272     -0
Angola                   AGO           0             0            0      1      0      0      0      2     0             0                     730    2,182      480  :

:s -:3,413
Benin                    BEN           0                    0     0      0      0             0      2     0             0      0      1        55        1       87       :173
Burkina Faso             BFA                 1)      0      0     0      0      0      0             5     0      0      0      o     5s        47        1       62     ::
:164
Botswana                 BWA                  -
Burundi                  BDI                  0             0     0      0      0      0      5            0      1      0      o    :,13.      40       0        51:       104
Catneroon                CMR           0      7      0      0     0      4      0      0      0      1      2     0      0      0     139
    1,262      36      222
Cape Verde               CPV           0      0                          0                    0      0     0                          
.2.       9
Central AfTican Republic  CAF                 0             0            0      0                    0     0             0      0      8,      107                          I
Chad                     TCD                  0                   0      3      0                    0     0             0             .8       95       3        12::      118
Comoros                  colvi                0                          0                    0      0     0                    O      :6        8       2         1
Congo, Dem. Rep. of      ZAR           0      0             0     0     101     0             0      0     0      0      5      O   ::
:l 19   981      281      153     :1,534
Congo, Republic of       coci          0      0             0     0       1     0      0      0      0     0      0      0      0     25       408      190      219:::    842
Cote d'lvoirc            civ           0     44      0     21     0     40      0      0      0     38     18     0      0      0             2.3 12    165      406.1    3,17.9
Djibouti                 DJI                  0      0      0    45             0             0            0                    0                8       0        17        95
EGY           0      0      0      0      0      5    24      0      0      0     27      1     0      0                               1155      3:44 I
Egypt                                                                                                                                .179     1,577     530
Equatorial Guinea        GNQ                  0      0                                              0      0                          33        33      3 1                 .4
Eritrea                  ERI
Ethiopia                 ETH           0      0             0     0      1      1      0      0            4      0      0      0    :.,49     218      30       134       430
Gabon                    GAB           0      12            I     0       1     0      0      0      4      2            0      O     91.,     524    1,418      634      2,03
Gambia, The              GMB                  6             0     0      0      0      0      0      0      0            0
Ghana                    GH.1%         0      0      0      0     0      4      0      0      0    157     0      0      0      O    26 1:
856     194       328
Guinea                   GIN                  0      0      0     0      0                           0     0      0      0      0     .32      341      175      134,
..683
Guinea-Bissau            GNB           0      0             0            0             0            0      0                    0      2
       52       0        40      -:'94
Kenya                    K EN          0      1      3      0    3 2    5 1    2 1     0    216      0     3    277      3      3    326:      650      62       288       6."..
Lesotho                  LSO
Liberia                  LBR                  0      0      1     0      0                    0     0      17     0      0      0     26
      762       9       158       956
Libya                    LBY                  0             0     0      0    214             0      0    160     0      0      0    518      6,859      0      1,133    .8,510
Madagascar               MDG                  0      0      0     0      3      0      0      0      0      1     0      0      1              212      23        53     1:3
Malawi                   mivi                 0      0      0     0     43      0      0      5      0     0      1      4      6   J,. i72    206      59        86
 -:1 :..:421
Mill                 0             0     0      3                           0      5            0      0     ?a        77       1 1     133
Mali                                                                                                                                                                       241
Mauritania               MItT                 0             0     0      0      0      0      0      5     0             0      0
7
Mauritius                miis          0      0             0     0      7      0      0      0      0     0      2
Morocco                  MAR                  5      0      1     0       1     0      0      0      2     53     0      0      0                       10
Mozambique               MOZ           0      0      0      0     0     4 1     0      0      0     0      0      0      0      8     153       71      13        38       I74
Nwnibia                  NikM
Niger                    NPR                  0             0     0      1      0      0      0      1     0             0      0 ::,::.,::38.  ill      0        44       193
Nigcria                  NGA           0     71      0      8     0      7      0      0      0      3     0      0      0      1             4,038   5,021     2,121    12 247
Reunion                  RJ-lu         0      0      1            0      0                    0      0     0      0      -      O      14      166        1       27      
209
Rwanda                   RWA                  0      0            0      0      0      0      0      0     0      0      0      0      2        3 6      2        2C       ::63
Sao Tome and Principe    S'FP                                     0      0                                 0                    O      6         5       0         2         7
Senegal                  SEN                         0      2     0      2      0      0      0      5      0     0      0      0     157      203        3      246
:    -60
Seychelles               SYC                  0                   0       1     0      0      0             0     0      0      0               21        0        2        t5
Sicua Leone              SLE                  0                   0      0      0             0      0     0             0      0      0.       19       2        21        41
Somalia                  som           O                    O            O      0      0      1                   0      0      0      :1.      22       0       148:::    172
South Afric-a            ZAF           2      3     38      4     3             2           190      6      1    27    259   1 iF,  1 2c,             2 31-     9,462    24 4J4
Sudan                    SDN           -      0             0     0      0
0      0      6     0      0                                       336        
3;
Swaziland                swz
Tanzania                 TZA                  0      0      0     2      4      5      0                    0     8      9                                                 6
7
Togo                     T'GO                 0             0     0      17     0             0             0            0             63                                   3
.
Tunisia                  l'UN                 2      0      0     0      5      0      0      0      3            0      0            471     4,539      71               5. 7. i
Uganda                   tJGA                 0      0      0     0       1     0             2             0            0      0              421       19       76
,      :2-,
Zambia                   ZMB                  0      0      0     0      19     0      0     22      0      0      1           29 .::1119      162       94      611      .9&6
Zimbabwe                 ZWE                  A      I      0     A    i-n      n      n     in     t)      1     4     ag          ::A?l      71;4      (4      421      .1,900
Sub-Saharan Africa       SSA                                                                       21,     
l    I: I               b 4,j                        144
European Community       EEC          32    829     68    108        11,405   355     37    4141   279  5,445   241    195    4-1 I! S.", 1,259,699  148,964  576,804::: 2
018
2
North America            NNA           2     75      7     18     9   2,909                         19    286    30     56    134   5,411   134,901 279,277   354,104.-:1 773;694
Rest of World            ROW           4    300     88     54    89   9,889   7                    322  1,159    191   321    41714         482,624  473,451 1,232,889. 2
213
725
7i,40  j,9o4,5&9 1:914
4115.. , .8  5',072,506
World                    WLD          4 0  0S--    20     _!7        2.1 I'll)  1141  1(i  i 
2
.       
,9
'J:.      '§,44  21
Source: Intemational Monetary Funcrs Direction of Trade database.
1990 and 1995 valucs foi, South Afiican trHde is taken by looking at partner countries data.
Note: " means "tiot applicable."



142                                                      External Sector
5-55. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 2000
Importers                            Millions of current US dollars
Exporters                   DZA   AGO  BEN   BFA  BWA   BDI CMR    CPV   CAF  TCD  COM   ZAR   COG   CIV  DJI  EGY   GNQ   ER]  ETH   GAB
Algeria             DZA              0     I    0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0     0    0     0    0     2    0           0    0
Angola              AGO         0          0    0     ..   0     0    0     0          ..    0    5     0    ..    0          ..    0    0
Benin               BEN         0    0     ..   I     0    0          0     0     I    0     0    0     0    0     0    0           0    0
Burkina Faso        BFA         0    0     0    ..0              0    0     0    0     ..    0    0     0    0     0    0           0    0
Botswana            BWA         0    0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0     0    0
Burundi             BDI         0    0     0          0          0          0    0           0    0     0    0     0          ..    0
Cwneroon            CMR         0    0     2    0     0    0          0    18   29     0     3    16    2    0     I    12   ..     0   23
Cape Verde          CPV         0    0     0    0     ..   0     0     ..   0     0    0     0    0     0    ..    0                -.   0
Central African Republic  CAF   0    0     0    0     ..0             0     ..   0     0     2    0     0    0     0     0    ..    0    0
Chad                TCD3        0    -.    0    0     ..0             0     2          ..    0    0     0    ..    0     0    ..    0    0
Comoros             COM         0    0     0    0     .          0    0     ..               0    0     0    0     0     .
Congo, Dem. Rep. of  ZAR        0    0     0    0     ..   I     0    0     I    0     0     ..   I     0    0     0     .          0    0
Congo,Republic of   COG         2    10    0    0     0    0     2     1    0    0          10   ..     5    0     0    0           0    2
CotedIlvoire        CIV        33   24    43   129    0    0    34     I    I    3     0    32    13   -.    0     I    19    ..    0    16
Djibouti            DJI                    0    0          0     0    ..    .     .    0     0    0     0          0                6
Egypt               EGY        15    0     0    0     0    0     7    0     I    0     0     0    I     3    4     -.   0     0     I    0
Equatorial Guinea   GNQ         0          0    0          ..    8    .     ..0                         0          0                     0
Eritrea             ERI         0    0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0     0    0     0    0     0     0    0
Ethiopia            ETH         6    .     0    0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0     0    0     0    54   14
Gabon               GAB         2    I     0    0     0    ..    I    0     0     0    0     9    8     I          0     2
Gambia, The         GMB         0    0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0    0     ..    0    0     0    -.    0     0    ..    0    0
Ghana               GHA         2    1 5  24    6     0    ..    0    0     0          -.    0    10    2    0     2                0    0
Guinea              GiIN        3    0     0    0           -. .  3 1  0    0    0     0     0    0     9    0     0     ..              a
Guinea-Bissau       GNB         a    0     0    o           -         a        0       -          0     0          0                0
Kenya               KEN         0    0     0    0     0    7     1    0     0     0    4    36    I     I    3    83     0    4    29    0
Lesotho             LSO         0    0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0     0    0     0    0
Liberia             LBR         0    0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0     0          0    0     2    ..    4     0          0    0
Libya               LBY         2    0     0    13         0     0    0     0     0          0    0     0         65         ..     0    0
Madagascar          MDG         I    0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0     0    I     0    0     0    0     0     0    ..    0    I
Malawi              mwi         0    0     0    0     0    0     0     ..   0          0     I    0     0    0     7     .    ,     0    0
Mali                MLI         0    ..    0    2     ..0             0     0     0    -.    0    0     3    0     0                ..   0
Mauritania          MRT         2    0     0    0     ..   0     8    0     0     0    -     0    6    is    .     0     0    ..    0    0
Mauritius           MUS         a    o     0    0     I    0     0    0     0     0    I     0    0     0    0     0     0    .     0    0
Morocco             MAR         8    0     6    0     0    0     6    0     0     0    o     a          0    7     0                0    0
Mozainbique         MOZ         0    I     0    0     0    0     0    0                ..    0    0     0    0     0     ..0             0
Namibia             NAM         0    0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0     0    0     0I   0     0    0     0    0     0     0    0
Niger               NER         0    ..    4     I    .    0     0    0     0     0    0     0    0     3    0     0     0    ..    0    0
Nigeria             NGA         2    0    10   17     0    0    191   0     1    IS    0    82    3   601    0     2     0    ..    0    9
Reunion             REU         -.   .           .    ..               .    .     .          .     .    . 
Rwanda              RWA         0          0    0     0     I    0     ..   0     0          I    0     0    0     0     .     .    0    0
Sao Tome  and Principe  STP     0    0     0    0     ..   0     0    0     ..    .          .    0     0    ....                   ..   0
Senegal             SEN         0    0     6    3     0    0     9     2    0     I    0     0    S    17    0     0     0    ..    0    5
Seychelles          SYC         0    0     ..   0     0    0     0     ..-.       .    0     ..   0     0    0     0                0
Sieffa Leone        SLE         0    0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0     0          0    0     0          0     0    .     0    0
Somalia             SOM         0    0     0    0     0    0     0     .    ..    0    0     0    0     0    0     Ij   -.          0    0
South Africa        ZAF        12  309    16    5          6    25     I    0     0    9   126   26    38    4    20          0    II   20
Sudan               SDN         I    0     0    0          0     0     .    0     0          0    0     0    0    38          .     2
Swaziland           SWZ         0    0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0     0    0     0    0
Tanzania            TZA         0    0     0    0     0    12    0    0     ..    0    0     9    0     0    0     I     0    0     1    0
Togo                TGO         I    .    49    t0         0     0    0     0     0    0     0    I     2    ..    I     0    ..    .    I
Tuniaia             TUN        61    0     I    3     0    0     2    0     0     0    0     0    1     4     1   34     0    0     0    2
Uganda              UJGA       10    ..    0    0     ..   0     0    ..    0     -.   .     0    0     0    .     0     ..   .     0
Zwmbia              ZMB         0    0     0    0     3    5     0          0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0     ..   0     0    0
Zimbabwe            ZWE         I    7     0    0    69     I    2    0     0     0    0     9    2     0    0     4     0     .    0    0
Sub-Saharan Affica  SSA    -:. 0.. 369 13.4 -.174  .72. 34. .314<.    S   .24 v.53 ..IS1. 320 *i..t1r1  704<. 61  J 81  . 34.. 5.~ . 0O. :77
European Community  EEC      5,603  922  508   205  153   61   897   227   54   60    23   250  368  1,393  161 7,244  125    ..  394 1,018
North America       NNA      1,206  224   29   18    48    3    72    8     2    10    I    12~ 81    105   17 3,492    93   17   153   68
Rest of World       ROW      2.188  433  599   431   45   37    182  18    17    23   15   119  144   629   295 7,796   26   ..   516   90
World               WLD    p,9,077 :II,947 .1.290:. 440. 3]81  134 :11465. 257. ~.1.i  165< 53  .701  694 281534 18,.712, :278.  1,13. 1,255
Source: Intemational Monetary Fundas Direction of Trade database.                                          (Table continues on the following page)
Note: * ineans "not applicable."



External Sector                                                            143
5-55. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 2000 (continued)
Imtporters                              Millions of current US dollars
Exporters                      GMB   GH-A  GIN   GNB   KEN    LSO   LBR   LBY   MDG   MWI MLI MRT       MUS   MAR   MOZ   NAM    NER   NGA   REU   RWA
Algeria               DZ A         0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0      0     0    22     0    118    0            I    360
Angola                AGO          0     I     0     0     0           0     0     0      0           I     0     0     0                  00
Benin                 BE-N         0     0     0     0     0           0     0      0     -     I     0     I 1            5               10
Burkina Faso          BFA          0     9     0     0     0           0     0      0     0     3     0     4     0     0            4     00
Botswana              BWA          0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0      0     0     0     0     0     0     0      0     0     0     0
Bunundi               BDI          0                       6     0     0     0      0     0           0     0     0     0            0     0           2
Cameroon              CMR          0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0      0     0     0     0     I    13     0     0      0     4           0
Cape Verde            CPV          0     0     0     0     0           0            0           0     0     0     0     0            0     0           0
Central African Republic  CAF      0           0     0     0           0     0      0     0     0     0     0     0    ~0    0o      0     0           0
Chad                  TCD          0     0     0           0           0     0      0           0           0     0                  0     4           0
Comoros               COM                0     0           0           0            0                       0     0      -0                0
Congo, Dem. Rep.of    ZAR          0     0     0           0           0     0      0     0     0     0     0     0     0            0     0           6
Congo, Republic of    COG          0     0     4     0     0           0     0      0     0     0     0     0     0     0            0     0           0
Cotedcrlvoire         CIV         12   134    53     0     3     0    41      I     0     0   207     6     I    16     0           40    40           0
Djibouti              DiI                      0           0                 0      0                       0     0                        0           0
Egypt                 EGY          0     4     0     0     10    0     0     53     0     0     I     0     5    IS5    0     0      0     4           0
Equatorial Guinea     GNQ          0     0     0           0           0     0     0      -     0     0     0     0                  0     0           0
Eritrea               FRI          0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0      0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0      0     0     0     0
Ethiopia              ElTH         0     0     0           4      -    0     0      0     0     0     0     0     0     0            0     0I
Gabon                 GAB          0     0     4           0     0     0     0      0     0     0     0     0    22     0            0     0           0
Gambia,Tbc            GMB                         0 0-                 0     0      0     0     0     0     0     0     0            0     0
Ghana                 GHA          I           0     0     0     0     0     0      0     0     0     0     0     0     0            6    78           0
Guinea                t31N         0     0           0     0           8     0      0           0     0     0     0     0            0     7           0
Guinea-Bissau         GNB          0           0           0     -     0           0      0     0     0           0     0            0     0           0
Kenya                K(EN          0     0     0     0           0     0     0      I     7     0     0     2     0     0     0      0     3          53
Lesotho               USO          0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0      0     0     0     0     0     0     0      0     0     0     0
Liberia               LBR          0     0     0     0     9     0           0     0      0     0     0     0     0     0            0     0           0
Libya                 LBY          0     0     0           0           0      -     0     0     0     0     0    29     0            I     4           0
Madagascar            MDG          0     0     0~ ~0       0     0     0     0            0     0     0    31     0     0     0      0     0           0
Malawi                MW!          0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0      0                 0     I     0     I            0     0           0
Mali                  MLI          0     0     0     0     0           0     0     0                  0     8     0                  1     3           0
Mauritania            MRT          0     2     0     0     0           I I   0      0     0     I           0     0     0            0     0           0
Mauritius             MUS          0     0     0           3     I     0     0     76     I     0     0           I     I     0      0     0           2
Morocco               MAR          I     0     0     0     0     0     0    124    2      0     0     0     2           0     0      I     0           0
Mozambique            MOZ          0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0     0     II1          0     0     0           0      0     0     -     0
Namibia               NAM          0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0      0     0     0     0     0     0     0      0     0     0     0
Niger                 NER          0     3     0     0     0     0     0     0 0  0  0             0     0        0     0                 76           0
Nigeria               NGA          0   545     4     0     I     0     I            0     0     1     0     0    76     0     0     26                 0
Reunion               REU IJ 
Rwanda                RWA                0     0           0     0     0     0      0     0     0     0     0     0     0            0     0
Sao Tome and Principe  STP               0     0     0     0           0 
Senegal               SEN         29     2    It1   1 2    0           8     0      0     0    45    IS5    0     I     0     0      0     3           0
Seychelles            SYC          -     0     0           0           0      -.    1     0     0     0     I     0     0     0      0     0           0
Sierra Leone          SLE          0     0     0           0     --    0     0      -     0     0           0     0     -0                 0 
Somalia               SOM          0     0     0     0     0     0     0      0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0            0                 0
South Afiica          ZAF          2    97     7     0    218    0     4      0    44   237    39     2   293    50   731            1   102           6
Sudan                 SDN          0     0                 2      -    0     0      0     0     0     0     0     0     0      -     0     0           0
Swaziland             SWZ          0     0     0     0     0     -0    0      0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0      0     0     0     0     0
Tanzania              TZA          0     0     0     0    38     0     0      0     0    II     0     0     0     0     2      0     0     0     -     4
Togo                  TGO          0    17     0     0     0           0      0     0     0     3     0     0     0     0            7    40           0
Tunisia               TUN          0     2     2     0     0     0     68   264     I     0     I     2     0    25     0      0     2     I 
Uganda                UGA                0     0           I           0      0     0     0     0           0     0     0            0     0           2
Zambia                ZMB          1     6     0           4     0     0     0      0    57     0     0     0     0     0      I     0     0           3
Zimbabwe              ZWE          3     4     0     0     5     0     0      2     0    84     0     0     6     2     5     13     0     60
Sub-Saharan Africa    SSA         4    62      4          2.38~   I    74     3    2     '6   1'      1    W     8.    4       4.9
Euroipean Community   EEC         91  1,149  307    42   858     7   1,945  2,308  353   54   307   341   785  7,303  192    139   162  3.552         SI
North America         NNA          8   224    73     I    295     I    47    32    16    IS5   38    17    26   689    69     82    37   759     0    19
Rest of World         ROW        148   619   M5     21  1,508    74  2,886  1,350  291   80   112   143   986  2,075  191     61    68  3,329         33
Wotld                 WLD        2     64     2i    I     i     6    9'    '~i           r.    7    *'214 19?422     I 42   2e~,   3*.                W,
Source: International Mlonetar-y Fund's Direction of Trade database.                                                  (Table continues on the following page)
Note: ** means "not applicable.



144                                                       External Sector
5-55. Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 2000 (confinued)_
Importers                              Millions of current US dollars
Exporters                    STP  SEN  SYC   SLE SOM    ZAF   SDN  SWZ   TZA  TGO   TUN  UGA ZMB ZWE      SSA    EEC     NNA    ROW     World
Algeria             DZA         0    0     0    0    0      2    0    0     0     2    79    0    0        :.264.  13493  3,379   3,331  ::20,48,
Angola              AGO         0    0     0    ..   0     37    0    0     0     4    0     ..              48    1,276  3,3 13  2,743    78
Benin               BEN         0     I         0    0      0    0          0     I          0 ..            17      66      9      Ila   ::21C
Burkina Faso        BFA         -    0     0    0    0      0    0    0     0     3     1      0        0    ,25     58      3      81     _16,j
Botswana            BWA              o        0    0     0    0     0    0     0    0     0     0      0     0                   0c
Burundi             BDI         .    0     ..   0    0     0     0    0     0          0     0    0          :8      20      0      20,     ::40
Cameroon            CMR         0    6     0    0    0      I    0    0     0     1    5     0              138    1016    189      543   2,38C
Cape Verde          CPV         0    0     ..                 0        ..   00    ol   1 0      0                     9 01
Central AftcanRepublic  CAF          0     .    0          0     0    ..   ..     0    0                      4     193      4      40:   :.241
Chad                TCD         ..   0     ..0              0    0     ..   0     0    2     ..0              8:     5I      5      20:.: ~  85
Comoros             COM         .    0     0    ..0              ..0              0    0     ..         08                   3       4
Congo, Den. Rep. of  ZAR        0    0     0    0    0      4    0          0     0    0     0    0     0    14     860    217      76    1,168
Congo, Republic of  COG         0    3          0    0      4    0    0     0     0    0     0    0          43     308    439    2,010.   2,800
Coted'ivoire        CIV         I   145    0    9    0     10    0    0     0    88    II1   0    0     I'   I 1'  1,603    311    435:    3,519
Djibouti            DJI              0     0    0    80          0          0          0     ..2                             0      44     :143
Egypt               EGY         0    2     0    0    0     7    25    0     4     0   3 6    I              201    2,456   838    2,138:  :5,6j33
Equatorial Guinea   GNQ         ..   0     0    .           .0                    0    0     .9.                    609    143     342     1 103
Eritrea             ERI         0    0     0    0    0     0     0    0     0     0    0     0                0       0      0 
Ethiopia            ETH         0    0     0    0    0      1    0    0     3          0     0    0          87     200     30     185      503
Gabon               GAB         I    4          0    0      5    0    0     0     2    2          0          65     864   1,989    1,045::  3,963
Gambia, The         GMB         -    0     ..   0    0      0    0     0    0     0    0                0     2       5      1              :.5
Ghana               GHIA        0    3     0    0    0      4    0     0    0   282     I         0         438     784    216      382    12
Guinea              GIN        -.    0     0    0    0      0    ..0              0    0     0          o    59.    410    12       260     83 4
Guinea-Bissau       GJNB        0    0     0    0           0         0     0     0    0     -.                       4      0      88      944
Kenya               KEN         0    0     3    0    36     7   53    0    85     0     I  350    3     6   :780    670    III      431   1~992
Lesotho             LSO         0    0     0    0    0      0    0    0     0     0    0     0    0     0::    .             0       0       0
Liberia             LBR               I    0    1    0      0          ..   0     1     I    0    0     0   21      3 54    43     152 s.   570
Libya               LBY         .    0    ..    0    0      0    2          0     0   287    0    0     o:  403   10,826     0     1,459  12,688
Madagascar          MDG         0    0     0    0    0      2    0     0    0     0    0     0    I     0    37     442     151    177      808ll
Malawi              MW!         .    0     0    0    0     86    0     0    2     0     I    2    2     8    112    130     56     124.     4122
Mali                MLI         ..   0     0    0    0      2    .          0     0    3     ..   0     1    24      71     26      74  ...195
Mauritania          MRT        ..    0     ..   0    0      0    0     0    0    10    0          0     0.59.       291      0      126.    477.
Mauritius           MUS         0    0     6    0    0      9    0     0    2     I    0     1          6   :113    999     312     65     1:488
Morocco             MAR         .    I I   0    0    0      3    0     0    0     0    58    0    0     0 ~235.    5,094   488     2.414  8923.1
Mozamnbiquie        MOZ         0    0     0    0    0     5 3   0     I    0     0    0     0    0    65  .131      93      1 8    122     364
Namsibia            NAM         0    0     0    0    0      0    0     0    0     0    0     0    0                          0       O:
Niger               NER              0          0    0      0    0    0     0     0    0          0 .  ~     88.     91      5       2      187
Nigeria             NGA         0   267    0    13   0    252    0     0    I     5    0     0             2 ~ 128  5,369  9,720  4,325,  21,542
Reuinion            REU.                   .    ..    .     ..   .    .
Rwanda              RWA         ..      0       0 ..  0     I          0    0     0    0     0    0           3       3      5      52     .93
Sao Tome and Principe  STP      ..                   0      0    .     .    0     .     0    ..                      12              4       18
Senegal             SEN         .     ..   0    3    0      0    0     0    0     7    2     0    0          188    324      4      177.:   693
Seychelles          SYC         .    0               0      I    0     0    0     .     I    0    0     0     .4    130      7      2 5     166
Sierra Leone        SLE         .    0     ..0              0    0    ..    0     0    0    ..               .0      21      6        5      3
Somalia             SOM         0    0     0    0           03 0            0               10I                                     115     120
South Africa        ZAF         1    14   32    2    0      ..   7     ..  198    3    4    50  634   697  4 104   8,569  2.626    6,395.  21.694
Sudan               SDN         .    0     0    0     I    80so.            01    0    4     0    0        ..129    163      2     1,474  1~768
Swaziland           SWZ              0     0    0 0  0  0  0     0     0    0     0    0     0    0      0                   0 
Tanzania            TZA         0    0     0    0    0     16    0     0    ..    0    0    25              03 I5   367     16      216     .735
Togo                TGO              0     ..   0    0     12    0     ..   0     - .        0          0    144     46      8      184     3892
Tunisia             TUN         0    10    0    0    0      8    0     I       1 I                0          508   4,679    47      761  .5,986
Uganda              UGA         ..   0     0    0    0      3    0    ..          -          0 ..            22:    187     29      82      320
Zambia              ZMB         0    0     0    0    0    186    0     I   25     0    0     2         24   317.    276     12      153:    757
Zimbabwe            ZWE         0     I    2    0    0    252    5     I    4     0     I   2    63        .553:    675     120     572   .1,920
Sub-Saharan Africa  SSA         3 ~..446..      "    I'   '      2         2    J.~   43. 431. >713... 81 II11 317 V28,194.- 20,279.  23;497 8..::3287
European Community  EEC        29   984  126  191   37 10,770   405  21    312  294 6,686  181  121   239 30,882 1.416,825 234,016  600,977.:~ 2,282,700
North America       NNA         I    94    7    19   5   3,264  34   10    59    19   297   29   23    561:5,01   177,495  415,754  448,829 'I 1 '
Rest of World       ROW         4   403  1 57  47   113  9,928  810  54    655  304  1,596  169  109  273[: 26,860  655,077  751,109 1,517,775- 2'P' "'I
World               WLD        37 1,7 :334.    A           15   31    68  I Ut  I.." ~t.&tI6i    2f'1~'1,.           Ir~       2''i.
Source: Intemnational Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.
Note: ** means "not applicable."



145
Figure 5-1. Terms of trade gains and losses, average 1992-2000*
(annual average percent change)
-10.0   -8.0   -6.0   -4.0    -2.0    0.0    2.0     4.0    6.0     8.0    10.0
Equatorial Guinea                                         -      -              -_-
Angola                                      .
Seychelles                                         -      -              -
Sierra Leone                                         -      -    _
Congo
Rwanda
Kenya
Ethliopia
Madagascar
Sao Tome and Principe
Namibia
Ghana
Cote d Ivoire
Benin
Nigeria
Senegal
Burundi
Mauritania
South Africa
Lesotho
Mauritius
Comoros
Congo. Democratic Republic
Guinea-Bissau
Gabon
Caumeroon
Mali
Chad
Malawi
Guinea
Mozambique
Botswana
Niger                           -    _
Central African Republic I       _        _              _
*Or most recent vear available



146                                      External Sector
Technical notes
Tables                                            property and labor income. Net interest is recorded
on an accrual basis; that is, interest obligations are
Tables 5-1 and 5-2. Merchandise exports and mer-  included whether payments are made or not.
chandise imports, f.o.b. Merchandise exports and
imports (World Bank country desks) are both valued  Table 5-5. Net private transfers. Net private trans-
f.o.b. and comprise all transactions involving a change  fers (World Bank country desks) are inflows (from
of ownership of goods, including nonmonetary gold,  private sources to either private or public recipients)
between residents of a country and the rest of the  less outflows from private sources to either private or
world. These transactions include those in which  public recipients that carry no provisions for repay-
ownership changes even though goods do not cross  ments. They include workers' remittances; transfers
customs borders. The few types of goods not covered  by migrants; gifts, dowries, and inheritances; and ali-
by the merchandise account include travelers' pur-  mony and other support remittances.
chases abroad, which are included in travel, and pur-
chases of goods by diplomatic and military person-  Table 5-6. Net official current transfers. Net offi-
nel, which are classified under other official goods,  cial transfers (World Bank country desks) are the of-
services, and income.                            ficial sources counterpart of Table 5-5. They include
transfers on both current and capital accounts, in-
Tables 5-3 and 5-4. Exports and imports of total  cluding government grants of real resources and fi-
services. Service exports and imports (World Bank  nancial items such as subsidies to current budgets,
country desks) include total nonfactor and factor ser-  grants of technical assistance, and government con-
vices, based on transactions involving ownership  tributions to international organizations for adminis-
changes as explained above for goods. Nonfactor ser-  trative expenses.
vices comprise shipment, passenger and other trans-
port services, and travel, as well as current account  Table 5-7. Current account balance, excluding net
transactions not separately reported (that is, not clas-  capital grants. Current account balance (World Bank
sified as merchandise, nonfactor services, or trans-  country desks), as presented here, is the difference
fers). These include transactions with nonresidents by  between exports of goods and all services plus in-
government agencies and their personnel abroad, as  flows of unrequited current transfers (official and pri-
well as transactions by private residents with foreign  vate) and imports of goods and all services plus out-
governments and government personnel stationed in  flows of unrequited transfers to the rest of the world.
the reporting country. Factor services comprise ser-  Other common presentations exclude or include both
vices of labor and capital, thus covering income from  current and capital official transfers. Data in previ-
direct investment abroad, interest, dividends, and  ous volumes included both.



External Sector                                  147
Table 5-8. Current account balance, excluding net  an increase in reserves. This table incorporates cor-
capital grants, as a percentage of GDP. It is de-  rections to data in ADI 1996.
fined as the ratio of figures presented in Table 5-7 to
GDP in current prices (Table 2-5).              Table 5-14. Import coverage ratio of reserves. This
ratio gives the number of months, at current import
Table 5-9. Net capital grants. These grants (World  levels, that can adequately be covered by available
Bank country desks) are unrequited transfers, often  foreign exchange reserves (World Bank country
used to finance balance of payments deficits.   desks). It is obtained by dividing the stock of reserves
by imports divided by 12.
Table 5-10. Net foreign direct investment. Net for-
eign direct investment (World Bank country desks)  Tables 5-15 and 5-16. Export and import unit
is the net amount invested or reinvested by nonresi-  values. The indexes for total export and import unit
dents to acquire a lasting interest in enterprises in  values (World Bank country desks) are based on ex-
which they exercise significant managerial control.  ports and imports of goods and nonfactor services
Investment includes equity capital, reinvested earn-  from the national accounts. These indexes are calcu-
ings, and other capital. The net figures subtract the  lated by dividing the values of exports and imports
value of direct investment abroad by residents of the  expressed in current U.S. dollars (Tables 2-14 and
reporting country.                              2-15) by the volume of exports (f.o.b.) and imports
(c.i.f.) expressed in constant 1995 U.S. dollars (Tables
Table 5-11. Net long-term borrowing. Net long-term  2-16 and 2-17). Because of the way these trade unit
borrowing is calculated as disbursements less the re-  value indexes are calculated (Paasche indexes, with
payrnent of principal (amortization) of public, pub-  changing weights), they reflect the composition of
licly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed borrow-  exports and imports in each year and may not give a
ings that have an original or extended maturity of more  reliable trend in unit values when trade composition
than one year and that are repayable in foreign cur-  changes dramatically. By contrast, this index reflects
rencies, goods, or services. These data are as reported  more accurately shifts in a country's actual composi-
in the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System (DRS)  tion of trade than would an index using weights based
and are in accord with the data on external debt dis-  on trade shares in a single year. Data may differ from
cussed in Chapter 6.                           those in ADI 1992 and ADI 1994-95 because a dif-
ferent source was used for this volume.
Table 5-12. Other capital flows. Other capital flows
comprise the net balance of inflows and outflows of  Table 5-17. Terms of trade. Terms of trade measure
capital not elsewhere included. It covers, for example,  the relative movement of export and import prices.
changes in the stock of short-term debt, arrears, and  This series is calculated as the ratio of a country's
other liabilities (all adjusted for valuation changes  export unit values or prices (Table 5-15) to its import
resulting from exchange rate changes and other fac-  unit values or prices (Table 5-16). It shows changes
tors), and errors and omissions. This table incorpo-  over a base year (1995) in the level of export unit
rates corrections to data in ADI 1992.          values as a percentage of import unit values. Data may
differ from those in ADI 1992 and ADI 1994-95 be-
Table 5-13. Use of reserves. This table (World Bank  cause a different source was used for this volume.
country desks) shows the variation from year to year
of the net balance of intemational reserve assets and  Table 5-18. Forest products exports. Exports of
is valued throughout at year-end London prices (for  forest production (FAO data) are given as an aggre-
example, US$37.37 an ounce in 1980 and US$484.10  gate including all wood from trees and forests (co-
an ounce in 1'987). Positive numbers represent a de-  niferous and nonconiferous), whether in natural form
crease or use of reserves; negative numbers represent  or partially processed (SITC 245, 246, and 247);



148                                    Exiternal Sector
sawwood and sleepers (SITC 248); and wood-based  Table 5-28. Sisal exports. Only sisal fiber exports
panels and fiberwood, compressed or noncompressed  are included (FAO data).
(SITC 634 and 641).
Table 5-29. Tea exports. Tea exports figures are for
Table 5-19. Petroleum exports. This table contains  processed tea (FAO data).
the volumes of crude petroleum exported (World
Bank, IEABAL). Data may differ from ADI 1992 and  Table 5-30. Sugar exports. Sugar exports are shown
ADI 1994-95 because a different source was used for  in terms of raw sugar equivalent. The conversion fac-
this volume.                                    tor to express refined sugar in raw sugar equivalent is
1.087 for all countries (FAO data).
Table 5-20. Copper exports. The table presents the
unweighted sum of the metal content weights of cop-  Table 5-31. Tobacco exports. Only tobacco leaves
per ore and concentrate and of unrefined plus refined  are included (FAO data).
copper, metal, and alloys, unwrought (World Bank,
METMIN). Data may differ from ADI 1992 and ADI  Table 5-32. Meat exports. Meat exports are defined
1994-95 because a different source was used for this  as fresh, chilled, or frozen meat (SITC category 01 1)
volume.                                         (FAO data).
Table 5-21. Iron exports. These are exports mea-  Tables 5-33 and 5-34. Manufactured goods exports.
sured in metal content weight of iron ore (World Bank,  Data reported in these tables follow the classification
METMIN).                                        of manufacturing industries as reported in the UN
International Standard Industrial Classification ofAll
Table 5-22. Phosphates exports. These are the vol-  Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 2 (World Bank
ume of phosphates exports, expressed as the weight  country desks). First table is expressed in current
of mineral content in phosphate rock (World Bank,  prices; second table shows growth.
METMIN).
Tables 5-35 and 5-36. Food imports. Data refer to
Table 5-23. Cocoa exports. Cocoa exports include  the sum of food, beverages, tobacco, oilseeds and ole-
cocoa beans, cocoa powder and cake, cocoa paste,  aginous fruits, animal and vegetable oils, and fats
cocoa butter, and chocolate products not elsewhere  (SITC sections 0, 1, and 4 and division 22) (World
specified (FAO data).                           Bank country desks). First table is expressed in cur-
rent prices; second table shows growth.
Table 5-24. Coffee exports. Coffee exports are shown
for green and roasted beans (FAO data).         Tables 5-37 and 5-38. Nonfood consumer goods
imports. Data reported in these tables show consumer
Table 5-25. Cotton exports. Cotton exports refer to  goods imports other than food. Data are calculated as
cotton lint only (FAO data).                   total merchandise imports less food, fuel, intermedi-
ate goods, and capital goods imports (World Bank
Table 5-26. Groundnut exports. Groundnut exports  country desks). First table is expressed in current
include the weight of groundnuts in shelled equiva-  prices; second table shows growth.
lent (using a conversion factor of 70 percent), ground-
nut oil, and groundnut cake (FAO data).         Tables 5-39 and 5-40. Fuel imports. Figures are
defined as SITC section 3 (sum of Canada, Mexico,
Table 5-27. Oil palm products exports. Exports of  and United States) (World Bank country desks). First
oil palm products consist of palm oil and palm ker-  table presents data in current prices; second table
nels (FAO data).                                shows growth.



External Sector                                   149
Tables 5-41 and 5-42. Primary intermediate goods  Tables 5-50, 5-51, and 5-52. Direction of trade ma-
imports. Data on these tables comprise minerals, ores,  trix, exports. As with the foregoing, for each ex-
and metals imports (the sum of SITC divisions 27,  porter, these tables show the percentage of the value
28, and 68 and item 522.56) and agricultural raw  of total exports, f.o.b., that goes to each of its trade
materials imports (the sum of SITC section 2, less  partners for 1990, 1995, and 2000, respectively. These
divisions 22, 27, and 28 and groups 233, 244, 266,  are calculated from Tables 5-53 to 5-55, below.
and 267). Synthetics are excluded (World Bank coun-  In these tables data posted under South Africa are
try desks). First table presents data in current prices;  for South Africa Customs Union, which comprises
second table shows growth.                       Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and
Swaziland.
Tables 5-43 and 5-44. Manufactured goods im-
ports. Data reported on these tables follow the clas-  Tables 5-53, 5-54, and 5-55. Direction of trade
sification of manufacturing industries as reported in  matrix, current U.S. dollars. These are the value of
the UJN International Standard Industrial Classifica-  trade in goods and services to or from the countries
tion of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 2  indicated. Matrices are shown for 1990, 1995, and
(World Bank country desks). First table presents data  2000. They form the basis for the calculations in the
in current prices; second table shows growth.    previous six tables. Data for South Africa are for the
South Africa Customs Union, which comprises
Tables 5-45 and 5-46. Capital goods imports. Data  Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and
shown here are for machinery and transport equip-  Swaziland. The source of the data is the International
ment (SITC section 7) (World Bank country desks).  Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. IMF
First table presents data in current prices; second table  staff have estimated some of these numbers in order
shows growth.                                    to have a consistent time series.
Tables 5-47, 5-48, and 5-49. Direction of trade
matrix, imports. These tables show, for each import-  Figure
ing country, the percentage of the value of its total
imports that originates from each of the exporting  The following indicator has been used to derive the
countries for 1990, 1995, and 2000, respectively. They  figures in this chapter.
are calculated from Tables 5-53 to 5-55, below.
In these tables data posted under South Africa are  Figure 5-1. Terms of trade gains or losses (Table
for South Africa Customs Union, which comprises  517)
Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and
Swaziland.



150                                                         External Sector
Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 5
Aggregations a                                   Period averages0
Table                   (1)               (3)               (4)               (6)              (2)           (3)
5-1                                        x                                                                  x
5-2                                        x                                                                  x
5-3                                        x                                                                  x
5-4                                        x                                                                  x
5-5                      x                                                                      x
5-6                      x                                                                      x
5-7                      x                                                                      x
5-8                                                                            x                x
5-9                      x                                                                      x
5-10                     X                                                                      x
5-11                     x                                                                      x
5-12                     x                                                                      x
5-13                     x                                                                      x
5-14                                                                           x                x
5-15                                                         x                                  x
5-16                                                         x                                  x
5-17                                                         x                                  x
5-18                     x                                                                                    x
5-19                     x                                                                                    x
5-20                     x                                                                                    x
5-21                     x                                                                                    x
5-22                     x                                                                                    x
5-23                     x                                                                                    x
5-24                     x                                                                                    x
5-25                     x                                                                                    x
5-26                     x                                                                                    x
5-27                     x                                                                                    x
5-28                     x                                                                                    x
5-29                     x                                                                                    x
5-30                     x                                                                                    x
5-31                     x                                                                                    x
5-32                     x                                                                      x
5-33                     x                                                                       x
5-34                     x                                                                                    x
5-35                     x                                                                       x
5-36                     x                                                                                    x
5-37                     x                                                                      x
5-38                     x                                                                                    x
5-39                     x                                                                      x
5-40                     x                                                                                    x
5-41                     x                                                                      x
5-42                     x                                                                                    x
5-43                     x                                                                       x
5-44                     x                                                                                    x
5-45                     x                                                                      x
5-46                     x                                                                                    x
5-47                     x
5-48                     x
5-49                     x
5-5o                     x
5-51                     x
5-52                     x
5-53                     x
5-54                     x
5-55                     x
Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown
in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter.
a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator
(same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple
total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-
filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no
aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean.
b. Period averages: (I) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio,
level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main
indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms).



Ext:ernal Debt and Related Flows
T   he tables in this chapter provide a consistent pre-  DRS data, especially for recent years, on debt not guar-
sentation of the structure and terms of external  anteed by debtor governments and on short-term debt.
debt and debt servicing. No data are presented  The figures in this chapter are based mostly on data
on debt owed to domestic lenders. The aggregates and  supplied by debtor countries. Other data series on debt,
ratios provide various measures of a country's exter-  on which the World Bank may base some of its esti-
nal debt situation. These measures include the size of  mates, are maintained by the Organization for Eco-
debt and its servicing requirements, the amount of debt  nomic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the
relative to GDP, the ratio of debt-servicing payments  Bank for International Settlements (BIS) from data
to exports, and the interest rate and terms of the stock  provided by creditor governments and agencies. No
of debt (including grace period, maturity, and grant  figures are given for Libya and Namibia, which do
element).                                       not report debt information to the DRS. However,
These tables follow the presentation in the Global  totals do include estimates for these countries.
Development Finance (GDF-formerly World Debt      The following definitions apply throughout the
Tables) and therefore show IMF purchases, repur-  chapter. Long-term loans have an original or extended
chases, charges, and net purchases separately from  maturity of more than one year, while the maturity on
long- and short-term lending, repayments, interests,  short-term loans is one year or less. Official and pri-
or net lending. While IMF purchases and repurchases  vate refer to the source of the foreign loans. Official
are not strictly lending (they are swaps of currency),  loans are from multilateral organizations (excluding
they do add to, or subtract from, the resources avail-  the IMF) and from foreign governments; these loans
able for consumption or investment and do impose a  are either made directly to the government of the bor-
liability against future income streams. For this rea-  rowing country or guaranteed by it, or its agencies,
son,, IMF transactions are included here.       when made to a third party. Private loans are from the
Data on debt and related flows are drawn largely  private sector, including foreign parent companies and
from the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System  their affiliates, suppliers, financial markets (such as
(DRS), to which member countries submit detailed  commercial banks), and other sources. These private
accounts on the annual status, transactions, and terms  loans may or may not be guaranteed by creditor or
of clebt and related flows. World Bank and IMF staff  debtor governments and agencies. "Public and pub-
estimates based on other sources of data supplement  licly guaranteed" loans, as defined by the DRS, refer
151



152                             External Debt and Related Flows
to loans from both official and private foreign sources  Concessional loans carry a grant element of 25 per-
that are made to, or guaranteed by, the debtor govern-  cent or more (based on a standard 10 percent dis-
ment or its agencies. Almost all loans from foreign  count rate), which is consistent with the Develop-
official sources are public or publicly guaranteed.  mentAssistanceCommitteeoftheOECD(DAC)defi-
Some loans from foreign private sources are made to,  nition of ODA (see Chapter 12). Nonconcessional loans
or guaranteed by, the debtor government or its agen-  carry a grant element of less than 25 percent. In this
cies (these are labeled private guaranteed bythe DRS).  chapter, private loans are shown separately from of-
Some loans from foreign private sources are not pub-  ficial nonconcessional loans.
lic or publicly guaranteed (these are labeled private  Additional information, definitions, and methodol-
nonguaranteed by DRS).                          ogy are available in the World Bank, Global Devel-
opment Finance 2001 (formerly World Debt Tables).



External Debt and Related Flows                                                                 153
6-1. Gross disbursements: official concessional long-term loans
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                         Annual Average
1980      1990      1991     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996     1997      1998     1999      75-84    85-89    90-MR
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA               2.549     4.872     4.522    4,817     4.857    4.866     4.699     4.240     3,977    3,553     3.304     2.648    4.4 35     3.977.
excluding South Africa          2.549     4.872     4.522    4.817     4.85 7   4.866     4,699     4-240     3,977    3.553     3.304     2,648    4.4 35    3.971
excl S.Afinca & Nigena          2.501     4.165     4,478    4.781     4,789    4,789     4.600     4.144     3.880    3A.4(8    3.22 3    2.623    4.J41.     3.896
Angola                              0     -59          78       40        31       73        63        43        36       80       68      --3         3-8      -52-
Benin                              35       III        94       76        79      101        96       104        50       50       70         33       66        75
Botswana                            9        18        47       21        40       33        57        15       13         9        3         1 1      1s        23
Burkina Faso                       4 1       68       137      133       131      105       110       102       70        88      105         36       75        95
Bunundi                            38        90        84      105        76       52        45        34        1 9      30       20         32       95        50
Cameroon                          143       108        9 1     380       311      372        64       155      220       167      171        118      115       iRS
Cape Verde                          0         7         5       1 4        6       28        16        1 7      20        33       48          3       1 1        IS8
Central African Republic           1 9      110        95       45        50       44        32        27         6        3        6         1 5      65        38
Chad                                5        95        91       69        58       69        60        99        80       40       86         16       43        68
Comoros                            13         6         3       18         6        8        10         7         5        4        2         11       13         6
Congo, DemocraticRe    f          131       213       116       68        58        1         0         3        0         0        0        125      234        42
Congo, Republic of                 49       114        29       17         8      194        14         2         3        0        0         61       71        35
C8te d'Ivoire                      42       304       231      366      473       767       548       395      ISO       312      141         62       91       335
Djibouti                            I        27        54       43        26       26        18        24        12        5        3          7       23        22
Equatorial Guinea                   4         9         7       15        10        4         2         2         3        I        4          3       17         5
Eritrea                             0                   0        0         0       27         7         5       32        64       99          0        0        21
Ethiopia                           70       256       155      184      348       213       200       226       96       120      208        395      438       182
Gabon                              16        67        71        9        19       53        64        27       96        13       21         11       36        40
Gaunbia, The                       27        22        26       48       22        22        24        58       24        16       16         13       26        25
Ghana                             114       309       362      318      342       324       407       392      404       416      317         66      251       326
Guinea                        5--6           190       185      156      228       125       123        84      173       118       76         57      176       133
Guinea-Bissau                      49        37        40       40        23       26        21        28       30        15        2         16       32        24
Kenya                             160       371       391      229      309       197       527       289      157       167      122        117      223       251
Lesotho                             7        44        45       54        28       43        28        21       28        27       14         11       27        30
Liberia                            39         0         2        0        33        0         0         0        0         0        0         34       20         3
Madagascar                        153       197       186      102       lOS       72        88       116      214       103      127         95      169       119
Malawi                             45       119       172      137       187      107       211       161       162      147      128         44       86       139
Mali                               75       163       142      162        79      120       188       153       118       94      116         73      140       121
Mauritania                         96        89        58       73       142      III       101       114        80       53       46         82      106        79
Mauritius                          16        72        64       48        42       25        22        12       30        13       19         14       34        32
M-Kozambique                         0       179        98      187       173      221       219       272      239       216      126         74      255       176
Naniibia                            0         0         0        0         0        0         0         0        0         0        0          0        0         0
Niger                              59        89        31       81        67       69        28        40       85        85       41         40      108        56
Nigeria                            49       107        44       36        67       77        99        96        97      145       81         25       21        77
Rwanda                             27        62        89       80        61       22        54        62       70        88       82         27       80        61
S8o Tomd and ?ncipe                 8        14        29       24        15       15        14        11         S        6        5          4       1I        13
Sencgal                           113       198       135      241        85       98       150       181      197       188       66         88      279       140
Seychelles                          6         5         9        4         3        I         2         4        6         6        6          4        6         4
Sierra Leone                       33        20        16       42        96       61        94        73       41        33        12        18       19        44
Somalia                            74        46        13        0         0        0         0         0         0        0        0        101       83         5
South Africa                        0         0         0        0         0        0         0         0         0        0        0          0        0         0
Sudan                             270       180       129       93        95       10        27         2         0        0        0        313      203        49
Swaziland                           9        10         7        6         2       16        IS         6        6         5        6          9       1O         7
Tanzania                          159       236       255      339       187      230       201       200      246       195      257        186      196       213
Togo                               35        82        61       43        15       40        26        95        54       54       33         35       70        46
Uganda                             13       238       176      227      330       266       220       212      273       171      171         33      149       208
Zamnbia                           243        50       282      212      205       218       309       205      210        59      194        100      122       177
Zimnbabwe                           I        83        89      231       190      183        97        66      120       115      188         29       85       124
NORtH AFRICA   _______   2.079     1.4        .647     l.'       .17       SAI     I.6'       .3       108       'i9       ril      174       .88      1,5
Algeria                            79       292       164      222      352       392       651       386      213       133      257         78       69       278
Egypt, Arab Republic            1,064       703       959      517       540      434       334       411      378       349      156      1,085      565       435
Libya                               0         0         0        0         0        0         0         0         0        0        0          0        0         0
Morocco                           731       326       296      433      497       439       405       471      359       294      251        406      265       343
Tunisia                           204       222       228      301       227      277       178       164       138      144      266        177      189       195
ALL k.FRICA           ____       4.628     6.414     6.169     6.29':  -o.471,.  6.407     6.268      5.6'2    5.065    4.472'   4.235      4.394     5.52      5.224



154                                                         External Debt and Related Flows
6-2. Gross disbursements: official nonconcessional long-term loans
Millions of/US. dollars (current prices)                                            Annual Average
1980      1991      1992      1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998      1999     2000       75-84    85-89     90-MR
SUB-SAHAkRAN AFRICA                1.692     2.153     2 u65     I.b'8     1.450)    1.189      1.068      970       73.1     501     4.854       I.468    2.028      1.726
exc1ludmg South Afnca             I 692     2.153     2 065     Ik'S8     1.450     1.189     1.068       970      734       502     4.839       1 468    2.028      1.725
excl S Afnca & Nigena             1.619     1.6(L     I 57n     1 203      928        855       848       7 52     603       408s    4 619       1.289    1.488      1.380
Angola                               ..        60        53         5        0         56       I11         0         1        0        57         14       103        32
Benin                                24         5         5         2        4          5         5         I        1 1       0        88          8         7        12
Botswana                             16        56        64        32        19         9        13         9        II1       3        1 1        16        46        22
Burkina Faso                         18         9        t0         7        2          2         I         1         0        0       115         II1       14        14
Burundi                               1         2         3         1         1         0         1         0         0        0        24          3         8         3
Cameroon                            108       228       148        84       68         45        21        25        16        18      287         73       3 42      126
Cape Verde                           ..         0         4         5         1         1         1         0        14         1       35         1 I        0         6
Central African Republic              6         2         1         0        0          1         0         1         0        0         7          3         8          1
Chad                                  o         3        75         I        0          0         2         0         0        0        58          2         2        133
Comoros                               0         0         0         0        0         -0         0         0         0        0         4           3        1         0
Congo, Democratic Rep. of            70       388        1 7        0        0          0         0         0         0        0        12         64        82        29
Congo, Republic of                   60         3         0         0      137          1         2        231        0        0         2         38        54        36
C6te d'lvoire                       189       436       285       156      351        123        70        34        77       50       246        178       234       389
Djibouti                              4         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         0        0        10           I        0          1
Equatorial Guinea                    I I        I         0         0        0          0         0         0         0        0         4          3         2          3 1
Eritrea                               .         ..        .         .        0          0         2         I         3        11       66           .        ..        12
Ethiopia                              7        28        29        21       21         33        49        54        17       24       432          31       62        70
Gabon                                19        71        99        71       79        157        62        30        22        6       109         36        71        72
Gambia, The                           2         3         7         3         3         0         0         0         0         0       35          2         2         5
Ghana                               106        56        67        26       21         21       123        37        22        1 3     388         38        39        77
Guinea                                9        44        43       47        44         47        42        39        24        19      102          12       331       431
Guinea-Bissau                         6        35         1         0         3         0         3         0         0         0       16           3        6         3
Kenya                                73        74       100        20       59         39        69        3 5       27       20       294        100       134        68
Lesotho                               I        I1        23       431       1 8        24        38        14         7       28        79           3        9        25
Liberia                              26         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         0         0        0         23        1 1         0
Madagascar                           59        1 3       15        39        10         I        23       3 03        0         4      138         49        50        3 1
Malawi                               60         9         8         6        4          4         1         5         9        13      140         26        22         19
Mali                                 10         3         1         5         1         5         3         0         I         0      152           5        6         36
Mauritania                           36        13        60        25       28         1 1       1 6        9         3        2        79         24        26        27
Mauritius                            20        33        1 5       23        12        17        37        45        37        36       55          38       37        29
Mozambique                           ..         0        3 0        9        8         1 1       30        20         4         2      215         58        1 8       28
Namibia                               0         0         0         0         0        20        10        10         3       35         0           0        0          7
Niger                                33         I         1        34         5         0         1         0         0         0       62         27        30         10
Nigeria                              73       549       495      477       522        334       239       218       331       94       220         180      540       345
Rwanda                                0         0         0         0        0          0         0         2         0         0       44           0        0         4
SAo Tom6 and Principe                 2         I         0         0        0          0         0         0         0         0        8           2        I 
Senegal                              74        29        73        68       34          7         0         I        3 5       4       218         63        28        42
Seychelles                            6         2         6         7        8          7         7         5         8        3        14          2         3         6
Sierra Leone                          9         0        10         3        3          1         2         0        13        2        52          4         1          8
Somalia                              13         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         0        0         0          19        2         0
South Africa                          .         .         .         ..       0          0         0         0         0         1       35          .         .2
Sudan                              297          0        35         6        2         24        15         5         0        0        13        138        23         8
Swaziland                            20         8         1         7         1         4        23        18        13        10       16         15         7        10
Tanzamia                             86        22        12        10       12         16         3         7        23         1      266         82        26        38
Togo                                 12         6         1         2        0          0         2         0        1I         0       52          35        4          7
Uganda                                5         6        21       62         3         31        14        21         4        4       242          35       42        37
Zambia                               68        29        38        25       42         18        19        32         5        7       184         91        67        40
Zimbabwe                             77       126       252      370       130        337       172       209       210      133       190         31        64        180
NOR1- TH   RCA                      .645%    _3 43-4   3    3.55    34     2.0d8     2.4       _2_.7_2_0  2.233    1._637   3-.8 3-7  -3-.94 1    3.o      2.9- 7 5   2.84 0
Algeria                             487     1,540     1,197      792      1,137       943     1,196     1,001      635       639      1.031       489       644      1,052
Egypt, Arab Republic                840       310       434      444       346        348       144       230        88       31       429        702       826       280
Libya                               130        30       600      400         0          0         0        32         0        0         0        238       569       133
Morocco                             135       860       882      785       602        950       858       493      600       663     1,055        229       616       785
Tunisia                             119       673       442      614       583        433       522       518       315      505      1.429       131       320       592
ALL AFRICA U       .               3.382     5.567     5.620i    4712     4.11363.663           3.78"    3,202     2371      2,3 u    8.798       3.237    5,004:    4,566



External Debt and Related Flows                                                                     155
6-3. Gross disbursements: private long-term loans
Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices)                                           Annual Average
1980      1991      1992      1993      1994      1993      1996      1997      1998      1999     2000       75-84    8S-89     90-MR
SUrB-SA.HARAN AFRICA               6.289     1.975     1.915     1,913    4,6b2      5,195     4,303     7,3i3)    3,252    7.62 3    5.951      4.468     3.511     4.223
etdudung South Afr,ra             6.289     1.975     1.915     1.913    1.144      1,646    12.012     2,560     1,206    1,278     1.388      4.468     3,511     1.779
e%cl S Africa & Nigeria           4.0,9     1.782     1.911     1.913    1.144      1.646     21.0121   2,560     I.,206    1.2'8    1.3-77     3.04S.    2 729     1.73i
Angoa                                 .       19       553       649       344       431        723     1,154      709        2                    3        1          9
Benin                                 4         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0        0         0         44         1         0
Botswana                              3         0         0       30         0          0         0         0        0         0         0          6         4         3
Burkina Faso                          6         0         0        0         0          0         0         0        0         0         ..8                  1         0
Bunundi                              0          0         0        0         0          0         0         0         1       53        92          5         2        1 3
Cameroon                  ~~~~      ~~~364  103  141    104         8          0        25        14        t0      136       -96        230       354        55
Cape Verde                           ..         0         0        0         0          4         5         2         0        0         0          0         0         1
Central Afiican Republic              0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0       1 1       13          2         1         2
Chad                                  0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0        0         ..        0          S         1         0
Comoros                              0          0         0        0         0          0         0         0        0        34        41          0         0         7
Congo, DemocraticRep. of           263          0         0        0         0         0          0         0        0         0         0        176        16         0
Congo, Republic of                 412          6      114       451         I          0         0         0        0        49       484        207      272        117
C6te dIvoire                      1,508       236      202       190       317         75       411        52       56       184       292        791      219        207
Djibouti                              5         0        0         0         0         0          0         0        0         0         2          1        0          0
Equatorial Guinea                     S         0         0        0         0         0          0         0        0         0         0          3         0         0
Eritrea                               .         ..        .                  0         0          0         0        0         0         ...                  .0
Ethiopia                            33       261       113        10         4          0        22        30        10        1         2         45       98         46
Gabon                              135         16         0        3         2          0         0        20       10       -78       124        174       174        12
Gambia,The                          22          0         0        0         0         0          0         0        0         0         0          5         0         0
Ghana                                 0        82      103        77       123        178       381      208        85         0         0         1 2      64        118
Guinea                _57                       0         0       1 1        0          0        17        20         7        I         0         29        13         5
Guinea-Bissau                       21          0         0        0         0          0         0         0        0         0         0          5         5         0
Kenya                              387       438       173        87         6        132        72       48        36        91        44        224      284        124
Lesotho                               5         6         2        0         0         13        12        15        18        7         2          4         8         8
Liberia                             I11         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0        0         ..        23         0         0
Madagascar                ~~~~        ~~163  0   0        0         0          1         0         0         0        0         ..        64        10         0
Malawi                              48          1        14        1        10          0         0         I        0         2         1         29         7         4
Mali                                 10         0         0        0         0          0         0         0        0       -21       -20          6         1        -4
Mauritania                           14         0         0        0         0          0        25         0         0        0         0         24         4         2
Mautritius                          61         76       63        39       150       369         91      752          7       93        43         28       45        159
Mozambique                           ..         6         4        8         4         36         0         6         0      360       322         61        46        72
Namnibia                              .         ,.        .         .        .          .         .         .         0        0         0          .         ..0
Niger                               190         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0        0         ..        91        45         5
Nigeria                           1,630       193         4        0         0          0         0         0         0        0        it      1,399       782        45
Rwanda                                0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0       72        ..3                   I         7
Sao Tomd andPrincipe                 0          0        0         0         0          0         0         0        0         0         0          I         0         0
Senegal                            141         1 1        8         1        1          1         0        21         2        0         0         74       29     ~    6
Seychelles                            0        10        15        8         9          0         1         0        10       18        12          1         6         8
SierTa Leone                        42          0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0        0         0         24         1         0
Somalia                             27          0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0        0         ..        25         1         0
South Africa                          .         .         .        ..    3,518      3,549     2,291     4,575     2,046    6,345     4,563          -.        .     3,841
Sudan                              145          0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0        0         0        100         0         0
Swaziland                             0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0        0         0          3        3          0
Tanzania                           122          3        38       41        17         42         6         0         0        2        10         62        47        16
Togo                                50          0         0        0         0          0         0         0         0        0         ..        63         0         0
Uganda                              65          5         6       18         0          0         0         0         0        7         6         36        60         7
Zambia                             289         47       33        it        35        25         13        50       20        s0o        .        154        62        33
Zimbabwe                             55       284      329       172       115       338        209       167      225       177        ..        167       128       228
NO-RT ~AFRICJPI                   5.0 15     60'       7,529     6.566    4.8        3T.Z44    2417 1    1.9 1Ž2  TA.34      1.699     Z.1        473      6.35       4M69
Algeria                 ~~~2,832   4,824     6,118     5,363     3,268     2,092      1,308      438       400       396      436       2,743    4,0        271
Egypt, Arab Republic               776        673      375       168       260        40         33       188       22        42        15        778     1,316       234
Morocco                           1,119       327      569       755       762       734        428      462       732       622     1,122        906       519       631
Tunisia                ___          88       244       467       281       1'N       77         648      824       189       639       840        306       318       4l31
-W__ALl _R_ICA                    11.3(14    8.012     9.444I    8.419     9.150     8.838     o.719     9,048     4.595     9.322    _8.36       9_2101   9.80.      8.292



156                                                        External Debt and Related Flows
6-4. Disbursements: long-term loans and IMF purchases
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                            Annual Average        _
1980      1991      1992      1993      1994      1995       1996     1997      1998      1999      2000      75-84    85-89     90-MR
S LrB .SqAHARAN AFR1CC4I          1 1.749    92iu      9.323    9,593    11.895 ::l,:4.~ib    1(23      12,596     8.742    14.101   10.629      9.~5 51   0.784     10l.94'
Wtiuding South Afn,:a            1 1.743    9.230     9 323'    8.135    8.377     10.508     7.962     8.u20     6.29?     7.716    6.056      9.551    10.784     8.422
e%cl S Afica &_Nigcna             v.90%     8.443     8.789    8.191     ''778      Off'S     7.646     ',706     6.021     7.5, 1   6 095       I.W48    9.440     '9,7,
Angola                     ~    ~  ~~~~~0 328  647  -  - 65     -417        550-      778   --1,190       790       943       437        102      853        693
Benin                               71        112       81       103       131        115       128        57       62       173       149         86        76       112
Botswana                            28        103       85       102        52         66        28        22        20      130         0         34        69        58
Burkina Faso                        70        155       143      151       132        139       112        89       106      355        93         56        90       141
Buunmdi                             45         91       126       77        53         45        35        19        31       86       111         44       113        70
Camueroon                          626       433       669       499       479        122       230       296      266       376       124        427       634       383
Cape Verde                            0         5        18        10       29         21        24        22        47       52        19          8        12        24
Central African Republic            40         98       46        50        59         33        27         7        15       39        40         27        82        48
Chad                                  5        92       143       58        83         72       125        92        52       100        0         26        5 1       84
Comoros                              1 3        4        18        6        10         10         7         5         4       37        42         12        14        13
Congo, Democratic Rep. of          603        304        84       58         1          0         3         0         0         8        0        482       461        70
Congo, Republic of                 526         38       132      459       350         1 5       24        24        10       84       496        310       399       177
C6te d'tvoire                     1,777       948      853       819     1,405        924     1,014       236      613       716       678       1,114      599       853
Djibouti                             10        54       43        26        26         1 8       28        14         8        8        1 2         9        24        24
Equatorial Guinea                   3-8        1 6       IS5      14         7          2         2         3         I        0         0         12        2!1        6
Eritrea                               .         ..        .         .       27          7         7        33        67       108       5 1          .        ..       43
Ethiopia                            119       443      346       409       258        233       317       179       167      231       185        470       606       286
Gabon                               171       162       108       93       198        279       121       168        46       36       206        222       308        147
Gamnbia, The                        56         31        55       26        23         24        58        24        21        1 3      42         26        35        32
Ghana                              249        660      488       509       468        648       936       649       635      528       484         184      495       592
Guin-ea                            129        241      210       286       182        200       143       265       180      109        61        103       212       188
Guinea-Bissau                       75         55        41       23        28         24        31        36        18         5       22         24        44        29
Kenya                              714        952      502       447       294       698        467       219       231      411       336        515       722       485
Lesotho                             IS         66        86       80        66         66        51        57        52       49        81          19       47        65
Liberia                             109         2         0       33         0          0         0         0         0         0         ..       113       31          4
Madagascar                         444        217       117       125       82         90       156       336       103       112        ..       234       264        157
Malawi                              190       203       159       194      147        227       184       178       173       172      220         120      129        183
Mali                                109       146       177       98       164        238       186       147       108       173       160        95       157        163
Mauritania                         155         71       145      179       163        133       176       108        55       47        61         141      150        117
Mauritius                           143       173       127       105      186        409-      140       827        56       159      116         87_      _128      223
Mozanmbique                           0-      156      265       211       254        267       300       300       254      529       604        122       331       308
Namibia                              ..         .         .         .         .         .          .        .         .         4         4          .        .          4
Niger                              290         32        83      100        90         28        55       III       III       40        86        164       180        80
Nigeria                           1,752       787      535       544       599        433       316       314       276       175         0      1,603    1,344       446
Rwanda                               34       101        81       61        22         68        62        92       104       125        -.         31       81         78
S8o Tom6 and Principe                10        30        24        15       15         14        11         5         6        10        14          7       13        14
Senegal                            395        233      322       154       201        241       216       268       254       120      243        261       399       227
Seychelles                           12        20        25        18       18          8        12        II        23        35       28           7       16        19
Sierra Leone                       104         16        52      100       200        115        90        48        62       37        91         62        26        76
Somalia                            135         13         0        0         0          0         0         0         0         0        ..        158      101         6
South Africa                          0         0         0      858     3,518      3,549     2,291     4,575     2,046    6,356     4,573          0         0     2,524
Sudan                              921        129       108      101        12         51        17         5         0        0         0        655       226        55
Swaziland                           31         15         7        8        16         19        29        25        18        15       16         29        21         17
Tanzania                           433        309      479       238       259        258       246       337       264      340       280        353       294       303
Togo                                119        67        55        17       55         59        97        69        80       33        52        122        89        62
Uganda                              161       267      308       410       321        287       290       353      225       290       277        135       287       309
Zambia                             690        358      283       241       294      2,606       236       286        84      222        26        482       276       436
Zimbabwe                            132       499     1,034      799       504        652       447       496      604       513       110        257       277       553
NOR 14.Fl7____913A 6                Fl14       702    I 7121'S  1 0.87    9,3        8.11      _'.712    5-.s8     4.43'4  -4.93   ~    .'l0     82 55    11.21        .fW9
Algeria                           3,398     6,835     7,536    6,507     5,639      4,160     3,633     2,116     1,511     1,449   _966         3,_310-  5,040     4.299
Egypt. Arab Republic              2,743     2,025     1,445     1,152    1,039        523       588       776      459       526       328      2,625     2,737       983
Morocco                           2,262     1,483     1,910    2,037     1,802      2,089     1,757     1,313     1,625     1,534    2,290       1,704    1,557      1,777
Tunisia                          -611       1.358     1,283     1,122    1,059     _I 389     1,3        ,8       -648      1,430     I L520_    _616       877   1_,240
ALLAFRICA::                       2u.'to2   211.932   21.498    20.410   21.434     22.21?    17.565,1. 8.2181    12.585    19.040)   15.33      17.Bi0'  2u 996     19i.246
Note, In 1995, Zambia waa abe to clear its arrears to the IM after completing a 3 year Rights Arrangement Program.



External Debt and Related Flows                                                                     157
6-5. Amortization: official concessional long-term loans
Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices)                                           AnnualAverage
1980      1990       1991     1992      1993      1994      1995       1996     1997      1998      1999      75-84     85-89    90-MR
SLIB-SAH-ARAN AFRICA                241        587       6 1 v     589       77 3     718        877       885     1,021     1.375     1.408        2 32     533        805.
e"cluding South Africa             243        587       619       589      773       718        677       885     1.021     1.375     1.408       232       533       805
e-vcl_S.Afuica &Nigeiia             229       5813       616      588       611       716       875        884      949      1.054     1.405      2119       523       757
Angola            -                                              32                    9          3                            1                              2          5
Benin                                 1         7         9         8        12       12         15        14        18        19       22           2        4         12
Botswana                              0         6         7         9        13        14        11        15        30        14       27           1        5         13
Burkina Faso                          4        1 3       1 4        9        1 1       1 8       20        23        25        27       29           2        8         1 7
Burundi                               1        14        1 7       14        1 5      1 6        14         6         8         9        1 2         1       1 0        1 1
_Cameroon                            13         24        23        20       37        1 2        1 2       1 4       49        75       47          1 2      23        29
Cape Verde                            0         1         3         6         2        3          4         3         6         6         7          0        1          4
Central Afiican Republic              0         3         2         2         1        5          2         2         4         6         6          1        2          3
Chad                                  3         2         2         3         1        6          2         7         6         7        12          1        2          4
Comoros                               0         0         1         2         2        2          0         1         3         5         6          0        0          2
Congo, Democratic Rep. of             3         8         4         5         4        0          0         0         0         0         0          4        9          2
Congo, Republic of                  I11         2         0         0         1        8          7        22         0         0         0         10        4          4
C6te d'Ivoire                        1 8       75        77        88       78        56         65        81        68       106      216          1 5      35         83
Djibouti                              2         8         8         7         6        9          9         9         5         3         2          1        5          6
Equatorial Guinea                    0          I         1         0         0        0          0         1         1         1         1          0        0          0
Eritrea                              0          0         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         0         1          0        0          0
Ethiopia                             7         19        21        14        16       19         25        35        27        38       5 1          9       53        24
Gabon                                 4         1         7        23         7        8         12         9        39        28       45           5        4         16
Gamnbia,The                           0        1 1        9         9         8        9          7         9        10        13         9          1        5          8
Ghana                                14        40        29        33        32       56         55        56        54        83       99          20       33         49
Guinea                              44         53        51        19        16       26         86        44        29        31       47          36       42       _36
Guinea-Bissau                         0         1        1 5        1         1        2          4         3         5         2         4          0        2          3
Kenya                                 6        34        42        33        39       67         69        68        59        64       90           8       25         51
Lesotho                               0         4         4         5         9        6         11        11        13        13        12          I        3          8
Liberia                               I         0        11         0         1         1         0         0         0         0         0          4        2          1
Madagascar                           18        17        12        20        12        13        10        21        55        39       40          19       13         22
Malawi                                2         7        14        10         9        10        16        19        21        19        15          2        4         13
Mali                                  4        22        14        22        23       39         45        41        38        40        58          4       17         31
Mauritanua                            3        26        20        26        40       33         37        37        39        41        36          3       28         30
Mauritius                             2        14        19        31        23       22         24        27        47        23        23          2       10         23
Moamique                            0                  1         1          2   -     17       24        29        27        25       25           2       18         17
Namiibia                              0         0         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         0         0          0        0          0
Niger                                16        'S         5         4        12        6          6         7        14        12         9          5        8          7
Nigeria                              14         7         2         1       162         I         2          1       72       321         3         13       10         52
Rwanda                                0         7        10         8        1I        2         11         8         9         8        10          I        7          8
SAo Tomd and Principe                 0         0         I         1         0        0          1          I        1         I         2          0        1          1
Sene gal                             7         54        44        32       31        68         72        64        47        89       88           5       28        54
Seychelles                            0         2         3         4         4        3          4         2         2         4         6          0        1          3
Sierra Leone                          2         3         2         5         3        9          7         6         7        10         3          3        3          5
Somalia                               2         2         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         0         0          2        2          0
South Africa                         0          0         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         0         0          0        0          0
Sudan                                14         4         6         8         5        3          9         0         0         0         0         16       48          3
Swaziland                             1         6         8         7         7        7          8        II         8         8         9          1        37
Tanzania                             19        36        41        36        38       40         38        54        34        48        63         14       32         39
Togo                                  2         6         8         5         4        4          7        15        13        13        14          2        6          8
Uganda*                               2         8        12        10        16       23         22        24        38        38       60           2        5        23
Zamnbia                               3         2         4         4        10       21         47        34        33        27       141          2        3         29
Zimnbabwe                             2        21        25        31       38        35         58        46        51        48        53          1        9         37
NORTHI AFRICA                        294       569       .135      512       576       739       701       '781      990      l'I(U    1.1t67       264       374       689
Algeria               73        103        8~   ~   ~~~      ~~~       ~~    ~~5 8-6  _ 8_4  62  54  14 130     179      234        7i2     9  7        -103
Egyt, Arab Republic                 119       270       149        99        56       68        151       225       288      432       459         III      120        200
Libya                                 0         0         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         0         0          0        0          0
Morocco                             62         47        55       168      282       343        289       227       361       269      266         41        48       210
Tunisia              _  __          41        150       146       158      154       266        207       216       211       225      209 _   _    39      109        176
ALL AFRICA                           537     1.156     1.1054    1.101     1,348     1.456     1,578      1.666    2.01I0    2.479     2.575        496      1~7      1.49 3



158                                                          External Debt and Related Flows
6-6. Amortization: official nonconcessional long-term loans
.        .       ~Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices)                                         Annual Average
1980       1990      1991      1992      1993      1994       1995      1996      1997      1998      1999       75-84    85-89     90-AMR
SUIB-SAHARAN AFRCA                   4124     1Q972      1.8 3 5   1.448     1.432     1.925     2.118      2.446     11942    :1.7432:   1.857        337    .1128       2.234
excludrng South Ah,ica              424      IAC?72     1.835     1.448     1.432     1.925     2.118      2.446     1,942     1.702     1.857        337     1,128     2 234
nel_S Afnca &N-igena-               392      I 205      1.288     1.117     1.101     1.19.5    1,650      1 '719    1.4 32    1 284   1.411          303      860 -.1.73 5
Angola                                ..        58        62        3-8       21        25    -    -21_      26        29        49         6                   31         4
Benin                                  I        II         7         7         6         9         10         11        10        10        14          2         5        12
Botswana                              6         42        45        50        43        46         48        49        40        35        34           3       22         44
Burkina Faso                          4          5        1 1        6         9         9         10          7         7         5         8          2        4         1 0
Bunindi                                1         6         6         6         3         5          3          6         4         4         2          0         4         7
Cameroon                             16         74        86        6 1      101       119        134       180       177       147       113          189      60        141
Cape Verde                            ..         2         3         3         2         3          2          2         3         8        1 2         1         2         5
Central African Republic              0          4          1        2          1        2          0          0         0         2         1          1         4         4
Chad                                  o          1          1         1        4         2          1          3         7         5         3          0         1         5
Comoros                               0          0         5          1        0         0          0          0        0          0         0          0         0 
Co_ngo, Democratic Rep. of           100         26        24        1 9        0         0          0         0         0         0         0          37       53         48
Congo, Republic of                   10         68         4          1        0       137         25       104        53          7         0         II1       16        56
C6te d'lvoire                        37        172       196       202       216       299        414       429       261       248       268          30      103        295
Djibouti                              I          0         0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0         0          0         0          1
Equatorial Guinea                     I          0          1        2          1        0          0          2         0         0         0          1         2          1
Eritrea                               ..         .          .        .          .        0          0          0         0         0         0          .         .          I
Ethiopia                              4         26        1 7       15        13        13         19         26        1 8       19        28          6        30        34
Gabon                                IS         1 6       34        61        24        55         78         71       105        67       187         14        16        92
Gambia, The                           0          2         4         6         6         6          7          5         3         2         2          0                    5
Ghana                                22         25        35        44        36        45         62         45        55        56        54         1 5       22        61
Guinea                               20         24        22        23        17        1 2        20         14        21        46        23          9        18-       31
Guinea-Bissau                         0          I         2         2         0          I         4          3         1         1         0          0         1          4
Kenya                                25        146       148       141       139       183        201        195       170       142       183         22        96       182
Lesotho                               0          4         7         8         6         6          7          5         8        I11       10          1         4         10
Liberia                               2          I         5         0        12        13          0          0         0         0         0          6         6          8
Madagascar                             1        36        27         1 2      14        14          9         18        43        1 8       23          8         629
Malawi                                3         54        37        26        2 1       23         27         18        1 5       14        12          5        20        28
Mali                                  0          2         4          7         3       13         II1         5         4         5         6          0         2         13
Mauritania                            1         55        26        25        36        24         32         36        22        19        22          6        25        37
Mauritius                             4         25        31        53        34        37         36         3 1       31        30        30          4        19        36
Mozambique                             ..       14        10         13        IS5      35         34         25        12        10         7          1         7        46
Namibia                               0          0         0         0         0         0          0          0         0         3         3          0         0 
Niger                                 2          4         3         3        20         8           I         2         2         0         1          5        1 2        10
Nigeri.a                             3 1       767       547       331       328       429        468       727       510       418       447          34       269       499
Rwanda                                0          0          1        0         0         0          0          1         1         1         I          0         0          3
SAo Tom6 and Principe                 I          I         0          I         I         I         0          I         0         1         1          1         1          I
Senegal                              12         57        54        27        19        47         55         4 1      42         49        33          8        45        55
Seychelles                            0          3         3         4         3         3          3          3         5         5         6          0         2          4
Sierra Leone                          2          5          1        7         2         8         20         38         0         1         1          2         2         10
Somalia                               5          0         0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0         0          3         1         4
Soudi AfTica                          ..         .          .        .          .        0          0          0         0         0         0          .         ..0
Sudan                                32         II         6         6         4         0          6          0         0         1         6         24        14         17
Swaziland                             4         28        12         9         9        12          8         10         8         6        10          3        13         12
Tanzania                              7         41        65        50        50        45         62         74        34        33        18          8        47        63
Togo                                  8         21        it         4         2         2          0          6         9         3         3          8        28         9
Uganda                                9         35        26        27        61        49         38        25        20        26         20          6        21        37
Zambia                               34         42       198        97        80       105        132         83        74        53        92         28        37        101
Zimbabwe                              3         57        50        50        71        81        109        121       139       142       170          5        30        114
NORI1HIAFRICA                        -287     2.6'1I-    2.87--2.781         2.532-   2.9-P   __ 2.801     -2.3 70    2.95so    2.6 37    2.6 32       533     195        2.9-3
AlIgefia-       ~                   171-     1,069      1,163    1,092     1,054       591        589       532       917       802      1,022        157760              94
Egypt, Arab Republic                 32        615       610       409       336       306        391       346       350       272       237          54      357        441
Libya                                 0       395        350       300        25       580         35          0        18       125        60        221      304        172
Morocco                              52        384       517       677       806      1,128     1,354      1,115     1,293     1,053      872          57      353        991
Tunisia            ____32                      208       236_ _    307       312       342     __432_       376       373_      386       442          44       185       382
AfL     FRICA                        'II      4.64 I    4.'ll     4.233      3.964    4.871      4*418      4.816     4,842     4.338     4.48'i       870     3.088      5.167



External Debt and Related Flows                                                                         159
6-7. Amortization: private long-term loans
Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices)                                               Annual Average
1930       199)      1992      1993      1994       1995       1996      1997      1998      1999       2000      75-84     85-89     90-NM
SLUB-SAHARAkN AFRICA                2.123      1.845     2.909     1,271     3.909      41.084     5.505     7,012     4,748     6.250      4.500      1.852'    2.r,421    4,011
eteludLng South Afnca              2.123      1.815     2.909     I.2'I     1,914      2.014      2.735     2,332     2,317     1.944      I "792     1.852     2.642      2,105
e%cl S Afric.a& Nigena             I.G26      1.53 3    I.36A     1.8        ."i .6                .045     21.u74    2.292      1.798     1.552      1.7t12    1.779      1.698
Angola                                 ..       166       106        39       120        312        621       768       850       478       363          1 9       62        359
Benin                                  3          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0         0          0          4         8          0
Botswana                               0          3         3         1         2          6          9         5         5          5         5          2         6          6
Burkina Faso                           2          1         0         0         0          0          0         0         0         0          ..2                  5          0
Burnmdi                                3          3         2         1         1          1          1         0         0         0          0          2         6          2
Camneroon                             8          93        67        98        67         65         49        43        59        28         27         76       292         70
Cape Verde                             ..         0         0         0         0          0          0         1          I        0          0          0         0          0
Central African Republic               I          0         1         0         0          0          0         0         0         0          0           1        1          0
Chad                                   0          1         0         1         0          0          0         0         0          1         0           1        I          0
Comoros                                0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0         0          2          0         0          0
Co ngo,DmcaiRe.f9                                 3         5         0         0          0          0         0         0         0          0         42        32          3
Congo: Republic of                    12       200         97        75       157         50         1 5        0         0       228       301          62       236        128
C8te dIvoire                         667       240        212       242       356         60        302       487       316       286       296         350       264        277
Djibouti                               0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0         0          1          1         2          0
Equatorial Guinea                      0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0         0          .I                   0          0
Eritrea                                .          ..        .         ..        0          0          0         0         0         0          ...                   .0
Ethiopia                               7         49        33        37        36         48        231         8         8        13         10         10        68         53
Gabon                                260         48        17         4        33         75         51        25        17         17        23        149        55         29
Gambia, The                            0          5         5         4         4          0          0         0         0         0          0           I        1          2
Ghana                                 42        48         58        52        66         85        105       124       110        75        66          1 1       56         79
Guinea                                11         10         8         8         9         1 5         0        40        17        14          5          8         9         13
Guinea-Bissau                          3          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0         0          0          1         0          0
Kenya                                165        170       153       126       287        290        243       153       154       165        153        161       181        188
Lesotho                                3          5         7         6         5          4          2         2         2         3          3          2         5          4
Liberia                               12          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0         0                     9         0          0
Madagascar                            23         1 1        8         8         S          5          5         2          1        2          ..        10        28          6
Malawi                                28         1 1       16        1 3       14         23          4         3          1        2          2         17        19          9
Mali                                   2          1         3         I          1         0          0         0         0          0         ..1                  3          1
Mauritania                            13          2         2         0         0          0          0         2         2          2         3         21         5 
Mauritius                             14         46        43        26        45         93         50        58       105       206       209          17        28         82
Mozambique                             ..        21         7        10         S         1 3         6         5         4        37         38          0        14         15
Nwmibia                                .          ..        .         ..        .          ..         .          .        0          0         0                    ..0
Niger                                 40         55        20        24        24         24         24        14        24        23         23         40        38         27
Nigeria                              197       313      1,546        89       316        448        690       258        25       146        240        540       863        407
Rwanda                                 2          I         1         0         0          0          0         0         0          0                     1        4          0
SAo Tom6 and Principe                  0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0          0         0          0         0          0
--Se_negal                            137        45         39         4        10         27         1 1        7        1 7        3          0         46        49         1 7
Seychelles                             0          5         4         5         4          9          5         3         5          3         2          0         5 
Sierra Leone                          29          0         0         0         0         28          0         0         0          0         0         16         2          3
Somalia                                0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0          0                    3         0          0
South Africa                           .          ..        .         .     1,994      2,070      2,770     4,680     2,432     4,306      2,708          ..2,994
Sudan                                  7          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0          0         0         16          1         0
Sw aziland                              3          2         2         2         2          0          0         0         0         0          0          2         5 
Tanzania                              23         12        80        11         16        27         18        19         15        13        17         18         7         22
Togo                                   9          0         0         0         0          0          0         6         0          0         ..        16        10          I
Uganda                                21         30        14        32        15         10          7          1        2          3         4         Is        27         13
Zambia                               175         54        46        51        60         62         39        57        52        20          ..       III        51         s0
Zimbabwe                              34        185       305       301       256        234        247       244       525       170          ..        58       195        264
NORTH AFRIC%                      -3.139       7.753     7.746     7.52,7    4 185      2.843      2.636     1.971     2,593      3.25      3.220       .3677    4.49-5     4.
Algeria                            2,284      5,972     5,883     5,816     2,698      1,577      1,297       975     1,728     1,905      1,668      1,646     3,255      3,1'9 3
Egypt, Arab Republic                 192       885        921       579       544        352        454       302       207       266       216         238       746        503
Libya                                  .          ...                            ....                           ..                  0          0           ...0
Morocco                              477       484        548       754       624        630        617       453       451       834       709         325       174        578
Tunisia                              186       411        393       378_     _320        285        268       241       208       248       627         157       320        354
AXfLLAFRICA1     ____522                         9.598   10.655     8,7 98    8.004      6         S.2 .141   8,983      ..1      952        .2'        A 77.13              8.635



160                                                       External Debt and Related Flows
6-8. Amortization: long-term loans and IMF repurchases
Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices)                                     Annual Average
1980      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998     1999       75-84    85-89    90-MR
SLTB-SAHARiN AFRICA               3.174     4.912     5.476    3.930     7.017     9,4S1     9.432    11 040     8.933   11.446      '706      5.448     7.863
e%cluding South Afnra            3.174     4.912     5.476    3.930     5.023     7.380     6.663     5.937    6.085    7'140       2.706    5.448      5.881
excl S Afnca & Ni&ena            2.932     4.050     3.598    3.351     4.276     6,462      5.245    5.u97     5.321    6.545      2.118 I    .307     4.992
Angola                               0       233       146       63       153       335       654       806      912       767          8       95       462
Benin                                6        16        15       18        21        26        27        32       35        45          7       20        28
Botswana                             6        54       62        57        62        65        73        75       53        55          6       32         57
Burkina Faso                        I1        25        15       20        27        29        31        34       34        32          7       20        27
Bnundi                               4        25       24        23        28        27        21        20       21        43          5       24         27
Cameroon                           131       214      203       282      204        217       248       281      297       556        112      381       298
Cape Verde                           0         6         8        4         6         6         5        10       15        36          0        3         10
Central African Republic             7         7         7        3        13        10         8        12       21        30          6       17         14
Chad                                 5         4         4        8        10        10        16        24       23        31          4        7         12
Comoros                              0         6         3        2         2         0          1        3         5        9          0        0          4
Congo, Democratic Rep. of          277        91       29         4         5         1        37         0         1        1        123      279         34
Congo, Republicof                   41       209       98        77       305        84       140        56        18      391         86      259       200
C6te d'lvoire                      722       618      594       585       787       625       860       838      670       826        405      550       717
Djibouti                             2         8         8        6         9         9         9         5        3         3          2        7          7
Equatorial Guinea                    2         2         2        1         1         1         3         4        4         3          2        6          3
Eritrea                             --          *-          *-              0         0         0         0         0         1        -                   0
Ethiopia                            17        92       62        66        68        91       292        52       69        98         30      177        105
Gabon                              279       114       137       71       119       216       137       172       135      324        169       75        168
Gambia, The                          0        23       22        21        24        21        22        20       20        11          4        15        20
Ghana                              106       189       198      186       248       308       331       398      389       477         57      248        308
Guinea                              76        93       51        44        54       129        67       100       104      153         56       77         96
Guinea-Bissau                        3        16         3        1         4         9         7         6         3        4          2        4          7
Kenya                              205       399      410       366       552       600       567       449      421       562        217      411        484
Lesotho                              3        16       20        20        18        25        22        27       30        31          4        13        24
Liberia                             18        15         0       13        15         0         0         0         1        1         23        10         9
Madagascar                          44        84        56       48        43        38        60       118       72       121         43       123        76
Malawi                              35        83       72        49        53        76        56        55       60        74         30       70         66
Mali                                 9        27       38        35        63        62        54        49        55       23          8       43         43
Mauritania                          26        62        61       82        63        79        82        70        69       70         35        72        79
Mauritius                           19       117       128       83       103       154       108       136       158      259         30       99        146
Mozambique                           0        41        34       44        67        85        92        59       63       286          2       39        108
Namibia                                         .        ..       ..       ..         ..        ..        ..        0        0          ..       ..         0
Niger                               58        74       36        66        48        41        44        45        50       39         50       74         54
Nigeria                            242       862     1,878      579       746       918      1,418      840      763       596        588     1,141       889
Rwanda                               3        12        10       11         2        11         10       13        11       36          3        13        12
Sao Tome and Principe                I         I         I        I         I         1         2         2         2        0          1        2          1
Senegal                            165       190       142       81       154       195       160       158      215       157         67      183        168
Seychelles                           0        11        12       12        10        16        10        10       14        12          1        8         12
SierraLeone                         50        10        16       13        98        59        47         7        11       17         28        16        29
Somalia                             11         0        0         0         0         0         0         0        0         0          9       20          4
South Africa                         0         0         0        0     1,994     2,070     2,769     5,103     2,848    4,306          0        0      1,982
Sudan                              131        12        14        9         3        54        36        42       59        44         90       63         40
Swaziland                            8        21        17       17        20        16        21        16       14        19          6       24         19
Tanzania                            81       145       172      104       116       146       168       118       134      124         59       101       136
Togo                                19        27        19       14        13        18        32        40       28        27         27       61         27
Uganda                              45       102       79       120       III        98       106       116       128      134         35      129        112
Zambia                             269       290       183      211       206     2,067       156       164       132      162        193      130        357
Zimbabwe                            40       266      387       410       372       401       423       459      763       454         67      306        389
NORT       FRICA_      _   =      3.94'     I 1.11)2  I1. 120  I lOr,    '.66u      6.691     6.103 =   ,12      6.694     7.130      3.02)1   s849      8.385
Algeria                          2,528     7,220     7,227    7,282     3,546     2,391     2,079     2,372     3,143    3,390      1,875     4,111     4,385
Egypt, Arab Republic              446      1,726     1,470      971       939       989      1,111      955      910     1,047        450     1,273     1,179
Libya                                ..                  ..       .         .....                         ...                0          ...0
Morocco                            678     1,227     1,535    1,998     2,246     2,373     2,006     2,110     1,773     1,971       454      849      1,869
Tunisia                            290       929      887       850       928       939       907       875      867       951  _     243    _ 615        951
ALLAFRICA          -7.116                  16.015    16.596    15;.030 - 14.61'    16.142    15,536   17.352    15.627  1I,807       5.728    12.297    16.248
Note; In 1995, Zambia was able to clear is arrears to the IMF after completing a 3 year Rights Arrangement Program



External Debt and Related Flows                                                                     161
6-9. Inter-est payinents: official concessional long-term loans
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                            Annual Average
1980      1990       1991     1992      1993      1994      1995       1996     1997      1998      1999      75-84     85-89    90-AM
SUB-*SAHARAN AF1UCA                  238       725       525       804       762      600        613       793       741       934      801         172      354        664
excluding SouLh Africa             238        725       525       804      762       600        613       793       741      934       80'i        172      354       6n4
ex~cI S Amca &Nigena               229        413       491       443       506      598        611       791       6'7      798       802         164      340        557
Angola                                0         1         4         3         3        7       7            3                   4        -2         0         1 
Benin                                 1         7         9         7         8        9         10         9        11        12        13          I        5          9
Botswana                              1         4         5         5         6        3          3         8         7         6         5          1        2          5
BurkinsaFaso                          2         7         6         6         6        7          9        1 1       1 3       1 2       1 4         2        6          8
Burnmdi                               1         7         8         9        -9        10         9         6         7         7         6          I        8          7
Calneroon                            1 5       32        29        1 6       24       1 9        54        36        6 1       62        55         1 3      24         35
Cape Verde                            0         1         1         I         1        2          2         I         2         2         2          0        1          1
Central Afitican Republic             0         5         3         6         2        6          3         3         2         5         4          0        4          4
Chad                                  0         3         4         4         4        5          3         7         5         6         6          0        2          4
Comoros                               0         1         2         1         1         1         1         1         I         1         1          0        1          1
-Co-ngo, DemocraticRep.P-of          47         16        14        10         7        0          0         0         0         0        0          1 1      12          4
Congo, Republic of                   12        30         8         5         4       93          9        35         I         1         0          6        7         17
C6te dlvoire                         14         S        52        29        30       32         47        77        75       145       118         13       1 3        S5
Djibouti                              1         2         2         2         2        2          2         3         2         2         1          I        2          2
Equatorial Guinea                    0          0         1         1        0         1          0         1         1         1         1         0         0          1
Eritrea                              0          0         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         4         3          0        0 
Ethiopia                             7         16        13        10        12       16         19        19        21        25       30           7       26         1 6
Gabon                                3          2         9        20        4        IS5        40        39        36       24        27          2         2        20
Gwnbia, The                          0          4         3         3         4        4          3         3         5         5         5          0        2         4
Ghana                                1 1       23        25        32       38        39         28        5 1       43       64        58          1 3      19        37
Guinea                               12        29        26        20       23        27         29        22        23        24       25          1 0      12        22
Guinea-Blissaus                      0          2         4         1         2        2          3         3         3         4         5          0        2          3
Kenya                                 9        23        54        28        39       47         59        57        47        50       48          10       23        41
Lesotho                              0          3         4         6         5        4          5         5         5         5         5          0        2          4
Liberia                              2          0         1         0         1        0          0         0         0         0         0          2        2          0
Madagascar                           4         19        18        19        14       II1        11        12        42       36        347                  11        2
Malawi                                4         9        12        1 1       13       13         19        17        I8        16        13          4        6         13
Mali                                  2        14        10        14       38        19         19        57        18        16        19          3       1 I       20
Mauritania                            8        13        12        1 I      20        22         18        18        19        18        15          8       13         15
Mauritius                             I        10       I11        16        15       16         18        17        15        15        14          I        6         13
Mozwnibique                           0         9        1 5       22       3 1       1 6        1 9       25        27        23       36           0       1 4       20
Namibia                               0         0         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         0         0          0        0          0
Niger                                 2         5         S         4         7        6          7         5         8         8         7          2        7          6
Nigeria                               9       312        34       361      256         2          2         3        68       136         5          8        4        107
Rwanda                                1         6         6         5         4        2          8         6         7         6         8          1        6          5
SAo Tomn6and Principe                0          0         1         1         1         I         I         1         2         1         1          0        0          1
Senegal                              7         29        31        19         7       25         22        79        29        37       33           4       30        28~
Seychelles                           0          1         2         2         I         1         2         1         1         I         1          0        I 
Sierra Leone                         0          2         1         7         3        4          5         4         6         5         3          1        I          4
Somalia                              2          4         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         0         0          2        3          0
South Africa                         0          0         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         0        0           0        0          0
Sudan                               28          7         8        10         6        0          1         0         0         0         0         13       17          3
Swaziland                             1         2         2         2         2        2          2         3         2         2         2          I        2         2
Tanzaniua                            15        20        24        22        49       28         28        55        27        76        51         14       15         35
Togo                                  I         8         8         7         6         5         5        13         8         8         7          1        6          7
Uganda                                1         6        10        10        13       18         23        25        25        22        31          1        6         17
Zambia                               14        12        14        19        22       36         32        29        20        23        71          5        8         25
Zimbabwe                              1        17        16        18        19       23         26        23        22        20        21          2       12         19
NOR rH AFRICA0                      289        375       251       577      671       7~8_2      907       q448      804       781-      78572 21 
Algeria                             35         22        23        26        26       56         90       144       119       125       129         32       20         69
Egypt, Arab Repiublic              153        210        82       392      422       467        567       553       417       381      381         121      131        352
Libya                                 0         0         0         0         0        0          0         0         0         0         0          0        0          0
Morocco                             70         64        69        81       145      153        161       166       190       200      204          55       44        130
Tunisia         _______              30   _    _79       76        78 __     78      107         89   .__84          78        75    _   72     __29         66      __74
ALL AFRICA                           526      1.100      ' 75     1.381-   1.434      .382      1.5201    1.741 -   1.545    1.7-14    I.'2         419      614      1.290



162                                                           External Debt and Related Flows
6-10. Interest payments: official nonconcessional long-term loans
Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices)                                               Annual Average
1980       1990      1991       1992      1993      1994       1995       1996      1997      1998      1999       7S-84     85-89     90-MRfl
,SUB-SAHAPRAN AFRICA                  4153     1.988     .2.363     1.427      1.190     1.430      1.402     1.864      1,343     1.101     II'S8        384     1.312      3.657
e'xclu,ding South Afn,s.             453      L.'88     2.363      1.427     1,190     1.430      1.402      1.864     1.343     1.101      1.1 78       384     1.3 12     I 65;7
e~IS Anca& Nripena                39          0       f4.0.:.68..           8'     :1;9<        lS        1.351..: 1.04 5       862       94u)        325        1       1.7
Angola                                 ..        18        22         12         5         3          5         15         6         4          1          1        16         II-
Benin                                  I          7         4          4         4        10         1 1         7         7         9         7           1         3          8
Botswana                               6         32        28         28        26        26         22         61        19        IS        14           6        26         26
Burkina Faso                           2          3         9          9        1 0        8          9          4         3         3         2           2         6          7
Burundi                                0          4          4         4         3         3          2          3         2         1          1          0         4          3
Cameroon                              27         93       100         7 1      106       116         99        185       113        98       125          22        59        130
Cape Verde                             ..         1          2         2         1         I          I          1         1          1         1          1         2          1
Central African Republic               0          3         2          I         1         2          0          0         0         1          1          1         4          2
Chad                                   o          I          1         2         4         2          1          6         4         5         4           0         0          4
Comoros                                0          0          I         I         0         0          0          0         0         0          0          0         0          0
Congo, Democratic Rep. of             59         60        36         16         1         0          0          0         0         0         0          33        75         24
Congo, Republic of                    13         39          6         1         0        89         II1       141        40         6         0           8        25         39
C6tedIlvoi-re                         64        182       220       210        188       236        206       252        194       224       194          48       160        221
Djibouti                               0          0         0          0         0         0          0          0         0         0         0           0         0          0
Equatorial Guinea                      0          0          1         1         0         0          0          0         0         0         0           0         1          0
Eritrea                                ..         .          .         .         .         0          0          0         0         0          0          .         ..I
Ethiopia                               8          8         9         10         9        15         13         19        21        20        21           6        10         20
Gabon                                 17         66        76        182        25        60        134        181       192       110       195          1 1       28        131
Gainbia, The                           0          1          2         3         2         2          2          1         1          1         1          0         I          2
Ghana                                 1 3        22        27         30        3 1       24         24         27        36        26        28          10        19         33
Guinea                                 9         19        12         13        13        12         14         21        19        19         19          7        13         20
Guinea-Bissau                          0          1          I         2         0         1          2          1         0         0          0          0         1          2
Kenya                                 45        Ill       100         83        87       114        108        106        70        46        40          37        99         87
Lesotho                                0          3          5         6         6         7          8          7         8         8          7          1         3          7
Liberia                                S          I          I         0         8         0          0          0         0         0          0          6         7          2
Madagasca                              3         53        41         II       1~0         7          4          5        51        1 5       42_          6        50         30
MalawAi                                6         22        1 8        1 5       1 2       10         16          9         7         6         4           8        1 7        14
Mali                                   1          3          3         2         2         S          4          3         2         2          2          1         2          4
Mauritania                             1         22         13         8        23        16         14         II        14        12         12          4        IS         16
Mauritius                              6         23        25        24         19        18         18         16        14        13         12          5        18         19
Mozambique                             ..         7         13        17        40        36         52         21        14         5          0          0         8         31
Namibia                                0          0          0         0         0         0          0          0         1          I         3          0         0          0
Niger                                  5          2          6         1         7         3          0          I         2         2          2          5        19          5
Nigeria                               54        988      1,216      466        314       335        322        512       297       238       238          59       401        479
Rwanda                                 0          0          0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0          0          0         0          1
SAo Tom6 and Principe                  0          I         0          0         0         0          0          0         0         0          0          0         1          0
Senegal                               1 5        42        44        20         1 4       36         43         36        44        5 1       24          1          73
Seychelles                             0          2         2          2         2         2          3          2         3         3         3           0         2          3
Sierra Leone                           2          2          1         4        10        16         14          6         I         3          0          2         I          7
Somalia                                0          0         0          0         0         0          0          3         0         0          0          0         2 
South Africa                           ..         .          .         .         .         0          0          0         0         0         0           ..                   0
Sudan                                 16          2         2          1         2         0          2          0         0         2         7          13         9          7
Swaziland                              6          7          5         5         4         4          3          9         5         5          8          4         9       -6
Tanzania                              19         25        27         30        49        33         49         36        12        25          9         15        24         38
Togo                                  1I         21         11         3         1         I          2         11         5         2          1          8        30          8
Uganda                                 1         11         17        II        17        14          9         13        12         7         12          2        14         16
Zambia                                39         31       203         59        54        75         83         39        33        25        52          31        34         70
Zimbabwe                               1         50        49         58        79        90         95         95        93        85        89           6        40         81
1SCRT4 k.FRICA                        101      155        156       l'4        .42       .04        .39       2.666     2.67       I .278    2.195        42(.     .7         ,1
Algen'a                    ~~~~124    20         31        345       339        342        714      1,090     1,007     1,071     1,060         104      284        713
Egypt, Arab Republic                  68       509        318       448        462       540        534        401       248       229       217         162       480        412
Libya                                100         60        20         30        30        30         40        107       112       146       146          SI        37         66
Morocco                               66        517       661       700        780       865        762        722       639       579       514          66       352        672
Tunisia                               44        170       1-87-     211      -231        256        279     --286        26!-      253    -258- ___        7       124 __251
ALL'AFRICA::'                         854      3 5 3      3.8ct'    3.lt'I    31)33     3,164      3,731      4.4'0     3,610      3.3'8     .3 7 3       804     2.550j     3 771



External Debt and Related Flows                                                                       163
6-11. Interest payments: private long-term loans
Millions of U S. dollars (current prices)                                             Annual Average
1980      1991       1992     1993      1994       1995       1996      1997      1998      1999     2000       75-84     85-89    90-MR
SLfBeSAHRA,-N AFRtICA               1.685     1.541     1.623       '49     1.942      1.982     2.160)    1,640     1.787     2.Oi)    21.443       1.257    1,641      1.775
excluding Sauth Affrca             I.C.85    1.541     1.623       749     1.3225     1.127     1.237       '90       895     1.137     1.194      1.257     I.t.41     t.21)6
eCILC  SAffia&NiFena              1.219        '3'7      620r     4 57       5h6       592        '09       6 1 2     750       861       933        848       974       698
Angola                                ..        78        34        1 8       4 1       67        266       127       163       171       243          7        52        117
Benin                                  I         0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0                    3         7          0
Botswana                              1          3         2         1         1         3          9         2         2         2         1           1        3          3
Burkina Faso                          3          0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         .I                   I          0
Bunindi                                I         I         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         3         8          1         2 
Cameroon                             78         4 1       65        26        2 1       2 1        14        1 6       19         .                   56        93         33
Cape Verde                            ..         0         0         0         0         0          0         1         1         0         0          0         0          0
Central Afiican Republic              0          1         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         2         2          1         0          0
Chad                                  0          0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         ..        0          0         0          0
Comoros                               0          0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         6         9          0         0          1
Congo, Democratic Rep. of            99          7         1         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0         61        40          2
Congo,.Republic of                   13         36        22        1 7       50        40          3         0         0       176       185         36        64         53
C8te dIvoire                        513        220       171       163       159       138        145       145       246       212       218        343       341        188
Djibouti                              0          0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0          0         0          0
Equatorial Guinea                     0          0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         ..0                  0          0
Eritrea                                .         ..        .         ..        0         0          0         0         0         0         ...                  .0
Ethiopia                              2         16        22         3         9        29         15         4         3         5         4          4        25         12
Gabon                               100         51        36         6        29        44         12        1 0        8        22        15         52        26        22
Gambia, The                           0          2         I         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0          0         1          1
Ghana                                 7         14        19        1 7       21         8         3 1       48        59        39        33          4        16         27
G3uinea                               2          1         0         1         2          1         0         3         0         1         0          2         2          I
Guinea-Bissau                         I          0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0          0         0          0
Kenya                               110         93        90        82       129        97         82        73        55        34        56         69        82         81
L.esotho                              1          I         1         1         1         3          3         5         7         7         7          1         1          3
Liberia                              16          0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         ..5                  0          0
Madagascar                           19          7         3         1         1          1         2         0         0         0         ..        12        12          3
Malawi                               25          7         4         2         2         4          2         I         0         1         0         13         7          3
Mali                                   I         0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0           1        I          0
Mauritania                            4          1         0         0         0         0          0         2         2         0                    3.  3     2
Mauritius                            15         13        13         8        1I        21         38        94       100        95        91-        II        11        45
Mozamnbique                           ..         5         5         4         2         4          1         I         8         8        18           I        6          6
Narnibia                                                   .         .         .          ..        .         ..        1        33        35           .        .         23
Niger                                58         10         8         7         6          6         5         3         2         I         1         30        26          6
Nigeria                             466        805     1,004       292       739       535        528       178       145       276       261        409       667        508
Rwanda                                0          0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0         ..0                  1          0
Sto Tom6 and Principe                 0          0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0         0          0         0          0
Senegal                              46         18         8         2         2          4         2         1         1         0         0         22        22          5
Seychelles                            0          1         1         2         3          2         I         1         2         1         I          0         2          1
Sierra Leone                          5          0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0         0          4         0          0
Somalia                               0          0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         ..I                  0          0
South Africa                          .          ..        .         ..     617        855        923       850       892       870     1,249          .         ..       894
Sudan                                 5          0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0         15         9          0
Swaziland                             2          I         1         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0          1         I          0
Tanzania                             13          4         6         5         1         5          5         2         3         2         3          9         3          3
Togo                                  8          0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         ..7                  6          1
Uganda                                 1         7         5         3         1         2          0         0         2         1         3          2         4          2
Zamnbia                              63         20        20        15        15        20          8        12         7         4         ..        43        23         IS
Zimnbabwe                             9         81        81        72        80        75         65        59        60        32         ..        30        83        69
NORTH."..FRICA  ____      ~~~2.078   2.176     327       1.972-    1.67i      1.604     152       I6u        .53       .61       .J4        1.7       1(6u      1,721
Algeria                           1,280      1,445     1,443     1,338     1,098       918        771       818       683       533      422         837     1,283       995
Egypt, Arab Republic                129       258        189       170       137       130         97        71        63        57        37        128       267        135
Libya                                 .*         .         .         .         ..                   ..                  .0                  0           ...0
Morocco                             515       352      1,516      354       345        437        447       232       239      398       451         319       370       453
Tunisia                  ___        154        122       109  _     109      99        118        137       140       168       173       194         88       141        138
AL.L AFRICA                         3.763     3.'17     4.88(1    2.'20     3.62')     3.586l    3.613     2.%iO     2 9413    3.168     3.547       2,29i7O;.3.496



164                                                          External Debt and Related Flows
6-12. Interest payments: long-term loans and IMF charges
Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices)                                             Annual Average
1980      1991       1992     1993      1994       1995       1996      1997      1998     1999      2000       75-84     85-89     90-AM
SUB.S.'%Hk,RAN AFRICA                A',        ,5,       ''ii      si19    4 I                  j 114 11"l    I     I'6       '05l     5.as]        I '1     %n6 I,,I   A4
CkOui,dn, S.'-inh .\n,            2.1 'j     .         1          SI       3.18'     3 615 II '7 5        2.y1''    2 " !t4    'tAIu    4.-J       I   2     '61        3.8y.
edS Africa,& N.i;cna            I ~'.'    2 NOr     .2 .3 (   I., U'    211        2'2          3        .5                    K     2           I m"t     2 igt 
Angola                                0        103        48        26        51        80        284       140 -     171      24        277           3        69        13
Benin                                 3         13        1 1       13        19        22         17        19        22        21         1          5        14         15
Botswana                              8         35        36        33       31         28         78        28        23       21          0          8        31         32
Burkina Faso                          6         1 5       1 4       1 6       1 5       1 8        1 6       1 6       1 6       1 7       1 5         5        1 3        1 5
Bw-njdi                               3         1 3       1 4       I 2       1 3        II1        9         9         8        1 4       1 8         2        1 4        1 2
Cameroon                            121        180       160       159       157       176       238        192       181         .                   9 2      177        184
Cape Verde                            0          3         3         2         3         3          3         4         4         3         3          1         3          3
Central African Republic               I                             4         9         5          4         3         7        23        23          3        10          9
Clhad                                  1         5         6         8         8         5         14        1 1       II        ISA        0           I        3          8
Comoros                                          2         3         1         1          I    1         1-             1         7        10          0         1          2
Congo, Demnocratic Rep. of          220         67        35        t0         2        16          5         0         0         2         0        118       179         24
Congo,Republic of                    38         5 1       29        21      232         62        181        4!1        7      489       412          50        97        150
C6tedIlvoire                        590        524      436       399       437        398        478      416       618       614        592        417       560        490
D3jibouti                             1          2         2         2         2         2          3         2         2         1         3           I        3          2
Fquatorial Guinca                     0          2         I         1         I          I         I         I         I         I         1          0         2          1
Eritrea                               -.         .         .         .         0         0          0         I         4         3         0                               I. 
Ethiiopia                            1 9        38        42        24       40         6 1        54        46        49        55        52         20        65         47
Gabon                               120        148      246         4 1      106       223        236       244       148       272       249         66        60        182
Gambia, The                            1         7         7         6         6          5         5         6         6         5         6          2         6          6
Ghana                                35         96       102       100        95        69        116       132       151       120         1         30       100         98
Guiinea                              24         40        33        37        41        44         44        45        44        60        59         20        29         46
Guinea-Bissaui                         I         5         3         2         4         6          4         3         5         5         2           1        3          4
Kenya                               171        266       212      212       292        265        247       191       1 52      147       156        126       237        218
Lesotlho                              2         1 0       1 3       1 2       1 1        1 5       1 5       1 8       2 1       20        21          2         6         1 5
Liberia                              24          2         I         9         0          2         2         0         0         2         9          1 7      II1         2
Madagascar                           28         72        37        27        20         1 7       19        93        SI1       44         I         29        85         43
Malawi                               37         42        33        28        26        40         29        27        23        28        26         28        39         3 1
Mali                                  4         1 6       1 8       42        25        23         60        2 1       1 9       26        28          5        1 9        27
Mauritania                           IS5        27        20        43        38        33         30        36        33        37         1          1 6      33         3 1
Mauiritius                           26         5 I       53        42        45        56         7 1      123       127       119       115         24        47         77
Mozambique                            0         34        4 3       7 6       5 5       7 6        4 8       4 2       3 7      130       145           1       2 7        6 5
Namnibia                              ..         .         .         .         .          .         .         .                  3 4       3 4         .          .        23
Niger                                6 5        24        IS5       2 3       1 6        1 4       I1        1 4       II        1         29         3 7       5 7        1 8
Nigen .a                            529      2,054     1,831       862     1,075       859      1,043       544       519     1,972     2,038        476      1,072     1,356
Rwanda                                2          6         6         5         2          8         7         8         7        1 2        ..1                  7          7
Sao Tom6 and Principe                 0          1         I         I         I         I          1         2         I         2         3          0         1          1
Senegal                              70-       10O3      5 3   ~    26        66       72         121        78        91        61        81         45       126         77
Seychelles                            0          4         5         5         6          7         5         5         6         6         8          0         5          6
Sierra Leone                         10          2        14        14       58          19        II         8         9         5         9          8         5         14
Somnalia                              2          0         0         0         0          I         3         0         0         I        12          5        II          2
Souith Africa                         0          0         0         0      656        905        962       884      908       871      1,251          0         0        585
Sudan                                63         10        13        HI         I        IS         12        15         3        13         3         57        52          9
Swaziland                             9          8         8         7         6          5        12         7         8        10         8          5        128
Tanzania                             54         57        59       103        62        83         98        42       105        63        50         41        46         70
Togo                                  19        22        12         9         6          8        24        14        10        tO        30          17       47         17
Uganda                                7         41        29        35        35        36         40        39        33        45        49          14       44         38
Zamnbia                             141       302        167       151       167       555         86        71        60       169         7        102        85        165
Zimbabwe                             10        147       163       179      203        209        194       184       175       151        10         41       150        161
NO1CRTfH- 4Jl                       2    ~    . r0IP A   .)        '.ss     1A        .2 Qu2     .1 cp)'   .1.52      1 F2     49 II,-;                v tI  ~  jc.       .J5
Aligeri'a                         -1,44-0  -1,84-8   -1,-883    1,746      1.527      1,791     2,081     2,037     1,978     1,800     1,644        972     1,59!      1,835
Egypt, Arab Republic                367        669     1,042     1,066     1,153      1,241     1,054       736       673       722       677        422       885        913
Morocco                             663      1.145     2.341     1.311I    1.375      1.367     1.33 7    1.062     1.018     1.067     1.121        466       844      1.274
Tuinisia                            229      _402        47        36        77        53         519  .   488        503       507      492         155       341        469
ALLKAFIC-A       '                  5,177   :.S8 720   % 9;725    7,396     S,675 .    9,458  .:9,932      *8 146   .8,057:., 10,46    .9,783j.:     3,957    17,323<    8,971



External Debt and Related Flows                                                                    165
6-13. Total external debt service payments: long-term loans and IMF credit
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                            Annual Average
1980      1990      1991      1992      1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998      1999      75-84     85-89    90- M?
SU3B-SAH-IARAN AfR(ICA             5 656    10.1.96    0.569     9 517    6 '69    1I I 24    14 L"I.,  l4.3'4    i4 86-5  I; h,28   1 3*1)91     6iAs)    ", I 1'   11I-643.
e%cIudmg mSolth ALdnca            5656     1O,l96     9.569)    9.!51 7  0.h       8.55A     11.1)34   it'.n42    8.878       ' 72   8.9886      4.64c,     116t     9;312.
excl S Afn.:a &Nige-rI            I 884     6.892     6,6 i2    i.kf'h    i328     6 '22      '3,257    8 IS;     7.19)'   7.7181)    83:2 3,               :'       7
Angola                    ..      ~~~~      ~~~~     ~~~~283  336  195  89  204  --415        939       945     1,083     1,099        _29       164        559
Benin                                 9        35        29        26       3 1       40        48         44       5 1       56        65          1 3      34         42
Botswana                             14       106        89       98        90        93        92        151       102       76        83          14       64         98
Burkina Faso                         1 7       29        40        29       36        42        47         47       49        50        59          1 1      33         43
B3urundi                              7        4 1       38        38       35        40         38        30       29        30        27           8       38         35
C eroo                           252       479       395       363       441      361        393       486       473      478       490         203      559        436
Cape Verde                           -.         6         9        I1I       6         9          9         8        14       1 9       22           3        6         I I
Central African Repujblic             8        28        14        14        7        2 1        IS        1 2       1 5      28        1 7          9       27         1 7
Chad                                  6        10         9        10        16       1 8        1 5       30        35       34        32           5       10         21
Comoros                               0         1         8         6        2         3          1         1         3        6         8           1        1          4
Congo, Democratic Rep. of          497       327        158        64       IS5        6         1 8       42         0        1         3        241       458         63
Conigo, Republic of                 78       483        260       127       98       537        146       321       96        25         5        136       355       210
C6te d'lvoire                     1,312     1,095     1,142     1,030      984     1,224      1,023     1,338     1,254     1,288    1,379        822     1,110      1,176
Djibouti                              3        1 1       10        10        9        1 1        1 1       12         7        5         4          3        10          9
Equatorial Guinea                    2          5         4         3        1         1          2         5        S         4         4          3         7          3
Efitrea                              ..         .         .         .         .        0          0         0         1        4         4           .        .I
Ethiopia                            36       228        131       104       90       107        153       346       99       118       157         5 I      242        153
Gabon                              399        131       261      383       112       225       439        373      415       283       515        235       134       314
Gambia,The                            1        37        30        29       27        30        26         27       26        26        20          5        2 1        28
Glhana                              141      356        285      300       286       343       378        447      530       540       486         87       348       395
Guinea                             100        165       133        84       81        94        173       110       145      147       122         76       105        125
Guinea-Bissau                        4          6        22         6        3         7         1 5       II1        9        8         9          2         7         10
Kenya                              376        713       665      621       579       843        866       814      640       573       676        343       648       699
Lesotho                               5        23        26        34       33        29         40        37        45       SI1       5 1          6       1 9        37
Liberia                             43          3        17         1       22        15          2         1         0         1        3         4 1       2 1         6
Madagascar                           72      215        156        93       75        63         55        79      211       123       160         72       208        123
Malawi                               71       128       126       lOS       78        79        116        85       82        83        67         58       109         95
Mali                                 1 3       65        43        56       77        87         85       114        70       74        98          1 3      62         77
Mauritania                          40        137        89        81      124       102        112       112       105      102        98         5 1      104        106
Mauritius                           44        151       168       180      125       148       210        179      259       285       234         54       146        194
Mozambique                           ..        64        75        78      119       122       161        140       101      100       119          6        66        108
Namnibia                              3         2         0         0        0        45          2         1         2        1 0      IS5          2        8          8
Niger                               122        90        98        5 1      88        64         55        56        59       61        50          87      130         67
Nigeria                            772      3,304     2,917     3,709     1,441    1,822      1,777     2,461     1,383     1,283      884       1,064    2,213      2,098
Rwanda                                4        1 6       18        1 5       16        3         20        17        2 1       19       30           4       21)        1 7
S8oTlom6 andl'nnicipe                 1         2         2         2        2         2          2         3         3        4         4           1        3          3
Senegal                            235       296        293       196      108       220       267       281       236       306       220        112       309       242
Seychelles                           0         18        15        17       17        16        23         IS        14       20        23           I       13         18
Sierra Leone                        60         16        12       30        27       155         78        58        16       20        21         36        21         43
Somalia                             13         10         0         0        0         0          1         3         0        0         1          14       31          2
South Affica                          ..        .         .         .         .    2,650      2,976     3,732     5,987    3,756     4,208                   ..      3,885
Sudan                              194        25         22       27        20         3        69         48        58       61        57        147       115         39
_Swazilanid                          17        47         29       25        24        26        21         33       2         22        29         12        36        28
Tanzania                           135        170       202      231       208       179       229        266       160      239       186         100      147       207
Togo                                38         80        50        32       23        19         26        56        54       38        36         44       108         41
Uganda                               52       140       144       108      154       146        134       147       156      161       179         49       173        147
Zambia                             410        199       592      350       362       374      2,622       242      235       193       431        295       216        560
Zimbabwe                            50       422        413      550       590       574       610        617      642       938       607         107      456        596
NORTH AFRICA                       6.7 81   I .007    15.545     '.1I78   15,713   12.802     11.668    11.378    10.934    11.386   l I.S31        :*     uS        l.iI1
Algeria                           3,968     8,624     9,067     9,110    9,027     5,073      4,182     4,160     4,408     5,121    5,322       2,848    5,703      6,409
Egypt, Arab Repuiblic               813     2,751     2,395     2,512    2,037     2,092      2,230     2,166     1,691     1,583    1,502        871     2,159      2,096
Libya                              140       457        380      374        55       610         75       284       300      520       464        322       372       352
Morocco                           1,341     1.774     2.372     3.876    3.308     3.622      3.740     3.343     3.172    2.791     3.087        921     1.693      3,108
Tuni4s                ____           l      I4a         13I     1. 11      285     I 49      _I 312     I 42        3'3     I 3'I    Il11s                    , 
ALL AFRICA               I~~~~~~_2 :k  2.2    25,115   ~      2r1 1  22.48  24 t367  25,n'7     25'3     229       21.214                                   '-95  A 2'''u 2  is)
Note: In 1995, Zarnbia was able to clear its arrears to the IMF after completing a 3 year Rights Arrangement Program.



166                                                        External Debt and Related Flows
6-14. , lniteirest 1payments: shoirt-teirm lloans
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                            Annual Average
1980      199/      1992      1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998      1999     2000       75-84    85-89     90-MRl
:STTBS  AHARkR&N   FR IC A v       .1 029...   603:     ::S58~ .  527<      01K        83�..           .:lOI 05    llSS      1069       969        542       1,1       :817
5%,Iuding S-.MzTh.Aftia   :     1.020 *..'     0  :..558.        '7721     384        AUJ   .   i9       406.   *::..11      18ci                 547           - 
tl%, S Afrnc.& Nig'eri.~      .1    5):     7   .::58            U         334        1J8       'U2      103       4(,       ISQ        sh                 5s'     _____
Angola                               ..        53       54       0.'                    3        i          .       J          .         I I12
Benin                               II          3         2         I        1          2         2        4         5         5         ..5                  7         3
Botswana                              2         0         0        0         0          0         0         I        0         0         0          0         0         0
Burkina Faso                          5         6         5        2         2          2         2         3        3         4         ..2                  4          3
Burundi                              2          I         I         1        1          1         0         0         I        0         0           1        2          1
Cameroon                             28        33       3 1       30        24         39        24       40        55         .         .         1 7       54        35
Cape Verde                           ..         0         0        0         0          1         0         0        0         0         0          0         0          0
Central AfTican Republic              2         2         2        2         2          1         I         I         1        2         ..                   2          I
Chad                                  0         2         1         1        0          1         0         1         1        ..        0          0         0 
Comoros                               0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0        0         0         0          0         0          0
Congo, Democratic Rep. of           45         20        1 3      1 3        9          8         7        1 2       18       1 8       25          1 8      27         1 5
Congo, Reptiblic of                  3 1       40        35       30        20         35        1 8       16       16         0         0         1 2       45         24
C6te dIlvoire                        95       138       130      11O        20         23        37       105       96        1 0       1 0        47        80         77
Djibouti                              1         4         2        2         1          1         0         1        0         0         ..1                  2          1
Equatorial Guinea                     I         0         0        0         I          0         0         1        2          1                    I.       0          0
Eritrea                              ...                            .        0          0         0         0        0         0         ..                              0
Ethiopia                              9         7         5        5         4          I         I         I         I        2         1          4         7          3
Gabon                               33         48        50       45        43         1 7       1 1       18       25         0         0         13        3 1        27
Gambia,The                            3         1         I         1        2          1         1         1         1        0         0           1        2 
Ghana                                18        17        19       22        26         28        36        29       38        16        16          1 2      12         24
Guinea                                9         4         4        3         3          5         3        10        12        0         0          4         5          4
Guinea-Bissau                         I         I         0        0         0          0         1         I        0         0         1           I        2 
Kenya                                58        55        49       53        38         36        30        30       39        39         0         24        39         40
Lesotlio                              I         0         0        0         0          0         0         0        0         0         0          0         0          0
Liberia                             I1I         0         0        0         0          0         0         0        0         0         ..4                  3          0
Madagascar                          29          5         3        3         2          3         4         1        2         0         ..9                  4          3
Malawi                               16         4         4         1        1          3         4         3         1        0         0           5        5          2
Mali                                  3         3         2        2         1          2         2        IS5        8        0         0           2        4          3
Mauritania                            7        10         6        4         4          5         4         8         8        0         0           5        7          5
Mauritius                             8         5         3        4        1O         16        19        23       27        30        30          3         3         16
Mozambique                           ..         7         5        3         I          I         1         3         4        0         0           0        8          4
Namnibia                              .         ..        .         ..       .          ..        .         .         0        0         0           ..0
Niger                                19        10         2         2        2          I         I         2         1         I        .           7        7          3
Nigenia                            379         28        40       50        50         56        48        33       38          I         1       236       169         34
Rwanda                                3         6         6        6         1          1         I         2         2        0          -.         1        3          3
Sao Tom6 and Principe                 0         0         0         1        0          0         0         0         0        0         0          0         0          0
Senegal                              24        21        1 5       IS5      14         14         7        II1      15         6         5          13       21         14
Seychelles                           37         3         2         1        1          1         I         I         I        0         0          S         2          I
Sierra Leone                          6         4         5        4         5          1         1         1        0          1        0          3         4          2
Somalia                               0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0        0         0         ..0                  0          0
South Africa                          ...                           .      251       415        504      555       622       880       880          ..587
Sudan                               70          0         0        0         0          0         0         0        0         0         ..        39        38          3
Swaziland                             2         0         0        0         0          0         0         8        2         2         0           1        1          1
Tanzania                             26         5         5        4         5          4         6         6         7        8         0          12       19          5
Togo                                 14         5         5        4         4          3         2         2         2        4         ..6                  6          4
Uganda                                5         S         5        3         3          2         3         4         4        0         0          2         3          3
Zambia                                0         3         1         1        2          1         9        10        10        0         0          0         0          4
Zimbabwe                             15        48       45        33        28         35        44        44       43        41        ..         22        25         41
NORTH AFRICA                         6W   .    3  .:..420     ..285 .      .233..:    :216. >194 ... 330::s         305:.   ~:.*96:.  ..92 .     ::462 ..:569.. _280
Algeria                             116       100      200        36        33         22        13        13        15       10        10        ISO       125         57
Egypt, Arab Republic               422        220       168      164       130        132       133      262       227         0         0        246       351        158
Morocco                             lOS        18        15       18        18         24         9         6         3        9         0         57        71         13
Tunisia ___         __26                      39         37       67        52        38         39        49       60        77        82          0        71         5?
ALLAFRIC~%                         I.'          i .                                                                                     '8  I   r   is i:'s I31  t  I  I :'.4  I.2tv  I 0'r



External Debt and Related Flows                                                                         167
6-15. Net flows: long- and short-term loans, including IMF
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                               Annual Average
1980       1991      1992      1993      1994       1995       1996      1997      1998      1999      2000___75-84         85-89     90-MR
SLUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                 9.'t9      3.86U     5.028     5,038    10,307      7.383      3.19 2    5,021     .1,060     1.411       589      7.831     5.2115     4.35u,
excludmng South Afnlca             9:)096     3,860     5,028     5.038     1.U44      3,970      2.511     5,453      -7714     -228        589      7.831     5.215      3.052
excl S.Africa & Nigena             '.215      4,021     5,736     4,566      1'04      4.529      3.838     6,115      .505      1.803     1.796      6. Y0'    6,1(01     3.7'J2
AnP -1.                    - '     ~~~227     905       294       305        -93         74     -429         5 8       176      263 --      316     1,029        329
Benin                                 42        106        39        87       113        105        101       114       -24        72          ..        85        52         s0
Botswana                               8         49        23        45       -10          2        -43       -18       -66       130        142         29        37         20
Burkina Faso                          56        131       105       109       117        124         8 1       71        64       125                    52        76        100
Burundi                                0         66       101        45        25         26          4         3        10         -9        -4          0        1 9        30
C&amenroon             ~~538                     70       380        134       305         65       -188       672        65        48       246         354       283        226
Cape Verde                             ..         1        12         6        25         35         -5        14        31         7        25          1 8        8         14
Central Aftican Republic              3 1        94        39        54        32         25         14        -3         -8       25          ..        22        67         38
Chad                                  -8         97       120        51        72         63        110        77        24       118        98          22        47         85
Comoros                               13         -2        1 5        5         7         1 1         4         8         -5       28         29         12        14          9
Congo Democratic Rep. of             278        125       -26         0      -140         61        -91       242       -13        13         20        368       234         25
Congo. Republic of                   541       .266       -35       310        79        166      -451         96       -66       183         -2        241       189         10
Cated'flvoire                      1,257       561        627       731    -1,002        935      2,117       413    .1,064      -110       -191        741       351        382
Djibouti                               9         1 7       30        36       -10         1 3        1 8       1 1        3         3          ..10                22         1 4
Equatorial Guinea                     41          8        13        13        1 7        -8          0        19        12         -7        -7         12        12          6
Eritrea                                 .         .         .         .        27          7          7        33        73       123         7 1         .         ..        49
Ethiopia                              94       358       233        314       190        134         23       130        97       134        88         446       435        173
Gabon                               -122         87      -193        19       -18         14        -84       260      -172      -288       -163         72       295        -34
Gambia, The                           58         13        35        26       -20         -6         44        -5         3         4          6         26        15         10
Ghana                                 75       563        306       370       323        410        654       273       288        40        94         150       242        333
Guinea                                23        122       143       228       120         98         72       403       -43          .         .         52       149        136
Guinea-Bissau                         73         34        23        1 9       27         13         30        27        1 1         1        18         28        33         23
Kenya                                718       280        114       154      -322        104       -185        21      -183      -169       -214        318       346         19
Lesotho                               20         5 1       67        59        47         41         30        30        22         18        39         16        33         41
Liberia                               95        -15        -l        10       -14          0         1 1      -21         3          I         .         93        23         -3
MaW.dagascar                          46         119        5 1       67        22         59         6        21        10         -8        3299                 128         80
Malawi                               154         96       106       107        95        183        181        48       112       174        178         95        66        124
Mali                                  99        116       119        63        92        200        135       283       -36       118         94         93       III        122
Maurntanfia                          139         60       -49        85        96         68        103       158       -84        -48       -32        115        86         42
Mauritius                            104         56        56        22       260        312        110       768       -25         -3        ..         60        27        163
Mvozambique                            ..        58      235         99       189        193        197       341       189       382       409         320       309        224
Namnibia                               ...                             .        .           .         .         .                    .         .                               5
Niger                                286       -128        48        26        28          -9        13       102        33        -55         ..       120       110         18
Nigeria                            2,780       -162      -708       472      -660       -559     -1,327      -663      -269     -2,031    -1,207      1,524      -886       -650
Rwanda                                36         91        73        50       -11         53         52       114        79        89         82         32        70         66
S&o Tom6 and Principe                  7         28        26        15         8         14               5              5        14         11          6        14         13
Senegal                              246        -69       177        70       -29         74        -14       141        98       -48        30         221       214         59
Seychelles                          -390         10        - I       -3         6        -17         -2         9        33        23         18          8        10          7
Sierra Leone                          62         19       112       161        90       -136         41        24        58        20         58         53        40         42
Somalia                              138         13         0         0         0          0          0        -7         5         0          ..       154        74          7
South Africa                           .          ..        .         ..    9,263      3,412        681      -432      -287     1,638          ...                   .     2,379
Sudan                                839       116       272         91         9          0       -119      -157       -14      -191        -59        642       243         II
S~waziland                             31         -7        -9        -8        -3          7         -1       164      -127        -4          2         24        -1         -2
Tanzania                             405        131       309       109       162         90        147       231       140       216        132        341       157        172
Togo                                 108        44         27       -60        56         39         68         9        49        988.                 101        48         33
Uganda                               130        169       236       246       224        184        206       248       100       227        191        103       164        209
Zambia                               360        123        82        29        88        435        169       -83        25        60        91         305       236         81
Zimnbabwe                            148       202        793       283        28        437        142       213      -369       102          ..       225__ -16-         - 217
NORT-    -iAF&I    -    - ____      5A16   1    .0(-4-1    36     -1.014     1.973        7   3   .   9   -   5         l"-A2-A0                       595       '10         -0
Algeria                            1,261         64      -137      -868     2.029      1,392      1,624      -421    -1,609    -1,941     -1,845      1,611      945      -237
Egypt, Arab Republic               2,465       385       -608      -333        28        -28       -547       465       820      -522       -788      2,596     1,411       -220
Morocco                            1,624        140       555       -35      -532       -306       -172      -863      -266      -437          ..     1,346       521       -103
Tunisia                              267 -     455        576     -221        448        654        693       568      -718       479        173        382       303        349
ALL.kFRCA                          15.614      403       5.414      .04      1.281t      9,095     4.91       4770     -2.3       1.Ulu    -1872        3.766    8.9        41'



168                                                       External Debt and Related Flows
6-16. Net flows: longr-term loans, including IMF
Millions of US     dollars (current prices)                                        Annual Average
1980      1990      199)      1992     1993      1994      1995       1996     1997      1998     1999       75-84    85-89    90-MR
SUiBSAHARAN AFRICA                8.575     4.800     4.318    .3.8.17   4.855     4,833     4.628       84U     1.576     -585      *93u      6.846     5.334     2,l
n'cluding S,-uth Afnica          8.5 75    4.800     4.318     3.847    4.855     3.310     3.150     1l318     2.103      218      -233      6 846     5.334  ;:<2,709:
encl S Ainca_& Nigena            7.061     5 053     4.3Y3     SI IQ(   4.890     3,458     3.635     2.420     2.629      7(06      188      5 830     5.132     3.256
Angola                              ..       679        96      501       623       263       215       124       385      -122      -42        234      758       272
Benin                               66       100        96        65       85       110        89       101        25       27        36         79       56         73
Botswana                            21       -37        49        23       45       -10         1       -45       -52       -33      -55         28       37        -11
Burkina Faso                        59        60       130       128      131       105       110        8 1       56       7 1       79         50       70         95
Burundi                             4 1       67        66       102       54        25        1 8       1 4       -1        9        -1         39       89         35
Cameroon                          495        448       218      466       217       275       -96       -18        1 5      -32       19        316      253        151
Cape Verde                           ..        8        -1        10        6        23        16        19        12        31       31         18        8         16
Central African Republic            33       104        91        39       46        47        23        19        -5        -6        5         21       65         36
Chad                                 0       105        88       139       50        74        62       109        68       29        77         22       43         80
Comoros                             13         5        -2        15        4         8         9         6         3        -1       -5         11       14          4
Congo, Democratic Rep. of          326       115       214        55       54        -3        - 1      -33         0        - I      -1        359      182         40
Congo, Republic of                 485       -45      -172       33       383        45       -69      -116       -32        -8       -4        224      141          2
C6te dIlvoire                    1,055       551       330      259       234       618       299       154      -602       -57     -585        709       49        120
Djibouti                             8        18        46        36       19        17         9        19         9         5        5          8        17        is
Equatorial Guinea                   36         6        14        13       13         6         1         -1       -2        -3        0         10        15         5
Eritrea                              .         .                   .        .        27         7         7        33       67       109          .         ..       42
Ethiopia                           102       197       351      283       343       190       141        25       127       98       131        440      429        189
Gabon                             -109       164        49       -29       22        79        62        -16       -4       -89     -221         53      233          2
Gambia, The                         55         7         8        34        5        -i         3        36         4         1        6         22       20         10
Ghana                              143       243       470      290       323       220       339       605       252      246       110        127      246        310
Guinea                              54        86       148       160      242       128        71        76       165        77       29         47      136        118
Guinea-Bissau                       72        34        38        37       22        25        14        25        30        15         1        23       40         24
Kenya                              509       321       553        92       81      -257        98       -100     -230      -190     -260        298      310         II
Lesotho                             12        47        50        66       59        47        41        30        30        22       19         15        33        41
Liberia                             91        -2       -13         0       20       -15         0          0        0        -1        -1        89        20        -l
Madagascar                         401       110       133        61       77        39        SI        96       218        31       67        191       141        88
Malawi                             156        75       120        87      145        94       151       128       123       113      102         90        59       114
Mali                               100       150       119       139       63       101       176        132       98        53       64         87       114       109
Mauritania                         129        50        10        84       97       100        55        94        39       -14       -13       107        79        50
Mauritius                          124        58        56        -l       22        83       255        32       691      -102       30         56       29        112
Mozambique                           ..      202       115      231       168       187       182       208       241       191       84        30       292    -   181
Namibia                              0         0         0         0       50      -45         23         19       20         7       59          0        -2        13
Niger                              233        85       -42        46       35        41       -13         11       66        61        2        114       106        29
Nigeria                          1,510      -253       -76    -1,343       -35     -148      -486     -1,102     -525     -487      -421       1,015     203       -488
Rwanda                              31        53        89        71       50        20        56         52       80        93       91         28        68        65
Sao Tomd and Principe                9        IS        29        23       14        14        13         10        3         4        3          6        11        13
Senegal                            230        55        44       180       72        47        46        56       110        38      -70        195      216         58
Seychelles                          12        -4         9        13        6         8         -7        2         2         9        -8         6         7         3
SierraLeone                         54        12         6        36       86       103        56        43        40        SI       19         35        10        45
Somalia                            125        40        13         0        0         0         0         0         0         0        0        149       81          5
South Africa                         .         ...                          ..    1,524      1,478     -478      -528      -803     -698          .         .        83
Sudan                              790       169      -116        94       91         9        -3        -18      -38       -59      -44-       565      163         32
Swaziland                           24       -21        -6       -10        -9        4         3         8         8         3        4         23       -4         -3
Tanzania                           352       209       164       307      133       142       112        78       220       130      215        294       193       171
Togo                               101        61        39        35        3        42        41        65        29        52        7         95       28         37
Uganda                             116       263       164      229       291       210       189       183       237       97        76        100       159       194
Zambia                             421        38        68       100       29        88       539        80       122      -49       -31        289       146        98
Zimbabwe                            93       154       232      647       389       132       250        24        37      -160       56        190      -29        176
NORTHAFRICA                       5.t8?     1.212       -1_8.     Il                1.373     1.54 7    L1.94i    -625    -21       -2. S I5    5,334    3681    §13
Algeria                            869       156      -384      309      -775     2,093      1,770     1,555     -255    -1,633    -1,909     1,43-5     929         93
Egypt, Arab Republic             2,297       214       299       -25      180       100      -466       -523     -179     -452      -564      2,175     1,464      -141
Libya                              110         6      -142      256       375      -507        77        -14        I        33       -64       101      316          2
Morocco                          1,584       803       256      375        39      -445      -284      -250      -797      -148     -438      1,250      708        -89
Tunisia             _______321                33       429       396      272       131       450       427       605      -220    _460         373      262        298
ad.L -.FRCA                       7S         .i2      4'5       518      491     6-.20.      6.-17-5   2.034      -,50_   .3.00:3   ..474-5   1210      902        2. ',8i



External Debt and Related Flows                                                                     169
6-17. Net transfers: long- and short-term loans, including IMF
Millions of/US. dollars (current prices)                                            Annual Average
1980      1991      1992      1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998      1999     2000       75.84    85-89     90-MIf?
'SI B-SAHARAN AFRICA               6.5:7    .1.401       430)    2,530     5.529     2,007     -2.632      146    -5.67.1   -5.914    5.5759      5 384      756      -815
E-%Lludu18 South Afnca            6.527    -1.401      430      1.672   -2.826        -85    -1.846    21.0 17   A..274    .3.465   -:3.628     5.384       756     -1.058
excl S.Africa & Nigena___          .6.6       84 3    3.009    2.112    *l1.(a l    1.389       572     3,2 56   .3.4418   - 1.1I1I'  .1.59r1   4.5'3     2.883       722
Angola                                0        7 1     802       202       200      -226       -259      243      -157      .886    -1,096        121      926        -25
Benin                               2 7        9 1       26       7 3       92         8 1       82        9 1      -44        9        - 1        7 5       3 1       5 2
B3otswana                            -1I       1 3      -13       1 2      -41        -26      -122      -48        -89       54         0         2 1        5       -30
Burkina Faso                        45        110        86       91       100        104        63        53       3 1       47       -15         46        59        66
Burundi                              36        52       85        32        12         1 5       -5        -6         2       29        52         37        74        29
Camneroon                          38        -4         189       -55      124       -150      -450       440      -228       24       246        245        5 1       39
Cape Verde                            0        -3         9        4        21         30        -8        10       27        24         7          7         5        12
Central Aftican Republic            28         85        31       49        21         1 9        9        -7      -14       -26       -23         1 8       55        22
Chad                                 -9        91       113       42        63         57        96        65         1       93         0         21        44        66
Comoros                              13        -4        12        4         6         II1        4         7        -5       20        19         1 1       13         7
Congo, Democratic Rep. of            13        38       -74      -23      -151         38      -103      229        -31        -5       -4        232        29       -13
Congo, Republic of                 473       -357       -99      258      -174         69      -650        39       -76     -306      -414        180        47      -162
C8te d'Ivoire                      572       -100       61       222    -1,459       514      1,602      -109    -1,764      -66      -112        277     -290        -60
Djibouti                              7        1 1       26       3 1      -13         1 1       1 5        9        -3       -3        -3          8        16         9
Equatorial Guinea                   40          6        1 1      1 2       IS         -9        -l        17        13         1       -1         11       1I0         7
Eritrea                               .         ..        .        ..       27          7         7        33       69       120         0          .         ..       37
Ethiopia                            67        313       186      285       146         7 1      -33        82       27       101        48        422       363       125
Gabon                              -275      -109     -489        -67     -167       -226      -331        -2     -343      -559      -426         -7      205       -245
Gambia, The                         55          5       27        1 8      -27        -12        39       -12         1        -2       29         24         7         6
Ghana                               22       451       185       248       202       312        503       Ill       98       -96        77        108       130       211
Guinea                             --11        79       106      188        76        49         25      348       -121     -102      -147         28       11 6       48
Guinea-Bissau                        7 1       27        20       1 7       23          7        26        23         7        -5       24         26        28        1 9
Kenya                              489        -41      -147     -111      -651       -197      -462      -199      -373      106       -35        168        70      -166
Lesotho                              1 8       40        54       47        36         26        1 4       1 1       - 1       -2       1 8        1 3       27        26
Liberia                             60        -17        -1         I      -14         -2        1 0      -21         3        - 1      -9         72         9         -s
Madagascar                         419         42        II1      36         0         39        37       116       60        2 1       - 1       161        38        4 1
Malawi                              101        49        70       78        69       141        148        1 8      87       146       153         62        1 4       9 1
Mali                                92         97       99        1 9       67        175        73      247        -63       92        65         86        87        9 1
Mauritania                          117        24       -74       39        54         30        69       114      -126      -85       -19         94        4 7        7
Mauritius                            70         0        - 1      -24      205       241         2 1      621      -179     -161       -79         34       -23        6 1
Mozamnbique                           0        16       187       20       133        116       148       295       173      113      -145        127       274       I08
Namibia                               0         0         0        0         0          0         0         0         4      -34       -33          0         0         -6
Niger                              202       -161        31         1       10        -24         1        87         8        -4      -29         75        46 
Nigeria                           1,872    -2,244    -2,579     -440     -1.785    -1,474    -2,418    -1,239      -826    -2,348    -2,038       811    -2,127     -1,780
Rwanda                               31        79        61       39       -14        44         45       104        52       78         ..        29        60        53
Sao Torn6and Principe                7         27       25        13         7         13         3         3         4        8        II1         6        12        1 1
Senegal                            151       -193       109       28      -110        -13      -143        52        -8     -115       -56        162        67       -32
Seychelles                         -427         3        -7       -10       -2        -25        -7         4        25        17       t0          3         3 
Sierra Leone                         47        14        94      143        28       -156        29        15        33        10       49         41        31        24
Somalia                            135         13         0        0         0         -1        -3        -7         5        -1      -12        149        62         4
South Affica                          0         0         0      858     8,356      2,092      -786    -1,870    -1,400    -2,449   -2,131          0         0       243
Sudan                              707        106      259        81         9        -15      -131      -173        41       89       106        544       -17        46
Swaziland                           20        -15       -17      -15        -9          2       -13       149      -136       16         -6   -    17       -14       -11
Tanzania                           325         69      245         2        95          4        43       184        71      174        54        288        92       100
Togo                                 74        17        11       -72       46         28        42        -7        33       83       -30         78        -5        11
Uganda                             118        123      202       208       186       147        163       205        71      140       128         87       117       164
Zambia                             219       -182       -86     -124       -81       -121        74      -165      -45      -109        19        203       151       -93
Zimbabwe                            122         7      585        70      -202       193        -96       -15      -586     -133       -10        163      -191         -5
NORWAFRICA _____                2.250     .3.398    .5,716   -5,856    -2,792     -1.4116  -.3.586t   4..3.'4   -6.510   .5.'4 2   -7.)9,3     3.18     -.1051    -4.'*4
Aligeria                          -294     -1,884    -2,220    -2,649      468      -422       -470    -2,470    -3,971  --3-,74-2  _-3,4 7 3     4 89     -7 72   --2,1l5-9
Egypt, Arab Republic              1,676      -505    -1,816    -1,562   -1,255     -1,401    -1,734      -533       -80    -1,243    -1,465     1,928       174     -1,291
Morocco                            857     -1,023    -1,801    -1,363   -1,925     -1,696    -1,517    -1,931    -1,287    -1,340   -1,121        822     -394      -1,364
Tu-nisia    -   _   _-           -   12        14       122     -282    _ -81 --    -113   -    134        30       -,23     39-3  -:_03   _     _218 -     -59      -7
:ALL AFRIC.%                       8.778    -4,'98    -5.286    .3,126     2.'37__-1.399       -6.218  ~4757     .12.244   -11l.846  .12.849      884Ž       .2-95   .5 8118



170                                                        External Debt and Related Flows
6-18. Net transfers: long-term loans, including IMF
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                            Annual Average
1980      1991      1992      1993      1994      1995       1996     1997      1998      1999      2000      75.84     85-89    90-MRfl
SUrB-SA.HA.RAN AFRlC9%             6.u95      -34u      -194     2.821      '16         49    -2.120    -2.268    -4(045    -6.852    -6.187      4.904    1.676     -1.836
e%cduding South Afnca             6.095      .340      -194     1.966     .132       .524    *2.6"9      -857    -2.751    -5.283    4,03 7     4.91)1    1.676 :...A:,,412
e%dJ S Africa &Nigeria            5,114 ...7 0        2q81     2.863      1,N I       820      -533       212    -1,745    .2.890    -2.899     4.364    .2,544    . .388.
Angola                                0        -7       452      597       213        135      -161       245      -29       -88     -1,096        90       689       -20
Benin                                63        84        54       72        91         67        84         6        II        14        -1        74        42        52
Botswana                             14        14       -12        12      -41        -26      -123       -80       -56       54         0         20         6        -30
BurkinaFaso                          53       115       114      115        90         92        66        40       41        51       -15         45        57        69
Burundi                             38         53       87        4 1       1 2         7         S       -10         2       29        52         36        75        30
Cameroon                          37 4         38      306        58       118      -271       -256      -177      -270       -24        ..       224        75        -24
Cape Verde                            0        -3         7        4        20         13        16         8        28        13        9          7         6         II1
Central African Republic            32         84        32       43        38         18        IS5       -8       -12       -25      -23         18        55        23
Chad                                 -1        83       134       42        66         57        95        57         6       103        0         21        40        68
Comoros                              1 3       -4        1 2        3        7          9         6         2        -1       20        19          II1      13         7
Conga. Democratic Rep. of           106       146        20       43         -5       -18       -39         0         0         6        0        241         3         13
Congo, Republic of                 448       -223         4      362      -188       -131      -296       -73        -2     -797      -375         174       44       -171
C6te dIlvoire                      465       -194      -177     -165       181        -99      -323    -1,018      -662      -724     -776        292      -511      -353
Djibouti                              7        44        33        17       IS5         7        16         7         0         0        -3          7       14        14
Equatorial Guinea                   36         1 2       11        1 2       5          0        -2        -3        -1         2        -l         9        1 3        4
Eritrea                               .         ..        .         ..      27          7         7        3 3       64       120        0           .        ..       3 7
Ethiopia                             83       313      241       319       ISO         80       -29        8 1       29       101       60        419       364        136
Gabon                              -228       -99      -275       -19      -27       -160      -252      -247      -236      -559     -426         -13      174      -202
Gambia, The                         54          1        27        -2       -7         -2        3 1       -2        -1        -2       23          2 1      14          6
Ghana                               108       375       188      223       125        270       489       120        95       -42       92         96       147        189
Guinea                               30       108       127      205        88         27        32       119        1 0     -102     -147          27      107        45
Guinea-Bissau                        7 1       33        35       20        21          9        2 1       27        1 1       -3        16        22        37        20
Kenya                              338        287      -119     -132      -549       -168      -347      -421      -342      -298     -357         172       74      -216
Lesotho                              10        40        53       47        37         26        I 5       1          0        -2        18         13       28        26
Liberia                             67        -15        -l        I 1     -15         -2        -2         0         0        -2        -9         72       10         -3
Madagascar                         373         62        24       49        19         35        77       125        -7        17        -1        162       56        38
Malawi                              119        77        54       117       68        ill        99        96        90        70       128         63       20         86
Mali                                 96       103       121       22        76        153        72        76        34        92       65          82       94         86
Mauritania                          115       -17        64       55        62         22        63         3       -47       -71         8         90       46         14
Maufitius                            98         5       -53       -21       38        199       -39       568      -229      -219      -115         33      -19         13
Mozainbique                           0        81       188       92       132        106       160       199       178       11       15          119      265        1 16
Namibia                              0          0         0         0        0          0         0         0         4       -34       -34          0        0         -6
Niger                               168       -66        32        12       25        -26         0        52        37        -3      -29         77        49          8
Nigeria                            981     -2,130    -3,174     -897     -1,223    -1,344    -2,146    -1,069    -1,007    -2,393    -2,038       540      -869     -1,800
Rwanda                              29         83        65       45        19         48        45        72        68        78        ..        27        62         57
Sao Tomnland Principe                9         28        22        13       12         12         8         2         3         8        1I          6       10         12
Senegal                            160        -59       127       46       -19        -26       -65        32       -53       -99       -40       150        9-1 8
Seychelles                           12         5         8        0         2        -14        -3        -3         3        17       10          6         3 
Sierra L.,one                       45          5        22       72        45         37        32        32        26        15       48         27         5        31
Somalia                            122         13         0        0         0         -1        -3         0         0        -1      -12        144        70         3
South Africa                         0          0         0      858       868       573     -1,441    -1,411    -1,294    -1,569    -1,251         0         0      -424
Sudan                              727        106       81        81         9        -18       -31       -53       -4       -19        -7        509       Ill        28
Swaziland                            15       -14       -17       -16      -0          -2        -4         1        -4       -14        -6         17      -6         -II
Tanzania                           298        107      248        30        80         29       -19       178        68       182       54        253       148       101
Togo                                81         17        23        -6       36         33        41        15        38         6       -30        78       -19         18
Uganda                              109       123      200       256       175        153       143       198        72       128      128         87       115        164
Zambia                             280       -235       -67     -122       -80        -16        -6        51      -109      -109        19        187       60        -64
Zimbabwe                             82        85      484       209       -70         42      -170      -147      -335       -92  --   -10       150      -179          0
.NORTH.AFRICA                      2.3'4     .3.464   -4.627    -1.841    .2 .5 3    -3.4 32   .3'.782   .4,948    -6.9441  -6.51'    .o.39!      3.218     -30u     -4.15Q5
Algeria                           -570     -2,232    -1,574    -2,521      566        -22      -526    -2,292    -3,981    -3,741    -3,490       463      -663     -1,955
Egypt, Arab Republic              1,930      -371    -1,065     -886    -1,053     -1,708    -1,577      -914    -1,124    -1,243    -1,465      1,754      578     -1,110
Morocco                            922       -889    -1,966    -1,271   -1,820     -1,650    -1,586    -1,859    -1,166    -1,505    -1,121       784      -136     -1,354
Tunisia                             92         27      --22  -.-163       -346        -53       -92       117      -673       -28     -319        2111      -79      -176
ALL'AFR1CA     i8 40,                        38u4    .4.S2(1    ?.'):  I   .1.l'    -3.384     *7.9,)l   .".21t,  IluQ899   I13.3tq.0   -2,.8P    8.122     1.376    -6 43(1



External Debt and Related Flows                                                               171
6-19. Long-term debt: official concessional
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                        Annual Average
1980      1990     1991      1992     1993     1994      1995      1996     1997     1998      1999     75.84    85-89    90-AIR
SU`B-SAHAR.AN AFRICA            16-310   58.608    63-233   66,199    69,819   76,1 I    80,989    82.9'70  83,247   9t).2-23  85.16 3   i6,39B   4 2.892   75.65',
excluding SouLh Africa         16-310    58.608   63.233   66.199    69.819  '76.110    80.989    82.97ui  83,.247  90.22.3  85.163     16.398   42.89,    '75 65',
excl S Afinca & NIgirta        15.' 2   58.087    62.2'!   65.227    68.725   74.820    79.612   81.616    81.925   B8.641   87.439     16 o3fl  42.475   '74.436
Angola                             ..     1,1f97   1,280     1,302    1,315    1,405     1,490    2,152     2,212    2,739    2,54          1 8    423      1,785
Benin                             1 66    1,009    1,036     1,105    1,165    1,270     1,253     1,293    1,265    1,333    1,359        166     539      1,209
Botswana                         5.)9      185       229      233      264      293       340       322      290       296      268        86       126      272
Burkina Faso                     221       597       724      820      914      906      1,001     1,085    1,077    1,175    1,249       177      493       955
Burundi                           104      779       836      890      946     1,012     1,047     1,040     989     1,048    1,023       107      570       961
Camneroon                        873      1,826    1,868    2,350     2,490    3,510     4,108    4,158     4,231    4,559    4,268       690     1,335     3,337
Cape Verde                          ..      96        98      105      107       133       147      154       162      194      233        32        80       143
Central African Republic           59      511       609      629      674      723       765       768      724       750      745        64      354       690
Chad                              171      402       495      538      592      674       694       763      807       873      928       141      218       677
Comoros                           43       159       158      168      163       172       183      184       181      179      171        44       152      172
Congo, Democratic Riep. o-f      862     3,136     3,269    3,207     3,217    3,403     3,511    3,361     3,1~27   3,4~06   3,20~6      820     1,947     3,284
Congo, Republic of               404      1,739    1.816     1,756    1,690    1,884     1,984    2,003     1,854    1,886    1,730       373      885      1,834
C8tedIrvoire                     438     3,096     3,398    3,504     3,696    3,883     4,563    4,806     4,503    4,943    4,418       411     1,770     4,081
Djiboufi                           1 5     152       202      217      229      253       267       278      252      263       252         1 9     123      236
Equatorial Guinea                 32       118       125      132      139     _1.42       148      145       139      144      142        31       84       137
Eritrea                            ..        .         .        .         .       29       37        42       73       140      237          .        ..      93
Ethiopia                          562    7,533     7,677    7,858     8,184    8,485     8,717     8,695    8,633    8,812    4,795      1,352    5,913     7,939
Gabon                             113      422       488      448      408      573       702       742      893       948      821        87      230       645
Gamnbia, The                      68       250       269      298      310      336       362       395      389       417      413        59       185      344
Ghana                             775    2,120     2,382    2,574     2,895    3,343     3,741    4,006     4,077    4,620    4,822       683     1,447     3,458
Guinea                           678      1,675    1,804     1,977   2,157     2,329     2,457    2,426     2,479    2,649    2,614       734     1,256     2,257
Guinea-Bissau                     87       393       415      439      475      534       565       675      666      702       666        63      238       553
Kenya                            684     2,380     2,713    2,788     3,090    3,394     3,879     3,938    3,762    4,123    4,140       650     1,741     3,421
Lesotho                           44       292       335      371      382      440       469       465      456       484      472        48       183      417
Liberia                          211       594       585      573      599      622       635       610      585       598      582       221      540       598
Madagascar                       467      1,723    1,944     1,958    1,952    2,118     2,242    2,132     2,681    2,913    2,919       499     1,249     2,258
Malawi                           258      1,051    1,227     1,310    1,502    1,681     1,897     1,946    1,973    2,184    2,475       275      743      1,725
Mali                             613     2,247     2,379    2,690     2,692    2,464     2,660    2,687     2,626    2,763    2,744       592     1,652     2,595
Mauritantia                      526      1,280    1,328     1,327    1,521    1,598     1,688     1,739    1,700    1,842    1,809       507     1,174     1,583
Mauritius                         65       39        33       33       33       46        49        42       345       354      316        65      207       378
Mozanmbique                         ..   2,083     2,394    2,634     2,864    3,239     2,936     3,204    3,190    4,066    3,485       269     1,910     3,010
Niger                            155       826       833      879      932      978      1,017     1,031    1,056    1,169     1,173      173      611       989
Nigeria                          439       521       961      972     1,094    1,290     1,377     1,354    1,322    1,582     1,724      368      417      1,220
Rwanda                            141      659       743      787      835      903       961       977      985     1,114    1,158        126     487       912
Sgo Tom6 and Prirncipe            20       108       124      144      157       177      221       219      219       236      230         1 6     65       184
Senegal                          400      1,968    1,947    2,080     2,111    2,104     2,239     2,286    2,391    2,600    2,521       412     1,598     2,225
Seychelles                        19        71        76       70       66        67       68        67       67        70       68         13       55       69
Sierra Leone                      175      312       329      384      492       590       700      736       729      780      774       157      266       583
Somalia                          546      1,557    1,577     1,540    1,546    1,576     1,596     1,557    1,503    1,531     1,516      564     1,304     1,550
South Africa                       ..        .         .        .         .        0         0        0         0        0        0          .        ..0
Sudan                           1,730    4,452     4,599    4,597    4,671     4,775     4,838    4,750     4,636    4,704    4,654      1,697    3,727     4,667
Swaziland                         86       160       157      146      13~5     15~3      167       154       141      143      131        63      122       149
Tanzania                        2,692    3,458     3,577    3,848    4,016     4,372     4,454    4,482     5,096    5,528    5,774      2,556    3,034     4,461
Togo                             245       699       760      788      795      880       901       955      943     1,028    1,021        186     456       877
Uganda                           254      1,451    1,625     1,806    2,130    2,456     2,767    2,878     2,977    3,192    3,277       222      792      2,456
Zambia                           797     2,066     2,494    2,484    2,616     3,087     3,294    3,502     3,488    3,648    3,531       672     1,561     3,021
Zimbabwe                           15      906       955     1,089    1,206    1,440     1,462     1,405    1,354    1,492     1,555 __     81     628      1,286
NORrIl AFRICA           13~~~-.487  24.115  25 824   26.570   2'.751   30.679    3Z.7'S   .36.810   34.54'7   ',6J     :448      1.9       202      ''
Algeria                         1,269      860       955    1,056     1,313    2,053     3,082     3,285    3,137    3,277    3,287      1,031     599      2,231
Egypt, Arab Repujblic           8,115    12,520   16,621    17,151   17,996   19,531    20,285   24,030    22,585   23,467   22,533      7,116   13,200    19,672
Morocco                         2,717    7,984     5,374    5,467     5,532    6,012     6,371    6,659     6,285    6,419    6,046      2,597    5,982     6,215
Tunisia    1.__386___                    2,782_l~2874       2,896     ,90      382        ,039     2,836    2,539    2,497    2.572 -._1,251      2,301   _2~0
AL  AFICA                  .29.798    82.753   89,05'7   92.769   175l     0.'8      I3.7t5  I119.780  117.704  1584      1961       2.9       494     l).7



172                                                      External Debt and Related Flows
6-20. Long-term debt: official nonconcessional
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                         Annual Average
1980      1990      1991     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996      1997     1998     1999       75-84    85-89    90-AMI
SUB-SAHARIAN AFRICA              9-295    50.281    52.509    51.640   50.310    54.839    56,524    52.503   47.570   48.909    43.603      8 346   34.311I   50.869
excludinF South Afrtca          9.295    50.1281   52.509    51.6.1)  50.310   54.839     56,52,4  52.503    4',!70   48.909    43.602      8.346   34.311I   50.869
e"cl S Africa & Nipenta         8.742    335795    34.318    34.285   33.157   36.318     3'.408    35-213   3 1,&S1  32.812    28.656      '.614   25.235    33.784
Angola                              ..      641       637      637       608      565       614  --593          546    1,078      909         32      390       683
Bcnin                              50       193       196      214       203      213       226       152       129      135       110        30       85        177
Botswana                           76       344       360      351       340      334       307       249       205      188       153        76      309        283
Burkina Faso                       39       114       152      154       148      130       130        70        58       55        42        34       112       105
Bunundi                             6        63        59       52        49       48        47        40        33       30        25         9       55        44
Cameroon                          364     2,056     2,201     2,638    2,555    2,789     3,011     3,030     2,952    3,158     2,982       299      961      2,739
Cape Verde                          ..       33        30       29        31       3 1       32        30        26       33        21        29       32         30
Central African Republic           40        92        87       81        78       62        71        68        64       63        52        37       106        72
Chad                               34        53        57      126       116       78        137      134       115      115       101        24       28        103
Comoros                             0        14         9        7         7        7         8         9         8        9         9         2        13         9
Congo, Democratic Rep. of        1,747    4,986     5,144     4,901    4,727     5,031     5,247     5,053    4,667    4,894     4,477      1,336    3,779     4,913
Congo, Republic of                200     1,316     1,332     1,236    1,192     1,949     2,059     1,797    1,598     1,551    1,421       158      815      1,545
C6te d'lvoire                     809     4,590     5,035     5,093    4,906    4,760     4,654     3,981     3,403    3,359     2,837       694     3,117     4,262
Djibouti                            7         3         3        2         2        2         2          1        1        1         1         4         5         2
Equatorial Guinea                  14        74        73       66        61       62        65        61        56       58        52         1 3      62        63
Eritrea                             ..        .         .        .         .        0         0         2         3        7        1 7        .         ..5
Ethiopia                           76       368       381      380       399      433       463       435       441      455       436        82      208        419
Gabon                             203     2,013     2,060     1,976    1,929    2,853      3,075     3,087    2,641    2,760     2,341       173      807      2,473
Gambia, The                         5        40        39       39        35       32        24         18       1 3      16        12          5       34        27
Ghana                             259       439       451      448       435      427       400       442       395      375       327       181      309        414
Guinea                            183       469       497      382       398      460       448       458       454      448       414        149      378       443
Guinea-Bissau                      10       205       230      224       212      200       202       180       172      176       165         1 5     145       197
Kenya                             523     1,334     1,266     1,172    1,060     1,459     1,373     1,168      982      931       717       490     1,311     1,146
Lesotho                             2        52        56       66        97      115       133        129      125      122       134          5       38       103
Liberia                           148       330       326      314       303      306       319       301       285      295       275       131      299        305
Madagascar                        105     1,472     1,450     1,399    1,277     1,333     1,380     1,344    1,149     1,152    1,069       251     1,408     1,302
Malawi                            184       253       225      193       177      170       157       126       106      106       102       132      256        162
Mali                               IS5       73        71       8 1       89       79        77        75        66       64        54         13       44        73
Mauritania                         57       412       398      410       363      383       385       361       316      350       309        74      343        369
Mauritius                          89       299       304      254       242      234       224       213       210      228       213        74      244        242
Mozamnbique                         ..    1,478     1,469     1,857    1,832     1,888     2,227     2,127    2,008     1,906    1,128        153     796      1,792
Namnibia                            0         0         0         1        I        0          0       2 1       41       40       189          0        0        29
Niger                             101       289       303      286       278      290       313       298       272      283       251        90       302       286
Nigeria                           554    16,486    18,191    17,355   17,153    18,521    19,115    17,291   15,689    16,097   14,946       733     9,077    17,084
Rwanda                              I         2         1         1        1         I         7        6         7        4         2          1        2         3
S8o Toms?and Principe               3        24        24       23        23       23         10        5         4        4         3          5       21        14
Senegal                           253       791       789      800       829      840       868       816       699      648       581       272      916        766
Seychelles                          6        27        26       28        31       38        42        41        39       44        40         6        24        36
Sierra Leone                       71       193       189      257       245      233        198      159       153      170       157        5I       152       196
Somalia                            21       333       332      322       316      323       329       325       315      320       310        60      299        322
South Africa                        ..        .         .        .         .        0         0         0         0        0         1          .        .         0
Sudan                            1,564    3,048     3.038     2,911    2,870    2,990      3,083     3.026    2,886    2,962     2,851      1,201    2,537     2,967
Swaziland                          79        83        79       66        63       57        56        66        70       79        75        57       113        69
Tanzamia                          349     1,857     1,763     1,613    1,404     1,371     1,352     1,227      684      673       607       343     1,385     1,255
Togo                              236       324       319      284       267      287       322       289       253      274       241        180     423        286
Uganda                             39       375       357      367       354      320       212       196       352      216       215        65      311        296
Zambia                            688     2,042     1,814     1,672    1,462     1,842     1,781     1,684    1,587     1,559      934       621     1,794     1,638
Zimbabwe                           86       602     -689       852     1,144     1,273     1,345     1,321    1,295     1,421    1,293-       86    - 464      1,12-3
NORT' AFRICA                     :9.1~9::: ..:27;689  28.2 35  28.'105  28,914   33.395    37.992    34.714   3 3.263  34.381    31.o2i      9.20,;  28.631    31.891
Aldg-eria                        2,226     4,734     5,313    5,21-2  -4,946     8,610    12,314    14,653    15,108   16,137   15,189      1,739    3,838    10,222
Egypt, Arab Republic            4,507     8,669     7,848     7,525    7,448    8,202      8,510     3,487    3,143    3,281     2,928      4,824   15,536     6,104
Libya                           1,079     2,820     2,491     2,835    3,228    2,665      2,664    2,664     2,664    2,600     2,600      1,141    2,050     2,723
Morocco                           802     9,007     9,608    10,121    9,955    10,114    10,144     9,267    7,901    7,800     7,081       983     5,535     9.100
Tunisia                           575     2,460   - 27974   91,012   _ ,8       3 804      4,361    A4K64 .   4,4      4.56~2    3,8-28  -   51.8  -167        3743.
ALL 4FRICA                       18.485    "A7C      0.'44    8u.345   'Q.224    58.234    94,516    87 217   8O.b33    83.289   75.228     11.551   62.945    82 7rXi'



External Debt and Related Flows                                                                       173
6-2 1. Long-term debt: private
-           ~Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices)                                             Annual Average
1980       1991      1992      1993     1994       1995       1996      1997      1998      1999     2000       75-84     85-89    90-MR
SUB-SAH4ARAN AFRUCA               20.778     38.905    32.663    32.673    46.461    48,579     44,747    42,270    40i.719   47.056    42.7221    17.542    37.420    4 l.193
excluding South Africa           20.778     38.945    32.663    32,67 3   33.426    33.807     30.412    2 8. 3co1  27.512   77.094    24 807     1'.542    37.420    3.2J96
exc1 S Africai& Nigena _   ___16.402        25.129    24.181    24.127    24.971    25,8i8     27.326    22.476    21.451    27.090    21.09!     13.(46    23.441    24.16(1
Angola                     ..    ~~~~~~5,788 -6,200   6,781     7~,03-1    7,320     6,511     5,81 3    566        ,8       5,511    -   55-7    3,853 -    6,210-
Benin                               118          8         5         4         4         4          4         3         4         0         ..       142       295          5
Botswana                              8         25        21        48        SO        47         36        28        24        18        12         15        43        30
Burkina Faso                         20          6         5         4         4         5          4         4         4         4         .         1 8       34         8
Buunmdi                               8          6         4         3         2         2          1         1         1        95       187         10        22        28
Cameroon                          1,014      1,716     1,525     1,467     1,245      1,238     1,119       777       659       508       355        727     1,386      1,120
Cape Verde                            ..         2         2         2         2         6         12        12        1 1        0         0          0         3          5
Central African Republic             48         21        20        21        1 8        1 8       14        14        33      265        278         40        23        66
Chad                                 54          8         7         6         6         2         1 7       17        17        14         0         42        31          9
Comoros                               0          0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0          0         0          0
C~ongo, D-emocratic Rep. of        1,462       872       852       836       860        878        861       834       899      504       496       1,393      879        798-
Congo, Republic of                  652       893        883     1,232      941        913        866       832       814       555       555        546     1,408       875
C8te dIlvoire                     5,091      5,436     5,263     5,125     5,210     5,345      4,429     4,592     4,330     6,558     6,767      3,507     5,570      5,327
Djibouti                              5          0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0                    3         3         0
Equatorial Guinea                     7         17        16        1 5       16        17         16        14        1 5        0         0          9        1 8        13
Eritrea                               .          ..        .         .         0         0          0         0         0        22         ...                  .4
Ethiopia                             49       786       765       704       654        596        354       353       350       127       117        103       565       489
Gabon                               955       676       626       596       268        199        143       131       125      207       308         766      850        363
Gambia, The                          24         14         9         5         I         0          0         0         0         0         0         16        25         4
Ghana                               131       319       332       345       419        525        795       850       838      758        261        132      291        518
Guinea                    ~~~~       ~~159  98   91       104       98         82         98        76        30        72        66        133       133        84
Guinea-Bissau                        36         32        30        25       28         32          1         1         1         1         1         17        45         17
Kenya                             1,286      2,273     1,769     1,696     1,266      1,153       953       805       834      521       425         898     1,235      1,238
Lesothio                            I11         35        28        21        17        28         34        44        55        56        53          9        19        37
Liberia                             156        196       195      200       208        208        199       192       199      205          ..       115       186       199
Madagascar                          346        125       112        87        86        84         77        45        41         5         ..       256       272        80
Malawi                              192         69        64        50        49        28         24        21        20      229         18        128        72        59
Mali                                 36         12         6         4         2         2          0         0         0         3         3         30        37          4
Mauritania                          131         94        88        19         9         8         25        24        22        20         0        118       125        37
Mauritius                           165       292       306       275       448        751        783     1,421     1,327     1,216     1,045         94       148       739
Mozambique                            .       491       227        162     1,743      1,815     1,872     1,930     1,770     2,153     2,332         70       768      1,379
Namibia                               ..         .         .         .         .          .         .         .         .        57        63          .         .         60
Niger                               432        226       206       182       157       133        110        96        72        49         ..       267       368        160
Nigeria                           4,376     13,516     8,482     8,496     8,455     7,949      7,086     5,915     6,061     6,003     3,706      4,496    13.979      8,236
Rwanda                                8          3         2         1         2         2          2         I         1        16        ..7                   9          3
Sao Tomd and Principe                 0          I         1         1         1         0          0         0         0         0         0          1         2          1
Senegal                             461       202        162       156       153       127         53        66        33        29        24        301       303       113
Seychelles                            0         23        33        35        43        36         30        25        31        32        42          2        27         32
Sierra Leone                        III         98        36        26        26         8          8         6         7         6         6         91        84         30
Somalia                              28         36       35        34        36         37         36        34        35        34         ..        86        58         35
South Africa                          .          ..        .         ..   13,035    14,772     14,334    13.878    13,268    13,962    17,919          .         ..    14,453
Sudan                               854      2,079     1,972     1,949     2,131     2,355      2,090     1.973     2,055     5,834     1,813        872     1,730      2,400
Sw azil~and                          24          5         4         2         1         0          0         0         0         0         0         14        IS         2
Tanzania                            339       462       400       400       397        442        418       277       263       248       236        259       472       365
Togo                                415         52        51        50        51        52         50         0         0         0         ..       247        64        36
Uganda                              244       301       260        115       93         84         77        76        74        62        38        149       301       138
Zanbia                              726       400       372       333       259        224        193       183       141       121        86        671       559       251
Zimbabwe    _   _        ___        594      1.233     1,196     1,054      938       1,054     1,011       908       619      -603         ..       561     1,113       976
NORTH AFRICA _______              21,54'i    32.033    30.040    28.191    26.952    25.363     2 2.21i   187        8,788    17.9 1-   lo15 16.6-16         11.5cP4   24'~t,
Algeria                          13,545     19,701    19,221    18,588    17,514    15,647     13,124    10,465     9.054     7,425     5,872      9,882    17,164     14,312
Egypt. Arab Republic              2,070      4,847     3,671     2,859     2,457      1,998     1,420     1,130       957       656       363      2,131     6,539      2,504
Morocco                           4,505      6,010     5,646     5,373     5,661     5,901      5,600     5,745     6,155     5,750     6,984      3,534     6,064      5,921
Tunisiai               -           1429     j          15.) 2    I1,L7     I I 9      1,817     2fi8o     2,:i          -2      ,8'-0              109        .3        ,6
ALL AFRICA               ~~~42.327  70.978    62.703    60.864    73.413     73.942    6t0,9 77  62,140    59.56'    64.'47    59.5hfl: ~ 3-~,l59   69,Oi9½.:.o5700



174                                                    External Debt and Related Flows
6-22. Total external debt
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                       Annual Average
1980      1991     1992     1993     1994      1995     1996     1997     1998     1999     2000      75-84     85-89    90-AM
-LIB-SAHA.RAN AFRICA           60.612   183.248  182,281  188,412  221.424  235,514   231.319  221,371  229.983  214.072  213.914     54,892  136.754   208.963
e%cluding SoTuth Africa       60,612   183,248  182,281  188,412  199.753   210,156  205.269   196.150  205.271  189.172  185.047    54.8912  136.754  192.892
esxel S Afnca &Nigena         51.691   149.721  153,263  157,67~7  166.660  176.063  173.862  16',695  1'4.957   159.814  l"'1.65b   46.377   1 10.830  161 .271
Angola                            ..     9,004   10,070   10,586   11,172    11,382  10,425     9,838    11,223  10,915    10,502       695    5,_13-7 -10,337-
Benin                            424     1,333    1,373    1,447    1,589     1,614    1,594    1,628     1,651    1,315     841        408     1,078     1,425
Botswana                         147      620      612      660      689       703       614      562      516      649      738        182      481       629
Burkina Faso                     330      967     1,040    1,117    1,129     1,267    1,294     1,297    1,405    1,452    1,533       269      708      1,212
Burundi                          166      964     1,022    1,062    1,123     1,158    1,127    1,066     1.119    1,126    1,131       153      697      1,073
Cameroon                       2,588     6,901    7,426    7,463    8,333     9,444    9,640    9,368    9,930    8,142     7,708     1.976    4,445     8,276
Cape Verde                        ..      135      142       148      176      214       202      207      244      285      293         62      120       198
Central African Republic         195      794      814      875       888      946       933      883      924      878      853        181      557       862
Chad                             284      629      723      768       828      902       997     1,026    1,092     944     1,083       227      323       865
Comoros                           44      180       188      185      192      204       206      206      203      190      225         48      175       197
C'o-ngo, Democratic Rep. of     4,773    10,840   10,977   11,282   12,336    13,256   12,840   12,341   13,187   11.999    11,929     4,319    7,993    11,933
Congo, Republic of             1,526     4,832    4,770    5,081    5,413     6,004    5,241    5,071    5,119     5,460    5,596     1,227    3,849     5,230
Cbte dIlvoire                  7,462    18,174   18,546   19,071   17,395    18,898   19,524    15,609  14,852    14,816   14,024     5,644    12,570    17,105
Djibouti                          32      226      235      264       263      282       296      274      288      280        ..        33      163       261
Equatorial Guinea                 76      254      255      264      288       292       282      283      306      201      195         71      185       260
Eritrea                            .         .        .        ..      29       37        44       76      151      273      312          .        ..      132
Ethiopia                         824     9,1 19   9,341    9,703   10,067    10,310   10,079    10,079   10,351    5,544    5,481     1,656     6,850     8,973
Gabon                          1,514     4,223    3,850    3,861    4,171     4,360    4,310    4,278    4,425     3,204    3,272     1,231     2,393     3,994
Gambia, The                      137      383      403      426       423      427       453      425      459      432      447        116      301       423
Ghana                          1,402     4,380    4,508    4,887    5,469     5,936    6,439    6,346    6,883     6,202    5,945      1,313    2,974     5,534
Guinea                         1,134     2,622    2,634    2,848    3,110     3,242    3,240    3,519     3,546    3,017    2,992      1,119    1,949     3,022
Guinea-Bissau                    140      745      761      787       852      898       937      921      970      933      938        110      465       858
Kenya                          3,387     7,453    6,898    7,111    7,202     7,412    6,931     6,603    6,943    6,558    6,343     2,646     5,254     6,956
Lesotho                           72      448      495      541       620      677       670      660      692      686      721         69      249       600
Liberia                          686     1,954    1,922    1,956    2,056     2,154    2,107    2,012     2,103    2,077        ..      620     1,550     2,019
Madagascar                     1,248     3,908    3,911    3,805    4,096     4,322    4,146    4,109     4,394    4,354    4,249      1,187    3,267     4,091
Malawi                           830     1,665    1,709    1,826    2,025     2,243    2,315    2,228     2,444    2,589    2,509       659     1,263     2,101
Mali                             727     2,596    2,898    2,902    2,694     2,957    3,006    3,142     3,201    3,018    3,084       699     1,879     2,906
Mauritania                       840     2,188    2,088    2,141    2,223     2,349    2,412     2,456    2,589    2,035    1,792       805     1,844     2,216
Maurititus                       467     1,043    1,051    1,008    1,382     1,757     1,818    2,472    2,482    2,419    2,342       359      768      1,705
Mozambique                        ..     4,718    5,130    5,212    7,272     7,458    7,566    7,638     8,315    6,322    6,185       513     3,803     6,406
Namihiia                           .        ..        .        .        .         ..                ..     123      183       173         ...               160
Niger                            863     1,494    1,517    1,542    1,525     1,587     1,536    1,576    1,663    1,643    1,650       640     1,481     1,587
Nigeria                        8,921    33,527   29,019   30,736   33,092    34,093   31,407   28,455    30,315   29,358   34,391     8,515    25,924    31,621
Rwanda                           190      810      857       909      952     1,028     1,043    1,111    1,226    1,302    1,263       158      540      1,019
Sao Tomn6 and Principe            24      167       189     209      222       246       230      233      252      296      269         22       97       224
Senegal                        1,473     3,570    3,666    3,764    3,658     3,841    3,663    3,661    3,847     3,725    3,595     1,269     3,396     3,702
Seychelles                        84      173       164      157      171       159      148      149      187      169       186       127      140       166
Sierra Leone                     469     1,206    1,245    1,396    1,492     1,178    1,179     1,144    1,256    1,183    1,176       442      942      1,237
Somalia                          660     2,449    2,447    2,500    2,616     2,678    2,643    2,561    2,635     2,606       ..       785     1,939     2,551
South Africa                       .        ..        .        ..  21,671    25,358   26,050   25,221   24,711   24,901    28,867         .        ..   25,254
Sudan                          5,177    15,227   15,450   15,836   16,918    17,603   16,972   16,326   16,843   16,132    15,875     4,807    10,945    16,177
Swaziland                        210      245      222      208      220       235       222      368      251      258      259        149      272       249
Tanzania                       5,322     6,558    6,678    6,791    7,235     7,406    7,362    7,129    7,633     8,052    7,440     4,881     6,275     7,158
Togo                           1,049     1,342    1,339    1,278    1,444     1,464     1,472    1,327    1,448    1,382    1,352       715     1,127     1,375
Uganda                           689     2,777    2,928    3,029    3,372     3,572    3,675    3,913     4,016    3,494    3,602       611     1,733     3,360
Zambia                         3,244     6,968    6,709    6,485    6,804     6,952    7,054    6,654     6,865    6,507    6,311     2,954     5,982     6,748
Zimbabwe.                        786     3,437    4,060    4,285    4,524     5,007    4,976    4,919     4,707    4,566    4,244       982     2,671     4,361
NoIRR-H AFRICA                 5l2l      9.8       8'8     8.8       409      99.533   97.950   92.131    9391     88.'23   &4.4 'S   4 3.825   91.656    91.83':
Algeria               ~~~19,365  28.203  27,078   26,020   29,973    32,781    33,421   30,890   30,665   28,004   25,002     14,323   23,682    29,083
Egypt, Arab Republic          19,131    32,564   31,066   30,509   32,314    33,266   31,300   29,850   31,965    29,771   28,988    18,165   42,351     31,322
Morocco                        9,259    21,866   22.061   21,459   22,158    22,665   21,851   20.162   20,491    19,060   19,872     8,335    19,338    21,464
Tunisia                        3,527     8,251    8,543    8,694   9,614     10 820   11,379 jl   2309  10.5      1188      0,1       3.002     6,284     9 961
ALL AFRICA             11I I.LP3  274,133  2'l.u29  275.093  3 15,48 3  73 5.04o  329.269  313,502  323.954  302.795  298.387  9S28    22,09     30.9



External Debt and Related Flows                                                                       175
6-23. Structure of external debt
Millions of J.S. dollars (current prices)
Bilateral                              Multilateral                    Private          Short-term               IMF
Ccncessional       Nonconcessional       ConcessionaI      Nonconcessionail
1.980    1999       1980     1999       1980     1999       1980     1999        1980     1999       1980      1999      1980     1999
SUB-SAR-ARAN AFRICA                  12.374    39.956     5,695   32.670      3.9.36  45.2u7      3.6(1   10.932      20.778   47,056      I 1.195  37,33(t     3.03 3   7,9i44
excluding South Af'nat              1 2 374  39.956      5.695   32.670      3.936   45,2(7      3.601   10,932      20 778    3 3.(i4   1 1.195   26,402      3.033    7.944
excluding Sokuth Afnic, & Nigena    1 1.9?3  38.960      5.6?4   20.766      3.899   44.480      3.068    7.891       16.d02  2P.090      7.642    19,'17      3.033    7.Q44
Angola                                   ..   258            .       4           .      26           .        6.                 ,8            .    1,212         0         0
Benin                                   82      426         3 1      86         84      933         20       24         118         0        7 3     122          1 6     92
Botswana                                2 8      92         23        7         3 2     177         5 3     146           8        1 8        4       40          0        0
Burkina Faso                            89      146         30        5        133    1,103          9       37          20         4        35      103         1 5     121
Bwunmdi                                 49      ISO          1        0         55      873          5       25           8       95         1 2       14        36        1 3
Camneroon                              663    3,367        142    2,427        210      901        222      555        1,014     508        278     1,260        59       24
Cape Verde                               ..      33          ..       8          ..     200          .       1 3           ..       0         .         0         0        0
Central African Republic                17      145         28       40         42      600         12       13          48      265         25         0        24       29
Chad                                    97       93         34       70         75      834          0       32          54        14         12        7         14      45
Comoros                                 2 1      25          0        0         21      146          0        9           0         0          1       13         0         2
Co-ngo, Dem-ocratic Rep, of            667    1,655      1,620    3,798        194    1,552        127      678        1,462     504        329    3,366        373      412
Congo. Republic, of                    355     1,496       132    1,055         49      234         69      366         652      555        247         0        22      100
C6te dIvoire                           369    2,739        355    1.368         69    1,679        454    1,469       5,091     6,558      1,059     535         65      880
Djibouti                                1 4     110          5        0          1      142          1        1           5         0         6        1 4        0        1 3
Equatorial Guinea                       30       53         13       44          2       89          1        9           7         0         7        55        16        9
Eritrea                                  .      126          ..      10                 I1II         .        7            ..     22          ..        5         *.       0
Ethiopia                               281    2,283         18      207        282    2.512         58      229          49       127        57       87         79       95
Gabon                                  103      793        173    1,844         10       28         30      497         955      207        228      161         15       84
Gambia, The                             33       81          0        0         36      332          5       12          24         0        23        -3        16       23
Ghana                                  636    1,332        119      135        139    3,490        140      192         131      758        131         0       105      309
Guinea                                 615    1,155        116      194         63    1,459         67      221         159       72         80       178        35       54
Guinea-Bissau                           58      284          5      151         29      382          5       14          36         1         5       82           1       1 7
Kenya                                  414    1,564        159      409        270    2,576        364      309        1,286     521        640      859        254      135
Lesotho                                  4       74          2       46         40      398          0       88           1 1      56         8         7         6        1 7
Liberia                                179      384         50       76         33      198         98      200         156      205         8 1     706         89      309
Madagascar                             319    1,185         71    1,000        148    1,733         34       69         346         5       244      324         87       63
Malawi                                 III      503        112       16        147    1,972         72       85         192      229        116       27         80       59
Mali                                   451    1,160          6       33        163    1,584          9       21          36         3        24        83        39      153
Mauritania                             420      972         38      174        106      838         18      135         131       20         65      324         62      107
Mauritius                               39      256         37       23         25       60         53      190         165     1,216        47      670        102         0
MWo -abique                               .. _ 2~,475         ..   1,064         ..    1,010         ..       64           ..   2,153          ..        4         0      215
Namibia                                  .         .         0       62          .         .         0      127            ..     57          ..        0         ..       0
Niger                                   42      238         70      219        112      936         30       32         432        49       159        80         16      68
Nigeria                                401      996         21   11,905         38      727        533    3,041       4,376     6,003     3,553     6,685         0         0
Rwanda                                  51      150          1        2         91    1,008          0        0            8       16        26         0         14      20
S8o Tom6 and Principe                    9       69          4        2         1 1     161          0        1            0        0         0       48          0        0
Sce-negal                              221      800        169      410        179    1,721         84      172         461       29        219      308        140      272
Seychclles                              16       46          4        7          3       22          2       34           0       32         59         8         0        0
Sierra Leone                           136      274         47      127         39      500         23       30         III         6        53       48         59      195
Somalia                                400      804          9      293        147      712         13       17          28        34        47      593         18      154
South Africa                             ..       0          ..       0          .        0          ..                    . 13,962           ..   10,928         0         0
Sudan                                1,361    2,848      1,298    2,646        368    1.806        266      205         854     5,834       598     6,069       431     1,554
_Sw_ ailand                              69       61         34        0         17       70         45       74          24        0         15       53          6        0
Tanzamia                             2,388    2,575         88      529        305    3,199        261       78         339      248       1,770    1,025       171      312
Togo                                   155      251        210      223         90      770         26       19         415         0       120       154        33       83
Uganda                                 191      788         23      143         63    2,489         16       72         244       62         63         0        89      368
Zamnbia                                778    1,393        314      742         19    2,138        374      192         726       121       586      329        447     1,171
Zimbabwe                                15-     99-7        83      228     -      0    558          3    1,065    _    5-94   _ 603         90      746          0      369-
NORTH AMCA__                          11.435   30,417      7.177   17,529      2.053   4.021      2,'0'I 3  14.0937    2-1.549  1-7.69-1    ' 2t)6_4.61           8-68 - 1.982
Algeria                              1,255    2,757      1,956   11,458         14      530        270    3,731      13,545     7,425     2.325       195         0     1,906
Egypt, Arab Republic                 6,230   20,358      3,767    1,143      1.885    2,175        741    1,785       2,070      656      4,027     3,045       411         0
Libya                                    .        ..     1,079    2,600          .        ..         0        0            .        ..
Morocco                              2,638    5,147        158    1,729         79      898        644    5,352       4,505     5,750       778       183       457         0
Tunisia             _  __1,311                2,155     _218        600         75      418        357    3,228        1,429    3,860       136     1,538         0        76
Al-L AFRICA                          23.809   70.373     12.872   50.199    ~  .984   40'U28      5.t.1 3  25,1129    42.3,17  6.4247      18.361   42 2Ql      3.901    99q26



176                                                           External Debt and Related Flows
6-24. Structure of external debt service payments
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)
Bilateral                               Multilateral                    Private           Short-term               IMF
Concessional      Nonconcessional        Concessional      Nonconcessional
1980      1999      1980      1999       1980     1999       1980      1999        1980      1999       1980     1999       1980     1999
SUtB.SAH-ARAN AMRCA                      422     1.3Y7       4i2     1.032         5'?     888        425   2.i103        3.804'   '.321       1029       I5I        487      636
excluding South Africa                 422 -   1.327       .152     1.032        '59      888        425    2.i)03       3.80?     3.113      1.029      151       48 7      635
excluding South Africa   Nigena         4iY'    1.32'       13'     l1.01         58      880        354     1.318       M.45     2.705        bS')      151        487      635;
Angola                                   ..        6          ..        5          .        I          ..        2           ..     649          0         0          0        0
Benin                                     I       1O           I       16          I       25          1         5           4        0          1 1       0          0        0
Botswana                                  I       19          2         4          0       13         10       44            1        7          2         0          0        0
Burkina Faso                              3        9          4         3          3       34          2         7           5        0           5        ..0                 6
Burundi                                 -1         0          0         0          0       1 7         1         3           4        3          2         0          1        6
Cameroon                                 25       81         1 8       86          4       22         24      151          163      130         28        ..         19       19
Cape Verde                                ..       3          9.        9                   6                    3           ..       0          0         0          0        0
Central African Republic                  0        2          0         0          0        8          0         2           1         0          2       36          7        6
Chad                                      1        2          0         4          2       16          0         3           0         1          0        0          3        5
Comoros                                   0        3          0         0          0        4          0         0           0        6          0         0          0        0
Congo, Democratic Rep). of               48        0        136         0          2        0         22         0         189        0         45        ..        101        3
Congo, Republic of                       22        0          13        0          1        0         1 1       0           25      404         3 1        0          8       13
C6te dIlvoire                            29      280         55       150          3       55         46      312        1,180      499         95        tO0         0       12
Dljibouti                                 2         1          1        0          0        2          0         0           0        0           1        ..0                  1
Equatorial Guinea                         0        0           1        0          0        1          0         1           0        0           I        .          0        3
Ertitrea.                                          2             .    0            .        2          ..        0           ..                   0                            d
Ethiopia                                 I I      32           1        5          2       48         1 0      43            9        18          9                   2       10
Gabon                                     6       69         28       326          0        2          4       56          359       39         33         0          1       29
Gwnbia,The                                0        6          0         0          0        8          0         3           0         0          3        0          I        5
Ghana                                    24       99         22        39          1       57         13       42           48      106          18       16         33       79
Guinea                                   55       32          7         9          0       40         21        33          14        16          9        02                  7
Guinea-Bissau                             0        2          0         0          0        6          0         0           4         0          1        0          0         1
Kenya                                    13       90         22       103          2       48         47      119          274      199         58        39         17       45
Lesotho                                   0        6          0         4          0       II1         0        13           4        10          1        0          0        6
Liberia                                   3        0          0         0          0        0          7         0          27         0         II1                  5        3
Madagascar                               2        39          2        48          I       36          3        1 7         42         2        29         03                 1 4
Malawi                                    4        0          7         0          2       28          3        IS5         53         3         1 6       0          3       23
Mali                                      4       35          0         4          1       43          0         4           3        1 1         3        0          4       1 4
Mauritania                                8        1 6        0         5          3       35          2       29           1 7        4          7        0         II1       1 0
Mauritius                                 2       32          4         5          0        5          6        37          29      302           8        0          3        0
Mozamnbique                               .       42           .        I          ..      1..                   6. .                 1 8                  00                 2
Namnibia                                  -         .         0         3                   ..         0         3.                               .
Niger                                     3        2           5        2         1 6      1 4         2         I          98        24         1 9                  0        6
Nigenr.a                                 22         0         1 5       0          1        8         70      685          663      408        379         ..0                 0
Rwanda                                    0        2          0         I          1       1 7         0         0           3         0          3        0          0        9
S3o Tomk and Principe                     0         1          1        0          0        3          0         0           0         0          0        0          0        0
Segal                                  1 3      52         1 9      2 1          1       69          8       36          181 4                           6         1 2      35
Seychelles                                0        6          0         1          0        1          0         9           0         4        37         0          0        0
Sierra Leone                              2        0          2         0          0        6          2         1          35         0          6        I         19       14
Somalia                                   3        0          0         0          1        0          5         0           0         0          0        ..4                  1
South Africa                              ..       0          ..        0          ..       0          .         0           ..    4,208          0        ..0                  1
Sudan                                    37        0         30         0          5        0         18        12          12        0         70                   92       45
Swaziland                                 2        7          6         0          0        4          4        18           5         0          2        2          0        0
Tanzania                                 32       49          2        13          2       65         24        14          36        15        26                   39       30
Togo                                      2        A4        17         1          1       17          2         4          16         0         14                   0       10
Uganda                                    3       52          8        15          I       39          2        17          22         4          5                  16       62
Zambia                                   16      167         21       100          0       45         5I       43          238       24           0                  84        6
Zimbabwe                                  3       66          0        49          0        8          3      211           43      202          IS       41          0       71
NOURt    ARCAI                                   I is"        .128   2.l'9         Ii      262         2ril   2 o4'        i 21o    4.414       "i9        vo,i      253      491
Ageria                                 107      304        226     1,268         2        59    -    69      814        3,564 -2,438          116        10          0      437
Egypt, Arab Republic                    265      748         50       118          7       92         SI      335          320      323        422         0        121        0
Libya                                     .         .       100       206          .        ..         0         0.                    .
Morocco                                 130      402         24      477           1       68         94      908          992     1,232       105         9        100        0
Tunisia                                  70   _237           28       110          I       44         47      590          340      421         26        77         33       54
ALL .AFRIC7A__                           'N      .0'          81'    3.212         IC,   1,1411   ~   .5     4.n Si       9.U124   11,71t4     1.6rj9     24'        739     I 12 
Note In 1995, Zamnbia waa able to cleuart iuTarears to the IMF after completing a.3 year Rights Arrangement Program.



External Debt and Related Flows                              177
6-25. Terins of long-term external financing, 1999
Structure of financing
Concessional terms            Nonconcessional terms        (percentage of tot at)
Grace          Grnti            Grace          Grant          Conces.  Noncon-
Inte rest  period  Maturity  element  Interest  period  Mo0turity  element  sional  cessional
lp ret  (i ears  'I ear,l  F'p, ic e'nt)  ('preren,)  ('%ears)  A ,a e rL. re,u)  (-,rara  b. 'jns  I.., In '
~SUB-SARARAN AFRICA     0 9    9.!    37.1   'S5  .     3 6    2 0     8 4    16.1   ?I 6    23 u
excluding South AftK    0 9   9.1    3 71    75.0.     3 6    2 0     8 4    16 1    71 6   23:'
excl. S Afnca &Nigeria  ( 9   9.1    37 1    750.      3.6    2 0     8 4    1 6.1   71 6   230ci1
Benin                   2.1   8.1    30.2    62.8       ......                       62.8   37.2     0.0
Botswana..                      ..........
B3urkina Faso           1.0   8.8    32.7    72.3       ......                       72.3   27.7     0.0
Burundi                 0.8   9.2    38.3    75.9       ......                       75.9   24.1     0.0
Cameroon                2.1   8.5    26.3    61.0      ..      .       .61.0                39.0     0.0
Cape Verde              0.8   10.3   39.8    80.6       ......                       80.6    19.4    0.0
Central African Republic  .     ..             ..              ..              .
Chad                    0.8   10.3   44.2    81.8       ..             ..            81.8    18.2    0.0
Comoros..                       ....                    ...                    .
Co~ngos, Democratic Rtep. of..  ......                          ....
Congo, Republic of..            .              ..              ..              .
C6te dIlvoire           0.8   10.4   48.4    82.9       ......                       82.9   17.1     0.0
Djibouti                0.8   10.2   39.7    80.5       ......                       80.5    19.5    0.0
Equatorial Guinea..             ..........
Ethiopia                0.1   8.7    17.7    70.5       ......                       70.5   29.5     0.0
Gambia, The             0.5   7.1    36.7    76.6       ......                       76.6   23.4     0.0
Ghana                   0.9   9.5    37.0    77.0      6.9    4.6    13.9    16.6    58.4   15.9     25.6
Guinea                  0.8   10.0   39.5    80.3       ......                       80.3    19.7    0.0
Guinea-Bissau..                 ..........
Kenya                   0.8   10.2   49.7    83.1       ......                       83.1   16.9     0.0
Lesotho                 0.8  10.1    43.7    81.1      3.9    1.0    10.0   23.4     36.9    4.4     58.7
Madagascar       ~~~~   ~~~~   ~~0.8  9.9  40.4  79.6..  .....                 79.6   20.4      0.0
Malawi                  0.8   10.6   47.8    82.9       ......                       82.9   17.1     0.0
Mali                    0.8   9.6    38.5    77.5       ......                       77.5   22.5     0.0
Mauritania              0.8   10.3   42.6    81.3       ......                       81.3    18.7    0.0
Mauritius               3.7   4.8    21.0    41.5       ......                       41,5   58.5     0.0
Mozamnbique             0.7  10.2    40.6    80.8      ..      .       ..            08      19.2    0.0
Rwanda                  0.8   10.2   43.1    81.4       ......                       81.4    18.6    0.0
S8o Tom6 and Prinecipe   .      ..             ..              ....
Senegal                 0.9   9.9    41.9    79.7       ......                       79.7   20.3     0.0
Seychelles              0.0   3.1     9.6   44.3        ......                       44.3   55.7     0.0
Sierra Leone             .     .....0.0                       0.3     1.3    8.3      8.3    0.0     91.7
South Africa..                 ..........
Tanzania                1.0    ..    40.1    77.6       ......                       77.6   22.4     0.0
Togo                    0.8    ..    47.6    82.7       ......                       82.7   17.3     0.0
Uganda                  0.8    ..    40.4    80.7       ......                       80.7    19.3    0.0
Zambia                  0.8    ..    39.6    80.4       ......                       80.4    19.6    0.0
Zimbabwe                0.6    ..    21.8   64.1       ..      .       .      .      64.1   35.9     0.0
?4O-RfHA.FRICA          2 2 ___       24 4   S4        5.9    28       ' 6   15 4     47 1   42 8     I
Algeria                 4.0    ..    22.1    39.3      5.6    3.5    11.5    16.5    34.3   48.8     16-.9
Egypt, Arab Republic    0.8    ..    34.7    78.7      7.5    3.8    13.8    12.8    78.7   21.3      0.0
Morocco                 3.0    ..    19.2    45.7      6.1    2.9    15.8    20.1    44.1    51.7     4.2
Tunisia                 1.2    ..    21.7    56.0      7.4    5.8    18.6    16.1    49.7    36.1    14.2
ALL AFRICA               I I   9 1__ _355_  _ 72        4_7  __ 2  _   9~' ) Is8      61"3   72 1  
Note: No data indicates no commitment for the year 1999.



178                                                          External Debt and Related Flows
6-26. External debt and debt service ratios, 1999
Debt-GDP ratio                 Total external Percentage            Debt-export ratio                 Present value     Debt service-
Non-    debt per capita        of debt                              Non-         of debt-export     export ratio
Concessional     concessional      (UJS dollars)    disbursed       Concessional    con cessional           ratio, 1 999       (Ex post)
SLTB-SAHAkRAN AFRICA                           26              38                 332            88                89             133                    186                19
excluding South Africa                        4.5             ii                 314            8')              142             1o8                    254                22
excl  S Atrica & Nigenia                      55              44                 33t            8                178             157                    265                19
Angola                                        44              15                 883            88                SI101618
Benin                                         58               5                 215            81               280              -9                    178                14
B3otswana                                      5               3                 409            91                12              16                      17                0
Blurkina Faso                                 5 1              2                 132            74              327               53                    165
Burundi                                      143               4                 169            88             1,604             161                   1,061               89
Cameroon                                      46              32                 554            91               189             172                    358                41
Cape Verde                                    40               4                 666            62               119              27                     88                19
Central Afirican Republic                     71               5                 248            92              635              113                    480                27
Chad                                          59               6                 126            77              356                6                    252                1 5
Comoros                                       76               4                 349            90              305               35                    249                29
Congo, Democratic Rep, of                      ..88                              241            96                 .
Congo, Republic of                            73              60               1,910            95               104            224                       ..24
Cote dIlvoire                                 40              26                 953            92                89            210                     256                28
Djibouti                                      47               0                 432            84                95              IC                     7 1                2
Fquatorial Gutinea                           -16               6                 455            88                17               7                     27                 6
Eritrea                                       37               3                  69            21               114              17                       0                2
Ethiopia                                      74               7                  88            91               508              79                    374                16
Gabon                                         19              54               2,652            90                29              86                     148               21
Gamnbia, The                                  96               3                 345            85               183               8                     106                6
Ghana                                         62               4                 330             84              191              55                     151               21
Guinea                                        76              12                 416            85               342              53                    316                18
Guinea-Bissau                                297              74                 787            91             1,215             488                   1,113               16
Kenya                                         39               7                 223            86               152              89                     191               27
Lesotho                                       52              15                 326            76                82              37                      86                9
Liberia                                                                          682            99                 .
Madagascar                                    78              29                 289            89               314             154                    316                13
Malawhi                                      137               6                 240             81              494              23                    295                20
Mali                                         107               2                 285            82               360              36                     184               11
Mauritania                                   189              32                 783            88              426               53                    290                32
Mauritius                                      7               5               2,060             8                 i78914
Mozainbique                                   87              28                 365            82               545             444                    433                34
Namnibia                                                       5                 108                               0              10                       0                2
Niger                                         58              12                 157            81               341             137                    317                34
Nigeria                                        5              43                 237            94                13             210                    217                31
Rwanda                                        60               0                 157            80               978             121                    588                41
S8o Tcm~ and Principe                        490               6               2,043            82             1,396             399                   1,152               49
Senegal                                       53              12                 401            81               151              72                     121               13
Seychelles                                    II               7               2,108            73                IS              22                      33                4
Sierra Leone                                 110              22                 239            84               825            435                     883                23
Somalia                                                                          278            89
South Africa                                   0               0                 591            88                 0              71                     69                14
Sudan                                         46              28                 556            94               547           1,350                  2,545                 7
Swaziland                                     10               6                 253            67                12              11                      19                3
Tanzania                                      68               7                 245            83               456             180                    368                15
Togo                                          72              17                 303            85               198              70                    218                 0
Uganda                                        51               3                 162            88               422              28                    225                23
Zambia                                       114              30                 659            92               399             336                    457                37
Zimbabwe                ___28                                 24                 369            7562                             120                     162               26
NORTHAFRICA  --            18              28                 6~~     ~     ~      ~     ~     ~      ~      ~~~      ~~8 I  ~85  --6  9'3'  ------  T2
Algenia                                        7              32                 935            82                23             172           -        202                36
Egypt, Arab Republic                          25               3                 475            94               117              38                       0                9
Libya......
Morocco                                       17              20                 675            83                47             101                     134               24
Tunisia  _____12                                              18               1,257           _73                26              96                     121               16
-AL AFRICA       ___                            53                                  9              '7)1915



179
Figure 6-1. Debt service ratio (ex post), 2000
(percent of exports of goods and services)
0           5          10          15          20          25         30          35          40
Burundi
Sao Tome and irinripi
Mlozambiqo. 
Rwa nda 
Sierra Lone   =
Zambia
Niger=_ 
Cote d Ivoire
Camerde
Zimwbabe_
Maiuritnis
iKenya
Angolag 
,pS ou th Arica          __
Nianriiui
Mal
rgit. AaR.i
Gambonhe_
Equatorlal Guinea
Erltrca
Sudan_



180
Figure 6-2. Debt to GDP ratio, 1999
(percent)
0                   50                  100                  150                  200                 250                  300                  350
Sao Tome and Principe                                                                                  I4
Guinea-Bissau                                                                                                                          1           -
Mauriltmi _
Bunrmdi
Malawi
Zambia
Sierra Leont
Mali
Gambia The
Mozgmbiquem_
Madagacar       I                              _     U
Guines
Comorots
Ethiopia
Congo
Togo
Central Arican Republi
Tanzamss
Ghams
Congo. Democrtic Republi_
Rwmanda                      f I                                                                         O Concessional
Chad                          ,                                                                            Nonconcessional
Niger
Senegal
Lesotho
Ugamda
Burkina Faro
Djibouti
Cameroon                     *
Sudan
Angola
Coae d Ivoire                 _
Cape Verde                 J
Kenya
Etreri
Zimbabwe
Egypt. Arab Rep.
Gabon
Morocco
Equatorial Guinea
Tunisia
Seychells    =
Swaziland 
Mauritius
Algeria
Botsnamm
Nigeria
South Africa
* Sorted by concessional debt.



External Debt and Related Flows                          181
Technical notes
is, on long-term official concessional, official
Tables                                           nonconcessional, and private loans (World Bank, DRS).
Tables 6-1, 6-2, and 6-3. Gross disbursements: of-  Table 6-12. Interest payments: long-term loans
ficial concessional, official nonconcessional, and  and IMF charges. This is the sum of Tables 6-9
private long-term loans. Gross disbursements are  through 6-11, plus IMF charges on drawings.
from commitments of long-term external loans by
official concessional, official nonconcessional, and  Table 6-13. Total external debt service payments:
private sources, respectively (World Bank, DRS).  long-term loans and IMF credit. Total external debt
service payments include the sum of amortization on
Table 6-4. Disbursements: long-term loans and    long-term loans and IMF credit and interest payments
IMF purchases. T'his is the sum of tables 6-1 through  on long-term loans and IMF credit (World Bank, DRS).
6-3, plus IMF purchases.
Table 6-14. Interest payments: short-term loans.
Tables 6-5, 6-6, and 6-7. Amortization: official  These are estimated for the respective year based on
concessional, official nonconcessional, and private  the estimated year-end stock of short-term debt (which
long-term loans. Amortization is the actual repay-  may include interest arrears on long-term debt) and
ment of principal made in foreign currencies, goods,  the annual average six-month London interbank of-
or services on outstanding long-term  official   fered rate (LIBOR) on notes denominated in U.S.
concessional, official nonconcessional, and private  dollars as reported in the IFS (with no adjustment for
long-term loans as described above (World Bank, DRS).  spreads). Actual payments may be different because
the LIBOR only approximates actual interest rates on
Table 6-8. Amortization: long-term loans and IMF  short-term loans, and because not all interest due on
repurchases. This is the sum of Tables 6-5 to 6-7,  short-term loans is actually paid (World Bank, DRS).
plus repurchases of drawings from the IMF.
Table 6-15. Net flows: long- and short-term loans,
Tables 6-9, 6-10, and 6-11. Interest payments: of-  including IMF. These flows represent all disburse-
ficial concessional, ofricial nonconcessional, and  ments of long- and short-term loans net of all repay-
private long-term loans. These are actual payments  ments of principal on long- and short-term loans and
made in foreign currencies, goods, and services to  IMF credit (World Bank, DRS).
various lenders described above on interest obliga-
tions, including ]MF charges on drawings due on dis-  Table 6-16. Net flows: long-term loans, including
bursed debt and on commitment charges due on un-  IMF. Net flows of long-term loans are as defined
disbursed debt (where information is available), that  above for Table 6-15, but excluding short-term loans
(World Bank, DRS).



182                              External Debt and Related Flows
Table 6-17. Net transfers: long- and short-term  Table 6-25. Terms of long-term external financing,
loans, including IMF. Net transfers are net flows  1999. This table presents the average interest rates,
(Table 6-15) less interest payments (Tables 6-12 and  grace periods, maturities, and grant elements shown
6-14).                                           separately  for  official  concessional   and
nonconcessional long-term loans (excluding private
Table 6-18. Net transfers: long-term loans, includ-  financing); short-term loans are excluded (World
ing IMF. Net transfers include long-term loans and  Bank, DRS). Grant elements are calculated using a
IMF credit only (Table 6-16 less Table 6-12).    standard 10 percent discount rate. The indicators are
weighted averages (based on amount of commit-
Tables 6-19, 6-20, and 6-21. Long-term debt: offi-  ments) across all loans in each category. For the col-
cial concessional, official nonconcessional, and pri-  umn on structure of financing (that is, total flows),
vate. This series reflects the total debt outstanding  grants are based on sources for Chapter 12 (Aid
and disbursed of official concessional, official  Flows) and are not comparable with net official trans-
nonconcessional, and private loans (World Bank,  fers shown in Chapter 5.
DRS). The time series reflects changes in the valua-
tion of year-end debt stocks (because of US dollar  Table 6-26. External debt and debt service ratios,
exchange rate fluctuation) and debt cancellation, as  1999. This table includes the ratio of debt outstand-
well as net disbursements. Therefore changes in debt  ing and disbursed to GDP; per capita debt; the ratio
stocks from year to year cannot be used as a measure  of debt outstanding and disbursed to debt outstand-
of net borrowing or vice versa.                  ing, including undisbursed; the ratio of debt outstand-
ing and disbursed and the ratio of the present value of
Table 6-22. Total external debt. When Tables 6-19  debt to exports of goods and all services, including
to 6-21 are supplemented with IMF credit and esti-  receipts of workers' remittances; and the ratio of total
mates of total short-term debt (which includes inter-  debt service paid to exports of goods and all services,
est in arrears on public and publicly guaranteed  more commonly called the debt service ratio (World
long-term loans), they sum up to total external debt  Bank, DRS). Ratios are shown separately for
(World Bank, DRS).                               concessional debt and for all nonconcessional (includ-
ing private) debt. Both the stock of external debt and
Table 6-23. Structure of external debt. This table  debt service payments include short- and long-term
summarizes debt structure for 1980 and 1999 (World  loans and IMF credit, except for the ratio of debt out-
Bank, DRS). The columns cover the type of creditor  standing to debt outstanding including undisbursed,
and concessionality. The private debt shown includes  which is calculated for public and publicly guaran-
both the private guaranteed (by an entity of the debtor  teed debt only. The data for exports of goods and all
government) and the private nonguaranteed debt. For  services, plus receipts of workers' remittances, are
each year, all components shown add to the total in  taken from balance of payments data in Chapter 5.
Table 6-22.                                      The present value of debt is the sum of all future pay-
ments discounted to the present (usually with a com-
Table 6-24. Structure of external debt service pay-  mercial discount rate similar to LIBOR. The debt ser-
ments. This summary table compares debt service  vice ratio is shown for the ex post category, depicting
payments for all types of creditors in 1980 and 1999  the amount paid after debt relief and/or arrears.
(World Bank, DRS). Debt service payments on
short-term loans are excluded, to be consistent with  Figures
Table 6-13. Debt service payments are actual repay-
ments of principal (amortization) and actual payments  The following indicators have been used to derive the
of interest. The column headings have the same defi-  figures in this chapter:
nitions as given above for Table 6-23.           Figure 6-1. Debt service ratio (Table 6-26).
Figure 6-2. Debt to GDP ratio (Table 6-26).



External Debt and Related Flows                                                                 183
Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 6
Aggregations'                                         Period averages
Table                          (1)                            (2)                           (6)                       (1)
6-1                              x                                                                                     x
6-2                             x                                                                                      x
6-3                              x                                                                                     x
6-4                              x                                                                                     x
6-5                              x                                                                                     x
6-6                              x                                                                                     x
6-7                              x                                                                                     x
6-8                              x                                                                                     x
6-9                              x                                                                                     x
6-10                             x                                                                                     x
6-11                            x                                                                                      x
6-12                             x                                                                                     x
6-13                            x                                                                                      x
6-14                            x                                                                                      x
6-15                             x                                                                                     x
6-16                            x                                                                                      x
6-17                             x                                                                                     x
6-18                             x                                                                                     x
6-19                             x                                                                                     x
6-20                             x                                                                                     x
6-21                             x                                                                                     x
6-22                            x
6-23                            x
6-24                             x
6-25                                                                                          x
6-26                                                           x
Nola: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three
columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter.
a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country
coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary
indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of
the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean.
b. Period averages: (I) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest
of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth
rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms).



Government Finance
T   he data in this chapter pertain to consolidated  Measures of fiscal deficit or surplus are among the
government (except when not available) instead  single most important indicators of government fis-
of to central government operations, which were  cal performance. The measure is usually calculated as
reported in previous volumes.                   the difference between total revenue (including grants)
Definitions have been taken from the IMF's Gov-  and total expenditure (including lending minus repay-
ernment Finance Statistics (GFS). For this volume,  ments). As such, it measures government net financing
data are taken from country desks. When not avail-  requirements. GFS methodology recommends group-
able from country desks, data are taken from the GFS  ing grants receipt with revenue because they can be
and supplemented with data from IMF, World Bank,  spent without incurring an obligation for future pay-
or staff reports, or from other national government  ments but lists them separately because grants can
sources. Data from various sources have been harmo-  sometimes be treated as financing items. Financing
nized to produce a consistent and comparable time  includes all government borrowing from others (at
series.                                         home and abroad) minus amortization (government
The focus of this chapter is on the principal finan-  repayment of its borrowing from others and changes
cial transactions of government-taxing, borrowing,  in cash balances). Other measures of fiscal balance
spending, and lending-rather than on the production  include the fiscal deficit or surplus without capital
and consumption of goods and services, the use of  grants, which measures the government's ability to
labor, or other government activities. Spending cov-  operate without foreign capital transfers, and the fis-
ers both current and capital transactions.      cal deficit or surplus, excluding interest payments from
The data cover major government finance indica-  expenditure, referred to as the primary deficit or sur-
tors-fiscal deficit or surplus, expenditure and lend-  plus.
ing minus repayments, revenue, grants, and domestic  Revenue is divided between taxes-unrequited com-
and foreign financing-expressed as a percentage of  pulsory payments to government-and nontax rev-
GDP. The chapter also includes information on the  enue. It includes only non-repayable receipts other
major components of revenue and expenditure by eco-  than grants. Tax revenue is also classified according
nomic category, shown as percentages of total rev-  to the base upon which the tax is levied (for example,
enue and as a percentage of expenditure and lending  income and profits).
minus repayments, respectively.
184



Government Finance                                  185
Expenditure is classified by economic category  further discussion, see World Bank 1988b, box 2.1,
(such as wages, purchases, and interest payments).  p. 45.) Indicators calculated as ratios to GDP use GDP
Lending minus repayments-government lending less  at purchaser values or market prices (see Technical
repayment of past government lending-is grouped  Notes to Chapter 1). Because GDP at purchaser val-
with expenditure, except in certain cases (see Techni-  ues includes import duties (and GDP at market prices
cal Notes).                                     includes indirect taxes), ratios for revenues tend to
The economic classification of expenditures (for  understate tax burdens, especially where such taxes
example, on wages) is presented as a percentage of  are an important source of government revenue.
total expenditure and lending minus repayments, be-  Fiscal year data are compared with the calendar year
cause lending minus repayments is itself a separate  GDP data that correspond either to the second half of
economic classification.                         the fiscal year or to the calendar year in which most
No attempt was made to reconcile GFS data in this  of the fiscal year falls. Fiscal years do not correspond
chapter with the System of National Accounts (SNA).  to calendar years in Botswana, Cameroon, Egypt,
The fundamental difference between the two systems  Ethiopia, The Gambia, and Ghana (before 1982),
is that GFS focuses on government financial transac-  Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritius, Niger,
tions. whereas the SNA considers government trans-  Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Swaziland,
actions as part of total demand and value added. (For  Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe (after 1985).



186                                                            Government Finance
7-1. Government deficit/surplus (including grants)
Percentage of GDP                                                  Annual Average
1980      1991     1992     1993     1994      1995     1996     1997     1998     1999     2000      75.84    85-89    90-MRl
.SUB;SAHARAN AFRICA                        -4 5      -71      -6 9     -5'1)    - 34      -31      -31      -4 7     -4 3     -3 4       -5I      -4'      .45
.excluding &utk,Afnc-a                     .5 2     -6 6     -4.8     -3 9      -IS      - 1.0    -1 8      -43      410      -31                A'.1..
e %el S &fn a& N,gena           __        -5 2     -6 6     -48      .52      -42        -3 1     .23      .3A3     -3 3     -42       -5 9      A'       4
Angola                            ..     -21.9    -56.9    -21.7    -20.1     -37.5     -13.5   -22.7     -10.2      2.0      4.9        ..    -11.1     -20.4
Benin                             ..      -6.9     -7.2     -2.9     -4.4     -4.6       -0.4     0.3      2.2       1.9     -1.9        ..     -5 .8     -2.9
Botswana                          ..       9.1      9.5      8.7      3.1       1.8      6.4      3.8     -4.0     -2.6       1.9       9.7     14.5       4.4
Burkcina Faso                     ..       3.6     -2.9     -4.4     -3.4      -3.9     -0.6     -3.3      -3.2    -4.1     -4.7                          3.35
Burundi                          9.8      -0.2     -2.7     -3.7     -2.2      -2.2      -7.4    -4.1     -4.7      -6.4     -0.8       9.5    -4.4       -3.4
Cameroon                         0,4      -8.2     -6.3     -6.3     -9.2      -3.2      -1.7    -0.9     -2.0      -3.2      1.2       0.5     -5.2     -4.3
Cape Verde                         .      -4.3     -7.9     -9.3    -14.0     -19.1     -17.2    -6.0     -3.4      -1.8    -18.9      -7.2     -5.1      -9.5
Central African Republic                    ..        .        .    -10.0      -5.1      -3.4    -2.3     -0.8      -1.9     -2.0        ..-3.6
Chad                                     -4.1      -8.1     -8.6     -4.7      -4.4      -5.1     -3.9     -2.6     -5.9     -7.5        ..     -5.3      -5.7
Comoros                                   -2.2     -2.5      2.6     -7.5      -7.9     -6,3     -2.4      -3.4     -0.8     -1.9       0.0     -4.8      -3.0
Congo, Democratic Rep. of          .         .        .        .        .         .        .        .        .         .       .
Congo, Republic of                ..     -13.1    -14.1    -12.6    -13.2      -6.9      -5.0    -9.1     -20.0     -5.9      1.1       7.1     -7.9      -9.6
C8te d'lvoire                     ..     -12.9    -11.3    -11.9     -6.4      -3.9      -2.1    -1.4      -1.5    -2.2      -0.5        ..     -8.2      -6.0
Djibouti                           .        ..    -1I.7    -13.0     -8.4      -8.0      -3.9    -4.3       0.9     -2.2     -1.8        ..-5.8
Equatorial Guinea                 -.        .         .        .     -5.7      -6.3     -6.3       1.5     -5.7      0.1      9.1        ..-1.9
Eritrea                           ..        ,.      3.2     -6.4    -12.7     -22.4    -22.1     -5.0    .40.5     -56.2   -48.2         ..-24.1
Ethiopia                          ..       8.5     -7.0     -5,9     -7.7      -3,9      -5.6    -2.4     -4.4      -9.2    -11.4      -6.6     -5.7      -6.9
Gabon                              ..      2.2     -5.2     -5.7     -1.6       3.2      2.7       2.5    -14A4     -1.4      0.6     -36.9     -7.1      -2,3
Gambia, The                       ..       1.1      1.3      1.3     -1.1      -6.3     -10.0     -6.0     -1.7     -3.3     -1.4     -14.7      3.8      -2.4
Ghana                              ..      3.3     -4.0     -3.1     -8.9      -6.4      -9.5     -8.0    -4.3      -1.7     -6.6      -2.3     -2.7     -4.8
Guinea                             .      -4.5     -3.1     -3.7     -3.6      -2.7      -3.0     -2.9     -0.7     -3.1     -3.3        ..     -5.5      -3.1
Guinea-Bissau                    0.0     -17.5    -21.7    -13.0     -8.4      -1.4     -12.2    -18.2    -16.3     -9.7     -7.6      -8.3     -8.0     -12.0
Kenya                            -8.9     -5.4     -2.5     -2.3     -0.1       0.0      -0.6     -0.6      0.3      0.0     -3.0      -6.8     -4.1      -1.9
Lesotho                            ..      0.6      2.5     14.1     13.2       4.5      3.5       3.4      0.5     -6.2    -11.8      -4.6     -5.8       1.9
Madagascar                        ..       5.2     -6.9     -7.6     -8.7      -5.3      -8.1     -2.4     -5.8     -2.8     -2.8       1.7      0.4     -4.8
Malawi                          -11.6     -3.3    -11.1     -6.1    -17.4     -4.7       -3.7     -5.5     -6.6    -4.5      -5.0      -8.3     -5.9      -6.5
Mali                            -14.9    -4.1      -3.9     -4.1     -4.6      -3.1      -0.9    -2.1      -3.6     -3.9     -5.0     -11.9     -5.4      -3.5
Mauritania                        ..       3.8     -0.7     -7.4     -0.5       1.2      7.4       5.1      3.6      4.7     -3.5        -.     -9.7      -0.5
Mauritius                      -14.9      -3.0     -2.2     -2.7     -3.9      -5.9     -4.7     -4.1     -4.5     -4.0      -7.2     -10.4     -2.4     -4.0
Mozambique                       -2.1     -3.1     -2.7     -3.6     -5.3      -3.2     -2.9      -2.6     -2.3     -1.5     -3.7      -8.6     -8.1      -3.4
Namibia                           ..       1.5     -3.0     -4.5     -2.0      -3.2      -5.2     -3.4     -3.6     -3.3     -2.9     -17.2     -7.5      -3.2
Niger                           -36.7     -3.6     -4.7     -3.8     -6.7      -2.7      -0.2     -2.7    -4.2      -5.1     -2.0     -36.5     -4.8      -3.9
Nigeria                            .        ..        .        ..     1.9       9.9      9.1       1.0     -9.3     -7.5      2.2         .        ..      1.0
Rwanda                            ..       5.4     -8.1     -8.3    -11.5      -2.4      -5.7     -2.5     -2.9     -3.9      0.1         .        ..     -5.0
SAo Tomnt and Principe             ..    -21.2   -41.8     -33.6    -43.0     -37.6     -32.3   -26.7     -24.9    -25.5    -25.4        ..     -3.8     -30.3
Senegal                         -4.6       2.0     -1.8     -3.1     -1.9      -0.2      2.2       0.5     -0.3     -1.4     -0.2      -6.8     -2.0      -0.7
Seychelles                         .      -4.9     -5.8    -11.4      3.5       1.5     -9.3     -9.0     -23.9    -12.8    -15.7         .        ..     -8.0
Sierra Leone                       ..    -10.1     -9.0     -7.4     -5.9      -8.9      -5.3    -6.5     -10.4     -9.0     -9.8        ..    -13.4      -8.4
South Afiica                   -18.0      -3.9     -7.4     -8.9     -6.2      -5.2      -5,4    -4.5      -5.1    -4.7      -3.7      -6.5     -4.3      -5.3
Sudan                             ..     -15.3    -20.1     -1.7       ..      -3.2      -3.4    -0.5      -0.7     -0.9     -0.8     -12.2    -12.1      -5.6
Swaziland                          ..      5.5     -1.7    -4.7      -5.4      -1.8      -1.2      1.9      1.0     -1.5     -1.4         .        ..     -0.9
Tanzania                          ..       2.5      3.2     -1.4      1.6      -3.4      -1.9      1.8      0.2      0.4     -1.2      -9.4     -3.7       0.4
Togo                              ..      -6.8     -4.2    -15.5    -11.5      -6.4     -4.5       0.6    -4.9      -2.2     -5.5      -2.1     -3.8      -5.8
Uganda                             ..      3.7     -7.3     -3.2     -3.8      -2.6      -1.9     -1.4     -0.4     -1.2     -3.6      -2.1     -3.6      -3.0
Zanbia                            ..       7.0     -2.5     -5.6     -6.5     -4.3      -0.5     -0.2      -3.2     -2.4     -6.8        ..    -10.8      -4.3
Zimbabwe                         7.6      -5.2     -6.8     -6.1     -6.7     -10.1      -7.7__-_7.6       -2.5  __-9.6     -14         8.0     -7.9      -8.2
.NORTHAFRICA                                S   ,    21       -4.4    -26       -Ž 1      -0 6     -0i5      .2 2    -2 8      32.9 u                      -24
Algeria       -            -     -8.4      1.7     -1.2     -8.6     -4.4      -1.4      2.9       2.4     -3.9     -0.5      9.9      -9.5     -9.2       0.1
Egypt, Arab Republic              ..     -12.5     -3.1     -2.3     -0.9      -0.3     -0.7      -0.3     -0.5     -3.6     -3.3        ..    -14.1      -3.6
Morocco                         -10.9     -1.0     -2.3     -2.9     -3.8      -5.4      -3.5    -3.4      -2.7     -4.7     -6.2      -0.8     -5.7      -3.3
Tunisia                          0 9      --52   --30(      -28      -2 1      -4 2      .40      -3 9     -275     -2 2     -7 9      -1 7     -1.8      -3.5
ALL:AFR1CA:.                               .4 7     .5?      -6 0      -4 2     -3 0      -2 2     -2       -8       - 38     -1         -6 0    -6 0      -3 8
Note: 2000 data are preliminawy Nigeria: from 19,92 accounta are for consolidated budget: sinc 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch, rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil valiue added is significantly over-
valued.



Government Finance                                                                    187
7-2. Govei-nment deficit/surplus (excluding grants)
Percentage of GDP                                                   AnnualAverage
1980      1991     1992     1993     1994      1995      1996     1997      1998     1999     2000      75-84    85-89    90-AM
SUB-SAHARAN AFRIC'A                  -      -5 8      8 6     -8 3      -6 4      4.5      4.1       4.1      -5 8     -5 5     4.6       .5        -5 6      .5.7
excluding South Afnea                      .7 5     -9.4     -7.7     -6 5       -3 9     -2 9      .3 7     -6 4     -6 2     -5 3                .7 0      -6 1
excl S Africa& Nigena                      .7 5     -9.4     .7 7      -8 4      .6 '     -5 4     4 6       -5 8     -6 0     -o.8         5      -1.0        9
-21.9    -56.9    -21.7    -26-.1-----37.5     -13.5    -22.7     -13.9  -1-6.6
Angola                                                                                                                          0 2              -11 1     -22
Benin                                     -10.3    -11.4     -6.8     -9.0      -8.6      4.3      -4.4      -1.1     -1.6     -3.6              -15.5      -6.9
Botswwia                                    8.1      8.5      7.1      2.2       1.5       6.0      3.7      4.1      -2.6      1.9       7.3     12.6       3.7
Burkina Faso                              -8.2      -9.1     -9.6    -11.2     -11.1      -9.2    -10.6    -10.3     -13.4    -13.9                        -10.4
Burundi                           6.1      -8.8    -11.3    -12.7     4.7       -5.8      -9.7     -7.1     -5.6      -9.2     4.1        5.4     -6.0      -8.2
Cwneroon                          OA       -8.2     -6.3     -6.3     -9.4      -3.3      -1.7     -1                 -3.4      1.2       0 5      -5.2      4.4
Cape Verde                                -14.2    -25.5    -24.6    -29.2     -27.8     -22.2    -16.1    -19.5      -6.7    -24.6      45.0    -24.5     -20.1
Central African Republic                                             -15.0     -11.4      -5.0     -6.3     -8.6      -8.7     -9.2                         -9.2
Chad                                       -9.0    -13.0    -13.2    -14,2     -11.9     -11.2    -10.3     -7.7     -10.5    -12.3              -16.0     -11.7
Comoros                                   -18.5    -17.6    -11.9    -23.8     -19.7     -15.2    -12.1     -10.7     -7.3     -6.1     -19.1     -24.0    -14.4
Congo, Democratic Rep. of
Congo, Republic of                        -13.3    -14.1    -12.6    -14.3      -7.8      -5.3     -9.2    -20.3      -6.3      0.8       6.2     -8.0     -10.0
C6te d'lvoire                             -13.4    -11.8    -12.4     -7.1      -4.6      -2.9     -2.8     -3.0      -3.3     -1.6               -9.2      -6.8
Djibouti                                           -24.1    -21.8    -13.4     -10.0      -5.7     -8.1     -7.9      -9.6    -10.4                        -12.3
Equatorial Guinea                                                     -9.9      -8.9      -7.2      0.8     -6.4      -0.2      8.9                         -3.3
Eritrea                                            -12.3    -26.5    -31.2     -35.1     -33.3    -11.1    -50.8    -65.1     -67.6                        -37.0
Ethiopia                                  -10.9     -9.6     -7.6    -11.1      -7.3      -8.5     -6.0     -7.2     -12.9    -14.8      -8.7     -9.4      -9.8
Gabon                                      -2.4     -5.3     -6.0     -2.0       3.2       2.7      2.5    -14.4      -1.4      0.6     -37.3     -7.6      -2.4
Garnbia,The                                4.3      -3.3     -2.4     4.2       -8.7     -12.2     -7.3     -3.7      4.9      -3.6     -14.7    -10.5      -5.5
Ghana                                      -1.4     -9.4     -9.8    -12A      -10.0     -12.1    -103       -8.1     4.3     -10.0      -3.1      -5.1      -8.5
Guinea                                     -8.2     -7.1     -7.3     -7.1      -6.7      -6.2     -5.9     -3.6      -5.4     -5.7               -8.5      -6.3
Guinea-Bimu                       0.0    -33.1     -37.4    -29.9    -23.1     -17.7     -21.2    -30.9    -19.5     -14.0    -21.7      -10.1   -38.4     -24.8
Kenya                           -11.4      -7.4     -5.1     -5.4     -2.9      -2.1      -1.9     -2.0      -1.1     -1.3     -5.8      -8.6     -6.1       4.0
Lesotho                                    -9.0     -3.6      8.8      8.5       0.1      -0.8     -0.8     -2.8      -8.4    -13.8      -7.6    -11.3      -3.2
Liberia
Madagascar                                 -7.3    -10.4    -11.0    -11.7      -8.2     -12.3     -7.7     -9.3      -6.4     -6.4        1.0    -1.0      -8.4
Malawi                          -15.9     -6.3     -13.9    1-8.9    -29.5     -12.7      -8.3     -9.0    -12.8     -11.0    -14.4     -11.1      -9.8    -12.1
Mali                            -35.4     -12.3    -11.0     -9.6    -14.6     -10.7      -8. 1    -7.9      45       -9.2     -9.4     -38.2    -10.5     -10.1
Mauritania                                 -6J      -2.5     -9.6     -3.1      -0.8       5.2      4.3       2.2      2.1     -5.1         . .   -14.8      -2.5
Mauritius                       -15,0      -3.0     -2.3     -2.9      4.3      -6.2      -4.8     4.3       4.6      4.2      -7.3     -10.8     -3.2       4.2
Mozambique                       -3.9     -14.2    -16.5    -15.5    -19.2     -13.0      -9.9    -11.9    -10.5     -13.2    -15.4     -10.4    -13.4     -14.1
Namibia                             . .    -2.5     -3.8     -5.1     -2.4      -3.5      -5.6     -3.7     -3.8      -3.3     -3.0     -17.2     -7.5      -3.7
Niger                           -36.7      -8.4     -8.6     -9.4    -12.5      -7.4      -5.1     -7.3     -8.6      -9.0     -6.7     -36.8     -9.4      -8.7
Nigeria                                                                1.9       9.9       9.1      1.0     -9.3      -7.5      2.2                          1.0
Rwanda                                    -12.8    -14.2    -14.7    -12.4     -13.8     -13.0     -9.2     -8.1      -9.8     -9.1                        -1 1.5
Sao Tomt and Principe                     46.5     -50.9    -50.3    -60.5     -W9       -55.9    -54.5    -34.6     .50.1    45.6               -19.1     -50.8
Senegal                         -.5.3      0.3      -3.1     4.2      -6.1      -3.5      -4.4     -2.0     -3.3      -3.5     -1.9      -7.7     -3.4      -3.3
Seychelles                                -6.4      -7.1    -13.0      2.7       1.0      -9.8     -9.6    -24,3     -14.0    -16.8                         -9.0
Sierra Leone                              -10.1     -9.0     -7.4     -5.9      -8.9      -7.1     -7.0    -12.8     -14.2    -19.2              -14
O     -10.1
Somalia
South Afiica                     -2.5      4.3      -7.8     -9.0     -6.2      -5.2      -5.4     4.5      -5.1      4.7      -3.7       4.6      4.4      -5.4
Sudan                                     -15.3    -20.1     -1.7               -3.2      -3.4     -0.5     -0.7      -0.9     -0.8     -12.2    -12.1       -5.6
Swaziland                                  4.7      -3.1     -5.7     -6.1      -2.0      -1.5      1.6       0.5     -1.9     -2.6                         -1.6-
Tanzania                                    0.4      0.8     4.8      -1.7      -5.2      -3.9     -1.4     -2.6      -3.4     -5.5     -12.2     -6.7      -2.5
Togo                                       -8.3     -6.0    -15.8    -12.9      -7.7      -5. I    -0.8     -6.2      -3.9     -6.0      -5.6     -6.9      -7.2
Uganda                                     -7.6    -14.4    -11.3    -10.3      -6.9      -5.9     -5.8     -5.6      -5.9     -9.1      -2.7     -4.7      -8.1
Zambia                                    -16.0    -12.6    -13.6    -11.8      -9.5      -6.6     -5.3     -9.8     -10.4    -13.2         . .   -12.0    -11.0
Zixnbabwe                         6.9      -6.3     -8.4     -9. 1    -8.6     -11.9      -9.0     -8.6      4.2     -10.6    -22.5       7.0     -9.0_   __ -9.6
-6.6     -3.3      4.9      -3 2                                                                                  -3.1
NORTHAFRICA                                                                      -2.5      -0.9     -0.8      -2 4      i 0      0                  .9 8
Algena                           -U-        1.7     -1.2     -i-.6    4.4       -1.4       2.9      2.4     -3.9      -0.6      9.9      -9.5     -9.2         0
Egypt, Arab Republic                      -15.2     -5.5     -3.5     -2.1      -1.2      -1.3     -0.9      -1.0     4.2      -3.6              -16.0      -4.9
Libya
Morocco                         -11.3     -3.1      -2.3     -3.3     4.0       -5.4      -3.5     -3.4     -2.7      4.7      -6.2      -2.6     -6.2      -3.8
Tunisia                           0.9      -5.2     -3.0     -2.8     -2.5      4.5       -5. 1    -4.2     -2.8      -2.6     -3.3       -1.7     ±8        -3.7
Alf TFRJCA                                  -6.1     -6 6        1      .5 ----  -                              &-  -          -.3 11      -6 4             -4.
-3 8      -3.0     -2 9     -4       .4 7                         .6
Note: 2000 data we preliminmy. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidate-d budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. ech. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil 
alue added is signif'icantly ovu-
valued.



188                                                               Government Finance
7-3. Government primary deficit/surplus (-1+)
Percentage of GDP                                                      Annual Average
1980      199)      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998     1999      2000      75-84    85-89     90-MR
SLIB-SAHARAN AFRICA                                                                                               .9 8      -9 4     -8:7          .9
excJudLng South Affnca                       -9 3    -10 9     -11 0    - 13'       -6 5      -5 1     -53A      -78       -8 2     .7 7                           -8 6
extd S Africa& Nigena                        .9 3    .10 9     -11 0    -163        * .93     .7 9     -6 2      -6 9      -6 7     -82                 -9.1      -9.3
Arigola                             ..      15.9    -48.7      -12.2    219~ O     .2t%6      -1 2    -19 I      .52       8 4      10.8         ..     -8.6        ?.9
Benin                                .      -4.3      -3.6      -0.2     -1.2      -1.8        2.1      2.1       3.2      2.9      -1.0         ..     -2.7      -0.7
Botswana                             ..        .         .        .         .         .         .       3.7     .4.5       -2.6       ...                  .       -I.1
Burkina Faso                        ..       2.2      -1.5      -3.0     -1.9      -2.4        0.3     -2.4      -2.4      -3.2     -3.6          .        ..      -2.3
Bunundi                           10.1       1.4      -0.8      -2.2     -0.7      -0.4      -5.6      -2.1      -2.3     -3.2       2.2       10.1     -1.7      -1.3
Camneroon                          0.7      -4.1      -1.2      -1.5     -2.2        3.2       5.0      5.1       3.7      2.0       5.6        1.6     -3.9        0.9
Cape Verde                           ..     -0.9     -4.5       -2.9    -13.0     -15.9     -13.6      -2.1       0.2     -0.5     -16.3       -7.2     -4.2      -6.4
Centra African Republic                       ..         .        .      -7.6      -2.8       -1.5     -0.9       0.5     -0.5      -0.1 I.                .       -1.8
Chad                                        -3.5      -7.4     -7.4      -3.5      -3.4      -4.0      -2.9      -1.8      -5.0     -6.5         ..     -5.1      -4.8
Comoros                                     -1.0      -1.6      3.6      -6.3      -6.9      -5.4      -14A      -2.4      0.2      -1.0      -22.0     -7.3      -1.9
Congo, Democratic Rep. of            .         .         .        .         .         .         .         .        .         .         .
Congo, Republic of                   .      -4.4      -6.2      -5.2     -1.1       5.0        7.0      3.0      -5.4      5.7       8.1        7.1     -3.2       0.9
C6te dilvoire                        ..     -2.0      -0.9     -3.2       1.5        3.0      3,7       3.5       2.7      2.2       3.9         ..     -0.1I       1.1
Djibouti                             .         ..    -11.1     -12.5     -8.1      -7.4      -3.2      -3.8       1.3     -1.8      -1.0          .        ..      -5.3
Equatorial Guinea                    .         ..        .        ..      1.4      -0.4      -2.4       2.9     -4.1        1.4      9.3          .        ..       1.2
Eritrea                              .         ..     -3.2     -6.4     -12.6     -22.0     -21. 2     -3.9     -39.2    -54.2      45.3         ..        ..     23.1
Ethiopia                            ..       -7.2     -5.5      -3.9     -4.3       -1.4      -3.2     -0.2      -2.5      -7.3     -9.3       -5.7     -4.2      -4.8
Gabon                                ..      3.9       1.1       1.3      5.1       11.3       8.6      8.3      -7.1      5.8       6.1      -34.5     -2.4        4.2
Gambia, The                          ..      4.7       4.7       5.1      2.6      -2.5       -5.6     -0.8       3.6       1.7      3.2         -.      8.0        1.9
Ghana                                ..      5.1      -1.8       0.4     -4.4      -2.1       -4.4     -1.8       0.8      3.9       0.8       -1.1     -1.2       -0.5
Guinea                               ..     -2.2      -1.5      -2.4     -2.0       -1.3      -1.7     -1.2       0.7      -1.5     -1.6         ..      -2.8      -1.5
Guinea-Bissau                      0.0     -12.2     -17.0      -7.2     -3.0       5.2       -5.6    -12.7      -9.5      -3.3     -1.8       -3.2     -4.1       -6.3
Kenya                             -3.7       3.4       5.1       8.8      8.3        7.3       6.2      4.8       4.8      4.9       2.9       -2.2      1.3        5.3
Lesotho                             ..         .         .       5.9      7.5        6.2       5.0      5.0       2.6      -3.6     -8.5          .        ..       2.5
Madagascar                          ..      -3.1      -3.5     -3.5      -3.3      -0.2       -3.4      0.6      -3.1      -0.7     -0.5        3.2      2.1       -1.5
Malawi                            -8.3      -0.5      -7.9      -3.0    -12.4        1.7       1.6     -2.1      -2.7      -1.1     -0.6       -5.2      0.4       -2.5
Mali                             -10.5      -2.3      -2.2      -2.5     -2.1       -1.7       0.2     -1.1      -2.8      -3.0     -4.0       -7.7     -3.7       -2.0
Mauritania                          ..       -1.2      2.3     -3.3       2.4        4.4      10.6      8.0       7.1      8.3      -0.4         ..      -6.5       2.6
Maunitius                         -9.6       1.1       0.9      0.3      -0.6      -2.5       -1.0      0.0      -0.8      -0.4     -2.8       -3.8      2.6       -0.3
Mozambique                        -2.1      -1.8      -0.4      -1.1     -4.2       -1.6      -1.4     -1.3      -1.3      -0.9     -3.5       -8.5     -7.1       -2.0
Namibia                             ..      -1.2      -2.7      -3.9     -1.1      -2.1       -3.7      -1.5     -1. 1     -0.9     -0.7      -14.6     -4.8       -1.9
Niger                               ..        1.7     -3.1      -2.1     -4.4      -0.4        1.4      -1.2     -2.6      -3.6     -0.3       -2.8     -2.1       -2.1
Nigeria                              .         ..        .        ..      7.5       13.6      11.4      3.5      -6.3      0.8       9.7          .        ..       5.7
Rwanda                              ..       3.6      -6.2     -6.1      -7.0        0.0     -4.1      -1.2      -2,0      -3.0      1.0          .        ..      -3.3
Sgo Tocod and Principe               .-    -10.2     -30.8    -22.2     -32.0     -25 S      -22 3    -15.4     -12.5    -14.2     -18.7         ..      2.5     -19.7
Senegal                           -2.5       4.5       0.2     -0.8       1.6       2.7        4.6      2.8       1.0      0.0       1.2      -4.3       1.2        1.6
Seychelles                           ..      3.0       2.0     -3.5      11.9      11.2      -0. 1      0.3     -13.7      -5.6     -9.1          .        ..       0.4
Sierra Leone                        ..       3.8      -3.2      -3.4     -3.3      -7.0      -3.1      -4.5      -5.6     -3.5      -3.2         ..      -8.7     -4.1
South Africa                        ..         .        .         .         .         .         ,         .       1.7      1.4       1.5          .        ..       1.6
Sudan                                .         ...                          .         ..        .         ..      0.1      0.0       0.5          .        ..       0.2
Swaziland                           ..       6.3      -0.8     -4.0      -4.7      -1.1      -0.5       2.6       1.7     -0.9      -0.8         ..        .       0.2
Tanzania                            ..       2.2       2.6     -2.5       0.5      -0.4        1.1      4.2       2.2       1.9      0.3       -7.0     -1.2        1.2
Togo                                 ..      3.3      -1.3     -11.2     -6.0      -2.8       -1.8      3.1      -2.6      0.2      -3.2        4.0      1.0       -2.6
Uganda                              ..       2.4     -4.0       -1.4     -2.3      -1.6       -0.9     -0.4       0.5      -0.3     -2.5       -0. 1     -2.7      -1.7
Zamnbia                             ..       1.5       6.1      6.7       5.2        3.8       4.2      3.9       0.1      0.5      -3.4          . .   -1.3        2.6
Zimbabwe                          -2.2      -0.7      -1.1      0.1       0.0      -0.7        0.7     -0.4       7.4      0.7      -4.2       -3.2     -3.2        0.0
NORTH-IAFRICA                                 -9.5     -' 2     -luO      -li,'     -7 5       -6 0     -5 5      -6 8               -1 5               .108        .71
Alge-ria-                            ..      3.5-      1.0-     -6.3     -1.6        1.7      6.4       6.3       0.1       ..      14.0         ..      0.0        3.0
Egypt,.Arab Republic                ..      -6.1       3.7      6.1       8.6       6.9        6.2      5.7       4.8       1.8      2.0      -22.6    -14.3        2.9
Morocco                           -8.5       4.4       3.3      3.0       1.9        0.6       1.9      2.1       2.4      0.8      - 1.0       2.3      0.4        2.3
Tunisia                            2.5      -2.2       0.2      0.7       1.6      -02        -0.6     -0.4       0.6    _1.1        0.4        01   1   I 0        00
ALLAFRICA                    _____.                                                                               -8 8      -93      -7 0-8
Note: 2000 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget: since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exchr. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over-
valued.



Government Finance                                                                     189
7-4. Goveirnment expenditure and lending minus repayments
Percentage of GDP                                                   Annual Average
1980      1991     1992     1993     1994      1995      1996     1997      1998     1999     2000      75-84    85-89    90-MR
SLJB-SAHARAN AFRICA                         27 9     29 9     31 4     29 6      28 0      2'.5     27 9     29 5      31 5     30 4      26.7     28 5      29 3
excluding South Afrca                      26 5     28.6     26.9     25 5      23 6      22.4     2 36     25.5      27 9     29 8               27 5      265 I
exLI SAfrica&Nigeiia       __26 5                   28 6     26 9     27 4      25 8      24.8     24 5     25 4      25 8     26 9      25.1     27 5      26.3
Anglia                                    4(12      92 5     61) 7    62 1      6' 6      58 8     SY       413 7    60 6      555i               4'14      59.2
Benin                              ..      19.0     20.8     17.8     19.8      22.1      19.5     19.6     16.8      18.0     20.9        ..     20.0      19.5
Botswansa                          ..     41.2      42.0     42.5     36.6      36.6      36.0     41.2     42.9     44.6      43.4      33.5     33.4      40.6
Bwsidna Faso                       ..     21.5      20.9     21.6     22.8      22.7      21.8     24.2     25.0      29.0     28.0         .        ..     23.4
Burundi                          11.9     25.8      28.5     30.1     24.7      25.9      27.4     22.2     23.6      28.7     25.0     -12.6     23.9      26.2
Cameroon                         16.0     23.4      22.1     20.0     19.3      16.2      16.0     16.1     17.9      18.9     17.5      10.6     23.9     -19.0-
Cape Verde                          ..    30.3      44.2     48.0     52.6      51.7      42.9     40.4     41.9      33.0     45.0      67.4     42.2      41.6
Central Aftican Republic            .        ..        .        ..    22.4      20.6      11.0     14.0     17.7      17.9     18.8         .        ..     17.5
Chad                                       15.1     19.3     20.2     19.1      18.1      18.5     18.1     15.3      18.6     20.3        ..     21.8      18.6
Comoros                                   32.4      33.4     26.4     38.3      34.0      28.5-    27.2     22.0      18.9     16.3      36.8     36.9      28.2
Congo, Democratic Rep. of           .         .       .         .        .         .         .        .        .         .        .
Congo, Republic of                  ..    38.6      36.6     36.7     36.7      27.7      32.8     37.7     42.8      32.8     25.5      28.4     33.9      34.8
C6te clvoirc                       .      32.9      31.9     30.0     27.0      26.7      25.1     24.1     23.5      21.9     20.2        ..     35.9      27.0
Djibouti..                                   .      51.0     50.1     43.0      38.7      34.7     35.4     33.3      33.1     32.7         .        ..     39.1
Equatorial Guinea                  ..      54.5     47.6     55.9     27.1      24.6      24.9     16.6     30.0      16.0      8.6        ..     38.0      32.9
Eritrea                             .        ..     36.7     61.8     59.3      69.2      65.9     54.7     85.6    102.3     101.7         .        ..     70.8
Ethiopia                           ..     24.6      20.2     19.6     25.0      24.7      26.9     24.2     25.3      30.6     33.0      26.1     29.5      25.8
Gabon                              ..     26.7      28.3     28.6     25.5      26.3      23.0     28.8     46.2      27.0     21.5      36.9     37.6      27.8
Gambia, The                        ..     25.7      26.4     25.4     25.1      27.2      31.1     26.4     22.5      22.7     22.1      35.9     31.8      25.6
Ghana                            18.7      19.1     24.6     29.0     31.2      30.4      29.7     29.0     28.6     26.2      27.7      13.1     18.3      26.7
Guinea                              ..    22.7      19.3     18.5     17.3      17.7      16.5     17.4     14.8      16.3     17.0        ..     22.6      17.7
Guinea-Bimsu                      0.0     45.4      48.1     40.3     35.5      30.4      33.7     46.3     25.0      31.3     41.3       10.8    52.0      38.2
Kenya                            34.3     31.8      30.0     35.3     31.1      30.7      29.3     27.2     26.2      25.4     29.2      27.2     28.5      29.9
Lesotho                            ..     49.9      44.5     31.8     35.6      44.2      44.5     45.0     48.1      48.0     52.2      32.1     45.0      45.0
Madagascar                         ..      16.8     21.5     21.9     20.4      16.9      21.7     17.4     19.9      17.8     18.1      13.4     14.6      18.8
Malawi                           35.7     24.8      34.6     26.0     49.0      31.0      23.3     24.2     29.5     29.1      31.9      29.2     32.3      30.0
Mali                            1(18.2    28.4      24.4     23.4     27.2      23.5      23.5     23.9     25.0      26.4     26.9     106.8     25.6      25.4
Mauritania                         ..     28.3      24.8     36.8     27.7      24.8      24.0     22.7     25.0      25.8     30.6        ..     39.5      28.2
Mauritius                       :18.7     26.8      25.0     25.6     24.7      24.5      26.1     25.5     26.3      26.1     26.8      34.3     28.0      25.8
Mozambique                       17.4     26.7      30.3     29.5     30.9      24.4      20.5     23.5     21.8      25.1     28.0      26.5     24.5      26.3
Narnibia                            . .    34.6     35.5     37.2     32.4      34.4      35.3     35.5     35.4      35.8     34.6      39.1     35.2      34.9
Niger                            36.7      16.9     16.8     16.7     18.6      14.7      12.9     15.7      17.8     17.8     15.8      38.1     20.1      16.9
Nigeria                             .        ..        .        ..    16.6      12.7      10.6     19.0      25.5     38.2     43.9         .        ..     23.8
Rwanda                             ..     23.2      24.3     23.9     16.0      20.6      22.1     19.5      18.6     19.6     18.8         .        ..     20.6
Sao Tomd and Principe              ..     62.7      71.1     68.3     73.8      77.5      69.3     70.1     59.6      69.5     63.0        ..     43.6      68.1
Senegal                          27.4      19.1     21.5     20.8     21.0      19.9      20.9     18.9     20.1      20.8     20.0      26.8     20. 6     2 0.4
Seychelles                          ..    50.6      51.6     64.9     51.0      46.7      52.4     52.9     69.6      61.0     57.3         .        ..     55.2
SierTa Leone                       ..     20.9      21.4     21.3     18.7      17.5      17.6     12.0     20.2      20.9     30.2        ..     20.5      20.0
South Afiria                     24.1      29.2     31.1     35.5     34.0      33.0      33.3     32.7     34.0      35.6     31.2      26.4     29.3      32.6
Sudan                              ..     22.5      29.0     10.0       ..      12.0       9.5      7.2      8.2       9.0     11.8      23.1     20.8      13.5
Swaziland                          ..     27.3      33.7     33.8     34.1      31.0      31.1     28.7     29.6      31.4     30.5         .        ..     31.1
Tanzania                           ..      14.0     14.2     17.7     15.6      16.2      15.8     13.6      13.4     14.4     16.2      30.9     20.5      15.1
Togo                             40.5      25.7     22.2     26.7     25.1      22.6      20.0     18.2     22.3      18.8     19.2      34.9     32.4      22.7
Uganda                             ..      15.0     21.2     18.6     18.6      16.7      16.2     16.8     15.8      16.8     19.9      13.7      11.0     17.1
Zambia                           38.1     34.7      31.0     29.4     31.9      29.4      27.3     25.2     28.6      28.3     34.7      35.1     32.1      30.3
Zimbabwe                          4.2     33.0      36.1     34.8     33.1      38.6      34.5     37.4     35.7      39.5     49.9      11.4     35.6      37.0
NOPTliAFRICA                               33 8      32 7     33.1     31 9      333       29 2               _91  29  31       29.4         .        7      30
Algeria                          46.2     30.6      31.4     36.1     33.-5   -31-.6      29.2    31.2-     31.7      30.5     29.4      4~7.8-  -39.7     3-0-.9-
Egypt,Arab Republic                ..     40.9      36.6     33.2     32.2      28.6      27.8     26.1     25.3      28.4     27.2        ..     41.3      31.3
Morocco                          32.2      26.0     28.5     29.8     28.2      29.3      28.1     29.8     30.0      31.9     32.4      24.6     27.3      29.2
Tunisia            __            27 9     31.8      30.2     30.7     33.8      34 5      31;5     32 6     32 0      31 5     31 Q      I 3?      31 3     32 4
ALL AFRICA                                 3Mn       31.0     32 0      30)4     28.8      28 1     28 3      29 3     31 (     30 1       31'I     3 11     29 9
Note: 2000 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ration are distorted as off. e"ch. rate used by the Goy. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over-
valued,



190                                                                  Government Finance
7-5. Government interest payments
Percentage of GDP                                                         Annual Average
1980      1991       1992     1993      1994       1995       1996      1997      1998      1999      2000      75-84     85-89     90-MR
S LrB.SAI.IkRAN AFIJC 9                                                                                                 5 1       5        4 8          .                  s
exc1udwngSouth Afn"                            5 3       5.4       5 1       9 2        4 6       4 0        3 5      3.1       4 2       4 4         3 4      4 4        5 0
etc!I SAfnca &Nigcna                           4 2       4 3       4 8      ItI         4 8       4.4        3 7      3 5       3 4       -3 8        32       715        4 6
Angola                                ..       6.0       8.2       9.4     239.1       10.9      12.3       3.4       5.0       6.5       5.8          ..      2.5       28.3
Benin                                 ..       2.6       3.7       2.7       3.2        2.8       2.4        1.8      1.0       0.9       0.9          ..      2.0        2.3
Botswana                              ..         .         .         ,         .          .         .      -0,1      -0.5       0.0       0.1          .         ..      -0. I
Burkina Faso                          ..       1.4       1.4       1.5       1.6        1.5       0.9       0.9       0.9       0.9       1.1         0.7       1.2       1.2
Burundi                              0.2       1.6       1.8       1.5       1.5        1.8        1.8      2.0       2.4       3.2       3.1         0.7      2.0        2.0
Camneroon                            0.3       4.1       5.2       4.8       7.0        6.4       6.7       6.1       5.7       5.2       4.4         0.6       1.3       5.2
Cape Verde                            ..       1.1       1.1       1.2       1.0        3.2       3.6       3.9       3.6       1.3       2.7         0.0       1.1       2.2
Central Afiican Republic                       1.4       1.9       2.1       2.4        2.3        1.9       1.3      1.3       1.4        1.9         ..       1.4       1.8
Chad                                           0.6       0.7       1.2       1.2        1.0        1.0       1.0      0.8       0.9        1.0         .       0.2        0.9
Comoros                                        1.2       1.0       1.0       1.2        1.0        0.9       1.0       1.0      0.9       0.9         0.0      0.3        1.0
Congo, Democratic Rep. of             .          .         .         .         .          .         .          .        .          .        .
Congo, Republic of                    ..       8.7       7.9       7.4      12.1       11.9      12.0      12.1       14.6     11.6       7.0         0.0      4.8       10.5
COte dIlvoire                        0.0      10.9      10.4       8.7       7.9        6.9       5.8       4.9       4.2       4.4       4.4         1.6      8.1        7.1
Djibouti                              .          ..      0.6       0.4       0.3        0.6        0.7      0.5       0.3       0.3       0.7          -.        .        0.5
Equatorial Guinea                     ..       6.9       8.0       7.6       7.1        5.9       3.9        1.4       1.7       1.4      0.3          ..      5.8        4.6
Eritrea                                .         .       0.0       0.0       0.1        0.4       0.9        1.0       1.3      2.0       2.9           .        ..       1.0
Ethiopia                              ..       1.3       1.5       2.0       3.4        2.5       2.4       2.2        1.9      2.0       2.2         0.9       1.5       2.1
Gabon                                 ..       6.0       6.4       7.0       6.7        8.1       5.9       5.8        7.3      7.2        5.5        2.4       4.8       6.5
Gambia, The                           ..       3.5       3.4       3.8       3.7        3.8        4.4      5.1       5.3       5.0       4.6          ..      4.2        4.3
Ghana                                 ..       1.8       2.2       3.5       4.4        4.2       5.1       6.3       5.1       5.6       7.5         1.3       1.5       4.3
Guinea                                ..       2.3       1.6       1.3       1.6        1.4        1.3       1.6       1.4       1.6       1.7         ..      2.7        1.7
Guinea-Bissau                        0.0       5.3       4.6       5.8       5.4        6.7       6.6       5.5       6.8       6.4       5.7         0.1      3.9        5.7
Kenya                                3.5       9.1       8.4      14.3      11.2        8.1       7.0       5.9        5.5      4.5        3.6        3.7       5.1       7.9
Lesotho                               ..         .         .       2.3       2.1        1.7        1.6       1.6      2.0       2.6       3.2           .        ..       2.1
Madagascar                            ..       2.0       3.4       4.0       5.4        5.1       4.7       3.0       2.7       2.1       2.3         1.0       1.8       3.3
Malawi                               3.2       2.7       3.2       3.1       5.1        6.4       5.3       3.4       3.8       3.4       4.5         4.2       6.0       4.1
Mali                                 4.4       1.8       1.8       1.6       2.4        1.4        1.1       1.0      0.8       0.9        1.0        5.9       1.7        1.5
Mauritania                            ..       2.6       3.0       4.1       2.9        3.2       3.2       3.0       3.5       3.6       3.1          ..       3.2       3.2
Mauritius                            5.3       4.1       3.1       3.0       3.2        3.4       3.7       4.1        3.7      3.6       4.4         6.4       5.0       3.7
Mozambique                           0.0       1.3       2.4       2.5       1.1        1.6        1.4       1.3       1.0      0.6       0.2         0. 0      1 .0       1.4
Nanmibia                              ..       0.3       0.2       0.6       0.9        1.1        1.5       1.9      2.4        2.4       2.2        2.6       2.7        1.3
Niger                                 ..       1.9       1.6       1.7       2.3        2.3        1.7       1.5       1.6       1.6       1.7        2.1       2.7        1.8
Nigenria                             1.4      10.1       9.8       8.2       5.6        3.7       2.3        2.4       3.1      8.3        7.5        1.7       8.0       6.6
Rwanda                               0.2       1.8       1.9       2.2       4.5        2.3        1.6       1.2      0.9       0.9        0.9        0.4       1.0        1.7
Sao Tom6 and Principe                 ..      11.0      11.0      11.5      11.0       12.0      10.0      11.3       12.4      11.3      6.7          -.       6.3      10.6
Senegal                              2.0       2.5       2.0       2.3       3.5        2.9       2.3       2.3        1.3       1.5       1.5        2.5       3.2       2.2
Seychelles                           1.8       7.9       7.9       8.0       8.4        9.7       9.2       9.4      10.2       7.2       6.7         1.9      6.6        8.4
Sierra Leone                         1.9       6.3       5.8       4.0       2.6        1.8       2.2       2.0       4.8       5.5       6.6         2.0       4.7       4.3
South Africa                          .          ..        .         .         .          ,.         .        ..      6.9       6.1       5.2           .        ..       6.1
Sudan                                 .          .         .         ..        ......                                 0.7       0.9        1.3          ...1.0
Swaziland                             ..       0.8       0.8       0.7       0.6        0.6       0.7       0.7       0.7       0.6       0.7           .        ..       0.7
Tanzania                              ..       1.9       1.7       2.3       2.2        3.0       3.0       2.4       2.0        1.5       1.8        2.4       2.4       2.2
Togo                                  ..       3.5       3.0       4.3       5.5        3.5       2.8       2.5       2.3       2.4       2.3         7.2       4.8       3.2
Uganda                                -.       1.3       3.3       1.8       1.4        1.0        1.0      0.9        1.0      0.9        1.0        2.0       0.9       1.3
Zambia                               4.1       8.5       8.5      12.3      11.6        8.1       4.8       4.1       3.4       2.9       3.4         4.2       9.5       6.9
Zimbabwe                             1.2       4.6       5.7       6.2       6.7        9.4       8.5        7.1      9.9       10.3      17.2        2.6       4.8       8.2
NORTHAFRICA                        ~~~       ~~~       ~~~4 4  _   4-8  St  60 5         T,      -5        4o                    7                -36        -4 0-
Algeria                ..        1.8       2~~  ~   ~~~~     ~~~    ~   ~~.2  2.3  2.8  3.1  3.5  4.0   4.0        ..       4.0         ..       1.7        2.9
Egypt, Arab Republic                  ..       6.3       6.8       8.5       9.4        7.3       7.0       6.0        5.3       5.4      5.3         0.0       3.0       6.5
Morocco                              2.4       5.5       5.6       5.9       5.7        6.0       5.4        5.4       5.2      5.5        5.3        4.1       6.1       5.6
Tunisia               ____           1.6       2.9-      3-.2      3.5       3.7        4.0   _ _ 4.3        3.4       3.1     _3.4        3.3      -1.8        2.8       3.4-
A~LL AFRIC A                                                                                                            -I9       SlI       4 8 
Note: 2000 data are preliminary. Nigeria: fusm 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gov for oil exports oil value added is signifilcantly over-
valued.



Government Finance                                                                      191
7-6. Government revenue (excluding grants)
Percentage of GDP                                                     Annual Average
1980      199)     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996     1997      1998     1999      2000      75-84    85-89    90-MR
SUB8-SA.HARAN AFRICA                        21 6      22,      2.3.2     22 8      23 5      2134     23 8     23.7      26 0     25.9       2110     21 9      235
e\,cludLng South Ahmcd                     18 6      21 8     20 2      18 3      19.7      19.4     19 9      19 1     21 6     24 4       18 5     19fn      'A'
e%cl_SAfinca&Niyeria      ___               18       19.1     19 1      18 3      19 1      19 4     19 9     19 6      19 8     2'3 1      18 5     202I      19.3
Angola                    .~~~~~~~~-.  _18.3' _ 3 5.6  3-9.1   42.1      30.1      45.3      36.8     26.8      44.0     55.7         ..     32.3      36.3
Benin                               ..      8.7       9.5     11.0      10.8      13.5      15.2     15.2      15.7     16.4     17.2       14.2      4.5      12.6
B3otswana                           ..     49.3      50.5     49.6      38.8      38.1     41.9      44.8     38.9      42.0     45.4       40.8     46.0      44.3
Burkina Faso                        ..     13.3      11.7     12.0      11.6      11.6      12.6     13.6     14.7      15.6     14.1        9.7     10.6      13.0
Bunundi                           18.1     16.9      17.2     17.4     20.1       20.1      17.7     15.1     18.0      19.5     20.9       18.0     17.9      18.0
Camecroon                         16.3      15.2     15.7     13.7       9.9      12.9      14.3     15.1     15.6      15.5     18.8       11.1     18.6      14.6
Cape Verde                          ..     16.1      18.7     23.5      23.4      23.9     20.7      24.3     22.4      26.4     20.5       22.4     16.4      21.5
Central African Republic                    9.2       8.9      7.7       7.5       9.2       6.1      7.7      9.1       9.2      9.6          .        ..      8.6
Chad                                        6.1       6.3      7.0       4.9       6.2       7.3      7.8      7.6       8.1      8.0        3.6      5.4       6.9
Comoros                                    13.9      15.      145       1.         43       1.        51      1.         16      1.2        17.6     12.9      13.8
Congo, Democratic Rtep. of          .         .        .         .        .          .        .         .        .         .        .
Congo, Republic of                 ..      25.3      22.5     24.1     22.4       19.9     27.5      28.5     22.6      26.5     26.3       34.6     25.9      24.8
C6tedIlvoire                       ..      19.5      20.1     17.6      19.9      22.1     22.2      21.3     20.5      18.6     18.5       30.0     27.7      20.2
Djibouti                            .         ..     26.9     28.4     29.5       28.7     28.9      27.3     25.3      23.5     22.3          .        ..     26.8
Equatorial Guinea                   .         .         .        ..     17.3      15.7      17.7     17.4     23.6      15.8     17.6         .         ..     17.9
Eritrea                             .         ..     24.4     35.3     28.1       34.1     32.6      43.6     34.8      37.2     34.1          .        ..     33.8
Ethiopia                           ..      13.7      10.6     12.0      13.9      17.4      18.4     18.2     18.1      17.8     18.2       17.4     20.0      16.0
Gabon                              ..      24.3      22.9     22.6     23.5       29.5     25.7      31.3     31.8      25.6     22.1       -0.3     30.0      25.4
Gambia, T'he                       ..      21.5      23.2     23.0     20.9       18.5      18.8     19.1     18.8      17.8     18.5       21.2     21.3      20.1
Ghana                               ..     17.7      15.2     19.2      18.7      20.4      17.6     18.7     20.5      21.8     17.7        8.0     13.2      18.2
Gui`nea                             ..     14R.5    -12.2     11.2      10.2      11.0      10.3     11.5      11.2     10.9     11.3         ..     1 4.4     11.8T
Guinea-Bissau                     0.0       12.4     10.7     10.4      12.4      12.7      12.5     15.3       5.4     17.3     19.6        0.7     13.6      13.4
Kenya                            22.9      24.4      24.9     29.9     28.1       28.6     27.5      25.2     25.1      24.2     23.4       18.7     22.4      25.9
Lesotho                             ..     40.9      40.9     40.6     44.1       44.3     43.7      44.2     45.3      39.7     38.3       29.2     33.6      41.8
Madagascar                          ..      9.5      11.1     10.8       8.8       8.8       9.4      9.7     10.6      11.4     11.7       14.4     13.6      10.5
Malawi                            19.8      18.6     20.7     17.1      19.5      18.3      15.1     15.2      16.8     18.1     17.5       18.1     22.4      17.9
Mali                             72.8      16.0      13.3     13.8      12.7      12.9      15.4     16.0     15.6      17.2     17.5       68.6     15.1      15.3
Mauritania                          ..     22.3      22.4     27.2     24.7       24.0     29.2      27.0     27.1      27.9     25.6         ..     24.7      25.6
Mauritius                        23.7      23.8      22.7     22.8     20.4       18.3     21.3      21.2     21.7      21.9     19.5       23.9     24.8      21.6
mozamnbique           ~           13.4      12.5     13.9     14.0      1 1.8     11.3      10.6     11.6      11.3     12.0     12.7       16.~1    1.1 i    12.2
Namnibia                           0.0     32.0      31.7     32.1      30.0      30.9      29.7     31.8      31.7     32.5     31.6       13.1     27.7      31,2
Niger                              0.0      8.5       8.2      7.3       6.0       7.2       7.8      8.4       9.1      8.8      9.1        1.1     10.7       8.3
Nigeria                             ..      17.7     35.1     25.5      18.5      22.6      19.7     20.0      16.2     30.7     46.1         ..     13.6      24.9
Rwanda                              ..      10.4     10.1      9.2       3.6       6.9       9.1     10.3      10.4      9.8      9.8        9.0     10.5       9,1
Sao Tom6 and Prinicipe             ..      16.2      20.2     18.0      13.3      16.5      13.4     15.6     25.0      19.3     17.4         ..     24 6      17.3
Senegal                          22.1      19.4      18.4     16.6      14.9      16.4      16.6     16.9      16.8     17.3     18.1       19.1     17.2      1 7.1~
Seychelles                          ..     44.2      44.5     51.9      53.7      47.7      42.6     43.4      45.2     47.0     40.5       40.2     47.0      46.2
Sierra Leone                        ..     10.8      12.4     13.9      12.8       8.6      10.5      5.0       7.4      6.8     12.0         ..      6.6       9.9
South Africa                     21.5      24.9      23.4     26.5     27.8       27.8     27.9      28.2     28.8      30.9     27.5       21.9     24.9      27.3
Sudan                              ..       7.2       8.8      8.3       8.8       8.7      6.1       6.7      7.6       8.1     11.0       10.9      8.7       8.0
Swaziland                           ..     32.0      30.6     28.1     28.0       29.0     29.5      30.3     30.1      29.5     27.9          .        ..     29.5
Tanzana                             ..     14.4      15.1     12.9      13.9      11.0      11.9     12.2      10.8     10.9     10,7       18.6     13.8      12.6
Togo                                ..     17.5      16.2     10.9      12,2      14.9      14.9     17.4      16.1     14.9     13.3       28.1     25.5      15.5
Uganda                              ..      7.5       6.8      7.3       8.3       9.8      10.2     11.0     10.3      10.9     10.8       11.1      6.3       9.1
Zambia                              ..     18.7      18.4     15.9     20.1       19.9     20.7      19.9      18.8     17.9     21.6         ..     20.1      19.3
Zimnbabwe                         11.1     26.6      27.7     26.8      24.5      26.7     25.5      28.7     3-1.4     28.9   -27.4        18.5    -26.6 ---27.4
NORTi-JAFRICA                      __       27 2      29.5     28.2      28 7      27-8     -28 3     2813     26 5      2701     29 4                25_ 8   _27X8
Algeria                          37.9      32.3      30.2     27.5     29.1       30.2     32.2      33.5     27.8      29.9     39.3       38.3     30.4      31.0
Egypt, Arab Republic                ,.     25.7      31.2     29.7     30.0       27.3     26.5      25.2     24.3      24.2     23.6         ..     25.3      26.4
Morocco                          20.9      22.9      26.2     26.6      24.2      23.9     24.6      26.4     27.3      27.2     26.2       22.0     21.1      25.4
Tunisia            ______        28.8      26.7      27.2     27.8      31 3      30 0     30 3      28 4     29 1      28 9     28 6 ____     06    29 5      28'1
ALLAFR_JCA                                 23 6 -    24.9     24         1         51       2!       24       2'        24       27 1       23       23         5
Note: 2000 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rakte msed by tbe Goy, for oil exports oil value added is significantly over-
valued.



192                                                           Government Finance
7-7. Grants to government
Percentage of GDP                                                  Annual Average
1980     1991      1992     1993     1994      1995     1996     1997     1998     1999     2000      75-84    85-89    90-AM
SUB~SAHARAN AFRICA                72        1 2        .L4 K'>..L...     3       CL        h        IO      .14     1.l2-5                       0.9.      1;2:
execkdtngSou~thAfnca             0 7       1 9      2 3      23       2 4       2 0       1.9      I 8      2 0      2 3      2 2       0 8      I6         1
e~~1 SAfr,ca&N,~~~~~ena  U9  23      2.7 ~~~~ 2 8      2 8       2 4       22      2 2      2 4       '       2 7        1 0      1 9      2 5
Angola                            ..       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      3.7      18.6      4.8        ..      0.0       2.5
Benin                            0.0       3.4      4.1      3.9      4.6       4,0      3.9      4.7      3.2       3.6      1.7       1.1      5.0       3.9
Botswana                         0.0       1.0      1.1      1,6      0.9       0.3      0.4      0.1      0.1       0.1      0.0       0.2      2.0       0.6
Burkcina Faso                    0.0       4.6      6.2      5.2      7.7       7.2      8,6      7.3      7.1       9.3      9.3       0.7      5.5       6.8
Bunundi                          3.7       8.7      8.6      9.1      2.4       3.6      2.2      3.1      0.9       2.8      3.3       2.0      1.6       4.8
Cameroon                         0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.1       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.3       0.2      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.1
Cape Verde                       0.0       9.9     17.5     15.3     15.2       8.7      5.0     10.1     16.1       4.9      5.6       3.8     19.3      10.6
Central African Republic         4.4       4.6      5.7      5.3      4.9       6.3       1.5     4.0       7.8      6.8      7.2       1.6      5.1       5.3
Chad                             0.0       5.0      4.9      4.6      9.5       7.5      6.2      6.4      5.1       4.6      4.8       0.8      9.8       6.0
Comoros                          0.0      16.3     15.0     14.4     16.3      11.8      8.9      9.7       7.3      6.5      4.2       3.8     19.2      11.4
Congo, Democratic Rep. of        0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0       .        ..       0.0      0.0       0.0
Congo, Republic of               0.0       0.2      0.0      0.0      1.1       0.9      0.3      0.1       0.3      0.4      0.3       0.2      0.1       0.4
C6te d'Ivoire                    0.0       0.5      0.5      0,5      0.7       0.7      0.7       1.4      1.4      1.2      1.1       0.0      0.0       0.8
Djibouti                          ..       0.0     12.4      8.8      5.0       2.0       1.8     3.8       8.8      7.4      8.6        ..      0.0       5.3
Equatorial Guinea                 ..      27.7     17.1     19.3      4.2       2.6      0.9      0.7       0.7      0.2      0.1       0.0      4.6       9.4
Eritrea                                     ..      9.1     20.1     18.5      12.7     11.3      6.1      10.3      8.9     19.4A.                .      12.9
Ethiopia                          ..       2.4      2.6      1.7      3.5       3.3      2.9       3.6      2.8      3.6      3.3       2.1      3.7       2.9
Gabon                            0.0       0.3      0.1      0.3      0.4       0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.5       0.1
Gamnbia, The                     0.0       5.4      4.5      3.7      3.1       2.4      2.2       1.3      2.0      1.6      2.3       0.0     14.2       3.1
Ghana                            0.1       4.7      5.4      6.8      3.5       3.6      2.6       2.3      3.8      2.6      3.4       0.1      2.3       3.7
Guinea                            ..       3.6      4.0      3.6      3.5       4.0      3.2      3.1       2.9      2.3      2.4        ..      3.1       3.3
Guinea-Bissau                    0.0      15.5     15.8     16.9     14.7      16.3      9.0      12.8      3.2      4.3     14.1       1.8     30.4      12.8
Kenya                            2.5       2.0      2.6      3.1      2.8       2.1       1.3      1.4      1.4      1.2      2.8       1.1      2.0       2.1
Lesothso                         0.0       8.4      6.1      5.3      4.7       4.4      4.3       4.2      3.3      2.2      2.1       0.9      5.5       5.1
Liberia                          0.0        .         ..       .        .....                       ....                       ..0.0             0.0
Madagascar                       0.0       2.1      3.5      3.5      3.0       2.9      4.2       5.3      3.5      3.6      3.6       0.2      1.3       3.6
Malawi                           4.3       3.0      2.8      2.8     12.1       8.0      4.5       3.5      6.2      6.5      9.3       2.2      3.9       5.6
Mali                            20.5       8.2      7.1      5.5     10.0       7.5      7.2       5.8      5.9      5.3      4.4      26.3      5.1       6.6
Mauritania                       0.0       2.3      1.7      2.2      2.6       2.0      2.2       0.8      1.4      2.6      1.6       0.0      5.1       2.0
Mauriti'us                       0.2       0.1      0.2      0.2      0.4       0.3      0.1       0.3      0.1      0.2      0.2      -0.3      0.8       0.2
Mozamnbique                      1.8      11.1     13.7     11.9     13.8       9.8      7.0       9.3      8.1     11.6     11.6       1.9      5.4      1.7
Namibia                          0.0       1.0      0.8      0.6      0.4       0.3      0.3       0.3      0.2      0.1      0.1       0.0      0.0       0.5
Niger                            0.0       4.8      3.9      5.6      5.8       4.7      4.9       4.6      4.4      3.9      4.7       0.3      4.6       4.8
Nigeria                          0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0       0.0
Rwanda                           0.0       7.4      6.1      6.4      0.9      11.4      7.3      6.7       5.2      5.9      9.1       1.6      3.5       6.5
SAo Tom6 and Principe            0.0      25.3      9.0     16.6     17.5      23.4     23.5     27.8       9.7     24.6     20.3       0.0     12.2      20.4
Senegal                          0.7       1.7      1.3      1.1      4.2       3.3      6.6       2.6      3.0      2.1      1.7       0.5      1.4       2.6
Seychelles                       0.0       1.5      1.3      1.6      0.8       0.5      0.5       0.5      0.5      1.2      1.0       1.0      2.2       1.0
Sierra Leone                     1.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      1.8      0.5       2.4      5.2      8.4       0.4      0.5       1.7
Somalia                          0.0        .        ..        .        .....                       ....                       ..       0.0      0.0       0.0
South Africa                   -15.5       0.4      0.3      0.1      0.0       0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      -2.0      0.1       0.1
Sudan                            0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0       0.0
Swaziland                        0.0       0.8      1.4      1.0      0.8       0.3      0.3      0.3       0.5      0.4      1.2       0.0      0.0       0.6
Tanzania                           .       2.1      2.4      3.4      3.3       1.8      2.0       3.2     2.7       3.8      4.2       2.8      3.0       2.9
Togo                              1.5      1.5      1.8      0.3      1.4       1.4      0.5       1.4      1.3      1.7      0.5       1.4      3.1       1.4
Uganda                           0.0       3.8      7.1      8.1      6.5       4.4      4.1      4.4       5.1      4.7      5.5       0.1      1.1       5.0
Zambia                           0.0       9.0     10.2      8.0      5.3       5.2      6.1      5.1       6.6      8.1      6.4       0.0      1.2       6.7
Zimbabwe                         0.7       1.1      1.7      2.0      1.9       1.8       1.3      1.1      1.7      1.0      1.1       0.5      1.0       1.4
NORfH AVI&A                       0         1 5      0 9'     uS       06        Oi3      0 2   .        . .3        0 ,3 *    3'          3~     O5        (,6
Algeria                          0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0,0       0.0      0.0      0.1      0.0       0.0      0,0       0.0
Egypt, Arab Republic             0.0       2.8      2.3      1.2      1.3       0.9      0.6       0.6      0.5      0.6      0.4       0.0      1.2       1.3
Libya                            0.0        ..        .        .        .         ..                .         ..                .       0.0      0.0
Morocco                          0.5       2.1      0.0      0.3      0.2       0.1      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       1.7      0.5       0.5
Tunisia                          0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.4       0.3      0.2       0.3      0.4      0.3      0.4       0.0      0 0       0 2
ALLAFRICA                         -4 4      1 3      1 2      10       Ic       u)9       'VI      u         0 8      uO 9      8        .0)2     (I7       1U
Note: 2000 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accoants are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted us off. exch. rate used by the Goy, for oil exports oil value added is significantly over-
valued.



Government Finance                                                                   193
7-8. Foreign financing
Percentage of GDP                                                  Annual Average
1980      1991     1992     1993     1994     1995      1996     1997     1998     1999     2000      75-84    85-89   90-MR
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                 I        1 3      0 1      089      2 0       0 8      1.7      07       0 8      0 0      0 2        1.1      1 4      0 9
excludingSouth Africa                      2 3      0 1      1 5      3 5       I 1      3.0      0 9       1 3      1 0      1 4       1 8      2 9       1 8
e%clS Afirica& Nigena      _    __         2 9      3 4      289      50O       2.0      4 0       1 3      1 4      It)      1 3       2 3      i 1      2.6
Angola                 ..      ~~~~~~~~~~~~1.6  1.2  -8.7  7.3      -2.7     29.9      3.7      -3.6     -5.0     -2.1        ..      0.6       2.3
Benin                             ..      11.3      7.9      6.9     10.3       8.3      7.6      2.3      2.4      2.8       3.2        ..     27.9      6.6
Botswana                          ..       0.3      0.8      0.5      0,0      -0.3     -0.3     -0.7      0.4      2.0       0.7         .       ..      0.3
Burkina Faso                      ..       8.4      9.4      9.6     10,5      13.1     11.2      9.7     10.1      9.5       5.4       3.0      1.1      9.1
Bunindi                          3.3      10.6     14.2     10.6      7.4       2.9      3.0      1.6      2.6      1.7      0.5        5.6      7.5      5.8
Caneroon                         2.2       1.9      8.4      0.1     20.5       0.1      8.2     -4.0      9.0      3.3       1.3       1.6      3.0      4.9
Cape Verde                        ..       0.6      2.2      3.2        .        ..        .        ..     6.5      8.2     -0. 1      11,5      4.8      3.2
Central Afiican Republic         0.4       1.6      0.8      0.3      2.3       0.6     -1.6     -1.6     -1.6     .1.9      -1.8       1.0      1.9     -0.2
Chad                                       2.7      2.0      2.8      2.6       2.8      6.7      5.6      2.7      5.3       3.3       0.5      4.1      3.9
Comoros                                    3.2     -2.5      2.4      4.8       4.5      3.8      3.0      1.8      1.5     -0.5        0.0      0.7      2.2
Congo, Democratic Rep. of          .         .       .         .        .         .        .        .        .        .        .
Congo, Republic of              11.2       8.3      7.0      8.1      5.4     -11.9     75.4     11.0    -13.3    -12.2    -10.4        5.7      6.9      8.4
C6tedIlvoire                     7.9      10.9      9.8      7.5     11.0       4.2      3.0      1.0      0.7      0.2       1.9       6.8      6.1      5.6
Djibouti                           .        ..      1.7      3.4      2.5       1.6      3.4      1.4      0.7      2.0       3.7        .        ..      2.3
Equatorial Guinea                 ..      -7.0      0.4      0.6     -8.5      -8.0     -0.4     -0.7     -0.9     -0.6     -0. 1        ..     -0.8     -2.3
Eritrea                            .        ..      0.0      0.1      4.6       1.2      1.3      4.3      9.7     15.9     19.6         .        ..      6.3
Ethiopia                          ..       2.1      1.4      2.7      6.0       3.7      3.7      1.8      1.7      3.5       1.7       2.6      3.1      2.8
Gabon                              ..     -2.8    -4.2      -5.1     -3.2      -5.7     -3.1     -4.9     -6.2     -6.9     -2.7         . .     6.8     -4.3
Gamnbia, The                     0.0       4.6      4.1      2.0      0.7       2.9      6.6      4.1      1.2      0.6     -0.8        1.3      5.6      2.8
Ghana                            0.9       3.5      3.5      6.2      4.5       4.3      3.7      4.6      3.1      5.8      9.2        0.7      2.7      4.8
Guinea                            ..       1.3      1.5      3.1     -0.3       1.7      1.2      4.1      1.8      2.4       1.6        ..      4.7      1.9
Guinea-Bissaus                   0.0       2.1     18.9     14.0      9.8       3.3      9.0     20.8      7.8      5.1     85.5        0.0     16.0     16.5
Kenya                            0.3       1.0      1.3      1.2     -0.5      -0. 5    -0.6     -1.1     -1.2     -1.9     -0.4        0.2      1.0      0.0
Lesotho                            ..     -1.7      0.7      5.6      5.2       3.8      5.9      7.3      5.4     -0. 1     -1.7      -0.4     -4.9      2.4
Madagascar                       5.6       3.9      2.7      2.9      1.7       1.9      5.0      3.8      1.9       1.2      2.7       4.1      3.4      2.7
Malawvi                          4.0       3.5      4.9      4.4     12.9       1.8      4.9      3.4      9.0      3.1      3.4        4.8      3.5      5.1
Mali                            15.2       6.2      4.3      3.4      7.8       7.4      6.1      3.4      3.8      3.8       3.9      20.5      8.1      5.1
Mauritania                        ..      -1.6      0.7     23.5      6.8       2.7      3.4      0.1     -3.2     -2.0     -0.5        0.0      6.8      2.8
Mauritius                        8.1      -0.8     -0.7     -0.2     -0.6       3.4      0.3     -0.3     -1.2     -0.5     -3.1        2.7     -0.6      -0.4
Mozambique                       2.1       3.6      2.1      2.6      5.9       3.8      4.2      5.8      4.6      1.8      2.8        3.7      4.1      3.9
Namnibia                          ..       0.0      0.3      0.6      0.4       0.7      0.8      0.6      0.1      0.3      0.1        0.0      0.0      0.4
Niger                             ..       0.6      1.5     -0. 1    12.5      -0.6      4.1      3.5      4.3        .        ..       5.4      4.2      3.6
Nigeria                          0.5      -0. 1   -15.1    -4.7      -3.7      -2.9     -2.1     -14A      0.9       1.1      1.5       0.6      1.9     -2.4
Rwanda                          -0.3       4.0      4.2      3.0     -1.4       2.2      2.5      2.1      6.2       3.2      2.2       0.9      3.4      2.8
SAo Tomi and Principe              . .    19.1     40.7     23.4     29.8      29.6     24.9     26.7      5.3     16.9     45.6         . .     8.1     25.3
Senegal                          2.7       0.5      0.8      0.6      9.2       3.6      0.4      1.7      1.5      0.8       0.5       4.0      3.2      2.1
Seychelles                        ..       3.1     -1.5      0.9     -1.5       0.8     -1.4      0.7     -0.9     -1.3      3.5        6.6      3.2      0.0
Sierra Leone                     7.3       6.5      5.4      8.6      5.3       6.6      3.9      1.3      1.4     -1.2      6.4        4.9    -2.5       4.0
South Africa                    -0. 1      0.2      0.2      0.0      0.4       0.4      0.2      0.5      0.2     -1.1     -1.1I       0.1    -0.1I      0.0
Sudan                                       .        ..      2.0      1.1       1.0      0.2      0.2      0.2      0.3       0.4        .        ..      0.7
Swaziland                                 -0.6     -0.4     -0.6     -0.9      0.0       0.3      0.6      2.2      1.2      1.3         .        ..      0.3
Tanzantia                                  0.8      1.7      1.7      2.1       0.8     -1.1     -0.4      0.9      0.4       1.5       1.5      0.7      0.8
Togo                                       3.0      2.4      0.8      4.9      11.7      5.9      5.4      4.3      2.0       2.3         . .    7.3      4.3
Uganda                                     3.9      5.2      5.2      5.5       4.5      3.4      3.2      2.7      3.0       3.3       0.4      1.3      4.2
Zainbia                                    2.2      2.3      6.4      4.1       4.1      2.3       ..       ..-1.1                               4.5      3.3
Zimnbabwe                        0.4       2.1      3.5      2.0      0.5       0.2      0.2      0,3     -2.6     -1.1     -2.5        1.8      1.9      0.3
NORT1IAFR.ICA                   ~~~~     ~~~      ~~~3.6  0 2  C I 9  2.0      08       01       -08      -Ia      .1         Id       It      0@4
Algeria                         -0. 1     -0.7      1.3      1.7      8.3       7.6      4.1      2.3      -.3     -2.3     -2.4       -0.1-    01         1.8
Egypt, Arab Republic                      10.2     -0.2     -1.0     -1.0      -1.1     -1.2     -1.2     -1.0     -1.2      -1.2       3.7      3.8      0.1
Morocco                          4.8      -1.8     -1.3     -0.7     -1.8      -0.8      -1.5    -1.9      -1.7    -2.0      -1.8       4.0    -4.0       -1.7
Tunisia        ____                .       2.4      1.9      1.2   _1.4         2.9      2.8      2.4      0.0       1.4       .. _       __ 2.4  _2.8     1. 8
AkLL AFRCA*                                 2.1      0 1      0 6      2 0       1.2       I4      0 5      0 2      -0 5     -u 4       1.1      1 2       0' -
Note: 2000 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off, exch, rate used by sthe Gov. for oil e"ports sit value added is significantly over-
valued.



194                                                               Government Finance
7-9. Taxes on income and profits
Percentage of total revenue                                                 Annual Average
1980      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998     1999      2000      75-84    85-89     90-MR
SUIB-SAHARtANAFRICA                          36 3      36 3      i3Ž5     32 0       33 0      33 8     35 4      3 73.    35 8      38.1       40 9     36 6       35 2
excludtng SouthAffttca                      19 )      187       18 3     18Q       2t)8      21 2      22 6      250      24 1      25 5       230      206       21 4
eNcl S Afrca &Nigena            _   ___     22 9      22 5     221       Ž228      25 1      2 54      25 2      25 2     25 8      26 1       2-30     250       244-
Angola                              ..      46.1      65.5     66.4       2.       91.7      929       89.2      8.       922       94.1         .       76       7.
Benin.                                      23.6      28.4     29.6      36.7      31.3      26.9      23.5      23.6     21.1      20.7       26.3     34.1      27.0
Botswana                             ..      8.7       8.3      8.1       8.6        7.0       5.5      4.0       3.8      4.8       5.3       12.1      8.1        6.6
Burkina Faso                         ..     20.4      22.0     18.9      18.7      23.4      24.7      21.9      20.2     22.7      28.0       19.7     19.1      22.0
Burundi                           18.9      23.7      23.4     27.3      18.3      19.1      22.3      23.8      26.1     24.4      19.6       21.0     17.7      22.8
Cameroon                          21.7      17.3      1 8.0    10.9      12.6      10.9      10.0      13.6      16.0     20.8      16.7       26.9     49.7      17.4
Cape Verde                           ..     21.2      20.4     22.2      25.1      24.4      29.4      24.8      25.7     24.6      29.5       29.5     23.6      24.4
Central African Republic                    23.9      22.7     23.0      24.4      20.6      24.3      19.4      14.0     19.9      21.2          .        ..     21.6
Chad                                        26.7      27.6     23.5      28.7      38.9      37.6      32.7      30.5     32.2      34.5        7.6     18.1      30.1
Comoros                                     13.5      11.1      9.0      12.4      12.2        9.6     11.2      14.7     17.3      17.2        0.0     12.2      13.5
Congo, Democratic Rep. of            .         .         .         .        .          .        .         .        .         .         .
Congo, Republic of                   ..     62.7      52.0     51.3      67.7      53.4      62.2      78.7      53.6     72.1      78.0       15.1     29.4      62.1
C6te divoire                         ..     20.9      20.3      19.4     14.9      18.3      20.5      22.9      23.6     25.3      27.0       15.8     18.3       21.4
Djibouti                             .         ..     38.9     38.7      38.5      37.2      41.0      39.2      39.2     37.4      39.8         -.        .       38.9
Equatorial Guinea                    .         ..        .        ..     19.6      20.5      52.9      61.7      76.6     77.4      83.4          .        .       56.0
Eritrea                              .         ..     13.1     20.1      33.2      25.7       27.4     21.8      29.3     25.4      23.3          .        ..      24.4
Ethiopia                            ..      30.7      30.1     23.1      24.0      22.2      25,2      25.3      23.1     23.2      24.9       28.6     28.9       25.6
Gabon                                ..     13.0      13.4      12.8     10.7       10.5      10.6     10.1      13.0      17.0     13.7         ..     23.7       12.6
Gambia, The                          ..     13.2      14.8      16.2     17.7       19.4      19.9     21.1      22.3     23.0      22.5       14.2     13.8       18.5
Ghana                                ..     14.5      14.6      14.8     17,5       17.4     21.7      23.0      21.4     20.4      29.3       18.7     22.9       19.8
Guinea                              ..       4.2       6.8       6.9      8.8        9.1      10.9      9.7       9.7      11.2      9.8         ..       1.6       8.1
Guinea-Bissau                       ..       6.0       6.8       7.2      6.7        7.9       7.8      8.3      15.2      3.8       3.4       21.9      9.7        7.3
Kenya                             30.1      29.0      28.8     32.9      35.6      34.4       33.2     33.1      31.9     30.6      29.9       28.3     29.6       31.7
Lesotho                             ..      15.8      16.7      15.3     13.9      16.        15.9     14.8      15.8      17.9     18.1       14.2     11.6       15.6
Madagascar                          ..      13.8      11.6      14.9     18.8       14.2      16.9     18.9      15.7      14.9     14.9       15.3      11.5      15.1
Malawi                            83.8      51.5      49.2     32.9      32.3      29.6       37.7     34.7      39.3     38.0      39.0       83.4     70.2       39.7
Mali                              15.2      12.8      14.3      13.1     15.2       18.4      18.5     18.0      21.2      14.5     16.9       17.4     12.7       16.0
Mauritania                          ..      26.6      26.5     24.8      24.5      25.3       17.3     19.2      18.5      18.3     18.0         ..     27.0       22.5
Mauritius                         21.5      20.3      19.3      17.7    -20.3      22.7       19.9     19.2      18.4      17.5     19.5       23.9     16.7       19.6
Mozambique                        12.4      17.7      15.6      14.3     17.3      16.6       18.2     19.0      18.1      14.0     13.5       15.5     21.4       16.5
Nanibia                             ..      24.6      26.4     29.9      29.0      27.4      28.8      34.1      33.8     32.6      32.3       19.3     34.3       30.4
Niger                               ..      28.8      33.8     33.7      30.0      30.5       25.4     21.1      21.8     24.0      20.0       22.0     25.9       26.6
Nigenria                            ..         .         .        .         .         .          .     10.0      23.9      15.6     22.7          .        ..      18.0
Rwanda                              ..      21.2      23.4     24.8      25.8       12.5      26.2     25.1      27.7     24.9      27.0       26.0     25.3       24.0
S8o Tom6 and Principe                .      10.2       6.7      8.9      10.7      14.1      21.1      29.3      16,4     18.5      25.4         ..      9.8       15.7
Senegal                           26.2      23.0      24.2     23.4      21.1      21.9      21.6      21.8      23.3     21.2      22.9       25.7     23.7       22.6
Seychelles                           .      21.0      16.9     26.8      29.6      34.8      26.7      28.0      28.3     30.8      31.6       22.6     18.4       27.1
Sierra Leone                        ..      23.6      23.9     21.7      21.4      15.9       16.5     13.2      17.3     25.8      26.1         ..     25.8       20.9
South Africa                      58.2      55.4      56.0     48.3      46.6      46.5      48.0      49.8      51.1     48.9      52.2       57.8     53.8       50.5
Sudan                               .,      18.4        ..        .         .      28.7      28.3      19.5      19.9     17.6      11.5       18.9     14.9       20.3
S-gwaziland                          ..       2.1 -    34. 2    33.5      32.1      28.1      28.5      26.8      26.1     25.6      25.6          .        ..     29.3
Tanzania                            ..      26.8      27.6     30.9      31.2      41.1      37.4      34.7      39.6     34.3      37.8       33.6     31.5       33.0
Togo                                 ..     30.4      30.5     30,9      40.1      41.4      30.5      22.6      22.3     24.8      23.0       35.0     34.3       29.9
Uganda                               ..     10.1      12.7      14.5     14.6      14.7       13.2     14.0      15.6      17.9     18.0        6.7      7.8       14,1
Zambia                              ..      27.0      33,0     28,6      28.7      28.9       30.0     32.0      35.2     36.5      32.5         ..     27.5       305
Zimnbabwe                          0.0      44.1      46.0     48.7      47.7      45.9      45.7      47.6      48.0     48.9      50.4        8.6     45.4       47.3
NOT-IFIA       -    -   -7R                     186       1-- 198             19.       202      -28 )     22 6      20 6    - 21 .4                9         99
Algeria                           11.0       8.3       8.9      10.9      9.9        8.9       8.2      8.8      114       7.6       5.2       12.0     19.8        9.2
Egypt, Arab Republic                ..      22.4      23.0     23.8      22.9      21.8      22.5      22.6      22.5     21.2      24.6         -.     18.0       22.4
Morocco                           22.8      24.3      26.6     23.2      22.5      24.0      25.5      25.8      30.5     28.6      28.9       22.7     22.7       26.1
Tunisia                           16 1   _15 7        15 1      17 2     310       'A333      351_     38 1      359      38'       40 5       156      142        289Q
AILFRC                                         9-8-   -302       278      27 8       283 1 -   29.1    -304       32 2      30 5     32 3       374.0     31 3      29 9
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2). Total revenue does not include grats. Nigeria's fiscal data are for conslidated government staring from 1992.



Government Finance                                                                          195
7-10. Taxes on international trade and transactions
Percentage a/ total revenue                                                  Annual Average
1980      1991      1992      1993      1994      1995       1996     1997      1998      1999      2000      75-84    85-89     90-MR
SLtB-SAKk~.RAN AFRICA                         11 2      lOB9      109       I.,1      13 3       13 6     13 8      13 5      13 4      11 8        8 0     10 6       1,74
exc.ludwng South Afinca                      17 9      18 0      18 0     2021       2 23      22 6      23 1      2130      223       19 6                16 1      205
exJ S Ah,ca &Nigcna            _   _         21 6      21 7      21~       24 3      26 8      27 2      25 4      24 8      25 u     221.3       14.8     19 6       23 9
Angola                               ..       1.0      13.9       6.5      4.6        4.9       4.3       5.2       8.2       3.0      2.5          ..      3.0        5.0
Benin                                ..      56.1      52.8      50.8     47.1       44.5      40.9      45.5      43.3     45.5      47.6       52.7      80.6      49.9
Botswana                             ..      17.7      21.3      17.3      16.1      15.5      12.9      10.2       9.8      10.2     10.4       22.3      13.3       14.0
Burkina Faso                         ..      36.8      33.3      36.4     54.0       48.4      28.2      27.6      25.7     23.4       17.4      35.3      45.7       33.6
Bunindi                           -30.5      23.7      21.8     21.0      26.6       25.4      15.5      17.5      25.8     21.7      22.3       22.5      28.3       22.0
Camneroon                             ..     13.1      18.0      16.6      18.3      19.5      19.3      17.1      17.5      16.5     12.9          ..     17.7       16.7
Cape Verde                           ..      48.4      49.0     41.2      40.5       41.6      45.7      36.2      41.1     34.7      47.9          ..     42.1      42.7
Central African Republic             .       37.6      34.6      33.0     32.5       42.5      38.7      38.1      44.7     38.0      38.4          .         ..     38.0
Chad                                         15.3      15.6      13.6     19.4       27.1      31.1      30.3      36.0     29.5      27.2         ..      26.1      24.5
Comoros                                      38.6      32.2     36.6      36.0       32.3      35.2      43.1      33.1     31.7      29.4         ..      48.4      35.5
Congo, Democratic Rlep, of            .         .         .         .        .          .         .         .         .         .        .
Congo, Republic of                   ..      17.4      21.2     20.0       13.9      19.2      16.3       9.1      13.4       5.6      5.2        0.0       4.3       14.3
C6te d'Ivoire                        ..      31.0      25.3      26.3     39.0       38.9      39.6      36.5      34.4     38.4      31.5          ..     34.9       33.4
Djibouti                              .         ..     19.7     22.0      24.7       24.7      22.2      21.3      37.6     40.7      39.7          .         ..     28.1
Equatorial Guinea                     .         ..        .        ..     26.9       30.8      19.0      18.8       8.0       8.2      5.3          .         ..      16.7
Eritrea                               .         ..     25.5      21.9     20.9       17.0      19.5      14.5      15.2      12.9     13.3          .         ..      17.9
Ethiopia                             ..      17.2      19.0     22.6      32.9       27.4      26.0      28.7      27.4     27.5      28.2       24.3      17.9      24.7
Gabon                                ..      21.1      19.4     21.1       16.0      17.6      19.6      17.7      19.6     25.6      20.1          .         ..      19.7
Gamnbia, The                          ..     53.9      50.4     44.3      37.6       49.4      61.8       0.0       0.0     56.3      57.6          ..     55.2      42.3
Ghana                                ..      19.6      17.7      16.3     28.2       22.7      27.3      23.9      24.5      17.5     20.5          ,.     39.1      23,4
Guinea                                ..     11.6      12.8      14.6      15.7      14.4      14.1      15.5      14.5      15.6     20.0          ..      6.4      14.
Guinea-Bissau                        ..      28.7      18.6     29.5      35.8       27.4      32.9      36.7      34.8     29.3      22.9         0.0     21.0       29.2
Kenya                               0.0       4.6       9.5      12.7      14.8      14.9      15.1      15.8      16.0      15.9      15.5       0.0       0.0       12.3
Lesotho                              ..      52.8      54.0        .         ..         .         ..        .         ..        .        ..      57.9      57.3      54.0
Madagascar                ..     ~~~~~~~~~39.8  40.2  38.6     41.9       53.7      49.3         .        ..         .        ..      26.9      38.1      43.5
Malawi                              0.0      34.7      32.8      15.5      19.9      25.3      22.9      21.9      16.1      14.1     12.9         0.0     11.7      22.6
Mali                               51.6      41.1      42.9     45.3      44.4       46.1      45,8      48.7      53.6     49.7      45.7       46.8      27.2      44.5
Mauritania                           ..      32.9      34.1     33.7      32.4       22.5      16.5      12.0      10.9       9.6      9.6          ..     33.0      22.1
Mausriftts                         48.3      39.5      41.5     41.8      38.8       38.9      34.0      33.7      28.2     29.8      28.3       46.9      53.0      36.8
Mozambique                         18.5      24.4      25.5      25.5     21.8       24.0      19.9      17.6      17.6      16.9     17.4        11.7     12.6      21L. 1
Namnibia                             ..      38.0      31.9      29.4     26.0       27.8      29.1      28.2      29.2      30.9     35.6       47.3      33.5       30.3
Niger                                 ..     39.0      35.4      41.3     41.5       43.2      46.7      47.7      50.9      46.8     49.3       36.9      34.7       43.8
Nigeria                              ..         .         .        .          .         .         .      11.6      14.0       9.3       6.0         .         ..      10.2
Rwanda                                ..     30.9      31.0      27.8     35.8       38.5      29.2      31.8      23.9      17.3      16.9       54.7     45.0       28.3
S8o Tomd andPrincipe                 ..      26.5      29.0     28.2      30.8       24.1      25.5      21.0      18.6     31.0      28.1          ..      0.0       26.4
Senegal                               ..        .         .     27.6      31.5       31.1      33.7      30.7      27.3     24.3       16.0         .         ..     27.8
Seychelles                           ..      50.7      54.2     37.7      30.5       26.2      23.2      25.1      24.3     20.7      22.4         0.0      0.0       33.3
Sierra Leone                          ..     37.8      37.3     39.2      38.1       45.7      47.2      39.3      52.9     47.7      48.1          ..     46.8      43.1
South Africa                        3.6       3.7       2.7       2.9      3.0        3.2       3.6       3.4       2.9       3.4       3.2        4.8      4.8        3.3
Sudan                                 ..        .         .        .          .      31.2      44.0      49.0      44.2     41.0      21.3          .         ..     38.5
Tanzania                             ..      20.2      18.7      14.2      15.7      27.6      27.0      30.5      29.2      31.7     28.5        17.4     19.9       23.8
Togo                                  ..     41.0      34.8     35.3      40.8       37.4      40.7      37.4      42.6     40.6      42.5       35.2      34.4       39.2
Uganda                               ..      54.6      50.3      50.8     53.0       48.6      50.6      51.4      47.7     44.1      42.9       58.1      57.3       49.4
Zambia                               ..      32.4      32.9     33.3      30.8       27.4      29.7      28.2      25.2     25.5      30.6          ..     29.8      30.2
Zimnbabwe                             ..        .         .        .         .          .         .         .         .      14.0      9.7          .         ..      11.9
NORTH-lAFR1C.~    ________                    125   1_2.3       -12 4       13 1      19         12 7     11.6      12 0      12.-2     10-1          .     131        13
Algenia                             4.8       6.8       8.6       9.4      11.0      12.2      10.2       7.9       9.7       8. 5    _5.5_       6.0      -6.2-      8.8
Egypt, Arab Republic                  .      11.4      10.6      10.7     11.6       12.6      13.0      12.6      13.1      15.1     11.8          ..     14.9       12.3
Morocco                            22.8      20.6      19.3      19.0      17.7      17.6      15.2      14.9      13.6      13.5     13.8       27.4      17.0       16.8
Tunisia        ________            10.2      16.6   _15.3        14.9   1_I5.6       16.0      13~5      12.4     _11.4   _10.2        9.9        12.9     15 3   __ 19-
ALLAFIA                                        11-6     11 '      11 4 -_I2 4-        13.5       13.3 -_13 0        13 0      13 u -    1 12        9 0  -_I1I         12 4
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see puge 2). Total revenue does not include grants. Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated govemnment starting from 1992.



196                                                            Government Finance
7-11. Indirect taxes
Percentage a/ total revenue                                            Annual Average
1980      1991     1992     1993     1994      1995     1996     1997     1998     1999     2000      75-84    85-89    90-Mil?
SLTB.SAHA4R4N AFRICA                       .1313    40'5    41 6      42 9      4 38     .13.4     4 52     47.3     46 I     45 1      44.8     42 5      43 9
escludwngSouth.Affnca                     4' 7     44.0     4-43     15 9      48 1     48 1     52 1      54 5     SV1      49 1               4167      48 5
exc1 S Afnca &Nigena        __    _       57 4     52 9     53 3     55 2      57 8     57 9     59 3      59 4     58)      572       i69      56 6      q,0
Angola                            ..      34._5    327      3.9      25,5       7.3      6.6      9.4      17.2      7.2      5.5        ..     19.5      18.3
Benin                             ..      72.8     74.8     72.0     66.1      59.6     56.0     63.8     63.1      64.4     67.2      67.4     94.7      68.4
Botswana                          .,      68.6     66.5     63.6     70.8      68.8     66.1     63.7     65.7      63.3     64.1      70.8     72.4      66.6
Burkina Faso                              53 53.1  49.8     51.2     71.2      66.8     65.6     67.4     69.7     68.3      61.9      61.9     68.6      62.1
Bunundi                         53.8      63.4     60.1     59.6     64.4      63.3     50.4     60.7      61.6    64.9      68.1      50.3     58.7      61.7
Cameroon                        61.6      46.0     46.5     52.7     59.5      61.0     58.9     79.1      77.8     72.9     77.8      40.4     39.9      62.2
Cape Verde                        ..      56.0     55.4     47.3     45.9      46.6     51.8     40.4      46.6     38.5     59.4      45.4     46.9      49.0
Central African Republic                  68.1     69.4     70.4     66.4      75.1     74.8     74.8      75.2     68.1     68.9         .        ..     71.4
Chad                                      53.2     53.6     54.0     67.5      49.7     49.7      55.0     54.9     49.7     50.6      71.0     71.5      55.9
Comoros                                   65.0     71.5     78.5     76.3      74.0     78.1     82.1      70.7     69.7     71.1      62.7     71.1      71.6
Congo, Democratic Rep. of          .         .        .        .        .         .        .        .        .         .       .
Congo, Republic of                ..      35.6     46.1     45.7     30.7      41.7     35.7     20.1      43.5     25.5     20.5      13.8     36.2      35.5
C6te dlvoire                      ..      65.7     63.8     64.6     65.2      63.0     6.4.0    60.9      58.6     65.0     60.1      48.6     56.2      62.8
Djibouti                           .        ..     55.5     55,9     56.6      55.7     51.5     50.5     48.3      54.8     54.5         .        ..     53.7
Equatorial Guinea                  .         .        .        ..    61.2      62.4     35.1     32.2      19.4     18.1     11.2         .        ..     34.2
Eritrea                            .        .      47.9     38.0     35.9      28.5     32.5     2.9       26.6     24.5     25.1         .        ..     31.5
Ethiopia                          ..      45.2     43,2     46.0     54.1      43.4     42.6      45.9     42.0     41.4     43.3      46.7     38.8      44.2
Gabon                              ..     35.9     35.1     37.0     26.7      26.1     25.3      24.2     27.5     37.2     30.1        ..     73.4      31.0
Gambia, The                       ..      80.7     76.5     74.0     70.7      70.6     71.2      68.3    68.1      65.1     64.9      75.9     77.8      71.9
Ghana                              ..     59.8     56.3     53.7     68.7      54.5     63.9      55.5     55.4     47.6     62.5      63.8     66.0      58.8
Guinea                            ..      89.9     85.9     86.2     84.1      84.6     82.6     83.5      83.7     82.5     81.1        ..     92.1      84.9
Guinea-Bissau                     ..      42.4     29.0     41.3     48.5      46.8     47.0      43.8     53.0     49.8     54.7      78.1     46.5      44.6
Kenya                           60.9      55.7     57.7     57.3     54.1      52.3     52.8      54.4     55.5     55.4     55.6      60.7     59.4      55.1
Lesotho                            ..     70.3     70.6     71.3     73.5      71.0     65.8     62.5      63.7     61.1     61.5      63.6     77.1      68.0
Madagascar                        ..      58.1     66.6     60.6     68.9      80.8     73.3      75.4     74.3     80.3     80.3      50.6     61.5      70.7
Malawi                           0.0      34.7     32.8     46.4     55.5      58.7     54.8      57.8     51.6     48.9     52.8       0.0     11.7      47.8
Mali                            71.7      62.4     63.3     66.9     68.0      64.6     65.3      66.9     72.9     71.8     69.8      67.3     50.0      65.0
Mauritania                        ..      47.8     47.0     45.3     48.1      45.8     41.3      38.9     39.2     38.2     37.5        ..     49.7      43.2
Mauritius                       66.0      68.1     71.4     71.2     65.7      68.3     65.4      67.7     67.4     70.8     70.3      64.5     73.5      69.1
Mozambique                      65.7      67.3     71.3     76.7     71.3      74.7     73.6      72.6     74.5     78.4     78.4      53.8     58.1      73.7
Nanmibia                          ..      62.1     59.7     60.1     58.8      61.6     60.5      56.7     56.7     58.7     59.2      69.9     53.4      58.7
Niger                             ..      54.1     47.9     56.1     59.1      60.9     61.4      64.9     64.9     67.8     66.7      65.3     54.9      59.8
Nigeri.a                          ..        .         .        .        ..                 .      17.0     30.0     16.6     10.4        -..              18.5
Rwanda                            ..      66.0     64.3     67.5     73.5      81.4     65.8      69.5     67.1     70.2     68.3      86.9     83.5      68.7
Sao Tome and Principe              ..     52.9     59.3     63.4     64.5      45.1     46.0      38.6     35.7     65.2     66.3        ..     38.7      53.2
Senegal                         67.7      57.2     60.0     73.0     76.7      74.3     77.2     710       72.1     75.7     72.7      6.        98       7.
Seychelles                        ..      56.5     60.6     56.7     48.7      46.2     47.0     48.3      46.3     43.5     47.2      49.1     52.0      50.8
Sierra Leone                      ..      76.4     76.1     69.0     70.7      76.9     76.0     73.1      74.2     66.1     65.8        -.     74.2      72.7
Souuth Africa                   29.0      38.4     36.6     38.6     39.5      39.1     38.1     37.4      39.3     41.1     40.3      30.7     38.1      38.9
Sudan                             ..      51.7       ..       .         .      50.3     56.3     62.1      60.7     57.0     31.6      66.7     63.0      52.8
Swaziland                          ..     59.0     55.7     60.2     63.8      68.9     68.0     67.1      65.8     67.3     68.2         .        ..     64.4
Tanzania                          ..      49.0     46.8     35.0     37.8      49.5     48.2      55.2     51.9     55.1     51.8      59.6     61.1      47.7
Togo                              ..      56.8     45.0     49.8     50.4      50.0     57.2      53.4     63.3     63.6     67.1      43.4     46.1      55.2
Uganda                             ..     83.6     80.2     77.5     78.5      77.7     80.7     80.1      78.5     75.5     73.9      86.8     82.5      78.9
Zambia                            ..      70.9     62.5     68.0     64.4      62.7     62.1      62.6     61.5     61.0     56.6        ..     63.9      64.3
Zimbabwe                         0.0      46.1     44.0     39.1     40.3      42.7     44.6      44.2     44.6     42.7     43.3       9.2     42.6      43.0
NGR_T_H.FRIWC A                            411)     40 u     41 3     .11       43 3      41 2     t.) 8    42 2     4 2 0    38.2               .111      41 2
Algeria                         25.3     28.5    25.6     28.5       27.7      29.9     27.0      25.1     31.2     25.6     16.9      29.6     36.0      26.9
Egypt, Arab Republic              ..      31.8     32.9     34.7     36.8      39.7     40.3      40.2     42.2     44.4     41.1        ..     34.0      38.0
Morocco                         66.8      66.5     64.4     64.2     65.4      66.5     60.9     60.5      54.4     57.2     57.8      63.7     69.1      62.0
Tunisia                         42.3      61.1-   -60.2-    58.2     49.1     -50.2-    47.4     49.9_     50.5    _50.7     50.5_     42.6     52.0      53 3-
ALL AFRICA:     .:y %9.K    .:.!:          42'      40 3     ItS      12 3      4 36     4326      4 37     4 55     45 1     42 7      4~ I     434.      4 3 
Note. 2000 data are, preliminary (see page 2). Total revenue does not include grata. Nigeriaes fismal data aue for conolidated govemnment starting from 1992.



Government Finance                                                                        197
7-12. Nontax revenue (excluding grants)
Percentage of total revenue                                                Annual Average
1980      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997     1998      1999     2000       75-84    85-89    90-MR
Si 'B-SAHAR.AN AFRICA                        113       I22       13 6     12 8    ..139..:..m..Iv. 9~        ...153.:.     17:0..:  17:2.   :v13 4      :       K.. 14.2
esdtlUdlfg S,uth, Antm 3                    16 Ci     16 c,     13 4     12 2      138       t2 6      25u)     20 5.26.13..                            14.0:      17.7:
ex~I S Artric   Nig, na                     19 3      2)(.1    I')3     14 7       'It,     19        IS) I    15S4      14 i        8        19.2   §70        :716:6
Angola                              ..      19.3       1.8      1.8       1.6       1.0       0.5       1.4      1.6       0.6      0.4          ..     32.9       3.8
Benin                                .      23.2      23.0     18.1      16.3      19.3      17.0      12.7     13.4      14.5     12.1        6.3      48.6      18.7
B3otswana                            ..     22.4      26.9     31.5      22.9      25.1      29.4      32.3     30.5      31.9       ..        17.0     19.5      27.4
Burkina Faso                        ..      23.5      25.8     26.8       8.3       8.4       6.9       7.7      7.2       6.7      7.5        19.9     14.3      12.4
Burundi                            6.7      30.1      29.9     33.0       9.4      11.6      14.7      17.1      8,5       4.7      4.7         8.5     13.2      17.8
-Cam ero on                        1 l6. 7   36.7     35.5      10.5       7.5       8.2       9.3       7.4      8.1       6.3      5.6       32.7      10.4     1l2.6
Cape Verde                           ..     64.1      97.9     58.9      60.6      37.5      27.6       8.8     26.9      11.9      1I.1      25.1      97.9      42.7
Central African Republic                     8.0       7.9      6.6       9.2       4.3       0.9       5.7     10.7      12.0      9.9          .         ..      7.1
Chad                                        67.2      44.6     35.2      59.4      43.7      39.8     21.9      31.4      19.7     14.8       21.4      10.5      34.7
Comoros                                     21.4      17.4     12.6      11.3      13.7      12.3       6.7     14.6      13.0      11.7       0.0      20.8      14.9
Congo, Democratic Rtep. of           .         .        .         .         .         .         .         .        .         .        .
Congo, Republic of                   ..      1.7       1.9      2.9       6.3       9 2       3 2       1.2      2.9       2.4       1.4      68.5      34.0       3.2
C6te d'Ivoire                        ..     13.4      15.9     16.0      19.9      18.7      15.5      19.5     21.4      12.8      15.6      33.6      24.2      17.0
Djibouti                             .         ..      5.7      5.4       5.0       7.2       7.5      10.4       ..        .         ..                   .       6.8
Equatorial Guinea                   -.         .         .        .      19.2      21.4      12.0       6.0      4.1       5.5       5.8         .         ..      10.6
Eritrea                              .         ..     39.1     41.9      30.8      45.8      40.0      51.7     34.2      29.4     37.3          .         ..     38.9
Ethiopia                            ..      24.1      26.7     30.9      21.9      34.4      32.2      28.8     35.0      35.4     31.8       24.7      32.4      30.2
Gabon                                ..      2.8       5.3      4.8       3.1       2.9       4.6       4.3      6.7       4.6     56.1          ..      5.2       9.1
Gambia, The                         ..      16.9      21,1     18.6      16.4       9.8       8.9      10.6     12.7      12.0     12.6        9.5      41.0      13.9
Ghana                                ..     25.6      29.1     31.5      13.8      28.2      14.4      21.5     23.2      14.5     20.2        17.5     11.0      20.9
Guiinea                             ..       5.9       7.3      6.8       7.1       6.3       6.5       6.8      6.6       6.3      9.1          ..      6.3       6.9
Guinea-B3issau                       ,      74.5      93.9     65.6      50.6      98.5      53.7      85.8     90.9      50.2     83.7      248.0     136.2      76.3
Kenya                             1 6.5     17.4      18.2     13.5      11.5      13.3      14.0      12.5     12.6      15.5      16.0       15.4     12.4      14.6
Lesotho                             ..      13.8      12.6     13.3      12.6      13.0      18.3      22.7     20.6      21.0     20.5       21.9      11.9      16.4
Madagascar                          ..      20.1      23.1     21.0      1.5        7.5      17.2      27.4     12.8      11.2      10.6       13.4     13.7      17.6
Malawi                            16.2      13.8      18.0     20.7      12.2      11.7       7.5       7.5      9.0      13.1      8.2        16.6     18.0      12.4
Mali                              12.9      24.8      22.4     20.1      15.4      16.2      16.1      14.5      4.4      10.0       5.6       15.0     37.3      17.5
Mauritania                          -.      22.8      22.5     27.9      25.9      24.0      38.9      39.6     39.4      41.8     44.5          -.     16.6      31.8
Mauritius                         12.5      11.7       9.3      9.9      11.5       5.4      14.7      13.1     11.8       9.5      10.2       11.6      9.8      10,2
MKozambique                       ~2~4.6     47.7     -59.5     41.3      62.4      41.3      35.4     46.1      43.5      60.6     48.9       33.1      36.8      48.2
Namibia                             ..      13.1      13.9      9.9      12.2      11.0      10.7       9.1      9.5       8.8       8.6       10.8     12.2      10,8
Niger                               ..      26.3      29.3     47.8      46.3      30.1      41.2      34.0     37.1      19.2     24.9        12.7     21.2      33.5
Nigeria                             -.         .         .        ..        .         .         .      73.0     46.1      67.8     66.9          .         ..     63.5
Rwanda                              ..      57.2      73.0     77.8      25.7     172.1      87.7      70.5     55.1      65.4     97.8       12.5      15.3      74.8
Sao Tom6 and Prinicipe               ..    119.2      34.0     27.7      31.2      63.9      43.7      38.6     25.4      39.0     31.9          -.     869       52.9
Senegal                            6.0      19.8      15.8      3.6       2.2       3.8       1.2       7.2      4.6       3.1      4.4         6.5     16.5       7.4
Seychelles                           ..      9.0      13.5      8.6      21.7      18.9      26.2      23.7     25.4      25.8     21.2       28.3      29.6      18.3
Sierra Leone                        ..       0.0       0.0      9.3       7.9       7.2      21.2      23.9     37.7      56,6     61.1          -,      0.0      20.4
South Africa                      12.4       6.0       7.3     12.8      13.6      13.9      13.6      12.6      9.4       9.8      7.3        11.2      7.7      10.3
Sudan                               ..      29.9      28,1     22.5      23.6      21.0      15.4      14.?     19.4      25.4     51.8        14.4     22.1      25.5
Swaziland                         ~~~~    ~~~~~     ~~~~~8.9  10.1  6.3  4.1  3.0  3.5       6.1      8.0       7.1       6.1         .         ..      6.3
Tanzania                            ..       9.6       9.8      8.0       6.9       9.5      14.4      10.1      8.6      10.6      10.4       6.8       7.4       9.9
Togo                                 ..     12.7      24.5     17.4       8.3       7.7      11.0       8.4      9.1      11.5      9.9       22.2      19.7      12.5
Uganda                               ..      6.3       7.1      8.0       6.9       7.7       6.1       5.9      5.9       6.6       8.1        6.6      9.7        7.0
Zamnbia                             ..       2.1       4.5      3.4       6.8       8.4       8.0       5.4      3.4       2.6      11.0         ..      8.6       5.2
Zimbabwe                           0.0       9.8      10.0     12.2      12.0      11.4       9.7       8.2      7.4       4.9      6.3         2.2     11.9        9.4
NORT1-1AFRIC'%                               18 5      17 1     V) 6      18 9      17 2      17 6      16'       lb1S     15 5      13"                 I5         Is 1r
Algeria                           2.6       1.7       2.0      2.8       3.1        1.5       1.8      2.2      2.4       4.6       1.0        6.0     12.4        2.4
Egypt, Arab Repuiblic               ..      35.4      31.2     35,0      34.3      33.5      32.0      31.4     29.3      26.1     25.2          ..     26.7      30.7
Morocco                           10.4       9.2       9.0     12.6      12.1       9.5      13.6      13.7     15.1      14.2      13.3       11.6      8.1       11.9
Ttinisia                                    "'9  2    23'      238       19 8      16 4      P27       11 8     lOS       10 5       8 't __      2%     59   _    168
.a.LA.R-                                      1 380  -1 .39        15'  _14 Q        l     -   1 r II'   1        lr.      lr6 i__   1A_.'      I' 3        9       I i I
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992.



198                                                               Government Finance
7-13. Government expenditure: wages and salaries
Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments                                    Annual Average
1980      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998     1999      2000      75-84    85-89     90-AM
SUB .SA.HARAN AFRICA                         24 6      31 I      30.3     27 9      27 4       224      27 6     165 1     26 6      23 9       20 9     14 6       39 6
excluding South Afnca                       258a      25 4     21A9      22 3       2 17      22 3     22 4      22 0     22 6      22 5          .     2 18       23 5
e%cl SAfriEa & Nlgena        _   __         25 8      25 4     26 9      24 8      2 37       2410     2 53      24 9     250       21I9       20 6     218        25.1)
Angola                              ..      52.7      24.4     21.5       8.7       11.1      14.8     16.1      22.1      6.7       9.6         ..     45.5       2.
Benin                               ..      37.1      33.0     35.5      27.8      24.3      26.4      26.5      28.7     25.6      23.2         ..     38.5       29.5
Botswana                             ..        .         .     22.8      25.0      24.1      22.8      20.1      21.3     21.5      21.7          .        .       22.4
Burkina Faso                         ..     31.9      30.8     29.0      26.2      24.9      23.4      20.9      19.7      18.8     20.4          .        ..      25.9
Bunindi                           49.1      26.1      23.0     23.7      30.0      28.0      28.7      32.2      29.3     26.0      27.7       49.0     27.7       27.2
Cameroon                          31.4      38.4      42.0     43.7      31.4      29.1      25.8      26.9      27.7     26.9      28.7       24.8     29.0       32.7
Cape Verde                           ..     28.3      20.0     22.1      19.2      20.2      24.1      23.8      22.1     30.0      22.0        0.0     14.8       23.5
Central African Republic                      ..         .         .     24.2       22.5      41.8     32.6      24.2     23.3      21.1          .        ..      27.1
Chad                                        25.1      21.1     27.1      28.0      28.6       20.3     19.4      20.6      19.0     19.7         ..      15.0      22.6
Comoros                                     32.0      27.7     30.8      23.2      28.3      35.5      37.1      34.2     32.7      34.6        0.0      5.8       31.5
Congo, Democratic Rep. of            .         .         ..        .        ..         .        ..        .         ..        .
Congo, Republic of                   ..     43.8      47.5     48.8      36.3      32.1      24.8      20.4      20.8     21.2      18.2        0.0     33.3       31.3
COte dilvoire                       ..      34.3      35.5     35.6      28.6      26.0      28.0      27.1      26.1     28.4      33.3         ..     28.1       30.7
Djibouti                             .         ..     46.6     48.0      56.4       61.6      60.3     62.2      49.3     47.1      46.A..                 .       53.1
Equatorial Guinea                   ..      11.6      12.7      10.8     16.4      17.9       17.3     15.3      11.3      17.6     15.6         ..      15.4      14.3
Eritrea                              .         ..     18.6      15.0     23.0      24.3       28.5     27.4      19.9      17.5     20.2          .        ..      21.6
Ethiopia                            ..      33.8      28.0      28.3     24.8       22.6      20.6     21.7      23.4      19.7     19.1       25.1     22.5       24.5
Gabon                                ..     32.4      34.4     34.0      27.9       27.4      27.3     21.4      16.1     29.8      25.8       16.2     25.1       28.1
Gamnbia, The                         ..     21.0      19.5     21.1      23.3       21.8     20.3      24.4      28.4     27.0      28.6         ..      17.6      23.3
Ghana                                ..     22.8      24.8     20.2      18.3       18.3      18.2     18.4      19.4     21.6      18.9       17.6     25.6       20.4
Guinea                              ..      20.0      23.1     24.2      25.1       23.9      27.1     23.8      27.6     25.2      23.1         ..      13.2      24.3
Guinea-Bissati.                             10.3       8.0       8.1      7.5        9.2       9.5      6.8      18.8      15.9     16.6       10.4     13.1       10.9
Kenya                             16.8      21.2      27.7     23.7      22.8       21.6      16.8     17.6      17.9      17.0     14.6       19.2     23.6       20.!
Lesotho                             ..      27.2      29.1        .         ..         .        ..        .         ..        .        ..      32.1     32.7       26.1
Madagascar                          ..      25.9      18.4      17.0     16.4       18.8      14.5     21.3      20.4     24.0      21.9       40.5     34.1       20.5
Malawi                            14.3      18.0      18.3     21.6      18.3      22.7       19.6     23.5      17.4      16.7     15.8       16.4     16.3       19.0
Mali                              16.5      21.9      22.6      23.0     16.7       16.6      16.1      16.4     15.8      15.6     16.6       19.8      25.0      18.5
Mauritania                          ..      20.7      23.2      15.4     19.0      20.3       20.3     21.2      19.3      18.6     16.0         ..      16.4      19.1
Mauritius                         26.3      279       2.        17       3.           1       2.        90       2.5      27.9      26.4       29.1     29.8       29.1
Mozambique                        25.8      10.6       9.9      10.4      7.9        9.6      10.8     15.4      20.      2.        23.3       19.2      12~.2     1 3.7
Nasnibia                              .     45.6      47.1     45.2      45.7       45.8      47.3     46.7      46.1      46.1     45.2       19.0      22.5      45.3
Niger                               ..      34.9      37.4     38.3      29.4       36.1      25.5     26.1      20.7      22.8     25.2       18.8      21.2      29.1
Nigenria                             .         ..        .        ..     10.8       12.2      13.7      8.2       7.8      11.1     15.2          .        ..      11.3
Rwanda                              ..      23.9      22.1     24.1      25.0      19.5       20.1     26.2      24.6     27.1      27.8          .        ..      24.4
Sao Tomitand Principe                ..     11.6      10.1      7.8       7.0        4.3       6.0      8.4      11.3      10.9     12.4         ..      12.0       9.3
Senegal                           39.7      46.8      40.4     41.4      35.0      35.4       32.7     33.1      29.5      27.3     28.2       38.8      41.9      35.4
Seychelles                          ..      25.7      27.2     20.9      26.9      32.0       27.7     26.2      21.8     24.8      25.0          .        ..      25.8
Sierra Leone                        ..       8.2      10.1      18.5     20.9       17.3     20.2      25.4      23.8     27.5      23.4         ..      8.6       18.4
South Afiica                      17.2      23.5      36.3     33.4      33.7      33.8       33.1     33.4     325.1     31.1      25.5       17.7      21.2      57.4
Sudan                               ..         .         .      17.1       ..       12.0      22.6     31.2      33.5     35.4      27.6          .        ..      25.6
Tanzania                            ..      20.0      19.3      19.0     21.7      22.8       26.2     31.2      28.6     24.4      24.4       20.9      21.3      23.5
Togo                                ..      36.1      38.8     41.2      36.0      35.5       35.8     35.8      31.5     34.5      34.2       27.1     25.7       35.3
Uganda                               ..      8.8       8.2       8.7     10.3      15.1       16.9     20.3      20.7     23.3      20.1       10.9     11.9       14.5
Zambia                              ..      21.3      25.4      17.7     16.!      20.2       20.5     25.1      19.0      19.2     17.1          .        ..      20.4
Zimbabwe                        -103.4-     32.3      30.0     29.5      29.1      29.2       32.0     35.5      35.5     34.3      30.6       75.2     29.0       32.0
NORfH .AFRJCA                   260      ~~~~~~2b 3o  263    2'S        2' - ----          289       28       29         8         -. ---2-3           29
Algeria                           15.5      27.5      29.1     27.3      29.1      28.5       28.4     27.3      29.3     28.8      23.9       15.3     27.0       28.7
Egypt, Arab Republic                ..      15,6      15.8      18.8     19.7       21.5      22.0     23.0      24.1     22.7      24.0         ..      17.2      20.3
Morocco                           33.1      39.0      37.4     34.4      37.5      38.1       38.1     39.7      39.1     38.7      37.0       32.0     36.0       37.8
Tunisia                           34.7      34?2     3457      'A 1      30 1      703        29 1     34!       3 51     1-4       368        31 4     31         338
ALLAFRICA               . .....<~~~~2 21    2393     2889      27s       27 6      27.6      28 0     118 1     27 6      25 3       22 1     18 9       35 5
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (sme page 2). Nigeria's ftscal data are for consolidated govremmera starting from 1992.



Government Finance                                                                        199
7-14. Government expenditure: trends in real wages and salaries
Index 1987=100                                                     Annual Average
1980      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997     1998      1999     2000     75-84    85-89  90-AIR
SLIB-SARARAN AFRICA                           156      141       146       130       I1?       108       III      lIS      12%       140               1(19    131
e%cluding SouLh A*ica                        161      139       144       125       108       108       109      115      1 23      125               1(15    128
excl SAffica &Nigeria                        129      116       120       101        84        91       90        96      IW       1-02                95     105
Angola                                       106       62        19       39         43        72       78        51       46     68            .      89      65
Botswana                                                          .         .         .         .         .        .        .
BurkmnaFaso                         ..       121      117       119      106        104       103       108      114      128       135         ..    103     117
Burundi                              ..      124      125       126      117        102        96       82        83       88       80         99     101     104
Camneroon                           ..       106      105       101       67         50        47       5 1       60       62       65         70      98      74
Cape Verde                           ..      125      121       149      158        170       174       169      175      205      225          ..     98     161
Central African Republic                     106      103       100       90         76        71       74        75       78       76          ..    102      86
Chad                                         154      162       195      212        206       153       144      141      167       189         ..    112     172
Comoros..                                               .         ..        .         ..                                    .         .
Congo, Democratic Rep. of..                    .        ..        .         ..        .         ..       ...                          .
Congo,Republic of                    ..      138      149       144"      97"        76"       6'5      57        5'5      5'2      55          ..     94"     89"
C8te dIlvoire                       ..        91       87        80       63         62        67       67        67       67       68          0      99      74
Equatorial Guinea                   ..       121      126       131      113        118       176      220       266      414      332          ..    103     193
Eritrea
Ethiopia                            ..       114       68        77       91         86        95      105       124      132      141        106     103     105
Gabon                               ..       113      130       148      III        116       114      118       120      131       117        86     101     121
Gambia, The...                                                    ..        ....                                             .        .
Ghana                               ..       110-     162   _173         181        164_      159      153       163      176      172          ..     82     156
Guinea                               ..     230       223       247      246        248       269      262       263      270      268          ..    165     249
Guinea-Bissau                       ..       134      108        95       85         93       105       99       106      132      185          ..    104     113
Kenya                                ..      138      156       120      110        117        91       94        95       91       88         60     101     113
Lesotho                                                           .         ..                            .        .
Madagascar                          ..        97       87        87       80         75        74       93       109      120      111II               98      93
Malawi                               ..       96      116       121      162        147       118      150       140      135      137         92      91     128
Mali                                         98       102       102       89         85        84       95        98      106      120         -.      93      97
Mauritania                          ..        99       99        97       97         95        97      100       105      107      118          ..    102     101
Mauritius                          95        110      106       128      132        131       133      140       148      149      150        92      101     130
Mozamnbique                          ..      156      152       179      151        147       149      279       403      559      637       240      126     268
Namlibia                            ..       198      209       205      203        218       250      255       265      278      274         74      95     228
Nigeria                                     209       180       289      224        180       185       192      213      487      927          ..    131     300
Rwanda                              ..       101      102       104       26         43        56       76        71       87       89                 97      78
Sao Tom6 and Prinripe                ..       70       69        57       78         65        91      154       165      189      195          ..     84     III
Senegal                             ..       119      119       115       98         95        96       93        93       95       99        115     104     103
Seychelles                           .         .        .         ..
Sierra Leone                        ..       113      124       234      232        191       209      169       228      248      306       409      142     197
South Africa                         .         .        .         .        .          .         .         .        .        .         .
Tanzania                            ..       117      119       146      148        163       178       188      183      171      209        136     110     159
Togo                                 ..      122      III       110      105         96        94        95       97       94       93        98      100     102
Uganda                              ..       179      250       255      322       488        560      705       751    1,003     1,034               133     515
Zimbabwe                             ..      139      116       106       108       113       126       152      147      156       172        95     104     134
NORTH AFRJCA.                                 122      120       116       126       128       134       144I     151       161      162               l08      135
Algeria                             56       113      115       115       112       107       107       109      117      123       124        57      95     113
Egypt,.Aab Republic                 ..       100       93       103       106       11O       115       118      126      140       153         ..    102      115
Morocco                             36       130      129       121       134       134       141       154      161      169       165        61     106      142
Tunisia __         ______         _..        117      125       130       125       130       139       158      167   _188         195        96     101    -144
AkLL AFRICA                                   157       147      152       139 _     125       116       119      1123_    134       149         .     112      138
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria!s riscal data are for consolidated govemrnent starting from 1992.



200                                                      Government Finance
7-15. Government expenditure: other goods and services
Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments                      Annual Average
1980     1991    1992    1993    1994     1995     1996    1997    1998    1999    2000     75-84   85-89   90-AIR
SUB-SAULAXAN AFRICA                    -3 5    A9      -6 8    25 2     -13 5    24 1    25 5   -113 7   26 4     30 0     -1 3     4 -1     1 6
c%dudwg South Afnea                   18 4    18 6    2-1 1   25 2     :1 6     20 3    22 5    112 1   22 3     22 6             19 2     21 2
exci S Africa & Nige-no               18 4    18 6    1-1 1   2t) 3    2-2 4    21.3    22 4    22 4    23 0   23 4      -17 4    19 2   -21 1
Angola                                17.1    10.9    43.1    41.0     55.0      53     22.1    43.9    44.5    45.9              26.4     31.7
Benin                                  8.2     7.6     8.4     6.3      5.2      7.6     6.9     7.5     7.1      6.0              7.4      7.1
Botswana                                              36.0    41.0     42.3     42.3    37.3    39.5    39.8    39.4                       39.7
Burkina Faso                           7.7     8.6    10.7    12.0     10.8      9.8     8.7     9.4     8.6     9A                        9.3
Burundi                     -28.0     15.6    12.4    20.4    21.3     24.0     20.9    33.2    27.0    30.1     31.0     22.6    16.9     23.0
Cameroon                     22.9     12.5    10.5    10.7     7.5     15.8     16.0    16.4    14.5    16.3     18.7     20.3   1]3
3     1 4
2
Cape Verde                             3.7     2.5     1.8     1.6      1.5      1.6     33      1.6     3.3      1.6     23.4     8.8      2.4
Central Aftican Republic                                      13.9     10.0     12.6    15.7    10.3    11.4     10.5                      12.1
Chad                                  34.4    26.4    26.3    14.4     11.7     22.1    19.2    22.3    25.2     18.5             18.5     22.0
Comoros                               22.2    19.7    26.4    20.3     22.4     17.8    14.3    14.8    23.6     23.7      0.0     4.1     20.5
Congo, Democratic Rep. of
Congo, Republic of                    10.7    10.4     9.1     8.1      7.7      7.2    24.4    36.1    19.2     19.1     24.5    10.3     14.6
Cdte d'lvoire                         23.3    22.4    22.2    21.7     21.8     23.2    23.0    20.8    25.9     22.5             31.6     22.9
Djibouti                                      29.2    29.2    24.2     22.0     19.0    14.9    21.4    32.6     31.1                      24.9
Equatorial Giinea                     10.1    14.6    10.1    20.3     25.2     23.8    30.6    I6_.O   23.9     43.1             18.8     20.7
Eritre                                        71.0    44.1    49.8     43.2     39.8    25.8    45.1    40.3     44.2                      44.8
Ethiopia                              29.1    22.1    25.7    25.0     253      23A     25.5    31.8    40.3     51.5     30.5    32.0     30.4
Gabon                                 21.0    20.5    19.4    19.2     17.3     21.1    24.5    36.8     21.9    20.9     13.8    20.4     22.4
Gafnbia, The                          21.1    23.5    25.5    25.1     18.9     19.7    16.4    13.4     18.5    -0. I      . .   19.5     18.3
Ghana                                 13.1    10.0    12.6    10.5      8.1      7.2     6.9     7.5     9.0      9.3     34.5    15.4      9.7
Guinea                                18.7    15.6    13.9    13.2     11.3     11.7    11.6    13.6     11.6    12.4             26.5     13.4
Guinea-Bissau                         13.1    10.7     9.4    12.6     11.9     10.0     8.4    18.5    18.5     17.2      0.0    13.8     13.2
Kenya                        27.6     23.1    24.4    19.6    13.8     15.8     22.2    22.0    22.0    26.3     32.0     30.1    28.5     22.0
Lesotho                               19.0    23.7                                                                        19.9    23.6     19.9
Liberia
Madagascar                            12.5    21.6    16.6    15.8      6.4     24.1    15.8    10.2    12.0     11.0    -11.5    -5.8     13.2
Malawi                        0.0     50.5    49.1    37.3    41.4     29.1     31.6    36.6    24.9    30.0     25.1      0.0     0.0     36.4
Mali                         13.0      8.3     9,8    10.2    10.6     12.2     11.7    13.0    12.4    13.2     13.1     15.8     4.7     10.6
Mauritania                     ' '    17.7    18.9    14.4    17.6     20.1     20.0    21.8    20.8    22.5     18.5              8.8     18.6
Mauritius                     8.5      9.1    10.4     9.6     9.4      9.5      9.1     8.8     8.6     8.5      8.6      7.6     8.1      9.1
Mozwnbique                   44.2     29.0    31.5    29.3    33.8     22.4     28.3    23.6    23.1    20.1     17.8     36.0    34.2     26.4
Namibia                               28.4    26.3    24.7    25.4     24.2     21.4    20.8    19.8    20.0     19.3     15.8    21 
8    23.2
Niger                                 12.5    21.3    15.3    18.8     17.9     21.3    22,9    24.3    25.3     22.5     13.8    14.9     19
9
Nigen .a                                                      48.1     17.7     15.1    23.1    20.9     18,5    18.3                      23.1
Rwanda                                28.0    30.9    24.8    26.4     25.0     26.3    20.3    26.7    27.3     26.7                      26.0
Sdo Tom6 and Principe                 3.2      4.7     3.7     5.0      4.6      5.0     5.0     5.5     5.5      5.6             16.6      4.7
Senegal                      22.9      9.8    21.1    11.9    11.8     11.4     11.0    10.8    13.0    13.0     l5i__    17.9    15.5     13.1
Seychelles                            30.9    31.5    25.1    30.6     24.6     18.8    22.2    17.2    14.3     19.5                      24.1
Sierra Leone                          38.0    38.8    31.2    35.4     51.6     35.9    44.1    19.3    23.6     25.2             35.5     35.2
Somalia
South Africa                                                  25A      25.7     28.5    28.9  -265.6     31.1    38.2                     -12.6
Sudan                                                 37.4             47.5     36.0    47.8    38.4    33.1     30.6                      38.7
Swaziland
Tanzania                              40.2    36.2    30.7    30.4     29.9     24.2    23.7    21.1    26.0     23.4     30.5    31.5     28.5
Togo                                  19.0    17.0    19
0    16.3     18.9     22.9    20.8    22.9    24.4     22.0    -27.1   -25.7     20.3
Uganda                                31.9    31.8    26.6    29.7     33.9     33.1    33.8    32.2     31.0    27.3     35.0    45.2     32.3
Zarnbia                               19.1    24.5    20.3    22.3     22.5     21,2    18.3    20.3    15.2     11.9                      19.2
Zimbabwe                   -103.4     15.1    16.9    19.4    18.1     16.9     16.5    14.1    13.2    14.6     17.9    -69.3    16.7     16.3
NORiff-ADUCAW                         -9 -8- --- 10 
51_1 _10 7         1- 1-1 
l 1 2   -1 1 6-  1-1 8- -10 6- _10.9 __ - -10-9
khg_e
ia-                     2.9  -     3_.I - 3.7    4.0     3.6      4.7      4.6     5.1     5.4     5.5      4.6      2.9     2.1      4.3
Egypt, Arab Republic                  12.4    13.0    15.3    15.5     16.1     15.9    16.3    16.3    13.8     15.0             15.1     14.9
Libya
Morocco                      17.6     14.2    15.9    16.9    14.3     13.7     14.5    15.7    16.0    15.2     14.6     40.9    14.7     14.8
Tunisia                      13-1     11-0    10.9    10.7     6-5      6.1      6.9     5.9     5.7     5.0      6 3     11.7    12.1      7 8
ALL AFRICA                              1.4    -2 4     1) 1   2( 0     IC, 2    1 9.7   20 '_   -70 1    20 9    23.3     -1       6 1      J 9
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2). NigerWs fiscal data are for conwlidated govemtnent starfing from 1992.



Government Finance                                                                         201
7-16. Government expenditure: interest payments
Percentage of/total expenditure and lending minus repayments                                      Annual Average
1980      199)      1992      1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998      1999      2000      75-84    85-89     90-MR
SU~B-SAHARANAFRICA                             7 2       6 6       7.3      14 1      10.1       9 1       7 6      16 7      160 U     I56         75       " 8       lo0
excludtagSouth Afnca                         Is51      1 37      1i 2      27 4      19.1       17 3     14 4      13 4      14 9      14.5                I27        1621
exc1 S Afiica &Nige.ia                       Is_ 11    137       15.2     26 0       17 1      1614      14.7      017       13$5      14 0       11 2     12'        15 7
Angola                               ..      15.0       8.9      15.5    3849        1. 1_    2 0.9       5.6      12.3      10.7      10.5.                5.4       46.4
Benin                                ..      13.8      17.5      15.0      15.9      12.6      12.4       9.0       6.2       5.2       4.4         ..     15.6       11.6
Botswana                             ..         .         .         .         .         .         .      -0.2      -1.1       0.0       0.2         .         ..      -0.3
Burkina Faso                         ..       6.5       6.9       6.9      6.9        6.6       4.2       3.6       3.5       3.1       3.8         .         ..       5.2
Burundi                             2.0       6.1       6.4       5.0       6.0       6.9       6.7       8.9      10.2      11.2      12.3        5.3      8.9        7.9
Caneroon                            2.0      17.6      23.4      24.1     36.5       3.        418       37.8      32.0     27.6      24.9         2.9      5.7       28.6
Cape Verde                           ..       3.8       2.6       2.5       1.9       6.2       8.4       9.6       8.5       3.9       6.0        0.0      3.1        5.3
Central African Repuiblic                      ..         .         .      10.8      11.1      17.2       9.6       7,6       7.8      10.2         .         ..      10.6
Chad                                          4.1       3.8       5.8       6.1       5.6        5.6      5.3       5.5       4.8       5.1         ..      1.0        4.9
Comoros                                       3.7       2.9       3.7       3.1       3.0        3.3      3.8       4.6       4.8       5.4        0.0      0.8        3.9
Congo, Democratic RLep. of            .         .         .         .        .          .         .         .         .         .        .
Congo, Republic of                   ..      22.5      21.6      20.1     33.0       43.0      36.5      32.2      34.0      35.4     27.4         0.0     13.0       30.5
COte d'Ivoire                        ..      33.2      32.7      29.0     29.1       25.8      23.2      20.2      18.0      19.9     21.9          ..     22.7       25.6
Djibouti                              .         ..      1.1       0.8      0.8        1.5       2.0       1.4       1.0       0.9      2.3          .         ..       1.3
Equatorial Guinea                     ..     12.7      16.7      13.7     26.0       24.0      15.6       8.7       5.5-      8.5      3.4          ..     17.8       13.3
Eritrea                               .         ..      0.0       0.1      0.2        0.6        1.3      1.9       1.6       2.0       2.9         .         ..       1.2
Ethiopia                             ..       5.4       7.3      10.2      13.5      10.0       9.0       9.2       7.4       6.4       6.5        3.4      5.1        8.1
Gabon                                ..      22.6      22.5      24.4     26.4       30.9      25.6      20.1      15.9     26.8      25.4         6.6     14.1       24.0
Gambia, The                          ..      13.8      12.9      14.8      14.8      14,1      14.2      19.5      23.7      22.2     20.8          ..     13.4       16.9
Ghana                                ..       9.2       8.9      12.0      14.2      13.9      17.2      21.7      17.9      21.4     27.0        11.4      8.3       15.6
Guinea                                ..     10.3       8.5       7.2      9.0        8.1       8.1       9.3       9.8       9.6      10.1         ..     12.1        9.0
Guinea-Bissau                        ..      11.7       9.7      14.3      15.2      21.9      19.7      11.9      27.4     20.3       13.9        1.1      7.5       15.9
Kenya                              10.1      28.8      28.1      40.6     36.2       26.4      23.7      21.7      20.9      17.7      12.5       13.9     18.0       25.8
Lesotho                              ..         .         .       7.1      6.0        3.8       3.5       3.6       4.2       5.3      6.2          .         ..       5.0
Madagascar                            ..     12,0      15.9      18.3     26.4       30.1      21.6      17.5      13.7      1 1.8     12.9       11.2     12.4       17.3
Malawi                              9.1      11.0       9.3      11.9      10.3      20.5      22.9      14.1      12.9      11.7      14.0       12.9     18.6       13.9
Mali                                4.1       6.3       7.3       6.9      9.0        6.1       4.8       4.1       3.1       3.4       3.8        4.8      6.6        5.8
Mauritania                           ..       9.2      12.2      11.1      10.4      13.0      13.4      13.0      14.0      13.9      10.2         ..      8.2       11.5
Mauritius                          13.7      15.3      12.2      1 1.7     13.0      13.8      14.3      15.9      14.1      13.9      16.3       18.9     17.9       14.4
Mozambique                          0.0       4.8       7.9       8.6      3.6        6.6       7.0       5.7       4.5       2.5       0.7        0.1      3.8        5.3
Namibia                              ..       0.9       0.7       1.7      2.8        3.2       4.2       5.4       6.8       6.7       6.4        6.7      7.6        3.7
Niger                                 ..     11.5       9.8      10.2      12.3      16.0      12.8       9.7       8,8       8.9      10.5       11.1     13.6       11.0
Nigeria                               .         ..        .        ..     33.9       28.9      21.8      12.8      12.0      21.7      17.0         .         ..      21.2
Rwanda                               ..       7.7       7.8       9.1     27.9       11.3        7.2      6.2       4.9       4.6       4.9         .         ..       8.8
Sao Tom6 and Principe                ..      17.5      15.5      16.8      14.9      15.6      14.4      16.1      20.8      16.3      10.6         ..     22.4       15.6
Senegal                             7.5      12.9       9.3      10.9     16.8       14.5      11.2      12.1       6.3       7.0      7.3         9.4     15.7       11.0
Seychclles                           ..      15.7      15.2      12.3      16.5      20.7      17.6      17.7      14.7      11.7      11.7         .         ..      15.4
Sierra Leone                          ..     30.0      26.9      18.9     14.0       10.5      12.5      16.3      23.9      26.4     21.9          ..     23.7       20,9
South Africa                          .         ..        .        ..         .         ..        .         ..     20.2      17.2      16.8         .         ..      18.1
Sudan                                 ..        .         .        .         .          .         .         .       9.1       9.8      10.9         .         ..       9.9
Swaziland                             ..      2.9       2.4       2.0       1.8       2.1       2.2       2.3       2.2       1.8      2.2          .         ..       2.2
Tanzania                             ..      13.2      12.2      12.9      14.4      18.4      18.9      17.4      15.2      10.6      10.9        8.0     12.3       14.3
Togo                                 ..      13.6      13.3      16.2     22.0       15.6      13.8      13.7      10.3      12.8      11.7      20.9      14.8       14.0
Uganda                               ..       8.9      15.5       9.7      7.8        5.9        6.0      5.6       6.1       5.1       5.1       14.4      7.8        7.3
Zamnbia                            10.9      24.4      27.5     41.8      36.5       27.7      17.4      16.4      1 1.8     10.1       9.8       12.2     28.6       22.5
Zimbabwe                           27.7      13.9      15.6      17.9     20.4       24.2      24.5      19.1      27.8      26.0     34.4       24.8      13.5       21.6
NORTHAFRICA                 .     ~~~~~~~~~~13.1  14.5  17       9          82       185       1.         6 5     12.'      I 6 I1578
Algeria                              ..       6.0       7.0       6.4       8.2       9.9       11.9     12.7      12.6        ..      13.8         ..      5.6        9.5
Egypt, Arab Repuiblic                ..      15.5      18.7      25.5     29.3       25.4      25.1      23.1      21.1      19.1      19.4         ..      9.1       21.1
Morocco                             7.4      21.1      19.5      19.8     20.1       20.3      19.3      18.2      17.2      17.1      16.2      20.2      22.4       19.2
Tunisia                             s.s       9.2      10 7      11 5     11 0       1t17      12 2      10 6       9 6      10 7      10 2        5 5      89        106) 
ALLAFRICA                   y4        05       109      ~~~~      ~~15 8  12 9  12.4    III      166       14 6      1589        S.d       10 
Note: 2000 data arc preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992.



202                                                           Government Finance
7-17. Government expenditure: subsidies and current transfers
Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments                             Annual Average
1980     1991     1992     1993     1994      1995     1996     1997     1998     1999     2000     75-84    85-89    90-MR
SLIB.SAHARAN AFRICA                        1U       I n      09       2 9      2 5       2 3      2 3      2 6      2 2      124       1 9      1 3      1 9
%clCkdulg South A?nca                      21       2 0      21)      1 3      1 6       IA      1 7      2 2      2 1      2 6                2 8       2 0
exsd S Afnca &Nigena                      21       210      20       I6        Iq Q     1        2 1      76       2 6      31        2 9     2 8       2 2
Ang_ola                                                              TO50 81  .  .  -0.0 --0,.0-  0O.0-   0.0      0.0__  -2.1         ..    _5.3       2.8
Botswana                          ..        .        .       .         .        .         .      0.0      0.0     0.0      0.0         .        ..      0.0
Burkina Faso..                              .        ..       .       ..        ...                .       ...
Bunsmdi                         10.9      6.0      8.0      5.7      7.5      6.7       5.9      7.6      7.6      7.0     6.5       10.1     5.8       6.8
Cameroon                        11.1      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      4.3      4.8      5.4      5.7       8.6     0.0       1.8
Cape Verde                        -       0.5      0.2      0.1      0.0      0.1       0.0      0.0      0.0     0.0      0.0        1.2     0.9       0.1
Central African Republic.                            ..       .       ..        .        ..       .        ,.       .
Chad                                      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0     0.0      0.0         .      0.0       0.0
comoros                                   0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0     0.0        0.0     0.0       0.0
Congo, Dernocratic Rep. of        .         .        .        .       .         .        .         .       .        .        .
Congo, Republic of                ..      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0     0.0        0.0     2.4       0.2
C6te dilvoire                     ..      0.2      0.0      3.0      3.7      3.9       2.9      3.7      3,5     4,0      6.7         ..     5.4       3.2
Djibouti                          .         ..     3.6      3.6      3.6      -9.2     -1.2     -1.7     -2.8      2.7      2.8        .        ..      0.2
Equatorial Gujinea                ..      4.9      4.1      3.5      4.4      4.4       4.0      4.1      9.0      4.7      6.7        ..     5.3       5.1
Eritren                            .        .      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      ...                 .       0.0
Ethiopia                          ..      1.3      1.4      0.1      1.2       1.8      1.7      1.3      0.0      0.0      0.0       3.5     1.4       1.0
Gabon                             ..      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0     0.0       0.0
Gambia, The                       ..      0.0      0.5      0.6      0.1      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0        ..     10.4      0.4
Ghana                             ..      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      7.9       5.6      4.9      9.3      5.3      5.9        .        ..      3.5
Guinea                            ..      3.5      4.0      3.6      4.3      6.2       6.0      7.5      8.1      9.1     10.9        ..     6.8       6.3
Guinea-Bissau                     ..      0.0      0.0      0.0      0,0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0     0.0       0.0
Kenya                            0 1      0.9      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0,0      0.0      0.1      0.1       0.2      1.5      0.3
Lesotho                           ..      4.9      4.9      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0         -     38        1.3
Madagascar                        ..        .        .        .        .        .         .       .         .        .      0.0        .        ..      0.0
Malawi                           0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0     0.0       0.0
Mali                             60       2.3      2.7      2.7      1.6       1.3      1.4      1.2      5.7      5.6      5.4       3.7      1.6      2.9
Mauritius                        0.0     _4.0      4.6      1.7      1.5      2.9       4.2      3.3      2.9     _2.8      2.6       0.0     0.0       3,1
Mozambique                       1.4      2.2      2.2      1.2      0.9       1.3      1.2      1.0      1.0      0.5      0.4       7.1     14.3      1.4
Nanmibia                          -.      2.7      4.0      3.0      2.7      3.6       3.8      2.7      2.3      2.0      1.8       7.4     4.7       2.8
Niger                             ..      6.7      6.9     12.9      6.6      4.4       6.0      7.6      5.2      5.1     10.2       9.4     6.6       7.2
Nigeria                           .         ..       .       ..      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0        .        ..      0.0
Rwanda                            ..      8.3      8.1      5.0      3.8      4,8       3.3      5.7      7.9      9.1      8.3        .        ..      7.4
Silo Tom6 and Principe..                    .        ..      .        ..        .        .,        .       ..                 .
Senegal                         13.9      8.9      8.2     13.9     11.4      9.9       7.9      9.6      7.5     10.3     14.9      12.1     10.1     10.3
Seychelleas.                              5.8      5.4      4.6      6.3     13.2      -3.7      1.4      1.9      1.8      1.0        .        ..      4.1
Sierra Leone                      ..      2.6      2.4      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0     0.0         ..     0.5       0.6
South Africa                      .         ..       .       ..      4.5      3.5       3.2      3.0      3.0      2.3      2.2        .        ..      3.1
Sudan                             .         ..       .       ..       ..                           .      51       3.3      2.5        ...              3.7
Swaziland                                 3.4      1.4      3.3      2.6      6.6      13.8     11.2      9.5     12.0     9.5         .        ..      7.3
Tanzania                          ..      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0 0      0.0      0.0       0.0     0.0       0.0
Togo                              ..      5.1      5.8      4.6      9.0      6.6       5.4      6.9      6.5      9.7      9.8       2.3     0.7       6.7
Uganda                            ..      0,0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0      0.0       0.0     0.0       0.0
Zambia                          13.7     11.6      2.5      0.6      0.0      0.0       0.0      0.2      0.9      0.8      2.8       9.9     11.9      2.7
Zimbabwe                        29.3      7.7      8.3      4.9      1.4      0.5       0.3      0.1      0.0      0.0      0.0      23.2     8.5       2,6
NORTHAFRC71                                        12 2      ' 2    _%6         57       59       4 9      4 7      4 4      44                67        6
Alg-eria  -                       ..      1.0     15.9~    13.6      9.4      6.2       4.4      2.1      2.2      2.0      1.9        ..      1.1      5.4
Egypt, Arab Republic              ..     12.2     14.2      7.7      5.8      6.6       6.8      6.2      5.9      5.2      5.9        ..     10.2      8.0
Morocco                          6.0      1.9      2.3      2.6      4.1      3.3       6.0      6.4      6.0      7.4      8.2       7.5     4.0       4.5
Tunisia                         15.1     14.6     13.3     13.9      6.0       5.9      6.2      5.6   -4.8        3-.0  --3.5       20.3     18.8-     8.6
ALL AFRICA~       _    _                   3 3      5l       4        4 2      36        3 5      3 2      3 3      3O       P         28       31)      3 6
Note: 2000 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fuscat data are for consotidated governmnent staring from 1992.



Government Finance                                                                       203
7-18. Government expenditure: capital and net lending
Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments                                    Annual Average
1980      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997     1998      1999-     2000      75-84    85-89    90-AM
SLrB-SAH.ARAN AFRlC k                        16 6      16 6      18.7     19 5       19 1      19 7     2111      21.2     22 9      22.6       224      18(       19 5
e%cluding South Afrk.a                      25 0      24 1     25.6      2S 9      2S 0      .9 8      31 1      32 5     30 6      30.3                27 1      28
exal S.Afnca &Nigena                        25 0      24 1     25 6      26 2      2 53      2 58      26 1      27 1     2' u      26j4       28 6     2' I      25 a
Angola                               .      10.1       6.4      10.7      5.7      10.3       8.3       7.9       3.4     20.9      10.6         ..     17.3      10.2
Benin                               ..      28.1      21.1     26.8      32.9      36.6      32.9      36.3      36.3     37.7      38.1         ..     27.0      32.2
Botswana                             ..     47.3      42.4     39.5      32.0      31.8      33.4      34.4     32.8      31.9      32,5       43.3     45.1      37.1
Burkina Faso                         ..     44.5      43.4     34.4      40.8      45.9       51.3     56.5      56.2     58.9      55.2         -.        .      46.8
Bunundi                          113.6      43.7      47.9     43.4      32.6      30.3      35.8      18.0     25.8      25.7      22.5      119.7     61.9      33.4
Camneroon                         32.6      23.2      15.5      13.8     17.3       7.1       5.9       9.3      16.3     19.1      15.3       40.3     43.0      15.4
Cape Verde                           ..     41.3      59.4     58.7      60.9      52.4      47.8      44.7      51.0     19.6      24,5       67.8     54.3      45.2
Central African Repuiblic            *         .         .        .      46.0      50.2      21.9      37.5      54.2     50.9      52.4         .         ..     44,7
Chad                                        32.3      45.1     38,0      47.5      50.4      49.1      53.8      51.1     50.8      50.8         ..     63.1      47.6
Comoros                                     14.2      32.3      15.6     32.1      20.3      21.9      24.1      35.1     28.1      23.4        0.0     60.0      24.0
C-ongo0, Democratic Rep. of           .         .        .         .         .         .         .         .        .         .        .
Congo, Republic of                   ..      2.3       2.1      4.6       7.6       9.1      24.4       9.1      11.1     18.7      27.3       61.7     27,2      11.3
C8te d'lvoire                       ..       8.9       9.5      10.3     17.0      21.0      21.9      24.8      28.7     21.9      15.6         ,,     12.1      17.0
Djibouti                             .         ..     18.3      16.4     12.9       9.4       11.3     12.1     20.0       9.4       9.9         .         ..     13.3
Equatorial Guinea                   ..      60.7      51.6     49.5      32.9      18.0       9.6      20.9      36.4     43.8      31.3         ..     34.0      37.9
Eritrea                              .         ..     12.4     29.2      22.6      20.5      28.9      44.5     33.4      40.0      31.4         .         ..     29.2
Ethiopia                            ..      25.0      22.6     34.2      38.0      37.7      45.2      42.9      37.5     32.1      20.0       27.2     32.9      33.0
Gabon                                ..     19.6      18.9      17.7     22.1      20.9      22.8      31.7      29.2      8.9      24.9       58.1     35.4      21.2
Gambia, The                         ..      34.4      34.6     29.9      27.4      35.4      36.9      29.8      22.9     20.7      17.3       36.5     31.2      29.4
Ghana                             17.8      41.1      41.9     38.3      42.7      46,1      44.8      42.9      39.6     37.3      33.1       14.5     38.0      40.8
Guinea                              ..      45.6      47.0     49.4      46.3      48.6      45.1      47.8      40.9     44.5      43.6         ..     41.4      45.9
Guinea-Bissau                        ..     61.5      66.8     64.4      59.1      49.6      53.0      66.9     24.4      34.4      24.9       32.0     62.2      51.7
Kenya                             29.5      15.8      12.6     10.8      10.8      11.6       11.9      9.9       8.5      9.3      11.2       23.5     18.7      12.0
Lesotho                             ..      38.4      35.4     44.1      39.4      32.3      37,8      41.1     32.8      23.8      28.3       37.9     24.1      36.2
Madagascar                          ..      35.5      35.0     35.9      32.2      36.2      32.5      37.5     47.1 -    4 7.7     49.4       39.9     42.1      39.8
Malawi                            48.8      20.5      23.3     20.3      17.2      21.4      19.9      19.3      26.9     32.9      36.1       38.0     27.5      23.6
Mali                              53.0      57.7      53.3     50.4      50.4      53.5      56.2      51.4      50.6     47.8      49.3      47.9      59.1      52.9
Mauritania                          ..      22.9      24.3     41.3      32.9      27.6      27.8      25.8      29.2     29.3      43.3         ,.     26.7      30,1
Mauritius                         26.6      19.0      19.3     18.2      15.9      13.8      14.6      12.7      13.0     15.9      15.1       20.8     19.6      16.0
Mozamnbique                       44.0      52.4      50.3     49.3      51.1      57.3      55.1      55.8      47.6     49.7      53.9       40.1     35.6      52.2
Namibia                             ..      14.0      13.8      16.8     12.4      13.2      13.1      13.3      11.8     12.0      12.5       21.2     17.0      13.9
Niger                               ..      30.4      21.9     21.5      28.6      27.1      29.6      30.6      31.9     30.6      30.7       31.0     40.8      29.3
Nigeria                              .         ..        .        ..     41.1      41.3      49.4      55.8      59.4     48.6      49.5          .        ..     49.3
Rwanda                              ..      30.2      30.3     32.1      16.6      39.4      41.3      41.6      35.9     31.8      32.2          .        ..     32.9
Sao Tosneand Principe                .      55.4      57.4     52.3      57.9      69.1      60.7      60.3     51.8      60.9      62.9         ..     43.9      58.6
Senegal                           17.-6     15.0      24.1     20.3      23.6      26.5      35.6      32.9      42.2     40.6      31.7       16.4     13.5      27.7
Seychelles                          ..      22.5      19.7     22.8      11.0      17.8      17.8      22.3     25.6      21.8      25.2         .         ..     20.9
Sierra Leone                        ..      21.2      21.8     25.2      21.8      13.4      19.6      11.3      24.6     11.2      21.1         ..     24.0      19.0
South Africa                      25.8       9.0       9.6     12.3       9.6       9.2       8.4       7.8       8,5     14.3      14.0       23.6     10.3      10.3
Sudan                               .,      13.6      16.2     28.7        ..      13.4       5.7       7.7       9.1     14.2      21.3       169      14.0      14.2
S-waziland                           ..      25.7      28.7     25.4      24.7      23.8      18.1      17.1     23.0      21.9      26.0         .         ..     23.4
Tanzania                            ..      10.9      16.7     21.2      20.8      17.6      20.4      17.3      25.8     27.4      30.8       26.2     22.1      20.6
Togo                                ..      17.6      15.9      8.8       9.1      15.5      13.9      11.1      19.5     15.4      15.0         ..     26,0      15.2
Uganda                               ..     50.4      44.5     55.0      52.2      45.1      44.1      40.2     41.0      40.5      47.5       39.7     35.1      45.8
Zamnbia                           10.5      15.5      12.1     10.7      12.5      17.5      32.0      30.1      39.4     44.9      47.8       11.6      2.2      25.6
Zimbabwe                          43.1      20.2      18.0     16.8      17.6      14.5      12.7      12.3       6.7     14.2       5.2       42.7     15.7      14.2-
wo NOR1FAFRlCI/-                             2 81     -26. 2     -24. 5  -212 4      2 20     -20-7     2'lt7    2-14      2 2-8     2-44                 1337      24 (
AFg-er-ia                ~~~63.3    27.3     28.2      31.3     31.0       29.4      26.6     25.2      24.8      19.9     27.3       61.6      46.8      27.4
Egypt, Arab Republic                ..      34.8      29.0     20.9      18.1      18.2      18.7      20.0      21.3     28.9      25.2         ..     39.0      24.9
Morocco                           33.4      17.4      18.4     20.5      18.4      18.8      16.0      14.5      16.2     15.9      18.4       65.0     19.2      17.7
Tunisia                           28.9      26.6      24.8     25.6      211       20.9      20.7      22.4      21.9     21 4      24.5       27.7     21.9      23.1
.4LA ~C                              ___29            20 1     20 8      20        20         0 1      20 3     213       2       <232         2613   2 38        21 2
Note: 2000 data atre preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for oDnsolidated govemnmenit starting from 1992.



204                            Government Finance
7-19. Government expenditure: trends in real defense spending
Index 1980=100                  Annual Average
1980  1991  1992  1993  1994  1995  1996  1997  1998  1999  2000  7S.84  85-89  90-MR
SUB-SAWARAN AFRICA  Iuvfl  2Mil  1122 .  143 8  121 9  137 6  160f6  152 9  144.0  155 I  181 3  124 I  188 4  1550o
CeCluduin  South 'tfn,;  1t00O  .23u1  172 2  143 8  124 0  13' 6  160 6  152 9  144 0  155 1  .18.13  1-4 1  1.858  154.'
excl S Afica &_Nigeria  1u,0 0  23(1   J2 1 43 11 5. 137 6  160 6  152 9  144 0  155i .  81 3  124 I  SA IS
Burkina Faso    100.0  ..  .   .  339.2  .   ..   .   ..   .   .. 100.0  140.4  263.7
Burnmdi          .    .    .   .
Carnceroon      100   .    ..  .  124.0  .   .    .   ..   .   .. 100.0  190.6  124.0
Cape Verde       .    .    .   .    ,    .   *    .   .    .   .
Central African Republic.. .   ..   .   ..   .    ..  .    ..  .
Cornoros..                .    ..   ...      .    ..  .    ..  .
Congo, Democratic Rep. of  .  . .  . .   .   .        .*
Congo, Republic of  .  .   .   .    .    .   .    .   .    .   .
C6te dIlvoire   100.0  ..  .   .  62.7   .   .    .   ..   .   ..  100.0  83.3  77.2
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea..            .
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon           100,0      .   .. 140.4  .   ..100.0                   162.2  128.7
Gambia, The                .   .    .    .   .    .   .    .   .
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau              .   .    .    .   .    ,   .    .   .
Kenya           100.0  230.1  172.2  143.8  119.8  137,6  160.6  152.9  144.0  155.1  181.3  124.1  194.5  172.0
M1~adagancar      .    .   .    .   .    .    .   .    .   .    .
Malawi          100.0  ..  .   .  21.3  .    .    .   .    .   .   100.0  59.2  22.3
Mozambique       .    .    .   .    .    .   .    .   .    .   .
Nigeria         100.0  ..  .   .  16.5  .         .   ..   .   ..  100.0  40.1  18.8
Rwanda          100.0  ..  .   .  234.0           .   ..   .   ..  100.0  98.2  164.1
Sao Tocod and Principe  .  . .  .   .             .   .    .   .
Senegal         100.0  ..  .   .  102.8  .   ..   .   ..   .   ..  100.0  93.6  106.3
Seychelles..          .    ..  .    ..  .    ..                .
Sierra Leone    100.0  ..  .   .  172.6  ..  .                 .   100.0  133.0  99.1
South Africa    100.0  ..  .   .  94.1J      .             .       100.0  143.0  11 1.3
Swaziland       100.0  ..  .   .    .    ..           .    .   .   100.0  58.9  100.3
Togo            100.0  ..  .   .  139.0  .   ..   .   ..   .   ..  100.0  124.1  147.6
Zimbabwe         .    .    .   .    .    .   .    .   .    .   .
:NokrHA.FRlCA   IJO u             181 6       _____lu. I.               96 c  149,3
Algeria         100.0  ..  .   .  267.8  ...          .    .   .  100.0  111.5  208.2
Egypt, Arab Republic  .  . .   .    .    .   .    .   .    .   .
Morocco         100.0  .. .    .  95.5  ..   .    .   .    .100.0      82.3  90.7
Tunisia
Ak LLAFRI1CA_   luOl) .'-  -2 3 U1  I~2  I43s l- -2l'-  337 I-(F _606  12  41 15  1 14  5  ~
Note: Nigeria's fiscal data are for federal level only. Nigeria's f'iscal data are for conolidated govemnment starting front 1992.



Government Finance                       205
7-20. Government expenditure: real per capita education spending
Constant 1995 U.S. dollars         Annual Average
1980  1991  1992  1993  1994  1995  1996  1997  1998  1999  2000  75-84  85-89  90-MR
SUIB-SARARAN AFRICA.           .
exdddJng South Afnca
ex~cl S Africa & Nigena ___ ___
Benin            .    ..  .    ..  .    .. 0.12  0.11  0.10  0.11  0.12  0.12  .. 0.11
Botswana         ,. 2.24  2.36  2.47  2.50  2.74  3.25  . .. , .       1.65  2.51
Burkina Faso    0.03  0.06  0.06  0.06  , .  0,07  0.08  0.08  0.09  . .. 0.03  0.05  0.07
Bunundi          .    .. 0.04  0,04  0.03  0.02  0.02  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  . .. 0.02
Camneroon       0.14  0.25  0.24  0.18  0.16  0.11  .. .  . .  .  0.18  0.27  0.20
Cape Verde..          .   ..   .   ..   *    .   ..*           *
Central African Repub-lic  -*  .   .    .    .   .    .   .   .   0.16
Chad                  .   .. 0.04  0.04  0.03  0.03  0.04  0.03  0.04  0.04  . .. 0.04
Comoros               ..  .    .   .    .  0.18  0.18  0.13  0.09  0.09  . .. 0.13
Congo, Democratic Rep. of  .  . .  . .  .    .   .    .   .   .
Congo, Republic of  .. .  .    .   .    .    .   .    .   .    .  0.00  0.00
C6te dilvoire   ..  0.53  0.49  0.48  0.36  0.34  0.33  0.34  0.37  0.41  0.46  .. 0.58  0.43
Equatorial Guinea  .. .   .    .   .    ..   .   .    .   .   .
Enitrea          .    .. 0.03  0.04  0.04  0.05  0.05  0.09  0.09  0.08  0.11  . .. 0.06
Ethiopia        ..  0.02  0.02  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.03  0.03  0.03
Gainbia,The      .    .. 0.10  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.12  0.12  0.10  0.10  0.11  . .. 0.11
Ghana            .    ..  .    .. 0.15  0.15  0.16  0.14  0.15  . ...   .. 0.15
Guinea           .    ..  .    .. 0.12  0.13  0.16  0.14  0.11  0.12  0.12  . .. 0.13
Guinea-Bissau   ..  0.03  0.03  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.03  0.03  0.02  0.03  0.04  0.00  0.03  0.03
Kenya           0.20  0.22  0.21  0.22  0.21  0.22  0.21  0.22  0.23  0.22  0.20  0.16  0.21  0.22
Lesotho          .. 0.31  0.31  .. .    .    .   .    .   .   .     .  0.25  0.28
Madagascar       ..   .   .    .   .    .    .  0.05  0.06  0.07  0.07  . .. 0.06
Malawi           ..   .   .  0.05  ..  0.09  0.06  0.09  0.06  0.07  ...  . 0.07
Mali             ..   .   .    .   .   0.08  0.08  0.08  0.09  0,11  0,13  0,07  0.07  0.09
Mauritania       .    ..  .    ..  .    .. 0.02  0.24  0.23  0.25  0.27  . .. 0.20
Mauritius.           1.06  1.06  1.16  1.33  1.37  1.46  0.76  . .. 0.00  .. 0.83  1.02
Mozamnbique     ..  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.04  0.05  0.05  0.03  0.02  0.03
Natnibia         .    .   .    .   ...
Niger           0.11  .   ..   .   ...                ..  .   ..  0.08
Nigeria         ..    .   .    .   ..                 .   .    .  0.07  0.02
Rwanda..              .   .    .   ...
Sgo Tomt and Principe  .. .  . .   .0.24            0.15  .. 0.29   .   .. 0.23
Senegal          ..   .   .  0.23  0.19  0.21  0.22  0.21  0.23  0.24  0.26  . .. 0.23
Seychelles       ..   .   .  5.49  5.46  4.34  .. .   .   .    ..       .  5.09
Sierra Leone     ..   .   .    .   .    .    .   .    .   .    .  0.09  .. 0.02
South Africa     .    .   .    .   .    .    .   .    .   .   .
Sudan           0.39  .   ..   .   ..   .    ..  .    ..  .   ..  0.29
Swaziland       0.68  .   ..   .   .    .    ..  .    ..  .   ..  0.62  0.74
Tanzania         ..   .   .    .   .    .    .   .    .  0.04  0.05  .  .. 0.04
Uganda           .    ..  .    .. 0.05  0.07  0.06  0.08  0.09  0.11  0.12  . .. 0.08
Zamnbia         ..  0.13  0.11  0.09  0.08  0.06  0.11  0.12  0.09  0.11  0.10  . .. 0.10
Zimbabwe   _____ .    .   .    .   .    .    .   .  0.84  0.54  ..  .   .  0.69
714Rfl I AFRCA  0.5  0.55  0 55  0 58  0616 1  1       ._ _u 47        05    7
Egypt, Arab Republic  0.30  0.41  0.40"  0. 44"  0. 4'8  0.48  . .  .  . .  0. 32  0.4I'  0. 43
Morocco         0.64  0.68  0.69  0.73  0.72  0.69  .. .  . .  .  0.62  0.61  0.70
Tunisia   ____   088  103  1 10_  112  1 14  1 21  1 29  ___       93  0 94  _   114
ALL AFRICA__       _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Note: Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992.



206
Figure 7-1. Government deficit as percentage of GDP, 1992-2000*
(percent)
0                   5                   10                  15                 20                  25                  30                  35
Sao Tome and Principe                  l_l                                                                  ____
Eritrea
Guinea-Bissau
Angola
Cape Verde
Mozcmbique
Comoros
Malawi
Djibouti
Chad
Rwanda
Burkina Faso
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Mali-
Congo
Ghana
Ethiopia
Madagascar
Central African Republic
Uganda
Niger
Burundi
Togo
Guinea
South Africa
Benin
Gambia T'he
Cote d Ivoire
Mauritius
Morocco
Sudan
Namibia
Cameroon
Senegal
Tunisia
Equatorial Cuinea
Tamania
Kenya
Egypt. Arab Rep.
Swaziland
Cab_o                                                                                    F I Deficit, excl. grants
Mauritania =     _                                                                              Grants
Algeria zi _
Nigeria
Botswana
* Or most recent year available.



Government Finance                                 207
Technical notes
Tables                                          fiscal stabilization efforts. This indicator is shown as
a percentage of current GDP in national currency
Table 7-1. Government deficit/surplus (including  (World Bank country desks).
grants). Overall surplus/deficit is the difference be-
tween total revenue plus grants (as defined in GFS  Table 7-4. Government expenditure and lending
line A-I) and total expenditures and lending minus  minus repayments. Total expenditure and lending
repayments (as defined in GFS line C-I). It represents  minus repayments (as defined in GFS line C-I) repre-
the net financing requirement of the consolidated gov-  sents the government's total outlays for current or
ernment. This indicator is shown as a percentage of  capital purposes. Expenditure includes all
current GDP in national currency (World Bank coun-  nonrepayable payments by the government. Lending
try desks).                                     minus repayments comprises government transactions
in debt and equity claims upon others, acquired for
Table 7-2. Government deficit/surplus (excluding  purposes of public policy rather than for managing
grants). This is calculated as above, except that capi-  government liquidity or earning a return. It consists
tal grants are excluded from receipts (as defined in  of gross lending and acquisition of financial equity
GFS line A-1l, less line C-I). It is a measure of the  minus repayments of past government lending and
ability of a government to fund its activities from its  government sales of equities. (This definition differs
own resources. Because some budgetary grants may  from the concept of lending minus repayments adopted
be tied to certain expenditures that would not other-  in the SNA, which is gross government lending mi-
wise be incurred, excluding grants may overstate the  nus repayments of past government lending minus net
deficit or understate the surplus if no account is taken  government borrowing.) In determining  a
of the expenditures dependent on these grants. This  government's deficit or surplus, lending minus repay-
indicator is shown as a percentage of current GDP in  ments is grouped with expenditures rather than with
national currency (World Bank country desks).   financing. This indicator is shown as a percentage of
current GDP in national currency (World Bank coun-
Table 7-3. Government primary deficit/surplus (-/  try desks).
+). The primary deficit or surplus is the government
deficit or surplus including grants (as presented in  Table 7-5. Government interest payments. Govern-
Table 7-1) excluding interest expenditures on both  ment interest payments (as defined in GFS line C2)
domestic and foreign debt (Table 7-5). In countries  include interest on all borrowings, both domestic and
with large government interest payments, this ratio  foreign, but exclude commission charges paid for as-
may provide a more reliable indicator for monitoring  sistance in placement of debt (which would be classi-



208                                  Government Finance
fied as expenditure for the payment of goods and ser-  Table 7-10. Taxes on international trade and trans-
vices). This indicator is shown as a percentage of cur-  actions. Include import duties, export duties, profits
rent GDP in national currency (World Bank country  of export or import monopolies remitted to govern-
desks).                                         ment, and monopoly profits of monetary authorities
made in foreign exchange transactions as well as taxes
Table 7-6. Government revenue (excluding grants).  levied on the sale of foreign exchange (as defined in
Government revenue less grants (as defined in GFS  GFS line A6). This indicator is shown as a percent-
line A-Il) refers to current revenues (tax and nontax)  age of total revenue (as defined in GFS line A-Il)
and capital revenues, such as proceeds from the sale  (World Bank country desks).
of real assets, including land. They do not include grant
receipts from other governments or international or-  Table 7-11. Indirect taxes. These are sales and ex-
ganizations. This indicator is shown as a percentage  cise taxes and duties (as defined in GFS line A-IV
of current GDP in national currency (World Bank  less Al). This indicator is shown as a percentage of
country desks).                                total revenue (as defined in GFS line A-1l) (World
Bank country desks).
Table 7-7. Grants to government. These are unre-
quited, nonrepayable, noncompulsory government  Table 7-12. Nontax revenues (excluding grants).
receipts from other governments or international in-  This is all nonrepayable government receipts, other
stitutions (as defined in GFS line A-Il). Grants of  than compulsory unrequited receipts (taxes) and rev-
goods and services in kind are excluded. This indica-  enue from capital sales or government grants, plus all
tor is shown as a percentage of current GDP in na-  fines and penalties other than for noncompliance with
tional currency (World Bank country desks).     taxes (as defined in GFS line A-V). For some
mineral-exporting countries in Africa, this category
Table 7-8. Foreign financing. Includes all govern-  is quite large, since royalties on the extraction of min-
ment financing transactions except grants (as defined  erals, such as petroleum in Egypt and Nigeria and
in GFS line D-111) with nonresident individuals, en-  bauxite in Guinea, make up significant portions of
terprises, governments, international organizations,  total government revenues. This indicator is shown
and other entities. It may be affected by trading in  as a percentage of total revenue (as defined in GFS
outstanding government securities between residents  line A-Il) (World Bank country desks).
and nonresidents. The data also reflect changes, re-
sulting from transactions but not revaluations, in gov-  Table 7-13. Government expenditure: wages and
ernment holdings of foreign exchange, deposits in  salaries. Are payments in cash, but not in kind, to
nonresident financial institutions, and securities issued  employees in return for services, before withholding
by nonresident entities held by government for liquid-  taxes and employee contributions to social security
ity purposes (reserves). This indicator is shown as a  and pension funds are deducted (as defined in GFS
percentage of current GDP in national currency  line C 1.1). Included are basic wages and salaries; pay
(World Bank country desks).                     for overtime, weekends, and nights; cost of living al-
lowances; local allowances and expatriation allow-
Table 7-9. Taxes on income and profits. These taxes  ances; and similar compensation. Reimbursement to
(as defined in GFS line A l) are levied on the actual or  employees for expenses incurred as part of their em-
presumptive net income of individuals and profits of  ployment are excluded. This indicator is shown as a
enterprises. Also included are taxes levied on capital  percentage of total expenditure and lending minus
gains that are realized on land sales, securities, and  repayments (as defined in GFS line C-I) (World Bank
other assets. This indicator is shown as a percentage  country desks).
of total revenue (as defined in GFS line A-II) (World
Bank country desks).



Government Finance                                  209
Table 7-14. Government expenditure: trends in    Table 7-18. Government expenditure: capital and
real wages and salaries. Includes expenditure on  net lending. Represents payments for acquiring land,
wages and salaries as discussed above (as defined in  buildings, and other nonfinancial assets to be used
GFS line C1.1), deflated by the CPI. For most coun-  for more than one year in the process of production,
tries the trend is shown in index numbers beginning  including transfers for capital assets as well as net
with I 00 in 1987 (World Bank country desks).    lending (as defined in GFS lines C-IV plus C-V). This
indicator is presented as a percentage of total expen-
Table 7-15. Government expenditure: other goods  diture and lending minus repayments (as defined in
and services. Includes expenditures for all goods and  GFS line C-I) (World Bank country desks).
services (except fixed capital assets and wages and
salaries) bought on the market, goods and services to  Table 7-19. Government expenditure: trends in real
be used to produce fixed capital assets, strategic or  defense spending. Real defense spending has been
emergency stocks, stocks held by market regulatory  calculated by deflating defense spending in current
organizations, and land and intangible assets. This  prices national currency (IMF, as defined in GFS line
category encompasses purchases of materials, office  B2) by the national GDP deflator (Table 3-1). The
supplies, fuel and lighting, travel services, and pay-  results are presented in the form of 1980 base indexes.
ment. of rent, as well as payments in kind to certain
civil servants (as defined in GFS line C1.3). This in-  Table 7-20. Government expenditure: real per
dicator is presented as a percentage of total expendi-  capita education spending. Presents education spend-
ture and lending minus repayments (as defined in GFS  ing (IMF, as defined in GFS line B4) deflated by the
lines C-I) (World Bank country desks).           national GDP deflator (Table 3-1) and divided by to-
tal population (Table 2-1). The result is converted into
Table 7-16. Government expenditure: interest pay-  1995 U.S. dollars by using the 1995 local currency/
ments. Are payments for the use of all borrowed  US dollar conversion factor (Table 3-6).
money, excluding commission charges paid for as-
sisitnce in placing debt, which would be classified as  Figure
expenditures for payment of other goods and services
(as defined in GFS line C2). This indicator is pre-  The following indicators have been used to derive the
sented as a percentage of total expenditu're and lend-  figure in this chapter:
ing minus repayments (as defined in GFS lines C-I)
(World Bank country desks).                      Figure 7-1. Government deficit/surplus (Tables 7-1
and 7-2).
Table 7-17. Government expenditure: subsidies and
current transfers. Are all unrequited, nonrepayable
government payments for current purposes (as defined
in GFS line C3). Transfers for capital purposes (that
is, to permit the recipient to acquire capital assets)
and transfers in kind are excluded. This indicator is
presented as a percentage of total expenditure and lend-
ing minus repayments (as defined in GFS line C-I)
(Wiorld Bank country desks).



210                                                             Government Finance
Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 7
Aggregations a                                       Period averages b
Table                                         (6)                           (7)                                     (1)
7-1                                            x                                                                     x
7-2                                            x                                                                     x
7-3                                            x                                                                     x
7-4                                            x                                                                     x
7-5                                            x                                                                     x
7-6                                            x                                                                     x
7-7                                            x                                                                     x
7-8                                            x                                                                     x
7-9                                            x                                                                     x
7-10                                           x                                                                     x
7-11                                           x                                                                     x
7-12                                           x                                                                     x
7-13                                           x                                                                     x
7-14                                                                         x                                       x
7-15                                           x                                                                     x
7-16                                           x                                                                     x
7-17                                           x                                                                     x
7-18                                           x                                                                     x
7-19                                                                         x                                       x
7-20                                           x                                                                     x
Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa, Period averages are shown in the last three
columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. For aggregation purposes, all data used in this chapter were converted to U.S.
dollars, using the conversion factors shown in Table 3-6.
a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country
coverage) (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) sitnple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary
indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of
the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean.
b. Period averages: (I) aithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest
of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is sliown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth
rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms).



Agricultu ie
A     griculture is one of Africa's important sectors.  The data in this chapter are estimates based on a
JAW%African agriculture has two major components:  variety of sources whose quality and reliability vary
food production and export commodities. Food  from country to country and year to year. Further-
production, including meat, is the livelihood for most  more, production and export data are probably un-
Africans. Export crops provide many African coun-  derestimated for two reasons. It is difficult to esti-
tries with their main source of foreign exchange and  mate production levels of staple food crops, especially
thus the capacity to import, invest, and develop. The  roots and tubers, when much of the output is con-
information in this chapter provides a basis for as-  sumed directly by farmers, rather than marketed.
sessing recent trends in producer prices, aggregate  Moreover, parallel market activity, including trade,
agricultural production and trade, cereal imports, and  may not be fully accounted for.
food aid in Africa.
211



21               2Agricultu                                                            ure
8-1. Nominal producer prices
Local currency per kilogram
1980      1986     1987      1988      1989      1990      1991      1992      1993      1994     1995
*NI-GERLA        .                                   ..
Wheat (hard)                                 1.2      2.2       2.2       2.7      3.7       4.6        5.4      10.3     10.3      10.3      19.0
Citrus (oranges).                                        .        -         .         .        .          .         .
Dates                                        4.5      11.3     11.5         .         .        .          .        .
Barley                                       0.8       1.4      1.7       1.7      2.3       2.3        2.3      4.7       4.7       6.0      14.0
Potatoes                                     1.3      2.6       2.8       2.7       3.0      3.3        3.3       6.5      6.5       6.5      10.0
:ANI34tL A
Coffee                                         ..    67.0      67.0      67.0     67.0     135.0      158.0        .
Maize                                         ..     10.0      10.0     I11.5      11.5     11.5      100.0        .
Millet                                       4.0     10.0      10.0      10.0      10.0     10.0      100.0        .
Wheat                                        4.5     17.5      17.5      17.5      17.5     17.5      200.0        .
Cassava                                       ..      5.0       5.0       7.7      7.7       7.7      150.0        .
Sweet potatoes                               2.5      7.5       7.5      14.0      14.0     14.0      200.0        .
Cotton (seed cotton)                       65.0     110.0     100.0     105.0     95.0     100.0      100.0     100.0     94.8
Palm kernels                                35.0     20.0      20.0      30.0     30.0      30.0       35.0      35.0
Maize                                      40.0      65.0      68.0      64.0     55.0      85.0       58.0     62.0      53.0
Sorghum                                     46.0     65.0      72.0      67.0     60.0      60.0       63.0     65.0      55.0
Cassava                                     30.0     15.0      20.0      16.0      16.0     16.0       17.0      17.5      18.2
Yams                                        32.0     50.0      58.0      49.0     49.0      49.0       49.0      50.0     52.0
BOTSWANA                                              .                                            .      ..            .
Groundnuts (in shell)                        0.2      0.7       0.7       0.7       0.7      0.7        I .1      1 .0      1.4
Sorghum                                      0.1      0.3       0.3       0.3      0.3       0.3        0.3       0.4       0.4
Maize                                        0.1      0.3       0.3       0.3       0.3      0.3        0.3       0.3       0.4
B LrRKINA r ASCI
Cotton (seed cotton)                        55.0     97.2      89.7      94.4     94.6      95.0
Groundnuts (in shell)                       54.0     50.0      60.0      55.0     60.0      60.0
Sesaine seed                               70.0      80.0      55.0      65.0     85.0      80.0
Sorghum                                    45.0      40.0      45.0      40.0     45.0      60.0          ..        .
Millet                                     45.0      40.0      45.0      40.0     45.0      60.0
Maize                                      45.0      45.0      55.0      45.0     50.0      65.0
Coffee (green)..                                        .         ..        .        ..         .
Cotton (seed)                               36.1     51.9      52.6      55.3      57.8     60.2       62.4      64.4
Maize                                       25.0
Sorghum                                    20.0
Rice                                        25.0
Millet                                      20.0
Bananas
Cassava                                     10.9
CAMBROON..
Coffee (Arabica)                          320.0     475.0     475.0     475.0    458.0     186.0      165.0
Cocoa (grade 1, superior)                 300.0     420.0     420.0      42.0    250.0     220.0      200.0    200.0     200.0
Cotton (seed cotton, nonselected)           70.0    130.0     130.0     140.0     95.0      95,0       95.0      85.0
Maize                                      60.0      83.2      76.8      82.4     57.0      51.7
Sorghumn                                   40.0      38.9      60.6      47.2     43.0      77.9
Millet                                     40.0      38.9      60.6      47.2     43.0      77.9
Rice (paddy)                               105.0     91.0      64.7      77.5     82.7      53.5
Cassava                                     19.0     48.0      46.6      41.7        ..         .
Plantans                                   25.0      45.3      46.7      47.3        ..     54.0
C-tNTR.ML AFRICAN R.EPUIBLIC
Coffee (Robusta, chierries)                120.0    135.0     135.0     190.0    110.0      80.0       40.0      40.0    120.0     120.0     240.0
Cotton (seed cotton)                       60.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100,0   .   .        68.5      60.0     60.0      87.0     117.0
Sorghum                                       ..    103.5     128.3     107.7     92.5         .          ..        .        ..    136.7     168.9
Maize                                       40.0     65.3      67.7     104.3     111.6        .          ..        .        ..    136.0     271.0
Groundnuts (unshelled)                      70.0        .         ..    171.7        ..        .          .         .         .    217.6     526.3
Cassava                                     30.0     76.2      89.5      57.5    103.7                              .        ..    119.2     176.6
Yams                                        25.0    107.1      91.0     124.5     86.6                             ..        .         .     222.5
sR\%D
Cotton (teed cotton, avg. white/yellow)       ..     99.0      99.0      97.0     88.0      88.0       88.0      77.0     89.0
Millet                                        ..     31.0      31.0      48.0     47.0      52.0       62.0      41.0     41.0
Groundnuts                                    ..     57.0      46,0      44.0     46.0      48.0       70.0      67.0     77.0
(Table continues on thie following page)



Agriculture                                                 213
8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued)
Local currency per kilogram
1980   1986  1987   1988   1989  1990   1991   1992   1993  1994   1995
~CONIORO,-
Vanilla                     1150.0    .
Cloves                      1250.0    .
Ylang Ylang (flower)          45.0  90.0   65.0  65.0
Copra                        40.0     .
Bananas                      50.0     .
Cassava                       40.0    .
c.:jNCO-1 DIEMOCR.ATIC REPU~BLIC OF
Coffee (Arabica, green beans)  4.0  42.6   69.3  107.5  166.9  440.5 13837.3
Palni oil                      2.1  23.0   37.6  59.4   93.8  247.7  7778.7
Rubber (natural)                .      .     .      .     .      .      .
Cocoa (beans)                  ..   30.0   50.0     .,     .     ..     .
Maize                          1.2   7.5   10.1   25.8  40.3  106.4     .
Rice, (paddy)                  2.0   11.5  17.0   28.7  45.2  1 19.4    ..     .
Cassava                        1.3   3.0    3.9   8.4   13.2   34.7  1090.8    .
Planitains                     2.9    .      .      .      .     .      .      .
CONGO RUPIUBL IC OF
Coffee                       146.0  215.0  215.0  115.0  115.0  115.0  115.0  115.0  115.0
Cocoa                        134.8  190.0  240.0  108.0  108.0  88.0  88.0   88.0   88.0  88.0   88.0
Maize                         43.0  73.0   85.0  60.0   60.0   60.0   60.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0
Cassava..                             .      ...                        ..     .
Plantains..                           .      ...                        ..     .
COTE D I'. OIRE
Coffee (Robusta, green)      310.6  399.5  400.0  400.0  404.0  419.0  390.0  232.0  200.0  530.0  700.0
Cocoa (beans)                300.0  400.0  400.0  400.0  400.0  200.0  200.0  200.0  200.0  315.0  320.0
Palm  oil                      ..     .      .   213.8  213.8  213.8  190.0  190.0  190.0  225.0  225.0
Rice (paddy)                  50.0  84.0   84.0  60.0   60.0   60.0   60.0   60.0  75.0   75.0  110.0
Maize                         68.0  76.0   45.0  45.0   45.0   45.0   45.0     .
Cassava                       49.0  46.0     ..     .     .      .      ..     .
Yamns                         59.0  99.9     ..     .     ..     .      ,.     .
~EQYPT
Cotton                        0.3    0.6    0.7   0.9    1.3    1.7    2.0    2.4   2.4    2.1
Rice (96%  hiumidity)          0.1   0.2    0.2   0.3    0.4    0.4    0.4    0.5   0.5    0.6
VWheat (94% humidity)         0.1    0,2    0.2   0.2    0.4   0.5     0.5   0.5    0.5    0.5
Sugarcane                     0.0    0.0    0.0   0.0    0.1    0.1    0.1    0.1   0.1    0.1    0.1
Broadbeans                    0.2    0.5    0.6   0.6    0.6    0.7    0.9    1.1    1.0   1.0
.EQUATORIAL:GU1NEA.. 
Cocos (first grade dried beans)..      .     ..     .
Coffee (Robusta. chierry)..            .     ..     .     ..     .      ..     .
Cassava..                             .      ..     .     ..     ...           .
E rHI0PIA
Coffee (Arabica. beans)        2.6   3.7    4.1   4.2    4.2    4.     3.1    3.1
Sesame seed                     ..   1.1    1.1    1.3   1.3    1.4    1.7     .
Sorghum (mixed)                ..    0.5    0.4   0.5    0.5    0.5    0.8    0.8
Maize                          ..    0.5    0.4   0.4    0.5    0.4    0.6    0.7
Barley (non-white mixed)        ..   0.5    0.4   0.5    0.5    0.5    0.7    0.9
GABOI'
Cocoa (first quality)        320.0  430.0  430.0  370.0  210.0  224.0  224.0  269.0  260.0
Coffee (merchant, processed)  180.0  0.0  260.   260.0  130.0  130.0   .,   150.0  147.0
Cassava                      139.5    ..     .      ..     .     ..     .
Yams                         124.5    ..     .      ..     .     ...
G.kMBIA. TfE-I
Groundnuts (unshielled)        0.5   1.8    1.5    1.1   1.5    1.8     ..     .
Cotton (seed cotton)          0.5    1.3    1.5    1.6   1.8    1.9    1.9    2.0   2.0    2.2    2.2
Palmn kemels                   0.3   0.3     ..     .     ..     .      ..     .
Millet                         0.5   1.1    1.2    1.2   1.5    1.9    1.9     .
Rice (paddy)                    .      ..   2.1   2.1    3.4    2.8    2.7     .
Maize                           ..   0.0    1.2    1.2   1.4    2.1    1.9
Sorghumn                       0.3   0.9    0.0    0.0   1.2    0.0    1.9
(Table continues on the following page)



214                                                                      Agriculture
8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued)
Local currency per kilogram
/980     1986      1987     1988     /989      /990      1991     1992      1993     1994      1995
GHANA .'.                                            7..                               .          .
Cocoa                                      4.0     80.3     101.3    153.8        ..       .
Maize                                      4.1     25.0      42.0     48.0     35.8      86.9      69.5     83.5      93.7
Millet                                     5.3     24.2      36.0     83.3     89.7      77.9     113.5    141.4     149.9
Grotindnuts                                8.4                                    .        -.
Cassava                                    1.5      8.8      10.8     12.9     10.0      10.0      15.8     22.5      25.3
Plantains                                  1.9     15.0      18.6     43.0     45.9      27.8      26.8     35.5      91.4
Coffee (Robusta)                          49.0    400.0    400.0                  .         .
Palm kemnels                               6.0     60.0     60.0         .
Rice (paddy)                               9.0                                   ..     168.0     166.0
Maize                                      7,0                                   ..     130.0     144.0
Grouindnuts (unshelled)                   11.0                                250.0     213.0
Cassava                                    5.0       ..81.0
Plantains                                  4.5        . 
GUIINEA:-BISSAU....                                                                         .
Cashew nuts                                 ..     38.5     125.0    230.0    350.0    450.0      550.0   1000.0   3500.0
Grouindnuits (unshelled, grade 1)            ..    32.5      40.0     80.0    140.0     225.0     275.0    500.0   1000.0
Palm kemnels                                 .                                    .        .
Rice (paddy, grade 1)                      8.5     37.5      50.0     85.0    180.0    225.0      400.0    650.0    1100.0
Sorghum                                      .                                    ..
KENYA
Coffee (Arabica, washed bean, grade 1-6   26.4     54.8      34.1     43.0     43.1      36.4      46.5     49.4      98.9
Tea                                       15.9     33.8      25.0     26.8     27.2      35.2      38.5     47.5      92.4
Suigar (cane)                              0.1      0.3       0.3      0.4      0.4       0.5       0.5      0.6       0.8
Sisal                                      4.2      7.4       7.1      7.4      8.9       9.2       9.4      9.8       9.9
Maize                                      1.0      2.1       2.1      2.2      2.7       2.6       3.1      4.7       8.1
Wheat                                      1.6      2.9       3.0      3.2      3.4       4.5       5.0      5.6       5~7
LESOTHO
Whieat                                     0.2      0.4       0.5      0.5      0.6                          0.8
Beans                                      0.5      1.1       1.3      1.3       1.4       .
Peas                                       0.4      0.9       0.9      1.1      1.2       1.2
Maize                                      0.1      0.3       0.3      0.4      0.4       0.4       0.5      0.6       0.6      0.6
Sorghum                                    0.2      0.2       0.3      0.3      0.3       0.3                0.5       0.6
Rubber (nonspec. coagul.)                  0.8      1.0       1.0                          .
Coffee (Robusta)                           2.1       1.6      1.6
Cocoa (fair average quality)               2.1      2.3       2.3
Rice                                       0.3      0.3       0.3      0.3                 .
Cassava                                    0.0      0.1       0.1      0,1        ,        .
LIBYA
Wheat                                       .
Olives
Oranges
Barley
:MADAGASCAR                                               ..                      ..
Coffee (Robusta)                         215.0    600.0    800.0     950.0    950.0     950.0
Vanilla (green)                          600.0   1100.0   1200.0    1700.0   2000.0   2000.0     2000.0
Cloves                                   395.0    525.0    600.0     600.0    600.0    600.0
Rice (paddy)                              42.5    100.0     127.5    180.0    250.0     250.0     274.0
Cassava                                    7.0     55.0      55.0       ..        .         .     124.0
Sweet potatoes                               ..    50.0      60.0     60.0     60.0        ..     116.0
IN IAL NU. .I
Tobacco (flue-cured)..                                .        ..        .
Tobacco (Northen division dark-fired, G;   0.4      1.0       1.0      1.1      1.7       2.5       2.8      2.8       2.8      3.5       6.0
Tea (dry leaves)                           0.7       1.0      1.0      1.5      1,6       2.0       2.0      2.5       2.5      3.0       5.0
Groundnuts (in shell)                      0.3      0.5       0.6      0.6      0.6       0.8       0.7      0.9       1.1      1.6       2.5
Cotton (seed cotton)                         ..     0.5       0.5      0.7      0.8       0.8       0.8      0.9       0.9      1.~0      2.5
Maize                                      0.1      0.1       0.1      0.2      0.2       0,3       0.3      0.3       0.4      0.5       0.7
Sorghum                                    0.1      0.2       0.1      0.1      0.2       0.2       0.0      0.0       0.7      0.8       1.1
Rice (paddy, grade 1)                      0.1      0.2       0,2      0.3      0.3       0.4       0.4      0.5       0.9       1.5      1.8
Cassava                                    0.0       ..        .       0.1      0.1       0.1         .        .        .
(Table continues on the following page)



Agriculture                                                                            215
8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued)
Local currency per kilogram
1980      1986     1987      1988      1989     /990       1991      1992      1993     1994      /995
'MiAL I
Cotton (seed cotton)                       55.0      85.0      85.0      85.0     85.0      85.0       85.0     85.0
Grouindnuts (unshelled)                    40.0         .         .         .         .        .          .        .
Millet                                     35.0      55.0      55.0       0.0      0.0      77.0      41.5      42.0
Rice: (paddy)                              37.5      70.0      70.0      70.0     70.0      70.0       70.0     68.0
Sorghum                                    35.0      55.0      55.0     58.0      60.0      61.0          .        .
Maize                                      35.0      55.0      55.0         .        ..     54.0       35.0     35.0
MAURITANIA
Sorghum                                     11.0     15.4      15,4      160O     1606      i60        16.5     16.5      169       '17.0    17.2
Rice (paddy)                                10.0        .         .        .          .        .          .        .
Maize                                       15.0        ..        .         .         .        .          .
Nta,URITl1.S        *....
Sugarcane                                     .         .         .         .        .         .         .
Tea                                           ..      9.2       7.4      10.3     10.4      13.5       13.4     16.8      16.4
Maize (12% moisture)                         2.0      4.3       4.3       4.8      4.8       4.8        4.8      5.0       5.0
Rice (paddy, 14% moisture)                   1.4      4.9       4.9       5.0      7.0         .          .        .
Potatoes                                     2.2       1.9      2.5       2.5      2.8       3.1        3.7      4.1       4.7
Onions                                       4.2      4.2       4.8       5.8      5.7       7.1        7.8      7.7       7.6
MOROC CO
Citnis (oranges)                             1.3           1.6       1.6       I.?  l.       IA9        2.u      2.1       2.2       2.3       2.4
Cotton                                       3.2      6.0       6.0       6.0      6.7       0.0        6.7      5.7       5.7
Wheat (hard)                                 1.5      2.2       2.2       2.1      2.3       2.5        2.5      2.9       2.9       2.5
Suigarbeet (16.5% sugar)                     0.1      0.2       0.2       0.2      0.2       0.2        0.3      0.3       0.3
Barley                                       1.3      1.3       1.3       1.2       1.3      1.5        1.5      2.0       2.0       2.1
Nlt:I)Z.AMIIIQITE
Cashew niuts                                 7.5     13.2      86.0        .         .         .          .        .
Cotton (seed, prime grade)                  11.0     16.0      65.0        .         .         .          .        ,
Tea                                        25.6         .         .        .         .         .          .        .
Rice                                         6.2     16.0      48.0        .         .         .          .        .
Cassava                                      2.0       ..         .         .        ..        .          .        .
NANBI e,
Wheat                                         ..      0.4       0.4       0.4      0.5       0.6        0.6      0.7       0.7       0.7
Maize (white)                                 ..      0.3       0.3       0.4      0.4       0.4        0.5      0.5       0.6       0.7
NIGER
Cowpeas                                    45.0      80.0      80.0         .         .        .          .        .
Cotton (unginned, top grade)               62.0     120.0     120.0     120.0    130.0     110.0      70.0      70.0      77.0
Groundnuts (in shell)                      50.0     130.0     130.0    130.0     132.0     133.0      134.0    135.0     140.0     143.8     146.4
-   Sorghumn (red)                              50.0        .         .         .         .        .          ,         .
NIGERJA
Cocoas(bean)                                 1.3      3.5       7.5      11.0     10.1       8.5       10.2     12.7
Palm kemiels                                 0.2      0.4       0.9       1.0       1.3      1.2         ..         .
Cotton (seed cotton)                         0.4      1.0       4.0       4.5      2.4       2.6        4.2      3.8
Groundnuts (in shell)                        0.4      1.0       2.3       2.3      4.8       4.3        6.3      6.8      19.7      10.6
Sorghum                                      0.2      0.6       0.8       1.6      2.0       1.7        3.6      4.7       7.0       5.3
Millet                                       0.2      0.6       0.6       1.3      2,1       1.7        3.4      5.7       6.6       6.2
Maize                                        0.2      0.5       0.6       1.6      2.7       2.1        3.3      5.5       7.5       5.6
Rice (paddy)                                 0.3      1.0       2.3       3.8      6.3       6.3        7.5     12.6      18.8      12.3
Yams                                          ..      1.0       0.9       2.0      2.4       2.3        2.6       5.9     11.7      14.4
Cai.sa3 (g3i'i).                                      0.3       0.4       0.8       1.2      2.2        2.1      2.3       4.6       4.5
R WANDA
Coffee                                     120.0    122.5     125.0     125.0    125.0      99.7      107.4    115.0         .         ..   427.0
Tea                                        75.0      75.0      75.0        .          .        .          .        .
Beans (dry)                                20.3      22.3      28.6      30.5     38.4      37.9       40.8     40.2         .         ..     90.0
Sorghum                                     12.7     20.2      20.2      19.3     23.3      24.5       29.3     33.6         .         ..    141.0
Maize                                       11,9     15.6      15.4      13.6     24.7      26.9       32.4     29.0         .         ..     45,0
Bananas                                       ..        .         .      10.6      10.7     12.7       15.9      14.9
Sweet potatoes                               5.7      6.1       6.2       5.5      9.4       9.8        9.9      6.8         .         ..     24.0
(Table continues on Oici following page)



216                                                                         Agriculture
8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued)
Local currency per kilogram
1980      1986     1987      1988      1989      1990      1991      1992      1993     1994      1993
SAO TvNtE & PRINCIPEs         - 
Cocoa                                       16.5     24.0      25.0      26.0     27.0      28.0       29.0     30.0
Maize                                        1.9      2.5       2.6       2.6      2.7       2.7        2.8       2.8
Cassava                                      2.1      2.7       2.7       2.8      2.8       2.9        2.9       3.0
SENEGAL.             ....                                              ...                                            . 
Groundnuts (in shell)                       50.0     90.0      90.0      70.0     70.0      70.0       70.0     70.0     100.0     120.0     125.0
Cotton (seed cotton, first quality)        60.0     100.0     100.0     100.0    100.0     100.0      100.0     100.0    115.0     150.0     170.0)
Millet                                     40.0      70.0      70.0      70.0     70.0      70.0       70.0     70.0      70.0      70.0      70(1
Rice (paddy)                               41.5      85.0      85.0      85.0     85.0      85.0       85.0     85.0      90.0
Maize                                      37.0      70.0      70.0      70.0     70.0      70.0       70.0     70.0      70.0      70.0      70.0
Sorghum                                    40.0      70.0      70.0      70.0     70.0      70.0       70.0     70.0      70.0      70.0      70.0
sIERR,A LEONE
Cocoa                                        2.1      17.8     30.2      30.2..                                     .
Coffee (Robusta)                             2.0     25.0      40.3                                       .
Palm kernels                                 0.2       1.1      1.3         .
Rice (paddy)                                 0.4      2.8       7.4      22.2     29.0      37.0       44.4
Cassava                                      0.3      4.9
SOMALIA.                                                  .
Bananas..                                               .
Maize                                        5.5     21.4      34.5
Sorghum                                      5.8     18.9      22.7                  .
Sesame (seed)                              25.2      61.6      76.4                  .
SOUTH AFRICA                                        ....     ......
Maize                                        0.1      0.2       0.3       0.3      0.3       0.3        0.4       0.5      0.4       0.4       0.6
Wlseat                                       0.2      0.4       0.4       0.4       0.5      0.5        0.6       0.7      0.8       0.8       0.8
Sugar cane                                   0.0      0.0       0,0       0.0                0.1        0.1       0.1      0.1       0.1       0.0
Sorglium                                     0.1      0.2       0.2       0.2       0.2      0.2        0.3       0.5      0.5       0.4       0.4
Barley                                       0.2      0.3       0.3       0.3      0.4       0.5        0.5       0.6      0.7       0.7       0.7
SUDAN                                              .                                                                 .    .
Cotton (seed cotton, long-staple, grade!:~   0.4       1.8      2.5       4.3       4.8      6.7       14.1      37.2
Grouindnuts (El-Obeid. in shell)             0.2       1.1      1.2       1.8       4.4     23.5       21.1     22.6
Sesame (El-Obeid, mixed)                     0.3       1.3      1.6       5.0      6.5      12.7       30.9     41.6
Gutm arabic (El-Obeid)                       0.0      6.8       9.0       9.4      10.2     10.3       18.9      17.8
Sorglsuim                                    0.1      0.2       0.8       0.9       1.9     11.4        6.6      11.8
Wheat                                        0.2      0.7       1.0       2.3      2.9       5.7        8.3      11.4     33.3
Suigarcane (sucrose)                         0.0      0.0       0.0       0.0      0.0         .          .
Citnis                                       0.2      0.4       0.2       0.4      0.4A                   .        .
Pineapple                                    0.0      0.3       0.2       0.2      0.3       0.4        0.5       0.5      0.5       0.6       0.6
Cotton (seed cotton)                         0.5      0.9       0.9       1.1       1.1        .          .         .
Maize                                        0.1      0.3       0.3       0.3      0.4         .          .        .
TANZANIA             .           :       .                   ..      .
Coffee (Arabica) (parchment)                 9.0     50.8      66.0      90.0
Cotton (seed cotton, AR)                     3.2     16.9      19.5      22.4     28.0
Tea (green leaves)                           1.5      7.6       9.9      13.4
Maize                                        1.0      6.3       8.2       9.0      11.0        ..         .
Sorghum                                      1.0      4.8       6.0       0.0      0.0         ..         .
Rice (paddy)                                 1.8      9.6      14.4      17.3      19.0        .          .         .
Millet                                       1.5      4.8       6.0       6.6       7.3        .          .        .
Cassava (grade I, Makopa)                    0.7      3.6       4.5       5.0      5.5         ..         .
TO(G'
Coffee (Robuista)                         200.0     365.0     400.0    350.0     175.0     175.0      185.0     140.0    350.0     650.0
Cocoa                                     220.0     330.0     360.0    300.0     225.0     250.0      250.0    225.0     300.0     550.0
Cotton (seed cotton)                        52.0    105.0     105.0      95.0     95.0     100.0      100.0     90.0     110.0     145.0
Maize                                      68.4      73.0      72.0      79.0     60.0      61.0       58.0      73.0     43.0      62.0
Sorghsum                                   68.0      76.0      66.0      98.0     69.0      68.0       67.0     92.0      64.0      68.0
Millet                                     66.7      59.0      61.0      87.0     72.0      58,0       75.0      87.0     61.0      52.0
Cassava                                     20.3     30.0      32.0      26.0     30.0      23.0       28.0      29.0     30.0      31.0
Yams                                       48.5      61.0      63.0      63.0     68.0      68.0       66.0      66.0     63.0      59.0
(Table continues on tlse following page)



Agriculture                                                                217
8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued)
Local currency per kilogram
1980    1986     1987    1988    1989     1990     1991    1992     1993    1994     1995
mLINISIA
Olives                                0.1      0.1     0.2     0.2      0.2     0.2      0.3      0.3     0.3      0.3     0.3
Citrus (oranges)                      0.1      0.1     0.2     0.2      0.2     0.3      0.3
Wheat                                 0.1      0.2     0.2     0.2      0.2     0.2      0.2      0.3     0.3      0.3     0.3
Barlev                                0.1      0.1     0.1     0.1      0.1     0.2      0.2      0.2     0.2      0.2     0.2
UGANDA
Coffee                                0.1      8.5    24.0    44.5     60.0    97.5    210.0    190.0
Cotton (seed cotton)                  0.2      4.0    19.0     56.0   105.0   175.0    286.7    340.0
Tea (greenleaf)                       0.0      5.0    10.0    20.0     35.0    38.3     45.0     70.0
Millet                                0.2      7.4    17.6    30.7    109.6   134.8    142.6    294.3
Maize                                 0.1      4.6    11.3    26.0     82.9    72.0     80.0    225.0
Sorghum                               0.1      5.4    18.3    30.5     84.6   104.0    115.3    237.3
Cassava                               0.1      2.3     9.3    22.5     35.5    39.5     76.0    163.0
Plantains                             0.1      3.9     7.5     13.6    46.9    51.2     64.5    156.7
ZAMIA :::::. ...
Cotton (seed cotton)                  0.5      1.0     1.6     3.0      3.6     9.7
Tobacco(Virginia)                      1.6     5.1     6.3     14.0    14.4    60.0     94.5
Sunilower (seeds)                     0.3      0.8     1.4     1.8      3.2     6.4     11.4
Maize                                 0.1      0.6     0.9     0.9      1.2     3.2      5.6       ..
Whcat                                 0.2      1.0     1.2     2.1       ..     5.4      8.6       ..
Cassava                                 ..     0.6     0.7      1.0     1,4     3.2      5.4       ..
ZIMBAB.WI.
Tobacco                               0.8      3.1     2.2     3.9      4.0     6.5     11.6      8.1     6.5
Cotton (seed cotton)                  0.4      0.8     0.8     0.9      1.1     1.4      1.6      1.4     2.6
Sugarcane                             0.0       ..      ..      ..       ..      ..       ..       ..
Maize                                 0.1      0.2     0.2     0.2      0.2     0.2      0.3      0.6     0.9
Wheat                                 0.2      0.3     0.3     0.4      0.4     0.5      0.5      1.0     1.5
Notes: The categories of crops are defined in the technical notes.
Categories are mutually exclusive, and ordering is intended to reflect relative importance of these crops as of 1986-88. In many cases official markets operate
simultaneously with parallel or open market activites. Where a large majority of marketed production is believed to pass through the official channels, the
oflicial price is also reported as the farmgate price. In most cases, only very rough estimates of the share of marketed production passing through
each channel is available.
The CPI is based in 1987 rescaled from price index based in 1980.
For each country one to four export crops (Xl,...,X4) are presented in order of importance, in terms of value of total production.
Similarly, up to three traded food crops (Fl,...,F3) and two nontraded staples (NTl,NT2) are included.
(Table continues on the following page)



218                                                 Agriculture
8-2. Food price index                                                                                   Aeaeana
Index (average 1995 =100)                             percentage growth
1980   1990    1991  1992   1993   1994    1995   1996   1997   1998   1999   75-84  85-89  90-AM
SL'B3.SAHARAN AFRICA      I13     5'     63     73     '4     %D0   laO     lOS    124    130    I i4          13 6    11.4
excludmg Sou~thAfnca      II i    9     65     72     '2     89     lo('   108    124    171    144           ho      1 II
excl S Afn"a&Niagel-u     IS     59     66     A3     '      89     Ion    108    124    1301   144            9 7    10 9
Benin                     ..     62     67     73     78     84     100    100    103    118     -...           .     7.7
Botswana                  18     55     61     72     83     90     100    113    125    132    142      ..    9.6   11.6
Burkina Faso               ..    80     87     8 1    76     89     100    115      .      ..     ..,         -2.6    4.4
Burundi_                  35     69     74     73     72     85     100      ..     .      .              .    3.3    6.3
Cameroon                  56     81     80     79     81     84     100     ..      .      .      *       .    0.7     1.5
Cape Verde..                      .       .     ..     .      ..*                   *      .
Central African Republic  *.     71     69     68     65     81     100    106    107      ..     .       .   -2.1    6.4
Chad                             70     76     73     63     95     100    114    124    128      ...           .     8.2
Comoros                           .       .     .      ..                    .      .
Congo, Democratic Rep. of  .      .      .      .      .                     .      .      .      .
Congo, Republic of        42     67     65     59     63     94     100    107     ..      .      .       .   -i.0    8.0
Equatorial Guinea          .      .      .      ...                          .      ..
Eritrea                           ..
Ethiopia                  34     51     71     80     81     89     100     95     91     93      ...          0.4     7.7
Gabon                      ..     4      83    69     70     93     100     107     .      ..     ...          0.1     4.5
Gambia, The               14     73     79     86     93     92     100    101    103    III      .       ..  24.8    5.6
Ghana                      1     33     36     39     49     62     100    136    164    199      .       ..  23.1    27.7
ui~n-ea-                   ..     60     70     81     88     93     100    101     ..     .       ..            .     11.2
Guinea-Bissau              .      .      .       .     .      .       .      .      .      .      .
Kenya                      ..    32     40     54     78     102    100    108    125    130      ...            .    19.8
Lesotho                   15     52     61     76     84     89     100    III      .      ..     ...          12.9   13.4
Madagascar                 7     34     38     44     47     66     100    119    124    131    147      ..   13.8    19.5
Malawi                     5     20     23     30     37     52     100    145    157    201      ...         21.1    34.6
Mawitius                 ..     71     74     76     87     95     100    105    113.   120    127      ..    6.7     7.2
M4ozambique                .      .      .       .     .      .       .      .      .      .      .
Nanmibia                  ..     59     62     74     79     90     100    107    115    118      ...          14.3   10.3
Nigeria                    4     26     29     43     68    100     100    224    243    259      .       ..  23.1    35.0
Sao Tom6 and Principe      .      .      .       .     .      .       .      .      .      .      .
Senegal                   43     70     68     67     66     91     100    102      ..     .      ...          06      66
Seycheillaes.                            .      .      .      .       .      .      .      .      .
Sieffa Leone
South Africa              12     51     60     76     81     92     100    106    116    123      ...         17.3    12.2
Tanzania                   3     31     38     46     57     75     100    120    141    162      ...         31.3    23.4
Uganda                     ..    47     58     96     92     96     100    107      ..     .      ..             .    13.4
zambia                     0      3      5     17     50     75     100    146    176    219      .       ..  57.7    80.1
Zimbabwe                   6     23     29     45     62     78     100    127    149    208    349      ..   11.8    32.0
NORTHAFRICA ..    23     ~~~    ~~~~~63  71  75  85   92    IOU     106    110   114    114           1(11     7 6
Algenia                   13     29     35     44     55     78     100    122    127    135    136      ..    9.7    21.4
Egypt, Arab Republic      11     61     71     77     83     91     100    108    112    116      ...         21.6    9.1
Morocco                   32     65     70     74     87     93     100    101    100    103    102      ..    3.7    5.9
Tunisia      ______       34     76     83     86     89     92     100    104    108    III    114            7 4     4 8
~~LL AFRICA       14     5~     ~~~    ~~~~9 66  7I C %     10     101    I124   12      3611                  O



Agriculture                                                                              219
8-3. Food production index
Average annual
Index (average 1989-91           100)                                            percentage growth
1980       1991      1992      1993      1994       1995       1996      1997      1998      1999       2000      75-84     85-89     90-MR
SUB-SAHARAN AFlUCA                     7ll      lOS        10T       II2       H15        117        124       123       129        131       132         0 9       4 1        2 7
e%ciuduingSouth Afne.i                7-1       10   ~    109       113       l1It,      120        126       125       132       134        134        0.9       4 1        2.9
e%cl SAffica& Nigeria                 Si        106       104       10'       110        114        l18       118       123        124       124         I O       3 2         2
Angola                      ~~~~91-   104       III        10TO9   -125         12i3      -128 _     _1_23  _1-4-8       14-1     1143       --0-.7  -   1.2   -   -3.9-
Benin                                 62        106       109       III       116        126        135       142       149       154        154         3.1      3.7        4.9
Botswana                              73        107       103       104        90        106        106       102        96        99         99         0.7      -1.9       0.0
Burkina Faso                          59        110       115       121       120        121        129       120       136       136        136        2.4       6.7        3.2
Bunindi                               79        105       108       107        90         97         98        97        92        92         88        0.3       3.4       -1.1
Camneroon                             80        104       103       110       113        120        124       119       125       126        127        0.6       2.0        2.7
Cape Verde                            55         90        83       133       105        126        125       131       140       139        139         1.8     21.3        3.9
CentralIAfrican Republic              soj       100       107       108       112        115        129       126       129       135        135        2.0       4.9        3.2
Chad                                  94        112       114        98       119        120        125       135       158       154        154         1.0       3.9       4.9
Comoros                               814       104       10        18        19         15          13       13         23        18         18         0.6      3.9        2.0
Congo, Democratic Rep. of             73        103       105       105       107        109         95        98        95        92         90         2.3      3.3        -1.0
Congo, Republic of                    82         98       101       103       IIl        115        116       II1       116       119        119         2.3       1.8        1.9
C8tedIlvoire                         '70        102       105       109       110        124        128       131       129       130        135        4.1       3.7        3.3
Djibouti                              54         78        82        76        82         84         86        83        87        88         88        10.9      9.2       -1.2
Equatorial Guinea                     88       .100       100       103        96         89         99        92        94       100         96        0.0       2.1        -0.5
Eritrea                               ..          .         .        89       120        11          02       101       148       127         27          ...                4.4
Ethiopia                              -.          ..        .        98        98        108        125       126       116       123        120          ...                3.4
Gabon                                 80        105       103       101       103        105        108       107       112       115        115         3.0      3.0         1.5
Gambia, The                           72         95        73        86        90         88         70        92        91       129        129        -1.1      3.7        1.6
Ghana                                 69        118       117       125       120        138        149       150       157       167        167        -1.6      4.1        5.7
Gu ine_a                 -98                     108       116       118-      122        128        132       137       144       143        143        0.9       -1.9       4.0
Guinea-Bissau                         67         99       105       106       III        118        115       118       120       120        120         3.3      2.2        2.1
Kenya                                 66        100        98        93       102        102        104       106       106       104        104         2.2       7.3       0.7
Lesotho                               88         83        89       101       109         90        III       117        97       101        101         1.0      3.2        0.4
Madagascar                  8~   ~   ~~6 102    102       106        104        107       109        110F     -11I0~     112       103         1.        10         09
Malawi                                91        105        77       112        88        105        120       101       142       160        158         1.7       1.1       4.9
Mali                                  74        108       100       105       110        109        112       115       123       129        129        3.2        5.5       2.8
Mauritania                            87        102        95        94        96        101        107       105       107       106        109        2.8       3.5         1.0
Mauritius                             78        101       106       105        99        105        108       117       112        83        114        -0.3       1.8       0.5
Mozambique                           101         94        81        93        91        109        123       130       139       140        114        -.         1.1       3.6
Namibia                              109        103       105       108       114        110        118       129        96        96        100        -2.6       5.4       0.2
Niger                                100        108       I11        95       119        106        120       124       145       138        137         2.7      6.4        3.7
Nigeria                               58        110       117       123       127        132        140       136       149        154       154         0.6       7.1       4.6
Rwanda                                83        107       106        79        59         66         70        80        85        91         99         4.1      0.3        -1.2
Slo Tom6 and Principe                112        99        123       127       131        118        137       133       152       163        167        -2.5      0.5        4.8
Senegal                               59        100        93       103       lOS        117        108        98       101       121        121        -3.6       8.5        1.5
Seychelles                           132        102       100        93       116        143        138       144       128       135        135        -0.2      -6.0       3.9
Sierra Leone                          85        100        93        92        98         92         97       101        94        81         81         0.8       2.1       -1.4
South Africa                          91       100         85        96       101         87        103       102        98       103        109        0.6       4.2        0.7
Sudan                                103       113        127       116       140        141        155       157       157       154        157         1.3       1.2       5.1
Swaziland                             82       105         99        94        98         88         97        96        89        90         90        3.3        1.2      -1.0
Tanzania                              74        100        95        97        96        101        103        94       104       106        106         3.6      2.2        0.6
Togo                                  76        98        101       120       104        117        136       141       133        144       145         1.2      3.6        4.1
Uganda                                67        103       104       110       107        III        103       106       114       116        120        -1.6      3.7         1.5
Zambia                                75        97         81       117       101         93        113       107        93       103        103        -1.5      8.3        0.4
Zimbabwe                              76        96         65        89       100         75        107       108        98       108        119        -1.6      4.2         1.8
*NOR1HAFRICA               72       ~~115      113      114          16        18         4         131       141       14I       143         1 7       4'         35
Algeria                               69        113       120       113       105        121        143 _     1 16     -12-9    135           29-       -0.2   -  4.1-     -3.0-
Egypt, Arab Repuiblic                 68       105        IlI       114       115        126        138       142       144       151        154        2.1       4,4        4.7
Libya                                 82       103        102       103       IIl        125        134       126       157       164        165        4.9       0.8        5.4
Morocco                               58        107        83        83       108         73        114        97       III        97         92         2.0      10.3       0.4
Tunisia                               'I        123       I''i      117        85         83        143       J48       123        131       12'         r5 :                2 9
ALL AFRCA                              76          )                                      iii;iJ8 12  1   118  28-  T27 i4 131      131       N 174ILi 0            42         29_,



220                                                                       Agriculture
8-4. Nonfood production index
Average annual
Index (average 1989-91        =100)                                           percentage growth
1980      1991      1992      1993      1994      1995       1996     1997      1998      1999      2000      75-84     85-89    90-MR
SLFB.SAHAkRAN AFRJCA                  s0       101        9'        95       'w        100       109       Ili       110      lb0       104         20         A        I I
e%cludwit South adfnca               77       102       1 nr      96        '$)       101      I109       114       110)     III       104         2 1       I         1.1
e%cJ S Afrca &Nigeria                80-      101        07       96       10(3       102       109       113       110       110      1041        20        IC 0      1
Angola-                            209         95        89       95        85         90    -   90        94       97        81        85       -19.4     -0.8       -1.4
Benin                               12        126       117      195       174       219        280       261      253       253       253         8.1      3.9       11.9
Botswana                            100       100       100      100       100        100       100        81        75       77        81         0.0      0.0       -2.7
Burkina Faso                        35        100       100       92        95         91       125       205       194      178       178         8.9     10,5        7.6
Burundi                              59       107       113       87       114         80        72        53        58       86        66         5.3      3.4    ~   49
Cameroon                             86       105        91       88        98        112       126       101       129      116       104         3.5      0.9        1.9
Cape Verde                          94         36        21       2 1       21         21        21        21        2 1      21        2 1       -3.0      6.1      -13.3
Central Afiican Republic             89        92        73       60        94         85       130       137       110       72        80        -0.5     -0.5        0.2
Chad                                 51       109        76       65        73         99       138       138       166       145      145       -4A4      11.2        6.1
Comoros                             64         72        79       65        79         86       -79        69       103       79        94        -5.0      4.6       -1.0
Congo, Democratic Rep. of           105        98        94       92        90         87        79        76        67        56       49         0.6      -3.6      -6.0
Congo, Republic of                  156        92        93       91        92         94        78        7 1       69        75       75         0.0     -5.1       -3.6
C6te d7voire                         77        91        67       76        81         84        81       114       131      139       139         0.2     12.5        4.0
Equatorial Guinea                 -92          93      _85_       85        78        _70        63        54        52        55       55         2.2      0.4       -6.7
Enitrea.                                        ..        .       96        99         98       101       100       102       102       99           .        ..       0.5
Ethiopia                             ..         .         .       92       101        109       109       109       110       III      108           .        ..       1.9
Gabon                                36        78        67       93       124        142       209       284       307      307       307        19.5     21.2       15.2
Gambia, The                          55        95       123       157      135         84        79        51        25        26       26        22.5      3.9      -14.2
Ghana                                86       137       174      239       170        184       244       253       321      300       300        -6.0      4.4       12.8
Guinea                              48        III       120       120      117        112        96       lOS       127       146      146         0.9      11.1       3.0
Guinea-B3issau                      III       103        66       83        75        109       109       100       100       126      126        25.0      -7.5       3.0
Kenya                                62       101        94       99        99        115       121       107       123       118       104        6.1      4.5        1.7
Lesotho                              87       105       176       176      176        180       116       123        85        85       92         2.0      -9.1      -2.1
Madagascar                          90         93        86       91        89         83        84        77        83        85       79        -1.0       0.9      -2.2
Malawi                               59       110       108       120       93        120       132       141       115       109       118        6.3      2.0        2.1
Mali                                38        105       123       92       117        154       172       197       190       181      181         5.1      11.8       7.7
Mauritius             ~84                     102       103   _105          92         73        SI1       38        33        34       34         5.0     -5.6      -12.1
Mozambique                         251        122       116       117      124        120       124       160       192       193      154        -6.7     -4.4        6.
Narnibia                            276        75        88       96       123        115       109       121       119       135       135       -6.7      -1.0       3.1
Niger                                84        89       131      140       178        275       204       166       145       208      208        -5.3      4.4        7.2
Nigeria                              41       112       117       85        86        101       116       122       126       129       129       -8.0     23.7        3.1
Rwanda                              61         94       117       90        25         65        63        73        76        80       76         6.4      3.6       -3.3
Sao Tom6 and Principc              321         59        70      107       118        134       161       214       268      311        96         1.1    -20.6       11.3
Senegal                             51        131       124       129      121         83        82       105        87        62       62         2.1     -2.4       -3.9
Seychelles                          21        119       110      121       121        III       110       133       123       116      116         7.6      6.7        2.3
Sierra Leone                        44        101       101       96       106         97        97       114        98        60       60        11.2       5.0      -3.4
South Africa                        107        99        80       69        73         66        66        60        62        67       59         0.7      0.0       -5.0
Sudan                              100         99        81       84       114        127       128       113       106       103      125        -1.6     -7.4        2.1
Swaziland                           65        107        24       41        31         19        41        66        49       60        60        -3.4     12.0       -3.5
Tanzania                            100       124       126      106        97        126       134       132        98        98       96        -2.2      0.1        0.6
Togo                                 34       123       126       124      121        lOS       129       148       161       158       158        5.1     20.5        5.1
Uganda                               82       104        84      107       141        131       199       160       162       183      169        -5.8      0.7        7.1
Zarnbia                             49        113        60      134        68        100        87       126       123       133      125         5.1       7.4       3.5
Zimbabwe                            77        110       101      117       106        104       129       137       153       129      153         2.1       1.8       4.3
NORTH AFRICA                          84       1''        98       -)7       92         91        95       I'lu 0               95       97     .   4 I      -0         04
Algeria                     ~~~       ~~~84  97  102     103        98         96        91        91        94        97       97         5.1      -0.7      -0.7
Egypt, Arab Republic                171       101       121      135        86         85       115       114        80        81       80         0.6      -6.5      -2.3
Libya                               105       100        98       97        94        100       108       110        99       113      113         0.2      -1.6       1.2
Morocco                             46         99        94       89        92         91        95       100       104        95      t00         0.9      6.2        0.1
Tunisia                              73       102        92       87        74         75     _74     _    74      -75         72-      80_         8_       I 8      -1 I
ALLAF!R1~~~~A               82         ulI   ~   '8       96        '18       100       I oc      110i      lu.1     103      lI''          4       0(0



Agriculture                                                                          221
8-5. Food production per capita index
Average annual
Index (average 1989-91 = 100)                                                 percentage growth
1980      1991      1992      1993      1994      1993      1996      1997      1998      1999     2000       75-84    85.89     90-A 41
SLtB-SAHIAR&N AFRICA                 lOs       111        97       96        95         97        98        95        96       94        93        -IS       0         -') 6
excludsng South Afnca               IC's      100        97       96        96        97         98        95       99        96        93        -1 5      (0         1.
eved S Africa & Niecria     ___165            l00       97        96        95         97        9g        95       96        94        93       -I 6       014      XC'6
Angola                             12.0       100       103       99       109        104       105       102       113      105       102       -3.3      -1.6        0.5
Bernin                               114      103       103      102       104        110       115       126       120      121       118         0.3      0.6        2.2
Botswana                            103       104       97        95        80        92         89        78       78        79        78       -2.8      -5.2      -2.6
Burkina Faso                         77       107      109       III       108        105       109       102      109       106       103        -0. 1     3.8        0.5
Burundi                            104        102       103       99        8 1        86        85        83       77        76        72       -2.1       0.5       -3.2
Cameroon                           t07        101       97       101       101        104       105       100      100        99        97       -2.1      -0.9       0.0
Cape Verde                          65         88        79      125        96        113       110       107      117       113       310        0.8      19.1        1.5
Central Afirican Republic          102         98       102      101       102        103       113       108      109       112       110       -0.4       2.4        1.1
Chad                               120        109      107        90       105        103       105       110      125       119       116        -1.3      1.6        2.0
Comoros                            113        101       97       10         9         10         95         5       99         2        90        -3.0      1.0      -0.8
Congo, Democratic Rep. of          101         99        97       93        91         90        76        74       72        68        65       -0.8       0.1       -.
Congo, Republic of                 108         95       95        94        99        99         97        93       93        92        90       -0.5      -.11       -0.9
C6tedc'Ivoire                      100         99       99        99        97        107       108       108      105       104       107        0.2       0.3       0 7
Djibouti                            98         74       76        68        71         72        72        72       72        71        70        4.0       2.9      -3.3
Equatorial Guinea                  142         98       96        95        87         78        85        76       77        80        75       -2.2      -1.0      -3.0O
Eritrea                                         .         ..      85       112       101         89        89      119        99        95          .         ..      0.8
Ethiopia                             ..         .         .       90        87        94        106       104       94        97        92          ..        ..      08
Gabon                               109       102       97        93        92         9 1       9 1       9 1      90        90        88       -0.1I     -0. 1      -1.2
Gwnbia, The                         102        91       67        77        77        72         56        7 1      68        93        90       -4.0      -0.5       -1.9
Ghana                               97        115      110       114       106        118       124       117      125       128       125       -4.0       0.9       2.6
Guinea                             127        104      106       102       102        103       105       108      113       112       III        -0.8     -4.3       1.2
Guinea-B3issau                      8 1        97      100        99       102        105       101       101      101        98        96       -0.5       0.2      -0,2
Kenya                               94         97       92        85        90         89        88        88       86        83        8 1       -1.6      3.6      -1.8
Lesotho                            112         81       84        94        99         80        97        99       8 1       83        81       -1.5       0.7       -1.8
Madaigasca                          113        99       96        96        91         91        89        89        85       84        75        -1.5     -1.7       -2.2
Malawi                             137        103       75       109        85        100       113       106      127       140       134        -1.4     -4.2        3.6
Mali                                96        106       95        98       101         97        97        95      102       104       102        0.8       3.2        0.3
Mauritania                         114         99       90        86        86         88        9 1       87       86        83        83        0.3       0.7       -1.7
Mauritius                            86       100       104      101        95       too        102       108       104       77       104        -1.7      1.0       -0.5
Mozambique                          11I9       92        76       83        77         89        98       100       105      104        82       -4.1       0.3        0.1
Namibia                            142        100       100       99       103         96       101        7 1      7 8       77        78        -5.2      2.5       -3.0
Niger                               139       105       104       86       104         89        99        76       112      103        99       -0.6       3.1       -0.1I
Nigeria                              77       107       III      114       115        116       120       120       122      123       120        -2.2      4.2        2.1
Rwanda                              III       I10       117       95        75         86        88        90        89       87        88         0.8     -3.5       -1.6
Sao Tom6 and Prirncipe              142        97       118      118       119        105       120       121       128      134       134       -5.1      -1.8        2.7
Senegal                             78         97       88        95        95       103         93        85       82        96        93        -6.3      5.5       -1.0-
Seychelles                          146       101       98        90       110        136       130       133       118      122       122        -1.3     -7.2        2.8
Sier-ra Leone                       105        99       91        90        95         87        90        91       82        69        67        -1.2     -0.3      -3.2
South Africa                       112         98       81        91        93        79         92        91       85        88        92        -1.6      2.1       -1.0
Sudan                              132        110      122       110       129        128       137       134      133       128       129        -1.7     -1.2        3.0
Swaziland                          110        102       94        86        87        76         82        72       71        69        67        0.3      -1.8      -4.0
Tanzania                           102         97       89        88        84        86         85        79       83        83        81        0.4      -0.9      -2.1
Togo                                102        95       95       109        92       101        114       116       107      112       110        -1.5      0.6        1.3
Uganda                              84        100       98       101        96        97         87        87       91        91        91       -4.5       1.5       -1.3
Zambia                              94         95       77       109        92        82         98        82       77        83        81       -4.3       5.7      -2.1
Zimnbabwe                          105         94       62        83        92        68         95        97       85        92       101       -4.6       0.8        0.1
NORIH AFRICA                         92        lOS       101      lOS       101   _       107    122        96       107      113       10         I5        Žu         I
Alg-e-ria                           92        10       114       10O5       96       107-     -124      -96       -107       10V9    103          -2.9      1.3       0.6
Egypt, Arab Replublic               88        103      106       107       106        114       122       127      123       127       127       -0.3       1.8        2.7
Libya                              119        101       97        96       101        III       116       124       130      132       130        0.4      -2.5        3.2
Morocco                             72        105       80        79       102        68        104        86       97        83        78       -0.3       8.1       -1.3
Tunisia         --77777             93        121       101      110        79      .76         129        87       107      113       109        -2.1     -2.6        1.2
ALL AFRIC-A         .        ....    104       10         47       96      ~96         9-7    ~   99        9-lt               9          5       -14    -   (' 6    --413



222                                                                   Agriculture
8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop
Average annual*1-
Thousands of metric tons                                              percentage growth
1980    1991     1992     1993     1994     1995     1996     1997     1998     1999     2000     2001      75-84  85-89    90-MR
ALGERIA...
Wheat                       13,370   16,891   17.723   18,665   17,842   17,302   17,565   17,387   17,949   18,200   19,500   19,300      -0.3    0.1       0.1
Citrus                        201       209      261      262      317      285      361      303      387      428      366      370      -0.1I   0.0       0.5
Dates                         281       222      252      250      253      227      237      243      280      307      300      300       0.4    0.5       0.4
Barley                          1         2        2        2        2        2        2        0        0        0        0        0       0.1    0.4      -1.5
Potatoes                         I        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        1        0       0,4    3.4      -0.7
ANGOLA   ::                               ,       .      . : -  .:                 ..  - .  :.    ~      .                        .  .  F..      
Maize                          I11        4        4        4       21       19       20       21       21       16       16       16       0.5   -2.1       1.3
Millet                         360      299      320      275      201      211      398      370      505      428      428      428       0.3    0.2       0.7
Cassava                        165      170      180      185      180      185      188      189      190      182      182      182       0.0    0.0       0.1
Sweet potatoes                  40       36       40       14       27       28       28       24       25       1 9      1 9      1 9     -0.1I   0.1      -0.5
Palm oil                        34       14       14       14        9       II       tO1      10       10       tO       10       tO       0.0   -0. 1     -0.5
Maize                           1 0      1 0      tO       1 0      1 4      1 7      22       29       36       37       3 7      3 7      0.4    0.5       1.1
Sorghum                          7       2 7      26       24       25       22       24       27       29       30       34       34      -0. 1   1.3       0.3
Cassava                         36       3 2      34       4 1      47       49       66       60       4 1      40       50       50       0.4    0.3       0.2
Yarn                           583    1,046    1,041     1,147   1,146    1,238    1,457    1,926    1,989    2,063    2,026    2,026       0.0    0.3       0.6
Livestock (1,000 lieads)       149      349      300      250      238      337      349      360      300      320      350      370       0.3    0.3       0.1
Onions dry                       I        I        I        I        I        I        I        I        I        I        I        1       4.4    0.0      -0.1I
Sorghum                         29       33       tO6      3 8      3 7      3 8      78       1 7       9       1 3      II      t1        1.2    3.9      -1.3
Maize                           1 2      1 5       3        3       II1       2       2 5      1 2       1        5        9        9       1.2    1.8      -0.8
Millet                           2        I        1        2        4        1        8        2        1        1        I        I       1.1    1.2      -0.4
BUR.KINA FASO
Groundnuts                       0        I        I        I        I        1        I        1        1        1        1         I      -1.1   2.5      -0.3
Sorghum                        351      849      784      899      831      734      811      737      973      900      726      726      -0. 1   0.5       0.3
Mfillet                        lOS      315      341      271      350      212      294      366      378      350      424      424      -0. 1   0.7       0.4
Maize                           40       3 9      47       54       6 1      84       90       99       89       88      103      103       0.0   -0.4       0.6
Rice                         3,200    5,198    5,354    5,515    5,681    5,851    6,027    6,207    6,393    6,585    6,585    6,585      -0.4    0.1       0.2
BURUNDI
Maize                          140      172      176      172      123      153      144      145      132      129      118      124       -0.1I  0.1      -0.3
Sorghum                          9       1 3      1 4      1 3      II       1 4      II       1 7      II       1 0       9        9       -0.1I  0.1      -0.3
Rice                             6        9        9        9        8        9        9       tO0      1 0       7        6        9       -0.2   0.1      -0.1I
Millet                         140      172      176      172      123      153      144      145      132      129      118      124      -0.1I   0.1      -0.3
Bananas                        I10       1 4      1 4      1 4      1 0      1 3      1 0      II1       9       1 0       9        9       -0.2   0.1      -0.4
Cassava                        500      681      698      680      601      674      670      681      590      734      687      781      -0.2    0.2       0.1
.CAMEROON                    . .    .
Maize                           46       90       52       79       80       62       54       65       73       67       68       68       -0.4   -1.4      0.1
Sorghuim                       100       63       55       60       50       66       71       71       7 1      71       7 1      71       0.4   -0.6       0.1
Millets                        414      495      430      430      430      650      750      760      855      585      850      850       0.1    0.1       0.5
Rice                             2        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0       0.2    0.!       0.0
Cassava                        130      150      ISO      ISO      ISO      150      150      ISO      148      179      180      180       0.1    0.6       0.1
Plantains                      550      800      850      900      950      980      986      800      730      800      850      850      -0.4   -0.5       0.1
CENTR,l AFRIC-AN RFP
Sorghium                       I10        8        6        8        9       1 0      1 0      II       1 2      1 2      1 2       1 2     -0.1  -0.5       0.2
Maize                           1 3       8        8        8        8       1 0      1 5      1 7      1 9      2 1      23       2 5      -0. 1  0.7       0.7
GroundnLutS                      0       40       2 8      72       72       74       79       79       9 1      9 1      90       90         .      ..      0.5
Cassava                          0        I        I        1        1        1        I        I        I        I         I        I      0.2    0.3       0.2
Yarn                           920      586      580      575      518      492      526      579      608      559      560      562       0.1   -0.2       0.1
Sorghum                         32       14       10       II1      12       21       21       24       72       18       18       18       0.2   -0. 1      0.3
Millet                         215      283      294      347      325      356      330      330      310      315      3 15     315      -0.8    0.1       0.0
Groundnuts                      47      118      108       23       9 1      79       98      112      121      131       69       69       0.4    3.9       0.0
COMOROS:.                               .     .... 
Bananas                         32       54       54       55       57       56       57       53       59       59       59       59      -0. 1   0.5       0.1
Cassava                         33       48       SI       52       48       49       50       SI       52       52       53       53       0.2     1.0      0.2
CONGO
Maize                            3        3        4        4        4        4        4        3        4        4        4        4       -0.1I  0.0       0.0
Cassava                         15       16       15       IS       16       16       17       16       16       17       17       17       0.0    0.1       0.0
Plantains                      160      400      400      310      320      410      450      420      454      460      450      450       0.0   -0.4       0.2
C   rE.D IC RL
Palmn oil                      420      687      714      890      988.1j045.        833    1,287    1,197    1,162     1,162    1,162      0'.1   0.2       0.5
Rice                           380      515      517      529      517      552      569      576      573      571      571      571      -0.4    0.1       0.1
Maize                           34       49       51       53       5S       56       60       65       60       60       60       60       0.1    0.1       0.2
Cassava                      2,040    2,690    2,758    2,771    2,824    2,894    2,924    2,986    2,921    2,923    2,923    2,923      -0.1I   0.1       0.1
Yams                          1,550   1,493     1,537    1,445    1,318   1,250    1,320     1,350   1,155    1,155     1,155    1,155      -1.1   0.2      -0,2



Agriculture                                                                    223
8-6. Volume: of food output, by major food crop (continued)
Average annual*
Thousands of metric tons                                             percentage growth
1980    1991     1992     1993     1994    1995     1996     1997     1998     1999    2000     2001      75-84  85-89   90-MR
Rice                         1,736   4,483    4,618    4,833    4,437    5,722    5,735   5,849    6,093    6,347    6,564    6,564      0.0    0.8       0.4
Wheat                        1,593   3,084    3,385    3,707    3,924    4,220   4,220    4,260    4,352    4,391    4,450    4,450      -0.3   0.2      0.2
Sugarcane                      86      128       90      143      152     165      148      190      226      253     276      276       -0.2   0.1      1.0
Dry Broadbeans                 10       3 1      20       1 1      12      14       23       24       25       33      37       37       0.2    0.6       0.4
EoUIAIORIAL GUINA
Cassava                        21       35       35       35       35      35       36       35       34       36       36      36       -0.1I  0.1       0.1
Sweet Potatoes                 33       36       36       36       36      36       36       36       36       36      36       36       -0.1I  0.0       0.0
ET~HIOPIA
Sorghum                         0        0        0      135      177      154     244      296      260      381     320      320         .      ..      0.9
Maize                           0        0        0      787      875     986     1,125     953      983      970     750      750         .      ..     -0.2
Barley                          (t       0        0      896      803    1,084    1,162    1,093   1,143    1,150    1,220    1,220        .      ..      0.2
Sugarcaie                       0        0        0      262      263     264      265      265      266      267     250      250         .      ..      0.0
GABO)N
Oil palmi                        I       I        I        I        I        I       I        I        I        1        I        1      -0.2   0.1      0.1
Maize                          105     164      168      171      175      179     183      187      191      195      198      198      -0.4   0.1       0.2
Cassava                        I10      24       25       27       28      23       24       24       25       25       26      26       -0.2   1.0       0.2
Yam                              I       2        2        2        2       2        3        3        3        3        3        3      0.0    0.5       0.3
Plantains                       7       16       1 5      15       16       16      16       17       1 8      19       20      20       -0.3   0.9       0.2
GAMBIA rUiE
Groundnuts                      5       12       12        9        9       12      14       13       10       18       25       25      -0.3  -1.0       0.6
Palm oil                       60o      84       55       77       81      75       46       78       73      126      126      126      0.0    0.1       0.2
Millet                         43       21       19       12       20       19      1 8      1 7      27       29      33       33       0.2~   0.6       0.4
Rice                            3        3        3        3        3       3        3        3        3        3        3        3      0.1    0.0       0.0
Maize                         136      121      155      116      156     158      166      182      190      195      195     195       -0.1I  -0. 1    0.3
Sorghum                         6       20       18       24       13       14      10        8       13       21       22      22       -0.5  -0.7       0.3
GHAN A
Maize                         382      932      731      961      940    1,034    1,008     996    1,035    1,014    1,014    1,014      0.0    0.6       0.3
Millet                         82      112      133      198      168     201      193      144      172      160      160      160       0.1   0.5       0.2
Groundnuts                    142       67      100      140      176      168     162      154      212      190      190      190      0.0    0.5       0.3
Cassava                      l,558   5,701    5,662    5,973    6,025    6,612    7,111   7,000    7,227    7,845    7,845    7,845      -0.A   0.0       0.7
Plantains                     734     1,178   1,082    1,322    1,475    1,638    1,823    1,818   1,893    2,046    2,046    2,046      0.1   -0. 1      0.6
GUINEA
Palm oil                      ISO      210      230      210      225     210      205      215      215      215      215     215       0.0   -0.1I      0.1
Rice                           40       43       40       4 8      50      50       55       5 5      50       50       50      50       0.0   -0.1I     0.1
Maize                         437      436      452      469      487     612      631      650      669      687      687     687       -0. 1  0.3       0.4
Grouindnuts                    58       95       73       73      114      95       90       95       89       88       88      88       0.0    0.1       0.0
Cassava                        25       1 9      1 3       3        4        S       6        5        5        5        5        5       0.0  -0.6      -1.2
Plantains                       0        0        0        0        0       0        0        0        0        0        0        0       0.0   0.0       0.0
.OUINLA.BISSAxU   . . 
Groundnuts                      0       12       1 5      IS5      15       is      16       17       16       17       17       1 7       ..    1.9     -0.1I
Palm kemnels                   30       3 1      32       33       34      35       35       36       36       38       38      38       0.0    0.1      0.2
Rice                            9       10        8        7        8       8        8        8        8        9        9        9       0.0   0.3       0.0
Sorghum                        42      123      124      126      131      133     120      128      132       80      104      100      .0.3  -0.2      -0.2
Maize                            6       5        S        4        5        S       5        5        4        5        5        5       0.1   0.5       0.1
KENYA
Sugarcane                   41,532   4,600    4,180    4,370    3,800    4,550   4,650    4,450    4,900    5,200    4,750    5,150      -0.4   0.1       0.0
Maize                        1,620   2,340    2,430    2,089    3,060    2,699    2,160   2,214    2,430    2,250    1,800    2,700       0.1   0.0      -0.1I
Wheat                         216      195      126      150     297      313      320      252      315      135      105      105      -0. 1  -0.2     -0.5
L1ES0T`H0
Wheat                        1,044    1,467   1,382    1,176    1,277    1,131     951      938      696      720     750      730       0.1    0.4      -0.6
Dry Beans                      59       10       19       52       61       7       36       29       23       33      25       25       0.3    0.7       0.1
Dry Peas                       18       50       55       60       70      70       70       75       80       85      90       90       -0.8   0.5       0.5
Maize                           0        1        I        I        I       0        1        1        0        0        0       0       -0. 1  0.2      -0.1I
Sorghum                       106       49       6 1      92      149      63      188      142      119      125      102     102       0.0    1.3     -0.1I
[IBERIA
Rice                            7        6        6        7        8       9        8        8       1 0      1 0      1 0      1 0     0.3   -0.4       0.5
Cassava                       200      215      210      210      210     210      210      210      210      210      210     210       -0.2   0.0       0.0
'LIBYA
Whieat                       5,500    5,100   5,000    4,950    5,000    5,100    5,500    6,500   6,800    5,000    5,100    5,100      -0. 1  -0.4      0.0
Olives                          1 3     1 5      1 4      1 4      15       15-      IS5     1 6      1 7      1 7      1 7      1 7      0.0    0.0      0.1
Nt%D'JAGA SCA.R.
Rice Paddy                      2        4        4        4        3       4        3        4        4        4        4        4      -0.3    0.3      0.0
Cassava                          I       I        1        1        I        I       1        I        I        I        1        I      -0.6   -0.3     -0.2
Sweet potatoes                128      145      130      165      155      177     180      178      152      181      150      150       0.0    0.1      0.0



224                                                                    Agriculture
8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop (continued)
Average annuaTr-
7Thousands of metric tonts                                              percentage growth
1980    1991      1992     1993     1994     1995     1996     1997     1998      1999     2000     2001      75-84  85.89    90.40?n
MAILAWI
Groundnuts                      62        82       78       82       79       85       90        89       85       85       84       84       -01     0.       Q
Maize                             I        I        I        I        1        2         2        1        2        2        2        2       -0.3    1 5        .2
Sorghum                       1,186    1,589      657    2,034     1,040    1,661    1,793    1,226    1,772    2,480    2,300     2,300      -0.1    0.1      Q4
Cassava                         20        19        4       22       17       45       55        40       41       60       55       55        1 3   -0 1        8
MIALI                                                                                                                                                                 1 
Groundauts                     200       312      275      284      262      293      285       303      300      300      300      300        0 0    0.6      u00
Millet                            2        3        1        2        3        6         3        3        7       15       10        10       0.2   -0.2       IS5
Rice                             71       99      100      101       94       97       98        99       99      100       98       98        0 1    0 3      00o
Sorghum                         132     454       410      428      469      463      623       589      718      810      745      745        0 2    0 4      0.7
Maize                         6,250    6,359    6,658    4,926    5,173    5,431     5,703    5,950    5,975    6,000    6,000     6,000      -0.1I   0.1      0.0
MA1B1TANM                                                                                                                                                            I 
Sorghum                           0        0        0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0        0       -0 4    0 2      102
Millet                           I 1      42       5 1      65       45       53       67        8 1     102       99      103      105       -1 0    1.2      01.6
Rice                            4 2       40       28       32       32       3 5      3 7       39       4 1      43       30       30        0.0    0 0      .0.2
-Maize                            0         I        I        0        0        0        0        0        0         0        0        0       -0.4   0.1      -0 3
MAURM~US                                                                                                                                                              I
Sugarrane                       12        16       19       1 4      1 8      16        1 1      18       15       15       17       17       -0 3   -0 9      -0.1
Potatoes                         12        6        7        7        7        7        7         7        7        7        7        7        0.1    0.0      0.1
2DryOnions                        0        0        0        0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0        0 3    0.0      I1
MRCitru                            785    1,117      810      896      948      702     1,032      804    1,104      874      870      870       -01I    0 3 
Wheat                           22        55       38       40       45       35       s0        50       60       62       40       40        0.0   -0 2 
Sugarbeet                         1      20        12       15       12        9        9        1s       16a       7       13        13      -0 7    3 2      -O2
Barley,                       1,811    4,939    1,562    1.573    5,523     1,091    5,916    2,316    4,378    2,154     1,381    3,440       0 0    0 5      -03
MOZAMBIQUE
Cashew nuts                   3,600    3,690    3,239    3,511    3,352     4,178    4,734    5,337    5,639    5,353    5,362     5,362      -0.1I   0 0
Maize                             3        3        2        2        2        2        2         2        2        2        I         I      -0 5   -01       11
R ice                           106      118      118      119      117      119       120      122      123      124      125       125       0 0    0.1        0
Cassava                         65        7 1      70       72       74       72       73        74       75       76       50       s0       -0.2    0 3      011
NAMBIBA
Wheat                           30        4 1      28       39       35       34       37        44       40       43       50       50       -01I    0.0      02
Maize                             1        3        2        2        2        2         3        2        2        3        2        2       -01I    0 2      00
Cowpeas                         162      126       76      117       65       78       96       130      101      101      165      105        0.0   -01I
Groundouts                      113       7 9      97       61       57      104       139      174      139      140      140      140       -0.2    0 1      0O3
Sorghum                         I10        I        I        1        2         1       4         3        5        8        8        8        0 0    0 6       I2
Millet                  ~~~      ~~~      ~~30  75  70  70   62       5 1      53       44        5         0       6         0       -3     -7       -,
Groundnuts                     510     1,352    1,411    1,576    1,545     1,751    1,847    1,909    2,055    2,108    2,150     2,150       0 2    0.5      0
Palm oilI                        6         7        7        7        8        8         8        8        8        8        8        8       -01     0.1'     0~1
Sorghum                        612     5,810    5,840    6,290    6,902    6,931     5,667    5.254    5.127    5,476    5,598     5,598      -0. 1   1.4      0 b
Millet                        1,090    3,226    3,260    3,065    2,427     2,920    3,122    3,268    3,275    3,277    3,298     3,298      -0 7    016      41
Maize                            24       60       40       3 3      3 5      44       47        66       98      101      103       103      -0 2   -2.1      Of
Rice                          8,050   13,000   13,500   14,000   14,000    14,000   14,000   19,500   20,000   20,500   20,500   20,500       -0 3    0 2      0t
Yam                             100      184      218      359      305     1,168    1,478    1,493    1,560    1,662    2,468     2,468       0 0    0 6       22
Cassava                          40       66       73       80       90       95       99       103      107      169      169       169      -0.2   -0.1I 
RWANDA
Sorghum                           0        0        0        0        0        0         0        0        0        0        0         0 
Maize                             2       1 5      1 3       5        2         6        7        6        4        4        6         7       0.1    0 7       0
Plantains                       181      205      180      137       42      126       179      142      154      140      215      215       -0 3   -0 6      -
Sweet potatoes                   2         1        1        1        1        1         I        2        3        4        4        4        0 4    1 1       1.0
SMNErA1.
Groundnuts                        7        3        0        1        3        4         3        4        0        0        0        0       -0 1   -1.7      -24
Millet                            5        3        3        3        4        6         5        5        5        5        5         5      -01I   -0 2 
Rice                            130      140      142      130      138      160       168      174      175      176      176       177       0.0      1
Maize                            94      134      135      129      137      135      140       138      140      141      145      147        0 0    0.0 
Sorghum                           6        3        3        3        4        6         5        5        6        6        6        6       -0 1   -0.2      01
SMUKALWONE
Palm oil                         19       26       24       24       31       28       3 1       30       30       28       28       28       -01I    0 2 
Palm kemels                      19       26       24       24       3 1      28       31        30       30       28       28       28       -0 1    0.2      0.~
Rice                            30        30       3 1      33       32       29       3 1       32       26       22       22       22        0.1    0 0      -0
Cassava                         14        23       22       21       26       24       2 1       22       1 7       5        4        4       -0.6   -0.2      -1
SOMALIA
Bananas                           9       1 3      1 0      1 1      1 2       13       14       IS5      13       14       15        1 5     -0 3   -1 4 
Maize                        10,300   11,000   10,000   11,500   13,000    13,500   13,800   14,000   13.500   13,000   13,100    13,200      -0 1    0.4      0l
Sorghum                           I        I        I        I        I         I        1        I        I        I        I         1       0.0    0.1      - 
Sesamne                        420      290       280      200      200      200      210       180      190      210      220      220       -0.1    0.7      -0 3



Agriculture                                                                    225
8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop (continued)
Average annual*
Thousands of metric tons                                             percentage growth
1980    1991     1992     1993     1994     1995    1996     1997     1998     1999    2000     2001      75-84 85-89    90-MR
'OtITH AFRIC N
Maize                        1,472   2,142    1,324    1,984    1,840    1,977    2,712   2,429    1,892    1,733    2,132    2,132      -0.1   1.6       0.0
Wheat                        5,699   8,080    7,806    8,222    8,500    9,012    9,144   9,303    9,318    8,949    9,533    9,533      0.2    0.2       0.1
Sugarcane                     711      302      118      515      520     291      536      433      358      224     472       186      0.2    0.5     -0.3
Sorghum                        60      170      265      230     275      300      176      182      204       92      142      142      -0.4  -1.5      -0.6
Barley                      31,641  32,580   30,955   28,930   29,134   28,784   28,934  29,187   29,345   28,680   28,551   28,800      0.0    0.0      -0.1
SUDAN
Groundnuts                     37       45       35       38       55      89       83       84       85      105      146      146      -0.2  -0.4       0.9
Sesame                          0       11       40       32      48       25       20       11       11        8        2       2         ..   1.9      -1.6
Sorghum                       335      308      449      221      973     385      440      643      667      499     496      483       0.3     1.0      1.1
Wheat                       17,623  23,043   26,518   30,977   37,145   37,180  37,202   39,835   42,363   44,802   46,095   48,000      -0.2   0.0       0.6
SWAZILAND        .. ..                                                                                          .           .
Sugarcane                       2        0        0        0        1        1       1        1        1        1        1        1      0.4   -3.6     -0.3
Citrus (oranges)                 I       I        I        I        I        I       I        I        I        I        I        I      0.0    0.0     -0.2
Maize                          32       24       28       27       27      24       27       25       27       20       27      32       -0.1  -0.1       0.0
I AJNZANI.A
Maize                          90       65       59       59       75      84       78      111      129       82      90       90       -0.1   0.6       0.0
Sorglium                        4        5        6        5        6       6        5        4        6        6        5       5       -0.6   0.1       0.0
Rice                            3        5        5        5        5       5        5        5        6        6        6       6       -0.3   0.1       0.2
Millet                        291      625      392      641      614     723      734      551      811      676     732      732       -0.1   0.4       0.0
Cassava                       510      550      587      719     478      839      872      498      593      561     335      335       -0.3  -1.1      -0.2
TOCiO
Maize                         539     1,200   1,200    1,200    1,100    1,096     841      607      740      740     740      740       0.2    0.6      -0.4
Sorghum                       138      231      278      393     348      290      388      452      350      494     494      494       -0.2   1.5      0.5
Millet                         15       40       25       34       39      33       77       86       87       81       81      81       0.0    1.1      0.9
Cassava                        95      141      112      126      110      172     156      152      137      142      142      142      -0.1   0.0       0.0
Yam                             2        2        0       27        9        1       5        6        6        6        6       6       0.0    1.7       0.1
TUNISiA : -:    ,:
Olive oil                      22       80       80       90       92      90       83      131      143      127      133      133      -0.1   0.1       0.8
Citrus                          2        7        8        8        9       9       10       10       10       10       10       10      -0.6   0.5       0.4
Wheat                          II       12       12       12       12       12      12       12       12       12       12       12      -0.1   0.0       0.0
Barley                          11      12       12       12       12       12      12       12       12       12       12       12      -0.1   0.0       0.0
UC'AND N
Millet                          17       9        9        9        9       9        9        9        9       11       12       12      0.1    1.1       0.4
Maize                        1,318    1,380   1,560    1,760    1,850    1,900    1,920   1,950    1,960    1,970    1,980    1,990      -0.2  -0.6      0,3
Sorghum                         17      61       68       74       77      77       82       80       90       95      108      108      0.0    0.0       0.6
Cassava                       299      363      375      383      390     399      298      294      420      413     361      361       0.1    0.3      0.1
Plantains                      20       61       72       75       70      71       73       73       77       93      97       97       0,0    0.0       0.5
ZAIRE. I. . . I                                         .                                     . .  ... .. .     .     . . .   .   . ... .  .      - - : :  .  . - 
Palmn oil                      155     201      207      212      218     223      218      217      218      209      202     202        0.0   0.2       0.0
Maize                         234      394      403      430      426     441      348      355      363      350     338      338       -0.2   0.2     -0.1
Rice                          722      932      963      975    1,114    1,004    1,173    1,269   1,326    1,424    1,421    1,421      0.1    0.5       0.3
Cassava                        26       34       35       36      38       37       48       62       55       50       50      50       0.1    0.1      0.4
Plantains                      30       55       56       57       59      60       61       59       57       53       53       53      -0.4   0.2      0.0
ZA7MB LA
Sunflower seecds              920     1,150   1,300    1,220    1,311    1,310    1,400    1,500   1,550    1,650    1,600    1,800      -0.3   0.3      0.3
Maize                           2       15        9       14        6       12      13       12        6       15       16       16      -0.9  -0.5       0.1
Wheat                         168      180      181      182      183      186     188      166      157      157      157      157      0.1    0.3      -0.I
Cassava                         4       10        8       10        9       8       10        9        8       10       11       11      -0.2   0.3       0.1
*ZJMBABWE -- 
Sugarcane                      20       31       25       30       31      30       31       30       29       30      31       31       0.0    0.1       0.0
Maize                         191      259       58      276      239      83      280      300      280      320     250      250        0.0   0.1       0.0
Wheat                           3        4        4        4        4       4        4        4        3        4        4       4       -0.1   0.1      -0.1
Notes: Crops shown represent same major food crops as in Table 8-1, Nominal producer pnces, excluding beverages (coffee, tea, cocoa), cotton, and tobacco.
The following commodities are in their least-processed form unless otherwise indicated:
Groundnuts, unshelled
Rice, paddy
Sunflower, seeds
Citrus, total for country
Sesame, seeds
Livestock = combined total head of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, asses, and mules
Chickens/rabbits = combined total
For South Africa, barley production is for white areas only.
Countries excluded from listing: Cape Verde, Djibouti, Eritrea, Sao Tome and Principe, and Seychelles.
* The standard Worlld Bank least square methodology was used to compute the annual percentage growth.



226                                                                    Agriculture
8-7. Value of agricultural exports
Average annual
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                        percentage growth
1980     1988      1989      1990      1991     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996      1997      75-84    85-~89   90-MR
S~UB-SAHARAN AFRICA             12.212,   10.009   W10.11    10,358     9.563    9.258     9 317   11.506     13.108    14.312   13.368        1 8      hV        4 6
excl1udrng South Africa         9.695     8.582    8.699     8.540     -7.725    7.467    7.738    Q.389     10.823   11.823    1(1.904       2 O      U a       4 8
.NiSfia& Nfipena                 9.249     8.141    8.4414    8.210     7.511I   7.2'7?    7.462    9.062    10.420    11.281    10.383      _24        06        4 5
Angola                            172       22        16         6         5        5         3        1         5         6         6      -12.     -30.5      -7.6
Benin                              55       44        79        84        86       93        83      115       201       188       198        3.0    -4.2       14.2
Botswana                           51       74        79        79        90       91        96       97       132       115       115        5.2      2.7       5.9
Burkina Faso                       80       87        66       116        94       86        93       80       141       123       119        5.3      5.1       5.6
Burundi                            64     -127        73        69       _88      -67        53      113        96        32        82        8.8    -4.0       -1.9
Cameroon                          699      510       661       563       341      364      245       393       565       624      504         2.6      5.1       0.5
Cape Verde                          0         0        0         0         0        0         0        0         0         0         0       17.7     38.3     -31.8
Central African Republic           60       54        69        45        46       33        36       37        SI1       28        33        6.8      3.3      -6.4
Chad                              115       112      114       134       136      127        84      118       145       127       135       13.2      7.4       0.9
Comoros                             7        18       13        1 I       20       16        1 8       8         7         4         4        8.6     13.4     -16.4
Congo, Democratic Rep. o          23        16       18        14         78       83        53       93       135       102        95       -1.7     -8.5      -3.9
Congo, Republic of                 13        10        7        IS        14       17         9        7        1 1       16        1 5      -1.7    -15.1       2.8
C6te dIlvoire                   2,009     1,735    1,807     1,615     1,532     1,434    1,605     1,557    2,216     2,421     2,001        7.0     -2.7       4.2
Djibouti                            0         0        0         0         0        0         0        0         0         0         0       96.6     18.8      -7.8
Equatorial Guinea                  12        1 2       8         8         6        6         3       -4         4         7         4       -4.0    -10.3      -6.5
Enitrea                             .         .        .         ..                 ..        4        4         2         2         2
Ethiopia                            .         ..       .         ..        .        ..      193      362       409       426       526
Gabon                              14         8        7         3         6        7         4        5         8        10        10       13.3     -1.1       8.4
Gainbia, The                       28        13       10        14        1 2      II1       15       1 5       16        1 6       12       -5.0    -22.1       2.9
Ghana                             744      482       426       413       369      319       302      358       393       638       616       -5.1      3.2       5.2
G-uinea                             33       32        3 1       27        23       3 1       43       45        61        43        48        5.3     10.7       9.4
Guinea-Bissau                       6        1 3      10        13        16        4        14       32        2 1       22        22        9.0      2.8      12.4
Kenya                             693      735       669       687       641      812       975     1,044     1,153     1,165    1,157        6.5     -1.8       9.1
Lesotho                            16        25       2 1       13        12       13        1 2      13         1 2       9         9        7.0      7.7      -7.7
Liberia                           151       119      135        23        27       23        32       24         1 3      1 3       20        5.7      0.6     -16.5
Madagascar                        334      ISO       206       176       157      143       133      237       200       138        92        2.6     -4.9      -4.8
Malawi                            251      274       249       376       462      371       286      288       389       383       359        9.2     -0.6       1.5
Mali                              192      208       240       251       267      266       251      239       270       312       271       12.3      3.8       1.8
Mauritania                         39       33        34        44        47       48        49       31        38        40        40        7.3     -0.6      -0.6
Mauritius                         302      356       346       379       365      402       367      367       420       501       405       -1.1     13.2       2.8
Mozambique                        157       47        44        41        45       53        26       64        67        50        50       -8.0      1.4       3.4
Namibia                           188      161       170       147       180      200       185      201        199      202       201       -8.0     18.9       3.1
Niger                              86        50       54        62        65       55        48       48        45        45        45        8.4     -7.5      -4.1
Nigen .a                          446      440       255       230       214      189       275      327       403       542       522       -4.4     -2.5      12.9
Rwanda                             66       99       113        95        85       60        52       14        42        39        38        5.5      8.6     -15.1
SaioTom6 and Principc              19         6        5         4         4        4         4        5         2         3         3        0.1     -9.9      -5.5
Senegal                           115      153       204       219       135      126        91      126       115        87        58       -5.6      7.7     -12.7
Seychelles                          3         I        I         I         I        1         1        1         2         2         2       -1.8    -16.3      16.3
Sierra Leone                       59       31        21        18        24       II         9       21        IS        16        14       -0.3    -11.6      -3.9
Somalia                           125       76        75        74        41       62        60       68        75        76        76        4.9      3.6       2.4
South Afiica                    2,517     1,517    2,012     1.918     1,838     1,792    1,580    2,118      2,284    2,489     2,464        0.6     10.6       3.7
Sudan                             553      507       662       550       381      367      455       471       501       565       556        1.9      5.8       0.3
Swaziland                         211      272       253       347       339      306      265       283       291       311      300         6.7     20.8       0.0
Tanzania                          406      289       299       279       243      281       303      379       431       496       400       -0.2     -0.6       7.5
Togo                               77       100       92       120       101      125        75       76       127       133       128        5.4      4.8       2.7
Uganda                            344      284       280       173       167      134       180      425       469       491      405         1.1     -7.4      13.9
Zambia                             13       13        20        24        29       36        27       16        32        46        50       -8.1     10.3       8.7
Zimnbabwe                         453      608       592       750       731      584       617     1,177      895      1,207    1,157        4.4      5.0       9.1
RO_RTH AFRICA                          1.54  310     1.296     1.406    1.91      1.396    1.313     1.708     1,892     1,876    1.895       .21    I   I )      50(
___geria__    -120                           30        35        50        54       76        97       35       108    -137          91      -12.7     -9.2      313.
Egypt, Arab Republic              677      514       532       427       391      401       360      553       536       521       442       -1.9     -6.9       1.4
Libya                               0         0        0         0         0        0         0        0         0         0         0      -58.1      3.9      26.4
Morocco                           606      572       520       647       670      581       509      598       780       896       832        0.4     11.9       5.5
Tunisia                           I4(1     193       2'68      282       477      338       347      523       468       322       530       -2.7      8.0       7.8
ALL ~AFRJCA ;.I 1:'5b                     11.108    12.01)7   11,764             1061,1.31           K1       1S._       1.18     1523 _19 



Agriculture                                                                       227
8-8. Cereal production
Average annual
Thousands of metric tons                                               percentage growth
1980      199)     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996      1997     1998     1999      2000      75-84    85-89    90-MR
SLTB.SAHARAN AFRICA             49.742    69.586    60.572   78,464   84.3 33    77.127   90.204    86,379   86,140    85.3%    88.212       -4) 6     8 i       3 u
c%cluding South Afic.         36,36")   58.296    55.527   65,671   68.366    69,635    "76.553   73.149   76 042    75,53 5  75.145        0 0      7 3       36
excl S Africa & Nigei ,a       28 $8 i   39.681    35.930   45,580   4 7,9')3  47,121    54.888    51,296   54,002    53.1 30  52.74nl      40_3      5,1       42
-Anjo-la-                          435       372      402      322       285       296   -   525      457       621      550       550       -6.0     -1.4       7.5
Benin                             346       587      609       627      646       725       714       906      867      890       890        3.0      2.0       5.2
Botswana                           44        50       20        44       52        42       106        31       12       20        20      -20.5     60.0      -96
Burkina Faso                    1,048     2,455    2,477     2,552    2,492     2,308     2,470     2,274    2,662     2,662    2,662        0.3     10.9       3.0
Burnmdi                           217       300      306       300      225       269       273      305       261      265       251        3.9      5.4      -1.3
Cameroon                          892     1,048      917       959      910      1,238    1,314     1,296    1,425     1,455    1,486       -1.6      3.5       5.9
Cape Verde                          9         8        10       12        8         8        10        10       10       10        10        2.1     52.9       0.0
Central African Republic          too        92       94        94      101       113       126       138      148      173       176        1.4      4.0       5.6
Chad                              573       812      976       683     1,059      907       975     1,079    1,353     1,153    1,153       -5.1      8.2       6.4
Comoros                            18        20       20        21       21        21        21        21       21       21        21        1.4      1.4       1.1
Co-ngo, Democratic Rep. of         889     1,507     1,553    1,65-5   1,708      1,766    1,557     1,633    1,692     1,649    1,622        3.9      5.8       1.2
Congo, Republic of                 12         6        6         7        7         6         5         4        2        2         2       -6.2      8.1     -14.0
C8te dIvoire                      8630    1,286     1,319    1,511     1,599     1,690     1,494    1,963    1,870     1,832    1,832        2.6      1.7       4.6
Djibouti                            0         0        0         0        0         0         0         0        0        0         0          ..    -5.1       6.1
Equatorial Guinea                   .         .        .         .        .          .        .         .        .         .        .
Eritrea                             ..        .         .       87      259       153        84        99      458      270       270          .        ..     14.8
Ethiopia                           ..         .         .    5,295    5,245     6,740     9,379     9,473    7,197    8,406     7,845         .         ..      6.5
Gabon                              I 1       25       26        27       29        30        3 1      32        32       32        32        5.7     12.4       3.8
Gambia,The                         70       III       96        97       95        98       103      104       114      144       144        7.0      0.1       3.4
Ghana                             674     1.436     1,254    1,645     1,594     1,797     1,770    1,669    1,788     1,686    1,686       -0.6      3.9       4.8
Guinea                            725       686      683       711      718       825       879      927       985      971       971        1.2      4.6       5.2
Guinea-Bissau                      93       179      169       181      190       201       174       183      191      191       191        8.3     -1.6       1.7
Kenya                           2,233     2,773     2,849    2,530    3,663     3,275     2,773     2,767    3,082     2,514    2,264       -2.3      9.8      -1.3
Lesotho                           194        67       94       153      223        81       256      206       171      174       174       -4.8      9.5       2.3
Liberia                           243       130      110        65       50        56        94       168      210      210       210        2.2      0.2       1.5
Madagascar                      2,238     2,497     2,591    2,724    2,517     2,642     2,685     2,742    2,610     2,829    2,357        0.5      1.5       0.2
Malawi                          1,252     1,680      689     2,137     1,109     1,778     1,943    1,349    1,904     2,655    2,475        0.6      1.4       5.4
Mali                              968     2,414     1,809    2,228    2,457     2,173     2,219     2,149    2,552     2,952    2.952        0.5     12.0       3.3
Mauritania                         47       lOS      107       169      207       222       234       154      198      196       263        1.8     25.5       6.1
Mauritius                           1         2        2         2        1         0         0         0        0        0         0       -0.9     -9.5     -23.1I
Mozambique                      663       546      242       765      791      1,2        ,79     1,531     1,688    1.821    1,476       -.        47       1.
Nanmibia                           74       115       31        75      116        62        89       173       55       76       140        3.7      3.5       1.8
Niger                            1,775    2,384     2,253    2,023    2,430      2,096    2,261     1,702    2,958     2,823    2,738        3.2      9.7       2.5
Nigeria                         7,788    18,615    19,597   20.091   20,373     22,513   21,665    21,853   22,040    22,405   22.405        1.3     11.4       2.3
Rwanda                            273       341      251       221      126       157       183       223      194       179      240        4.4     -3.0      -3.2
SAo Tom6 andlPrincipe               0         4        4         4        4         3         2         1        2         1        2        1.5     24.6      -6.0
Senegal                           676       946      856     1,086      943      1,059      976      783       720      963       963       -1.6      3.2      -1.3
Sierra Leone                      551       560      534       542      466       408       444       467      373      280       280       -1.0      1.0      -6.2
Somalia                           267       256      209       165      405       285       290       284      197      207       207        8.2      5.2      -7.0
South Africa                   13,373    11,290     5,045   12,793   15,967      7,492    13,651   13,230   10,098     9,861   13,067       -3.3     10.9       0.1
Sudan                           2,701     4,637     5,438    3,102     5,146     3,305    5,202     4,261    5,603     3,097    3,896       -3.5      4.1       5.0
Swaziland                         105       142       58        75      101        79       152       1t0      126       114      114       -4.2     -6.3       1.2
Tanzania                        2,961     3,777     3,533    3,917     3,550     4,629     4,719    3,390    4,495     3,977    3,977        5.8      6.6       0.0
Togo                              296       465      495       634      559       550       687       744      620      761       761        4.1      6.4       4.1
Uganda                           1,078    1,576     1,743    1,880     1,936    2,030      1,588    1,625     1,911    1,874    1,899       -4.5     10.3       1.3
Zambia                            984     1,225      612     1,758     1,170      882      1,573    1,137      798     1,057    1,028       -6.3     16.3      -3.1
Zimnbabwe                       1,989     2,060      481     2,498    2,780       987     3,127     2,723    1,829     1,987    2,513       -4.1      5.6       1,8
OR6RTH AFIUCA                    16.445    29.152   23,308   21,3219   26.441(1  20.788    34.577   24.302    29,50)3  26.14'   23.448       -uS A       
Algeria                         2,419     3,810    3,330     1,454      965     2,140     4,902      870     3,026     1,540    1,226       -2.5    -_4'.7     -3._4
Egypt, Arab Republic            8,100    13,864    14,611   14,961   15,012    16,097    16,542    18,071   17,941    18,677   18,941        1.0      5.4       4.4
Libya                             215       258      218       180      165       146       160      206       238      251       238        4.2      3.8      -1.9
Morocco                         4,515     8,665    2,950     2,818    9,639      1,783   10,104     4,098    6,632     3,860    2,082       -2.2     12.2      -5.6
Tunisia         -  -            J9        2,55      2,99     _1 l I     660       622 .1869         1,05 6   16 67     1,819   _i   1   '~51         8'-_  9I   f 02
ALL AFRICA             ___      66.187    98.738    83.880   99.793  1113).7721  91.915   124.780  1113.681  115.6413  111.542  111 71fl      .015     7 3       2 6;



228                                                                       Agriculture
8-9. Crop production index
Average annual
Index (average 1989-91 = 100)                                                 percentage growth
1980      1991      1992      1993      1994      1995       1996     1997      1998      1999      2000      75-84     85-89    90-MR
.SUB13SAHAR.6N AFR]C6.                'h       1oS       1t6       110       116       l18       127       124       132       133       137       -0         418       1 0
eJcudLng South Adn.a                *?6       IN~       109      112       118        122       129       126       135      136       13.        -0 4      4 A        3 1
excl S Arnea & N.gena          ___82          106       103      1OS       ITO)       114       121       120       126      125       1 2        -0 3   ~    3        2.5
Angola                              107       104       III      108       137        132       134       129       158      143       143        -6.5      0.9        4.2
Benin                                52       110       III      127       128        144       162       172       172      178       178         3.2      4.3        6.8
Botswana                            91         98        68       88        97         80       127        78        64       74        74        -6.4     13.1       -2.7
Burkina Faso                        55        110       116      120       119        115       127       126       146      146       146         2.2      8.1        3.9
Burnmdi                             77        106       108      lOS        90         96        96        96        90       92        87         0.8      3.3       -1.2
Camcroon                            87        104        99      107       110        120       123       120       124      125       126         0.4      0.6        2.7
Cape Verde                          79         77        73       82        73         70        98       101        97       97        97         3.0     22.5        0.3
Central African Republic            103        96        98       97       107        II]       124       131       131      127       126         0.0      1.8        3.1
Chad                                 70       116       110       90       110        123       136       147       182      176       176        -1.1      6.6        6.8
Comoros                             79        103       102      107       109        116       113       114       126      119       119         0.8      4.7        2.1
Congo, Democratic Rep, of            74       103       105      104       106        108        94        96        92       89        86         2.4      2.8       -1.3
Congo, Republic of                   84        97        99      101       110        114       115       109       113      115       115         2.0      1.5        1.6
C6te d'lvoire                        7 1       99        97      102       104        116       119       128       129      132       136         3.3      4.8        3.4
Djibouti                             71        98        99       99       100        100       102       106       106      106       106        29.6      2.4        0.7
Equatorial Guinea                   90         98        95       97        90         82        87        92        81       86        83         0.6      1.5       -1.9
Eritr a                              ..         .         .       93       158        135       110       115       215      154       154           .        ..       5.9
Ethiopia                             ..         .         .       96        96        III       131       138       117       126      121           .        ..       4.0
Gabon                                79       107       103       100      103        106       110       110       117       119      119         4.6      4.0        1.9
Gambia, The                         66         94        69       85        89         84        63        87        84       129      129        -1.0      4.0        1.4
Ghana                                68       121       120       130      123        144       156       159       167       178      178        -2.5      4.7        6.5
Guinea                              92        109       118      119       122        126        29       135       143       142      142         0.9      -1.1       3.9
Guinea-Bissau                        63        98       104       104      Ill        119       115       118       119       119      119         3.7       1.8       2.0
Kenya                                72        99        98       94       109        112       110       106       116       lOS      100         1.6      6.3        0.8
Lesotho                             92         60        71       90       122         74       136       133       114      117       117        -3.8      9.5        2.8
Madagascar                           85       101       100      106       100        102       104       lOS       104      109       100         0.3       1.1       0.4
Malawi                               84       107        83       115       89        III       127       III       140       154      154         2.0       1.2       4.7
Mali                                 51       112        99      100       115        117       123       129       139       148      148         0.1     11.4        4.5
Mauritania                          61         88        89      III       138        149       152       127       139       147      171         2.4     17.5        5.1
Mauritius                           80        102       105      101        92        100        98       104       104       72       104         0.1      0.1       -0.8
Mozambique                III        94        79~      ~~   ~ 93  91I-     113        130      141       154       155       11        -2.3       0.5       4.7
Namibia                             80        104        74       88       103         91       103       127        99       109      126         1.9      2.2        2.3
Niger                                93       110       112       86       122         98       122       128       160       148      146         2.1      9.2        4.6
Nigeria                             SI        III       120       126      130        135       144       135       153       157      157        -1.0     10.1        4.8
Rwanda                               82       106       108       78        52         63        67        76        82        87       95         4.3      0.4       -1.7
S8o Ton6 and Principe              117         98       123      127       131        116       137       132       152      164       168        -2.7      0.4        4.8
Senegal                              57        97        84       95        96        110        97        86        85       112      112        -5.1      8.8        0.4
Seychelles                         190        107        86       87       103        118       124       116       107      106       106        -2.8    -11.1        1.6
Sierra Leone                        81        100        92       91        98         90        95       101        94       75        75         1.0      2.2       -2.0
South AfTica                        92         96       68        93       106         81       110       107        98      106       112        -0.5      6.9        1.4
Sudan                              125        122      145       112       158        149-      180       177       171      155       161        -2.4     -0.9        5.8
Swaziland                           77        100        84       78        85         73        90        87        89       89        89         3.6       1.9      -1.0
Tanzania                            79        101        94       94        92         99       103        89        99       101      101         3.0      1.3        0.1
Togo                                71        102       104      121       105        113       137       146       140      152       152         1.8      5.2        4.6
Uganda                              65        102       100      108       108        112       109       108       116      118       123        -3.2      4.4        1.9
Zamnbia                              66        94        64      119        90         84       109        96        81       93        92        -2.5     10.4       -0.6
Zimbabwe                             76       100        59       100      106         78       120       123       117       113      133        -06       4.0        3.3
NOR-ni AFRICA.78:.  .                           113       113       110        110       146       122      13i       136       133         1 0      37         2.8.
Algerina         -    -81                     118       127       10T3                11O5                103-    1-2-9      129       12-0       -1.6      2.3        2.4
Egypt, Arab Republic                 77       104       112      116       112        123       135       134       136      143       145         2.1      3.3        4.0
Libya                                79       102       100      104       108        116       125       122       131       134      133         4.1       1.8       3.3
Morocco                              59       109        73       74       110         62       122        92       110       91        85         0.6      9.7        0.1
Tunisia                              76       129       103      115        74         69       146        88       115      122       113         0.5      -2.5       2.0
.:ALL AFlSJC.%                                 llu       107       III       lIt       lIt,       131       124     !1 33    '14         133       -431       4 6        31.,



Agriculture                                                                        229
8-10. Fertillizer use
Average annual
Thousands of metric tons                                                percentage growth
1980      1989      1990      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997     1998      75-84     85-89    90-iMR
SUB- SAHARAN AFRICAi              1.973     1,914     1.972     1q927     1,920    2, 110    1.962     1.832     2,099     2.038    2.059)       4 4      -0 6       0 7
e"cludinF South Africa             909     1.138     1.181     1,187     1.187    1.327     1.210     1.065     1,295     1.250    l.216        5.3       22i       0 9
e"cl S Afn,a &Nlgena               735      760       781        -757     747       866      914        882     1. 122    1.112    1.088        2 4       0)8       5 I
Angola                    ~~    ~  ~~~        ~~17  24  10  7      9         8        10         8         6        2         5        -0.5     16.0     -14.3
Benin                                1        3         11        12       15        17       17         36        31       39        38        7.5     -15.0      26.0
Botswana                             I         I         I         I        I         I         1         2         3        4         4       -5.7       2.7      22.4
Burkina Faso                         4       21        21        21        21        21       23         24        24       43        50       23.4      11.1       9.0
Bwunndi                              1        5          2         2        5         4        3          3         3         I        2       11.4     15.1       -7.6
ameroon                           32        29        17        18a       24       22        30        30        34        39        40       12.9     -9.8        8.2
Cape Verde                           0        0          0         0        0         0        0          0         0        0         0       -0.6      22.3
Central African Republic                       1         I         I        I         I        0          0         0        0         1      -11.1     -17.6     -11.8
Chad                                          5          6         9       10         5        7          9        12        8        17       -4.9      -7.3       9.3
Comoros                              0        0         0          0        0         0        0          0         0        0         0          .        ..      21.7
Congo, Democratic Rep. of            8        8         6          8        2         4       10          9         6        0         0        0.1     -9.8        1.5
Congo, Republic of                   I         1         2         I        2         2        2          2         4        4         5        4.0    -33.9       21.2
C6ted'lvoire                        53       39        36         39       37        54       65         66        7 1     110       113        1.4     -0.6       14.5
Djibouti                             I        0         0          0        0         0        0          0         0        0         0      -44.2
EquatorialGutinea                    0        0         0          0        0         0        0          0         0        0         0        0.0
Eritrea                              .         .         .         .        .         I         1         2         5        6         7
Ethiopia                            ..        .          .         .         .       74      122        131       178      132       164
Gabon                                0         1         1         1        1         0        0          0         0        0         0       28.9    -18.8      .15.7
Gambia,T'Me                          2        2          1         1        I         I         1         1         1         1        2        7.9    -13.3        1.0
Ghana                               1 2       8         1 3        8       1 0        8        8         1 0       1 7      2 1       1 5      -0.9       1.3       7.8
Ginmea                              0         1         1         2         1        2         4         5         4         2         3      -15.8     29.7      18.0
Guinea-Bissau                        0         1         1         1        0         0        0          0         0        0         1        9.8        . .     -6.0
Kenya                               62      117        116       113      102       103      130         78       161      140       128        6.1       6.4       2.0
Lesotho                              5        5         5         6         6         6        5          6         6        6         6       18.1       2.3       2.4
Liberia                              3        3         0         0         0         0        0          0         0        0         0      -11.1     24.9
Madagascar                           9        6         11         9        8        11       11         13        17       10         9        3.1      -1.5       3.9
Malawi                              3 3      5 5       48        70        74        74       2 1        44        58       57        50       12.4       7.4      -2.0
Mali                                1 4      1 8        1 5       1 5      27        25       25         27        27       48        53       14.3    -16.4       13.4
Mauritania                           I        2         4          5        7         5        4          4         5        2         2       -9.6     28.4       -5.1
Mauritius                           27       32        28        28        27        26       29         32        38       33        33        0.7       3.3       2.3
Mozamnbique                         28        2         3          5        5         3        6          8         8        7         5        6.5    -13.1       11.2
Niger                                3        3          2         I        1         2        6         1 0        9         1        1       23,0      -2.8       2.1
Nigeria                            174      378       400       429       440      461       296        183       174      138       188       23.8       5.5     -12.1
Rwanda                               0         I        3          2        1         1        0          0         0        0         0       11.8    -78.3      -16.6
Sao Tome and Principe                .         .         .         .        .         .        .
Sen.egal                            19       13        12         17       17        24       26         16        22       24        27       -8.9     -3.3        8.1-
Seychelles                           0        0         0         0         0         0        0          0         0        0         0
Sierra Leone                         2        2          1         1        I         3        3          3         3        3         3       -3.5    -17.8       14.3
Somalia                              1        3         3          0        0         0        0          0         1         1        I        7.3     -7.4
South Africa                     1,064      776       792       740       733       844      752        767       804      788       783        3.6      -3.9       0.3
Sudan                               81       49        89        56        60        53       58         52        95       77        38       -1.5      -3.8      -0.7
Swazil-and                         ~~20      14        13         12       12        12        5          5         4        5         6        4.0      11.8     -13.2
Tanzania                            36       49        51        50        48        36       36         27        31       38        28       -1.0       5.7      -6.6
Togo                                 3        12        12        12       12        10        11        16        18       17        17        8.6      10.2       5.6
Uganda                               I        0         0          1         I        2        2          1         1         1        2      -16.2      -5.2      13.4
Zambia                              79       79        60        63        85        85       59         55        51       57        40        2.2       6.1      -5.3
Zimbabwe                           173      149       177        164      114       159      171--      147       168-     175       174 __     2,0 __-0.3          1.4
NORtH AFRICA           1.221    ~~~~1.585  1.589     1.534     1.455    1.660     1,429     1,608     1.645     1,590    IYU30        6.5       13        08a
Algeria                            236      117       139        92        97       131      119         46        38       97        91.6119                      -.
Egypt, Arab Republic               664      965       965       963       877      988       851      1,113     1,158     1,004    1,113        7.5       3.5       1.9
Libya                               53       79        78        85        86       III       75         89        62       62        50       14.2       0.3     -4.4
Morocco                            207      321       326       296       290      334       295       282        290      327       350        5.4       3.0       0.3
Tunisia                             62      104         83        99      105        95       89-        77        97   _100      _121          6.3   -   3.2       1.0
ALHL ARIUCA           ____         t194     3.5uO     3.562     3461      3.375    3.830     3.391     3.4.39    3,744     3.628    7.789        5 3t      03        07



230                                                                       Agriculture
8-11. Fertilizer imports
Average annual
Thousands of metric tons                                                  percentage growth
1980      1990       1991     1992      1993      1994       1995      1996      1997     1998      1999       75-84    85-89     90-AIR?
5LIB-SAHARAN AFRICA                 971      1.088      1.04 3   1.154     1.2'3     1.218     1.00$      1.429     1 424    1.443     1.513        5 9      .1 5       3 S
excludmg SouLh Africa              ?J2       433        858       950     1.07.1    1.019       820      1 .207    1.155    1.155     1.187        6 8      -I 0       3 2
excl S Afn ca &Nigena              565        645       651       710       793       '29       796      1.130     1Q064    1.0n0     1.070        3 7       2 6       6 0
Ang-ola                             17          7         7         9         8        10         8         6         2         5         2-      -0.2      19.3     -14.9
Benin                                 I        I11       12        16        18        17        36        30        39        38        57        6.7     .16.1      25.1
Botswana                              I         I         I         I         I         I         3         4         4         4         5       -5.7       2.7      22.5
B3urkina Faso                        5         19        21        21        21       23         24        3 1       44        50        5 1      23.7      14.8      10.5
B3unndi                               1         2         2         6         5         3         3         3         1         4         4       11.9      13.6      -2.9
Cameroon                            32         23        1 8       21        22       47         32        34        39        40        50       13.2     -10.2       8.2
Cape Verde                           0          0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0       -0.6
Central African Republic              I         I         I         I         I        0          0         0         0         1         I      -11.1     -17.9      -8.9
Chad                                  I         6         9        10         5         8         8        24         8        17        1 8      -49       -7.3      12.0
Comoros                               0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0          .         ..     17.9
Congo, Democratic Rep. of            8          6         8         2         4        10         9         6         0         3         I        0.1      -9.8     -12.9
Congo, Republic of                    1         2         1         2         2         3         3         4         4         5         5       34.9     -38.7      20.7
C6te cdIvoire                       45         36        41        68        52       79         87        75       18!       135       107        6.4      -9.3      15.7
Djibouti                              I         0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0      -44.2
Fquatorial Guinea                    0          0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0        0.0
Eriirea                              ..         .          .        .                   2         2         6         6         7        II         ..         .      48.8
Ethiopia                              .         ..         .        ..      115       35        149       251        93       166       168          .         ..      14.3
Gabon                                0          1         1         I         0         0         0         0         0         0         0       28.0     -18.8     -21.4
Gam,bia, The                         2          I          I        I         I         I         I          1        1         3         1        7.9     -15.0       3.7
Ghana                                12         7         8        1 1        7         8        I10        1 7      22        1 5       1 2       -2.3     15.5       3.9
Guinea                               0                    2         I         2         4         5         4         2         3         3      -16.0      29.7      15.9
Guinea-Bissau                        0          1         1         0         0         0         0          0        0         1         I        9.8        ..       -2.7
Kenya                               62        107       113       102       100       13!        78       161       134       127       153        5.2       4.6       3.5
Lesotho                               5         5         6         6         6         6         6          7        6         6         6       18.1       2.3       2.2
Liberia                               3         0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0      -11A1      24.9
Madagascar                            9        II         9         8        II        11        13         17       10         9         5        3.1      .1.5      -0.8
Malawi                               33        48        76        68        74        21        44        58        57        50        45       13.9       4.8      -2.2
Mali                                 14        19        13        27        25        25        27        27        48        46        23       14.3     -16.4       8.4
Mauritania                            1         5         7         9         7         4         4          5        2         0         0        -9.6     28.4      -4.8
Mauritius                            17        29        25        28        22        24        24        38        36        24        28        0.0       5.5        0.7
Mozambique                           20         3         5         5         3         6         9          8        7         8         8       24.2     -23.1       12.8
Namibia                               0         0         0         0         0         0         0          0        0         0         0
Niger                                 3         2         1         1         2         5         8          9         1        1         3       23.0      -2.8       0.1
Nigen .a                            177       288       207       240       281      290         24         77       92       156       118       23.0     -10.1      -10.4
Rwanda                                0         I         2         I         I         0         0          0        0         0         0       11.8       1.3     -16.4
S8o Tom6 and Principe                 .         .         .         .         .         .         .          .        .          .        .
Senegal                              16        29        3!        27        35        14        18         16       34        34        35        -7.7      7.0       0.9
Seychelles                           0          0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0         0
Sieffa Leone                          2         1         1         2         3         3         3          3        3         0         0        -4.1    -17.7       0.3
Somalia                               2         3         0         0         0         0         0          1        1         1         1        0.9      20.5
South Africa                       229        155       185       204       198       199       185       222       269       287       326        2.9     -4.1        6.4
Sudan                               81         82        56        60        53       60         50        95        77        38        92        0.0      -2.6        1.7
Swaziland                  18~~~~~~~~~i  13     12        12        12        5          5         4         5         6         6        12       1.        1.
Tanzanma                            20         45        53        40        42       31         27        35        39        30        21        4.0       8.3      -5.8
Togo                                  3        12         7        12        13        13        14        22        17        17        17        7.6       9.6        6.4
Uganda                                I         0         I         1         2         2         I          I        1         4         4      -13.1      -5.2      21.2
Zamnbia                              69        62        63        86        68        53        52        47        53        34        SI        -1.1     42.3      -6.7
Zimbabwe                             56        46        39        44        49        63        33_ _     81        87        70        77    __5.9___0.3             7.8
NORTH AFRICA               ~~~~      ~~~~588  495  39      4         3         1         8         8         .2       43        45         -2 -      ' 8-      0 
Algenia                             189        40        28        19      26      _   52_      19      _5 1 -       90-       90        8 6       -1.8  -1 9.9       -11.2
Egypt, Arab Republic                182       189       102       107        59        13        76        33        87       131       126      -10.2       6.6      -5.1
Libya                                53        68        76        87       107        73       102        62        62        42        58       11.5       4.2      -4.0
Morocco                             133       173       169       126       136       167       177       137       187       195       201        3.3       3.4       2.2
Tunisia                             30         26        15         6         4         7         7          4        7        IS         5        -0.7      5.7      -6.4
ALL 41RICA     I___                 .554'    1.583      1,4313   1.498     IX'*$     1I53i)     1,386  :  1 .?16    1,856    1.915     1.988         31 (I   -08        28



Agriculture                                                                 231
8-12. Area under permanent crops
Average annual
Thousands of hectares                                            percentage growth
1980     1989     1990     1991     1992     1993    1994      1995     1996     1997    1998      75-84   85-89    90-AM
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA           123.373  132,301  1321405  133,371  I134.181  1419.668  150.902  152.570  152.84  153.340  153.451     0.7      09       21 I
excludtng South Afnca       110.933  119,151  118.965  119.641  120.161  135.358  136.302  131,655  137.968  138.530  138.66U       08      08        22
exci S Afr,ca & Nipersi ___  83.083   89,798   89.426   89.841   90.239  105.314  106.137  107.284  109.268  110.130  110.460      lfn      08        30
Angola                        2,900    2,900    2,900    2,950    3,000    3,000   3,0       300       ,00      ,00      ,00        0.0     0.0      0.
Benin                         1,500    1,620    1,615    1,620    1,630    1,650    1,660    1,670    1,680    1,690    1,700       1.7     0.6      0.6
Botswana                        402     412       418      417     415      407     1,394     343       343     343      343        0.1     0.3     -2.0
Burkina Faso                  2,745    3,540    3,520    3.495    3,470    3,450   3,381     3,400    3,400    3,400    3,400       1.8     4.4     -0.5
Burundi                        -920     835      810       800     800      790      780      770       770     770      770      -0.4     -1.5     -0.8
Cameroon                      5,910    5,940    5,940    5,950    5,960    5,960   5,960     5,960    5,960    5,960    5,960      0.8      0.1      0.0
Cape Verde                       38      40       41        41      41       41       40       39        39      39       39        0.0     1.2     -0.6
Central African Republic      1,870    1,920    1,920    1,920    1,930    1,930    1,930    1,930    1,930    1,930    1,930       0.5     0.2      0.1
Chad                          3,137    3,223    3,273    3,322    3,342    3,370   3,390     3,420    3,470    3,500    3,520      0.5      0.6      0.9
Comoros                          7ji     78       78        78      78       78       78       78        78      78       78       0.0      0.7      0.0
Congo, D-em-ocratic Rep. of_  6,6203   6,700    6,670    6,680    6,700    6,700   6,700     6,700    6,700    6,700    6,700       0.2     0.l       0.0
Congo, Republic of              133     152       154      156      155     160      163      165       167     170      173        1.5     1.0       1.5
C6tedIlvoire                  1,955    2,420    2,430    2,450    2,600    2,902   2,905     2,920    2,930    2,950    2,950       1 9     0.9      2.7
Equatorial Guinea               130     130       130      130      130     130      130      130       130      130     130       0.0      0.0       0.0
Eritrea                           .       .         .        .        .     498      437      438       369     391      498
Ethiopia                         ..       .         .        .        .   11,000   9,822     9,850    9,850    9,900    9,950
Gabon                           290     290      295       295     295      295      295      325       325     325      325       2.5      0.0       1.5
Gambia,The                      155     176       182      191      157     156      175      180       185     195      195        1.0     2,5       1.1
Ghana                         1,900    2,600    2.700    2,800    2,800    2,800   2,800     2,800    2,800    3,600    3,600      2.5      2.6      3.0
Guinea                          702     728       728      735      755     785      820      883       885     885      885        0.4     0.3      2.8
Guinea-Bissau                   255     300       300      300     300      300      300      300       300     300      300        1.0     1.0      0.0
Kenya                         3,800    4,000    4,000    4,000    4,000    4,000   4,000     4,000    4,000    4,000    4,000       0.4     0.7      0.0
Lesotho                         292     301      317       319     332      325      325      320       322     325      325      -2.3      1.5      0.5
Liberia                         126     165       170      180      180     180      ISO       190      190      190     190        0.8     3.3      1.5
Madagascar                    2,500    2,512    2,502    2,512    2,525    2,555   2,565     2,565    2,565    2,565   2,565        1.3     0.3      0.3
Malawi                        1.518    1,810    1,815    1,823    1.830    1,837   1,845     1,875    1,875    1,875    1,875      3.0      0.7      0.5
Mali                          2,010    2,053    2,053    2,063    2,163    3,060   3,160     3,379    4,606    4,606   4,606        1.0     0.4     11.7
Mauritania                      210     380      400       410     420      431      470      498       488     488      488       4.0      6.3      3.1
Mauritius                       100      100      100      100      100     100      100      100       100      100     100        0.0     0.0      0.0
Mozambique                    2,870    3,040    3,070    3,100    3,120    3,120   3,120     3,120    3,120    3,120   3,120       0.3      0.9      0.2
Namnibia                        655     660      660       660     660      698      747      816       816     816      816        0.1     0.0      3.2
Niger                         3,549    3,601    3,600    3,600    3,600    3,995   4,494     4,994    4,994    4,994   4,994       4.4      0.5      4.9
Nigeria                      27,350   29,353   29,539   29,800   29,922   30,044  30,165    30,371   28,700   28,200   28,200       0.3     0.7     -0. 5
Rwanda                         '760     850       880      880      880     850      700      700       750     800      820        2.0     0.8      -L.6
Sao Tom6 and Principe             I       2        2         2       2        2        2        2         2       2        2       0.0     10.4      0.0
Senegal                       2,341    2,327    2,325    2,323    2,320    2,318   2,331     2,230    2,230    2,230    2,230      0.0     -0. 1     -0.6
Seychelles                        I       I         I        I        I       I        I         I        I       I        I       0.0      0.0      0.0
Sierra Leone                   450      486      486       486     486      486      485      485       485     484      484        1.1     0.7     -0.1I
Somalia                         984    1,021    1.022    1,022    1,023    1,024    1,030    1,035    1,038    1,039    1,040      0.5      0.4      0.2
South Africa                 12,440   13,150   13,440   13,730   14.020   14,310  14,600    14,915   14,875   14,810   14,791      -0.2     1.3       1.4
Sudan                        12,360   13,000   13,000   13,000   12,900   14,618   15,000   16,157   16,672   16,700   16,700       0.4     0.6      3,7
Sw-aziland                       185     192      180       183     179      164      166      168       168     168      168      -0.9-     3.1     -1.4
Tanzania                      3,100    3,480    3,500    3,550    3,600    3,650   3,700     3,748    3,750    3,750    3,750      4.8      1.1       1.0
Togo                          1,950    2,050    2,100    2,100    2,100    2,200   2,200     2,200    2,300    2,250    2,200       1.2     0.6       1.0
Uganda                        4,080    5,000    5,000    5,020    5,040    5,040   5,060     5,060    5,060    5,060    5,060       1.5     0.8      0.1
Zambia                        5,094    5,911    5,249    5,249    5,254    5,254   5,254     5,260    5,260    5,260   5,260       0.4      2.1     -0.6
Zimbabwe           ____       2,505    2,852    2,890    2,928    2,966    3,004   3,042     3,080    3,165    3,251    3,220       0.8     1A4      1.5
NORTH AFRICA--                21,634   22.597  2.2.786   22.954   23.738   2,3.951  23.870   23,914   24,152   24,179  2,4..4        01       6       0
Algena                r~~~~~~~,,875  7,129  7,081  7,260  7'562    7,53 3   7,477    '7,519i   7,521   7,650    7,661       C,0                8
Egypt, Arab Republic          2,286    2,296    2,284    2,267    2,519    2,617   2,624     2,817    2,820    2,834    2,834      -1.8    -0. 1      3.0
Libya                         1,753    1,805    1,805    1,810    1,815    1,815    1,815    1,815    1,815    1,815    1,815      0.2      0.3      0.1
Morocco                       7,530    8,457    8,707    8,717    8,934    8,999   9,124     8,921    9,096    8,980    9,033       0.8     1.5      0.6
Tunisia                       3,190    2,910   22909     2, 1900  2 908   2'987    2 830     282   -- 2900     2,0      21000      -12     -1 4      -01I
)ELLAFRICA          ~         145.0071  5 4,898  155.191  156.325  151919, 173.619  174.7'2  176.484  176.4c95  177.519  177.694     0 6     0 8       1 9



232                                                              Agriculture
8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop
Average annual*
Thousands of hectograms per hectare                                   percentage growth
1980     199/    1992     1993    1994    1995    1996    1997    /998     1999    2000    2001   75-84  85-89   90-MR
Wheat                  7.3     10.8     9.9     8.1     8.0     8.9     13.1     8.0     8.8    10.7     9.2     10.7    3.7    2.0     2.1
Citrus               262.9     87.2    92.5    87.1    91.4    80.2     86.1    87.2   101.8   111.3    104.6   106.6   -2.2    2.1      1.9
Dates                 30.0     25.5    31.2    31.0    37.2    32.8     37.3    31.4    39.5    42.7     36.5    37.0    3.7    3.6     3.1
Barley                 8.4     11.6     9.0     6.3     6.5     7.1     14.0     7,2     7.5    10.9      7.6    10.4    7.1    0.9      1.4
Potatoes              77.7     90.7   107.9   111.2    95.1    136.8   134.6   141.0   160.3   153.5    161.0   160.0    1.3   -2.0      3.6
ANGOL A7....
Coffee(greeni)         2.2      0.5     0.5     0.5     0.3     0.4      0.3     0.3     0.4     0.4      0.4     0.4  -12.2   -5.5     -2.1
Maize                  6.0      4.0     3.8     2.6     2.5     3.5      7.0     6.0     7.4     6.4     6.4      6.4   -3.5    4.8      5.3
Millet                 7.1      4.8     4.8     2.7     5.4     5.1      4.8     3.8     5.0     5.3      5.3     5.3   -3.5    0.8     0.0
Whieat                 5.8      8.0     8.0     8.6    10.0    16.7     16.7    16.7    17.1    13.3    13.3     13.3   -6.3   -1.3     4.2
Cassava               33.8     40.3    42.3    42.3    58.6     51.0    48.1    44.2    55.7    59.8     59.8    59.8   -0.9   -1.5     2.9
Sweet potatoes        91.7     89.5    90.0    88.1    85.7    88.1     85.5    85.9    86.4    82.8     82.8    82.8    0.2    0.1    -0.4
Seed Cotton            6.6     11.7    12.0    17.9    13.9    13.3     12.3    10.2     9.4     9.3     9.4      9.4    0.2   -2.2     -1.2
Maize                  7.4      9.3     9.8     9.8    10.2     11.7    10.8    12.6    11.1    11.1     11.0   I11.0    0.1   -4.1      1.4
Sorghum                6.3      7.8     7.7     7.6     7.8     7.5      7.6     8.1     8.2     8.2      8.0     8.0   -0.8    0.0     0.5
Cassava               65.9     83.0    83.8    84.9    81.5    78.4     87.2   104.1   105.0   106.0    106.6   106.6   -1,3   -2.5      1.7
Yams                  97.2    114.0   106.0   107.7   108.4   109.7    102.6   116.2   109.5   109.4    114.4   114.4   -0.9   -1.5    -0.1I
Sorghum                2.2      3.7     2.9     2.9     2.2     2.1      2.6     2.1     1.8     1.9      1.1     1.1  -11.8  -12.7    -4.4
Maize                  2.5      4.0     1.9     1.4     1.7      1.2     2.5     3.9     1.4     2.5      1.1     1.1  -11.7   10.2    -4.1
Millet                 1.6      1.8     1.3     1.4     3.6     -1.0     3.7     2.5     1.7     1.9      1.7     1.7   -5.7  -22.3      0.6
R9URKINJA F A W
Seed Cotton            8.3      9.3    10.0     9.6     8.9     8.5     10.1    12.4     9.7    10.7     10.7    10.7   10,1   -2.6      0.4
Groundnttts            5.1      5.6     6.3     9.5     8.4      8.2     7.9     6.5    10.0     9.5      9,5     9.5    4.5   -3.5      2.5
Sorghium               5.7      9.1     9.1     8,9     8.0      8.0     9.1     7.9     8.5     7.9      7.3     7.3    2.5   -1.8      0.4
Millet                 4.9      7.0     6.5     7.0     6.3      6.4     7.5     6.4     7.8     7.2      6.3     6.3    40    -2.2      1.5
Maize                  9.0     16.9    13.5    13.7    16.0     13.3    15.5    15.2    13.9    14.0     15.1    15.1    1.7   -4.9      1.2
Coffee                 6.3      9.0     9.3     8.2     9.4      7.3     7.2     6.1     5.9     9.4      7.4     7.4    0.5    2.2     -0.7
Tea                    4.0      8,8    10.7     9.0    10.4      9.8     7.5     5.6     8.9     9.2      9.7     9.7   -4.5    2.9      0.9
Maize                 10.8     13.9    14.2    14.3    12.3     12.8    13.1    12.6    11.5     11.2    10.5    10.8    0.3   -0.9     -1.3
Sorghum               10.0     11.2    1 1.5   11.3     9.9     13.2    13.2    12.4    12.5    12.0     12,2    12.6    0.1    1.5      1.1
Rice, paddy           23.5     30.9    31.1    30.9    29.4     26.8    27.9    32.6    29.9    32.6     30.4    32.1    3.2   -6.3     -0.5
Millet                10.0     11.2    11.0    10.3     11.1    14.4    11.3    16.7    11.1     11.2    10.5    10.5    0.5   -0.4      0.0
Cassava               90.9     89.8    92.0    89.9    87.9    83.5     85.8    86.2    88.8    88.2     90.0    89.1    0.0    0.6      0.0
~CAMEROON .:...
Coffee                 3.0      4.0     2.6     2.5     3.0      3.0     3.9     1.8     3.8     2.4      3.3     2.6    3.6   -7.8     -1.1
Cocoa                  2.6      3.0     2.9     2.9     3.1     3,7      3.5     3.5     3.5     3.1      3.2     3.1    0.3   -0,5      0.4
Seed Cotton           12.9     12.7    12.7    12.3    11.7     10.3    11.7    11.2    11.3    10,9     11.6    10.6   11.4    3.4     1.,0
Maize                  8.3     19.8    11.3     9.6     9.6     16.3    18.8    20.3    20.4    19.3     24,3    24.3    0.4   -0.7      0.3
Sorghum                8.7      7.7     7.6     7.6     7.3      8.7     8.3     8.9    11.1    13.7     11.9    11.9    1.4   -5.5      2.7
Millet                 7.6     10.5    10.0    10.3    10.0     10.2    10.1    10.1    10.1    10.1     10.1    10,1    1.3   -6.2     -0.2
Rice                  23.4     45,0    34,7    43.7    44.4    38.8     47,0    32.5    31.9    33,1     34.0    34.0   10,2   -2.7     -2,1
Cassava               59.0    162.2   136.3   131.8   130,4    118.7   112.5   102.7    86.8    99,6    103.4   105.0    0,2    0.9     -2.8
CDNTRAL AFRICAN: REPUBLIC                      .              *.
Coffee                 3,6      6.9     5.0     4.1     8.2      4.7     7.2     6.0     5.1     4.5      5.2     5.2    1.0   -2.5     -1.3
Seed Cotton            3.4      5.1     6.0     6.6     6.5     7.6      6,9     7.7     7.3     7.0     4,6      7.7    3,8    3.5      1,4
Sorghum                6.5     10.1    12.6    11.6     8.0     7.3      7.8     8.4     8.8    12.9     13.6    14.4   -1.5   -8.5     0,1
Maize                  3.8     8,1      9.0     9.0     8.5      8.5     8,5     9.2     9,8    10.6     11.2    11.9   -1.1   -3.1      0.9
Groundnuts            10.1      8.6     9.8     9.8     9.4      9.4     9.3     9.7    10.2     11.0    11.6    12.2    3,0   -2.3      0.6
Cassava               30.7     33,6    34,5    34.5    31.0     28,9    29.2    30.5    30.4    28.0     28.0    28,1    0.4   -0.3     -0.7
Yams                  60.0     65.7    68.4    65.0    66.7    66,7     68.0    68.0    67.9    67.9     67.9    67,9    0.2   -0.6     0,3
Seed Cotton            5.1     6,4      6,3     6.3     6.8     7.6      7.5     7.3     7,8     7,6      7.6     7.6    6.4    3.2      0.4
Sorghum                5.1      5.7     7.4     6.2     6.2     6.5      6.0     5.8     7.4     6,5      5.7     5.7    1.2   -1.4      0.2
Millet                 4~7      4.0     5.2     3.9     4.9      3.6     4.1     3.8     4.5     4.4     3,1      3.1    2.1   -1.1      0.1
Groundnuts             5.7     10.2     8,1     7.1     7.5      9.2     9,6     8,8    11.2     9.7      9,7     9,7    1.0   -5.5      1,2
Cassava              -48.5     53,0    56.6    57,9    53.6    53.3     54.0    53.9    54.1    54.1     55.2    55.2   -1,7     1.0     0,6



Agriculture                                                                233
8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop (continued)
Average annual*
Thousands of hectograms per hectare                                   percentage growvth
1980     1991    1992    1993     1994    1995    1996    1997    1998    1999     2000    2001   75-84  85-89   90-IvWR
CONG'O      .                                          ....
Coffee                 8.0      4.0     4.2     4.3     4.4     4.6     4.1      4.2     4.1     4.1     4.1      4.1    2.3   -6.4    -0.2
Cocoa beans            5.6      3.8     3.9     3.9     4.0     4.0     3.3      3.2     3.3     3.4     3.1     3.1     0.6    1.5    -0.6
Maize                  8.1      6.8     7.1     7.3     7.6     7.8      7.0     7.0     6.7     6.7     6.7      6.7   -0.4   -2.2    -0.3
Cassava               68.8     73.7    73.9    65.6    67.3    71.8     71.9    70.9    71.9    71.8    71.8     71.8    2.2    0.5     0.3
COrE DI[VOIRE
Coffee                 2.4      1.6     1.0     1.1     1.1     1.4      1.3     1.7     1.8     1.8     1.8      1.8   -6.7    1.6    -0.8
Cocoa                  5.0      5.4     5.6     5,5     5.4     5.7      5.8     5.6     5.6     S.8     5.9      5.9    0.7    0.1     0.4
Rice                  11.7     11.0    11.0    17.6    15.8    16.1     12.8    16.1    16.0    15.5    15.5     15.5    1.1    0.1     2.0
Maize                  8.1      7.5     7.9     8.0     7.7     8.1     8.2      8.2     8.2     8.2     8.2      8.2    2.2    0.5     0.8
Cassava               52.3     52.0    50.1    49.5    50.5    52.9     50.9    50.7    50.5    49.9    49.9     49.9    3.1   -0.3    -0.6
Yarns                 90.7     89.7    89.0    88.0    89.6    99.8    108.3   108.6   108.2   108.3   108.3    108.3    1.5    0.1     0.9
EGIYPT  .:    .    .                             .   ..          ..
Seed Cotton           26.9    22.8     27.6    29.2    22.4    21.4    24.8     25.5    18.9    22.8    22.8    22.8     4.2    2.4     0.2
Rice, paddy           58.3     74.6    76.5    77.2    79.1    81.4     82.9    84.2    86.4    88.8    91.0     91.0    1.4   -1.0      1.8
Wheat                 31.2     48.2    52.5    53.0    50.0    54.2    56.4     56.0    59.9    63.5    63.4     63.4   -0.8    0.4     1.5
Sugarcane            812.5  1,036.4  1,029.1  1,061.7  1,093.4  1,095.3  1,107.4  1,122.5  1,172.0  1,181.7  1,205.3  1,205.3  ..  -5.0  1.2
Dty Broadbeans        20.7     34.0    21.4    35.1    22.7    31.7     32.0    31.9    32.3    22.9    23.6     23.6   -0.5   -0.9     -1.0
EQUATORIALi GuIJNEA
Cocoa                  1.1      1.0     0.8     0.9     0.8     0.7      0.8     0.7     0.8     0.9     0.8      0.8   -1.6    2.5     -1.4
Coffee(green)          3.4      3.7     3.7     3.7     3.7     3.7      3.6     3.6     3.6     3.7     3.7      3.7   -0.4    0.0    -0.1I
Cassava               24.6     25.6    26.1    26.1    26.1    26.1-   25.3     25.0    25.3    25.0    25.0     25.0   -0.4    0.0    -0.5
P-THIOPLrk
Coffee(green)          2.4      4.1     3.9     4.3     4.3     2.7      3.7     2.6     2.4     2.4     2.4      2.4     ..    0.4    -3.4
Maize                 16.6     16.9    17.6    17.9    17.7    15.2     15.7    15.7    16.1    16.4    16.2     16.3     ..    0.9     0.1
GABON
Coffee(green)          2.4     4.1      3.9     4.3     4.3     2.7     3.7      2.6     2.4     2.4     2.4      2.4    7.5    0.4    -3.4
Sugarcane            497.5    517.0   488.9   542.0   568.6   569.5   5286     519.9   546.8   506.8   591.2    587.5   15.6    0.3     0.4
Maize                 16.6     16.9    17.6    17.9    17.7    15.2     15.7    15.7    16.1    16.4    16.2     16.3    1.8    0.9     0.1
Cassava               50.0     51.6    51.1    49.3    49.1    50.1    49.8     49.1    50.4    49.8    50.7     51.1   -0. I  -0.1I    0.0
Taro (cocoyam)        58.8     57.8    57.6    60.4    61.7    59.6     60.0    60.5    61.1    61.6    61.6     61.6    0.0    1.4     0.5
Yams                  56.4     64.7    66.7    64.7    69.4    68.4    67.5     70.0    72.5    75.0    75.0     75,0    1.1    0.3     1.0-
G,AMBIA~ THE:
Groundniuts            8.7     10.5     8.5    12.1    10.8     9.6     7.1     11.1    10.4    11.3    11.3     11.3   -0.7    0.5    -0.2
Seed Cotton            6.9     6.3      7.5     9.4     5.9     4.2     4.7      4.4     3.0     3.3     3.3      3.3    4.1   -0.2    -4.4
Millet                 8.7     10.3    11.2    10.3    10.6     9.8     11.0     9.0     9.6     9.4     9.0      9.0   -0.4    0.8    -0.3
Rice,parldy           19.7     15.3    17.3    14.6    15.4    12.3     10.7    11.7    15.4    18.3    18.1     18.1    8.8   -1.8     0.5
Maize                 10.7     11.8    15.1    16.3    12.6    12.9     12.2    1 1.7   14.3    14.5    14.9     14.9    3.2   -2.3     0.8
S-.-rghumn             80f      96r     95     110n    10 6     8 5     10 8  ~   6      8         '     '6       0       t    .1
Cocoa                  2.3      3.4     4.3     3.6     4.2     4.0      3.8     3.0     3.0     3.1     2.9      3.0   -0.4   -6.2    -1.1
Maize                  8.7     15.3    12.0    15.1    14.9    15.1     15.2    15.3    14.9    14.5    14.5     14.5   -0.9   -4.6     0.7
Millet                 5.9      5.4     6.4     9.7     8.8     9.8     10.2     8.4     9.5     9.1     9.1      9.1    0.9    1.5     3.0
Grounlinusit          17.0      6.7     7.7     8.8     9.4     9.3     9.0      8.7    10.9    10.3    10.3     10.3   -0.7   -2.3     0.1
Cassava               80.8    106.6   102.6   112.3   115.8   119.9    120.4   118.8   114.8   120.7   120.7    120.7    1.2   -1.5     2.2
GUINEA
Coffee(green)          3.2      5.2     5.3     5.2     5.5     5.1     4.1      4.0     4.2     4.2     4.2      4.2   -0.2  -4.0      0.0
Rice, paddy            9.0     13.8    13.3    13.8    13.8    14.4     14.7    14.9    15.2    15.0    15.0     15.0    0.2   -2.9     2.2
Maize                 10.0     10.4    1 0.7   10.4    10.3     9.7      9.9    10.1    10.4    10.4    10.4     10.4   -1.8    0.1     0.2
Grosundouts            6.6      8.8    10.1     8.8     9.2     9.1      9.5     9.8    10.3    10.3    10.3     10.3    0.1   -0.7     2.5
Cassava               70.0    74.9     71.7    75.5    71.9    63.0     61.2    59.7    58.0    56.5    56.5     56.5    0.0   -0.5     -1.9
Grounddouta            3.5      7.8    10.1    10.0    11.7     11.0    11.0    11.6    11.3,   11.9     11.9    11.9   -1.8   -6.5      1.8
Rice, paddy            7.0     20.1i   19.0    19.7    20.1    19.1     18.4    19.1    19.1    11.2    18.9     18.2   -2.4   -1.4     -1.7
Sorghiut               6.4     10.3     8.6     9.0     9.2     9.3     9.1      9.2     8.5     8.3     7.5      8.3   -1.9   -4.7    -1.6
Millet                 7.2     12.2     8.6     8.6     7.7     9.1      8.6     9.1     9.3     8.3     9.2      9.2    0.8   -4.3     -1.7
Maize                 10.0     11.4     9.5     9.3     9.3    10.0      9.4    10.0    10.0     9.9     9.5      9.6    0.6   -4.4     -0.9



234                                                              Agriculture
8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop (continued)
Average annual*
Thousands of hectograms per hectare                                   percentage growth
1980     1991    1992    1993     1994    1995    1996    1997    1998     1999    2000    2001   75-84  85-89   90-Afl
Coffee(green)          8.9      5.6     5.5     4.7     5.0     5.9      6.0     4.9     3.3     5.1     4 I      4.5   -1.7   -3.1    -2.9
Tea                  I11.7     20.4    18.2    20.1    19.8    22.0     22.6    19.4    25.1    22.0     21.2    21.2    2.0   -1.2     0.9
Sugarcane          1,211.8    960.7   877.7   841.3   662.1   810.4    815.8   794.6   844.8   866.7   819.0    858.3    4.8   -2.7     -1.9
Sisal                  9.9     11.4    11.4    11.7    11.3    13.2     13.4    13.4    12.9    12.4    12.5     12.5   -0.2    0.5     0.8
Maize                 12.0     15.9    17.3    16.0    20.4    19.6     16.6    14.7    16.2    15.0     13.8    18.0   -0.9   -3.5    -0.3
Wlieat                21.6     18.6    12.6     9.7    19.2    19.6     20.0    16.1    23.3    13.5    13.2     13.2    3.2   -4.6     0.1
LE&Ofll
Wheat                  9.7      2.0     8.6     7.3     4.2     6.2     13.3    11.8    11.6    12.3    11.1     11.1    1.9    0.7     5.3
Dry Peas               7.8      0.7     5.6     5.4     3.1     2.9      9.2     3.5     5.8     7.8     7.4      7.4    4.9   -6.5     6.3
Dry Beans              5.2      3.4     2.9    10.7     3.2    12.4      6.3    10.4     8.4     8.0     7.7      7.7    4.0   -4.9     1.3
Maize                  9.6      5.4     5.8     8.9     8.6     8.1     12.5     9,9     9.5     9.4     9.!      9.1    2.8   -5.7      1.0
Sorghum                9.7      5.4     6.1    13.0     8.8     8.0      8.6     8,1     7.6    11.1     9.3      9.3    2,7   -8.6      1.7
Ruibber                7.6      9.5    10.7    10.0    10.0     9.3     10.0    10.0    10.0    10.0     10.0    10.0   -1.1   -0.2    -0.2
Coffee(green)          4.6      1.0     1.9     2.0     2.0     2.0      2.0     2.0     2.0     2.0     2.0      2.0   .1.1   -1.6     1.8
Cocoa                  2.3      1.0     0.9     0.8     0.9     1.3      1.3     1.2     1.3     1.3     1.3      1.3   -1.2   -3.3     0.0
Rice, paddy           12.3      9.1     9.2    10.8    11.1     11.2    12.5    12.4    12.9    12.9    12.9     12.9    0.4    0.4     1.3
Cassava               66.7     64.3    66.7    61.3    62.5    60.3     65.0    65.1    65.3    65.5     65.5    65.5    1.5   -0.5    -0.9
LIBYA.
Wheat                  5.2     12.4    11.9     8.4     7.7     7.3      7.3    10.1    10.3    10.2     9.7      9.7    2.3    0.3    -0.7
MADAGASCAR
Coffee                 3.7      3.8     3.7     3.7     4.2     3.5      3.5     2.9     3.1     3.4      3.3     3.3   -1.3   -0.89    -0.6
Vanilla                0.4      0.6     0.4     0.7     0.6     0.6      0.6     0.6     0.7     0.7      0.7     0.7   -6.6    7.6    -0.3
Cloves                 1.7      1.8     1.4     2.1     1.8      1.7     1.7     1.8     1.7     1.9      2.0     2.0   -7.7   -1.6      2.4
Rice                  17.6     20.5    20.9    20.8    20.7     21.3    21.9    21.7    20.3    21.5     19.1    19.1   -1.1    0.2     0.1
Cassava               60.8     66.5    67.1    67.7    67.4    68.9     67.4    67.5    67.0    68.0     63.7    63.7   -1.2    0.6      0.0
Sweet potatoes        48.6     50.3    53.1    51.1    53.8    59.1     58.1    56.0    54.3    55.9     54.2    54.2   -2.9   -0.6      0.4
MALAWI       ...                                                                                         ...
Tobacco leaves         8.6      9.7     9.7    10.0    12.5     12.2    12.4    13.8    10.9     9.2     10.5    10.5    2.7   -1.0      0.9
Tea                   17.1     21.9    15.4    21.3    18.7     18.2    19.8    23.4    21.5    22.6     22.7    22.7    2.0   -4.2     0.1
GToundnuts             7.1      8.2     4.0     9.0     5.4     4.6      5.6     6.9     9.0     9.2      9.2     9.2   -0.8    0.4      1.2
Seed Cotton            6.9      6.3     7.5     9.4     5.9     4.2      4.7     4.4     3.0     3.3      3.3     3.3    4.1   -0.2     -4.4
Maize                 12.2     11.4     4.8    15.2     9.2    13.5     14,4     9.9    12.7    17.7     17.0    17.0    0.0   -2.1      2.5
Sorghumi              6.7       6.0     1.~4    4.9     3.1     6.1      7.2     4.7     6.1     6.7      6.5     6.5   -4.0   -7.1      0.5
Cassava               58.4     23.4    20.1    28.8    34.7    34.7     45.9    56.7    54.6    53.9     54.2    54.2   -0.6    2.4      6.2
Seed Cotton           10.6     13.3    13.6    12.8    11.5    12.1     10.7    10.5    10.8    10.7     10.7    10.7    3.8    0.0     -1.7
Groundnuots            8.9     10.9     7.5     7.8     8.4     9.4      9.8     9.5     9.7     9.7      9.7     9.7    0.5   -7.4      0.1
Millet                 6.2      8.3     5.9     5.4     6.4      5.5     7.9     7.3     7.9     8.3      7.6     7.6    6.1   -0.7      0.5
Rice, paddy            9.7     17.3    17.6    17.4    16.5     15.3    19.1    17.8    21.8    23.1     22.6    22.6    1.0    0.7      2.8
Sorghum                8.0     10.9     6.8     7.5     7.6     8.3     10.0     9.8     9.9     9.9      9.9     9.9    6.7    0.4      0.6
Maize                 11.1     13.8    10.1    11.0    11.3     12.9    15.8    16.9    16.8    16.8     15.9    15.9    9.2   -1.3      1.4
Sorghum                3.2      4.5     5.0     5.9     5.8     6.4      6.9     4.1     4.7     4.4      7.1     7.1   -2.9    1.4    -0.2
Rice                  32.0     28.1    39.9    32.9    27.4    39.4     38.3    37.2    40.6    50.3    43.1     43.8    1.7    1.4      1.3
Millet                 2.3      2.7     2.6     2.6     2.9     3.6      3.4     1.4     1.6     4.1     4.1      4.1    4.3   -6.7     -0.5
Maize                  6.5      6.0     7.7    12.3     5.0      8.0     5.9     8.6     8.4     6.4      8.3     8.5    4.9   -8.6      0.0
MAURI IS
Sugarcane            576.8    740.0   770.0   729.7   659.2   716.5    732.6   795.4   780.9   535.7   743.2    743.2   -1.7    1.3    -0.7
Potatoes             165.6    197.4   192.1   200.9   175.7   198.5    195.9   215.8   176.0   239.4    212.5   212.5    1.8    0.7     0.4
Onions               107.6    137.7   151.4   164.6   176.0    184.4   177.9   171.3   220.6   287.8    257.1   257.1    2.0   -2.8      4.6
~MOROCCO                   .       ..      ...          ..
Wheat                 10.6     18.7     7.0     6.8    18.1     5.5     18.4     9.3    14.2     8.0      4.8    12.7    5.9  -10,5     -1.9
Suigarbeet           353.5    438.7   528.6   490.6   499.8   467.7    487.1   415.4   577.2   619.9   544.0    517.2    2.7   -1.5      1.5
Barley                10.3     13.8     4.8     4.8    14.4      3.9    15.8     6.6     8.1     7.1      2.1     5.7    4.9  -15.6     -2.6
MOZANMWQE                    .          .    
Seed Cotton            4.9      5.3     5.8     6.1     6.6     6.0      6.8     4.4     4.6     4.8      4.7     4.7    3.1    4.1      3.6
Tea                   10.3      7.7     5.1     8.4    10.0      4.9     8.4     7.5     7.5     8.0     18.6    18.6    0.7    9.3      4.9
Maize                  5.4      3.2     1.6     6.3     5.2     6.8      9.4     9.0     9.0    10.8      9.4     9.4   -6.2   -4.9      7.6
Rice, paddy            8.3      5.3     3.0     6.2     8.3     8.7      9.7    10.9    10.6    10.9      9.8     9.8   -2.0   -1.2      2.6
Cassava               41.4     38.0    33.3    41.7    36.9    42.4     47.7    53.8    55.6    55.9     57.9   -57.9    0.4    0.       1.8
Wheat                 25.0     59.0    51.9    43.8    52.5    40.0     43.8    46.4    60.3    55.5    62.7     62.7    4.5   -2.5     2.1
Maize                 12.3     12.0     2.4     7.8    11.5     8.8      6.7    15.9     5.5     4.7     12.8    12.8    0.4  -10.7     -3.5



Agriculture                                                                235
8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop (continued)
Average annual*
T'housands of hectograms per hectare                                  percentage growth
1980     199)    1992    1993     1994    1995    1996    1997    1998    1999     2000    2001   75-84  85-89   90-MR
NIGER
Cowpeas                2.4      1.5     1.0     0.5     1.8     0.5     1.0      0.6     2.1     1.1     1.2      1.2    5.0   -9.4     1.2
Groundnuts             6.7      3.4     3.3     2.3     4.5     3.8     4.7      3.8     4.9     4.1     3.9      3.9    2.5   -2.5     3.5
Millet                 4.4      4.2     3.6     3.5     4.0     3.4      3.5     3.0     4.5     4.3     4.2      4.2    1.7   -7.4     0.2
Sorghum                4.8     2.1      1.5     1.3     2.0     1.4      1.9     1.5     2.2     2.3     1.9      1.9    0.6   -5.7    -0.1I
NIGERIA%
Cocoa                  2.2      3.7     4.0     4.2     4.3     2.6      4.4     4.3     5.0     3.0     3.5      3.5   -3.5   -7.6     0.3
Seed Cotton            1.8      4.8     5.3     5.3     5.3     5.8     6.7      8.1     7.3     7.4     7.4      4.0   -9.7   -6.0     1.9
Groundnuts             8.4     12.1    12.4    11.8     9.2     8.9     10.1    11.2     9.7    10.5    10.9     10.9    4.6   -3.7    -2.2
Sorghum               11.2.     9.7    10.8    10.8    10.8    11.5     11.4    11.1    11.3    11.3    11.2     11.2    8.3    0,0     0.8
Millet                 8.3      9.0    10.3     9.5     9.5    10.9     10.6    10.8    10.6    10.6    10.3     10.3    5.8    0.4     0.0
Maize                 13.2     11.3    11.2    11.8    12.7    12.7     13.3    12.5    13.2    13.8    14.0     14.0    6.3   -2.6     0.4
Rice, paddy           19.3     19.5    19.6    19.6    14.2    16.3     17.5    16.0    16.0    15.0    15.0     15.0    6.2    3.6    -2.0
Yams                 105.4    103.5   113.5   113.5   114.0   107.7    106.8   110.5    94.4    95.5    95.6     95.6    1.1   -6.1    -0.4
Cassava               95.8    101.9   105.9   105.9   105.9   106.7    106.6   118.8   107.5   106.4   108.0    108.0    0.1   -1.4    -0.2
RVhANDA
Coffee(green)          6.9      5.2     6.8     5.2     2.9     11.0    7.6      7.4     5.7     7.0     5.6      6.7    2.5    3.0    -0.5
Tea                    7.4     11.3    11.1    11.2     4.6     6.0      8.2    11.0    12.2    12.9    11.7     11.7   -4.9   -1.4    -0.4
Sorghum               12.4     12.8     7.5    12.8     6.9    11.5     13.6    11.2    10.5     8.3    10.3     10.3    0.9    2.4     - 1.0
Maize                 11.8     11.6    12.3    17.4    16.8    11.2     11.1    10.9     8.2     7.6     8.3      8.4    1.1    0.1    -2.6
Sweet potattoes       76.3     62.5    66.0    60.4    34.1    50.0     51.1    49.7    50.5    47.9    57.4     55.6    2.7    2.6    -1.2
Grotindnuts            4.9      8.3     6.0     8.5     7.6     9.4     7.0      6.9    10.4    10.1    10.1     10.1    3.0    2.8     0.9
Seed Cotton            6.9     11.8    10.7    11.4    11.0     8.2     7.6      9.7     6.0     9.6     9.6      9.6   -3.4    2.0    -2.1
Millet                '4.7      6.7     5.8     6.7     5.9     7.5      6.2     5.2     5.6     5.7     5.8      5.8    3.5    4.0    -0.5
Rice, paddy            9.6     23.5    24.1    24.8    20.9    22.5    20.2     23.3    27.2    25.0    22.9    22.9     3.4   -1.2     0.5
Maize                  7.3     11.3    10.9    12.7    10,1    10.9     10.4     9.7     8.7     9.4     9.1      9.1   -3.5    0.1    -1.8
Sorghum                7.7     7.8      8.9     7.8     8.7     8.6     8.9     7.7      5.9     6.4     6.3     6.3     3.3   -0.7     -1.8
:1EPRFA LEONE
Cocoa                  4.0      3.8     2.7     2.7     3.7     3.7     3.7      3.7     3.7     3.6     3.6      3.6   -0.2   -0.8    -0.7
Coffee(green)         12.7     22.6    23.0    23.0    18.5    17.9     17.9    21.9    18.6    11.0    11.0     11.0    0.3   -1.6    -4.1
Rice, padldy          12.5     13.5    13.5    12.7    12.3    13.0    13.5     13.0    1 1.5   11.6    10.9     10.9   -1.1   -0.7    -0.8
Cassava               38.0     54.0    53.3    45.8    58.7    58.5     58.6    49.9    51.~6   5 1.8   51.8     51.8   -3.5   -3.7     0.2
SOIMAL IA
Maize                 10.1     10.0    10.1     9.9     4.1     7.3      7.1     6.4     7.5     7.2     8.4      8.4   -1.4   -3.0    -3.5
Sorghum                3.1      4.1     3.1     2.9     4.1     3.4      3.2     3.1     3.6     3.0     3.3      3.3    1.7   -2.2    -2.4
Sesame                 4.6     4.1      3.8     3.1     3.0     3.4     3.3      3.4     3.0     3.1     3.3      3.3   -3.0   -1.6    -2.2
SOUTH AFRICA
Maize                 24.2     22.6     7.9    22.8    28.5    13.8     27.0    25.2    21.6    22.3    28.3     20.3    6.3   -5.1     1.2
Whieat                 9.0     14.9    17.7    18.5    17.6    14.5     21.0    17.6    25.3    24.1    24.8    24.8    -0.3    3.0     4.0
Sugarcakne           661.4    727.4   471.6   422.9   582.4   612.0   699.2    747.0   724.8   672.1   742.3    742.3   -2.1    2.4     0.2
Sorghum               26.9     18.2     6.2    21.6    22.9    16.1    30.8     26.9    27.3    22.6    33.2    20.6     6.3   -0.7     2.5
Barley                 8.8     12.6    19.2    19.8    22.9    24.0     13.9    13.8    18.2     9.1    18.3     18.3    8.3    7.6    -1.9
SUDAN
Seed Cotton            8.2     14.6    11.4    12.1    14.1    12.4    12.1     14.6    12.3     8.6    14.7     14.9    2.0    3.1    -1.4
Groundonuts            8.0      7.8     7.0     5.5     8.0     6.8      8.6     7.2     5.6     6.9     6.8      6.9   -1.6   -2.9     0.7
Sesame                 2.6      1.8     2.0     1.4     1.3     2.1     2.2      1.8     1.9     1.5     1.6      1.6    0.2    5.3     0.1
Sorghuim               7.1      7.0     6.5     5.1     5.7     4.9     6.4      5.5     6.8     5.1     6.0      5.9   -3.1  -11.2     0.2
Wheat                 12.1     14.8    23.2   _13.8    13.3    16.1    17.7     19.5    19.3    12.2    23.5    24.4    -2.0    0.1     0.9
SU AZI A NT)
Sugareane          1,077.2    985.3   971.2   911.8   946.5   908.4   986.0    953.9  1,009.7  1,080.8  1,064.3  1,064.3  0.3   0.0     0.2
Seed Cotton           10.2     14.8     4.5     9.5     8.8     8.8     13.3     7.9     7.3     6.6     6.6      6.6   -1.3    3.1    -2.8
Maize                 13.6     17.3     9.4    12.2    17.6    12.7     24.5    17.8    19.2    18.2    15.4     15.4   -1.1   -0.6     2.5
TAN2 ALNL-%
Coffee                 4.2      3.9     4.2     4.3     3.9     3.6      4.2     3.9     3.5     4.1     4.1      4.4   -0.3    4.0    -0.2
Seed Cotton            4.5      5.3     7.1     3.1     3.8     6.8      5.7     4.7     3.4     4.2     4.2      4.2   -3.0    1.8    -0.3
Tea                   10.9     10.4    11.8    12.0    13.2     13.1    13.0    13.4    11.8    13.2     13.7    13.7    2.8    3.4      0.0
Maize                 12.3     12.6    11.7    12.5    13.3     15.5    16.2    12.0    13.6    13.9      8.5     8.5    3.0    1.7     -0.7
Rice                  11.9     16.9    12.8    18.1    17.4    I5.l     15.3    12.5    16.5    14.3    14.5     14.5   -4.8   -1.5     -1.1
Sorghum                6.9      9.2     8.6    11.2     7.2    12.2     12.6     8.0    12.1     8.5     6.1      6.1   10.6    1.3    -0.7
Millet                 7.6      7.8     8.5     6.5     6.4    10.9      9.8     9.8    10.1     9.9    10.0     10.0    6.5    4.6      0.4
Cassava              107.3    123.5   104.0   104.0   103.9   102.1    103.5_  101.1    88.4   102.6    67.9     67.9    5.9   -0. 1    -1.6



236                                                              Agriculture
8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop (continued)
Average annual*
Thousands of hectograms per hectare                                   percentage growth
1980     1991    1992    1993    1994     1995    1996    1997    1998     1999    2000    2001   75-84  85-89   90-AM
Cof'fee(grecn)         4.9      6.8     6.8     7.0     6.6     6.7      6.5     6.7     6.5     6.5      6.5     6.5    2.5   -1.2     0.1
Cocoa                  4.5      1.9     1.8     2.1     2.0      1.9     2.8     2.5     2.9     3.0     3.0      3.0   -3.6    4.1     2.5
Seed Cotton            7.7     12.4    11.6    11.2    13.5    10.6     13.3     9.7     8.9     9.8     9.8      9.8   11.9    5.6    -0.6
Maize                  9.2      9.1    10.1    11.6     9.3     8.6      9.4    10.7     9.9    11.0     11.0    11.0    1.8   -3.3     0.1
Sorghum                7.5      7.4     7.8     6.4     7.1     8.7      6.3     7.4     6.7     6.9     6.9      6.9    1.3   -2.9    -0.2
Millet                 2.6      3.7     5.6     5.0     4.8     4.6      4.7     5.2     4.5     4.4     4.4      4.4   -7.1    2.4    -0.6
Cassava              103.3     77.9    69.0    68.6    53.8    59.2     56.9    60.3    51.9    60.3    60.3     60.3  -10.9    1.6    -1.9
Yams                  86.6     90.3    83.3   103.4    82.2    85.8     87.2   110.3   105.8   102.4    102.4   102.4   -0.7   -2.8     0.1
Wheat                 10.2     17.0    17.0    13.7    10.7    12.8     16.2    11.1    14.2    14.2     8.7      8.6    3.8   12.9     0.8
Barley                 7.7     13.1    12.0    -9.3     5.9     6.6     11.9     5.2    11.6     9.0     9.2      5.3    3.3   20.8     1.4
-UGAN,DA                .                            . 
Coffee(green)          6.0      5.5     4.2     5.5     7.5     6.9     10.3     8.1     7.7     8.6     6.8      7.3   -1.9    1.0     2.6
Seed Cotton            0.4     2.0      1.3     3.0     3.3     3.3      4.5     2.8     2.6     2.6     2.7      2.7  -13.0   -1.1     3.2
Millet                16.5     15.0    16.0    IS.!    14.8    16.0     11.0    12.7    16.0    16.!    13.9     13.9    4.2    1.1    -0.3
Maize                 11.1     13.5    15.0    16.0    15.1     16.0    13.0    12.4    12.2    1 1.5    17.4    17.4    0.4   -1.1    -0.3
Sorghum               17.9     14.8    15.0    15.0    15.0     15.0    11.0    10.7    15.0    1 5.0    12.9    12.9    3.3    1.3    -0.4
Cassava               68.6     83.0    80.0    85.1    65.0    67.0     67.0    67.0    90.0    88.0    130.0   130.0    1.2    0.3     0.4
ZAIRE
Coffee(green)          3.7      3.3     3.2     3.6     3.5     3.7      3.2     3.7     3.7     3.0      2.5     2.5   -0.9    0.9    -0.9
Maize                  8.0      8.l     8.1     8.3     8.3     7.9      8.0     8.2     8.3     8.0      8.0     8.0    1.4    1.2      0.0
Rice                   8.0      8.0     7.3     7.2     7.3     7.5      7.0     7.1     7.6     7.6      7.6     7.6    0.4    0.3    -0.5
Cassava               70.0     80.0    80.0    78.1    77.2    77.5     81.6    80.3    81.6    81.1    145.5   145.5    0.2   -0.3      1.2
ZAMBIA::!.
Seed Cotton            5.0      6.6     4.3     7.3     7.8     6.7      5.6    14.3    13.2    13.3     12.4    12.4   -5.0   -4.3      4.5
Tobacco leaves        10.4     17.8     4.4     5.1     6.7      8.3    10.5    10.8    10.9    10.9     11.0    11.0    1.2   11.3      0.7
Sunflower              9.2      2.9     0.5     5.4     6.6     6.5      5.6     3.8     3.6     5.1      5.4     5.4    0.6    6.9      3.3
Maize                 16.9     17.1     7.3    25.2    15.0    14.2     20.9    14.8    15.6    14.3     16.8    16.8    4.3   -6.4     -0.9
Whieat                40.7     43.8    43.3    40.1    43.0    50.0     55.8    66.2    56.7    74.8     54.5    54.5    5.6   -5.1      2.2
Cassava               61.8     62.0    62.0    62.0    62.0    62.0     62.0    62.0    62,0    62.0     61.8    61.8    0.0    0.0      0.0
Z IMBAB %AE               .           ...           ..
Tobacco leaves        19.5     24.9    24.3    21.9    24.6    24.2     24.2    22.0    26.3    21.9     25.1    21.6    2.0    1.2      0.4
Seed Cotton           17.5      7.8     2.7     8.6     7.8     4.6      9.2     8.9     9.2     9.1      8.8     8.7    1.3   -3.4     0.1
Ssigarcane         1,031.2  1,027.2    89.3   597.8  1,072.5  1,109.7  905.1  1,081.6  962.2  1,083.0   983.1   976.2    3.0   -0.8      1.2
Maize                 13.4     14.4     4.1    16.3    16.6      6.0    17.0    13.4    11.6    10.5     14.9    12.5   -1.7  -14.4     -1.3
Wieat                 49.7     56.4    48.3    70.3    56.1    20.8     54.9    51.7    53.8    56.1    69.4     69.4    2.5    0.0     0.2
Notes: The following commodities are in their least-processed form untless otherwise indicated:
Cotton, seed cotton
Groundnuts, unshelled
Coffee. green or roasted
Rice, paddy
Cloves, whole
Cocoa, beans
Tobacco, leaves
Sunflower, seeds
I hectogram = 100 grams = 3.527 oz.
Countries excluded from listing: Cape Verde, Djibouti, Sao Tome and Principe, and Seychelles.
For livestock "yield", see Table 8.6. Food Output by Major Crops.
* Te standard World Bank least square methodology was uised to cmonpsite the annual percentage growth.



Agriculture                                                             237
8-14. Incidence of drought
D=Significant shortage of rain
1987    1988     1989    1990    1991    1992     1993    1994    1995     1996    1997    1998     1999    2000)
SU.B SAHLARAN 4,FRICA
e,hiuding' South Afnica
e%eluding Sv~uIh Afrnc i & NIigeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana                             D                                        D                        D
Burkina Faso                                                                                                            D                        D
Burundi                                                                                                                         D        D       D
Camneroon                                                                                                      D        D
Cape Verde                                                                            D        D                        D       D        D       D
Central African Republic
Chad                                                                                  D                D       D        D                D       D
Comoros                                                                                                                                  -
Congo, Democratic Rep. of
Congo, Republic of
C6te dilvoire                                                                                                           D
Djibouti                                                                                                                                 D       D
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea                                                                                                        D        D                D       D
Ethiopia                             D       D                        D       D                D                        D                D       D
Gabon
Gyambia, The
Ghania                                                                                                                          D)               D
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya                                                                         D       D                                 D       D        D       D
Lesotho                                                                       D                        D
Liberia
Madagascar                                                                                                                               D       D
Malawi                                                                        D                D       D                D       0
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozainbique                                                                   D                        D                        D
Namnibia                                                                      D                        D
Niger                                D                        D                                        D       D        D                        D
Nigeria
Rwanda                                                                                                 D       D                D        D       D
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia                                                                                                                         D
South Africa                                                                  D                        D                D
Suidan                               D               D        D                                        D                D                        D
S§waziland                           D                                         D                        D
Tanzania                                                                      D                                         D       D)       D       D
Togo                                                                                                                                             D
Uganda                                                                                                                  D                D       D
Zambia                                                                        D                D       D                D       D
Zimbabwe-                               ___           __D                                      D       0..D----
:NORTH AFRICA
Algeria                                      D       D                                D        D       D    ..          D                D       D)
Egypt, Arab Republic
Libya
Morocco                                                                                                D                D                0       D
Tuniisia                                     D       0D_
A LL AFRICA__                         ___                                                            _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   _  _  _  _



238
Figure 8-1. Food price index, 1999*
(Index, average 1995 = 100)
0                    50                    100                   150                   200                   250
Nigeria
Zambia
Malawi~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Ghana
Msedaasar
Bou.an
Kenya 
Chad
Mauritiu.
South Africa                                             -
Namibia
Benin-
Egypt Arab Rep 
Tunisua
l~otbo 
Gambia The                                            _
Congo
Gabon
Uganda
Central Afrcan Republic
Moracca
Senegal
Guines
Burundi
Comeroon
Ethiopia
0 Or most recent year available.



239
Figure 8-2. Food production per capita index, 2000"
(Index, average 1989-91 = 100)
0                     25                    50                    75                    100                    125                   150
Sao Tome and Principe
CEnapl Afrab Repub.
Berias _a _
Seyhelles
Nigera
Chd
Seinea
Cape Verde_
C.ftr.1 AfSicot Repubdic
Uganda
Cote dIToK 
Cmm*
Msuritaniw
Burkina Faso 
Algeria
Angoila
Zi-htabte 
Nige
Cameroon
EqaoilGuinea,isa
Eritb. t
Senegtd
S.uraAzilao
StUAgaInda
Ga.bis The
Comors
Cono. emoratCoRengoi
Omte ritarsilb
Zawmbiau 
Lesotho_
Morocc 
bozrwang 
Madagtascar_
Equanoridt Guines
Sier,a Leone
Congo. Democrtic Repbfic
a Or most ieoent year availab le.



240
Figure 8-3. Food and nonfood production index, 2000*
Food**                                                                  Nonfood
(index, average 1989-91 = 100)                                           (index, average 1989-91 = 100)
200            150           100            50             0              0             100          200            300
Md=I
Ch d
EUpt A,.b
Tor
ArI.h
C.p. V..-d.
C_AIt-A.
C ..bh Th       _
_                         M uu~~~~~~~~tHibiqu_ 
Edt-.
Sd&.j
G.h..-Bk.
C,..1.
C.-o
M qudlt_
S..d. Abid.
T..~.6
-M.d...
N..dbi.
R.-.d.
Bumdl
** Sorted by food production.



241
Figure 8-4. Agricultural exports, 1998*
(millions of U.S. dollars)
0                          250                         500                         750                         1000                         1250
South Arrics a4t4
Cote d Ivoire         _
2001
Zi nbabwe           .:.J120
Kenya
Morocco             _        _
Ghana
Sudan
Tunisia _
Elhiopin __ 
Nigerina 
Cameroona
Egypt. Arab Rep.
Ugeanda _
Mauritius
Tanzania
Malawi
Swaziland
MAli       _
Nanmibin
Benin
Chad
Togo
Burkina Fnn     _
Botswan     _
Congo. Democratic Republic
Madagascar
Algeria
Burundi
Somalia
Senegal
Zambia
Mozambique
Guinea
Niger
Mnuritania
Rwmnda
Central African Republic
Guinea-Dimssu
Liberia
Conga
Sierra Leone
Gambia The
Gabon
Lesotho
Augola
Equntorial Guinea
Comoros
Sao Tome and Principe
Ertren
Seychelles
* Or most recent year available.



242
Figure 8-5. Drought, 1980-2000
(number of years in period)
0          1         2         3         4          5         6         7          8         9         10        I 1        12
Ethiopia
Cape Verde
Niger
Zambia      -        -           ---
Chad
Botswana
Algeria
Tanzania
Sudan
MKeanya     _         _
Zimbabwe
Burundi 
Mozambique
Ghana
Swaziland
Morocco i
Lesotho
Eritrea
Tunisia
Burkina Faso
Senegal
South Africa
Mali
Uganda
Canieroon
Somalia
Central African Republic
Namibia
SAo Tome and Principe
Mauritania
Madagascar
DJ. ibuti
Togo
Clite dilvoire
Mauritius



Agriculture                                    243
Technical notes
TabLes                                          food crops. The categorization is consistent across
countries, but the numbering of crops within catego-
Table 8-1. Nominal producer prices. Data on nomi-  ries in each country depends on which crops are most
nal producer prices are compiled from the FAO. In  important.
general, the figures reflect the average annual price  Where commodities may be marketed in several dif-
received by farmers in the most important producing  ferent forms, the form is generally specified (for in-
regions. But given the wide regional and seasonal  stance, shelled or unshelled groundnuts). When not
variation and the lack of precision in recording spe-  specified, the form of the commodity is the most com-
cifics about prices quoted, the data should be inter-  mon (for instance, shelled and dried maize). Where
preted only as a rough indication of price levels for  commodities are graded, an average grade has been
an entire country during an entire year.        used unless otherwise specified.
The data do not differentiate between official pro-
ducer prices and farmgate prices. In most cases they  Table 8-2. Food price index. This is a subindex of
happen to be the same.                          the consumer price index. It reflects the cost to the
CrOp years for most countries span parts of two cal-  average consumer of acquiring a fixed basket of food
endar years; planting takes place in the first calendar  (IMF, IFS).
year, while harvest and marketing take place at the
end of the first and beginning of the second year. For  Table 8-3. Food production index. These indexes
consistency, producer prices are listed corresponding  are based on 169 commodities that provide calories
to the calendar year during which planting decisions  when consumed (FAO data). Some of these (such as
are made. For example, producer prices for the crop  cottonseed, cocoa, and vanilla) are not, however, a
year 1987/88 are listed as 1987.                significant part of African diets, but are produced pri-
For each country, up to four export crops and five  marily for export.
food crops are included, which represent the most
important commodities for that country in terms of  Table 8-4. Nonfood production index. Data in this
value of total production during the early 1980s. The  table are derived from 29 products that are not con-
food crops include up to three cereals of "traded"  sidered nutritious, including coffee, rubber, cotton lint,
grains (those commonly imported or exported) and  and tobacco leaves (FAO data).
up to two "nontraded" staples, generally roots and
tubers, which are not normally imported or exported  Table 8-5. Food production per capita index. These
by African countries. In the table, these categories of  are derived as the ratio of the food production index
crops are designated by the following symbols: Xl  (Table 8-3) and estimated total midyear population
through X4 for export crops; Fl through F3 for traded  figures (Table 1-2).
food crops; and NTI and NT2 for nontraded staple



244                                       Agriculture
Table 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food  erations. Data on rainfall levels from other sources
crop. The table covers, with only a few differences,  are usually presented to suit different purposes, with-
the same major food crops as presented in Table 8-1,  out considering seasonal and regional characteristics
excluding beverages (coffee, tea, cocoa), cotton, and  of the producing regions. A low rainfall level might
tobacco. Included also are figures for livestock, which  not harm agricultural production, if it did not adversely
represent the combined total head of cattle, sheep,  affect the regions where the main crops are produced,
goats, pigs, horses, asses, and mules, and figures for  whereas an average rainfall level might be associated
the total head of rabbits (FAO data).            with difficulties in the producing regions, due to de-
lay, for example. Therefore, simply presenting the
Table 8-7. Value of agricultural exports. Value of  annual rainfall levels would not necessarily enrich the
agricultural exports is expressed in current U.S. dol-  agricultural data.
lars at f.o.b. prices (FAO data).                 For each country, a binary classification was thus
created. A "D" was assigned to a country if a signifi-
Table 8-8. Cereal production. This refers to crops  cant shortage of rain unfavorably affected its agricul-
harvested for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested  tural production. For normal or average rainfall, the
for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage  standard sign was given, as in the cases of insuffi-
and those used for grazing are excluded (FAO data).  cient information or "not applicable." (Specialists who
work on the relevant countries were surveyed, as well
Table 8-9. Crop production index. Shows agricul-  as World Bank agricultural and environmental experts.
tural production for each year relative to the base pe-  In addition, the Federal Early Warning System project
riod 1989-91. It includes all crops except fodder crops  of the U.S. Agency for International Development
(FAO data).                                     provided information for 1993-94 for about half of
the countries listed.)
Tables 8-10 and 8-11. Fertilizer use and imports.
Figures are in metric tons and represent the aggregate  Figures
of nitrogenous, phosphate, and potash fertilizers (FAO
database for Fertilizer Yearbook).               The following indicators have been used to derive the
figures in this chapter:
Table 8-12. Area under permanent crops. Reflects
land under permanent crops as defined and reported  Figure 8-1. Food price index (Table 8-2).
by the FAO.
Figure 8-2. Food production per capita index (Table
Table 8-13. Agricultural yields, by major crop. This  8-5).
table follows closely the selection of commodities of
Table 8-1. Units are in thousands of hectograms  Figure 8-3. Food production index (Table 8-3); non-
(which are equivalent to hundreds of kilograms) per  food production index (Table 8-4).
hectare. Most of the data come from the database for
the FAO Production Yearbook, with additional infor-  Figure 8-4. Agriculture exports (Table 8-7).
mation from World Bank agricultural sector reports.
Figure 8-5. Drought (Table 8-14).
Table 8-14. Incidence of drought. This is the only
indicator in this chapter based on subjective consid-



Agriculture                                                                    245
Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 8
Aggregations a                                         Period averages
Table                      (1)                (6)                 (7)                 (8)                        (2)
8-1                                                                                    x
8-2                                                                x                                              x
8-3                                             x                                                                 x
8-4                                                                x
8-5                                                                x                                              x
8-6                                                                                    x                          x
8-7                         x                                                                                     x
8-8                         x                                                                                     x
8-9                                             x                                                                 x
8-10                        x                                                                                     x
8-11                        x                                                                                     x
8-12                        x                                                                                     x
8-13                                                                                   x                          x
8-14                                                                                   x
Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, NoTih Africa, and All Affica. Perod averages are shown in the last three
columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter.
a Regional aggregntions: (1) simple total; (2) simple total ofthe first indicator divided by the simple total ofthe second indicator (same country
coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled
secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the
simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean.
b. Period averages: (I) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest
of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares
growth rate (using mails indicator inconstant terns, with the rest of the table in current terms).



Power, Communications, and Transportation
T   his chapter provides data on the power, com-  added in this chapter. Data on telecommunications
munications, and transportation sectors of the  are from the International Telecommunications Union's
economy.                                   (ITU) World Telecommunications Development Re-
An adequate and reliable supply of power is a vital  port (2000), Challenges to the Network: Internet for
ingredient for the economic development of African  Development (1999), and the World Telecommunica-
countries. This chapter presents information on elec-  tions Indicators Database (2000b). The data on
tric power production and distribution losses. Data  Internet hosts are from the Internet Software Con-
are from the International Energy Agency's (IEA's)  sortium (www.isc.org).
Energy Statistics and Balances of Non-OECD Coun-  In addition to power and communications, coun-
tries, and from the United Nations Statistics Division's  tries must have a solid transportation sector to un-
Energy Statistics Yearbook.                     derpin expansion of their economies and ensure sup-
Telecommunications, computers, and the Internet  port to the activities of households, producers, and
are also essential ingredients of a modern economy.  government. This chapter presents data on vehicle
In this chapter, telephone main lines represent the sup-  use, roads, and railway traffic. Data are from the
ply side of the system, which in Africa is well short  World Bank databases and from the International
of demand. In fact, waiting time for telephone lines is  World Road Federation's World Road Statistics and
the highest of any other geographical region. Because  from Eurostat (europa.eu.int/eurostat.htm[). The air
of the growing importance of computers on develop-  transport data are from the International Civil Avia-
ment, a new table on computers and the Internet was  tion Organization's Civil Aviation Statistics of the
World and ICAO staff estimates.
246



Power, Communications, and Transportation                                                    247
9-1. Electric power consumption per capita
Million KWH                                                Annual Average
1980    1989     1990     1991     1992    1993     1994     1995     1996    1997    1998-     75-84   85-89   90-MR
SUFB-SAHARAN AFRICA           427.6   454 1    4415.0   4.40.5   4 2-30  438 9    429.5    439 I    445.0   446 2   4.53 2    407 4   44" 0    440 n
"crluding SouLh Afnica       132 .    128 4    121.9   125 4    12.56   129 7    126 5    1216.8   129 5   126 0    121 7    127.9    129 6    I 2i9
ecld S Afr,ca &Ni&er.a       157.l    1412     138 7   141 8    140 7   142 8    140 9    142 8    146 4   141.5             151 6    [16 5    141 9
Ang~_ol                       67.2    64.1     63.8     65.-364.1        621      6.       5.       10I      375.6    7.7             67.1     62.1
Benin                         29.7    35.5     36.7     38.7     41.2    41.7     42.3    45.1     48.0     44.6    45.9      29.5    34.8     42.7
Botswana                         .       .        ..       .       ..       .       ....                       .
Burkina Faso                     .       .        .        .       .        .       .        ..
Camneroon                    155.5   215.3    204.3    197.9    194.5   196.9    172.6    165.1    170.9   180.7    184.8    179.5   215.6    185.3
Cape Verde                      .        .        .        .       .        .       .        ..                .       .
Central African Republic                 .        .        ..      .        ..      .        ..       .       ..       .
Comnoros..                                        .        ..      .        ..      .......
Co~ngo, Democratic Rep. of    147.3   130.3-   121-.8   131.7    130.4   147.4    144.9   132.0    12.6     120.4   110.0     138.8   136.1    129.8
Congo, Republic of            65.9   145.1    155.9    169.8    161.6   137.6    131.0    131.2   132.1    105.6    83.0      69.8   140.2    134.2
C6te dIlvoire                191.6    159.3   158.0    149.6     81.4   139.6    140.3    170.5    174.3   181.3      ..     166.4   164.9    149.4
Equatorial Guinea                .       .        .        .       .        .       .        ..                .       .
Ethiopia                      16.2    17.3     17.7     17.7     17.9    20.1l   20.8      21.7    22.3     22.2    22.2      16.3    18.0     20.3
Gabon                        6 17.9  784.9    806.3    784.8    762.5   747.4   754.4    736.8    742.2    752.2   748.9     603.3   942.4    759.5
Gambia,  The                     .       .        .        .       .        .       .        ..                ..
Ghana                        423.6   301.1    300.1    309.7    333     399      350      3.2      6.9      8.9     8.9       3.9    260.7    316.1
Guinea-Bissau                    .       .        .        .       .        .       .         ..               .       .
Kenya                         92.5   109.1    115.7    117.5    118.1   121.3    123.2    123.2    127.1   129.3    129.5     90.1   106.3    122.8
Mauritania
M3o-zambique                   34.0    34.3     35.1     48.3    46.2     46.2    41.3     44.1     40.7     46.8    54.1      42.4    32.8     44.8
Nigeria                       68.2    94.7     77.1     81.6     85.5    95.3     88.8     84.8     85,3    85.4    84.7      64.6    84.9     85.4
Rwanda                           .       .        .        .       .        .       .
SAo Tom6 and Priaicipe           .       .        .        .       .        .       .         .       .
Secne-gal                      95.0    93.9     95.4     97.9    101.7    97.0    102.8    104.2   105.2    107.5   111.3      90.5    96.3    102.5
Seychelleas.                             .        .        .       .        ..      .         ..               ..
Sierra Leone                     .       .        .        .       .        .       .         ..               ..
South Africa               3,212.9  3,681.5  3,676.0  3,618.2  3,447.4  3,581.3  3,530.7  3,659.8  3,723.2  3,800.2  3,831.7  3,037.2  3,555.5  3,652.1
Sudan                         35.3    44.6     52.3     50.6     50.8    48.8     50.8     50.5     51.4    48.5    47.2      37.3    49.4     50.1
Tanzania                      36.8    46.6     51.2     54.4     53.2    51.4     50.7     54.7     58.8    54.3     53.5     35.4    41.7     53.6
Zambia                      1,015.7  580.6    502.8    651.8    623.4   606.2    589.5    574 .3   560.0   562.9   539.1    1,058.2  807.9    578.9
Zimnbabwe                    990.4    942.7   932.9    829.6    900.2   787.3    824.0    814.7    858.9   883.7    858.9    955.4   929.3    854.5
NORTH AFRICA.                 362.8   661.1    677.6    690.4    697.1   712 5    731.5    743 3    755 7   780 6    8 17 4  ~3 0   6  W060    7(;406
Algena               ~~~~26 5.3  419 1  449 0   467 3   463.9    507 9   509 0     516 9   526 3    52102   563 0     259 8   399      5:'g
Egypt, Arab Repiublic        379.9   667.5    689.7    707.1    710.3   726.3   742.7     762.0    781.2   820.2   861.1     377.8   606.0    755.6
Libya                       1,588.2  3,886.6  3,804.3  3,707.0  3,649.7  3,576.2  3,661.8  3,623.9  3,605.3  3,657.7  3,677.2  1,505.7  3,643.7  3,662.6
Morocco                      222.8   316.7    339.8    355.4    380.9   377.1    398.1    403.7    408.4   422.7   443.0     212.1   299.2    392.1
Tunisia                      v7q*7    578 9    604 2   615 6    649 5   672 7    717.6   '734 4    *744 8  783 0    824 0    323 6    5287   _"051
VLLAFRICA                     412.4    501.4    498.0   497 1    48417    500 6   497.2    506 7    513.6   519 6    534 6    39473    483 o    505 8



248                                             Power, Communications, and Transportation
9-2. Energy production and use
Energy production                   Commercial energy use                    Electric power transmission
(KT oil equivalent)                   (KT oil equivalent)               and distribution losses (% of output)
1980           1998                   1980           1998                     1980           1998
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                             :322,220 :.      517.440               -20',223        324.252
excluding South Aftica      .:'05i                             3'3 (      .3i         141,805        213.266
e,cl S Africa& Nigena                           10J.572        188.188 .: -26.77                                        ___ .: 8 517
Angola                                           11,301         43,035                  4,437          7,147                       25            28
Benin                                             1,212          1,947                  1,363          2,240                                     71
Botswana
Burkina Faso                                          ..                                            ..                 ..
Bunmdi
Cameroon                                          6,707         12,965                  3,676          6,183                        7            20
Cape Verde
Central African Republic                             ..             ..                     ..
Chad
Comoros
Congo, Democratic Rep. of                         8,697         13,546                  8,706         13,711                        8              3
Congo, Republic of                                3,970         14,161                    845          1,206                       19             38
C6te d'lvoire                                     2,419              -                  3,662              .                        7
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea                                                       ..             ..                                          ..
Eritrea
Ethiopia                                         10,588         16,379                 11,157         17,429                        8             10
Gabon                                             9,441         18,892                   1,493         1,668                        1             10
Gambia, The                                          ..             ..                     ..
Ghana                                             3,305          5,705                  4,027          7,270                        0              1
Guinea.
Guinea-Bissau                                        ..             ..                     ..
Kenya                                             7,891         11,609                  9,791         14,527                       16             25
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique                                        7,413          6,945                  8,074          6,863                       39             10
Namibia
Niger
Nigenra                                         148,479        184,847                 52,846         86,489                       36             32
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe                                 -
Senegal                                           1,046          1,653                  1,921          2,822                       10             11
Seychelles
Sierra Leone                                          ..            ..                     ..
Somalia
South Africa                                     73,169        144,405                 65,417        110,986                        8              8
Sudan                                             7,089         13,527                  8,406         14,899                       14             31
Swaziland                                             --
Tanzania                                          9,502         13,931                 10,280         14,660                       14             22
Togo
Uganda
Zambia                                            4,198          5,657                  4,551          6,088                        7             11
Zimbabwe                                          5,793          8,235                  6,570         10,065                        9             17
NCiRI1- AFRICA                                   025.303      .274,186                  43.937         97.650
Algeria                                          66,741        132,332                 12,089         26.506                       11             19
Egypt, Arab Republic                             34,168         57,464                 15,970         41,798                       13             12
Libya                                            96,550         76,524                  7,193         12,420
Morocco                                             877           753                   4,778          9,344                       10              4
Tunisia                                           6,966          7,113                  3,907          7,582           _12                        11
--ALL AFRlt A                                                   797.;''   .'9i o25     251.159         '1,903 _______   _____9



Power, Communications, and Transportation                                                                249
9-3. Telephone, radio, and television availability, 1994-99
Telephones                                                Radios                  Televiston
Mainlines           Waiting list       Average cost of call         Mobile phones                                         sets
(per I. 000 ptersons)   (Thiousands)       US$ per three minutes     (per 1, 000 per-sons)   (per 1, 000 persons)    (per 1, 000 persons)
SLJB1- S kJ-IRAN AFRIC.%                 I I            lAJ41                                                                   40 .3
eXCIddinp So.uth Affica                  5            1.363                                                1                   1Q2                       3
ex4S Affic &      Nieent,                              .21_                          _                   _                     18-I2                           _
Angola                                   5                .0.06                                            2                    62                       15
Benin                                    5                3                    0.11                        I110                                         I1I
Botswana                                41               12                    0,02                       74                   156                       20
Burkina Faso                             3                ..0.10                                           0                    33                       1 1
Buruindi                                 3                5                    0.03                        0                   152                       1 5
Camneroon                                5               45                    0.06                        0                   163                       34
Cape Verde                              56               10                    0.04                       19                   180                        5
Central African Republic                 2                0                    0.49                        1                    83                        6
Chad                                     1                1                    0.16                        0                   242 
Comoros                                  9                ..0.16                                           0                   138                        4
Congo, Democratic Rep. of                1                6                       ..0                                          375                        2
Congo, Republic of                       8                1                    0.12                        1                   124                       13
C8te dIlvoire                            9               82                    0.07                       1 8                  164                       70
Djibouti                                13                0                    0.19                        0                    84                       47
Equiatorial Guinea                       6                ..0.05                                           1                   429                      116
Eritrea                                  5               42                    0.02                        0                   484                       16
Ethiopia                                 3              207                    0.03                        0                   196                        6
Gabon                                  29                10                    0.15                        7                   500                      251
Gambia, The                             1 8              22                    0.30                        4                   394                        3
Ghana                                    4               28                    0.08                        4                   680                      115
Guinea                                   2                2                    0.10                        3                    49                       44
Guinea-Bissau                            9                1                    0.15                        0                    44
Kenya                                    9               77                    0.05                        I                   104                       22
Lesotho                                  9                9                    0.02                        5                    49                       16
Libetia                                 ,.2                                       ..0                                          274                       28
Madagascar                               2               10                    0.08                        1198                                          22
Malawi                                   3               3 1                   0~03                        2                   250                        3
Mali                                     2                ..0.14                                           0                    54                       12
Mauritania                              4                 I                    0.09                        0                   151                       96
Mauritius                              132               23                    0.04                       89                   368                      230
Mozambique                               4               17                    0.09                        1                    40                        5
Namibia                                 51                7                    0.05                       1 8                  144                       38
Niger                                    I                1                    0.15                        0                    66                       27
Nigeria                                  4               98                    0.26                        0                   224                       68
Rwanda                                   2                ..0.04                                           2                   102                        0
Sgo Tom6 and Principe                   19                1                    0.00                        0                   319                      227
Senegal                                 10               1 7                   0.12                        9                   142                       4 1
Seychelles                             176                2                    0,16                       50                   550                      215
Sierra Leone                             4               14                    0,03                        0                   274                       13
Somalia                                  2                                        ,.0                                           48                       14
SoutliAftica                           100              116                    0.08                      120                   333                      129
Sudan                                    3              320                    0.02                        0                   271                      173
Swaziland                              22                15                    0.05                       14                   164                      113
Tanzania                                 3               37                    0.08                        2                   279                       21
Togo                                     5               13                    0.10                        4                   227                       22
Uganda                                   2                6                    0.15                        3                   127                       28
Zambia                                   9               12                    0.05                        3                   160                      145
Zimnbabwe                               14              109                    0.03                       15                   390                      180
NO:RTH AFkIC,%                                                                                                                  272 i:.+.7 .77         -12
Algera_                                42           -   732                    0.02                        2                   241                      107
Egypt, Arab Republic                     9               12                    0.05                        3                   160                      183
Libya                                   14              109                    0.03                       IS                   390                      136
Morocco                                42               732                    0.02                        2                   241                      165
Tunisia                                47             1,310                    0.03                        8                   324                      190
.1L AFRICA  -  18      2 S3'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~                            IS ~~~214                                      5



250                                           Power, Communications, and Transportation
9-4. Personal computers and internet use
Personal computers                     Internet hosts                            Internet users
(per 1,000 people)                 (per 10,000 people)                          (Thousands)
1998          1999                  1999          2000                    1998          1999
SLFB .SAHARA9N AFRICA                              7 5         8 35                   2 32         3 10                    1.531         2.358
excluduin South Afmna                             38a         4.53                   0 15         0.32                     261           538
excl S Afnca &Nigena               ____           I            3 93                  018          0 40                     231           438
Angola                                            0.8         0 .96        ~         0.00          0.01                      3            10 -l -   -
Benin                                             1.2         1.52                   0.04         0.04                       2            10
Botswana                                         25.5        31.00                  6.00         14,63                      10            12
Burkina Faso                                      0.9         1.03                   0.19         0.19                       1             4
Burnmdi                                            ...0.00                                        0.00                       0             2
Cameroon                                          2.4         2.72                   0.00         0.01                       2            20
Cape Verde                                         ..                                0.02         0.05                       2             5
Central African Republic                          1.0         1.41                   0.00         0.02                       0 
Chad                                              1.1          1.34                  0.00         0.01                       0             1
Comoros                                           2.3         2.96                   0.57         0.72                       0 
Congo, Democratic Rep, of                          ...0.00                                        0.00                       0             1
Congo, Republic of                                3.2         3.50                   0.00         0.01                       0             1
C6te dIlvoire                                     4.5         5.52                   0.24         0.37                      10            20
Djibouti                                          8.8         9.54                   0.00         0.62                       1             1
Equatorial Guinea                                 2.3         2.26                   0.00         0.00                       0             1
Eritrea                                            .                                 0.01         0.02                       01
Ethiopia                                          0.6         0.74                   0.01I         0.01                      6             8
Gabon                                             8.5          8.40                  0.02          0.21                      2             3
Gamnbia, The                                      3.3         7.87                   0.02          0.12                      3             3
Ghana                                             2.1         2.54                   0.06          0.06                      6            20
Guinea                                            3.2         3.40                   0.00          0.00                      1             5
Guinea-Bissau                                      ...0.13                                        0.11                       0             2
Kenya                                             3.4         4.24                   0.19          0.32                     15            35
Lesotho                                            ...0.08                                         0.39                      0 
Liberia                                            ...0.00                                         0.00                      0             0
Madagascar                                        1.6          1.94                  0.12          0.36                      3             8
Malawi                                            0.8          0.94                  0.00          0.00                      2             10
Mali                                              0.8          1.00                  0.01          0.05                       1           10
Mauritania                                        5.9        27.20                   0.00          0.20                       1            13
Mauritius                                        87.0        95.65                   4.55         27.70                     30            55
Mozambique                                        2.1         2.59                   0.09          0.10                      4            15
Namibia                                          24.1        29.50                  11.73         19.76                      5             6
Niger                                             0.3          0.38                  0.03          0.12                      0             3
Nigeria                                           6.1          6.42                  0.00          0.01                     30           100
Rwanda                                             ...0.00                                         0.42                       I            5
Sao Tom6 and Principe                              ...17.28                                       44.85                      0             1
Senegal                                          13.3         15.10                  0.28          0.51                      8            30
Seychelles                                      124.2        130.55                  0.12          0.49                      2             5
Sierra Leone                                       ...0.14                                         0.16                       1            2
Somalia                                            ...0.00                                         0.00                      0             0
South Afiica                                     51.6        54.70                  33.36        43.12                    1,270         1,820
Sudan                                             1.9         2.94                   0.00         0.00                       2             5
Swaziland                                          .             .6.28                             7.07                      1             5
Tanzania                                          1.7         2.44                   0.05          0.16                      3            25
Togo                                              6.8        17.74                   0.17          0.34                     75            15
Uganda                                            1.9         2.50                   0.06         0.07                      IS            25
Zambia                                            6.8          7.24                  0.48          0.86                      3            15
Zimbabwe                                         11.4        13.04                   1.19         2.61                      10            20
NORrH AFRICA                                    -8 2_           1  5     61            -19         0 47                     152           307
Algeria                              5.~    ~    ~~~~~~~~~~3  5 . 84    0.01          0.01                       2            20
Egypt, Arab Republic                              9.1        12.00                   0.28          0.85                    100           200
Libya                                              ...0.00                                        0.01                       ..7
Morocco                                           7.2        10.75                   0.28         0.33                      40            50
Tunisia                                          14.8         15.33                  0.06          0.10      .10                          30
ALL AFR ICA                                        76            .'1 95                             2.64    _  _           1.683         2.665



Power, Communications, and Transportation                                  251
9-5. Vehicle ownership
Units per 1000 persons                          AnnualAverage
1980   1990   1991   1992   1993   1994   1995   1996   1997   1998   75-84  85-89  90-MR
SUB-S.AHARAN,AFRICA              2 1     23   224     24     23     231    23                                  23
excluding 9euth kffca            9      14    II     IS5    14     IS     IS                                  14
excl S.AfdICa&lI'Jigena          9      10     10     I 1   12      1 2    1 2                                1 1 i
Angola                    ..     19     19     20    20     20      20     20     .      ...            ..    20
Benin                            3       4     5      6      6      7       8     ..     .       . 
Botswana                 27     18      23     28    32     36     64      50    52     61      27            43
Burkina Faso              ..     4       4     5      5      S      5       6     .       ..            ..5
Bunundi                          0                    ...                                 ..            .0
C eroon                 8      f10    10     it     11     11     12     12      .     ..8            ..    11
Cape Verde                       9       9     9      9     t0     10      10to.                               9
Central African Republic  8       I      1     0      I      1      0       0     1      ..                    I
Chad                             2       3     3      3      3      4       4                                  3
Comoros                         13      IS5   17     IS     23     24      28     ..20
Congo, Democratic Rep. of  ..    22     25     28    28     29     30      3 1    .      ..      .      ..    27
Congo, Republic of       ..      18     1 9    20    20     19     20      20                                 1 9
C6te dIlvoire            24     24      24     25    27     29     30      32                   24            27
Djibouti                  ..     14     15     15     16    17      1 7    18      .             .16
Equatorial Guinea         ..     3       4     4      4      5      5       5            ..4
Eritrea                   .      I       I     I      I      1      2       2     .      ...            ..I
Ethiopia                  2       I      1      1     1      1       1      1      1     1       2      1      1
Gabon                     ..     31     32     34    35     35      36     36     ...34
Gambia,The               ..      13     13     13     13    15      15     15     ...                         14
Ghana                            .,      .      .     .      8      8       8                           ..8
Guinea                    ..     4       4     5      5      5      5       5     .      ...            ..5
Guinea-Bissau            ..      7       7     7      8     10      10     I I...                       .      9
Kenya                     8      12    13     13     13     13     13     13                     8     12     13
Lesotho                   10     10    I11     13     14    16      18     19            ..     10            14
Liberia                   1      14     14     14     14    1 5     14     1 5           .I             ..    14
Madagascar                ..     6       5     5      5      7      7       8     .      ...            ..6
Malawi                    5      4       5     5      5      5      6       6                    5             5
Mali                     ..      3      4      4      4      4      4       5                                  4
Mauritania                ..     9      10     10     10    It,     I11    12     .      ...            ..    I I
Mauritius                44     59      63     68    71     75     79      83     88    93      44     54     78
Mozambique                ..     4       5     5      5      3      2       I      .     .       .      .      3
Narmibia                        72      86     76     81    84     84      85                   ..81
Niger                     6      6       6     6      6      6      6       6                    6      5      6
Nigenia                   4             30     29    29     22     25      24     ..4                         26
Rwanda                    2      2       3     3      3      4      4       4                    2      I      3
S8o Tom6 andi Principe          36      37     37    38     40     40      41      .     ..      .      ..    38
Senegal                  19      11     II     12    13     13      13     14            ..     19     ..     13
Seychelleas.                    104    104    lOS    107    116    114    119    118                          III.11
Sierra Leone                     10     10     II    10     11      9       6            ..10                 10
Somalia                  ..      2       2     2      1      1       I      I                                  I.
South Africa            133     139    140    139    136    141    139    142                  133    160    140
Sudan                     ..     9      10     10    10     12      12     12                          ..     11
Swaziland                52     66      71     68    65     62     66      68     67    70      52     63     67
Tanzania                  3      5       4     5                                                 3 
Togo                      ..     23     24     25    25     25     26      27            ..                   25
Uganda                    1      2       3     3      3      3      4       4     5      5       1             4
Zambia                   ..      14     16    18     20     22     24      26     ..20
Zimbabwe                                             34_    33     31      30    ____                     -   32
NORITHAFP3CA                      3      3      3     35    -46      49     493                                40
Algeria                  ..      .       .     .      .     55      54     53             .      *     54     54
Egypt, Arab Republic     ..      29     29    29     28"    29     29      30                          26     29
Libya                    ..      .       .158                      229    230                           ..   206
Morocco                  ..      37     38     41    43     47     48      48     49    SI              .     46
Tunisia                  38      48     49     s0    52     59     59      64            ..     38     62     54
ALLAFRICA           .    ~~~~2I  -25    25     25     27    258   -2b2



252                                  Power, Communications, and Transportation
9-6. Road-to-population ratio
Road 1000 kmn/i million persons                          Annual Average
1980   1985   1989   1990    1991  1992   1993   1994    1995   1996   1997   75-84  85-89  90-MRl
7LI-SAHARLAN AFRICA        '3    31             25                   25     2 4    2 9    2 4            3.3    3 1 
excluding South Afnca     ?     2 8            2 2                  2 5    2 4    2 5    2 4            3 1    2 8    2 4
e"l S Ahinca & Nigena    :5     331            2 6                  2 8    2 6    2' 7    6          -3 5     -33     2 6
Angola                   10.3   9.0     ..    7.9     ..     7.3    7.1    6.8    6.6    6.4    6.2     11.1   9.0    6.9
Bentin                   2.1    1.9    1.3     1.8    1.2    1.2    1.3    1.3    1.2     1.2    ..     2.1    1.6     1.3
Botswana                 9.1    7.6     ..     7.0     .      ..   13.2   12.9   12.5    12.4    ..    11.7    9.8    11.6
Burkina Faso              1.1   1.1     ..      .      .     1.4    1.1    1.1    1.3    1.2     ..     1.7    1.2    1.2
Bunuindi                  1.2   0.6     ..     1.2    ,.     2.5    2.5    2.4    2.4    2.3     ..     1.8    0.6    2.2
C6ameroon                 7.2    6.5    ..     6.1      .      ..   2.7    2.7    2.6      .      ..     6.6   5.5     3.5
Cape Verde                 .     ..      .      .      .      ..    3.0    3.0    2.9    2.8     ...            .     2.9
Central Afirican Republic  9.8  7.8    8.3     8.0    7.9    7.7    7.5    7.4    7.3    7.2     ..     9.8    7.9    7.6
Chad                     6.0    5.3     ..     4.7     .      ..    5.0    5.0    4.9    4.8      ..    6.6    5.3    4.9
Comoros                           ..     .      .      ,      .     1.8    1.8    1.8     1.8    ..     2.3     ..     1.8
Congo, Democratic Rep. of  5.4  4.6      .      ..    3.8    3.6    3.6    3.6    3.5    3.5     ..     5.4    4.6    3.6
Congo, Republic of       5.0    4.5      .      ..    5.6    5.4    5.3    5.1    5.0    4.9     ..     5.5    4.5    5.2
C6te dIlvoire            5.0    4.8      ..    4.2     .      ..    3.8    3.7    3.6    3.5     ..     5.6    4.8     3.8
Djibouti                  ..    7.4    5.8     5.6    5.4    ..     5.1    5.0    4.8    4.7     ..     7.6    6.7    5.1
Equatorial Guinea         .      ..      .      ..     .      ..    7.2    7.1    7.1    7.0     ..     5.2    ..     7.1
Ethiopia                  1.0   0.9    0.4     0.5    0.5     ..    0.5    0.5    0.5    0.5     ..     0.9    0.7    0.5
Gabon                    10.2   9.3     .       ..    7.6    7.4    7.2    7.1    7.0    6.8     ..     10.9   9.3     7.2
Gambia, The              3.4    4.2     ..     2.6     .      ..    2.4    2.4    2.4    2.4     ..     3.0    4.2    2.4
Ghana                    3.0    2.8    2.6     2.6     .      ..    2.3    2.2    2.2    2.2     ..     2.8    2.7     2.3
Guinea                   5.4    5.8     .,      .      .     2.6    0.0    4.7    4.6    4.5      ..    4.2    5.8     3.3
Guinea-Bissau              .      ..     .      ..     .      ..    4.1    4.1    4.0     4.0    ..     4.7     ..     4.0
Kenya                    3.1    3.3    2.7     2.6    2.6    ..     2.5    2.4    2.4     2.3    ..     3.2    3.0     2.5
Lesotho                  3.0    2.7                   ..     2.9    2.9    2.8    2.6     2.5    ..     2.7    2.7     2.7
Liberia                  2.9    2.4     ..     2.4     .      .,    3.8    3.8    3.8     3.8    ..     3.9    3.2     3.5
Madagascar               5.7    4.9    1.3     ..     2.9    2.8    4.0    3.9    3.7     3.6    ..     4.8    4.0     3.5
Malawi                    1.7    1.6   I.4     3.2     .      ..    1.5    1.5    1.5     1.5    1.6     1.9   1.5     1.8
Mali                     2.0     1.8   1.7     1.7    1.7     ..    1.6    1.5    1.5     1.5     ..    2.1    1.8     1.6
Mauri.tania              4.7    4.1     ..     3.6     .      ..    3.4    3.3    3.3     3.2    ..     4.7    4.1     3.4
Mauritius                 1.8   1.8    1.7     1.7    1.7     ..    1.8    1.7    1.7     1.7    1.7    2.2    1.7     1.7-
Mozamnbique              2.9    2.6    1.9     2.5     .      ..    1.9    1.9    1.9     1.9    ..     3.3    2.0     2.0
Namibia                   ..      .      .    28.7     .      ..   42.8   42.2    41.0   39.9   39.0      .     ..    38.9
Niger                    2.8    2.7     ..     1.5     .      ..    1.6   1.A     1.1     1.1    ..     2.4    2.7     1.3
Nigeri.a                 1.5    1.3     ..     1.2     .      ..    1.6    1.6    1.7     1.7    ..      1.5   1.3     1.5
Rwanda                   2.1    2.0    1.8     1.9     .      ..    1.9    2.3    2.3     2.2    ..      1.7   1.9     2.1
San Tom6 and Principe      -.    -.     .       .      .            2.4    2.3    2.3    2.4     ...            .     2.4
Senegal                  2.5    2.2     ..     2.0     .      ..    1.8    1.8    1.8     1.7     ..    2.4    2.2     1.8
Seychelles                 .      .     .       ..     .      ..    3.6    3.5    3.6    3.7     ...             .    3.6
Sierra Leone             2.4    2.3     ..      .      .     28     2.7    2.7    2.5    2.4    2.4     2.5    2.3    2.6
Somalia                  2.9    3.3     ..     2.8     .      ..    2.6    2.6    2.7    2.6     ..     3.5    3.3    2.7
South Africa             6.7    5.9    5.3     5.3    5.1    ..      .      .     8.5      .      ..    7.1    5.5    6.3
Sudan                    0.5    0.4     ,.    0.4      .      ..    0.4    0.4    0.4    0.4      ..    0.7    0.4    0.4
S-waziland                5.8    5.1    3.8    3.6    3.5    3.6    3.3    3.3     4.1    4.1    ..      5.1    4.41   3.7
Tanzania                 2.5    3.8      .      ..    2.1    2.1    3.1    3.1    3.0    2.9     ..     2.5    3.8    2.7
Togo                     2.7    2.3     ..    2.1     2.1    2.0    1.9    1.9    1.8     1.8    ..     2.8    2.3    2.0
Uganda                   2.1    2.0     ..     1.8     .     1.7     ..     .       .      .      .     2.1    2.0     1.7
Zambia                   6.3    5.6    5.0     4.8    4.7    4.5    4.4    4.4    7.4     7.2   7.1     6.4    5.3     5.6
Zimbabwe                 12.0   9.4     ..      .      .     8.9    8.7    1.8    1.6     1.6    ..     12.0   9.4    4.5
NWOR~THji CA              21     2       i              9     16     2.56.1                                     .6     2;0
Algeri'a                 3.9    3.6      .      ..    3.5    3.6    3.7    3.6    3.7    3.6     ..     4.1    3.6     3.6
Egypt, Arab Republic     0.7    0.7    0.9     0.9    0.9    0.9    0.8     .      ..      .      ..    0.7    0.7     0.9
Libya                      .      ..     .      ..     .      ..   16.5   16.5    16.4   4.8     ...             .    13.6
Morocco                  3.0    2.7    2.5     ..     2.4    1.1    2.4    2.3    2.3     2.3    2.1    2.9    2.6     2.1
Tunisia  __3.7                _ 3.6 _  3.7 _    .  __    .    .     2.4    2.5    2.5    2.5-     ..  - 3 4    3 6   -2 5
:ALLFRIA                  31 I   29             23 __                25     2 6    3 )     2 5            I1    2 9     2 6



Power, Communications, and Transportation                               253
9-7. Paved primary roads
Percent in
Percentage of roads                            good condition
1991    1992    1993    1994    1993    1996    1997    1998   1999        1989
SIJB -SAH4ARAN AFRICA        17 0    16.5    164    1Ill     16.0    159     17 9     17 3   18.3       39
excludsng South Aftia       170     1653    16.4    17 1     15K    159      17 9    21I1   183        39
excl S Afnria& Nigera       16 9    16.0    15 8     16 1    15.5    13      16.8    211  1 la3        41
Angola                        ..    25.0    25.0    25.0    25.0     25.0    25.0    25.0   10.4
Benin                       20.0    20.0    20.0    20.0     20.0    20.0     ...             .13
Botswana                    34.0    19.9    21.1    22.2    48.0    52.0    54.0     56.0   55.0       94
Burkina Faso                17.1    17.6    18.2     18.7    16.0      ..              .      *        70
Burundi                     17.5     7.1     7.1     7.1     7.1       ....                   ..75
Camneroon                   10.9    11.3    11.7     12.1    12.5      ....                   ..25
Cape Verde                  78.0    78.0    78.0    78.0    78.0       ....                   ..14
Central African Republic     ...              .      2.1     2.1     2.1     2.4      2.7    ..30
Chad                         0.8     0.8     0.8     0.8     0.8       .,
Comoros                     70.7    72.1    73.5    75.0     76.5      ....                   .        43
_iCongo, Democratic; Rep. of   ...             ..              ..              ..              .20
Congo, Republic of           9.7     9.7     9.7     9.7     9.7     9.7      ...             .50
C6tedc'lvoirc                8.9     9.1     9.2     9.4     9.6     9.7      ...             .75
Djibouti                    12.6    12.6    12.6     12.6    12.6    12.6     ...             .51
Equatorial Guinea             ...             ..               ..              ..             .27
Eritrea                     19.8    20.2    20.6    21.0    21.4     21.8      .
Ethiopia                    15.0    15.0    15.0    15.0    l5.5     15.3    15.3    14.0   13.3       47
Gabon                        8.2     8.2     8.2     8.2     8.2     8.2      ...             .30
Gambia, The                 32.6    33.3    34.0    34.6    35.3     35.4     ...             .22
Ghana                       23.0    23.5    23.9    24.4    24.9     24.1     ..28
Guinea                      15.2    15.5    15.8    16.1     16.4    16.5     ...             .50
Guinea-Bissau                8.7     9.1     9.4     9.8     10.2    10.3     ...             .39
Kenya                       13.3    13.8    14.3    13.6     13.8    13.9     ...             .32
Lesotho                     17.0    16.0    15.0    15.0    17.9    17.9    16.8     17.3   18.3       53
Liberia                      5.6     5.7     5.9     6.0     6.1     6.2       ...            .85
Madagascar                  15.4    15.4    11.5     18.7    1 1.5   12.6     ...             .56
Malawi                      17.0    17.0    18.0    18.0    20.0     20.0   19.0       .      ..56
Mali                        11.1    11.3    11.5    11.8     12.0    12.1     ...             .70
Mauritania                  11.0    11.1    11.1    11.1     11.2    11.3     ...             .58
Mauritius                   93.0    93.0    93.0    93.0    93.0     93.0    93.0    96.0-  96.0       95
Mozanmbique                 17.2    17.5    17.8     18.2    18.6    18.7     ...             .19
Namibia                     10.9    10.9     7.3     7.9     7.9     8.2      8.3
Niger                         ...             .      7.9     7.9     7.9      ...             .67
Nigeria                     30.0    30.0    30.0    21.3    18.8    18.8     30.9      .      .34
Rwanda                       9.2     9.4     9.6     9.7     9.9     9.1      ...             .41
SAo Torn6and Principe       62.8    64.1    65.4    66.7    68.0    68.1       .
Senegal                     27.8    28.3    28.3    28.4    28.5     29.3     ...             .28
Seychelles                  58.0    59.1    60.3    61.5    62.8     62.9      .
Sierra Leone                10.8    11.0    11.0    11.0     8.0     8.0     8.0       ...62
Somalia                     11.3    11.5    1 1.8   11.8     11.8    1 1.8    ...             .52
South Africa                  ......                        41.5       ...           11.8
Sudan                       33.7    33.7    34.5    35.4    36.2     36.3     ...             .27
Swaziland                   54.7    58.6    59.8    28.2      ...              ..             .35
Tanzania                    37.0    37.0     4.2     4.2     4.2     4.2      ...             .39
Togo                        21.6    31.0    31.6    31.6    31.6     31.6     ...             .75
Uganda                        ...             ..               ..              ..             .10
Zamnbia                     16.9    17.3    17.6    18.0      ...              ..             .40
Zimbabwe                    15.0    16.0    17.0    54.9    48.0     47.4     ...             .70
kOT_HAFRIC_A  _   _70.0             66.0    66.7    68      68 9   78 1     5 23.   i23     56 3
Algeria                     70.0    66.0    66.7    68.0    68.9...
Egypt, Arab Republic        72.0    73.0    72.0    75.0    78.0    78.1       .
Libya                       52.7    53.8    54.9    56.0    57.1...
Morocco                     49.5    49.5    49.6    50.2    50.2    50.2    52.3     52.3   56.3
Tunisia             _ ___   75.5    74.6    76.0    77.4    78.8    78.9       .
AL ARCA 1___                        7 5    17.8    182      8.3     17 9    19(     21     36 A9



254                               Power, Communications, and Transportation
9-8. Rail goods traffic-to-$PP GDP ratio
Ton-kmn per million of $PPP GDP                      Annual Average
1980  1988   1989  1990   1991   1992  1993  1994   1995   1996   1997  75-84  85-89  90-AM
SUJB-SAHARAN AFRICA....
excluding South Africa
excl  S  A ricea  &  Nigerin_             __            _ _ _  ___               _                _ _ _ _ _
Burkina Faso             .     .     .      .      .     .      .     .      .      .     .
Canmeroon            55,805  30,807  38,200  41,727  35,454  38,001  32,855  42,069  42,600  29,988  40,811  59,401  42,344  37,938
Cape Verde               .     .     .      .      .     .      .     .      .      .     .
Central African Republic..            .     .      .     .,.
Congo, Democratic Rep. of  57,048  34,132  .. 34,349  .. .      .  4,489    ..      .     .   52,857  38,112  19,419
Congo, Republic of       -     .     ..     .  316,122  191,395  143,312  127,289  .. .   .   410,215  426,971  194,530
C6te d'lvoire        57,054              15,766  14,932  14,143  8.680  9,037  14,658  .. 21,081  48,696  34,744  14,043
Equatorial Guinea        .     .     .      .      .     .      .     .      .      .     .
Ethiopia                 .     ..  5,293    ..  2,058    .      ..    .      .      .     ..   8,035  5,293  2,058
Gabon                 8,821  59,414  42,161  .     .. 52,622  59,560  57,252  73,197  .. 65,276  18,771  44,325  61,581
Gambia, The              .     .     .      .      .      ..
Ghana                10,345  6,511        6,156    ...                .      ..     .     ..   8,151  6,546  6,156
Guinea-Bissau            .     .     .      .      .      .     .     .      .      .     .
Kenya               219,415  88,175  92,399  83,605  74,760  59,049  49,524  49,033  . .  44,821  186,739  103,965  60,132
Madagascar               .     .     .      *      .     .      .     .      .      .     .
Malawyi              98,385  18,526  18,205  17,263  17,047  13,116  10,833  10,901  11,535  .  . 76,004  25,872  13,449
Mali                 40,843  50,161  55,660  55,218  53,325  48,145  .  .    .      .. 35.377  43,483  54,896  48,016
M auritania              .     .     .      ..     .     ..     .     ..*..               .
Mozamnbique                    *
Natnibia                ..     .      . 279,546  189,916  168,915  150,341  138,900  133,970  . ...     .. 176,931
Nigeria              19,013  3,555  2,557  3,188   ..   600    I.     1      ..     .   4,915  27,512  8,001  2,176
Sao Tom6 and Principe..        .     ..     *      ..    .
Senegal              68,388  61,684  56,634  63,735  53,901  50,341  41,302  38,655  . .. 37,365  61,597  66,467  47.550
Seychelles..                   .     ...                 .      .     ...           ...
Siefra Leone             .     .     .      .      .      .     .     .      .      .     .
South Afiica        557,610 306,251 322,847 347,267 321,388 302,033 300,514 294,147 283,106  . ..479,621 359,467  308,076
Sudan                154,698   ..    .      .  27,556    ..     .     .   43,190    .. 41,113  99,855  44,524  37,286
Swaziland
Tanzania                 .     .  63,776    .. 80,146  74,501  97,635  83,439  96,699  .. 73,054  .. 63,776  84,246
Uganda                   .. 7,796  7,816  13,039  10,518  8,327  8,697  12,401  12,325  .. 4.734  11,532  8,093  9,371
Zambia              344,868 199,826 203,685 183,058 157,362 147,222 145,925  96,346  65,247  73,830  63,855  316,238 223,755  107,181
Zimbabwe            679,579 274,795 248,785 242,360 213,680 232,918 216,921 159,545 169,473 161,955 151,076  537,596 337,137  193,491
NORTH AFRTCA_____.___                        .
MAgeria              40,87T8  25,619  23,41f2  23,568  23,236  20,628  19,06 618,707  .. .  .  37,917  28,251  21,033
Egypt, Arab Republic  39,338   .     ..  21,424  23,884  20,664  23,893  25,692  .. 21,923  20,906  36,095  30,150  21,652
Morocco              116,864  84,073  63,557  70,321  56,647  64,402  55,909  53,187  55,235  .. 52,224  111,278  81,413  58,275
TuLnisi.         --   ,'4(Q  6 9 u. 6  h68 ' _5  _51.07  _5  27tL  52,035  4.1',88  52,115  51 98'  46 0'9  96  7,3  98
AkLL.AFRICA



Power, Communications, and Transportation        255
9-9. Rail load to locomotive ratio
Million rail ton-km/locomotive       Annual Average
1980  1988  1989  1990  1991  1992  1993  1994  1995  1996  1997  75484  85-89  90-MR
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA     .2u.5       18 5  16 8    191        .14 9        15 2  18 7
"e'ludhing South Afni.a. .
excl S Africa & Nigerna  . .
Botswana         ..   .    .   .    .    .        .    *   .   19.9  .   ..  19.9
Burkina Faso     ..   .    .   .    .    .   .    .    .  18.0  24.9  .  ..  21.4
Cameroon        10.9  6.5  9.0  10.1  8.9  9.6  8.6  12.4  13.3  10.0  14.2  9.8  8.4  10.9
Cape Verde       .    .   .    .    .    .   .    .    .   .    .
Central African Republic.. .   ..   .    ..  *    ...
Chad..                    .    .,   .    *.
Comoros               .    .   .    ,    .   .    .    .   .
Congo, Democratic Rep. of  11.7  10.9  .. 11.2  .. .  . 1.0  . .. 1.7  12.0  11.5  4.6
Congo, Republic of  . ..   .   ..  14.8  9.4  .. 5.8   .   ..  3.0  11.3  9.4  8.3
C8te d'Ivoire   12.8  .    .. 8.0  6.7  6.8  4.5  4.5  5.7  .. 17.4  12.3  12.3  7.7
Equatonial Giuinea  .  .   .   .    .    .   .    .    .   .    .
Ethiopia         .    ..  6.1  ..  2.3   ..  .    .    .   .    .    .   6.1  2.3
Gabon            2.1  7.4  6.1  .   ..  4.8  5.2  5.3  7.6  .. 30.8  4.2  6.6  10.7
Gatmbia, The     .    .   .    .    .    .   .    .   .    .    .
Ghana            ..   .    .  3.3   .    ..  .    ...      ..   ...      1.6  3.3
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya            6.9  ..  9.2  8.8  9.0  .        .    ..  .    ..  9.2  8.7  8.9
Madagascar       .    .   .    .    .    .   .    .    .   .    .
Malawi           ..  1.4  1.4  1.4  1.5  1.1  1.0  0.9  1.1  .  ..  3.5  1.9  1.2
Mali             ..  6.7  7.8  7.8  7.8  7.9  .   ..   .   ..  11.2  6.6  9.0  8.7
Mozambique        .   .    .   ..   .    ..  .    .    .   ..  5.9   .   ..  5.9
Namibia          ..   .    .  27.7  21.4  22.3  19.9  20.3  21.6  . .,.  ..  22.2
Nigeria          3.8  .    ..  .    ..  0.3  ..  0.0  ..   .        5.0  2.5  0.2
SAo Tom6 and Principe  .  . .  .    .    .   .    .    .   .    .
Senegal         13.3  18.4  16.7  20.9  18.0  16.4  14.6  16.1  .. .   . 14.3  18.0   17.2
Seychelles       .    .   .    .    .    .   .    .    .   .    .
Sierra Leone      ..  .    .   .    .    .   .    .    .  10.8  15.4  .  ..  13.1
South Africa     ..  19.9  23.2  25.4  23.6  22.6  25.8  26.4  26.9  . .. 18.2  20.5  25.1
Sudan            8.0  ..  .    .   4.5  ..   .    .  11.1  14.2  12.3  7.0  4.8  10.5
Tanzania         .    ..  8.4  ..  11.7  11.4  13.9  12.2  14.9  .. 17.4  7.7  8.1  13.6
Uganda           ..  2.1  1.9  3.1  2.7  2.0  2.3  3.5  4.1  .. 8.3  ..  1.5  3.7
Zambia          16.1  23.0  22.7  7.5  15.4  14.6  15.1  9.9  6.8  .  7.2  17.2  21.1  10.9
Zimbabwe        -21.7  19.3  .. 13.6 14.0  16.0  17.5  27.9 27.5  . .. 20.7  20.0  19.4
NORTH AFRICA     9 99  .       12  lb   9'  13   14_______     13  _ 99  10 3  10.2
Algeria     ~~~~ ~~9.8  15.6  13.3  12.2  12.5  10.7  11.1  108-    _.7.   09 1.  10-.8
Egypt, Arab Republic  3.9  . .. 3.7  6.1  3.6  4.9  4.9  . ..  5.1  3.7  3.8  4.7
Morocco         19.5  24.2  18.7  20.4  17.3  19.6  17.4  19.2  19.8  .. 22.3  19.1  20.3  19.4
Tunisia  _____  13.9  10.8  10 5  9.3  9.3  10.3 _   14.0  12.7  13.4  .. 13.5  12.7  10.4  _11 8
I.kLAFRICA__ _ __     .    .   16 0  15 2  13 9  16 4  Is55         129  13 9  154



256                                             Power, Communications, and Transportation
9-10. Air transport
Aircraft departures                   Passengers carried                               Airfreight
(Thousands)                           (Thousands)                            (million tons per km)
1998           1999                   1998           1999                     1998           1999
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                                   33'           331                  16,242         17.397
excludLng Sodth Afnca                               239           229                   9,763         10,023
excl S Afnca & Nigena                               232           222                   9,449          9,355
Angola                                                7             6                     553           531                        38            37
Benin                                                 2             2                      91            84                        14             14
Botswana                                              5             6                     124           144                         0              0
Burkina Faso                                          2             3                     102           147                        14             14
Bwunidi                                               I             0                      12             0                         0              0
Cameroon                                              7             5                     278           293                        52            47
Cape Verde                                           15            12                     236           252                         0              1
Central African Republic                              2              2                     91            84                        14             14
Chad                                                  2             2                      98            84                        14             14
Comoros
Congo, Democratic Rep. of
Congo, Republic of                                   10             6                     241            132                       14             14
Cote d'lvoire                                         4             6                     162           260                        14             14
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea                                     1             0                      21             0                         0              0
Enitrea
Ethiopia                                             27            25                     790           861                       127            102
Gabon                                                10             7                     467           423                        35             54
Gambia, The
Ghana                                                 4             5                     210           304                        30             31
Guinea                                                I              1                     36            59                         0              1
Guinea-Bissau                                         I             0                      20             0                         0              0
Kenya                                                20            25                   1,138          1,358                       54             66
Lesotho                                               2              0                     28              1                        0              0
Liberia
Madagascar                                           18             19                    601           635                        29             32
Malawi                                                4             4                     158            112                        4              1
Mali                                                  2             2                      91             84                       14             14
Mauritania                                            5             4                     250            187                       14             14
Mauritius                                            it             lI                    848           831                       161            169
Mozanbique                                            5              6                    201           235                         6              7
Namibia                                               8              8                    214           201                         2              4
Niger                                                 2             2                      91             84                       14             14
Nigeria                                               8              8                    313           668                        27             30
Rwanda
Sao Tom6 and Principe                                 I              1                     25            34                         0              0
Senegal                                               4             2                     121            103                       14             14
Seychelles                                           19            19                     369           347                        17             20
Sierra Leone                                          0             0                       0             19                        0              0
Somalia
South Africa                                         93            101                  6,480          7,374                      536           686
Sudan                                                 4             7                     499           390                        17             34
Swaziland                                             2              1                     41             12                        0              0
Tanzania                                              6             5                     220            190                        4              2
Togo                                                  2             2                      91             84                       14             14
Ugpnda                                                1             3                     100            179                        3             22
Zambia                                                I              1                     49            42                         1              0
Zimbabwe                                             18            13                     789           567                       157             35
NORTHAFRICA                                          15t)           151                 12.718         13,442                        . :: :--::-::::.,-::  --:-
Algeria                                              44            36                   3,382          2,937                       19             15
Egypt, Arab Republic                                 40            44                   3,895          4,620                      255            270
Libya                                                 6              6                    571           571                         0              0
Morocco                                              40            44                   3,012          3,392                       58             58
Tunisia                                              20            20                   1,859          1,923                       20             19
ALL AFRICA                                           482           481                  28,961         30,839



Power, Communications, and Transportation                    257
Technical notes
Tables                                          Mainlines are presented for every 1,000 people (Table
1.2). Waiting list shows the number of applications
Table 9-1. Electric power consumption per capita.  (in thousands) for a connection to a mainline that have
This table refers to per capita electricity consumption,  been held up by a lack of technical capacity (ITU).
which means the production of power plants and com-  Cost of local call is the cost of a three-minute call
bined heat and power plants, less distribution losses,  within the same exchange area using the subscriber's
and own use by heat and power plants (IEA and UN  equipment (that is, not from a public phone) (ITU).
Energy Statistics Yearbook).                    Mobile phones refer to users of portable telephones
who subscribe to an automatic public mobile telephone
Table 9-2. Energy production and use, 1980 and  service using cellular technology that provides access
1998. This table presents three indicators. Energy pro-  to the public switched-telephone network, per 1,000
duction refers to commercial forms of primary en-  people (Table 1.2)(ITU). Radios are the estimated
ergy-petroleum (crude oil, natural gas liquids, and  number of radio receivers in use for broadcast to the
oil from nonconventional sources), natural gas, solid  general public, per 1,000 people (Table 1.2) (UNESCO
fuels, and primary electricity-all converted into oil  Statistical Yearbook). Television sets are the estimated
equivalent (IEA and UN Energy Statistics Yearbook).  number of television sets in use, per 1,000 people
Commercial energy use is indigenous production plus  (Table 1.2) (ITU).
imports and stock changes, minus exports and inter-
national marine bunkers (IEA and UN Energy Statis-  Table 9-4. Personal computers and Internet use.
tics Yearbook). .Electric power transmission includes  Personal computers are self-contained computers
losses in transmission between sources of supply and  designed to be be used by a single individual. Internet
points of distribution and in the distribution to con-  hosts are computers with active Internet Protocol (IP)
sumers, including pilferage. Production less transmis-  addresses connected to the Internet. All hosts with-
sion and distribution losses, own-use, and transfor-  out a country code identification are assumed to be
mation losses is equal to end-use electricity consump-  located in the United States. Internet users are people
tion (IEA and UN Energy Statistics Yearbook).   with access to the worldwide network. The data on
personal computers and Internet users are from the
Table 9-3. Telephone, radio, and television avail-  ITU. They are reported in the ITU's World Develop-
ability, 1994-98. This table presents data for six com-  ment Report 2000, Challenges to the Network: Internet
munication indicators. Telephone mainlines (ITU)  for Development (1999), and the World Telecommu-
refer to telephone lines connecting a customer's equip-  nications Indicators Database (2000b). The data on
ment to the public switched telephone network, where  Internet hosts are from the Internet Software Con-
mainline is normally identified by a unique number.  sortium (wwwisc.org).



258                          Power, Communications, and Transportation
Table 9-5. Vehicle ownership. Vehicles (International  Table 9-9. Rail load-to-locomotive ratio. This is
Road Federation) include all forms of road transpor-  the volume of rail transported goods (measured in
tation, except buses. They are expressed as a ratio of  millions of metric tons times kilometers traveled) per
1,000 people (Table 1.2).                        single locomotive (World Bank data).
Table 9-6. Road-to-population ratio. This table pre-  Table 9-10. Air transport. Aircraft departures are
sents the ratio of 1,000 kilometers of paved or un-  the number of domestic and international takeoffs of
paved road (International Road Federation) per I mil-  air carriers registered in the country. Air passengers
lion people (Table 1.2).                          carried include both domestic and international air-
craft passengers of air carriers registered in the coun-
Table 9-7. Paved primary roads. This table presents  try. Airfreight is the sum of the metric tons of freight,
paved primary roads, that is, those that have been  express, and diplomatic bags carried on each flight
sealed with asphalt or similar road-bonding material  stage (the operation of an aircraft from takeoff to its
(International Road Federation) as a ratio to total roads  next landing) multiplied by the stage distance of air
and then shows the percentage that is in good condi-  carriers registered in the country. The air transport
tion (World Bank data).                           data are from the International Civil Aviation
Organization's (ICAO) Civil Aviation Statistics of the
Table 9-8. Rail goods traffic-to-SPPP GDP ratio.  World and ICAO staff estimates.
This measures the tonnage of goods per million dol-
lars of GDP measured in PPP terms (World Bank data).



Power, Communications and Transportation                                                              259
Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 9
Aggregations'                                            Period averages b
Table                              (1)                  (6)                 (7)                  (8)                         (1)
9-1                                                      x                                                                    x
9-2
Columns 1-4                      x
Columns 5-6                                                                                   x
9-3
Columns 1-2, 4-6                                     x
Column 3                                                                                      x
9-4
Columns 1-2                                          x
Column 3                         x
9-5                                                      x                    x                                               x
9-6                                                      x                    x                                               x
9-7
Columns 1-8                                                                                   x
Column 9                                             x
9-8                                                                                               x                           x
9-9                                                      x                    x                                               x
9-10                                 x
Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns.
This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter.
a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3)
simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple
total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6)
weightedl total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean.
b. Period averages: (I) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., raio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the
table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using
tnain indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms).



10
Privatization of Public Enterprises
I n the past, the dominance of the public enterprise sec-  prises." These include, for example, business centers,
tor in most African economies warranted the collec-  media, and some training institutes. So, the public enter-
tion and publication ofthe sector's performance. With  prise sector, as defined several years ago, has changed.
its diminishing size and importance due to privatization,  Nevertheless, the well over 3,500 privatization transac-
it is no longer informative to produce such data. Instead,  tions that were reported across Africa up to the end of
as privatization programs advance to maturity, it will  2000 have brought about fundamental changes:
become important to track the performance of private
sector businesses. In the meantime, measurement of the  *  The fiscal burden of public enterprises has been re-
level of privatization activity is a useful gauge of the  duced or eliminated.
decreasing role of governments in commercial business;  *  Privatization receipts have contributed to a reduc-
conversely, it indicates how much of state-owned com-  tion in fiscal deficits.
mercial activity has been transferred to the private sec-  *  Privatization has attracted foreign direct investment
tor. To the extent that data are available, it is also pos-  both to acquire enterprises and for post-privatization
sible to measure how privatization has, over time, con-  investment in those businesses.
tributed to government revenues and mobilized savings  *  The process has stimulated private sector develop-
and investment. However, this measurement is by no     ment by making investment opportunities available,
means easy or precise, partly because of incomplete    spurring capital market development, and contrib-
and inconsistent data but also because of redefinitions  uting to a more competitive business environment.
of the public enterprise sector. For example, some en-  *  Being a politically sensitive subject, the process has
terprises, notably those formerly in a monopolistic posi-  highlighted the need for transparency and public
tion, are being split in order to separate their commer-  accountability.
cial, social, developmental, and regulatory activities. In
some cases, separate operating divisions or geographi-  The tables presented in this chapter summarize data
cally distinct assets are sold separately. And in yet other  contained in the World Bank's Africa Privatization Data-
cases, commercial and semi-commercial activities are  base, which is accessible through the internet at:
being separated out from government ministries and other
agencies to become redefined as "commercial enter-        http.//www. worldbank. org/aft/database!
afrpriv/pl query. cfin
260



Privatization of Public Enterprises                                                     261
10-1. Summary of privatization of public enterprises
Total    Total          Transactions completed                        Transactions by sector
no. of   sales                                            Agric.
tnvLv-   value Before                                    prod &             Afanu-
0'11.111
 'USSMI 1996   199f     199-       199.)    21-101"  pn-,:,,
 rinamial ficiuring     7'rade  OAr,
SL1B-SAFlAR.-'%NA,FRJCA   3.538    7.352 2,021   -QA    241    129     86     67       102      151;   1062     781     133     4iS
excluding Soiiih Africa  I.S21    4.89 1 2.018  .115   239    125     86     6 5      7AI      lsi    1.06               A     44 4;
ock 
 Ain, a& NiVria     3al 1    4,6h4  1,,)37  4 26  241    129     8t,     7       '6              1 
0331:
  761:  13 3  :
 :445.
Angola                     332      25            56                          1        9         1      29       9       9     275
Benin                       so      63     44                          3      1        8         1      1 8     1 8      5
Botswana
Burkina Fasc,               47      24     20      6            2      9      1        1 1       4      1 7     1 3      2
Burundi                     42       1 1   26     1 3    3                            21         4       6       9       2
Camero-on 
        
        48      72     16     23     5      4      6              24         4       7      12       1
Cape Verde                  48      172    23     1 0    9                    5        8         3      1 8     1 5      4
Central Aftican Republic    37       0     35                   I      I               8         6       9      14
Chad                        35       6     25     6                   10      2        1 1       6       7       8       3
Comoros                      4       0                                                                                           4
Congo, Dern, Rep of         21       0     18     3                    6               3         1       6      10       I
Congo, Rep. of             102      50     46     1 5                 12      3       38         8      21      30       5
C6te d'Ivoire              105     811     48     21    1 5    1 1     1      4       40         5      33      25       2
Djibouti                                                               3
Equatorial Guinea            3       0                                23                                                         3
Etitrea                                                                I
Ethiopia                   125     203      9                   I     10                                 6       3       1     115
Gabon                       27       0                                                                   I       I              25
Gambia,The                  34       10    31                   I             1        8         4       9       8       5
Ghana                      236     674    169    20     27                                      10     102      50      30
Guinea                     117       9    116             I                            I 1       7      56      14      29
Guinea-Bissau               29        1    29                                          4                 6      14       5
Kenya                      188     248    135    22     27      4                     71        12      59      39       7
Lesotho                     22      24      9            1      4             2         1        5       2      10       4
Libefia
Madagasciir                136      43     84                                 1       50         4      46      26      10
Malawi                      69      57     35     8      5      5             3       38         5      14       9               3
Mali                        75      32     60                                 8        12        3      24      27       9
Mauritania                  57      10     35                                 6       21         6       7      19       3       1
Mauritius
Mozambique                 579     217    510    38     31                            75         2     256     120     126
Nainibia
Niger                       35       3     34                                          2         2       6       4       3      18
Nigeria                     81     207     81                                         23        24      23      10       I
Rwanda                       2       0                                                  I                I
Sito Tomd and Pri            9       0      9
Senegal                     62     412     38     1 1    4      4             1        7        1 1     1 3     29       2
Seychelles
Sierra Leone                10       0      8                                                            4       6
Somalia
South Al'rica               16    2,461     3      1     2      4             2                          6      10
Sudan                       32       0     32
Swazilaiid
Tanzania                   284     246    108    46     40     64             2       98         3      109     46      27       1
Togo                        60      39     26     18     9      3             3        9         1      25      24       1
Uganda                     105     149     67     18     2                   11       21         5      33      34      12
Zambia                     268     906     90    91     55     16      1      6       71         6      69     102      20
Zimbabwe                     6      166     2            3                             3         1       1       1
Nft 
)R Iii AY KI- C        142     505     -W    2                     1-                                      ::53
gena
Egypt                       54     307      5     10     8     31                      5                34       8       1       6
Libya
Morocco                     52     259     12     17    16      6      1               4                10      28              10
TunisiEi                    36      29     27            6      3                      4                1       17       1
3.680   7 946    2.065  45 3  271    160    87              715              1,121,   8% I    'V
 5   4t)l



262                                Privatization of Public Enterprises
10-2. Divestiture Methods Employed (to end 2000)
Sales of shares  Sale of Assels             Other methods
Corn-     Pre-         Comipel-   Debt!            Mgmt./ Migml.
pelitive Direct emiplion  Public  Liqui-  ihive  Direct Equity  Joint  emiployee  con-  Rest it-
wbl.  V.Jl  *i.'h,  da t,i.~ l.a. .'.  k.ahe`l  - .Jr.  [la'-  IO '  1,I'h  irJ, I  D e. ,k'  ut,.fl"  Oqhl
SLUB.-,,MHAR.4N AFRICA  qi 83  18t  4  6't,  536  41  13  14,   3'     6   5  ~  19  !IQ~2
e,cdudiric Soatih Ajrn~a  9t,2  83  181  '31  .,A  53',  .30  1 3  132  3'  36  " 19 )   il8'
e%d  S  ~frr~a& Nigena  95'  83  181  )6n  'ir  SIt,  .0  1  14 J 7   36   5'__ 19  ;i 52
Angola      ..                  ~~~~                             ~     ~     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~57  ..275
Benin              5   2     ..23           12   3        2     .          2         1
Botswana
Burkina Faso       19   3    .1 7           ..   .    .    I                I    I       4
Burundi            I 1  3    5         1 3  S                          1   9
Cameroon           20   .1 8                .    ..   .                                  10
Cape Verde         20  2               I10  1    I        .            6    1    .   ..  2
Central African Republic  2  ...       26                                   I            6
Chad               IS5  2    .Il I          .    ...                       5     ..2
Comoros                      ..                                                          4
Congo, Dem. Rep. of  2       ..90           ...                 .2               ..8
Congo,Rep.of       I                   15   .    ...                   ..  5
C6tedIlvoire       15  2    23    22   2   25    8    ..  3     I          .             4
Djibouti                     .     ..
Equatorial Guinea                      ...                                       .3
Eritrea..               .               .   ..                              .
Ethiopia                                    10        .                     .115
Gabon              ..I                                                 ..  .         .   26
Gambia,The         13   7              3    I             5     1      1    1            2
Ghana              ID  II1  19    13   56  76   12    2    5    13          I            6
Guinea             42   1              67   1         ..   4                2
Guinea-Bissatu     7    2              8    2    .    .    2    I      .    7    ..  12
Kenya              13       96    16   36   17   4    I    .    .      I    I    .   ..  3
Lesotho            6    3              7    2              1I.                           3
Liberia                      .
Madagascar         6   14              29   15   6         I    I           3        8   53
Malawi             22   5    ..    2   .    13   ..   I    .                     3   ..  23
Mali               23   1              3 1  II   .    .    I           ..        3   ..  4
Mauritania         26              ..  17   3                               1    3       7
Mauritius          .               .   .         ..              ..
Mozambique        509        ...           22             37    10          1
Namibia
Niger              13                  17                       ..2                       3
Nigeria            5    5         37   2    29             ..I                   2
Rwanda                  ..   .     .   .    *.                         .2
SAo Tom6 and Principe   I              6    ...                        I    I
Senegal            27   1    1     2   23   I         I    3    I      .    I             I
Seychelles         .    .    .     ..                                  .    .
Sierra Leone            ..   .              .    .    .    5           .    3   I.
Somalia                      .     ...                .
South Africa       9               1    .   I.                         .5
Sudan              7                        IS        5    1                .    .       4
Tanzania           61   4   13     1   84  70    3    1   25    3      6    3    2   2   6
Togs               10   7    .     .   20   13   1    ..   6    ...         3
Uganda             14   ..  10     2   21  25    ..   2    I    4      2    ..   5   II  8
Zambia             37   6   14     4   22  109   2    ..  38    1     17    .    .   16  2
Zimbabwe            I   I    ..    4   ..   .    ..   .    ..   .      .    .
NORTH AFRICA  __
M orocco..              .    ..    .   ..   .    .    ....
Tunisia
Ai11 ~Fl.           i   8  81     II' 1 Q  'A t52 I )  17  142         In3'  ;'  I ',  ;I______



Privatization of Public Enterprises                         263
10-3. Progress in privatization: ownership and control changes *
Transfer of Government Government  Sales        Total
majority owner- retention of retention of of minority  Total  asset  Total
ship to private  majority  minority government  share sales and  Other  trans-
hare holders  ow-nership  interest  interest  trJfnsaJtions  liquiidatio.i  trjn5jc'ij,fl1S  a,[,un
S UB .SAHAikRAN AF RIC A  2.071)  229     398i    221      1,31    1.2- ;_    47   3.53h
eclduding SouthAfinca  2.0'     2 22     W8       221     l3~      .5        4 
excl  S  Vfrca &N,gena  2(n116  221      Y-8 -    2121  _ 1.282    1.2120    "I3)  _3.1411
Angola                  56       ..I               ..0              57       275   332
Benin                   41        3        2       1         7      38        5     50
Botswana                .....                               0        0        0      0
Burkina Faso           10         ..20             2        22      17        B     47
Burundi                 30       ..I               I I      1 9     1 8      1 0    47
Cameroon               46         1        I       .        20      1 8      10     48
Cape Verdle            28        3         6       5        22      12        9     43
Central African Republic  28     2         1       2        2       26        9     37
Chad                    1 5      5         6       4        17      1 1       7     35
Comoros                 59       ...               .0                0        4     4
Congo, Dem. Rep. of     ..5                1       ..2              90       10    102
Congo, Rep. of          16        1        .       .I               1 5       5     2 1
C8te dIlvoire           37       9        29       29       62      35        8    105
Djibouti                ..                 ..               0        0        0     0
Equatorial Guinea       ...0                                         0        3     3
Eritrea                 ..,...0                                      0        0     0
Ethiopia                10       ...               .0               1 0      115   125
Gabon                   I.1...                              0        1       26     27
Gamnbia, The            19       7         ..6              20       4       10     34
Ghana                  161       12       25       24       53      144      27    224
Guinea                  90       9        18       ..43             68        6    117
Guinea-Bissau           20       9         ...9                     10       22     41
Kenya                   67       3        53       61      125      57        6    188
Lesotho                 11       5         3       1        9        9        4     22
Liberia                 .         ....0                              0        0     0
Madagascar              65       4        17      ..20              50       66    136
Malawi                  33        ..7              5        29      13       27     69
Mali                   52         1        9       3        24      42        9     75
Mauritainia             25       3         8       18       26      20       11     57
Mauritius               .         ....0                              0        0     0
MozamTbique            461       43       75      ..509             22       48    579
Namibia                 ....                       .0                0        0     0
Niger                   26       2         3       2        13      17        5     35
Nigeria                 48        1        8       23       47      31        3     81
Rwancla                  .        ....0                              0        2      2
Sao Tom6 andPrincipe    8         I        ..                1     - 6        2     9
Senegal                 34       8        12       6        31      24        7     62
Seychelles              ......0                                      0        0     0
Sierra Leone            ..9                1       ..0               I        9     10
Somalia                 .....                                0       0        0      0
South Africa            6         7        2       ..10              1        5     16
Sudarn                  28        1        3       ..7              IS       10     32
Swaziland               ...                .        ,0                        0     0
Tanznmia               208       30       33       3        79      157      48    284
Togo                    39       8         1       9        17      34        9     60
Uganda                  87       6         9       2        26      46       33    105
Zambia                205        30       28       4        61      133      74    268
Zimbabwe_____           I___     .         5       ..6               0       0      6-
NORTHl AFRICA
Algeria                 .         ..                ..
Egypt......
Libya                   .         ..               .*
Morocco                 .         ..                .*
Tunisia....                                         .
AL.L AFR1C                _  _ _ _
*reflect data to end 2000



264                             Privatization of Public Enterprises
Technical notes
Tables                                          acquire assets or shares on deferred terms. Also, it
should be noted that: (i) in the cases of some subsid-
Table 10-1. Summary of privatization of public  iary companies, the cash proceeds are not paid to
enterprises. For purposes of monitoring and report-  government but instead go to the parent company;
ing on privatization activity, all reported transactions  and (ii) for official liquidations, the proceeds are paid
involving a sale of assets or shares (however small)  to the liquidator who first applies them toward set-
or the formal yielding of management control (as  tling enterprise debts.
through a management contract) are included in the
World Bank's Africa Privatization Database. Hence,  Table 10-2. Divestiture methods employed (to end
in the table, "privatization" is used generically to in-  2000). The table shows the various privatization meth-
clude: the sale or disposal of some or all of the assets  ods employed in each country. The methods employed
of public enterprises, the sale of government-owned  could not be confirmed for all transactions. "Direct
shares in enterprises, the reduction in equity percent-  sales" refers to transactions which were negotiated
age held by a government through share dilutions or  directly with one party and which were not the out-
through transfer of enterprise assets to a new joint  come of a competitive bidding process. However, in
venture, liquidations, leases, and management con-  some cases a direct sale was concluded (on a
tracts. Sometimes, the process of privatizing an en-  non-competitive basis) as a result of a failure of an
terprise involves several consecutive transactions (for  earlier competitive bidding process. "Preemptive
example, a sale of a block of shares to a core investor  rights" refers to transactions whereby a government
and a subsequent initial public offering). The table  has sold shares to an existing private shareholder (or
summarizes the data contained in the Africa     shareholders) who exercised preemptive rights to ac-
Privatization Database which originate from national  quire those shares in accordance with specific provi-
privatization agencies and other sources. The data are  sions of the company's charter (Articles of Associa-
frequently updated and changes to previous entries  tion). In some cases, the charter specified the amount
occur as more information becomes available. There  to be paid per share or the formula for calculating that
are a few instances where previously reported   amount; otherwise it has been the subject of negotia-
privatizations are removed from the database because  tion. "Joint ventures" refer to the type of transaction
a transaction has been nullified due to non-fulfillment  whereby a government concluded a deal (usually with
of contractual conditions on the part of one of the  a foreign investor) involving the formation of a new
parties. For financial data, the term "sale value" is  company in which the government's equity contribu-
preferred since the use of the term "proceeds" might  tion was in the form of the major or all assets of a
imply the value of amounts actually paid. In practice,  public enterprise. The remaining shell company would
some deals are structured so that new investors may  then be maintained only as a book company or be liq-



Privatization of Public Enterprises                      265
uidated; if it were liquidated it is not included as a  ity to exit from equity participation in commercial
liquidation since this would be double counting. Trans-  activity. Although a government's influence is not
actions described as "Trustees" refer to privatizations  necessarily restricted by its equity participation, it is
achieved by transference of shares of a public enter-  generally assumed that once a government owns less
prise to a trustee for onward sale, at a later date or  than 50 percent of the voting shares of a company,
over a period, to the public or to selected segments  that company is "private" and the private sharehold-
of the public. "Restitutions" are those transactions  ers (except in the instance of exercise of golden share
whereby a company has been handed back to a pre-  rights) have management control of the company.
vious owner from whom the company had been ex-   Ownership control is usually unaffected when gov-
propriated. "Other sales" includes sundry methods,  ernment continues to be a majority shareholder or
such as enterprises donated by governments to local  sells a minority interest. Concessions, leases, and man-
communities, but principally comprises transactions  agement contracts are assumed not to have affected
where the method of privatization was not reported.  ownership rights but to have transferred management
control to the private sector for a defined period. The
Table 10-3. Progress in privatization: ownership  table shows the number of reported transactions
and control changes (to end 2000). This table pre-  where governments have: fully sold wholly- or
sents the inferred outcome of privatization transac-  majority-owned enterprises, sold shares and trans-
tions on the ownership and control of enterprises or  ferred ownership control but retained a minority eq-
their assets. Ownership changes are important in in-  uity interest, sold shares but retained ownership con-
dicating the effect that privatization transactions may  trol, sold a proportion of a minority stake, and other
or may not have on the enterprises and in indicating  transactions where management control has been ceded.
the extent of a government's willingness and/or abil-



266                                                  Privatization of Public Enterprises
Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 10
Aggregations'                                     Period averages b
Table                                (1)                             (2)                                 (1)
10-1                                  x
10-2                                  x
10-3                                  x
Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the
last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter.
a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total ofthe first indicator divided by the simple total ofthe second indicator (same
country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the
gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator,
all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic
mean.
b. Period averages: (I) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if
the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3)
least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms).



Labor Force and Employment
T    his chapter presents data on the level and struc-  The definition of labor force or economically ac-
ture of the labor force. The distribution of the  tive population is that used by the International Labor
labor force into various industrial activities is  Organization (ILO), which follows the UN system of
also given, as well as the participation rates of the  national accounts (SNA). The labor force is measured
population in economic activities. Information is also  by dividing economically active persons into two cat-
presented on average wages in different sectors.  egories: employed and unemployed. Caution in the
The treatment of statistics on public sector employ-  use of the data is necessary because, as pointed out in
ment is not consistent among countries. The scope  the ILO's World Labor Report 1 (1987), there are
covered often varies. While some countries include  many persons who do not clearly come within one of
education and health sectors, others leave them out.  these categories or the other. Many are visibly under-
Staff of local, regional, and state or provincial gov-  employed in that they work less than full time. Others
ernrnents are likewise treated differently.     work full time but earn less than a subsistence income.
The stipulations on wages take different forms  Some ofthe unemployed may even be voluntarily idle.
among the countries where such practice exists. While  The comparability of the data is further hampered
some countries have a minimum wage per hour     by the fact that practices vary among countries as re-
worked, others stipulate a minimum monthly wage  gards the treatment of such groups as armed forces,
for a worker. To permit some measure of compara-  inmates of institutions, persons living on reservations,
bility, we have computed and reported the monthly  persons seeking their first job, seasonal workers, and
average earnings per wage earner. These earnings are  persons engaged in part-time economic activities. In
further converted to U.S. dollars at the Atlas exchange  some countries, all or part of these groups are included
rate. These data should be used with caution since  among the economically active, while in others they
some countries have more than one minimum wage  are treated as inactive. In addition, the extent to which
rate based on the industry and the occupation within  family workers who assist in family enterprises are
the industry as well as on the region of the country  included among the enumerated economically active
concerned.                                      population, particularly females, varies considerably
267



268                               Labor Force and Employment
from country to country. Further, in some countries  tion of each individual on the day of the census or
the statistics of the economically active relate only to  survey date, while in others the data recorded refer
employed and unemployed persons above a specified  to the usual position of each person, generally with-
age, while in others there is no such age provision.  out reference to any given period of time.
The reference period is also an important factor of  The sources for the tables in this chapter are vari-
difference, especially when it comes to the classifica-  ous issues of the ILO's Yearbook of Labor Statistics,
tion of the labor force according to industry. In some  and electronic ILO files kept in World Bank SIMA.
countries, such classification refers to the actual posi-



Labor Force and Employment                                                             269
11-1. Nunmber and gender structure of the labor force
Total labor force (thousands)                Percentage of total labor force that is female
1970          1980          1999                   1970            1980           1999
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                                    132,816       170.10        281.666                   42 4            42 3           4' 2
ce1uding Snuth Africa                                124.577       159.929       264.992                   43 1            42 '            4 5
excl S Africa& Nigena                                102,174       130.403 _        1 5.929                44 5            44 2            43 49
Angola                                                 2,895         3,467         5,672                   47.4            47.0           46.3
Benin                                                  1,366         1,659         2,751                   48.4            47.0           48.3
Botswana                                                 286           395           704                   53.5            50.1           45.4
Burkina Faso                                           3,250         3,801         5,454                   48.9            47.6           46.5
Burundi                                                1,957         2,267         3,619                   50.5            50.2           48.8
Cameroon                                               3,016         3,618         5,979                   37.3            36.8           37.9
Cape Verde                                                86            94           174                   29.1            34.0           38.9
Central African Republic                                   .             ..           ..
Chad                                                   1,833         2,234         3,623                   42.5            43.4           44.6
Comoros                                                    .           152           248                     ..            43.1           42.3
Congo, Democratic Rep. of                              9,507        12,019        20,607                   45.2            44.5            43.4
Congo, Republic of                                       546           703         1,181                   41.2            42.4           43.5
Cote d'lvoire                                          2.316         3,278         6,203                   33.0            32.2           33.3
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea                                        135            97           185                   36.3            35.1           35.5
Eritrea                                                  945         1,217         1,999                   47.5            47.4            47.4
Ethiopia                                              13,456        16,935        27,059                   42.4            42.3            40.9
Gabon                                                   280            362           555                   45.7            45.0           44.6
Gambia, The                                              245           330           633                   44.9            44.8           45.0
Ghana                                                  4,013         5,091         8,904                   50.6            51.0           50.5
Guinea                                                 2,067         2,293         3,444                   47.7            47.1           47.2
Guinea-Bisaau                                            272           398           556                   39.7            39.9            40.5
Kenya                                                  5,600         7,834        15,058                   45.2            46.0           46.1
Lesotho                                                  465           564           865                   39.4            37.9            36.9
Liberia                                                  602           790         1,239                   38.0            38.4            39.6
Madagascar                                             3,430         4,321         7,089                   45.5            45.2           44.7
Ma3awi                                                 2,358         3,110         5,189                   50.6            50.6            48.7
Mali                                                   2,817         3,394         5,175                   46.5            46.7            46.2
Mauritania                                              621            746         1,198                   46,7            45.0            43.7
Mauritius                                                251           343           505                   19.9            25.7            32.4
Mozambique                                             5,261         6,689         8,978                   49.2            49.0            48.4
Namibia                                                  360           446           701                   39.7            40.1            40.9
Niger                                                  2,132         2,787         4,943                   45.1            44.6            44.3
Nigeria                                               22,404        29,526        49,063                   36.8            36.2            36.4
Rwanda                                                 1,972         2,638         4,479                   49.4            491             48.8
Sao Tome and Principe                                                   ..                ..
Senegal                                                1,979         2,542         4,151                   41.6            42.2            42.6
Seychelles
Sierra Leone                                           1,068         1,249         1,841                   35.6            35.5            36.7
Somalia                                                1,728         2,681         4,028                   43.9            43.4            43.4
South Africa                                           8,238        10,341        16,674                   32.7            35.1            37.7
Sudan                                                  5,169         6,837        11,510                   26.7            26.9            29.3
Swaziland                                                158           202           371                   33.5            33.5           37.7
Tanzania                                               7,326         9,513        16,922                   50.6            49.8           49.2
Togo                                                     907         1,140         1,891                   39.0            39.3           40.0
Uganda                                                 5,210         6,621        10,568                   48.2            47.9           47,6
Zambia                                                 1,898         2,398         4,180                   44.6            45.4           44.9
Zimbabwe                                               2,388         3,147         5,500                   44.4            44.4           44.5
NORTH AFRICA                                           22,408        29,271        50,055                   258             27              304
Algeria                                                3,533         4,854         9,913                   20.3            21.4            27.0
Egypt, ArabRepublic                                   11,635        14,306        23,684                   25.9            26.5           30.1
Libya                                                    620           943         1,550               .   16.3            18.6            22.6
Morocco                                                5,083         6,978        11,210                   31.4            33.5            34.7
Tunisia                                                1,538         2,190         3,698                   23.7            28.9            31.4
ALL AFRICA                      =                     155.224       199.541       331.721   =          =     i(i            4u 1            414



270                                                       Labor Force and Employment
11-2. Children under 14 working in the labor force
As percentage ofpopulation age 10 to 14
1970                        1980                        1990                        2000
SUB-SAHA^RAN AFRICA                                            36.2                        34 6                        32.1                        29 9
excludmg Sauth Afnca                                          190                        37 1                        34.5                         319
ewcI SAfnca& Nigeria                                          410                         393                        36.3                         335
Angola                                                        31.4                       29.7                        28.1                         26.1
Benin                                                         34.4                       30.3                        28.6                         26.5
Botswana                                                      32.3                        25.9                        19.4                        14.4
Burkina Faso                                                  75.1                        70.9                       58.7                        43.5
Burundi                                                      50.8                         50.0                       49.4                        48.5
Cameroon                                                     38.9                        33.9                        27.5                         23.0
Cape Verde                                                    17.3                        16.0                       14.7                         13.6
Central African Republic                                     45.0                        39.4                        33,8                         28.6
Chad                                                         41.9                        41.6                        40.0                         36.6
Comoros                                                      45.8                        44.7                        40.9                        37.6
Congo, Democratic Rep. of                                     36.5                       33.2                        30.5                         28.6
Congo, Republic of                                            28.3                       27.5                        26.6                         25.4
Cote dIvoire                                                  34.6                       28.4                        22.3                         18.6
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea                                            42.7                        40.4                        35.8                         32.0
Eritrea                                                      46.1                        43.8                        40.8                         38.4
Ethiopia                                                     48.5                         46.3                        43.5                        41.1
Gabon                                                        35.6                         29.1                        22.7                        14.1
Gambia, The                                                  45.9                        44.4                         40.2                        33.8
Ghana                                                         16.3                        16.2                        14.6                        12.0
Guinea                                                       43.3                        41.2                         37.0                        31.1
Guinea-Bissau                                                45.2                        43.4                        40.4                         36.7
Kenya                                                        45.0                        45.0                         43.4                        39.2
Lesotho                                                       30.9                        27.7                        23.5                        20.7
Liberia                                                      31.1                         25.7                        21.8                        15.4
Madagascar                                                   41.7                        40.2                         37.6                        34.1
Malawi                                                        50.7                       45.2                         38.9                        31.5
Mali                                                         62.5                        61,2                         57.9                        51.1
Mauritania                                                    33.3                        29.6                        25.8                        22.1
Mauritius                                                      5.8                         4.8                         4.0                         2.0
Mozambique                                                   40.7                         39.5                        35.2                        32.4
Namibia            .                                          40.2                        33.6                        26.0                        17.4
Niger                                                        48.8                        47.8                         46.8                        43.6
Nigenra                                                       30.8                        29.2                        27.6                        23.9
Rwanda                                                       43.3                         42.5                        42.1                        41.3
SAo Tome and Principe            .._________________________.._.._..
Senegal                                                      46.9                        42.9                         35.4                        27.3
Seychelles
Sierra Leone                                                 21.7                         19.4                        17.1                        13.9
Somalia                                                       39.9                       37.7                         34.5                        31.3
South Africa                                                   2.7                        0.9                          0.0                         0.0
Sudan                                                        34.1                         33.3                        31.4                        27.4
Swaziland                                                     19.1                        17.2                        15.3                        12.3
Tanzania                                                      45.6                       42.8                         42.1                        36.9
Togo                                                         40.4                         36.1                        30.4                        26.8
Uganda                                                        50.4                        48.8                        46.8                        43.8
Zambia                                                        21.1                        19.0                        16.9                        15.6
Zimbabwe                                                     41.1                         36.7                        31.8                        27.0
IN(0RTH AFRICA                                                 12'                         1 1                          8. 8                         8
Algeria                                                       11.4                         7.1                         3.3                         0.0
Egypt, Arab Republic                                         23.6                         18.3                        13.2                         9.3
Libya                                                         12.8                         8.7                         0.5                         0.0
Morocco                                                       21.5                        20.9                        10.6                         0.6
Tunisia                                                       12.2                         5.8                         0.0                         0.0
ALL AFRICA                                                    31.3            :               9..*2.. : . .           280                          259



Labor Force and Employment                                                                  271
11-3. Unpaid family workers as share of active workers
Percentage of unpaidfamily workers in economically active workers
(most recent year available between 1980-1998)
Female                                 Male                                  Total
SULB.SAHARAN AFRICA
excluding South Africa
excI S Afnca & Nipen-.
Angola
Benin
Botswana                                                     41.8                                  36.0                                 77.7
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon                                                     32.7                                   9.2                                 41.9
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo, Democratic Rep. of
Congo, Republic of
C6te d'lvoire
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Enitrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia, The
Ghana                                                         0.0                                   0.0                                  0.0
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Nanmibia
Niger
Nigeria                                                      14.9                                   8.6                                 23.5
Rwanda
Sao Tom6 and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles                                                    0.4                                   0.2                                  0.6
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe                                                        ..                                   ..                                   ..
NORTH AFRICA                                                                                         6.9                                  13 5
Algeria                                                        ..                                   5.6                                  6.2
Egypt, Arab Republic                                          1.9                                  15.0                                 16.9
Libya
Morocco
Tunisia                                                      18.5                                   5.1                                 23.6
ALL AFRICA        _____          _



272                                                      Labor Force and Employment
11-4. Industrial structure of the labor force
Percentage of laborforce working in
Agriculture                               Industry                                 Services
1970       1980        1990              1970       1980       1990              1970        1980       1990
SUB.SAHARAN AFRICA                           78          72         68                 8          9          9                 14         20         24
excludingSouthAfnca                         82          75         71                 6          7          7                 12         18         22
excl S Afiaa& Nigena                        84          80)        77                 6          7          7                 10         13         Io
Angola                                      78          76         75                 7          8          8                 15         16         17
Benin                                       81         67          64                 5          7          8                 14         26         28
Botswana                                    82         64          46                 5         10         20                 13         26         33
Burkina Faso                                92         92          92                 3          3          2                  5          5          6
Burundi                                     94         93          92                 2          2          3                  4          5          6
Cameroon                                    85         73          70                 5          8          9                 10         19         21
Cape Verde                                  47         37          31                27         31         30                 27         33         40
Central African Republic                    89         85          80                 2          3          3                  8         12         16
Chad                                        92          88         83                 2          3          4                  5          9         13
Comoros                                     83         81          77                 7          8          9                 10         11         13
Congo, Democratic Rep. of                   75         72          68                11         12         13                 14         16         19
Congo.Republicof                            66         58          49                11         13         15                 23         29         37
Cote d'lvoire                               76         65          60                 6          8         10                 19         27         30
Djibouti                                                         ..          ..        ..                  .          ..         ..
Equatorial Guinea                           82         78          75                 5          5          5                 14         17         20
Eritrea                                     86          83         80                 4          5          5                 10         12          15
Ethiopia                                    91          89         86                 2          2          2                  7          9          12
Gabon                                       79         65          52                 9         12          16                12         22         33
Gambia, The                                 87          84         82                 5          7          8                  8          9          11
Ghana                                       60         61          59                15         13          13                25         25         28
Guinea                                      92         91          87                 1          1          2                  7          8          11
Guinea-Bissau                               89         87          85                 1          2          2                  9         11          13
Kenya                                       86         82          80                 5          6          7                  9         11          13
Lesotho                                     43         40          40                36         34         28                 21         26         32
Liberia                                     81          76         72                 7          6          6                 12         17         22
Madagascar                                  84         82          78                 5          6          7                 11         13          15
Malawi                                      91          87         87                 4          5          5                  5          7           8
Mali                                        93          89         86                 1          2          2                  6          9          12
Mauritania                                  84          72         55                 3          7          10                12         22         34
Mauritius                                   34          27         17                25         28         43                 41         45         40
Mozambique                                  86          84         83                 6          7          8                  8          8          9
Namibia                                     64          56         49                15          15         15                21         29         36
Niger                                       93          91         90                 2          3          4                  5          5          6
Nigen a                                     71          54         43                11          8          7                 19         38         50
Rwanda                                      94          93         92                 3          3          3                  4          4           5
So Tome and Principe                        ..         ..         ..                ..          ..         ..
Senegal                                     83         81          77                 6          6          8                 12         13          16
Seychelles                                   ..         ..         ..                ..          ..         ..
Sierra Leone                                76          70         67                12         14          Is                12         16          17
Somalia                                     81         78          75                 6          7          8                 13         14          16
South Africa                                31         17          14                30         35         32                 39         48         54
Sudan                                       77         72          69                 6          8          8                 17         20         22
Swaziland                                   65          50         39                13         19         22                 22         31         38
Tanzania                                    90          86         84                 3          4          5                  7         10          11
Togo                                        74         69          66                 9         10          10                17         22         24
Uganda                                      90         87          85                 3          4          5                  7          9         11
Zambia                                      79         76          75                 7          8          8                 14         16          17
Zimbabwe                                    77          72         68                11         12          8                 12         15         24
-NORTRAFRICA: ..                                         51 17                         18         20         2                 31        29          38
Algeria                                     47         36          26                21         27         31                 31         37         43
Egypt, Arab Republic                        52          57         40                16         16         22                 32         27         38
Libya                                       29         25          11                25         24         23                 46         51         66
Morocco                                     58          56         45                17         20         25                 25         24         31
Tunisia                                     42         39          28                26         30         33                 33 _       31         39
ALLAFRICA                                    75          69         63                 9                     il                16         21         26
Note: Figure may not add up to 100 because of rounding.



Labor Force and Employment                                                                273
11-5. Industrial structure of economically active population
Percentage ofpopulation economically active
Agriculture                                Industry                                 Services
Male              Female                 Male              Female                  Male             Female
1980    1999'       1980    1999*        1980    1999*       1980    1999*        1980     1999*       1980    1999*
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                  62       58         74       68          14       14          5        5          24        29         22      27
exaudingSouthAfnca                 65      61          77       72          12       12          4        4          23       28          19      24
eQ 1 Sk.fca&1l4igera               69       65         8u       '7          1'       12          A        4          19        22         16      159
Angola                             67      65          87       86          13       14          1        2          20       21          11      13
Benin                              66      62          69       65          10       12          4        4          24       27          27      30
Botswana                            6      20           3       11          41       30          8       20          53       50          89      69
Burkina Faso                       92      91          93       94           3        2          2        2           5        7           5       5
Burundi                            88       86         98       98           4        4          1        1           9        10          I        I
Cameroon                           65      62          87       83          11       12          2        3          24       26          11      14
Cape Verde                         34      30          39       33          38       38         18       16          28       33          42      51
CentralAfiicanRepublic             79      74          90       87           5        6          1        0          15       20           9      13
Chad                               82      77          95       91           6        7          0        1          12        16          4       8
Comoros                            70      68          93       90          12       13          3        5          17       20           4       5
Congo, DemocraticRep. of           62       58         84       81          18       20          4        5          20       23          12      14
Congo,Republicof                   42      33          81       69          20       23          2        4         .38       44          17      27
Cote d'lvoire                      60       54         75       72          10       12          5        6          30       34          20      22
Djibouti                            .        .          .        ..                                                   ..                   .       .
Equatorial Guinea                  71      66          91       91           7        7          3        2          23       27           6       8
Eritrea                            79      77          88       85           7        8          2        2          14        16         11      13
Ethiopia                           90       89         89       88           2        2          2        2           8        9          10      11
Gabon                              59      46          74       59          18       21          6       10          24       33          21      32
Gambia, The                        78    .74           93       92          to       12          3        2          13        14          5       6
Ghana                              66      64          57       55          12       12         14       14          22       25          29      31
Guinea                             86      83          97       92           2        3          1        1          12       15           3       7
Guinea-Bissau                      81      78          98       96           3        3          0        1          17       19           3       3
Kenya                              23       19         25       20          24       23          9        9          53       58          65      71
Lesotho                            26      29          64       59          52       41          5        5          22       30          31      36
Liberia                            69       65         89       84           9        9          1        1          22       26          10      16
Madagascar                         73       77         93       76           9        6          2        4          19        16          5      20
Malawi                             78       50         96       73          10       25          1        7          12       25           3      20
Mali                               86       83         92       89           2        2          1        2          12        15          7       9
Mauritania                         65       49         79       63          11       16          2        4          24       35          19      34
Mauritius                          29       15         30       13          19       39         40       43          47       46          31      45
Mozambique                         72       70         97       96          14       15          1        1          14        15          2       3
Namibia                            52       46         42       67          22       21         10       12          27       33          47      21
Niger                               7        8          6        5          69       51         29       24          25       41          66      71
Nigena                             52       43         57       44          10        9          5        3          38        49         38      53
Rwanda                             88       86         98       98           5        6          1        1           7         8          1       2
Sao Tom6 and Principe               ..      ..          ..      ..           ..      ..          ..      ..          ..
Senegal                            74       70         90       86           9       10          2        4          17        20          8       11
Seychelles                                    ..      ..           ..      ..          ..      ..              ..         ..
Sierra Leone                       63      60          82       81          20       22          4        4          17        18         14      16
Somalia                            69      66          90       87          12       13          2        2          19       21           8      11
South Africa                       18       16         16       10          45       42         16       15          37       42          68      76
Sudan                              66      64          88       84           9       10          4        5          24       26           8       11
Swaziland                          40       ..         38       26          29                  14       27          30                   48      48
Tanzania                           80      78          92       91           7        8          2        2          13       14           7       7
Togo                               70      66          67       65          12       12          7        7          19       22          26      29
Uganda                             84       81         91       88           6        7          2        2          10        12          8       10
Zambia                             69      68          85       83          13       13          3        3          19        19         13       14
Zimbabwe                           29       23         50       38          31       32          8       10          40        46         42      52
NORTH AFIICA                        40       25         40       34          24       27         1        24          35        48         42      42
Algeria                            27       18         69       57          33       38          6        7          40        45         25      36
Egypt, Arab Republic               45       32         10       43          21       25         13        9          33        43         69      48
Libya                              16        7         63       28          29       27          3        5          55        66         34      68
Morocco                            48        4         72        3          23       33         14       46          29        63         14      51
Tunisia                            33       22         53       20          30       32         32       40          37        44         16       38
ALL AFRIUA                          58       53         70         67        116        6         o-  6    5          26        31         24      27
,or most recent available data.



274                                       Labor Force and Employment
11-6. Wages in agriculture
Monthly earnings in current US dollars
1980   1988  1989   1990   1991   1992   1993  1994   1995   1996   1997
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
excluding South Africa
excl..S Africa &_Nigeria_____
Angola.                                                                  .
Benin...
Botswana                 ..    54     71     80     97     97    90     90     90     80     80
Burkina Faso..                         .                          .
Burundi
Cameroon...
Cape Verde
Central African Republic                                          .
Chad                                   .                           .     .
Comoros                         .      .      .
Congo. Democratic Rep. of..                                 -
Congo, Republic of        .            ..
COte dilvoire                          .      ..
Djibouti.                                                         .      .
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia.                                                                .
Gabon                     .            ..
Gambia, The                                   ..
Ghana                    34    52     73     64    104
Guinea.                                              .
Guinca-Bissau
Kenya                    59    53     48     47     45            ..                         39
Lesotho                                                     .
Li'beria...
Madagascar                                    .
Malawi                   20     1 2   1 3    IS5    1 6 
Mauritania                      .             ..
Mauritius                       .
M~ozambique                     .                                  .     .
Namibia                                       .
Niger                                         .             .     .
Nigeria...                                           ..
Rwanda                    ..
S8io Tom6 and Principe          .      ...
-Seniegal                                      .
Seychelles              139    304   305    348    366    434    442   456    513
Sierra Leone                    ..
Somalia
South Africa              ..
Sudan                                                       .      .     .
Swaziland                 .     ..   437    423    496    533    512   550    483
Tanzamia..                      .      .      .      ..     .     ..     .
Uganda..                        .      ..     .      ..     .            .
Zamnbia                 112     .      .      .      .      .      .     .
Zimbabwe  ____..               76_ _  71     75     56     34    38     35     34
NORTH AFIUCA                                                                  -__
Egypt, Arab Republic     ..    154   144     94     53     53    65     69     75
Morocco
Tun isia                  .     82_   77    92      89    101     .      .___
AflL AFIA___



Labor Force and Employment                                         275
11-7. Wages in manufacturing
Monthly earnings in current US dollars
1980  1988   1989   1990   1991   1992   1993   1994   1995   1996   1997
SUB-SAHiARAN AFRICA
eseluding South Africa
ececl. ; Africa & Nigmra         ______
Angola                                         .      ..
Botawana                 ..    18!    171    206    199    242   250    200    210    186     173
Burkina Faso                     .
Burudi
Came roon                              .       ..
Cape Verde                              ..
Central African Republic               .                    ..
Chad...
Comoros...
Congo, Democratic Rep). of       .
Congo, Republic of        .
C6te drlvoire
Djibouh                   .      .            .       ..
Equatorial Guinea.               *
Eritrea.                                              .
Ethiopia                         .
Gabon
Gamibia, The..                                                     .
Ghana                    57    106    136    138     93            .
Guinea                           ~~~~~~~~~121  113  122  115  133   131    152
Guinea-Bissau             .      ..
Kenya                   169    139    136    134    121     .      ..                   ..    94
Lesotho                   .      ..                   ..
Liberia                                                      ..
Madagasc-ar                            .
Malawi                   75     53    53      65     55    47     40     21     13
Mali...
Mauritania
Mauritius                      181    184    209    235    258_      250  287  326    333    306
Mozamnbique                                           .
Namibia                                       .       ..
Niger
Nigeria                                .
Rwanda.                                                      .
Sao Tom6 and Principe                                 .
Senegal                                                            .
Seychelles              212    346    350    410    427    459   474    479    528
Sierra Leone                                   ..
Somalia                          .      ..
South Afirica           475    535    548    642    685    770   749
Sudan                           55            83     ..     12            .
Swaziland               571    414    397    533    513    521   351    524    588    556
Tanzania                  .      ..                                .      .
Togo                                                  ...                 .
Uganda                                                      .
Zambia...
Zimnbabwe                      327    314    325    256    220    192   191-   221      2-30
NORrH  AFRCA                                        _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __                   _ _
Algeria...
Egypt, Aab Republic            252    228    150     75    80     90     98    107
Libya                     .             ..
Morocco
Tuniaia       _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ALCL AFR-ICA__               ___        .



276                      Labor Force and Employment
11-8. Wages in mining and quarrying
Monthly earnings in current US dollars
1980  1988  1989  1990  1991  1992  1993  1994  1995  1996  1997
SIJB-SAHARAN AFRICA
excluding S.;kuthi Africa
vcln S Afn4a &Nigena
Botswana       .. 287  319  450  424  436  496  430  428  372  371
Burkina Faso..     .   ..  .    .  .
Bunundi        .   .   .   .    .   .  .
Cameroon..         .   ..  .   ..   .
Cape Verde..       .   ..  .    .   .
Central African Republic.  . .. .
Comoros            .   .   .    .  .    .  .
Congo, Democratic Rep, of  .
Congo, Republic of  .  . .  ..          .  .
C6te dilvoire c.       .   .    .  .    .  .
Equatorial Guinea.. .  .   .    .   .  .    .
Eritrea*..
Ethiopia...                     .. .   ..  .
Gabon...                        ..  .  ..  .
Gambia, The...                  ..  .  .   .
Ghana          64  57  64  _117  75  .  .. .
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya         157  104  106  101  93  .. .  .   .   .  96
Lesotho..          .   .   .    .   .  ..   .
Madagascar..       .   ..   .   .   .  ..  .
Malawi         36  1 7  1 7  20  30  23  59  30  1 8
Mauritania..       .   ..  .    ..  .  .    .
Mauritius      .. 245  231  256  272  302  280  374  436  457  415
Mozamnbique    .   ..           .   .   .  .
Rwanda         .   .   .    .   .   .  .
Sao Tome and Principe  .  . .  . .  .  .
Senegal..          .   ..   .   ..  .  ..   .
Seychelles    212  334  317  348  378  444  455  477  523
Sierra Leone..     .   ..  .        .  .   .
South Afiica  330  397  403  477  514  561  541  .
Sudan          ..  53  ..  99   .. .   ..   .
Swaziland     822  483  309  395  367  395  379  387  523  485
Tanzaiua..         .   ..   .   ..  .   .. .
Uganda..           .   ..   .   .   .   .  .
Zambia        358  .   .    .   .   .   . 
Zimbabwe       .. 254  242  254  204  180  153  153  187  204
NlgriHaRCA_     ___
Egypt, Arab Republic  .. 375  427  316  174  167  208  210  203
Libya          .   .   ..  .    ..*
Morocco
Tunisia                      ____
ALLAFR_C_A                                         -_  _



Labor Force and Employment            277
11-9. Wages in construction
Monthly earnings in current US dollars
1980  1988  1989  1990  199)  1992  1993  1994  1995  1996  1997
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
excluding South Africa
cexci. S Africa & Nigeria-_-
Angola..              .   ...         ..  .
Botswana       .. 148  159  182  196  211  220  214  228  197  218
Burkina Faso..    .   ..  .   ..  .   ..  .
Bunrndi.           .  .   .   .   .   .   .
Cameroon...                   ..  .
Cape Verde..      .   .   .   ..  .   .   .
Centra African Republic.  .*              .
Comoros           .   .   .   .   .   .   .
Congo, Democratic Rep. of  .  ..  . .
Congo, Republic of  . . .. .  ..  .   ..  .
CMe di'voire
Equalorial Guinea,..
Eritrea               .
Ethiopia       .  .   ..  ...         .
Gambia, The    .  .   .   .   ..  .   ..  .
Ghana         37  43  51  59  71  .   .   .
Guinea         .. 84  115  173  159  135  132  177  174
Guine-a-Bissau  .  .  .
Kenya         133  98  96  99  95  .. .   .   .   .  80
Lesotho        -. .   .   .   .   .   .   .
Madagascar
Malawi        60  29  29  30  3 1  34  33  22  17
Matuitamia..      .   ..  .   ..  .   ..  .
Mauritius     ..  220  245  255  297  364  324  368  481  507  488
Mozambique     .   ..         .   .   .   .
Narruibia..        .  ..  .   .   .   ..  .
Rwanda..          .   ..  .   ..  .   ..  .
Saci Tome and Principe  .  . *
Senegal                   .           .   .
Seychelles..      .   ..  .   ..  .   .   .
Sierra Leone..    .   ..  .   .   .   .   .
South Africa  371  367  348  394  437  475  424  .
Sudan          .  56  .. 180  ..  13  ..  .
SwAaziland    525  267  192  247  283  470  211  333  227  246
Tanzania..        .   ..  .   ..  .   .   .
Zambia        172  .  .   .   .   .   .   .
Zimbabwe       .. 200  182  --179  - 144  110  102  88  114  124
01i~T AFRICA ____ .__
Algeria...                    ..  .   ..  .
Egypt, Arab Republic  .. 276  253  153  84 80"  96"  112"  11'5
Libya          .   .  .
Morocco
Tunisia__   _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _
Al L AF-RICA  ___  __



278                       Labor Force and Employment
11-10. Wages in transport, storage and communications
Monthly earnings in current US dollars
1980  1988  1989  1990  1991  1992  1993  1994  1995  1996  1997
SUJBS.SAIARAN ARIICA
e%cIadlng South Afnca
e'%d  S  Afnca&-Ni,geria   - - _ _ - - - -   _ _ _- -   - - -
A  ngola            .    ..               .
Benin
Botswana       .,  239  296  346  417  457  434  468  435  376  344
Burkina Faso..          .    .   ..  .   ..  .
B3urundi..          .   .    .   ..  .   ..  .
Cameroon        .   .   ..   .   ..  .   ..  .
Cape Verde..        .   ..   .   ..  .   .   .
Central African Republic  .  . .  .  .   .   .
Chad
Comoros
Congo, Democratic Rep. of
Congo, Republic of
C6te dIlvoi're
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
En'trea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia, The
Ghana          55   89  96  100  106
Guinea          ..  .   .    .   .   .   .   119  121  125
Guinea-Bissau..     .   .    .   .   .   ..  .
Kenya          237  207  193  187  171  .. .  .   .   .   131
Lesotho         .   .   .    .   ..  .   ..   .
Madagascar          .-.
Malawi         99   49  62  63  70   66  63  37  25
Mali-
Mauritania      .   .   ..   .   ..  .   .    .
Mauritius       .. 290  289  307  339_  _380  _353  376  422  _453  426
Mozamnbique     -   .   .    .   .
Namibia         .   .   .    .   .
Niger           .   .   .    .   .
Nigeria         .   .   .    .   .
Rwanda          .   .   .    .   .   .   -
SAo Tom4 and Ptincipe  .  . .  . .
Senegal         .   .   .    .   .
Seychelles     299  ..  .    ..  .
Sierra Leone    .   .   .    .   .
Somalia         *   .   .    .   .
South Africa   ..  583  577  702  794  1,110  1,075
Sudan           ..  48  ..  79   ..  14  .
Swaziland      520  242  192  364  442  357  393  480  539  455
Tanzania        .   .   .    .   .   .   .    .
Uganda..            .   ..   .   ..  .   .   .
Zambia         153  .   .    .   .   .   .   .
Zimbabwe        .. 425  429  465  _334  289  284-  258-  275  289-
NOR TH AFRICA-                       _--__
Egypt, Arab Repuiblic  .. 283  248  147  78  84"  12'1  112"  11'7
Morocco
Tunisia
AL1-L Al RIC.%



Labor Force and Employment                                                                  279
11-11. Wages in community, social and personal services
Monthly earnings in current US dollars
1980     1988      1989     1990      1991     1992     1993      1994      1995     196        97
SUB.SAHARAN AFIUCA,
excluding South Africa
ec ld. S  Africa &   Nigerna__      _  _    _  _ _  __                    _  __              _  _  _
Ang-dla
Benin
Botswana                                   195      189       231      239       249      265      254       280       243      250
Burkinia Faso
Bunmdi
Casneroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comciros
Congo, Democratic Rep. of
Congo, Republic of
C8te dilvoire
Djibciuti
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrca
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia, The
Ghania                                      59       81        68       98
Guiea
Guirnea-Bissau
Kenya                                      128      118       114      104                                                       75
Lesotho
Liberia
Maciagascar
Malawi                                                                  59        50       43       24        1 2
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius                                  235      245       262      278       307      278      357       392       394      404
Mozam bique
Nam-ibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tom6 and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Affica                              532       563      679       735      937
Sudan
Swaziland                                           223      446       276      412       238      455       352       352
Tamzania
Togo
Uganda
Zambia
Zimnbabwe                                 255       240      259       206       161      139      128       143       192
NORTH AFRICA        ______            _____
Algeria
Egypt, Arab Republic                      203       179       1 2'8     64'       65       6'7      80"      112"
Libya
Morocco
T'unisia______________________
AJL AFRICA



280                               Labor Force and Employment
Technical notes
Tables                                          indicate the relative level of development of the
economy. This table (ILO data) shows the distribu-
Table 11-1. Number and gender structure of the  tion of the labor force among the various sectors of
labor force. This table (ILO data) provides the total  economic activities. The agriculture sector includes
number of persons in the labor force and the percent-  farming, animal husbandry, hunting, forestry, and fish-
age that is female. Labor force refers to "economi-  ing. The industry sector includes mining and quarry-
cally active" persons, including the armed forces and  ing, manufacturing, construction and public works,
the unemployed but excluding housewives and stu-  electricity, water, and gas. All other branches of ac-
dents. The "economically active" population com-  tivity are included in services.
prises all persons of either gender who furnish the
labor to produce economic goods and services, as de-  Table 11-5. Industrial structure of economically
fined by the SNA, during a specified period. The pro-  active population. This is the percentage of the eco-
duction of economic goods and services should in-  nomically active population working in agriculture,
clude all production and processing of primary prod-  industry, or services. Data are shown for males and
ucts, whether for the market, for barter, or for own  females (ILO data).
consumption; the production of all other goods and
services for the market; and, for households that pro-  Table 11-6. Wages in agriculture. Data are from
duce such goods and services for the markets, the cor-  ILO, Yearbook ofLabor Statistics (1 988, 1993, 1994,
responding production for own consumption.      1995, and 1998) and show the monthly earnings at
the average wage converted to U.S. dollars at the At-
Table 11-2. Children under 14 working in the la-  las exchange rates in the countries concerned. Earn-
bor force. This table (ILO data) shows the percent-  ings here are limited to wages and salaries of employ-
age of children between the ages of 1O to 14 that par-  ees only unless otherwise specified. They include re-
ticipate in the labor force.                    muneration for time not worked, such as for annual
vacation, other paid leave or holidays, bonuses and
Table 11-3. Unpaid family workers as share of ac-  gratuities, and housing and family allowances paid
tive workers. This table (ILO data) shows the per-  by the employer to the employee. They exclude em-
centage of family members-male and female-that  ployers' contributions to social security and pension
are active workers but receive no compensation for  schemes and the benefits received by employees un-
their services.                                 der these schemes, as well as severance and termina-
tion pay.
Table 11-4. Industrial structure of the labor force.  It should be remembered that these earnings do not
The industrial structure of the labor force can often  reflect workers' disposable or net earnings since they



Labor Force and Employment                             281
include gross wages before deductions, such as taxes  Figures for Egypt and Sierra Leone were converted
or social security contributions.               from weekly to monthly earnings using a rate of 4.3
International comparisons of wages in agriculture  weeks per month. Figures for The Gambia were con-
should be interpreted with caution because they en-  verted from daily to monthly earnings using a rate of
tail wide coverage variations mainly as a result of the  22 days per month.
form of remuneration, the nature of the work, and the
length of the working day.
For the following countries wages are paid entirely  Table 11-8. Wages in mining and quarrying. Data
in cash: Botswana, Burundi, Egypt, Malawi,      are from ILO, Yearbook of Labor Statistics (1988,
Mauritius, Seychelles, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tunisia,  1993, 1994, 1995, and 1998). Refer to the definitions
and Zambia.                                     in Table 11-6.
For the following countries, wages shown are cash  Data for Burundi include family allowances. Data
portion only, although the workers receive other pay-  for Egypt are for establishments with 10 or more per-
ments-in-kind in addition: Ghana, Kenya, and Zimba-  sons employed. Data for Kenya include the value of
bwe. Wages for these three countries include the value  payments-in-kind. Data for Swaziland refer to skilled
of food and lodging allowances.                 male workers only. Data for Seychelles include con-
Data for Burundi include family allowances. Data  struction, and beginning in 1988 earnings are ex-
for Egypt are for establishments with 10 or more per-  empted from income tax. Data for South Africa ex-
sons employed. Data for Ghana include forestry and  clude salt and iron works. Data for Swaziland refer to
fishing. Data for Kenya include the value of payments  skilled male workers only. Data for Zimbabwe include
in kind. Data for Malawi include forestry and fish-  the value of payments-in-kind and refer to all persons
ing. Data for Mauritius include sugar and tea facto-  engaged.
ries. Data for Seychelles exclude hunting. Data for  Figures for Egypt and Sierra Leone were converted
Swaziland include forestry and refer to skilled male  from weekly to monthly earnings using a rate of 4.3
workers only. Data for Zimbabwe include forestry and  weeks per month.
refer to all persons engaged.
Figures for Egypt were converted from weekly to  Table 11-9. Wages in construction. Data are from
monthlyeamings usingarateof4.3 weekspermonth.   ILO, Yearbook of Labor Statistics (1988, 1993,
Figures for Mauritius and Tunisia were converted  1994, 1995, and 1998). Refer to the definitions in
from daily to monthly earnings using a rate of 22 days  Table 11-6.
per month.                                        Data for Burundi include family allowances. Data
for Egypt are for establishments with 10 or more per-
Table 11-7. Wages in manufacturing. Data are from  sons employed. Data for The Gambia are for estab-
ILO, Yearbook ofLabor Statistics (1988, 1993, 1994,  lishments with five or more persons employed. Data
1995, and 1998). Refer to the definitions in Table 11 -6.  for Kenya include the value of payments-in-kind. Data
Data for Burundi include family allowances. Data  for Swaziland refer to skilled male workers only. Data
for Egypt are for establishments with 1O or more per-  for South Africa include private construction. Data
sons employed. Data for the Gambia are for estab-  for Swaziland refer to skilled male workers only. Data
lishments with five or more persons employed. Data  for Zimbabwe include the value of payments-in-kind
for Mauritius exclude sugar and tea factories. Data  and refer to all persons engaged.
for Seychelles include electricity and water before  Figures for Egypt and Sierra Leone were converted
1992, and beginning in 1988 earnings are exempted  from weekly to monthly earnings using a rate of 4.3
frorn income tax. Data for Swaziland refer to skilled  weeks per month. Figures for The Gambia were con-
male workers only. Data for Zimbabwe include the  verted from daily to monthly earnings using a rate of
value of payments-in-kind and refer to all persons  22 days per month.
engaged.



282                                Labor Force and Employment
Table 11-10. Wages in transport, storage, and com-  Table 11-11. Wages in community, social, and per-
munications. Data are from ILO, Yearbook ofLabor  sonal services. Data are from ILO Yearbook of La-
Statistics (1988, 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1998). Refer  bor Statistics (1998). Refer to the definitions in Table
to the definitions in Table 11-6.                11-6. This sector comprises public administration and
Data for Burundi include family allowances. Data  defense; sanitary and similar services; educational
for Egypt are for establishments with 10 or more per-  services; research and scientific institutes; medical,
sons employed. Data for The Gambia are for estab-  dental, and other health services; welfare institutions;
lishments with five or more persons employed. Data  business, professional, and labor associations; and
for Kenya include the value of payments-in-kind. Data  other social and community services. Data for Egypt
for Swaziland refer to skilled male workers only. Data  refer to wage earners. Figures for Egypt were con-
for Zimbabwe include the value of payments-in-kind  verted from weekly to monthly earnings using a rate
and refer to all persons engaged.                of 4.3 weeks per month.
Figures for Egypt and Sierra Leone were converted
from weekly to monthly earnings using a rate of 4.3
weeks per month. Figures for The Gambia were con-
verted from daily to monthly earnings using a rate of
22 days per month.



Labor Force and Employment                                                                   283
Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 11
Aggregations'
Table                               (1)                                    (6)                                    (8)
11-'1
Columns 1-3                      x
Columns 4-6                                                             x
11-2                                                                        x
11-3                                                                                                               x
11-4                                                                        x
11-5                                                                        x
11-6                                                                                                               x
11-7                                                                                                               x
11-8                                                                                                               x
11-9                                                                                                               x
11-10                                                                                                              x
11-11                                                                                                              x
Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last
three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter.
,a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same
country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-
filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all
divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic
mesan.



12
Aid Flows
O      fficial development assistance (ODA) consists  tal expenditures and disbursements of concessional
0    of concessional financial flows that aim to pro-  loans. However, because of different sources and defi-
mote economic development and welfare. ODA  nitions of data, the ODA flows shown in this chapter
disbursements from bilateral and multilateral sources  will not necessarily equal those that could be calcu-
became increasingly important to Africa in the sec-  lated by adding net disbursements of official
ond half of the 1980s. For many countries, the for-  concessional long-term loans (Table 6-1 less Table
eign savings made available through ODA flows are  6-4) and net official transfers (Tables 5-6 and 5-9).
equivalent to a sizable share of GDP and to the bulk  For example, one of the reasons for differences is that
of their domestic investment. Thus, monitoring aid  the flows shown here include "off-shore" disburse-
flows is of special importance because of their sig-  ments of grants, primarily for technical cooperation,
nificance to the economic performance of the region.  which are generally excluded from transfers as re-
The tables in this chapter show data on net ODA  corded in the balance of payments (Tables 5-6 and
flows and their relative importance to key economic  5-9). Other reasons include possible differences in the
and demographic indicators in recipient countries, real  timing of the recording of disbursements and in the
growth in net ODA flows to Sub-Saharan Africa from  recording of multilateral ODA.
major donors or donor groups, and the share of each  The data on net ODA disbursements are taken from
donor's worldwide aid portfolio allocated to     the most recent electronic version of OECD, Geo-
Sub-Saharan Africa.                              graphical Distribution of Financial Flows to Devel-
These flows are concessional in character and con-  oping Countries. The tables include only those flows
tain a grant element of at least 25 percent (based on a  for which the recipient is specified in creditor reports.
standard 10 percent discount rate). Net ODA disburse-  To determine growth rates (based on constant price
ments equal gross ODA disbursements less principal  series), import price deflators (from the World Bank)
repayments (amortization) of previous ODA loans.  have been used to deflate the current price series,
ODA includes both grants (inflows of unrequited  regardless of the type of donor, to indicate the vol-
transfers from official sources) for current and capi-  ume of imports that aid can finance over time.
284



A id F            l       o            w           s        2         8              85
12-1. Net ODA from all donors, nominal
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                           Annual Average
1980      1990      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998     1999      75-84     85-89    90-MR
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                7.393    17.212    16,95U    18.214    16,778   18,096    17,881     15.080   13,383    13,247   12.266      5.836    11,872    14.9~01
"cluding Soith Africa            7.39 3   17.2112   16,950    18.214   16.503    17.800    17,492    14,716    12,887    12.733   11.725      5,836    11.872    14.618
encl S Aftica & Nigena           73158    16.954    16,688    11.952   16.213    17,610    1 .T280   14.526    12.686    12,530   1 1.573     5 792    11.747    14.409
Angola-                    _        53      2169_      279      34,6_     291       450       418       473       35       335 -3     88         5       138       342-
ISenin                              90       268       266      270       288       256       280       288       221      211       211         72      158       238
Botswana                           106       147       132       112      130        86        90        75       122      106        61         83      133        98
Burkina Faso                       212       331       420      434       467       434       491       420       368      400       398        165      264       389
Burnmdi                            117       264       258      311       217       312       288       111        56       77        74         96      188        182
Camecroon                          265       446       517      716       545       731       444       412       499      426       434        187      261       479_
Cape Verde                          64       108       105       119      117       121       117       117       III      130       137         42       89        ill
Central African Republic,          Il        250       174       179      173       168       169       170        91      120       117         80      163        148
Chad                                35       314       264      239       225       213       236       296       228      168       188         79      214       220
Comoros                             43        45        64        48       49        39        42        39        27       35        21         30       49         38
Congo, Demnocratic Rep. of         428       897       476      269       179       246       196       166       158      126       132        317      537       267
Congo, Republic of                  92       218       134       114      123       362       125       429       270       66       142         82      101        181
COt,ed'Ivoire                      210       688       631      757       764     1,594     1.213       965       446      799       448        136      271       761
Dljibouti                           73       194       107       113      134       129       105        97        85       81        75         60       94        104
Equatorial Guinea                    9        61        62        62       53        30        34        3 1       24       25        20          7       39        37
Eritrea                              .         ..        .         ..      67       157       149       159       123      167       149          .        ..       130
Ethiopia                           212     1,016     1,095     1,178    1,090     1,071       883       818       579      660       643        208      738       846
Gabon                               56       132       143        69      101       181       144       127        39       45        48         50       92        96
Gambia, Tle                         55        99       101       Ill       85        70        47        37        39       39        33         38       88        62
Ghana                              192       563       881      615       624       548       651       651       494      702       609        136      452       594
Guinea                              90       293       379      448       408      359        417       299       381      359       238         68      226       329
Guinea-Bissau                       59       129       115       107       94       175       119       181       124       96        52         49       92        112
Kenya                              397     1,186       921      886       910      678        734       597       448      477       310        319      667       664
Lesotbo                             94       142       125       145      144       116       114       104        92       66        31         72      107        100
Liberia                             98       114       158       120      123        64       124       173        76       73        94         77       78        105
Madagascar                         230       398       456      363       363       289       301       357       834      495       359        148      295       389
Malawi                             143       503       550      578       498       470       435       492       343      434       446        115      279       452
Mali                               267       482       452      432       363      441        541       491       429      347       354        194      398       398
Mauritania                         176       237       218      200       325       267       230       272       238      172       219        177      214       224
Mauritius                           33        89        67        46       26        14        23        20        43       42        42         36       52        38
MoKizambique                        169     1,002     1,069     1,463    1,179     1,200     1,064       888       948     1,040      804        141      626      1,003
Nwnibia                             ..       121       182       143      154       137       192       188       165       180      178          0       24        157
Niger                              170       396       373       365      344       377       274       255       333      292       187        165      333       295
Nigeria                             36       258       262      262       290       190       212       190       200      204       152         44      126       209
Rwanda                             155       291       362      351       356       716       702       467       230      350       373        131      222       396
Sao Tom6 and Principe                4        55        51        56       47        50        84        47        33       28        28          7       22         46
Senegal                            263       818       635      670       500       640       666       580       423      501       536        254      569       551
Seychelles                          22.       36        23        19       20        13        13        19        17       24        13         16       23         19
Sierra Leone                        91        61       104       133      208       276       206       184       119      106        74         51       85        143
Somalia                            433~      494       186      654       893       537       189        88        81        80      115        283      462       307
South Africa                         .                    .        ..     275       295       389       364       496      514       541          .         ..     389
Sudan                              623       822       874      541       454       412       242       220       139      209       243        540      936       393
Swaziland                           50        54        53        57       55        58        58        33        28       35        29         33       34         42
Tanzania                           679     1,173     1,080     1,339      950       966       877       877       945     1,000      990        513      797       963
Togo                                91       260       200      223        97       125       192       157       125      128        71         81      162        145
Uganda                             114       668       666      725       610       752       835       676       813      647       591         85      304       678
Zamnbia                            318       480       883     1,036      872       718     2,034       610       610      349       624        204      411       770
Zimbabwe                           164       340       393      792       498       560       492       371       336      280       245        114      259       399
NO~RTH A_FRICA_                  _2.71'_    -7.161-    6.976    53151     3.687    3.852                                             !() .8b 290 1,3   .IO  2.684  2.5'2  3.845
Algeria                            183       262       338      406       348      419      312         304       250      394        89        140      177       293
Egypt, Arab Republic             1,385     5,437     5,024     3,603    2.395     2,690     2,015     2,199     1,985     1,955    1,582      1,774     1,640     2,648
Libya                               17        19        25         6        4         4         6         8         7         7        7          9        9          9
Morocco                            899     1,049     1,231      946       712       631       495       650       464      530       679        537      494       684
Tuinisia                           27        191       35'       390      22'       106        '1       124       194       150      253        223      252        212
ALL AFRICA            Ifl.I0~~~~~~~  24.372  23.925  2 3.565  203.465  21.941     07(       18.366   16,2S3    16.283   14.876      8 52(1   14,445    1  4
Note: In 1995, Zambia oDmpleted a 3 year Rights Affangement Program permitting disbursement of 833.4 M SDR uader a new SAF/ESAF arraLngement,



286                                                                     A id Flows
12-2. Net ODA from DAC donors, nominal
Millions of US. dollars (current prices)                                         Annual Average
1980      1990      1991     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996      1997     1998      1999      75-84    85.89    90-MR
SUIB- SAHARAN AFRICA             4.351    10.81i    10.26.4   10,'769  10.1 58   10,326     9.908     9.086    8.123     8,176    7.624      3.429    ?,516     8. 87
ecludmg SouLhi Africa           4.351    10.815    1 0.24A   10,769    9.9175   10,112     9.590     8.774    .7,08    7,755     7.238      3.429    7.516     8.673
e_"CI S ATnca & Nipena           4.334    10.6421   1 n.092  10.632    9.904    10,065     9.517     8.726     7,656    7,721     7.185     3.402    '7.414    8 592
Aniola                             36       16-I      1 59     194       1 51     724       2 i2      294       22'      2 14     7-52        3':      94        198
Benin                              36       126       160      171       148      142       177       165       148      144       119        36       88        140
Botswana                           83       121       104       93        80       57        54        68        56       73        41        63       102        69
Burkina Faso                      151       239       270      268       255      265       252       269       218      227      232        112       182       231
Bunundi                            60       158       123      149       126      108        108       68        38       44        52        50        85        89
Camneroon                         171       339       377      579       528      397       346       280       330      303       254       130      205        344
Cape Verde                         39        76        79       80        81       82        77        77        68       85        89        28        61        75
CenlralAftrican Rcpublic           75       100        98      107       117       94        122      121        61       57        59        52        92        85
Chad                               20       183       138      148       146      104       127       122        96       75        64        44       119       109
Comoros                            13        3 1       31       23        29       1 8       22        22        1 5      1 9       13        1 1      28         20
Congo, Democratic Rep. of         317       633       343      163        99       97        I18      106       105       80        87       221      336        169
Congo, Republic of                 55       202       118      102       116      253       105       395       260       60       121        49        88       158
COte divoire                      152       531       435      527       708      820       727       449       233      490       366       105       191       481
Djibouti                           32        88        83       92        94       94        80        71        62       62        55        35        61        72
Equatotial Guinea                   1        44        35       36        28       1 7       22        23        18       1 8       1 5        4        22        23
Eritec                              ...                           .       48       96        95        128       81       98        80          .        ..       83
Ethiopia                           91       510       464      457       417      567       526       448       374      365       325        86       413       412
Gabon                              49       127       140       65        97      161        136       113       30       37        34        42        80        86
Gamnbia, The                       17        57        55        50       50       38         25        17       17       13        13         16       50        31
Ghana                             107       265       449      333       312      332       359       349       292      375       356        75       187       324
Guinea                             33       139       173      233       185      186       220        135      126      148       I11        20       126       151
Guinea-Bis.sau                     34        75        62       57        56      124        77        125       59       65        32        29        46        68
Kenya                             277       735       608      520       426      401       459       346       301      276       254       244       477       403
Lesotho                            64        85        74       69        74       45        62        49        45       33        26        44        63        52
Liberia                            60        42        57       26        25       35        31        112       31       31        45         53       54        40
Madagascar                         91       268       274      216       228      190        195      230       549      334       192         77      169       244
MalawAi                            76       216       209      208       159      251       221       264       174      204       228        63       134       206
Mali                              131       312       280      239       221      243       285       298       257      236       237        104      248       238
Mauritania                         54       106       110       116      196      128        126       99        97       64        89        45       116       103
Mauritius                          25        76        62       35        27        8         11        -1        3       20         5        23        43        22
Mozambique                        115       750       769     1,007      813      733       698       552       622      713       593        104      476       682
Namibia                             ..       39        95       98       123      113        148       136      123      129       117          0       16       105
Niger                             105       255       264      262       254      261        194       163      181      145       120        97       209       192
Nigeria                            17       173       172      138        71       47         73       47        52       34        53        27       103        81
Rwanda                             97       183       233      187       201      487       339       252       179      209       181        83       127       230
SAo Tom6 and Principe               1        31        24       26        28       26        62        29        21       18        19         2         9        27
Senegal                           182       589       421      454       364      475       399       392       292      289       416        157      355       375
Seychelles                         18        33        17       IS         7        7         11        8         6       17         5         14       17        12
Sierra Leone                       57        40        68       74       106       54        60        67        41       53        60        28        50        64
Somalia                           139       270       116      497       688      438        119       40        46       42        76        93      299        213
South Africa                        .         ..        .        .       183      214       319       312       415      421       386                  ..       295
Sudan                             272       420       369      188       164      174        131       118       86      ISO       159       211      499        181
Swaziland                          33        36        31       27        33       27        38        21        16       17        15        22        21        23
Tanzarua                          524       844       764      816       650      570       587       605       569      769       613       383      617        646
Togo                               52       155       124      135        77       63        118       97        76       66        47        46        93        87
Uganda                             42       244       285      255       348      344       423       370       439      384       357        31       112       349
Zambia                            234       409       583      699       511      434       439       354       367      257       340       156      326        417
Zimbabwe                          112       296       359      536       310      280       348       281       222      216       219        86       226       285
NORfl-   AFRICA                   1.6cC'.  4-221      5.342    4,O0      2,640    3(077     21.382    2.631    I.9'6     1,951    1.774      L.42'    2.192     ;.W6
Algera                 118      232~      ~~~~     ~~~~     ~~~~~~ 30'  3'6  2oi  373  290  263     19'       172       3   ~     Ilb      123       20
Egypt, Arab Republic            1,187     3,172     4,157     2,996    1,824    2.311      1,690     1,933    1,497     1,472    1,298       959     1,533     2,039
Libya                              10         8         3         I        2        2         3         2         2        4         3         4         5         3
Morocco                           188       595       611      734       422      318       347       391       215      251       333        189      354       384
Tunisia                           158       214       264      298       127       73        52        42        70      102 -     102       160       178       121
ALL kFRICA                       6.01I    I5.016    15.605    15.174   12.71)7   13.403    1 7.290   11.717   l 0,0'49  10.127    9.398      4.856    .09      I1.5



Aid Flows                                                                             287
12-3. Net ODA from non-DAC bilateral donors, nominal
Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices)                                             Annual Average
1980      1990       1991      1992      1993      1994       1995      1996      1997      1998      1999       75-84    85-89     90-MR
SUB-SAHAKAN AFRICA                   684        469       164        72        so        45         45         73       114       78        122        560      321       I129
e"cluding South Africa              684       469        164        72        80        44         42        67       114        77       12u)        56r1     121        128
excl. S.Afnica & NgerLi             684       460        164        68        69        44         43        68       114        78       11 7        560i      321       I 2o
An~goja                                1         2          2         1         3         0-6  0--             0         0 -0                0    -     0         1I
Bentin                                2          0         -2        0         0         4          7         6         0         -1        -2          1         2I
Botswana                              0         -2         2         -2        7         1          0         -2        -3        -3        -1          2        0          0
Burkina Faso                          0         1 1       10         2         1         1          8         6         3         6         9           2         5         6
Burundi                               4          0        -3        - 1       -2        -3         -3        -1         0         -1        0           4        7         -1
Cameroon                             23         -3        -1         0         1         0          2         -2        -2       -2         -3          7        0         -1
Cape Verde                            2.         0         0         0         1         0          0         3         0         0         0           1         I         0
Central African Republic              2'         2         3         3         3         2          3         5         0         0         0           1        3          2
Chad                                  0          2         2         0         3         1          1         3         5         5         7           3        0          3
Comoros                              16          0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0           6         I         0
Congo, Democratic Rep. of             5         77         0         2         0         0          0         3         9         2         0           3        0          9
Congo, Republic of                   1 5         0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0          1 0       0          0
C8te d'lvoire                         0          0         0         0         0         1          1         0          1         I        2           0        0          1
Djibouti                             33         88         3        -1       I11        1 2         3         S         5         2          1         1 7       14        1 3
Equatorial Guinea                -    0          0         6         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0           0        0          1
Eritrea                                ...1                                             12          5         3        17        32        19                    ..        12
Ethiopia                              0         68         1          1         I        0          1          I         7       13        IS         1I1        3         1 1
Gabon                                 0          0         0         0         0         0         -1        -2         -3        -1        0           3        3         -1
Gambia, The                           7          0         2        -2        -2        -2         -1        -2         -2         1         1          5        -1         0
Ghana                                25          I         9        -2         2        -4         -6        -1         13        3         4           7         I         2
Guinea                                0          4         1        -2        -4        -2          6        20        34        24        1 8         1 1       1 0        9
Guinea-Bissau                         I          0         1         6         4         3          3         4         0         0         0           3        5          2
Kenya                                 0          5         3        -3        -3        -3          5         3         2          1        3           4         7         2
Lesotho                               0          0         0         3         3         1          0         4          7        -1I      -1I          I        0          1
Liberia                               9          2         0         1         1          I         1         2          1        0         0           3        0I
Madagasc'ar                          48         -1I        0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0          1 2       -2         0
Malawi                                0          1        27         5         3         4          3         0         -2        0         4           0         1         5
Mali                                 3 3        1 5        5         4        -4       -II        -14         -8        -6        -S        0          1 7       1 6       -2
Mauritania                           86         25          1        -7       -6       -10        -16       -11        -13        -7         5         83       26         -.4
Mauritius                             0          1        -1I       -1I        0        -I         - I        - I      IO        -1I        0           1        2          0
Mozambique                           20          0         0         3         4         3          2         3         -1        -2        -2          3         5         1
Namibia                               ..         0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0           0        0          0
Niger                                 2          4         5         0         2         5          1          I        10         I         1         17         5         3
Nigeria                               0          9         0         3        1 1        0          0         -1         0        -1         3          0         0         2
Rwanda                                I         10         4         0         2         3          0          I         1        0         0           2         5         2
SAo Tomd and Principe                 0          0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0           0        0          0
Senegal                               2          2        22        17        14         2         13         1 1       9          1        4          19       27          8
Seychelles                            0          0         0         0         1         0          0          3         5         1        2           0         1         2
Sierra Leone                          4          0         0         0         0         0          I         4          1        3         0           2        4          1
Somalia                             128         82         0        11        14         0          0         0          1        0         0          81         7        10
South Africa                          .          .          .        ..        0         I          3          6        0          1        2           .                   2
Sudan                               158          8        16        20         3         3          4          1        0          1       26         183      148         16
Swaziland                             0          0         0         4         3         2          3         3         2         4         0           0         I         2
Tanzania                             27          3        -2        -2         0         6          5         -2         3        3          I         12         3          1
Togo                                  0         -1        -1        -2         0         0          0         -2        -1         1         3          1         3         0
Uganda                                 1        43        51        15         1        13         12          9         3        0          1          6         7        14
Zambia                               23          0         0         0         0         0          0          0        0         -1        0          11         0         0
Zimbabwe                              5          9        -1        -3        -1        -3         -3         -3        -3        -I        0           6        -2         -I
NOR TH AFRICA                        745      2,655       985       456       390       III        102         49       124      233        123        ?98      176        4St)
Algeria         -49                              8         2         4         1         2        -12          7        12        19       31          10       28         13
Egypt, Arab Republic                  2      2,186       510       409       380        95        117         54       100      214        73         453        14       381
Libya                                 0          0         0         0         0         0          0          0         0         0         0          0         0         0
Morocco                             645        361       470        53        18        29         20         26        32       30        29         300       III        97
Tunisia                              49        100          3       -10        -9      -15        -22        -38       -20       -31       -11   __  _35     _23            -5
.ALLAFRICA                            .49      3.123     1.149    _528         469       156        147       122       238       310       Ž5        138        47         6f



288                                                                     Aid Flows
12-4. Net ODA from multilateral donors, nominal
Millions of US     dollars (current prices)                                      AnnualAverage
1980      1990      1991     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996      1997     1998      1999      75-84    85-89    90-MR
SUB-.SAHARAN AFRICA:~::          2.359     5.)28     6.522     7.373    o.540     '.'24    '.928      5.92l    5,146    4,993     4.521      1.847    4.U35     5.885
e'qcludinF South Afnrca         2.3"'     5.9218   65.522     7,373    6.148     7,644     7,860)    5.8 75   5.06     4.90 1    4.367      1.84'    4.03 5    5 81 7
n,cl S &I'nca & Nigeria        21340      5 8521    1.4 32    7.253    6.241    '.,501      72-1     5 731    4,916    4.731     4.2'I      1.830    4.0-121   5.691
Angola                             16%      IC''      II'y      12       1P       226        1'6        '1      128      121       136l       2''      42        1 42-
Benin                              53       143       109       98       140      III        96       118        73       68       93         34       68         97
Botswana                           23        27        26       21        43       28        35         8        69       36       21         17       31         29
Burkina Faso                       6 1       8 1      140      164       212      168       231       144       147      167       157        52       77        153
Bwunndi                            54       106       138      163        94      207        182       44        1 8      33        22        42        95        94
Camneroon                          7 1      109       142      137        1 6     334        97       134       171      125       183        5 1       56       136
Cape Verde                         23        32        25       39        36       40        40        36        43       45        48         1 3      27        36
Central African Republic           34       148        73       70        54       72        43        45        30       63        58        27       68         61
Chad                               1 5      128       124       91        76      109       109       171       126       88       116        33       95        108
Comoros                            13        1 5       33       25        20       2 1       20        1 7       12       1 7        8        12       20         1 8
Congo, Democratic Rep. of         106       187       134      105        79      148        78        57        44       44        45        93      201         90
Congo, Republic of                 22        16        16        1 2       7      109        20        35        10        6        20        23        13        24
C6te d'Ivoire                      58       157       196      229        55      773       486       515       213      309        81        3 1       80       279
Djibouti                            9        1 7       22       22        29       23        22        2 1       19       1 7       19         9        19        20
Equatorial Guinea                   8        1 7       2 1      26        25       13         1 2       8         6        6         6         4        1 7       13
Eritres                              .        .         .         .       1 8      49        49        29        26       38        50          .        ..       35
Ethiopia                          120       438       630      720       671      504       357       369       198      282       303        III     322        423
Gabon                               7         6         3        4         4       20         9         1 5      1 1       9        13          S        9        1 0
Gamsbia, The                       3 1       42        44       62        37       34        23        22        23       25        19         1 7      39        32
Ghana                              59       297       424      284       309      220       298       303       189      325       250        55       264       267
Guinea                             57       150       206      217       228      174        191      143       222      187       109        36        90       169
Guinea-Bissau                      24        53        5 1      45        34       48        39        52        66       3 1       20         1 8      41        42
Kenya                             120       446       309      370       487      280       270       248       145      201        53        71       183       260
Lesotho                            3 1       57        5 1      73        68       70         52       5 1       40       35         7        27        44        47
Liberia                            29        70       101       93        97       28        91        58        44       4 1       49        21        24        64
Madagascar                         91       131       182      147       135       99        106       127      284      162       166        59       128       146
Malawi                             68       287       314      365       336      216       211       228       171      230       214        52       144       241
Mali                              103       154       168      189       146      209       270       201       178      117       117         73      134       162
Mauritania                         36       106       107       91       135      150        120       185      154      115       125        49        72       124
Mauritius                           8        12         7        1 1      -1        7         14       22        30       23        37         12        7        16
Mozambique                         34       252       300      454       363      464       364       333       328      330       213        34       145       321
Namnibia                            ..       82        86       45        31       25        44        51        42       5I        60         -.        8        52
Niger                              64       138       104      103        88      III         80       91       141      146        66         50      118       100
Nigeria                            18        77        90      121       208      143        140       143      149      170        96         17       23       126
Rwanda                             57        98       125      164       152      226       363       213        50      141       192        46        90       165
SAo Tomd and Principe               3        24        27       30        1 8      24        23         19       12       1 0        8          5       1 3       1 9
Senegal                            79       227       192      200       122      164       254       177       122      211       115        78       187       1 68
Seychelles                          3         3         6        4        12        6          2         8        6        6         6          2        5         6
Sierra Leone                       30        21        36       59       102      222        146       113       76       5I        13        21        31        78
Somalia                           166       142        70      146       191       99        70        49        34       38        39       109       157        84
South Africa                        .         .         .        ..       92       80        67        46        81       92       153          .        .        93
Sudan                             192       394       489      333       287      235       108       101        52       59        58        147     289        196
Swaziland                          17        18        22       26        19       28         18        10       10       14        14        12        12        17
Tanzania                          128       326       318      525       300      389       286       274       373      228       376        118      177       317
Togo                               39       106        76       89        19       62        74        62        5I       61        21        34        65        58
Uganda                             70       381       329      455       261      394       400       297       371      263       232        49       186       315
Zambia                             62        71       300      336       361      284      1,594      255       243       93       283        37        85       354
Zimbabwe                           47        35        35      259       189      283        147       93       116       65        25        28        34       115
NORTH AFRICA       ~~     ~~~- 31F1  Ž81     0-C49      49u       658      664       415       606       8')')    853       71         5)       24        5 9-1
Algeria                  ~~~~17     22        29        26       82       44         34        35       45      253        21         15       26        59
Egypt, Arab Republic              196        80       357      198       192      285       208       212       389      268       211       363        93       228
Libya                               7        12        22        4         2        2         3         6         5        3         4         6         4         6
Morocco                            66        92       150      160       273      285        128      233       217      249       316        48        30       203
Tunisia                            25        79        91      102       109       49        41       121       144       78       161   __   28   _    51__      95
Al L AFRICA                      2.669)  -6213       '.1,1    '7863     7.198     8.388     8.343     6 527    5.946     5.846    5.234      2306C    4. 23 9   6. i't6
Note: In t995, Zambia completed a 3 year Rights Arrangement Program permnitting disbursement of 833.4 M SDR under a new SAF/ESAF arrangement.



A id Flows                                                                       289
12-5. Net ODA from all donors, real
Average annual
Millions of US. dollars (constant 1995 prices)                                     percentage growth
1980      1990      1991     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996     1997      1998     1999      75-84    85-89     90-AM
:SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA               9.683    18.925    18.932   19,499   18.521    19,785    17.831    15.025   14.059    14,804   13.837        6 7     IuO       -6.7
exclIuding South Afiica         9.683    18.925    18.932    19,499   18.217   19.463     17,492   14.662    13,538   14,230    13.226       6.'      iIuO      .721
excl S.Afiria &_Nigeria         9.636    18,641    13.640    19,21   17.897   19,255     17.280    14.472   13.327   14,002    13.055       6 9       C' 7     -7 2
Angola     ____-69                          296    -312        371       322      4192      438      .172       3'I      3'7       4'        :.,I                1 3
Beroi                             118       295       298      289       318      280       280       287      232       235      238         2.3     19.9      -7.3
Botswana                          139       161       148      120       143       94        90        74      128       119       69        5.4       7.4     -12.6
Burkina Faso                      278       364       469      464       515      474       491       418      387       447      449        4.0       4.5      -3.4
Buiundi                           154       290       288      333       240      341       288       III        59       86       84        9.5       4.7     -16.4
Cameroon                          347       490       578      766      602       799       444       410      524       476      490         1.5    14._ 5     -7.6
Cape Vcrde                         8'4      119       117      127       130      132       117       116       117      145      154        13.4      1.8      -2.0
Central African Republic          145       275       195      192       191      184       169       170       96       134      132        6.5       7.8     -13.4
Chad                               46       345       295      256       248      233       236       295      239       187      212        -4.4     11.8      -8.9
Comoros                            57        50        71       52        54       42        42        39       29        39       24        2.9      -1.8     -11.7
Congo, Democratic Rep. of         560       986       532      288       197      269       196       166       166      140      149         0.8     15.9     -17.1
Congo, Republic of                121       240       150      122       136      396       125       428      284        73      160         2.6     -2.1      -8.6
C6te dIvoire                      275       756       705      810       844     1,743     1,213      961      469       893      506        -0.6     27.6      -8.5
Djibouti                           96       213       120      120       148      141       105        97        90       90       85        4.8      -7.4      -9.1
Equatorial Guinea                  12        67        70       66        58       33        34        3 1      26        28       23       17.9     30.0      -15.0
Etitrea                             .         .         .        ..       74      172       149       159       130      187      168         ..        ..       0,4
Ethiopia                          277     1,117     1,223     1,261    1,203     1,171      883       815      608       738      725         5.5      9.0      -8.2
Gabon                              73       146       160       74       112      198       144       126       41        50       54        2.3       9.1     -13.1
Gamnbia, The                       71       109       113      118       94        76        47        37       41        43       38       15.3      10.0     -13.3
Ghana                             251       619       985      658       689      599       651       649      519       785      687         5.4     25.5     -_5.9
Guinea                            117       322       423      480      451       393       417       298      401       402      268       16.8     21.1       -9.7
Guinea-Bissau                      78       141       128      115       104      191       119       180      131       107       59        16.5     13.6      -6.8
Kenya                             519     1,304     1,028      948     1,004      741       734       594      470       533      350        9.8      17.2     -14.0
Lesotho                           124       156       140      156       159      127       114       104       96        74       35        12.1      2.3     -13.9
Liberia                           128       126       176      128       135       70       124       172        80       81      106       18.3     -17.1     -4.8
Madagascar                        31        48        509      388      401       316       301       355      876       553      405        8.4      12.8      -5.2
Malawi                            188       553       615      618       549      514       435       490      361       485      503        6.5      21.6      -4.8
Mali                              350       530       505      462      401       482       541       489      451       388      400        4.5       1.9     -10.1
Mauritania                        230       261       244      214       359      292       230       271      250       192      247        0.4      -0.3      -5.2
Mauritius                          43        97        75       49        29       16        23        20       45        46       47         1.1     11.7     -10.5
Mozambique                        222     1,102     1,194     1,566    1,302    1,312     1,064       885      996     1,162      907       40.7     26.0       -5.2
Namibia                             ..      133       203      153       170      150       192       187       173      201      200          ..     55.3       3.0
Niger                             223       436       417      391       380      413       274       254      350       326      211        -1.0      7.6     -10.6
Nigeria                            47       284       292      280       320      208       212       189      210       228       171      -11.8     50.8      -8.8
Rwanda                            204       320       404      376       393      783       702       465      241       391      421        4.8       3.8      -3.5
SatoTom  and Principe               5        60        57       60        52       55        84        47        35       32       31        14.0     24.9      -7.2
Senegal                           344       900       709      718       552      700       666       578      444       560      604        6.6      12.7     -10.3
Seychelles                         28        40        26       21        22       14        13        19        18       27       IS         3.2     -1.5     -4.5
Sierra Leone                      119        67       116      143       229      301       206       183       125      119       83        14.6      6.6       0.0
Somalia                           568       543       208      700       986      587       189        88        85       90       129       10.4      0.8     -19.2
South Africa                        .         ..        .        ..      304      323       389       363       521      574      611          .        ..       4.4
Sudan                             816       904_   _976        580       501      451       242       219       146      234      274        10.4     -2.7     -15.6
Swaziland                          66        59        60       60        60       63        58        33        30       39       33        2.0       0.6     -10.0
Tanzania                          889     1,290     1,206     1.433    1,049     1,056      877       874       992    1,118     1,117        6.9     10.7      -4.9
Togo                              119       286       223      238       107      137       192       156       131      144        81        4.1      9.2     -14.0
Uganda                            149       735       743      776       673      822       835       674       854      723      666        19.6     20.2      -0.3
Zambia                            417       528       987     1,109      962      785      2,034      607       641      390       703       11.0      5.5      -4.1
Zimbabwe                  .       215       373       439      848       550      613       492       370       352      313      276       66.6      -3.9      -8.2
NORTH AFRICA                     3.557     7.873     7,791     5.728    4.070    4,211      2.899     327      3.6      3.393     2,94-   _   ..4      -50o   --12 u-
Algeria                           240       288       378      435       385      459       312       303       262      440      101        -7.0      0.2      -6.3
Egypt, Arab Republic            1,813     5,979     5,612    3,857     2,644    2,941      2,015    2,191     2,085    2,184     1,785       -7.8     -7.2     -13.9
Libya                              22        21        28        6         4        5         6         8         7        8         8       -8.4     12.8      -9.7
Morocco                         1,177     1,153     1,375     1,013      786      690       495       648       488      592      766        6.5     -4.3       -9.4
Tunisia                           304       432       399      418       251      116        71       124       203      168      285        -5.2      91      -lIt)
ALL AFRICA              ~~~~~~13_240  26.798  26.723  215.227  22.591  2-3,997    20.780    18.299    17,105   18.197    16.781        2 4      6 9      -'8
Note: In 1995, Zambia completed &3 year Rights Arrangement Program permitting disbumrsntent of 833.4 M SDR under anew SAF/ESAF arrangement.



290                                                                     Aid Flows
12-6. Net ODA from DAC donors, real
Average annual
Millions of US. dollars (constant 1995 prices)                                    -percentage growth
1980      1990      1991     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996      1997     1998      1999      75-84    85-89    90AMR
~SUB-SAH.ARAN AFRICA              5.699    11 891    1 LJ164  1 1.529   1 1.21 3  11.291I   9,W8      9 052    8.534     9.137    8.600        7.2     10 7       .7 3
excluding SouLh Africa          5.699    11.891    1 1.464I  11.529   11.011    11,056    9,590      8.741    8.U97    8,667     8.16.4       7 2     10 7      .7 9
e%cI S Atnca & Nigerna          5.616    11.701    11I.273   I 1381   10.932    11.005    9.517      8.694    8,043    8.628     8.105        7.6     10 1      -7 7
.Angola                           .1'       181       I',      21)8      16'      245       242       293       238      240      284       41.1      10.1       0.3
Benin                              47       138       179      183       163      155       177       164       155      161       135        1.2     22.9      -5.6
Botswana                          109       133       116      100        88       62        54        68        59       82        46        3.9     12.9     -15.7
Burkina Faso                      198       262       302      287       281      289       252       268       229      253      262         6.0      8.4      -6.6
Buunmdi                            78       173       137      159       139      119       108        68        40       50        59        9.0     -0.2     -16.4
Catneroon                         224       373       421      620       583      434       346       279       347      339      287         3.7     11.4      -9.8
Cape Verde                         51        83        88       86        90       89        77        77        71       95       100       25.2      5.1      -2.8
Central African Republic           98       110       110      114       129      103       122       121        64       63       67         8.l      6.8     -16.8
Chad                               26       202       154      159       161      113       127       121       101       83        73       -4.0     11.9     -21.3
Comoros                            189       34        34       25        32       19        22        22        16       21        1 5      -0.6     11.2     -30.4
Congo, Demnocratic Rep. of        415       696       383      174       109      106       1I8       106       11O       89       98        -0.7     12.9     -19.5
Congo, Republic of                 73       222       131      109       128      277       105       393       273       67       137        2.3      3.6     -11.7
C6te d'Ivoire                     199       583       486      565       782      897       727       448       245      547      412         2.1     16.2     -15.6
Djibouti                           42        97        93       98       104      103        80        7 1       65       70       62        -1.0      3.2     -12.4
Equatorial Guinea                   2        48        39       38        3 1      1 8       22        23        19       20        16_     118.6     36.9     -2_8.8_
Eritrea                             .         ..        .        ..       53      105        95       127        85      109        91         .         ..     -2.7
Ethiopia                          120       560       519      489       460      620       526       447       393      408       367        0.1      8.0      -8.2
Gabon                              64       139       157       69       108      176        136       113       32       42        39        3.6     10.7     -23.0
Gamubia, The                       22        63        61       54        55       42        25         17       1 8      1 5       IS5      16.8      8.4     -19.3
Ghana                             140       291       501      356       345      363       359       348       307      419      401         1.6     25.1      -3.3
Guinea                             43       153       194      250       204      204       220       134       132      166       125       19.4     30.2     -14.3-
Guinea-Bissau                      45        83        70       61        62      135        77       124        61       72        36       37.9     14.7      -7.0
Kenya                             363       808       680      556       471      438       459       344       316      308       286        8.6     12.9     -12.8
Lesotho                            83        94        83       74        8 1      50        62        49        47       36        29       13.9      0.3     -15.3
Liberia                            79        46        63       28        27       39        31       112        33       35        50       24.0    -19.9      -7.0
Madagascar                        119       295       306      231       251      208        195      229       577      373       217       11.9     11.4     -11.9
Malawi                             99       238       233      223       175      275       221       263       183      228       257       -0.7     30.0      -1.3
Mali                              172       344       312      256       244      266       285       296       270      264       268        5.8      0.5     -12.0
Mauritania                         70       117       123      125       216      140        126       98       101       71       100       11.1      9.3     -15.8
Mauritius                          33        83        69       37        30        8         1 1       -1        3       22         6        4.0     13.6     -27.1
Mozanbique                        150       825       859     1,078      897      801       698       550       653      796       669       42.9     26.6      -5.7
Nansibia                            ..       43       106      105       136      123        148       136    .129       144       132         ..     73.9       4.6
Niger                             137       280       295      280       280      286        194       163      190      162       136       -0.9      7.4     -15.7
Nigeria                            23       190       192      147        78       52        73        47        55       38        60      -17.2     74.4     -17.2
Rwanda                            127       201       260      201       222      533       339       251       188      234       204        4.2      3.1      -2.7
Sao Tom6 and Principe               2        34        27       28        3 1      29        62        29        22       20        22       33.3     32.2      -5.3
Senegal                           238       648       471      486       402      519       399       391       307      323      470         8.5     13.5     -13.1
Seychelles                         24        36        19       17         8        8         11        8         7       19         5        1.5      0.2     -18.6
Sierra Leone                       74        44        76       79       117       59        60        67        44       59        68       16.2     18.1      -0.7
Somnalia                          182       296       130      532       759      478       119        39        48       47        86       28.9      6.5     -22.7
South Africa                        .         ..        .        ..      202      234       319       311       436      470      436          .         ..      1.0
Sudan                             356       462       412      201       181      191       131       118        90      168       179       22.9     -1.7     -16.5
Swaziland                          43        40        35       29        37       30        38        21        17       19        17        1.5     -7.5      -4.2
Tanzania                          686       928       853      874       718      624       587       603       598      860      692         5.3     11.2      -5.0
Togo                               68       170       139      144        85       69        118       97        80       74        53        2.8     14.2     -19.5
Uganda                             55       269       319      273       384      377       423       368       461      429      403        25.8     30.5       6.1
Zambia                            307       450       651      748       564      475       439       353       386      287       384        8.7      9.4      -6.2
Zimbabwe                          147       325       401      574 ___342         306       348       280      234       242      247       61.0      -3.5      -8.4
NORTH A4.FRICA                    2.174    4.641      5.6      4-.716   2.914     3.64      2.38     2.622     2.076     2.160    2.001        84-46             -20.
AlgenI                            151       25i      3113      4u2       293      408       290       262       13       136        42       . 53     .72     -8.6'
Egypt, Arab Republic            1,555     3,487     4,643     3,207    2,013    2,526      1.690     1.926    1,572     1,645    1,464       18.4     -7.5     -16.5
Libya                              13         8         3        2         2        2         3         2         2        4         4      -10.3      4.0      -6.6
Morocco                           246       655       682      785       466      348       347       390       226      280      376         1.5      5.4     -19.2
Tunisia                           207       236    _295      _319        140       79        52        41        73      114      115        -4.3      6.1     -12 9
ALL A~~~~FRICA         7~~~.813   16. 5331  57.431   16.24-1I4.l2i      14.654    12,290    11.674    10.6019  11. 17   1(1.601       7.5      67        .9.0



A id Flows                                                                            291
12-7. Net ODA from non-DAC bilateral donors, real
Average annual
Millions of U.S. dollars (constant 1995 prices)                                         percentage growth
1980       1990      1991      1992      1993      1994       1995      1996      1997      1998      1999       75-84    85-89     90-MRk
SUJB-SAHARAN AFRIC'A                 895        5l5       18 3       77        88        49         45         73       120       87        137        2 0     -27 7       4 A
n~cluding SouIhAfrica               895        515       18 3       77        88        48         42        6?       120        86        135        20)      27 7       .4 
excl S Afina &Nigeru                895        505       183        73        76        48         43        68       120        87       132         2 0     .27 8       A4n
Anoa                                1         2          2         I        4         0          0          0         0         0         0          ..     17.6      -17.3
Benin                                 2          0         -3        0         0         4          7         6         0         -2        -2        1.9      -3.4      -17.5
Botswana                              0         -2         2         -2        8         1          0         -2        -4        -3        -1
Burkina Faso                          0         1 2       1 2        3         1         1          8         6         4         7        1 1        8.9     -52.2      15.5
Bunmdi                                5          0         -3        -2        -2       -3         -3        -1         0         -1        0        28.0     -21.4
Camneroon                            3(1        -3        -2         0         1         0          2         -2        -2        -2       -4         4.6     -72.8
Cape Verde                            3          0         0         0         1         0          0         3         0         0         0        -3.2    -21.2        0.4
Central Afiican Republic              3          3         3         3         3         2          3         5         0         0         0       -17.0     106.7     -41.7
Chad                                             2         3         0         3         1          1         3         5         5         8       -27.6        ..      13.7
Comoros                              22          0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0         6.9    -62.7       -4A
Congo, Democratic Rep. of             '7        85         0         2         0         0          0         3         9         3         0       -63.9        ..     -21.9
Congo, Republic of                   20          0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0        11.0        ..       -0.2
Ore dlvoire                           0          0         0         0         0         1          1         0          1         I        2           .         ..      13.1
Djibouti                             43         97         3        -1        12        13          3         5         5         2          I      -13.1    -47.8        -8.9
Equatorial Guinea                     0          0         7         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0           ..    43.8      -25.2
Eritrea                               I.         .          .        .                  13          5         3         18       35        21           .         ..     3 7.8
Ethiopia                              0         7 5        1         1         2         1          1          1        8        IS5       1 7        6.8        ..      13.1
Gabon                                 0          0         0         0         0         0         - 1        -2        -3        -2        0       -21.6
Gambia, The                           9          1         2        -2        -2        -2         -1        -2         -2         I         1       -2.9
Ghana                                33          I        10        -2         3         -4        -6        -1         14        3         4       113.9        ..       4.7
Guinea                                0          5        -1         -2        4        -2          6        20        36        27        20        10.4       7.8        1.0
Guinea-Bissau                         2          0         1         6         4         3          3         4         0         0         0        -6.7       4.6     -35.6
Kenya                                 0          5         4        -4        -4        -3          5         3         2          1        3       166.1    -47.8        -5.8
Lesotho                               0          0         0         4         3         1          0         4         7         -I        -1       81.9
Liberia                              12          3         0         1         1         1          1         2          1        0         0       -69.9     64.9      -21.2
Madagascar                 ~~~        ~~    ~~63  -1  0     0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0        54.7        ..       1.1
Malawi                                0          1        30         5         3         4          3         0         -2        0         5           ..   215.7        -0.9
Mali                                 43         17         5         4        -5       -12        -14         -8        -6        -6        0         3,5     -33.1
Mauritania                          113         27         1         -8       -6       -1I        -16       -11       -13         -8        6        -5.9     -33.2
Mauritius                             0          1         -2        -1        0         -1        -1        -1         11        -1        0           ..      1.7
Mozambique                           27          0         0         3         4         3          2          3        -2        -3        -2       51.0      -8.2      24.6
Namibia                               ..         0         0         0         0         0          0          0        0         0         0           .         ..     -25.1
Niger                                 2          4         5         0         2         6          1          1        II         I         1       16.3      -8.5      -17,6
Nigeria                                0        10         0         4         12        0          0         -I         0        -1         3          ..     41.4       -7.9
Rwanda                                2         11         4         0         3         4          0          1         1        0         0        -3.9      -9.3     -29.6
Sgo Tomd and Principe                 0          0         0         0         0         0          0          0         0        0         0           .         ..      -8.5
S§ene-gal                              3          3        25        1 8       16         2         1 3        II1       10         1         5       18.1     -27.0      -10.6
Seychelles                            0          0         0         0          1        0          0          3         5         I         2          ..    -39.0      53.0
Sierra Leone                          6          0         0         0         0         0          1         4          1        3          0        3.5     -23.6        8.2
Somalia                             167         90         0        11        15         0          0          0         I        0         0       -12.3     -44.0     -29.8
SouthAfrica                            .         ..         .        ..        0         1          3          6         0         1         2          .         ..       3.6
Sudan                               207          9        18        22         3         3          4          I        0          1       30         0.7     -27.5       -7.0
Swaziland                             0          0         0         4         3         2          3          3         2         5         0          .         ..      -5.9
Tanzania                             36          4         -3        -2        0         7          5         -2         3         3         1       45.4     -48.3       -1.2
Togo                                  0         -1        -1        -2         0         0          0         -2        -1         1        4        -7.2       2.2
Uganda                                2         47        57        16         1        14         12          9         3        0          1      -19.5    205.0      -23.8
Zamnbia                              29          0         0         0         0         0          0          0        0         -1        0        19.3        ..       -5.6
Zimnbabwe                             7         10 __      -1       -3        -1        -3         -3        -3         -3        -1        0        15.6
NOR-krIH AFRICA                       97?6    2.fl-4     1.-H10    4.8_8       430)     -121        10-2  _   _49                           W 61  3   -28     -238v       -134
Algeria                              64          9         2         5         1         3        -12         7         12       21        35      -47.3     222.2     20.2
Egypt, Arab Republic                  3      2,403       570       438       419       103        117        54       105       239        83       -61.8        ..     -24.9
Libya                                 0          0         0         0         0         0          0         0         0         0         0           .         ..     13.6
Morocco                             845        397       525        56        19        31         20        26        33        34        33        16.3     -38.7      -23.3
Tuniaia                              64        110         3    -   II-1     -10   -   -16--      -22-       -38--     -21-     -34        -12       -9.3      14.7 --      .
AL.L AFRICA                         I.8'I     3.474      1.283      935       518       170        147        122       250      3.4 7     2,76      -14.2     -27 6      -11 4



292                                                                     Aid Flows
12-8. Net ODA from multilateral donors, real
Average annual
Millions of U.S. dollars (constant 1995 prices)                                     percentage growth
1980      1990      1991     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996      1997     1998     1999      75-84    85-89     90-MR
SUB-SAHARA.N AFRICA               3.089    6.518     7.285     7,893    7.220    8.i46      7,928     5.899    5.405     5,580    5.300        7. Q    32 4      -6 0
e-xcludinp Southt Africa        3.089     6.518     7,285     7.893    7,118    8.358      7.860     5.83 3   5,321    5,4'7     4.927        7n      12 4      .6 4
excl S Afnica & Nigena          3.065     6.434    7.184      7,764    6.889    8.2102    '7231      5.730    5,365    5,287     4.818        7       1 2 4     -6 5
Angola         -   -21                      134       133      162       151      247       176       178       134      135       153     _42.6       7.3       2.0
BSenin                             69       157       122      105       154      121        96       137        77       76       105        3.2     16.2      -9.5
Botswana                           30        30        29       22        47       31        35         8        73       40        23        6.1      0.1      -6.0
Burkina Faso                       80        89       156      375       234      183       231       143       154      387       177        0.6     -0.4       1.6
Bunsodi                            7 1      117       154      375       304      226       182        44        1 9      37        25        9.2     12.8     -17.5
Camneroon                          93       120       158      147        3 8     365        97       133       179      139      207        -4.0     31.2      -3.1
Cape Verde                         3 1       35        28       42        39       43        40        36        45       50        54        2.8     -3.3      -0.1I
Central Afiican Republic           44       363        82       75        59       79        43        44        3 1      731       66        3.9      9.1     -12.0
Chad                               20       141       339       97        84      319        109      170       133       99       131       -2.6     11.9      -3.9
Comoros                            3 8       1 6       37       27        22       23        20        1 7       1 3      3 9        9       23.5    -12.2      -7.3
Congo, Democratic Rep, of         138       206       349      112        87      162        78        57        47       49        531       5.2     20.8     -14.4
Congo, Republic of                 28        1 8       3 8       1 3       8      319        20        35        1 0       7        23       -2.2    -16.9      -2.6
C6te d'lvoire                      77       373       219      245        61      845       486       513       224      345        93      -31.4    84.0      -2.6
Djibouti                           1I        19        24       23        32       25        22        21        20       19        21       37.3    -14.5      -2.3
Equatorial Guinea                 I31        19        23       28        28       1 5        12        7         7        7         6       28.5     22.5     -33.5
Eritrea                             .         .         .        .        20       54        49        29        27       43        56         .         ..      0.2
Ethopia                           158       482       703      771       741      553       357       368       208      335       342        9.0     11.1      -8.9
Gabon                               9         6         3        4         4       21         9         15       12       30        1 5       3.7      7.2      10.8
Gambia, The                        40        46        49       67        41       37        23        22        24       28        231      13.9     14.3      -9.6
Ghana                              78       326       473      304       341      241       298       302       399      363       282       12.4     23.8      -9.9
Guinea                             75       165       231      232       251      191        191      143       233      209       123       29.0     18.3      -7.9
Guinea-Bissau                      31        59        57       48        37       53        39        52        69       35        23       19.4     13.1      -6.6
Kenya                             157       490       345      396       537      306       270       247       153      224        60       11.5     36.1     -17.0
Lesotho                            40        63        57       78        75       77        52        51        42       39         7        9.0      7.9     -13.7
Liberia                            38        77       133       100      107       30        93        58        46       46        56        7.6     -9.9      -3.2
Madagascar                        120       144       203       158      149      108        106      126       299      380       187        3.6     13.2      -2.7-
Malawi                             89       335       351      390       371      236       231       227       179      257       242       16.4     16.3      -7.8
Mali                              135       169       188      202       161      228       270       201       387      130       132        2.2      8.7      -7.6
Mauritania                         47       117       319       98       149      163        120      184       162      129       141        3.8      8.7       0.8
Mauritius                          10        14         8        12       -1        8         34       22        32       25        41       -6.8     16.3       8.1
Mozanbique                         45       277       335      486       400      508       364       332       344      368       241       37.7     25.1      -3.8
Nanijbia                            ..       90        97       48        34       27        44         51       44       57        68         ..     33.4       1.1
Niger                              83       352       317       III       97      121         80       90       148      163        75       -4.9      9.4      -5.3
Nigeria                            24        84       101      129       229      156        140      143       356      190       309       -1.0      8.3       3.3
Rwanda                             75       107       140       175      168      247       363       213        53      157       217        6.7      5.7       0.2
Sao Tom6 and Principe               4        26        30       33        20       26        23         39       13       11         9       11.6     20.8      -9.9
Senegal                           104       249       214      234       135      179       254       176       128      236       130        3.8     24.4      -6.0
Seychelles                          4         4         7        4        13        6         2         8         6        7         7       24.9      0.5       3.7
Sierfa Leone                       39        23        40       63       313      242       346       312        80       56        15       10.1     -1.8      -1.2
Somalia                           218       156        78       356      213      109        70        48        36       43        44       12.2     -5.3     -14.2
South AfTica                        .         ..        .        ..      102       88        67        46        85      103       173          .        ..      9.4
Sudan                             252       434       546      357       317      257       108       100        55       65        66        8.4      4.2     -21.3
Swaziland                          23        20        24       28        23       31         18       10        11       35        16        3.7      9.0      -6.5
Tanzania                          167       358       356      562       331      426       286       273       392      255       424       11.6     11.0      -5.1
Togo                               51       116        85       96        21       67        74        62        53       68        24        6.3      5.7     -12.0
Uganda                             92       439       368      487       288      431       400       296       390      294      262        24.3     33.3      -7.0
Zambia                             83        78       335      360       399      311      1,594      254       255      104       320       18.8     -7.5       1.2
Zimba-bwe                          62        38      _39       277       209--    309      -1-47       93   3_ 21_      _72-        29      127.5     -4.8      -6.0-
NORrlIAFR3CA                       407       3313      725      525       726      726       435       o)04      8-33     953       804       -3.4      2.1       4 6
Algeria                            22        24        33       28        91       48        34        35        48_    -283  -    -24       I 3 -11.  1. 8-     6.5
Egypt, Arab Republic              256        88       399      212       212      311       208       211       408      300       238       -3.2     -5.3       3.9
Libya                               9        13        25        4         2        2         3         6         5        4         4       -4,0     22.2     -11.3
Morocco                            86       302       167      171       301      331        128      232       228      278       357        6.7      4.0       9.0
Tunisia                            33        86       101      109       121       53        41       120       151       88       182       -4.5     34.6       2.9
AFRIACA                        3.496     6.833     8,009    8.438     7.946    9.3_72    8.343     6.5(33  _6.26      6.53 3   5.904        4 6      3 1 7     -5(
Note: In 1995, Zambia completed a 3 year Rights Arrangement Program permitting disburnemtet of 833.4 M SDR. under a new SAF/ESAF affangement.



Aid Flows                                                                       293
12-9. Net ODA from all donors as share of recipient GDP
Percentage of GDP                                                    Annual Average
1980     1989      1990      1991     1992     1993     1994      1995      1996     1997      1998     75-84    85-89    90-AM
SUJB-SAHARAN AFRICA                3.8      8.4       9.3       9.2I    lO2       s5       6 3       5 6       4 5      3.9       4 1       3 9      "73       58
e"clud.ng South Afnca             3.8      8.4       9.3       9.2     10.2     10 0     12 1      10 5       7 8      6 6      6 8        3 9      7 3       8 3
e"cJ S Afnca &Nlgens___      _    6 3      9 5      109       10 7     12 4     11 4     14 4      12 5       9 5      8 0       8 1       5 7      a 5       9 9
Angola                                     IS        2 6       2 3      6 0      5 5     III        8 3       6 3      A 6       5 2                lB        5 4
Benin                             6.4     17.9      14.5      14.2     16.6     13.7     17.1      14.0      13.1     10.8      9.3        7.0     11.1      12.3
Botswana                          9.4      5.2       3.9       3.4      2.7      3.1      1.9       1.8       1.5      2.4       2.2      10.1      6.6       2.2
Burkina Faso                     12.4     11.4      12.0      15.1     21.7     21.8     24.7      22.5      16.9     16.1     16.1       12.4     13.1      17.1
Bunindi                          12.11    18.6      23.3     22.1      28.7     23.1     33.7      28.8      12.3      5.9      8.7       11.9     16.6      18.4
Camneroon                         3.9      4.1       4.0      4.2       6.3      4.6      9.3       5.6       4.5      5.5      4.9        3.6      2.4       5.0
Cape Verde                       60.3     29.9      31.8     29.9      30.2     32.3     29.5      23.9      23.2     21.9     24.1       47.2     42.2      25.3
Central African Republic         13.9     14.9      16.8      12.4     12.5     13.3     19.7      15.0      15.9      9.1      11.5      12.8     14.0      12.6
Chad                              3.4     17.8      18.0      14.1     12.7     15.4     18.1      16.4      18.4     15.1      9.9        8.6     17.2      14.0
Cornoros                         35.1     22.5      18.1     25.8      18.1     18.5     20.9      19.5      18.5     14.1     16.4       36.9     29.0      16.6
Congo, Democratic Rep. of         3.0      8.1       9.6       5.2      3.3      2.0      4.2       3.5       2.8      2.7      2.3        2.6      6.5       4.0
Congo, Republic of                5.4      3.8       7.8       4.9      3.9      6.4     20.5       5.0      16.9     11.6       3.4       6.4      4.6       7.9
C8te dlvoire                      2.1      4.1       6.4       6.0      6.8      7.3     20.8      12.1       8.9      4,2       7.0       1.9      2.8       7.7
Djiboufi                           ..     18.4      46.4     23.6      24.0     28.5     26.4      21.1      19.6     17.0     15.7          . .   23.5      21.9
Equatorial Guinea                  ..     50.8      46.0     47.8      40.1     34.8     23.7      20.5      11.9      4.9      5.5        1.1     35.1      21.6
Eritrea                            ..        .         .        .         .     16.3     30.8      26.0      25.2     18.8     24.6          .        ..     22.0
Ethiopia                           ..      9.4      14.8     20.6      21.2     17.4     21.9      15.3      13.6      9.1     10.1        5.1     10.0      14.4
Gabon                             1.3      3.2       2.2       2.7      1.2      2.3      4.3       2.9       2.2      0.7       1.0       1.6      2.5       1.9
Gambia, The                      22.6     35.2      31.3     31.8      31.8     23.2     19.2      12.2       9.5      9.5      9.3       19.6     38.4      17.4
Ghana                             4.3     13.7       9.6      13.4      9.6     10.5     10.1      10.1       9.4      7.2      9.4        3.6      8.7       9.2
Guinea                             ..     15.0      10.4      12.6     13.7     12.5     10.5      11.3       7.7     10.1     10.0         ..     11.2       9.7
Guinea-Bissau                    53.7     54.9      52.7     44.6      47.5     39.9     74.2      46.7      668      46.3     46.6       37.3     55.4      46.1
Kenya                             5.5     12.8      13.9      11.4     11.1     18.3      9.5       8.1       6.4      4.2       4.2       5.5      8.6       8.3
Lesotho                          21.9     26.1      23.0      18.6     17.7     17.7     13.9      12.2      11.0      9.0      7.4       21.0     26.4      12.4
Liberia                           8.8      5.0        ..        .         .        .        .         .         .        .        .        7.4      6.9
Madagascar                        5.7     14.0      12.9      17.0     12.1     10.8      9.7       9.5       8.9     23.5     13.2        4.6     11.0      11.7
Malawi                           11.6     27.3      26.8     25.0      32.1     24.0     39.8      30.4      20.2     13.5     25,0       11.1     20.9      25.0
Mali                             15.0     22.4      19.9      18.7     15.2     13.6     25.0      22.0      18.8     17.3     13.4       15.0     22.8      16.3
Mauritania                       24.8     25.8      23.3      19.3     16.8     34.4     26.0      21.6      24.4     21.7     17.1       27.8     25.1      21.5
Mauritius                         2.9      2.8       3.4      2.4       1.4      0.8      0.4       0.6       0.5      1.1       1.0       3.6      3.0       1.2
Mozamnbique                       4.8     35.4      40.7     43.7      78.9     59.5     55.1      46.1      31.3     27.9     26.8        5.8     24.5      40.0
Namibia                            ..      2.5       4.8       6.8      4.7      5.4      4.2       5.5       5.4      4.5       5.3       0.0      1.1       4.9
Niger                             6.8     14,0      16.0      16.0     15.6     21.4     24.1      14.6      12.8     18.0      14.0       9.9     16.9      14.9
Nigeria                           0.1      1.5       0.9       1.0      0.8      1.4      0.8       0.8       0.5      0.6       0.6       0.1      0.5       0.7
Rwanda                           13.4      9.5      11.3      18.9     17,2     18.2     95.0      54.6      33.2     12.3      17.3      12.5     1O.5      27.9
SatoTom6 and Principe             8.4     97.8      95.0     90.2     124.0     98.0    101.0     185.2     105.7     76.0     69.3       15.9     44.6      95.5
Senegal                           8.8     15.4      14.4      11.5     11.1      9.2     17.6      14.9      12.5      9.6     10.8       10.5     13.7      11.4
Seychelles                       14.7      6.4       9.8      6.1       4.4      4.2      2.7       2.6       3.5      2.9      4.0       14.5     10.1       4.1
Sierra Leone                      7.8      8.5       6.8      12.9     19.3     27.1     30.0      21.5      20.4     12.9     15.9        4.7      8.0      17.7
Somalia                          71.8     39.1      53.8        .        ..        .        ..        .         ..       .        ..      42.1     46.8      53.8
South Africa                       ..        .         .        .         .      0.2      0.2       0.3       0.3      0.3       0.4         .        ..      0.3
Sudan                             8.2      4.9       6.2      7.7       8.5      5.8      5.0       3.4       2.7      1.3      2.0        6.6      6.1       4.2
Swaziland                         8.6      4.4       6.4      6.0       5.8      5.4      5.2       4.5       2.6      2.0      2.6        7.9      6.6       3.9
Tanzania                           ..     20.8      27.5     21.8      29.1     22.3     21.4      16.7      13.5     12.3      11.6      11.4     18.9      17.5
Togo                              8.0     14.8      16.0      12.5     13.1      7.8     12.8      14.7      10.7      8.3       9.1      10.0     14.0      10.1
Uganda                            9.1      8.6      15.5     20.0      25.4     18.9     18.8      14.5      11.2     12.9       9.6       4.0      5.9      14.9
Zambia                            8.2      9.4      14.6     26.2      32.5     26.6     21.5      58.6      18.6     15.6      10.8       6.3     16.5      23.1
Zimnbabwe                         2.5      3.2       3.9      4.5      11.7      7.6      8.1       6.9       4.3      3.9       4.4       1.6      3.8       5.5
NOR rHAFiCW-A     __     _         2 1      1.6       5 0       5.6      4.0      2 7      2.7        1 9      1 9       16       I6        i)         '
Algena                            0.4      031       0 4       0 7      0 8      0 7       IC'I     rJ7       0 6      (I 5     (..8       (1.5     0.3       0.6
Egypt, Amab Republic              6.0      3.9      12.6      13.6      8.6      5.1       5.2      3.3       3.3      2.6       2.4      10.3      4.4       5.3
Libya                             0.0      0.1        ..        .         .        .        .         .         .        .        .         .0      0.0
Morocco                           4.8      2.0       4.1       4.4      3.3      2.7      2.1        1.5      1.8      1.4       1.5       3.8      2.9       2,3
Tunisia   ___2.7                           2.8       3.2       2.7      2.5      1.6      0.7       0.4       0.6      1.0      0.8        3.5      2.6       I 4
AEL.A FRICA_                       31 I     5.3     7-T4    ~78       -75         4 6       5 I      4 4       .36      31        335                4,
Note: Nigeria's ratios are distorted for199)4-95 becuse of ofricial exchange rate over-valuation affecting oil exportsasodoil value added (see chapter 3).



294                                                                     Aid Flows
12-10. Net ODA from DAC donors as share of recipient GDP
Percentage of GDP                                                     Annual Average
1980      1990      1991     1992      1993     1994      1995      1996      1997     1998      1999     75-84    85-89     90-AMi
SUB-SAkHALAN AFRICA                 22     ::5 9       56'       nO       3 3       3 5       3 1       2.7      .14       2 5      2 4        2.3      4 6       3 5
e"Cludmg S..u1h Afrtca             2?2       59       56        6 0      6 0       68        58        4 6      40       4 1       39         27       4 6       4 9
ne IS dfnica&Nigena 3__           36        6 8       65        7.3      6 9       a1        6 9       57       4 9       501      4 8        3 3      54        5 9
Angola                               .    1.6          1.3~     3.4      2.9       5.5       4.8       3.9      3.0      3.3       4.1         ..      1.2       3.1
Benin                             2.5       6.8       8.5      10.5      7.0       9.5       8.8       7.5      7.2      6.3       5.1        3.6      6.1       7.2
Botswana                          7.4       3.2       2,7       2.3      1.9       1.3       1.1       1.4      1.1       1.5      0.8        7.8      5.0       1.6
Burkina Faso                      8.8      8&6        9.7      13.4     11.9      15.1      11.6      10.9      9.5      9.1       9,4        8.3      8.9      10.1
Blurundi                          6.5       13.9     10.5      13.7     13.4      11.7      10.8       7,5      4.0       5.1      7.3        6.3      7.5       9.0
Camneroon                         2.5       3.0       3.0       5.1      4.4       5.1       4.3       3.1      3.6       3.5      2.8        2.5      1.9       3.5
Cape Verde                       36.5      22.4      22.5      20.3     22.4      19.8      15.7      15.4     13.4      15.8     15.1       30.6     28.0      17.1
Central African Republic          9.4       6.7       7.0       7.4      9.0      11.0      10.9      11.3      6.1       5.4      5.6        8.2      8.0       7.3
Chad                               2.0      10.5      7.3       7.9     10.0       8.8       8.8       7.6      6.4       4.4      4.1        4.7      9.6       6.9
Comoros                           10.9      12.2     12.4       8.7     10.9       9.6      10.1      10.3      7.9       8.6      5.9       14.0     15.6       8.8
Congo, Democratic Rep. of          2.2      6.8       3.8       2.0      1.1       1.7       2.1       1.8      1.8       1.4       ..        1.8      4.1       2.5
Congo, Republic of                 3.2      7.2       4.3       3.5      6.1      14.3       4.2      15.5     11.2       3.1      5.2        3.8      4.0       6.8
C6te dIlvoire                      1,5      4.9       4.1       4.7      6.8      10.7       7.3       4.1      2.2       4.3      3.3        1.5      2.0       4.8
Djibouti                            ..     21.2      18.2      19.6     19.9      19.3      16.0      14.3     12.4     12.1      10.3         ..     15.8      14.9
Equatorial Guinea                   ..     33.0      27.0      23.3     18.2      13.1      13.2       9.0      3.6      -4.0_     1.7         ..     19.7      13.3
Eritres.                                                .        .      11.8      18.8      16.5      20.2     12.4      14.3     12.4         .         ..     14.1
Ethiopia                            ..      7.5       8.7       8.2      6.7      11.6       9.1       7.5      5.9       5.6      5.0        1.9      5.6       7.0
Gabon                              1.1      2.1       2.6       1.2      2.2       3.8       2.7       2.0      0.6       0.8      0.8        1.3      2.2       1.7
Gamnbia, The                      6.8      18.0      17.4      14.5     13.6      10.5       6.6       4.4      4.2       3.2      3.1        8.7     21.8       8.8
Ghana                              2.4      4.5       6.8       5.2      5.2       6.1       5.6       5.0      4.2       5.0      4.6        2.0      3.6       5.0
Guinea                             ..       4.9       5.7       7.1      5.6       5.4       6.0       3.5      3.3       41       3.2         ..      6.3       4.5
Guinea-Bissau                    31.1      30.9      24.2      25.1     23.8      52.4      30.3      46.1     21.8      31.5     14.3       21.9     27.6      28.1
Kenya                              3.8      8.6       7.6       6.5      8.6       5.6       5.1       3.7      2.8       2.4      2.4        4.3      6.2       4.9
Lesothso                          14.8     13.9       11.0      8.4      9.1       5.4       6.6       5.2      4.4       3.7      2.8       12.8     15.5       6.5
Liberia                            5.4       ..         ..       .         .        .          .         .        .         .                 5.1      4.8
Madagascar                         2.2      8.7      10.2       7.2      6.8       6.4       6.2       5.8     15.5       8.9      5.2        2.4      6.3       7.4
Malawi                            6.1      11.5       9.5      11.6      7.7      21.2      15.5      10.9      6.9      11.7     12.6        6.3     10.2      11.5
Mali                               7.3      12.9     11.5       8.4      8.3      13.8      11.6      11.4     10.4       9.1      9.2        8.0     14.2       9.7
Mauritania                         7.6     10.4       9.8       9.8     20.8      12.5      11.8       8.9      8.8       6.3      9.3        6.7     13.4       9.9
Mauritius                          2.2      2.9       2.2       1.1      0.8       0.2       0.3       0.0      0.1       0.5      0.1        2.3      2.5       0.7
Mozambique                         3.3     30.5      31.4      54.3     41.0      33.7      30.2      19.4     18.3      18.4     14.9        4.3     18.7      27.1
Nainibia                            ..       1.6      3.5       3.2      4.3       3.5       4.2       3.9      3.4       3.8      3.4        0.0      0.7       3.3
Niger                             4.2      10.3       11.4     11.2     15.8      16.7      10.3       8.2      9.8       7.0      6.0        5.9     10.7       9.7
Nigeria                            0.0      0.6       0.6       0.4      0.3       0.2       0.3       0.1      0.1       0.1      0.2        0.1      0.4       0.3
Rwanda                             8.3      7.1      12.2       9.2     10.3      64.7      26.4      17.9      9.6      10.3      9.3        7.9      6.0      16.5
Sao Tomd and Principe             2.6      53.9      42.4      57.3     59.5      53.2     135.2      64.3     48.2     44.4      40.7        4.6     18.1      56.5
Senegal                           6.1       10.3      7.7       7.5      6.7      13.0       8.9       8.4      6.7       6.2      8.8        6.5      8.6       7.7
Seychelles                        12.4      8.9       4.5       3.6       1.4      1.5       2.2       1.4      1.1       2.9      0.8       13.0      7.2       2.6
Sierra Leone                      4.9       4.4       8.4      10,7     13.8       5.9       6.2       7.4      4.5       8.0      8.5        2.5      4.7       8.3
Somalia                          23.1      29.4        ..        .         .        .          .        .         .        .         .       13.4     30.1      29.4
South Africa                        .         ..        .        ..      0.1       0.2       0.2       0.2      0.3       0.3      0.3         .         ..      0.2
Sudan                             3.6       3.2       3.2       2.9      2.1       2.1       1.8       1.4      0.8       1.5      1.6        2.5      3.3       1.9
Swaziland                         5.6       4.3       3.5       2.7      3.3       2.5       2.9       1.6      1.2       1.3      1.1        5.2      4.3       2.2
Tanzaria                            ..      19.8     15.4      17.7     15.3      12.6      11.2       9.3      7.4       9.0      7.2        8.1     14.6      11.7
Togo                               4.6      9.5       7.8       8.0      6.3       6.5       9.0       6.6      5.0       4.7      3.3        5.7      8.0       6.1
Uganda                            3.4       5.7       8.6       8.9     10.8       8.6       7.4       6.1      7.0       5.7      5.6        1.6      2.1       7.3
Zambia                            6.0      12.4      17.3      22.0     15.6      13.0      12.7      10.8      9.4       7.9     11.0        4.8     12.9      12.6
Zimbabwe                           1.7      3.4       4.2       7.9      4.7       4.1       4.9       3.3      2.6       3.4      4.0        1.2      3.3       3.9
NORHAF      A                     I        2_        4_3     _331     -1  2___     2        16        iS                         _Tl (9-     14        5        1
Algeria-                           0.3   _  0.4       0.7       0.8      0.5       0.9       0.7       0.6      0.4       0.3      0.1        0.4   -0.2         0.5
Egypt,Arab Republic                5.2      7.4      11.2       7.2      3.9       4.5       2.8       2.9      2.0       1.8      1.5        4.6      4.1       4.1
Libya                              0.0        .         ..       .         ..       ....                          .....                       0.0      0.0
Morocco                            1.o      2.3       2.2       2.6      1.6       1.0       1.1       1.1      0.6       0.7      0.9        1.4      1.9       1.3
Tunisia                            1.8      1.7       2.0       1.9      0.9      _0.-5     _0.3    _0.2        0.4       0.5     -0.5       -2.5  __1.9         0.8
~ALL AFRICA                         1.8       4 6        I       4 8       2 9      3         2 6       2 3       1 9      2 0       I1a      -19        II1    -29
Note. Nigefia's ratios are distorted for 1994-95 because of official exchange rate aver-valuation affecting sil exportsa and oil value added (see chapter 3).



Aid Flows                                                                       295
12-11. Net ODA fr-om multilateral donors as share of recipient GD-P
Percentage of GDP                                                    Annual Average
1980      1990     1991      1992     1993     1994      1995      1996     1997     1998      1999     75-84    85-89    90-MR
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                 1.2       3. 2     3.5       4.2      2.2      2 7       2.5       1.8      1.5      1 5       1 4       1.3      2 5       23T
eacludlng SouthAfrica             1.2       3.2      3.5       4.2      4.0      5.3       4 7       3.1      2 6      2 6      2 3        1.3      2 5       3 3
e%cI S Aftca &Nigeria             20        3.7      4.1       5 I      4 5      -62       5 6       3.7      3 1      3.0       2 8       IB       2 9       3 9
Angola                             ..       1.0      1.0       2.6      2.6      5.6       3.5       2. 4     1.7      1.9      2.2          .       .         .
Benin                             3.8       7.7      5.8       6.1      6.6      7.4       4.8       5.3      3.5      3.0      4.0        3.3      4.8       5.0
Botswana                          2.0      0.7       0.7       0.5      1.0      0.6       0.7       0.2      1.4      0.7      0.4        2.1      1.6       0.6
Burkina Faso                      3.6       2.9      5.0       8.2      9.9      9.6      10.6       5.8      6.4      6.7      6.4        3.9      3.9       6.8
Burundi                           5.9       9.4     1 1.8     15.1     10.0     22.3      18.2       4.9      1.9      3.7      3.1        5.2      8.4       9.5
Cameroon                          1.1       1.0      1.1       1.2      0.1      4.2       1.2       1.5      1.9      1.4      2.0        1.0      0.5       1.5
Cape Verde                       22(1      9.3       7.3     10.0       9.8      9.6       8.2      7.3       8.5      8.3      8.2       15.6     13.5       8.1
Central1Afiican Republic          4.2      10.0      5.2      4.9       4.1      8.4       3.8      4.2       3.0      6.1      5.5        4.4      5.8       5.1
Chad                              1.s      7.4       6.6      4.8       5.2      9.2       7.6      10.7      8.4      5.2      7.4        3.6      7.6       6.9
Comoros                          10.8       5.8     13.4      9.4       7.5     11.3       9.3       8.1      6.2      7.7      3.7       14.1     12.4       7.8
Congo, Democratic Rep. of         0.7       2.0      1.5       1.3      0.9      2.5       1.4       1.0      0.8      0.8       ..        0.8      2.5       1.3
Congo, Republic of                1.3      0.6       0.6       0.4      0.4      6.2       0.8       1.4      0.4      0.3      0.9        1.9      0.6       1.1
C6te dlvoire                      0.6       1.5       1.9      2.1      0.5     10.1       4.9       4.7      2.0      2.7      0.7        0.5      0.8       2.9
Djibouti                           ..      4.2       4.7       4.6      6.2      4.7       4.5       4.3      3.7      3.3      3.5         ..      5.0       4.1
Equatorial Guinea                  ..      12.9     16.0      16.8     16.5     10.6       7.3       2.9      1.3      1.4      0.6        0.7     15.3       7.9
Eritrea                                      ..        .         .      4.4      9.7       8.6       4.5      3.9      5.6      7.7         ..        .       5.97
Ethopia                            ..       6.4     11.8      12.9     10.7     10.3       6.2       6.1      3.1      4.3      4.7        2.8      4.4       7.2
Gabon                             0.2      0.1       0.1      0.1       0.1      0.5       0.2       0.3      0.2      0.2      0.3        0.2      0.2       0.2
Gambia, The                      12.8      13.2     13.8      17.9     10.1      9.2       6.0       5.6      5.6      5.9      4.4        8.5     16.9       8.7
Ghana                             1.3       5.0      6.4      4.4       5.2      4.0       4.6      4.4       2.7      4.3      3.2        1.4      5.1       4.1
Guinea                             ..       5.3      6.8      6.6       6.9      5.1       5.2       3.7      5.9      5.2      3.2         ..      4.4       5.0
Guinea-Bissau                    21.4     21.8      20.0     19.7      14.3     20.5      15.2      19.1     24.4     15.1      9.0       13.1     24.8      17.2
Kenya                             1.6       5.2      3.8      4.6       9.8      3.9       3.0       2.7      1.4      1.8      0.5        1.2      2.3       3.4
Lesotho                           7.1      9.2       7.6       8.9      8.3      8.4       5.6       5.4      3.9      3.9      0.7        8.0     10.7       5.8
Liberia                           2.6        .         ..       .        ..        ....                        .....                       2.1      2.1
Madagascar                        2.3      4.3       6.8      4.9       4.0      3.3       3.4       3.2      8.0      4.3      4.5        1.9      4.8       4.4
Malawi                            5.5      15.2     14.3     20.3      16,2     18.2      14.8       9.4      6.7     13.3     11.8        4.8     10.7      13.2
Mali                              5.8       6.4      6.9       6.6      5.5     11.8      10.9       7.7      7.2      4.5      4.6        5.6      7.5       6.7
Maurntania                        5.1      10.4      9.5       7.7     14.3     14.6      11.3      16.6     14.1     11.5     13.0        7.6      8.2      11.9
Mauritius                         0.7      0.5       0.3      0.4       0.0      0.2       0.3       0.5      0.7      0.6      0.9        1.2      0.4       0.4
Mozambique                        1.0      10.2     12.2     24.5      18.3     21.3      15.7      11.7      9.6      8.5      5.4        1.3      5.6      12.8
Naniibia                           ..      3.2       3.2       1.5      1.1      0.8       1.3       1.5      1.1      1.5      1.7         ..      0.4       1.7
Niger                             2.5       5.6      4.5       4.4      5.5      7.1       4.2       4.6      7.7      7.0       3.3       3.1      6.0       5.1
Nigeria                           0.0       0.3      0.3       0.4      1.0      0.6       0.5       0.4      0.4      0.5      0.3        0.0      0.1       0.4
Rwanda                           -4.9       3.8      6.5       8.0      7.8     29.9      28.2      15.2      2.7      7.0      9.9        4.3      4.2      11.3
Sao Tomd and Principe     ~       5.8     41.1      47.8     66.7      38.5     47.8      49.9      41.4     27.7     24.8     17.9       11.3     26.5      38.9
Senegal                           2.6       4.0      3.5       3.3      2.2      4.5       5.7       3.8      2.8      4.5      2.4        3.2      4.4       3.5
Seychelles                        2.3       0,9      1.6       1.0      2.6      1.2       0.5       1.5      1.0      1.0       1.0       1.3      2.5       1.2
Sieffa Leone                      2.6       2.3      4.5       8.6     13.3     24.1      15.2      12.5      8.3      7.6      1.9        2.0      2.9       9.3
Somalia                          27.5      15.5       ..        .         .        .         .        .         .        .        .       15.9     16.0      15.5
South Africa                        .        ..        .        ..      0.1      0.1       0.0       0.0      0.1      0.1      0.1         .         ..      0.1
Sudan                             2.5       3.0      4.3      5.2       3.6      2.9       1.5       1.2      0.5      0.6      0.6        1.8      1.9       2.2
Swaziland                         3.0       2.1      2.5       2.7      1.8      2.6       1.4       0.8      0.7      1.0      1.1        2.8      2.2       1.6
Tanzania                           ..       7.7      6.4      11.4      7.0      8.6       5.4       4.2      4.9      2.7       4.4       2.9      4.1       5.8
Togo                              3.4      6.5       4.8      5.3       1.6      6.3       5.7       4.2      3.4      4.3      1.5        4.2      5.7       4.1
Uganda                            5.6      8.9       9.9     15.9       8.1      9.9       7.0       4.9      5.9      3.9      3.6        2.2      3.7       7.2
Zainbia                           1.6       2.2      8.9     10.6      11.0      8.5      45.9       7.8      6.2      2.9      9.1        1.1      3.6      10.5
Zimbabwe                          0.7       0.4      0.4      3.8       2.9      4.1       2.1       1.1      1.3      1.0      0.5   -   0.4       0.5       1.6
NORrH-IAFRICA                      02       02        0.5      0 4       0 5      (IS       0.3      0.4      0_5       0 5      0.4       '15-     - I1 (ii    4-
Algeria                           0.0      0.0       0.1      0.1       0.2      0.1       0.1     06.1-      0.1      0.5      0.0        0.1      0.0       0.1
Egypt. Arab Republic              0.9       0.2      1.0      0.5       0.4      0.5       0.3       0.3      0.5      0.3      0.2        2.2      0.2       0.4
Libya                             0.0        .         .        .         .        .         .....                                ..       0.0      0.0
Morocco     .0.4                            0.4      0.5      0.6       1.0      0.9       0.4       0.6      0.6      0.7      0.9        0.3      0.2       0.6
Tunisia              ____         0.3       0.6      0.7       0.7      0.7      0.3       0.2       0.6      0.8      0 4      0.8        0.4      0 5 ___0.6
AkL.L.A.FRCA     ____0.8                     1.9      2 3       2.        .6      2         1.7       1.3      1 1      1.1       I         09       14        l
Note: Nigeria'sratios are distorted forl1994-95 because of ofricial exchange rate over-valuation affecting oil exports and oil value added (see chapter 3),



296                                                                        A id Flows
12-12. Net ODA from all donors as share of recipient GDI
Percentage of GDI                                                       Annual Average
1980      1990       1991     1992      1993      1994       1995      1996      1997     1998      1999       75-84    85-89     90-AMRl
SUB1-SAHARAN AFRICA                 I9 5      58.2       53 7     617       34N8      36 3      31.5       25 8     22 5      2217      21 3       20.3      44-9      342'
e'xcludtng Sounh Africa            19 5      58 2      53 7      61 3       87       65 2      61.6      44.2      36.3      3441      3089       20.3      44 9      46.9
etCl_S Afnca    Nigena              337I      675S      67'       81 5      71 5      78 8      73.1       51 7     43 6      42.5      39 0       305s      51 8      57 5
.AmgoIj                                      22 4      I''1     I05 6      493A      66 8     2N99       2 36       182      216       164                  I2        62.5'
Benin                              42.4     102.2      97.9     120.6      88.9     108.6      71.2       76.3     55.7      53.1      50 .5      40.9      91.4      76.4
Botswana                           25.5      12.3       11.1      9.4      11.7       7.2       6.8        5.9      10.5     10.5       6.1       31.0      28.0       8.4
Burkina Faso                       72,9      58.2      73.1     103.0     110.2     113.6      87.3      61.8      56.5      52.7      59.6       64.1     60.5       72.3
Burundi                            91.9     160.5     153.3     191.3     141.8    319.4      300.1     102.3      72.9      99.5     114.1       89.3     108.0     155.7
Canmeroon                          18.7      22.4      24.9      43.9      27.7      60.6      38.4      29.4      33.9      26.6      25.3       15.0      11.3      30.9
Cape Verde                        116.9     139.1     113.9      87.7      81.4      68.0      56.3      96.4      99.7     121.5     111.2       95.0    131.5       92.3
Central Aftican Republic          198.7     136.7     100.1     102.6     131.0     168.5     111.3     369.9      92.6      84.6      77,4      129.1     115.2     126.4
Chad                                        113.2     215.0     170.2     157.4     108.5     159.4     123.7     102.0      56.8      95.6      159.7     219.0     120.2
Comoros                           105.7      92.1     127.1      81.3      90.0      99.6     110.6      137.0     909      107.8      76.3      114.1     120.1      94.6
Congo, Democratic Rep, of          29.8     106.0      94.0      47.6     112.8      53.5      37.0       39.7     38.2         .         ..      23.1      47.1      66.11
Congo, Republic of                 15.1      49.0      24.0      17.9      21.8      37.6      16,2      60.2      40.7       9.0      21.8       19.5      22.2      27.2
C6te dIlvoitre                      7.8      95.2      81.8      98.0      88.5     165.7      89.7       57.2     26.4      42.3      25.2        8.9      25.3      70.5
Djibouti                              .         ..        .         .         .         ..    250.3     216.2     180.3     103.1     157.3          .        ..     156.5
Equatorial Guinea                     ..    264.5      94.3     165.7     158.2      32.0      26.8       10.5      7.4       6.0       4.2        7.8        ..      70.1
Eritrea                               .         ..         .        ..    108.4     173.5     134.9       86.2     46.0      78.5      58.7          .         ..     89.4
Ethiopia                             ..     125.5     207.7     230.1     122.6     144.4      93.0       80.6     53.3      59.1      61.9       37.2      70.6     109,9
Gabon                               4.7      10.3      10.0       5.5      10.3      19.8      12.3        9.4       2.4      2.6       3.9        4.1       7.7       8.0
Gainbia, Tle                       84.7     140.0     145.4     143.6     110.5     106.0      60.5       44.1     55.1      50.4      43.5      100.5     225.0      84.9
Ghana                              76.7      66.2      84.1      74.9      47.1      42.1      50.3       32.2     28.9      40.7      37.3       60.7      78.4-     47.2
Guinea                               ..      59.3      69.5      78.3      69.8      67.9      68.2       44.6     57.1      55.7      31.2         ..      69.1      55.2
Guinea-Bissau                     190.7     176.2     144.0      98.1     129.2     340.7     209.2     290.0     192.0     361.5     138.4      158.2     161.6     198.5
Kenya                              22.3      70.5      57.3      80.8     103.2      57.7      46.3       38.4     27.5      27.3      21.0       26.8      42.0      49.3
Lesotho                            59.0      43.7      28.7      26.7      32.2      25.1      20.2       18.9      16.6     15.8       7.0       72.0      61.5      21.9
Liberia                            32.1         .          .        .         .         .         ..         .        .         .         ..      44.5      94.0
Madagascar                         38.1      76.2     208.5     107.0      94.0      89.1      87.1       76.7    198.3     106.2      74.7       47.1     101.1     102.6
Malawi                             46.8     116.2     123.4     161.0     158.4     136.8     179.0      174.9    111.1     185.8     166.2       49.5     112.0     146.7
Mali                               96.7      86.6      82.0      69.4      62.2      91.5      95.9       81.9     84.1      64.0      65.0      103.7     117.1      71.9
Mauritania                         94.3     116.5     107.8      87.1     166.8     125.6     111.9      131.3     123.5     90.3     128.4      106.9      97.3     110.9
Mauritius                          14.1      10.9        8.3      4.9       2.6       1.3       2.3        1.9       3.6      4.0       3.7       15.1      11.6       4.0
Mozambique                         80.8     261.1     272.3     506.0     467.3     278.1     201.6      149.4     149.6    115.7      63.3       99.7     215.4     226.7
Nanmibia                             .,      13.8      35.1      20.7      31.6      19.3      25.2       23.3     21.8      19.6      21.4        0.0       8.0      22.1
Niger                              24.1     197.3     214.5     225.0     334.4     232.2     199.4      132.7     166.1    124.7      90,7       84.2     127.1     176.4
Nigeria                             0.3       6.2       4.1       3.7       5.8       4.1       4.6        3.8       3.2      2.6       1.9        0.6       3.2       3.7
Rwanda                             82.8      76.9     134.9     120.3     125.1     812.4     364.0      214.1      82.6    110.2     134.7       85.9      68.5     203.2
SAo Tom6 and Principe              49.8     610.7     245.0     319.9     277.4     242.9     271.9      188.3     154.7    193.6     146.6      115.6    2869       251.9
Senegal                            75.1     104.0      89.7      75.0      65.4      94.7      89.0       67.5      53.6     57.9      59.2       81.6     116.5      69.7
Seychelles                         38.5      39.7      27.5      20.9      14.5      10.2       8.4        7.0       9.5     10.6       5.8       43.6      43.9      14.8
Sierra Leone                       44.0      72.0     122.4     234.5     367.5     391.9     253.5     275.3     247.5     333.5     207.5       38.4      86.9     274.5
Somalia                           169.3     347.2        ..         .         .        .          .         .          .        .         .      156.0     166.2     347.2
South Africa                          .         ..        .         ..      1.5       1.4        1.4       1.5      2.1       2.5       2.8          .        ..       1.8
Sudan                              55.8                            ..         .         .         .          .      9.6      12.8      16.8       44.2      52.5      12.4
Swaziland                          28.4      32.0      30.4      24.2      22.9      24.0      22.0       12.5      9.9      12.0      11.1       26.0      31.4      18.5
Tanzania                              ..    105.5      82.7     106.8      88.8      86.8      84.4       81.2     82.5      86.2      73.8         ..     122.0      82.1
Togo                               28.1      60.1      73.0      83.7     105.0      84.8      91.1       57.1     51.3      43.8      26.6       39.6      82.3      62.2
Uganda                            148.3     122.2     132.1     159.2     124.2     128.2      88.3       69.6     80.4      63.7      56.2       58.4      59.9      96.9
Zambia                             35.2      84.5     237.5     273.6     177.0     260.4     367.5     145.2     107.0      65.7     112.1       34.1     112.2     170.8
Zimbabwe                           14.5      22.2      23.8      57.9      33.3      34.3      35.1       23.2     21.6      25.8      27.6        9.3      22.5      28.5
NOR rH AFRICA               .        72       I'S        21F1      1 5.6    11        12.10      83.1   __9.          '.3      6 3       5.21       9 4       72        10 5
Algena                    ~~~~~1.1   1.5       2.3       2.7       2.4       3.2       2.4        2.6       2.2      2.9       0.7        1.2       1.0       2.1
Egypt, Arab Republic               22.0      43.8      64.2      47.3      31.3      31.3      19.5       19.6      12.1      9.2       7.0       33.9      15.9      26.0
Libya                               0.2         .         ..        .         .        .......                                            ..0.2
Morocco                            19.7      16.1      19.5      14.3      11.8       9.7       7.2        9.1       6.7      6.7       8.2       14.5      12.1      10.1
Tunisia                             9 I       9 8       8 5       7 3       53   __   28        1 6       2 5        3 9      2 8       45c       11 3      10 9       4 6
ALL AFRICA320                                            f 12.5  340  36.4  5.9 _ 24.8 -  264-   22 5      19 5_    16.4    - 1-52   -13       _    136      22 5       22 7
Note: Niger,a's ratios are distorted for 1994.95 because of official exchange rate over-valuation affecting oil exports and oil value added (see chapter 3).



A id Flows                                                                      297
12-13. Net ODA from DAC donors as share of recipient GDI
Percentage of GDI                                                   Annual Average
1980__    1990     1991      1992     1993     1994      1993      1996     1997     1998      1999     75-84    85-89    90-MR
SUBE-SAHARAN AFRKCA               11 3      37 1     33 1      364      i111     2u 5      175       156      1 37     14 0      13 3      11.7     28!1      20 i'
excluding %,uth Africa           11 3      37 1     33 1      36 4     3515     36 7      33 9      264      21 8     20 8      19 0      It.,     28 I      27 9
excl Skfrsca &Nlgersa            19 5  -43 1        4I       485       43 7     44 6      4u 3      A        26 3     26 3     242        17 6     32 4      34 
Angola                             ..      13.7     10.1     92.8      25.6     33.2     161.9      14.7     11.6     13.8     10.6..               87       35
Benin                            16.8     48.0      58.8     76.6      45.6     60.2      45.0     43.6      37.3     36.3     28.5       21.0     50.1      44.5
Botswana                         20.1      10.3      8.7       7.9      7.2      4.8       4.1       5.4      4.8      7.2      4.1       23.9     20.9       5.9
Burkina Faso                     51.9     42.0      47.0     63.5      60.1     69.4      44.9      39.6     33.5     29.8     34.7       43.3     41.5      42.9
Burnmdi                          46.8     95.8      73.0      91.6     82.1    111.0     113.1     62.5      49.5     57.7     79.9       48.1     49.4      75.6
Cameroon                         12.1      17.1     18.2     35.5      26.9     33.0      29.9     20.0      22.4     18.9     14.8       10.3      8.7      21.8
Cape Verde                       70.7     97.9      85.9     58.9      56.4     45.8      36.9     64.0      61.0     79.7     72.2       58.6     89.3      62.4
Central African Republic        134.5     54.5      56.3      61.2     88.4     94.4      80.8    262.7      62.4     39.9     39.1       84.4     65.2      76.6
Chad                                      66.1     112.0    105.6     102.0     52.7      85.7     50.9      43.2     25.3     32.8       86.5    122.1      61.5
Comoros                          32.18    62.2      60.9     39.0      53.1_    45.6      57.5     76.4      50.9     56.9     46.9       43.0     67.4      49.9
Congo, Desnocratic Rep. of       22.1     74.8      67.6     28.7      62.6     21.2      22.2     25.4      25.3        .        ..      16.1     29.5      41.0
Congo, Republic of                9.1     45.4      21.0     16.1      20.5     26.2      13.6      55.3     39.2      8.2     18.7       11.8     19.5      24.1
C6te dIlvoire                     5.65    73.5      56.3     68.3      82.0     85.3      53.7     26.6      13.8     25.9     20.5        7.0     18.0      46.1
Djibouti                            .        ..        .        ..        .        ..    189.5     157.9    131.2     79.4    116.1         .        ..     113.6
Equatorial Guinea                  ..     189.8     53.2     96.1      83.0     17.7      17.3       7.9      5.5      4.4      3.1         .        ..      43,5
Eritrea                             .        ..        .        ..     78.0    10.        85.6     69.1      30.1     45.8     31.7         .        ..      57.8
Ethiopia                           ..     63.0      88.1     89.3      46.9     76.4      55.3      44.2     34.4     32.7     31.3       13.6     39.5      51.9
Gabon                             4.2      9.8       9.8      5.2       9.9     17.6      11.6       8.5      1.9      2.2      2.8        3.4      6.7       7.2
Gamnbia, The                     25.6     80.4      79.3     65.5      64.9     58.1      32.6     20.3      24.7     17.6     17.2       46.6    128.1      42.4
Ghana                            42.8     31.2      42.8     40.5      23.6     25.5      27.7      17.3     17.1     21.7     21.8       32.8     32.1      25.6
Guinea                              ..    28.1      31.8     40.8      31.6     35.2      36.0     20.1      18.8     23.0     14.6         ..     38.8      25.6
Guinea-Bissau                   110.3    103.2      78.2     51.9      77.3    240.8     135.7    200.1      90.4    244.3     84.8       92.8     81.4     123,
Kenya                            15.6     43.7      37.9     47.4      48.4     34.1      28.9     22.3      18.5     15,8     17.2       20.7     30.4      29.3
Lesotho                          39.9     26.3      17.0     12.7      16.5      9.8      10.9       8.9      8.1      7.8      5.8       43.0     36.2      11.4
Liberia                          19.7        .         ..       .        ..        ....                        .....                      32.5     66.7
Madagascar                       15.0     51.3     125.3     63.6      59.0     58.5      56.4     49.4     130.6     71.5     40.1       25.0     57.7      64.2
Malawi                           24.7     49.9      46.8     58.0      50.5     73.0      90.9      93.9     56.4     87.3     84.9       26.2     54.8      68.4
Mali                             47.5     56.2      50.7     38.4      37.8     50.4      50.5     49.6      50.3     43.5     43.5       55.7     73.4      43.1
Mauritania                       28.7     52.3      54.5     50.6     100.6     60.1      61.2     47.6      50.1     33.4     52.0       25.5     53.1      51.3
Mauritius                        10.8       9.3      7.6       3.7      2.7      0.7       1.1      -0. 1     0,2      1.9      0.5        9.8      9.7       2.5
Mozamnbique                      54.      195.5    195.9    348.2     322.1    169.9     132.3      92.9     98.3     79.3     46.7       74,1    164.0  -154.5
Namibia                            ..       4.5     18.3      14.2     25.2     15.8      19.4      16.9     16.3     14.0     14.1        0.0      4.9      14.9
Niger                            14.9     126.7    151.9    161.3     247.0    160.9     140.9      85.0     90.4     61.8     58.3       51.1     80.2     117.2
Nigeria                          (1.1       4.1      2.7       1.9      1.4      1.0       1.6       0.9      0.8      0.4      0.7        0.4      2.6       1.5
Rwanda                           51.5     48.4      86.9     64.2      70.7    552.7     175.9     11i5.6    64.3     65.8     65.2       54.3     39.2     121.7
SaioTorn6and Principe            1.5.4   346.2     115.0    147.7     168.3    127.9     398.6     114.5     98.1    124.1    101.7       30.6    110.1     145.5
Senegal                          51.9      74.9     59.5      50.8     47.5     70.3      53.4      45.6     37.0     33.4     46.0       50.5     73.0      47.5
Seychelles                       32.4     36.1      20.1      16.8      5.1      5.8       7.1       2.9      3.5      7.5      2.1       38.5     31.2       9.7
Sierra Leone                     27.5     47.2      79.8    130.3     186.9     76.5      73.2     100.1     86.5    166.8    168.9       21.7     51.5     137.9
Somalia                          54.4     189.7       ..        .         .        .         .        .         .        .        .       49.5    107.6     189.7
South Afiica                        .        ..        .        ..      1.0      1.0       1.2       1.3      1.7      2.0      2.0          .        ..      1.4
Sudan                            24.4        ..        .         .       ,         .         .         .      6.0      9.1      11.0      17.0     28.3       6.9
Siwaziland                       18.5     21.4      17.7      31.4     13.9     11.4      14.3       7.8      5.7      5.8      5.7       16.7     20.4      10.4
Tanzania                           ..     75.9      58.5      65.1     60.8     51.3      56.4      56.0     49.7     66.3     45.7         ..     93.3      55.0
Togo                             16.1      35.8     45.4      50.7     83.7     42.9      55.8      35.4     31.0     22.5     17.5       21.5     46.6      38.3
Uganda                           55.2     44.7      56.6      56.0     70.8     58.7      44.8      38.1     43.4     37.8     34.0       24.1     21.2      47.2
Zambia                           25.9     72.0     156.7    184.7     303.7    157.4      79.4      84.3     64.4     48.3     61.1       26.1     88.8      95.2
Zimnbabwe             ____        9.9      19.4     21.8     39.2      20.7     17.1      24.8      17.6     14.3     19.9     24.8        7.2     19.8      20.6
MORMHAFRICA                         .        04       1.       12 8      8 1      96        6.8       7.       50       4        35         4        616
Algeria                           0.7       1.3      2.1       2.5      1.8      2.8       2.2       2.2      1.7      0.9      03.9                0.7       1.6
Egypt, Arab Republic             18.8      25.5     53.1      39.4     23.8     26.9      16.3      17.2      9.1      7.0       5.7      15.3     14.9      20.4
Morocco                           4.1       9.1      9.7      11.1      7.0      4.9       5.1       5.5      3.1      3.2      4.0        5.5      8.3       5.7
Tunisia                           6 1       5 4      6 3       5 6      3 0  _   19        1 2       0 8      1 4      1 9       1.8       8.0      7.7       2.6
ALL AFRICA                         7.5      21 2     24 2      23 3     15 5     16 1      13 4      1 25     1u2       95        8~        '       15 1      14 3
Note: Nigeria's ratios are distorted for 1994.95 because of official exchange rate over-valuation affecting oil e"ports sand oil value added (see chapter 3).



298                                                                    Aid Flows
12-14. Net ODA from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDI
Percentage of GDI                                                   Annual Average
1980      1990     1991      1992     1993     1994      1995      1996     1997     1998      1999     75-84    85-89    90-MRl
SUB- SAHARAN AFRICA                6 3      19.7     20 1      24 7     13.6     15 7      13 9      10 I      8a6      8 5       ' 8       6.5     15 4      13 3
excludmg SouLh Afrtca             6 3      19 7     20 1      24 7     23 0     28 4      27.6      17 6     14 2     13.1      11 5       6)5     15 4      Is 6
e"cl S Afnca &  igerta           10 8      22 9     25 3      32 8     27 6     34 1      32 5      20 3     16 8     16 0      14 4       9 8     17 9      22 7
Angola                             ..       8.6       7.5     72.5     23.1     33.5     117.9       8.9      0.5      7.8       5.7        ..      3.9      26.9
Benin                            24.8      54.4     40.0     44.0      43.2     46.8      24.5      31.1     18.4     17.2     22.3       19.5     39.7      31.5
Botswana                          5,4       2.3      2.2       1.8      3.8      2.4       2.7       0.7      5.9      3.5       2.1       6.4      7.0       2.6
Burkina Faso                     21.0      14.2     24.3     38.9      50.0     43.9      41.1      21.2     22.5     22.0     23.5       20.1     17.9      28.5
Bunindi                          42.2     64.6      81.8     100.6     61.2    211.4     189.9      41.0     23.8     42.6     34.1       39.0     54.8      81.1
Cameroon                          5.0       5.5      6.8       8.4      0.8     27.7       8.4       9.6     11.6      7.8      10.7       4.3      2.6       9.2
Cape Verde                       42.5     40.8      27.7     29.1      24.6     22.2      19.3      30.1     38.8     41.9     39.3       34.3     40.5      29.7
Central African Republic         60.5     80.9      42.1      39.9     40.7     72.1      28.2      96.7     30.2     44.7      38.4      42.9     48.1      48.0
Chad                                      46.3     101.1     64.5      53.4     55.3      73.4      71.5     56.6     29.9     59.3       69,7     96.9      57.3
Comoros                          32.7     29.5      66.0      42.2     36.6     53.9      52.9      60.2     39.8     50.7     29.4       43.1     49.0      44.4
Congo, Democratic Rep. of         7.4     22.1      26.4      18.5     50.0     32.2      14.7      13.6     10.8        .        ..       6.8     17.7      23.6
Congo, Republic of                3.6       3.6      2.9       1.9      1.2     11.3       2.6       4.9      1.5      0,8       3.1       5.7      2.8       3.2
C6te d'Ivoire                     2.2      21.8     25.4      29.7      6,4     80.4      35.9      30.5     12.6     16.4      4.5        1.9      7.3      24.4
Djibouti                            .         .        .        ..        .        .,     53.1      47.3     39.4     21.5     39.2          .        ..     35.3
Equatorial Guinea                  ..      74.3     31.7     69.6      75.2     14.3       9.5       2.6      2.0      1.5       1.2       5.3       ..      25.7
Enitres                             .        .         .        .      29.1     54.4      44.5      15.5      9.6     17.9      19.6         .        ..     24.9
Ethiopia                           ..      54.1    119.4     140.7     75.5     67.9      37.6      36.4     18.2     25.3      29.2      20.4     30.6      56.7
Gabon                             0.6       0.4      0.2       0.3      0.4      2.1       0.8       1.1      0.7      0.5       1.1       0.5      0.7       0.8
Gambia, The                      48.0     59.0      63.0      80.8     48.3     50.9      29.9      25.8     32.6     32.2      24.7      43.2     98.4      43.0
Ghana                            23.7     34.9      40.4      34.6     23.3     16.9      23.1      15.0     11.1     18.8      15.3      24.9     46.2      21.5
Guinea                             ..     30.3      37.9      37.8     38.9     33.0      31.2      21.4     33.2     29.0      14.3        ..     27.1      28.3
Guinea-Bissau                    75.9     72.9      64.5     40.8      46.4     94.0      68.1      83.0    101.2    117.0      53.6      54.6     71.6      72.5
Kenya                             6.7     26.5      19.2     33.7      55.2     23.8      17.0      15.9      8.9     11.5       3.6       5.7     11.2      20.0
Lesotho                          19.1      17.6     11.8      13.4     15.1     15.1       9.2       9.3      7.2      8.3       1.5      28.5     24.9      10.3
Libefia                           9.4        .         ..       .        ..        ....                         .....                     10.9     27.3
Madagascar                       15.1      25.1     83.2      43.4     35.0     30.6      30.7      27.3     67.7     34.6      34.6      19.9     44.3      38.4
Malawi                           22.1     66.1      70.5     101.6    107.0     62.7      87.0      81.1     55.3     98.5      79.9      23.3     57.0      77.0O
Mali                             37.4      27.7     30.4      30.4     25.0     43.3      47.8      33.6     34.9     21.5      21.5      38.7     38.1      29.3
Mauritania                       19.3      52.2     52.9     39.7      69.1     70.2      58.4      89.1     80.1     60.5      73.3      30.4     32.4      61.3
Mauritius                         3.4       1.5      0.9       1.2     -0. 1     0.7       1.3       2.1      2.5      2.2       3.3       4.9      1.4       1.5
Mozainbique                      16.3     65.6      76.3     156.9    143.7    107.6      68.9      56.1     51.7     36.7      16.8      22.5     49.6      71.8
Namibia                            ..       9.3      16.7      6.5      6.4      3.5       5.8       6.4      5.5      5.6       7.3         . .    3.1       7.2
Niger                             9.0      68.8     60.0      63.6     85.4     68.1      57,8      47.3     70.5     62.4      32.2      26.4     45.2      57.7
Nigeria                           0.1       1.8       1.4      1.7      4.2      3.1       3.0       2.9      2.4      2.2       1.2       0.2      0.6       2.2
Rwanda                           30.6      25.8     46.7      56.1     53.5    255.9     188.2      97.9     18.1     44.4      69.5      29.7     27.7      80.7
Sao Tom4 and Principe            34.4    264.5     129.8     172.2    109.0    114.9      73.3      73.7     56.4     69.4      44.9      85.0    176.9     106.3
Senegal                          22.6     28.8      27.1     22.4      15.9     24.2      33.9      20.6     15.4     24.4      12.7      25.0     36.9      21.2
Seychelles                        6.1       3.7      7.4       4.5      9.0      4.5       1.6       3.0      3.4      2.7       2.7       4.4     10.9       4.3
Sierra Leone                     14.4     24.7      42.4     104.0    180.4    315.2     179.5     168.7    159.0    158.4      37.6      14.6     31.0     134.8
Somalia                          65.0     99.9        ..        .         .        .         .         .        .        .         .      58.5     56.2      99.9
South Africa                       .         ..        .        ..      0.5      0.4       0.2       0.2      0.3      0.4       0.8         .        ..      0.4
Sudan                            17.2        ..        .         .        .        .         .         .      3.6      3.6       4.0      12.0     14.7       3.4
Swaziland                         9.9      10.5     12.5      11.3      7.8     11.8       6.7       3.7      3.6      4.7       5.4       9.4     10.6       7.4
Tanzania                           ..     29.3      24.4      41.9     28.1     35.0      27.5      25.4     32.6     19.7      28.0        ..     28.7      27.0
Togo                             12.0     24.4      27.8     33.6      21.0     41.7      35.1      22.5     20.8     20.8       7.9      17.2     33.4      23.8
Uganda                           91.3      69.7     65.3     100.0     53.1     67.2      42.3      30.6     36.7     25.9      22.1      32.2     37.4      47.3
Zambia                            6.8      12.5     80.7      88.8     73.3    103.0     288.1      60.8     42.6     17.6      50.9       6.2     23.4      75.6
Zimbabwe                          4.2      2.3       2.1      18.9     12.6     17.3      10.5       5.8      7.4      60.0      2.9       2.1      2.9       7.9
NORTH FRJCA                        0~ 8      ,7        1.9      1 4      2 0      2 1       1 2       I        2 u      1 8       1 4       1 6      O 6       1 
Algeria                           0.1       0.1      0.2       0.2      0.6      0.3       0.3       0.3      0.4      1.9       0.2       0.!      0.1       0.4
Egypt, Arab Republic              3.1       0.6      4.6       2.6      2.5      3.3       2.0       1.9      2.4      1.3       0.9       7.2      0.9       2.0
Morocco                           1.4       1.4      2.4       2.4      4.5      4.4       1.9       3.2      3.1      3.1       3.8       1.3      0.7       2.9
Tunisia                           1.0      2.0       2 2       1 9      2 6      13        0 9       2 5      2 9       1 5     2 9        1 4      2 2       2 0
ALL AFRICA                         3.3       8 4     104       11.8      8'1     10 2       9).       6 9      5 9       5 1      4 8       3 6      6 6 
Note: Nigeria's ratios are, distorted for 1994.95 because of official exchange rate over-valuation affectittg oil exports and oil value added (see chtapter 3).



Aid Flows                                                                           299
12-15. Net ODA per capita from all donors
US. dollars (current prices)                                                 Annual Average
1980      1990       1991     1992      1993      1994      1995       1996      1997     1998      1999       75-84    85-89    90-MRl
SUJB-SAI1ARAN AFIR]CA                 21        37        35        37        31        32        3 1       25        22        2 1       19         1'-      2?         2-7
e"cluding Souih Afnca                2 1       37        35        37        32        34        32        26        23        22        1 9        IT       27         2S
e"cIS Aftica& Nkigena                26  _     45        43        45        4Ui      42         40        33        28        2'Y       24         2 1      34         34
Anigola                               7        29        29        35        28       42         38        42        30        28        31          7 -     16-        31
Benin                               26         57        55        54        56       48         5 1       51        38        35        35         21       36         44
Botswana                           117        115       100        83       93        60         62        50        79        68        38         91      114         69
Burkina Faso                        30         37        46        47       49        44         49        4 1       35        37       36          24       32         39
Burnmdi                             28         48        46        54        37       52         47        1 8        9        1 2       1 1        23       37         3 1
Cameroon                            3 1        39        44        59        44       57         34        30        36        30        30         22       24         37
Cape Verde                         223        316       302       336      324       326        307       297       275       313      319         144      276       292
Central African Republic            48         85        58        58        55       52         51        5I        27        34       33          34       59         46
Chad                                  8        55        45        39        36       33         35        43        32        23        25         1 8      40         34
Comnorot                           129        105       144       106       lOS       81         85        78        53        67        39-       119      123         79
Congo, Democratic Rep. of            16        24        12         7         4        6          4         4         3         3         3         12       16          7
Congo, Republic of                   55        98        59        48        5 1     145         49       163       100        24        50         49       49         72
CMted'Ivoire                        26         58        52        60        59      118         87        67        30        53       29          1 7      25         56
Djibouti                           260        375       201       205      237       221        175       158       137       127       116        212      215        181
Equatorial Guinea                   43        173       173       167       139       77         84        75        58        58       46          27      116         97
Eritrea                               .         ..        .         ..      20        45         42        43        33        43       37           .        ..        35
Ethiopia                              6        20        21        21        20       20         16        14        10       I1I        10          5       16         15
Gabon                               nil       138       145        67       97       169        131       113        34        38       39          73      105         90
Gatnbia, The                        85        108       105       110        82       65         42        33        33        32       27          58      109         60
Ghana                                18        38        58        39        39       33         38        37        28        38       32          13       33         35
Guinea                              20         51        64        74       65        56         63        44        55        5 1      33          15       42        SI1
Guinea-Bissau                       75        132       116       106       91       165        109       163       109        83       44          64      100        lOS
Kenya                                24        5!1       38        36       36        26         28        22        16        1 7       1 I        19       31         26
Lesotho                              70        82        71        81        78       62         59        53        46        32        15         53       66         53
Liberia                             52         47        64        47       47        24         45        62        26        25       31          40       34         39
Madagascar                          26         34        38        30       29        22         23        26        59        34       24          16       27         29
Malawi                              23         59        63        64        54       50         45        49        33        41       41          19       36         47
Mali                                41         57        52        48       40        47         56        50        43        34        33         29       51         42
Mauritania                          113       117       105        93       148      118         99       114        97        68        84        115      115         98
Mauritius                           34         84        63        42        24        13        21        17        38        36        36         37       51         35
Mozanbique                           14        71        74       100        79       78         67        55        57        61        46         11       45         64
Namibia                              ..        90       131       100       105       91        124       119       101       108       104          0        19       102
Niger                                30        51        47        44        40       43         30        27        34        29        18         30       47         33
Nigeria                               1         3         3         3         3         2         2         2         2         2         I          1         1         2
Rwanda                               30        42        51        48        47       1IS       110        69        29        43        45         26       34         56
Sao Tomd and Principe               44        475       434       464      373       389        638       351       241       200       190         72      208        355
Senegal                             47        112        85        87        63       79         80        68        48        55        58         45       84         68
Seychelles                         337        513       325       268      269       174        172       248       221       308       163        242      338        259
Sieffa Leone                        28         15        25        32        48       63         46        40        25        22        15         16       23         32
Somalia                              74        63        23        78       105       64         23         10        9         9        12         50       68         37
South Africa                          .         .          .        ..        7         8        10         9        12        12        13          .         ..       10
Sudan                                33        34        36        22        18        16         9         8         5         7         8         29       42         15
Swaziland                            89        70        67        69        65       66         65        36        29        35        28         60       49         49
Tanzania                             37        46        41        49        34       34         30        29        30        31        30         28       34         33
Togo                                 35        74        55        59        25       31         47        37        29        29        16         31       50         37
Upanda                                9        41        39        42        34       40         43        34        40        31        27          7       20         36
Zambia                               55        62       110       125       103       82        226        66        65        36        63         35       58         88
Zimnbabwe                            23        35        39        77        47        52        43        32        28        23        20         15       29         37
NORM -AFRICA                          31        63        60        45        3         31        23         26       ?22        3        1           1
Algeria                              10        10        13        15        13        15        11         11        9        13         3          8         8        II
Egypt, Arab Republic                 34       104        94        66        43        47        35         37       33        32        25         44        34        47
Libya                                 5         4         6         1         1         1         1          2         1        1         1          3         2         2
Morocco                              46        44        50        38        28       24         19        24        17        19        24         28       22         27
Tunisia          _______             36        48        43        46        26        12         8         14       21        16        27         36       33         24
ALL -AFRIC                            23        42         10        38      310        32         2         25        22       21         1          1         7        28.



300                                                                        A id Flows
12-16. Net ODA per capita from DAC donors
US. dollars (current prices)                                                 Annual Average
1980      1990       1991     1992      1993      1994       1995      1996      1997      1998     1999       75-84    85-89     90-MR
SLIB.SAHARAN AFRICA                   12        23:     `:;:2I       2 2      IS        IS         ?         1 5      I'        1 3       Il 2Ifl              1 7       I
e%cludmp Souih Afnca                 12       -13        21        22        19        19        IS        16        13        1 3       I.,        10       17         1
escI S Amia & Nfigena                16        28        26       2-7        24        24        22        20        17        17 ?                  2       22         20
Angola                                5        18        17        20       5         21         22        26        19        18        20          4        11        18
Benin                                10        27        33        34        29       27         32        29        26        24        20         11       20         26
Botswana                            92         95        79        69        58       40         37        45        36        47        26         69       87         49
Burkina Faso                        22         27        30        29        27       27         25        26        2 1       2 1       2 1        1 6      22         23
Buunmdi                              14        29        22        26        2 1       1 8       1 8       1 1        6         7         8         1 2       1 7       IS5
Cameroon                            20         30        32        48        42       3 1        26        21        24        2 1       1 7        1 5       1 9       27
Cape Verde                         135        222       228       226      224       219        201       197       168       205       207         95      188        197
Central African Republic            32         34        33        35        37       29         37        36        18        16        1 7        22       34         27
Chad                                  5        32        23        25        23        16        19        18        14        10         9         1 0      22         1 7
Comoros                             40         71        69        5 1       62       37         44        44        30        35        24         45       69         42
Congo, Democratic Rep. of            12        1 7        9         4         2         2         3         2         2         2         2          8        10         4
Congo, Republic of                   33        91        5 I       43        48       102        41       ISO        96        21        42         30       43         63
C6te d'Ivoire                        19        45        36        42        54       61         52        3 1       1 6       32        24         1 3       1 8       36
Djibouti                            114       171       156       167       166      161        132       116       100        98        86        125      138        124
Equatorial Guinea                     5       124        98        97        73       42         54        57        42        42        33         14       66         60
Eritr a                                         ..14                                  27         26        35        21        25        20                             22
Ethiopia                              2        10         9         8         8        IC         9          8        6         6         5          2         9         7
Gabon                                71       132       142        64        93       151       124       101        26        32        29         61        91        81
Gambia, The                         26         62        57        50        48        36        23        IS5       1 5       1 1       II1        25       62         30
Ghana                                10        1 8       29        2 1       19        20        2 1       20        16        20        19          7        14        19
Guinea                                7        24        29        38        30        29        33        20        1 8       21        15          4       23         24
Guinea-Blissau                      43         77        63        56        55       117        7 1      112        5 1       56        27         37        50        64
Kenya                                17        3 1       25        21        17        1 5       1 7        13       II1       10         9         Is       22         16
Lesotho                             47         50        42        38        40        24        32        25        22        16        12         32       39         28
Liberia                             32         1 7       23        10         9        13        1 I       40        1 1       ii       S1          27       24         1 5
Madagascar                          10         23        23        IS8       1 8       15        1 5        1 7      39        23        1 3         8        16        18_
Malawi                               12        25        24        23        1 7      26         23        26        1 7       l9        21         10        1 7       21
Mali                                20         37        32        27        24       26         30        30        25        23        22         16       32         25
Mauritania                           35        53        53        54        89        57        54        41        39        25        34         29       62         46
Mauritiun                           26         72        58        32        24         7        10         -1        2        17         4         24       42         21
Mozamnbique                           9        53        53        69        54       48         44        34        37        42        34          8       34         44
Namnibia                                       29        69        69        84        75        96        86        76        77        69          0        12        68
Niger                                19        33        33        32        30        30        21         17       18        14        1 1        1 8      30         22
Nigeria                               0         2         2         I         I         0         1          0        0         0         0          0         1 
Rwanda                               1 9       26        33        26        27        78        53        37        23        26        22         16       20         33
Sao Tomt and Principe                14       270       204       214      226       205        466       213       153       128       132         22       83        208
Senegal                             33         80        56        59        46        59        48        46        33        32        45         28        52        46
Seychelles                         284        468       237       215        94        98       145       102        82       218        60        213      247        157
SieTa Leone                          18        10        17        18        25        12        13         14        9        II        12          8        13        14
Somalia                             24         35        14        59        81       52         IS          5        5         5         8         16       44         25
South Africa                                                                  5         6         8          8       IC        10         9                              7
Sudan                                15        17        IS         7         6         7         5          4        3         5         5         II        22         7
Swaziland                           58         47        39        33        39        31        42        22        17        17        15         39        31        27
Tanzania                            28         33        29        30        23        20        20        20         18       24        19         21        26        22
Togo                                20         44        34        36        20        16        29        23        17        IS        10         18        29        22
Uganda                                3        15        17        IS        19        19        22         19       21        18        17          2         7        18
Zambia                              41         53        73        85        60        50        49        38        39        27        34         27       46         48
Zimbabwe                             16        30        36        52        29        26        30        24         19       18        18         II        25        26
_i4biuH  c A  ~      ~       I         37        46         7        22       2           9        2:         5         5        1           6        2          3
-Algeria                              6         9         12       14        10        14         10       9           7        4          1         6         5          8
Egypt, Arab Republic                 29        60        78        55        33       40         29        33        25        24        21         23        31        36
Libya                                 3         2         1         0         0         0         1          0        0         1         1          I         I 
Morocco                              10        25        25        29        17        12        13         15        8         9        12         10        16        15
Tunisia                             25         26        32        35        IS         8         6          5        8        11        11         25        23        14
ALL AF'RICA                           1A        26        26        25        IV        I0        17         16        14       13        12         I          SI



Aid Flows                                                                          301
12-17. Net ODA per capita from multilateral donors
US. dollars (current prices)                                                Annual Average
1980      1990      1991      1992     1993      1994      1995      1996      1997      1998     1999      75-84     85-89    90-AMf
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                    7        13        1 3       1s       12        14        14        10         8        a         I                   9         11I
excluding South Afrsca               7        13        1 3       is       13        1 5       IS        II1        9        8         7          5        9        J11.
excl S Africa& Nigenas               8        16        1 7       Is       is        18        18        1 3       II1       10        9          7       12
Angola                               2        1 1       12        15       13        21        16        16        1 1      10        I 1         3        5         13
Benin                               15        30        22        20       27        21        18        21        13       1 1       1s         10       16         18
Botswana                            25        21        20        1s       31        20        24         6        45       23        13         19       27        20
Burkina Faso                         9         9        1 5       18       22        17        23        14        14       16        14          7        9         15
Burundi                             13        19        25       28        16        34        30         7         3        5         3         10       19         16
Camneroon                            8        10        12        1 I       1        26         7        10        12        9        12          6        5         10
Cape Verde                          81        93        73       III       98       106       105        93       107      108       113         46       84        94
Central African Republic            15        50        24       23        17        22        13        13         9       18        16         12       25         19
Chad                                 .1       22        21        15       12        17        16        25        IS       12        16          7       1 8        16
Comoros                             40        34        75        55       43        44        41        34        23       3 1       IS5        45       50        37
Congo, Democratic Rep. of            4         5         3         3        2         3         2         1         I         1        1          3        6         2
Congo, Republic of                  13         7         7         5        3        44         8        13         4        2         7         14        7         9
C6ted'fIvoire                        7        1 3       1 6       1 8       4        57        35        36        1 4      20         5          4        7        20
Djibouti                            3 1       34        4 1       39       52        39        37        35        30       27        29         30       44        34
Equatorial Guinea                   37        48        58        70       66        34        30        18        15       15        1 3        17       50        35
Eritrea                             5.         .         .         .                 14        14         8         7       10        12          .        ..9
Ethiopia                             3         9        12        13       13         9         6         6         3        5         5          3        7         8
Gabon                               10         6         3         4        3        IS         8        13        10        7        1 1         8       10         9
Gambia,The                          48        45        45        62       36        3 1       2 1       1 9       1 9      20        1 5        26       48        30
Ghana                                6        20      .28         1 8      1 9       1 3       1 7       1 7       1        1 8       1 3         5       1 9       16
Guinea                              1 3       26        35       36        36        27        29        2 1       32       26        1 5         8       17        2
Guinea-Bisgau                       30        55        52       44        33        45        36        47        58       27        1 7        23       45        39
Kenya                                7        19        13        15       19        11        10         9         5        7         2          4        8         t0
Lesotho                             2.3       33        29       4 1       37        37        27        26        20       17         3         20       27        25
Liberia                             15        29        4 1      37        37        10        33        21        1 5      14        1 6        1 1      10        24
Madagascar                          1 0       1 1       1 5       12       1 1        8         8         9        20       1 1       1 1         7       1 2       I1
Malawi                              I11       34        36       41        36        23        22        23        1 7      22        20          8       1 8       25
Mali                                16        1 8       1 9      2 1       1 6       22        28        20        1 8      1 1   1    I         1 1      1 7        1 7
Mauritania                          23        52        51       43        6 1       66        52        77        63       45        48         32       38        54
Mauritius                            8        12         7        II1      -1         7        1 2       20        26       20        3 1        12        7         14
Mozambique                           3        1 8       2 1       31       24        30        23        2 1       20       19        1 2         3       10       2-i1
Namibia                              ..       61        62        3 1      21        1 6       28        32        26       3 1       36         ..        6         34
Niger                               I I       I18       1 3       1 3      1 0       1 3        9        10        1 4       14        6          9       1 7        1 1
Nigeria                              0         1         1         1        2         1         1         1         1         I        1          0        0          1
Rwanda                              I I       14        1 8       22       20        36        57        32         6        17       23          9       1 4       23
Sao Tom6 and Principe               30       206       230      250       146       184       172       137        88       72        58         50      125       147
Senegal                             14        31        26        26       1 5       20        30        2 1       1 4      23        1 2        14       28        21I
Seychelles                          53        48        87        58      166        78        33       107        79       77        77         25       79        83
Sierra Leone                         9         5         9        14       24        50        32        24        16       10         3          7        8         18
Somalia                             28        18         9        17       23        12         8         6         4         4        4         19       23         10
South Africa                         .         ..        .         ..       2         2         2         1         2         2        4          ..2
Sudan                               10        16        20        13       11         9         4         4         2         2        2          8       13          8
Swaziland                           31        23        28        32       22        33        20        II        II       14        14         21       17        20
Tanzania                             7        13        12        19       II        14        10         9        12         7       11          6        8         11
Togo                                15        30        21        24        5        IS        18        15        12        14        5         13       20         15
Uganda                               5        23        19        26       14        21        21        15        18       13        11          4       12         17
Zambia                              II         9        37        41       42        32       178        28        26        10       29          6       12         40
Zimnbabwe                            7         4         3        25       18        26        13         8        10         5        2          4        4         10
hiO-RTH AFRICA                        4         2         6         4         S        5          3         5        6         6         5
Algeria                              I         I         I         1        3         2         1          1                  9                   I         1         2
Egypt, Arab Republic                 5         2         7         4        3         5         4         4         6         4        3          9        2          4
Libya                                2         3         5         1        0         0         1          I        1         1        1          2         1 
Morocco                              3         4         6         6       11        11         5         9         8         9       II          2         I         8
Tunisia           __4                         10        it        12       13         6         5         13       16         8       17          4        7         11
ALL AFRICA                            6        II        12        13       II        12        12         9         8         8        75                   8        10



302
Figure 12-1. Total net ODA as a share of recipient GDP, 1999*
(percent)
0                                10                               20                                30                                40
Sao Tome and Principe                                                                                                                                             76.8
Guinea-Bissau                                                                                                                                             44.8
Rwanda                                                                                                          _
Mocambique_
Cape Verde
Madagascar
Maurilania                                                                        _
Mali
Nige.
Ertrea
Djibouti
Zambia
Sierra Leone
Burkina Faso
Comaros
Malao,i
Chad
Burundi
Uganda
Tjnzania
Gambia The
BeninZ
Ethiopia
L, otho
Central African Republic
Senegal
Ghana
Guinea
Togo
Angola
Equatorial Guinea
Cameroon
Namibin
Kenya
Cote d Ivoire
Zimbabwe
Congo. Democratic Republic
Egypt. Arab Rep.
Botswana
Seychelles
Swaziland
Sudan
Morocco
Tunisia
Gabon
Mauritius
Nigeria
Algeria 
South Africa,
0 Or most recent year available.



303
Figure 12-2. Total net ODA per capita, 1999*
(U.S. dollars)
0                                   20                                  40                                  60                                   80
Cape Ve,de                                                                                                                                                        319.4
S.. Tome and Prin,ip,                                                                                                                                                       189.8
Scychelle1                                                                                                                                                       163.3
Djihouti                                                                                                                                                       115.8
Namibia                                                                                                                                                        104.4
Mauritania                                                                                                                                                         84.2
Zambi.   _
Senegal
Congo
Mnzanbique
Equatoiial Guinea
Rwanda
Guinea-Bisau      _
Mablai                                                                            U
Comneni
GaCon
Botawana
Erilmas 
B,,rkina Faon
Mauritius
Benin
Mall
Centrai Afrika Rapablic
Guine-
Ghan.
Angola
Liberia
Tanzania
Cameroon
Cole d Ivoire
Sw aziland_
Uganda
Gambia The
Tunisia
Egypt. Arab Rep.
Chad
Morocco
Madngagcar
Zimbabwe
Niger
Togo
Sierra Leme
Luotho
South Ariea       _
Somalia
Burundi
Kenya
Ethiopia
Sudan
Algeria
Congo. Democalatic Republic
UAby.
Nigeria
' Or most recent year available.



304                                       Aid Flows
Technical notes
Tables                                          Agricultural Development, Arab/OPEC-financed
multilateral agencies, and UN programs and agencies
Table 12-1. Net ODA from all donors, nominal.   (OECD data). The UN programs and agencies include
This table represents the total of Tables 12-2 through  mainly the UN regular program of Technical Assis-
12-4.                                           tance, the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the
UN High Commissioner for Refugees, the UN
Table 12-2. Net ODA from DAC donors, nominal.   Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the World Food
This table (OECD data) includes net ODA from Aus-  Programme. Arab/OPEC-financed multilateral agen-
tralia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland,  cies include the Arab Bank for Economic Develop-
France, the Federal Republic of Germany before re-  ment in Africa, the Arab Fund for Economic and So-
unification, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway,  cial Development (AFESD), the Islamic Development
Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the  Bank, the OPEC Fund for International Development,
United States (OECD data). (Ireland and New Zealand  the Arab Authority for Agricultural Investment and
have been excluded in compilation because their ODA  Development, the Arab Fund for Technical Assistance
to Africa is negligible.)                       to African and Arab Countries, and the Islamic Soli-
darity Fund. ODA flows from the IMF Trust Fund
Table 12-3. Net ODA from non-DAC bilateral      and Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF) are also in-
donors, nominal. This is net ODA from Organiza-  cluded.
tion of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the
former Council for Mutual Economic Assistance   Tables 12-5, 12-6, 12-7, and 12-8. Net ODA from
(CMEA) countries, and China (OECD data). OPEC   all donors, from DAC donors, from non-DAC bi-
countries are Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Ni-  lateral donors, and from multilateral donors, real.
geria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates,  These tables are obtained by deflating data in Tables
and Venezuela. The former CMEA countries are Bul-  12-1 through 12-4 by the World Bank LIMIC import
garia, Czechoslovakia, the former German Democratic  price deflator.
Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the former
Soviet Union.                                   Tables 12-9, 12-10, and 12-11. Net ODA from all
donors, from DAC donors, and from multilateral
Table 12-4. Net ODA from multilateral donors,   donors as a share of recipient GDP. These tables
nominal. This includes net ODA (OECD data), most  show the relative importance of these aid flows to re-
notably from the African Development Fund, the Eu-  cipients' economies. They are obtained by dividing
ropean Development Fund for the Commission of the  figures in Tables 12-1, 12-2, and 12-4 by GDP data
European Communities, the International Develop-  from Table 2-5, which reflect current prices and ex-
ment Association (IDA), the International Fund for



Aid Flows                                       305
change rates. For a given level of aid flows, devalua-  Tables 12-15, 12-16, and 12-17. Net ODA per capita
tion of a recipient's currency may inflate the ratios  from all donors, from DAC donors, and from mul-
shown in the table. Thus, trends for a given country  tilateral donors. These are calculated by dividing fig-
and comparisons across countries that have imple-  ures in Tables 12-1, 12-2, and 12-4 by midyear popu-
mented different exchange rate policies should be in-  lation (Table 1-2). These ratios offer some indication
terpreted carefully.                             of the importance of aid flows in sustaining per capita
income and consumption levels (shown in Tables 2-19
Tables 12-12, 12-13, and 12-14. Net ODA from all  and 2-20, respectively), although comparisons must
donors, from DAC donors, and from multilateral   be done carefully because exchange rate fluctuations,
donors as a share of recipient GDI. These tables are  the actual rise of ODA flows, and other factors vary
obtained by dividing figures in Tables 12-1, 12-2, and  across countries and over time.
12-4 by GDI (World Bank country desks). These
tables highlight the relative importance of the indi-  Figures
cated aid flows in maintaining and increasing invest-
ment in these economies. The same caveats mentioned  The following indicators have been used to derive the
above apply to their interpretation. Furthermore, aid  figures in this chapter.
flows do not exclusively finance investment (for ex-
ample, food aid finances consumption), and the share  Figure 12-1. Total net ODA as a share of recipient
of OI)A going to investment varies across countries.  GDP (Table 12-9).
Figure 12-2.Total net ODA per capita (Table 12-15).



306                                                                   Aid Flows
Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 12
Aggregations'                                       Period averages
Table                                 (1)                               (2)                        (1)                (2)
12-1                                   x                                                            x
12-2                                   x                                                            x
12-3                                   x                                                            x
12-4                                   x                                                            x
12-5                                   x                                                                               x
12-6                                   x                                                                               x
12-7                                   x                                                                               x
12-8                                   x                                                                               x
12-9                                                                     x                          x
12-10                                                                    x                          x
12-11                                                                    x                          x
12-12                                                                    x                          x
12-13                                                                    x                          x
12-14                                                                    x                          x
12-15                                                                    x                          x
12-16                                                                    x                          x
12-17                                                                    x                          x
Noie: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the
last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter.
a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same
country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the
gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator,
all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic
mean.
b. Period averages: (I) arithmetic mean (using the saine series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest ofthe table is shown as ratio, level if
the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3)
least-sqtiares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms).



13
Social Indicators
T    his chapter provides indicators in the areas of  Even when data are available, comparison among
demography, health, education, and gender is-   countries is limited due to varied practices in data gath-
sues in development. These indicators can be  ering and reporting. Often the countries report survey
useful in evaluating and monitoring the social impact  data that cover different portions of the nation. Some-
of development progress, aid flows, and structural  times surveys are limited to just the urban areas to
adjustment policies.                            cover only the largest cities or the capital city alone.
The chapter presents such indicators as dependency  This is especially true of the health indicators. Such
ratio, urbanization, crude death rate, life expectancy  indicators as immunization rates for children under
at birth, infant mortality rate, child mortality rate,  one year of age, percentage of births attended by health
immunization rates for children, maternal death rate,  personnel, infant mortality rate, child mortality rate,
and number of population per physician. These indi-  and maternal death rate are often based on surveys of
cators are an indirect measure of the physical well  a handful of hospitals in the urban areas.
being of the population. In the same vein, such indi-  Another source of limitation is the definition of
cators as literacy r ate among adults, school enrollment  terms, which may differ from country to country.
ratios by gender, and pupil-teacher ratio give some  Some countries, for example, consider an institution
picture of the progress being made in education and  as a "private school" only if it receives no form of
training. Social indicators refer to phenomena that are  financial support from the government, while others
inherently more qualitative than macroeconomic vari-  classify as "private" all schools not run by the gov-
ables and thus need to be interpreted cautiously. Fur-  ernment, whether or not they receive financial sup-
thercautioniscalledforbecauseoftheparticularlimi-  port from  the government. In like manner,
tations of the data. One of these limitations is the pau-  some countries include personnel other than doctors
city--or even nonexistence-of data on certain indi-  and trained nurses in the term "medical personnel."
cators in many of the countries covered. This is espe-  Cultural norms may also affect the reported data.
cially true of indicators dealing with gender issues.  This is especially true for gender issues. In some coun-
Many countries have no data showing the gender  tries, it is assumed that no woman can be the head of
breakdown of several social indicators.         any household that also contains an adult male. In
307



308                                    Social Indicators
population censuses, therefore, enumerators and re-  a number of institutions and agencies in the socio-
spondents simply take such assumptions for granted,  economic field, such as the United Nations, UNICEF,
reporting a male rather than a female as head of the  UNESCO, World Health Organization (WHO), the
household or family (see United Nations, The World's  UNDP, UNAIDS, and the ECA. Other sources of data
Women, 1970-90). This distorts the true picture of  also include reports and publications on children,
the percentage of households headed by women.   health, human development, education, and popula-
The main source for this chapter is the World De-  tion from various agencies including the World Bank.
velopment Indicators in the World Bank Statistical  In this chapter, columns headed by a period (for
Information Management Analysis Database (SIMA),  example, 1995-99) show data for the latest available
which contains electronic information as reported by  year within the period.



Social Indicators                                                            309
13-1. Age and gender structure of the population
Fenmales as percentage              Age groups as percentage of total population                   Age dependency
of total population                      1980                             1999                       ratio
1980       1997            0-14     15-64      65+           0-14    15-64      65+         1980       1999
SUJB.SAHARLAN AIRJC A                  502"       50.5            45 1      51 3      2 9           44.2     52 8      2 h          09         09
exclIudingSouth Afnca                 50.2       50.4            45 6      50 9      28            45 0     5 21      2 7          1 0        0.9
excl S Africa &Nigena_i_  ___         50;_        50.3   _       45 4      50 8      2.945.2                 18       2 8           I10       0 9
Angola                                50.9       50.6            44.6      52.4      3.0           47.5     49.6      2.9          0.9        1.0
Benin                                 50.7       50.7            45.1      50.8      4.1           46.1     51.0      2.8          1.0        1.0
Botswana                              52.2       51.0            48.7      49.8      2.0           42.2     54.7      2.2          1.0        0.8
Burkina Faso                          50.5       50.6            47.4      49.8      2.8           47.2     50.2      2.7          1.0        1.0
Burundi                               51.9       51.0            44.7      51.8      3.5           46.1     52.4      2.5          0.9        0.9
Camneroon                             50.6       50.3            44.3      52.0      3.6           44.2     52.6      3.5          0.9        0.9
Cape Verde                            54.0       53.3            45.5      47.2      6.2           40.6     55.9      4.5          1.1        0.8
Central Aftican Republic                ..       51.4            41.7      54.4      4.0           42.6     53.7      3.5          0.8        0.9
Chad                                  50.8       50.5            41.9      54.5      3.6           50.6     46.2      3.1          0.8        1.2
Comoros                               49.9       50.2            48.2      49.2      2.6           44.2     52.7      2.6          1.0        0.9
Congo, Democraic Rep. of              51.1       50.6            46.0      51.1      2.8           47.6     49.8      2.7          1.0        1.0
Congo, Republic of                    51.2       51.1            45.0      51.5      3.4           46.2     50.8      3.0          0.9        1.0
C8te dlvoire                          48.9       49.0            46.6      51.0      2.5           41.0     50.6      2.5          1.0        0.9
Djibouti                              50.5       50.7            44.1      54.1      2.5           41.5     58.4      3.3          0.9        0,8
Equatorial Guinea                     51.2       51.2            40.6      53.9      4.1           43.1     53.8      3.8          0.8        0.9
Eritrea                               50.4       50.4             0.0       0.0      0.0           45.1     52.1      2.6           ..        0.9
Ethiopia                              50.6       49.8            44.6      52.5      2.9           46.5     50.7      2.6          0.9        1.0
Gabon                                 50.9       50.7            34.1      59.5      6.4           39.5     54.8      5.6          0.7        0.8
Gamnbia, The                          50.7       50.6            42.6      54.4      3.0           42.6     54.0      3.0          0.8       0.8
Ghana                                 50.4       50.3            45.0      52.2      2.8           43.5     54.2      3,1          0.9        0.9
Guinea                                50.1       49.7            45.8      51.6      2.6           45.0     52.3      2.6          0.9       0.9-
Guinea-Bissau                         50.9       50.8            39.0      57.2      4.0           42.7     52.9      3.9          0.8        0.9
Kenya                                 50.0       49.9            50.1      46.5      3.4           44.7     54.1      2.8          1.1       0.9
Lesotho                               51.8       50.8            41.9      53.9      4.2           40.1     56.2      4.1          0.9        0.8
Liberia                               49.5       49.6            44.3      52.0      3.6           45.0     52.9      2.7          0.9        0.9
Madagascar                            50.7       50.2            44.4      51.7      4.0           45.2     51.8      3.0          0.9        0.9
Malawi                                51.6       50.7            47.5      50.3      2.3           46.0     51.3      2.5          1.0        0.9
Mali                                  51.2       50.7            46.8      50.7      2.6           48,4     51.4      3.3          1.0        1.0
Mauritania                            50.7       50.4            43.7      53.1      3.0           43.6     53.3      3.2          0.9        0.9
Mauritius                             50.7       50.1            35.7      60.9      3.7           25.2     67.8      6.2          0.6        0.5
Mozamnbique                           50.8       51.~6           43.4      53.4      3.1           43.6     52.0      3.8          0.9        0.9
Namibia                               50.6       50.2            43.2      53.4      3.7           41.7     54.4      3.6          0.9        0.8
Niger                                 50.8       50.6            46.8      50.8      2.5           48.8     48.7      2.4          1.0        1.1
Nigeria                               50.6       50.7            46.1      51.2      2.6           44.5     53.5      2.5          1.0        0.9
Rwanda                                50.6       50.6            48.7      48.8      2.4           42.8     52.0      1.8          1.0        0.9
Sao Tome and P'rincipe                  .        50.0             0.0       0.0      0.0           38.9     55.2      6.6           .,8
Senegal                               50.0       50,1            45.3      51.8      2.8           44.9     52.4      2.6          0.9        0.9
Seychelles                              ..       48.7             0.0       0.0      0.0           30.0     64.7      7.2           ..        0.6
Sierra Leone                          51.0       51.0O           43.0      53.9      3.1           45.1     51.8      2.6          0.9        0.9
Somalia                               50.6       50.4            46.7      50.3      2.9           47.9     49.7      2.4          1.0        1.0
South Africa                          50.2       51.9            39.5      57.2      3.4           32.7     62.0      4.7          0.7        0.6
Sudan                                 49.9       49.8            44.9      52.4      2.7           39.3     57.7      3.2          0.9        0.7
Swaziland                             50.9       52.1            45.9      51.3      2.9           42.2     54.6      2.7          1.0        0.8
Tanzania                              50.8       50.5            47.6      50.1      2.3           45.5     51.~9     2.4          1.0        0.9
Togo                                  50.7       50.5            44.6      52.4      3.2           45.5     51.1      2.9          0.9        0.9
Uganda                                50.5       50.2            47.8      49.7      2.5           48.6     48.6      2.0          1.0        1.0
Zambia                                51.1       50.4            49.4     48.2       2.4           45.5     52.0      2.2          1.1        0.9
Zimbabwe                              50.4       50.4            47.9     49.5       2.6           39.5     53.8      2.6          1.0        0.8
N_R_rH AFIUCA                          49.5       49.4            42        59        3.9           31        1        44A          09          6
Algeria                               5.         49446.5                   49.6      3.9           37._6    60.9      3.10                    07
Egypt, Arab Republic                  49.2       49.1            39.5      56.5      4.0           35.0     60.0      4.5          0.8        0.7
Libya                                 47.1       48.1            46.6      51.2      2.2           38.8     59.1      3.1          1.0        0.7
Morocco                               49.9       50.0            43.2      52.7      4.1           33.2     62.9      4.3          0.9        0.6
Ttnisia                               49.3       49.5            41.6      54.6      3.8           31.8     63.1      5.7          0._8 __    0.6
:ALL AF1RICA                           so01        50 3           44 6      51 8       II1           42 7     54 2      3 1          (' 9      0 9
Note: Some age groups may not add up to 100 due to rounding up erTor.



310                                                     Social Indicators
1 3-2. Poverty
Percentage of    National poverty  % of the population below                       Percentage
GDP per capita,  population living  headcount as %     2/3 of national mean per  Gini coefficients,  of household
based on PPP,  under US$ I a day,   ofpopulation,    capita income, 1991-1 999    1991-1997       income spent on
1998           1984.1999         1984-I 999        Urban          Rural     Urban    Rural   food, 1991-1 999
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA            1.534                                              22          37                                 64
excluding South Afnca        1,120                                              22          37                                 64
ekcI S Africa&Nigeia         1.174    _____                                     22         317   _____
Angola                       1,334                                              .
Benin                        1,276                               33
Botswana                     8,547             33
Burkina Faso                 1,035                                              13          65           38      46            57
Bunindi                      636                                 36                         .
Cameroon                     1,929             ..40                             .
Cape Verde                   2,999                                              .
Central African Republic     1,320                                              33          77           SI       63           60
Chad                          ..64
Comoros                      1,488
Congo, Democratic Rep, of    847                ..
Congo, Republic of           1,641
C6te dIlvoire                1.881             18                               29          si1          39       33           48
Djiboufi                                                                        38          84           38       39           43
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea                      8 13 
Ethiopia                     517                *.21                                        50           56       40           72
Gabon                        7,556                                .
Gambia, The                  1,459                               64             21          73           43       35           60
Ghana                        1,661                               31             22          37           34       36           39
G6uin-ea                      1,838             26                40             18          57                                 56
Guinea-Bissau                810               88                49             30          65           55       56
Kenya                        1,168             50                42             14          53           5 1      52           7 1
Lesotho                      1,827             49                49
Liberia                        ..
Madagascar                   927               72                70             21          57           ..70
Malawi                       695                                 54                                              57
Mali                         739               ..8                                          64           53       55           75
Mauritania                   1,746             31                57             18          56           34       33           70
Mauritius                    9,629             ..II                              .
Mozamnbique                  913
Namibia                      4,932
Niger                        842               62                63             14          55           39       31           60
Nigeria                      922               31                34             32          52           44       46           67
Rwanda                       696               46                51             .
Sao Tome and_Principe        1,536                                                         _________________________
S__enegal                    1,768              54                33             14         -66                                 61
Seychelles                  11,188
Sierfa Leone                 401               ..68                             ....                              S
Somalia
South Afirica                7,187             24                ..40                       86            .       ..56
Sudan                        1,640              ..
Swaziland                    3,313              ..                              36          70            .       ..65
Tanzamia                     513               11                5I             20          51            .       ..70
Togo                         1,421              ..32...
Uganda                       1,183             69                44             16          46           35       44           63
Zambia                       910               85                86             28          70           40       46           64
Zimbabwe                     2,325             41                26              ..
NORTH AFRICA                  3.668            _________
Algena                       4,4'                                 3
Egypt, Arab Republic         3,120              8                23...
Libya...
Morocco                      3,357              1                19.                         .
Tunisia                      5,453             4                 14...
ALL AFRICA                                         2. 2__                                    37_               - -----6-



Social Indicators                                                             311
13-3. Income distribution
Share of income held by population groups
Richest 10%                 Richest 20%                Poorest 10%                Poorest 20%
1986-97                     1986-97                    1986-97                     1986-97
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
excluding South Africa
exci S. Africa & Nigeria
Angola                                       ..
Benn                                         ..
Botswana                                     ..                         ..
Burkina Faso                                39.5                        55.0                        2.2                         5.5
Burundi                                     26.6                        41.6                        3.4                        7.9
Cameroon                                     ..
Cape Verde                                   ..
Central African Republic                    47.7                        65.0                        0.7                        2.0
Chad                                         ..
Comoros                                      ..
Congo, Democratic Rep. of                    ..
Congo, Republic of                           ..
Coted'lvoire                                28.8                        44.3                        3.1                        7.1
Djibouti                                    29.9                        45.4                        2.3                        6.3
Equatorial Guinea                            ..
Eitrea                                       ..r
Ethiopia                                    33.7                        47.7                        3.0                        7.1
Gabon                                        ..
Gambia, The                                 37.6                        52.8                        1.5                        4.3
Ghana                                       26.1                        41.7                        3.6                        8.4
Guinea                                      32.0                        47.2                        2.6                        6.4
Guinea-Bissau                               42.3                        58.9                        0.5                        2.1
Kenya                                       34.9                        50.2                        1.8                        5.0
Lesotho                                     43.4                        60.1                        0.9                        2.8
Liberia                                      ..
Madagascar                                  37.3                        52.0                        2.2                        5.4
Malawi                                       ..                         ..
Mali                                        40.4                        56.2                        1.8                        4.6
Mauritania                                  28.4                        44.1                        2.5                        6.4
Mauritius                                    ..
Mozambique                                  31.7                        46.5                        2.5                        6.5
Namibia                                      ..
Niger                                       35.4                        53.3                        0.8                         2.6
Nigeria                                     40.8                        55.7                        1.6                         4.4
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe                        ..
Senegal                                     33.5                        48.2                        2.6                        6.4
Seychelles                                   ..
SienraLeone                                 43.6                        63.4                        0.5                         1.1
Somalia                                      ..
South Africa                                45.9                        64.8                        1.1                        2.9
Sudan
Swaziland                                   50.2                        64.4                        1.0                        2.7
Tanzania                                    30.0                        45.5                        2.9                         6.8
Togo
Uganda                                      29.8                        44.9                        3.0                        7.1
Zambia                                      39.2                        54.8                        1.6                        4.2
Zimbabwe                                    46.9                        62.3                        1.8                        4.0
NORTH AFRICA                                                   _-                                         -
Algeria                                     26.8                        42.6                        2.8                        7.0
Egypt, Arab Republic                        25.0                        39.0                        4.4                        9.8
Libya
Morocco                                     30.5                        46.3                        2.8                        6.6
Tunisia                                     31.8                        47.9                        2.3                         5.7
ALL AFRICA



312                                                         Social Indicators
13-4. Urbanization
Total population        Average annual percentage      Urban population as per-      Average annual percentage
(millions)           growth of total population   centage of total population    growth of urban population
1980     1990    2000   1975-1979 1980-1 990 1990-2000    1980     1990     2000   1975-1979 1980-1990 1990-2000
SUB-~SA1-ARAN AFRCA              380.7    508 3   659 8        2 9       2 9       2.7      23 0     28 1      34 5        5.0      50        48
excldudmgSouth Ainca            353 2    4731     617 0       2.9       2 9       2 7      "I11     26 5      33.4        5 5      5 4       S I
excl S Afnca &Nigeria           282 0    3'6 9   490 1        29        2 9       2 7      19 6     2,44      3u 6        5.4      5 2        Ii
-An;gola                           7.0     9.2     12.7        2.7       2.7      3.3       20.9     27.6     34.2        6.1       5.7       5.5
Benin                             3.5      4.7     6.3        2.7       3.2       2.9      27.3     34.5     42.3        7.5       5.7       5.0
Botswana                          0.9      1.3     1.6        3.6       3.5       2.4      15.1     41.5     50.3        8.8      14.3       4.8
Burkina Faso                      7.0      8.9     11.3       2.3       2.5       2.4       8.5     13.6     18.5        8.2       7.5       5.6
Bumundi                           4.1      5.5     6.8        2.1       2.8       2.3       4.3      6.3      9.0        8.4       6.9       6.0
Camneroon                         8.7     11.5    15.1        2.8       2.9       2.8      31.4     40.3     48.9        6.4       5.5       4.8
Cape Verde                        0.3      0.3     0.4        0.7       1.6       2.6      23.5     44.2     62.2        2.6       8.1       6.3
Central African Republic          2.3      2.9     3.6        2.3       2.4       2.1      35.1     37.5      41.2       3.4       3.1       3.0
Chad                              4.5      5.7     7.7        2.0       2.6       3.0      18.8     21.1     23.8        6.2       3.8       4.2
Comoros                           0.3      0.4     0.6        0.0       0.6       2.6      23.2     27.9     33.2        0.0       0.6       4.4
Congo, Democratic Rep. of        27.0     37.4     51.4       3.0       3.3       3.2      28.7     27.9     30.3        2.4       3.0       4.0
Congo, Republic of                1.7      2.2     2.9        2.9       2.9       2.8      41.0     53.4     62.5        6.1       5.7       4.5
C8t d'lvoire                      8.2     11.8     16.0       4.0       3,7       3.1      34.7     40.3     46.4        5.8       5.3       4.6
Djibouti                          0.3      0.5     0.7        6.5       6.4       2.6      73.6     80.2     83.3        8.1       7.4       3.0
Equatorial Guinea                 0.2      0.4     0.5       -2.7       5.3       2.5      27.4     35.7     48.2       -2.5       8.0       5.7
Eritrea                           2.4      3.1      4.1       2.7       0.0       0.8      13.5     15.8      18.7        4.8      0.0       0.7
Ethiopia                         37.7     51.2     64.3       2.7       3.0       2.3      10.5     13.4      17.6        4.8      5.5       5.1
Gabon                             0.7      1.0     1.2        3.1       3.4       2.6      49.6     68.A      81.4        7.8      6.7       4.5
Gambia, The                       0.6      0.9     1.3        3.3       3.6       3.5      19.6     25.7      32.5       6.2       6.4       5.9
Ghana                            10.7     14.9     19.2       1.7       3.3       2.6      31.2     33.9      38.4        2.5      4.2       3.9
Guinea                            4.5      5,8     7.4        1.3       2.5       2.6      19.1     25.7      32.8        4.7      5.6       5.2
Guinea-Bissau                     0.8      1.0     1.2        5.1       2.1       2.2      16.9     20.0      23.7        6.4      3.9       4.0
Kenya                            16.6     23.4    30.1        3.8       3.6       2.6      16.1     24.1      33.1        8.6      7.9       5.8
Lesotho                           1.3      1.7     2.2        2.5       2.5       2.3      13.4     20.1      28.0       7.1       6.8       5.7
Liberia                           1.9      2.4     3.1        3.1       2.7       2.5      35.0     42.0      44.9       6.1       4.7       3.2
Madagascar                        8.9     11.6    15.5        2.6       2.7       2.9      18.3     23.5      29.6        5.3      5.3       5.4
Malawi                            6.2      8.5     11.0       3.3       3.2       2.7       9.1     13.3     24.9        7.1       7.1       9.3
Mali                              6.6      8.5     10.8       2.2       2.5       2.5      18.5     23.8      30.0        4.9      5.1       4.9
Mauritania                        1.6      2.0     2.7        2.5       2.7       2.8      27.4     43.5      57.7       9.1       7.6       5.8
Mauritius                         1.0      1.1      1.2       1.6       0.9       1.2      42.4     40.5      41.3        1.3      0.5       1.3
Mozamnbique                      12.1     14.2     17.6       2.8       1.7       2.2       13.1    26.6      40.2       12.1      9.2       6.7
Namnibia                          1.0      1.4     1.7        2.7       2.7       2.6      22.8     26.6      30.9        4.8      4.4       4.1
Niger                             5.6      7.7     10.8       3.1       3.3       3.5      12.6     16.1      20.6        6.9      5.9       6.0
Nigeria                          71A1     96.2    126.9       3.0       3.1       2.9      26.9     35.0      44.0        6.0      5.8       5.3
Rwanda                            5.2      7.0      8.5       3.3       3.1       1.8       4.7      5.3       6.2        6.9      4.4       3.3
Sao Tom6 and Principe             0.1      0.1     0.1        1.2       2.5       2.6      30.7     38.9      46.7       4.0       5.0       4.5
_Senegal                           5.5     7.3      9.5        2.9       2.8      2.7       35.7     40.0     47.4        3.7       4.0       4.4
Seychelles                        0.1      0.1     0.1        1.7       0.8       1.5      40.8     53.5      63.8       6.1       3.7       3.3
Sierra Leone                      3.2      4.0     5.0        2.0       2.1       2.4      24.1     30.0     36.6        4.7       4.4       4.5
Somalia                           5.9      7.8     9.7        7.5       2.5       2.1      22.2     24.2     27.5        8.4       3.4       3.3
South Africa                     27.6     35.2    42.8        2.2       2.5       2.0      48.1     48.8     50.4        2.2       2.7       2.3
Sudan                            18.7     24.1    29.7        3.1       2.6       2.1      20.0     26.6     36.1        4.6       5.4       5.3
Swaziland                         0.6      0.8     1.0        3.2       3.1       3.2      17.8     23.8      26.4       8.7       6.3       4.2
Tanzania                         18.6     25.5    33.7        3.1       3.2       2.9      14.8     20.8      32.9       11.6      6.9       7.7
Togo                              2.6      3.5     4.7        2.7       3.0       2.9      22.9     28.5      33.3       9.7       5.5       4.5
Uganda                           12.8     16.3    22.2        2.8       2.3       3.2       8.8      11.2     14.2        3.9      4.8       5.6
Zambia                            5.7      7.8     10.1       3.4       3.1       2.7      39.8     39.4      39.6        6.3      3.1       2.7
Zimbabwe                          7.0      9.7     12.6       2.8       3.4       2.8      22.3     28.4      35.3        5.6      5.9       4.5
NOUT_H_ARFRCA___                              I 8  14  138')    2 6      2 6      -2.0      44 6      42        393-5               3 6       2 9
Algeria                          18.7     25.0     30.4       3.1       3.0       2.0      43.5     52.4      60.3        4.5      5.0       3.5
Egypt. Arab Republic             40.9     52.4     63.8       2.3       2.5       2.0      43.8     44.1      45.2        2.5      2.6       2.2
Libya                             3.0      4.4     5.5        4.4       3.9       2.3      69.3     81.8      87.6        7.6      5.7       3.0
Morocco                          19.4     24.0    28.7        2.3       2.2       1.8      41.1     48.2      56.1       4.1       3.8       3.4
Tunisia                           6.4      8.2     9.6        2.5       2.5       1.7      51.5     57.9     _65.5       3.4       3.7       2.9
ALLAFRICA                        469 1    622 4    '97 8       2 8       29        2 6      27 1      32 0     379*   .     5 5*'  646   .



Social Indicators                                                             313
13-5. Cornponents of population change
Total fertility rate                    Crude birth rate                       Crude death rate
1982       1992      1999              1982       1992       1999              1982      1992       1999
SUB -SAK-ALRAN AFRIC.A                  6.6        5 9        5.3              46.8      43 0       39.8              17 1       15.1      16 2
exc luding South AftcKa                6 Q        6 1        5.5              47.7      43 9       40.1              17 5       15 q       nlt.4
exci S.Afrnca &Nigeria                 6 8        6 1        5 6              47 2      41 0       40.9              17 7       16 3       1lbS
Angola                                 7.0        7.2        6.7              50.8      50.8       47.8              22.8       19.2       18.8
Benin                                  7.0        6.5        5.6              49.3      43.9       40.1              18.1       15.3       13.1
Botswana                               6.0        4.8        4.1              44.1      36.8       32.6               9.5        8.0      18.4
Burkina Faso                           7.5        6.9        6.6              46.9      47.3       43.9              19.9       18.3       19.1
Buunmdi                                6.8      -6.8         6.1              46.2      46.2       41.1              17.9       21.5      20.0
Cameroon                               64         5.7        4.9              43.9      40.6       37.5              15.7       12.8       13.5
Cape Verde                             6.1        5.2        3.8              38.4      36.0       35.5              11.3        7.6       6.0
Central African Republic               5.7        5.3        4.7              42.4      39.6       36.1              18.6       17.4       19.3
Chad                                   7.1        6.9        6.3              44.2      47.0       44.6              21.4       18.2       16.3
Comoros                                7.2        5.2        4.4              45.5      37.0       33.7              16.8       10.2       8.5
Congo, Demnocratic Re;). of            6.7        6.7        6.2              47.9      46.2       45.3              15.2       14.7       14.5
Congo, Republic of                     6.3        6.3        5.9              43.9      44.7       43.1              15.7       16.1       16.2
C6te dIvoire                           7.4        5.7        4.9              50.1      38.9       36.6              16.0       14.9       16.6
Djiboufi                               6.6        5.8        5.2              44.2      39.0       36.7              19.1       16.2       17.0
Equatorial Guinea                      5.8        5.9        5.3              43.3      43.5       40.0              21.1       18.0       15.8
Eritrea                                7.5        6.5        5.6                ..      42.4       39.1                ..       16.4       12.7
Ethiopia                               7.0        6.6        6.3              48.0      49.0       44.4              22.1       20.2      20.0
Gabon                                  4.5        5.2        5.1              33.l      36.6       35.9              18.1       16.1       15.7
Gambia, The                            6.5        6.0        5.5              48.2      43.5       40.6              23.1       19.2       13.2
Ghana                                  6.5        5.3       4.3               45.0      36.6       30.0              13.1       10.2       10.3
Guinea                                 6.2        5.7        5.3              46.8      45.0       39.6              23.5       19.0      17.1
Guinea-Bissau                          6.0        6.0        5.5              44.7      43.3       40.9              25.1       21.4      20.5
Kenya                                  7.7        5.2        4.5              49.7      36.1       34.7              12.1        9.4       12.9
Lesotho                                5.3        5.0       4.5               38.9      36.4       33.8              13.8       11.3       12.8
Liberia                                6.8        6.8        6.1              47.0      48.2       44.6              16.7       24.8       17.3
Madagascar                             6.6        6.0        5.6              46.5      45.9       40.7              15.5       12.6       12.1
Malawi                                 7.6        6.7        6.3              53.5      50.2       45.9              21.6       22.1      23.8
Mali                                   7.1         ..        6.4              49.0      51.1       46.2              21.6       18.8       19.4
Mauritania                             6.1        5.9        5.3              42.3      42.6       39.1              18.5       14.7       13.0
Mauritius                              2.5        2.3        2.0              22.2      20.4       17.3               6.0        6.7       6.8
Miozanibique                           6.5        6.3        5.2              45.7      44.9      -40.4              20.1       18.6      20.1
Nainibia                               5.8        5.3        4.7              40.3      38.5       34.6              13.5       11.8       15.3
Niger                                  7.5        7.4        7.3              51.7      52.1       51.2              22.2       19.2       18.4
Nigeria                                6.9        5.9        5.2              49.6      43.3       39.8              17.1       14.2       15.7
Rwanda                                 8.1        6.6        6.0              50.4      40.0       44.9              18.6       26.6       21.5
SAo Tomt and Principic                  ..        4.9        4.5              38.7      43.0       31.8              10.2        9.0       9.3
Senegal                      ~~~~      ~~~~       ~~6.7  6.0  5.4   45.5      40.0       3 8.5            1~l7.7      1 3. O     12.6
Seychelles                             3.5        2.7        2.1              24.1      22.9       18.2               7.4        7.2       7.1
Sierra Leone                           6.5        6.5        5.9              48.9      49.1       45.1              28.5       29.8      25.1
Somalia                                7.3        7.3        7.1              51.8      52.1       51.4              22.0       25.1       17.9
South Africa                           4.2        3.2       2.9               35.5      31.2       26.3              11.1        8.8       14,1
Sudan                                  6.4        5,0        4.5              43.5      34,9       33.1              15.8       13.9       11.4
Swaziland                              6.0        5.1       4.5               43.1      40.2       36.3              13.7       10.7       13.3
Tanzania                               6.7        6.1        5.4              46.5      42.8       40.0              14.8       13.5       16.7
Togo                                   6.9        6.6        5.1              45.0      41.6       38.2              15.8       15.5       15.1
Uganda                                 7.3        6.9        6.4              49.1      50.2       46.3              17.6       18.2       19.4
Zambia                                 6.9        6.2        5.4              49.0      44.6       40.8              14.8       15.1      20.6
Zimbabwe                               6.2        4.3        3.6              43,0      35.5       30.1              11.8       10.9      16.4
NO-RT1_A_FiUC_A _5 4                               3 8        12               38        28          48              116         T75        6.
Algeria                                6.3        4.0        3.4              40.6      28.2       25.3              10.7        6.0       5.6
Egypt, Arab Republic                   5.1        3.8        3.3              39.1      28.5       25.5              12.7        8.6       6.9
Libya                                  7.2        4.2        3.6              45.6      28.8       28.4              10.9        5.2       4.5
Morocco                                5.1        3.8        2.9              37.3      28.2       24.5              11.4        7.5       6.6
Tunisia                                4.9        3.2        2.2              33.7      25.7       16.8               8.4        6.3        5.6
ALLTAFRICA                               6         55         4.~9             45.1       40        372                16        14 0       14 5



314                                                                  Social Indicators
13-6. Survival prospects
Life expectancy                Infant mortality            Mortality of children under          Maternal mortality
at birth (years)                (per thousand)              S years (per thousand)           (per 100,000 live births)
1982         1999              1982         1999                    1999                     1999 orAMR available
SLJB-SAHARAN AFR-ICA                             48           47               III           92                     159                            84-
excluding SouthA1ince                           48           47              114            94                     163                            902
e'ic.l. S A1rica & Nigeria                      48           47               119           97                     166                            872
Angola                                          42           47               149          127                     208                           1,500
Benin                                          49            53               115           87                     145                            498
Botswana                                        59           39               67            58                      95                            250
Burkina Faso                                    45           45              129           105                     210                            930
Bunundi                                         47           42              118           105                     176                           1,300
Cameroon                                        5 1          5 1             103            77                     154                            430
Cape Verde                                      62           69               84            39                      50                             55
Central African Republic                       47            44              114            96                     151                            948
Chad                                            43           49               120          101                     189                            820
Comoros                                         50           61               106           61                      86                            950
Congo, Democratic Rep. of                       50           46              109            85                     161                            870
Conga, Republic of                              50           48               88            89                     144                            890
C6te dIvoire                                    50           46              105           III                     180                            810
Djibouti                                        45           47              132           109                     177                            570
Equatorial Guinea                               44           51               138          104                     170                            820
Eritrea                                         44           50               91            60                     lOS                            1,000
Ethiopia                                        42           42               159          104                     166                            1,400
Gabon                                           49           53               112           84                     133                            500
Gamnbia, The                                    41           53              154            75                     110                            1,050
Ghana                                           54           58               90            57                     109                            740
Guinea                                          40           46              148            96                     167                            528
Guinea-Bissau                                   39           44              164           127                     214                            910
Kenya                                           56           48               66            76                     118                            590
Lesotho                                         54           45              117            92                     141                            610
Liberia                                         51           47              144           113                     188                            560
Madagascar                                      51           54               112           90                     149                            488
Malawi                                          45           39              163           132                     227                            620
Mali                                            43           50              180           120                     223                            580
Mauritania                                      47           54               117           88                     142                            800
Mauritius                                       67           7 1              28            19                      23                             120
Mozambique                                      44           43              133           131                     203                            1,500
Namibia                                         54           50               84            63                     108                            370
Niger                                           42           46               136          116                     252                            600
Nigeria                                         46           47               96            83                     151                            1,000
Rwanda                                          46           40               124          123                     203                            1,300
SAo Tomi and Principe                            .           65               80            47                      6
Senegal                                        46            52              112            67                     124                            510
Seychelles                                      69           72                19            9                      15
Sierra Leone                                    35           37               189          168                     283                            800
Somalia                                        43            48               143          121                     203                            1,600
South Africa                                    58           48               63            62                      76                            230
Sudan                                           49           56               92            67                     109                            660
Swaziland                                       53           46               94            64                     113                            560
Tanzania                                        51           45              104            95                     152                            529
Togo                                            50           49               97            77                     143                            478
Uganda                                          48           42               116           88                     162                            550
Zambia                                          51           38               88           114                     187                            650
Zimbabwe                                        56           40               76            70                     118                            280
N4ORTrH AFRIC59                                               6974                                                   50                            27
Algeria                                         60           71               88            34                      39                             160
Egypt,.Arab Republic                            57           67              112            47                      54                             170
Libya                                           62           71               60            22                      28                            220
Morocco                                         60           67               92            48                      62                            610
Tunisia                                         64           73               59            24-                     30-                            69-
jALL   FRCA                                      SU           SI ____          10'           87                      147   ___                       34



Social Indicators                                                           315
13-7. HIV/AIDS estimates and data, end 1999
Estimated
Estimated number of people living with HI VIAIDS, end 1999            Orphans         AIDS deaths
Adults and        Adults        Adult rate        Women          Children                        Adults and
children        (15-49)           (%)           (15-49)          (0-14)       cumulative         Children
SUB-SAHAItAN AFRUCA            2-1.448.700      23,584.200            82        12.948,760      1,011_370      12,044.96O        2,204,200C
wacluding South Africa         20,248.700      19,4d4_200           713        10.648.760        916.37l(      11.624.960        1.954.200
excl S Atfinca & Nigena        17,548.700      16,884.200            78        9,248.76(         796.370       10,224.960        1.704.20u
Angola                           160,000         150,000             2.8          82,000           7,900          98,000           15,000
Benin                             70,000          67,000             2.4          37,000           3,000          22,000            5,600
Botswana                         290,000         280,000            35.8         150,000          10,000          66,000           24,000
Burkina Faso                     350,000         330,000             6.4         180,000          20,000         320,000           43,000
Burundi                          360,000         340,000            11.3         190,000          19,000         230,000           39,000
Cameroon                         540,000         520,000             7.7         290,000          22,000         270,000           52,000
Cape Verde                            ..              ..              .- ..
entral African Republic          240,000         230,000            13.8         130,000           8,900          99,000           23,000
Chad                              92,000          88,000             2.7          49,000           4,000          68,000           10,000
Comoros                               ..            400             0.1              ..
Congo, Democratic Rep. of       1,100,000       1,100,000            5.1         600,000          53,000         680,000           95,000
Congo, Republic of                86,000          82,000             6.4          45,000           4,000          53,000            8,600
C&te d'lvoire                    760,000         730,000            10.8         400,000          32,000         420,000           72,000
Djibouti                          37,000          35,000            11.8          19,000           1,500           7,200            3,100
Equatorial Guinea                  1,100           1,000             0.5            560              ..             860              120
Eritrea                               ..          49,000             2.9              ..
Ethiopia                       3,000,000       2,900,000            10.6       1,600,000         150,000       1,200,000          280,000
Gabon                             23,000          22,000             4.2          12,000            780            8,600            2,000
Gambia, The                       13,000          12,000             2.0           6,600            520            9,600            1,400
Ghana                            340,000         330,000             3.6         180,000          14,000         170,000           33,000
Guinea                            55,000          52,000             1.5          29,000           2,700          30,000            5,600
Guinea-Bissau                     14,000          13,000             2.5           7,300            560            6,100            1,300
Kenya                          2,100,000       2,000,000            13.9       1,100,000          78,000         730,000          180,000
Lesotho                          240,000         240,000            23.6         130,000           8,200          35,000           16,000
Liberia                           39,000          37,000             2.8          21,000           2,000          31,000            4,500
Madagawar                         11,000          10,000             0.1           5,800            450            2,600             870
Malawi                           800,000         760,000            16.0         420,000          40,000         390,000           70,000
Mali                             100,000          97,000             2.0          53,000           5,000          45,000            9,900
Mauritania                         6,600           6,300             0.5           3,500            260               .              610
Mauritius                             ..            500             0.1              ..
Mozambique                      1,200,000      1,100,000            13.2         630,000          52,000         310,000           98,000
Namibia                          160,000         150,000            19.5          85,000           6,600          67,000           18,000
Niger                             64,000          61,000             1.4          34,000           3,300          31,000            6,500
Nigeria                        2,700,000       2,600,000             5.1       1,400,000         120,000       1,400,000          250,000
Rwanda                           400,000         370,000            11.2         210,000          22,000         270,000           40,000
Sao Tome and Principe                 ..              ..
Senegal                           79,000          76,000             1.8          40,000           3,300          42,000            7,800
Seychelles                            ..              ..              ..              ..
Sierra Leone                      68,000          65,000             3.0          36,000           3,300          56,000            8,200
Somalia                               ..              ..              ..              ..
South Africa                    4,200,000      4,100,000            19.9       2,300,000          95,000         420,000          250,000
Sudan                                 ..         140,000             1.0              ..
Swaziland                        130,000         120,000            25.2          67,000           3,800          12,000            7,100
Tanzania                        1,300,000       1,200,000            8.1         670,000          59,000        1,100,000         140,000
Togo                             130,000         120,000             6.0          66,000           6,300          95,000           14,000
Uganda                           820,000         770,000             8.3         420,000          53,000        1,700,000         110,000
Zambia                           870,000         830,000            19.9         450,000          40,000         650,000           99,000
Zimbabwe                        1,500,000       1,400,000           25.1         800,000          56,000         900,000          160,000
NORTH AFRICA                    '______             7,700            0 04
Algeria                               ..          11,000             0.1
Egypt, Arab Republic                  ..           8,100             0.0
Libya                                 ..           1,400             0.1              ..
Morocco                               ..           5,000             0.0             ..
Tunisia                               ..           2,200             0.0              .
ALLkAFRICA                     24.448.700      23,611.9010            65        12.948.76'       LI011_ Xl     12.044.96_0   _   2,04.2((



316                                                               Social Indicators
13-8. Immunization and ORT use
Percentage of children (0-1 year) immunized against                                 ORT use among the
DPT                                             Measles                          under five (percent)
1986         1994         1999                  1986         1994         1999                    1992-93
SLIB-SAHARAN AFRICA                          32           SI1          48                    36           53           50
excluding South Affca                       30           SI           47                    35           53           48                       50
*excLS. Aflica &1'~l~eria  -      34           53        54                       40           53           54
Angola                 --10                              31-          2-2                 _60      -    _44     _     57   -                  48
Benin                                       17           86           90                    20           78           92                      28
Botswana                                    65           78           85                    64           71           74                      64
BurkinsaFaso                                34           4 1          34                    64           45           29                       1 5
Burundi                                     65           47           63                    4 1          43           47                      49
Cameroon                                     .3 1                     48                     .3 1                     46                      84
Cape Verde                                  54            ..69                              59            .           61                        5
Central African Republic                    1 9          40           45                    24           37           39                      24
Chad                                        10           1 8          33                     ..24                     49                       IS5
Comoros                                     24           58           75                    26            ..67                                 70
-Co-ngo, Democratic Rep. of                  39           29           25                   39            33           IS5                     46
Congo, Republic of                          68            ..29                              86            ..23                                 67
C6te d'Ivoire                               30           4 1          60                    ..47                      59                       1 6
Djibouti                                    26           57           23                    1 9          59           23                       56
Equatorial Guinea                            3            ..81                              1 7           -.          82                       40
Enitrca                                                  36           56                     ...55
Ethiopia                                     7           37           64                    10           28           53                       68
Gabon                                       48           48           3 1                   58           50           30                       25
Gambia, The                                 73           78           90                    62           68           87                       5 1
Ghana                                       IS5          48           72                    3 1          49           73                       44
Guinea                                       2           73           57                     9           69           61                       82
Guinea-Bissau                               29           74            6                     ..68                     19                       26
Kenya                                       72           50           79                    65           47           79                       69
Lesothso                                    73           58           64                    72           82           58                       78
Liberia                                     IS            .           23                    39            ..35                                 1 5
Madagascar                                  22           66           48                    1 8          55           46                       26
Malawi                                      70           98           81                    65           99           79                       50
Mali                                         3           39           52                     5           46           57                       4 1
Mauritania                                  I I          50           19                    40           53           56                       54
Mauritius                                   86           89           85                    75           85           79
Mozamnbique                                 32           55           81                    39           65           90                       60
Namibia                                      ..80                     72                    ..68                      65                       75
Niger                                        S            .           21                     ..                       25                       1 7
Nigeri.a                                    16           44           21                    17           50           26                       80
Rwanda                                      77            -.          85                    63            ..78                                 36
Sato Tom6 and Principe                      65            ..73                              58            ..59                                50
Senegal                                                  57           52                                 so 5         48                      27
Seychelles                                  94           96           99                    95           92           99
Sierra Leone                                 ..41                     56                    ..44                      68                      60
Somalia                                     17           ..18                               25            ..26                                 78
South Africa                                70            ..76                              64            ..82
Sudan                                       14           77           87                    11           86           88                      47
Swaziland                                   73           74           96                    66           62           72                      85
Tanzania                                    74           83           82                    97           79           78                       83
Togo                                        ..71                      48                    ..59                      47                       33
Uganda                                      21           79           5I                    32           79           53                       45
Zambia                                      66           86           92                    36           89           72                       90
Zimbabwe                                    75           80           81                    74           79           79
NORTH AFRICA  'I      87 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2             68           85           91 ~~~~~~~~24
Algeria                                      .75                      83                     ..69                     78                       27
Egypt, Arab Republic                        80           92           95                    78           92           96                       34
Libya                                       53            ..97                              52            ..93                                 80
Morocco                                     54           87           94                    48           87           93                       14
Tunisia                                     72           9!          100                    67           87           93                       22
:ALLAFRICA                                   38            57           54 _  __             41           57554
Notes: ORT = Oral re-hydration therapy; DPT-=diphtheria,pertussis (whopping eough), ad tetanus.



Social Indicators                                                                      317
13-9. Child malnutrition
Percentage of children (1990-99)
Exclusively     Breastfed, plus         Still           Percentage of infants          Percentage of under-five (1990-99)
breasifed,       other food,      breasifeading,       with low birth weight           suffering from moderate to severe
(0-3 imonths)     (6-9 months)     (20-23 months)          1988        1993-97        Underweight     Wasting           Stunting
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                        30               63                 4
excluding Soudi Africa                   30               63                417
excl S Africa& Wigana                    37               67                 49    _   _         ___       __                    ___
Angola                                1_2                 70                4-94165
Benin                                    15               97                 65               8            9                 29            14             25
Botswana                                39                82                 23               8                              17            11             29
Burkna Faso                              1 2              44                 81I                                             34            1 3            29
Bunmdi                                  89                66                 73                            1 6                              9             43
Cameroon                                 7                77                 35                                              22            6              29
Cape Verde                               1 8                                                                                 14            6              16
Central African Republic                23                93                 52               1 5                            23             7             34
Chad                                     2                81                 62                                              39                           40
Comoros                                  5                87                 45                                              26             8             34
Congo, Democratic Rop. of               32                40                 64                           20                 34            1 0            45
Congo, Republic of                      43                95                 27
C8te dlvoire                             3                65                 45                                              24             8             24
Djibouti                                                                                       I1 8                                        1 3            26
Equatorial Guinea
Entira                                  66                45                 60                                              44            16             38
Ethiopia                                74                                   35                            9                 48             8             64
Gabon                                   57
Gamnbia, The                                              8                  58                                              26            6              14
Ghana                                    19               63                 48               1 7          8                 25            1 1            26
Guinea                                  52                                   1 5              25          1 3                23            1 2            29
Guinca-Bissau 
Kenya                                    1 7              90                 54                                              22            6              34
Lesotho                                 54                47                 52                                              1 6            5             44
Liberia                                  1 5              17                 25
Madagascar                              61                93                 49               1 0          1 5               40             7             48
Malawi                                  I11               78                 68               20                             30             7             48
Mali                                     1 3              33                 60               1 7                            27            23             30
Mauritania                              90                64                 59                            9                 23            7              44
Mauritius                                1 6              29                                  9                              1 5           1 4            1 0
Mozarnbique                             37                                                    20                             26            8              36
Namibia                                 22                65                 23                                              26            9              29
Niger                                    1                67                 52                                              50            21             4 1
Nigeria                                  2                52                 43               20                             39             9             43
Rwanda                                  90                68                 85                                              27             4             42
S8o Tom6 and Principe                                                                                                                                     26
Senegal                                  1 6              69                 50                                              22             7             23
Seychelles                                                                                                                   6
Sierra Leone                                              94                 41               17                             29             9             35
Somalia                                                                                                    16                                             30
South Africa                                                                                                                 9              3             23
Sudan                                    14               45                 44               15           15                34            17             34
Swaziland                               37                51                 20
Tanzawua                                41                93                 53               13                             29             7             43
Togo                                     15               25                 99               20                             25                           34
Uganda                                  70                64                 40                                              26             5             38
Zamnbia                                 27                88                 43                                              24            4              42
Zimnbabwe                               16                93                 26                            11                16       ___6                21
NORTH AFRICA           ____          ~~45                  34                    ___           ________                       14                    ___ 
Algeria                                 48                29                 21               9                              13            9              18
Egypt, Arab Republic                    53                37                                                                 11             5             30
Libya                                                                                                                        53                           15
Morocco                                 31                33                 20                            4                 10            2              24
Tunisia                                  12               53   --16                            8  __~      16                9             423                  _
ALL;AFRICA      -32____-59. __                                       __       45               _         ____



318                                                                      Social Indicators
13-10. Access to sanitation facilities
Percentage ofpopulation with access to sanitation facilities
1985-1 990                                                             1995-2000
Total              Urban                Rural                              Total              Urban                Rural
SUB-SAH-AR.AN AFRICA                                 55                  79                  4-7                                55                  SI                  41
exclu,ding So-.uth Africa                           557                                      753                                                   79                  39 
exci S Afinca &_Nigeno               __             54                  81                  15                                 50                  76                  38
Angola                                                                                                                         44                  70                  30
Benin                                               20                  46                   6                                 23                  46                   6
Botswana                                            61                  84                  44
Burkina Faso                                        24                  88                  14                                 29                  88                  16
Burnmdi                                             89                  67                  90                                                     79
Cameroon                                            87                  99                  79                                92                   99                  85
Cape Verde                                                                                                                     71                  95                  32
Central Africa Republic                             30                  43                  23                                 3 1                 43                  23
Chad                                                18                  70                   4                                 29                  81                  13
Comoros                                             98                  98                  98                                 98                  98                  98
Congo, Democratic Rep. of                                                                                                      20                  53                   6
Congo, Republic of                                                                                                                                 14
C6te dlvoire                                        49                  78                  30
Djibouti                                                                                                                       91                  99                  so
Equatorial Guinea                                                                                                              53                  60                  46
Eritrea                                                                                                                        13                  66                   1
Ethiopia                                            13                  58                   6                                 15                  58                   6
Gabon                                               50                                                                         21                  25                   4
Gambia, The                                                                                  ..37                                                  41                  35
Ghana                                               60                  59                  61                                 63                  62                  64
Guitnea                                             55                  94                  41                                 58                  94                  41
Guinea-Bissau                                                                                                                  47                  88                  34
Kenya                                               84                  94                  81                                 86                  96                  81
Lesotho                                                                                                                        92                  93                  92
Liberia                                             21                  24               -20
Madagascar                                          36                  70                  25                                 42                  70                  30
Malawi                                              73                  96                  70                                 77                  96                  70
Mali                                                70                  95                  62                                 69                  93                  58
Mauritania                                          30                  44                  19                                 33                  44                  19
Mauritius                                          100                 100                 100                                 99                 100                  99
Mozamnbique                                                                                                                    43                  69                  26
Namibia                                             33                  84                  14                                 41                  96                  17
Niger                                               IS5                 71                   4                                 20                  79                   5
Nigeria                                             60                  77                  51                                 63                  85                  45
Rwanda                                                                                                                          8                  12                   8
Sao Tomndand Principe                               1 5                 39                   7                                 19
Senegal                                             57                  86                  38                                 70                  94                  48
Seychelles                                          99                                                                         98
Sierra Leone                                                                                                                   28                  23                  31
Somalia                                             15                  60                   5
South Africa                                                                                                                   86                  99                  73
Sudan                                               58                  87                  48                                 62                  87                  48
Swaziland
Tanzania                                            88                  97                  86                                 90                  98                  86
Togo                                                37                  71                  24                                 34                  69                  17
Uganda                                              84                  96                  82                                 75                  96                  72
Zambia                                              63                  86                  48                                 78                  99                  64
Zimbabwe                                            64                  98                  51                                 68                  99                  51
NORTH_4FRCA                                          80                  91,                 65                                 85                  96                  7
Algeria -__              --__                                          _          -73                                                              90                  47
Egypt, Arab Republic                                87                  96                  80                                 94                  98                  91
Libya                                               97                  97                  96                                 97                  97                  96
Morocco                                             62                  95                  31                                 75                 100                  42
Tunisia                                             76                  97                  48
ALL 4FRICA-          ___                              0                  84496-



Social Indicators                                            319
13-11. Access to safe water
Percentage ofpopulation with access to safe water
1980-1 990                                          1990-1998
Total        Urban        Rural                   To*aI       Urban         Rural
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                 49           SI           37                      49           SI           37
excludlng Smhtl Africa            49           81            37                     49           81           37
exal S. Africa & Nigeila____      49           83            38    ___              49           83           38-  g
Angola                                                       ..32                                69           15
Benin                             145950                                                         41           53
Botswana                          95           100           91                     70          100           53
Burkina Faso                      53           74            50                     53           74           50
Bunundi                           65           94            63                     52           92           49
Cameroon                          52           76            36                     52           76           36
Cape Verde....
Centra African Republic           59           80            46                     59           80           46
Chad                              ..27                       30                     24           48           17
Comoros                           88           97            84                     88           97           84
Congo, Democratic Rep, of         ...                         .27                                37           23
Congo. Republic of                ..42                        7                      *,50                      8
C6te cdlvoire                     65           89            49                     65           89           49
Djibouti                          43           s0            21
Equatorial Guinea                  ..47                       ..95                               88           -100 -
Eritrea                            .             ..
Ethiopia                          22            77           13                     22           7'7          13"
Gabon                             52           75            34                     67           80           30
Gambia, The                       45           100           33                     76
Ghana                             56           83            43                     56           83           43
Guinea                            45           72            36                     45           72           36
Guinea-Bissau                     31           21            37                     53           38           57
Kenya                             40           89            25                     40           89           25
Lesotho                           18           37            14                    52            14           64
Liberia                           37           50            25                     30           58            8
Madagascar                        44           85            31                     44           85           31
Malawii                           49           90            43                     49           90           43
Mali                              55           65            52                     55           65           52
Mauritania                        37           34            40                     37           34           40
Mauritius                         100          100          100                    100          100          100
Mozambique                        19           50            12                    32            17           40-
Namnibia                          72           98            63                     72           98           63
Niger                             53           65            5t                     53           65           5I
Nigeria                           49           78            33                     49           78           33
Rwanda                             ..55                      60                      ...44
SAo Tome and Principe             52           100           61                     60          100           61
Senegal                           72           90            60                     72           90           60
Seychelles                        90            ...97                                            99           80
Sierra Leone                                                 ..34                                58           21
Somalia                           31           60            20                     37
South Africa                       ...                        .70                                90           33
Sudan                             67           86            60                     67           86           60
Swaziland                         33            .             .43                                41           44
Tanzania                          50           80            4'2                   50            80           42
Togo                              51           82            38                    SI            82           38
Uganda                            44           80            40                     44           80           40
Zambia                            52           88            28                     52           88           28
Zimbabwe                          77           99            68                     77           99           64
NORT-H FFRIFCA                     86           94           79                     8694                       '9
Algeria                           77           86            55
Egypt, Arab Republic              94           97            91                     94           97           91
Libya                             71           72            68                     71           72           68
Morocco                           75           94            58                     75           94           58
Tunisia         ___      __       80           94            61                     80           94           61
ALL AFRICA     ______56                         85           43        --56                  -    85           43
-or most recent available[ data.



320                                                              Social Indicators
13-12. Health expenditure
Public expenditure        Private expenditure                             Total expenditure
as % of GDP,               as % of GDP,            as % ofGDP,      per capita, USS,   per capita PPP, intemationalS,
1990-97                    1990-97                 1990-97           1990-97                   1990-97
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                           2 3                         0                      5 3                43                        87
excluding SouLh Ahica                       1 6                        2 4                     3.9                25                        42
exci S Africa & Nigena                      I 8                        2 5                     4.3               '5                         49
Angola                                      3.9
Benin                                       1.4                        1.6                     3.0                11                        27
Botswana                                    2.4                        1.6                     4.0               132                       263
Burkina Faso                                1.2                        2.7                     3.9                9                         35
Burundi                                     0.6                        2.7                     3.3                5                         19
Cameroon                                    1.0                        4.0                     5.0               31                         77
Cape Verde                                  1.7                        1.0                     2.6                33                       107
Central AfTican Republic                    2.0                        0.9                     2.8                8                         31
Chad                                        2.5                        0.6                     3.1                7                         26
Comoros                                     3.1                        1.4                     4.6                17                        69
Congo, Democratic Rep. of                   1.2                        1.3                     2.5
Congo,Republicof                            1.8                        3.1                     4.9                42                        50
Cote d'lvoire                               1.2                        2.2                     3.4                25                        55
Djibouti                                    ..                         ..
Equatorial Guinea                           3.0                        1.6                     4.7                55                       163
Eritrea                                     2.9                        0.9                     2.0                ..                        14
Ethiopia                                    1.4                        2.4                     3.8                4                         24
Gabon                                       1.9                        1.0                     2.9               136                        190
Gambia, The                                 1.6                        1.9                     3.4                12                        51
Ghana                                       1.4                        1.6                     3.0                12                        54
Guinea                                      2.1                        1.5                     3.6                20                        67
Guinea-Bissau                               1.1                        ..
Kenya                                       2.4                        5.4                     7.8                30                        81
Lesotho                                     3.4                        2.2
Liberia                                     ..                         ..
Madagascar                                  1.1                        1.0                     2.1                5                         17
Malawi                                      3.3                        4.4                     7.6                19                        44
Mali                                        1.9                        2.2                     4.2                10                        30
Mauritania                                  1.6                        3.8                     5.4                24                        86
Mauritius                                   1.9                        1.7                     3.5               125                       294
Mozambique                                  1.8                        0.7                     2.6                5                         19
Namibia                                     4.0                        3.7                     7.6               152                       411
Niger                                       1.4                        1.6                     2.9                6                         21
Nigeria                                     0.7                        1.7                     2.3                27                        19
Rwanda                                      2.1                        2.1                     4.3                10                        34
Sao Tom6 and Principe                       6.1                        ..
Senegal                                     2.6                        2.1                     4.7                23                        63
Seychelles                                  4.2                        ..
Sierra Leone                                1.0                        5,0                     6.1                11                        31
Somalia                                     ..                         ..
South Africa                                3.3                        3.8                     7.0               256                       630
Sudan                                       0.7                        2.7                     3.4               126                        48
Swaziland                                   2.5                        0.9                     3.4                47                        138
Tanzania                                    1.1                        1.9                     3.0                7                         14
Togo                                        1.1                        1.5                     2.6                9                         38
Uganda                                      1.8                        2.9                     4,7                14                        50
Zambia                                      3.4                        2.6                     6.1                25                        48
Zimbabwe                                    2.9                        3.7                     6.6                49                        186
lWORTH AFRICA                                 1 7                       2 3                      4 1               54                        140
Algeria                                     3.3                        1.3                     4.6                68                       216
Egypt, Arab Republic                        1.8                        2.0                     3.8                48                        119
Libya                                        ..                                                  ..
Morocco                                     1.3                        2.7                     4.0                49                        134
Tunisia                                     2.2   _3.1                                         5.4               III                       298
A     FL FRJCA                               2 2                                 =8             5.0               4-                        95



Social Indicators                                                  321
13-13. Health care
Population            Population       Percentage of births attended  Percentage of population
per physician        per hospital bed    by trained health personnel- with access to health services
1981  1990.1999       1981  1990-1998         1990.1999                  1990-1995
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                 ..1.305
excluding South Afrien                       .                  1.305
excl  S.Afthca &  Nigeina                                       1.524       _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _                _ _ _
Angola                                   23,728                  774                17                     -    24- ___
Benin                           16,989   29,680        886      4,281               60                          42
Botswana                        7,451     5,147          ..      635
Burkina Faso                   55.744        .           .       706                27
Burundi                            ..    17,684          ..     1,508               24                          80
Cameroon                           ..    15,546          ..      392                55
Cape Verde                         ..     4,267          ..      631
CentraAfrican Republic         22,777    31,326          ..     1,145               46
Chad                               ..    44,888          ..     1,389               1 1                         26
Comoros                            ..    11.108         ..       362                52
Congo, Democratic Rep. of                20,160          ..      701                45                          59
Congo, Republic of                 ..     4,664          ..      299                so
C8te dlvoire                       ..    15,241          ..     1,250               47
Djibouti                        4,291     7,711        266       394
Equatorial Guinea                  ..     4,472          ... 
Eritrea                            ..    53,019          ...21
Ethiopia                       88,119    35,051         ..      4,141                3                          55
Gabon                           2,189     4,319          ..      313                80
Gambia, The                        ..    61,149         ..      1,637               44
Ghana                              -....                         685                44                          25
Guinea                         45,463     9,380                 1,816               35                          45
Guinea-Bissau                      ..     5,665        528       677                50
Kenya                          10,095    27,672          ..      602                44
Lesotho                            ..    28,446          ...50
Liberia                         9,454        ...
Madagascar                     10,060      875           ..     1,068               47
Malawi                         53,913    35,939          ..      746                55
Mali                           25,987    15,993         ..      4,167               24
Mauritania                         ..    15,734          ..     1,503               58
Mauritius                       1,813     1,158          ..      325                97                          99
Mozanmbique                    36,970        ...                1,153               44
Namnibia                           ..     4,318          ..68
Niger                              ..    30,560          ..     8,569                1 8                        30
Nigeria                            ..     5,208          ..      599                3 1                         67
Rwanda                         32.3 18   24,967        677       605                26
Sfto Tom6 and Principe          2,388     2,375          ..      211
Senegal                        12,687    23,098                 2,489               47                          40
Seychelles                         .       969           ...                          .99
Sierra Leone                   18,975        ..
Somalia                        22,103    23,672          ..     1,327
South Africa                       ..     1,602          ...                         4
Sudan                           9,581     9,541      -1,110      919                 86                         70
Swaziland                                12,283                                                                 55
Tanzania                           ..    23,895          ..     1,123               35                          93
Togo                           21,355    17,733          ..       662                51
Uganda                         21,405    24,973        661      1,092                38
Zambia                          7,913     13,859       287                           47
Zimnbabwe                       7,074     8,861          ..     1.959 ____84
ORTRiii AFRIC-A                  5,936     1.457        570       619 
Algeria                                   1,271          ..      476                 77
Egypt, Arab Republic             733      1,573        483       476                56                          99"
Libya                             611     1,146         207      233                 94                        100
Moroecco                        18,558    2,500        814      1,020               40                          62
Tunisia          ____3,642                1,428  ____    .        588                82      _____    ___       90
ALL AFRICA                          ...1,133                                _   ____



322                                                                   Social Indicators
13-14. Illiteracy rate
Percentage ofpopulation 15 years of age and above that is illiterate
1985                                            1990                                            1999
Total          Male         Female              Total          Male         Female              Total          Male         Female
SUB-SAHARANAFRICA                             56             45             66                50             4v            60                 '9             31            47
e'duding Smuth Afnca                         59             48             70                53            42             63                42             33             Su
exci S Afi7ca& Nigena                        59             48             70                53            43             64                43              34            52
Angola                                                      ..-
Benin                                        77            66             87                72              59            84                61             45             76
Botswana                                     37             38             35                32             34            30                24             26             21
Burkina Faso                                 87             79             94                84            75             92                77             67             87
Burundi                                      66             53             78                62             50            73                53             44             61
Cameroon                                     45             34             56                37             28            46                25              19            31
Cape Verde                                   43             29             53                36             24            46                26              16            35
Central African Republic                     72             58             85                67             53            79                 55            41             67
Chad                                         78             69             87                72            63             81                 59             50            68
Comoros                                      49             41             57                46             39            54                41              34            48
Congo, Democratic Rep. of                    59             45             73                52             38            66                40             28             51
Congo, Republic of                           41             29             52                33            23             42                21              13            27
COte d'Ivoire                                72             62             82                66             56            77                 54            46             63
Djibouti                                     53             38             68               47              33            60                 37             25            47
Equatorial Guinea                            33             18             48                27             14            39                 18              8             27
Eritrea                                      62             46             77                57             42             72                47             33             61
Ethiopia                                     76             68             85                72             64             80                63             57             68
Gabon                                         .              ..            ..                ..             ..             ..
Gambia, The                                  80             74             85                74             68             80                64             57             72
Ghana                                        49             36             61                42             30             53                30             21             39
Guinea                                        ..            ..             ..                ..             ..             ..
Guinea-Bissau                                76             61             91                72             54            89                 62             42            82
Kenya                                        36             24             48                29             19             39                19             12            25
Lesotho                                      25             39             13                22             35             11                17             28              7
Liberia                                      67             51             82                61             45             77                47             31             63
Madagascar                                   47             38             56                42             34             50                34             27             41
Malawi                                       52             34             68                48             31             64                41             26             55
Mali                                         81             74             87                74             67             81                60             53             67
Mauritania                                   66             56             76                64             53             74                58             48             69
Mauritius                                    23             17             29                20             15             25                16             12             19
Mozambique                                   71             56             86                67             51             82                57             41             72
Namibia                                      29             26             33                25             23             28                19             18             20
Niger                                        90             84             96                89             82             95                85             77            92
Nigeria                                      59             48             70                51             41             62                37             29            46
Rwanda                                       53             43             64                47             37             56                34             27            41
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal                                      76             66             85                72             62             81                64             54            73
Seychelles                                    ..             .              .. -                             .              ..
Sierra Leone                                                                 ..             ..              ..               ..             ..
Somalia............
South Africa                                 21             20             22                19             18            20                 15             14             16
Sudan                                       60             44             75                54             39             68                43              31            55
Swaziland                                    34             32            36                 28             26            30                 21            20             22
Tanzania                                     43             28             57                36             23            49                 25             16            34
Togo                                         59             42             76                54             36            71                 44             26            60
Uganda                                       49             35            63                44              31            57                 34             23            45
Zambia                                       37             25             48                32             22            41                 23             15             30
Zimbabwe                                     24             17             31                19             13             25                12              8             16
_  _  _ _  _ _ _                  , ~~~'~T_  _4     1         _     __                                                       ._                    _30         _5
NORTH AFRICA                                  57             J3             71                52             38            65                 42             30             54
Algeria                                      53             39            68                 46             32             59                33             23            44
Egypt, Arab Republic                         57             43             71                53             40            66                 45             34             57
Libya                                        39             22             59                32             17            49                 21             10             33
Morocco                                      67             53             80                61             47             75                52             39            65
Tunisia                                      47             34            61                 41             28             54                30             20            41
A1LAFRICA                                     56             45             67                5v             40            61                 40             31            49



Social Indicators                                                   323
13-15. Primary scliool gross enrollment ratio
Total                            Males                          Females
1980      1990    1994-97         1980     1990    1994-97         1980      1990    1994-97
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                    81        76        78           88        83        85            67        6&        7 1
excluding South Afnca                80        72        74           Ks        80        SI            67        64        66
"cxc. S Afi" &_Nigenia               72        67        67           79        73        73            60        59        5')
Angola                              175        92         ...                   96         ...                    88         . 
Benin                                67        58        78           91        78        98            43        39        57
Botswana                             91       113       108           83        109       107          100       117       108
Burkina Faso                         18        33        40           22        4!1       48            1 3       26        3 1
Burundi                             26         73        5 1          32        79        55            21        66        46
Cameroon                             98       101        85           107       109       93            9093                84
Cape Verde                          114       121       148           119       ..        150          110        ..       147
Central Afiican Republic             7 1       65        ..92                   80        ..51                    5 1
Chad                                 ..        54        58            *.       75        76            *.        34        39
Comoros                              86        75        75           100       87         . .          72        63
Congo, Democratic Rep, of            92        70        72           108       8 1       86            77        60        59
Congo, Republic of                  141       133       114           148       141       120          135       124       109
C6te d'lvoire                       75         67        7 1          90        79        82            60        56        61
Djibouti                            37         38        39            ..       45        45            ..32                33
Equatorial Guinea                   160         .         ..                      ..
Eritrea                               ...53                            ...59                             ...48
Ethiopia                            37         33        43           48        39        55            27        26        31
Gabon                               174        ..       162           178       ..        163          171        ..       161
Gambia, The                         53         64        77           70        76        87            36        52        67
Ghana                                79        75        79           88        82        84            7 1       68        74
Guinea                               36        37        54           48        50        68            25        24        41
Guinea-Bissau                        68         .        62           94        ..        79            43                  45
Kenya                               115        95        85           120       97        85           110        93        85
Lesotho                             104       112       108           85        100      102           122       123       114
Liberia                              48         ...61                            ...35
Madagascar                          130       103        92           131       103       92           129       103        91
Malawi                               60        68       134           72        74        140           49        62       127
Mali                                 26        27        49           34        34        58            19        19        40
Mauritania                          37         49        79           48        56        84            26        41        75
Mauritius                            93       109       106           94       109        106           91       110       106
Mozambique                           99        67        60           115       77        70            84        57        50
Namnibia                             ..       129       131            ..       123       129           ..       135       132
Niger                                25        29        29           33        37        36            18        21        23
Nigeria                             109        91        98           123      104        109           95        79        87
Rwanda                               63        70        ..66                   70         ..60                   69
Sao Tom6 and P'rincipe                .
Senegal                             46         59        7 1          56        68        78            37        50        65
Seychelles.........
Sierra Leone                         52        50        ..61                   60         ..43                   41
Somalia                              22         ..                    28         ..        .
South Africa                         90       122       133            ..       123       135           ..       121       131
Sudan                                50        53        51           59        60        55            41        45        47
Swaziland                           103       III       117           104      114        120          102       109       114
Tanzania                             93        70        67           99         70       67            86        69        66
Togo                                118       109       120           144      132       140            93        87        99
Uganda                               50        75        74           56        83        8I            43        66        68
Zamnbia                              90        99        89           98        ..        91            83        ..86
Zimnbabwe                            85       116       112            ..       117       115           ..       115       IIl
NORTH AFRICA                          84       91        1009'              I- 100        10             6   _      3          3
Algeria                              95       100       108           108       108       113           81        92       10
Egypt, Arab Republic                73         94       101           84        101      108            61        86        94
Libya                               125       105        ..129                 109         ..121                 102
Morocco                              83        67        86           102       79        97            63        54        74
Tunisia                             102       113       118           117      1-20       122         _87        107      -114
ALL AFIUCA            _   ____        81        79        80           90        86         86           68        71        73



324                                                                  Social Indicators
13-16. Pupil progression
Pecentage of cohort reaching                     Progression to secondary school
grade 5 (1992-96)                                          1993
Total        Male        Femal                      Total        Male       Female
SLIB-SAHARAN AFRKA
dcludrng South Africa
exl S Arnrca&Niger          _
Angola.........
Benin                                                       61           64            57
Botswana                                                    90           87            93                      84            84           85
Burkina Faso                                                75           74            77                      27            27           27
Burundi                                                                                                        I I           12           11
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad                                                        59           62            53                      47
Comoros                                                     79                                                 39
Congo, Democratic Rep. of                                   64           73            54                      27            25           30
Congo, Republic of                                          55           40            78                                     -            -
Cote d'lvoire                                               75           77            71                      33
Djibouti                                                    79                                                 38
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea                                                     70           73            67                      80            85           74
Ethiopia                                                    51           51            50                      80            82           77
Gabon                                                       59           58            61
Gambia, The                                                 80           78            83
Ghana
Guinea                                                      54           85            68                      50            51           47
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya                                                                                                          41
Lesotho                                                     63           55            71                      71
Liberia
Madagascar                                                  40           49            33                      35            35           35
Malawi                                                      34           36            32                       15
Mali                                                        84           92            70                      63            64           60
Mauritania                                                  64           61            68                      32            34           28
Mauritius                                                   99           98            99                      51            49           54
Mozambique                                                  46           52            39                      39            39           39
Namibia                                                     86           80            84                      74            76           72
Niger                                                       73            72           73
Nigeria                                                                                                        52
Rwanda                                                                                                          15
Sao Tom6 and Principe                                                                                            -
Senegal                                                     87           89            85
Seychelles                                                 100           98            99                     100
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa                                                                                                   90            87           91
Sudan                                                       74           75            73                      61
Swaziland                                                   76           73            79                      79            79           79
Tanzania                                                    81           78            84                      12
Togo                                                        71           79            60                      38            40           35
Uganda                                                                                                         32
Zambia
Zimbabwe                                                    79           78            79                      66
NORTH AFRICA                                                                                                     '9           "            81
Algeria                                                     94           93            95                      80            77           82
Egypt, Arab Republic                                                                                           83            82           85
Libya
Morocco                                                     75           76            74                      81            79           84
Tunisia                    _          __       __           91           90            92                      62            62           63
ALL AFRICA
Notes. In Seychelles a policy of automatic promotion is practiced at the primary level of education. Tanzanian figures refer to mainland only.



Social Indicators                                                                      325
13-17. Net primary enrollment ratio
Total                                      Males                                   Females
1985         1993      1994-97             1985         1993      1994-97              1985         1993      1994-97
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
rncludmg S,outh Africa
excl. S. Africatit Nigei-ia___
Minisl                                         73                                          79                                         68
Benin                                          53           54           63                71          71           80                36           3'8          4'7
Botswana                                       89           94           81                84          91           79                94           96           83
Burkina Faso                                   23           29           3 1               29          36           37                1 7          23           24
Burundi                                        4 1          52                             47           56                            36           48
Cameroon                                                    76                                         82                                          7 1
Cape Verde                                     95           99                             98          102                            93           97
Central African Republic                       61           53                             75          64                             48           42
Chad                                                                     46                                         59                                          33
Ccmoroa                                        61           52                                          57                                         47
Congo, Democratic Rep. of                      71           54           61                81           60          72                61           47           50
Congo, Reptublic of                            99                                         102                                         96
C8te dilvoire                                               47           55                                         63                                          47
Djibouti                                       3 1          30           32                37           34          36                26           26           27
Equatorial Guinea                                           83                                          84                                         82
Eritrea                                                     28           30                            29           32                             27           29
Ethiopia                                                    20           32                            24           40                             16           25
Gabon
Gambia, The                                    62           55           65                77          64           72                48           46           57
Ghana
Guinea                                         27           37           42                37          35           50                1 8          1 7          33
Guinea-Bissau                                  56                                          74                                         38
Kenya                                          88                                          89                                         86
Letotho                                        72           72           70                62          65           64                82           79           76
Liberia
Madagascar                                                  70           61                             70          60                             71           62
Malawi                                         43           68          103               46           66          102                41           71          104
Mali                                           18           27           31                            33           38                             21           25
Maunitania                                     33           47           57                             52          61                             43           53
Mauritius                                     101           94           98               100          94           98               lot           94           98
Mozambique                                     51           39           40                56           44          45                47           34           34
Namibia                                                     89           91                             86                                         93
Niger                                          25           23           25                32           29          30                17           17           19
Nigeria--
Rwanda                                         60           75                             61           76                            59           75
Sfto Tom6 and Principe-
Senegal                                        48           50           60                57           55          65                39           42           55
Seychelles
Sierra Leone                                   47                                          55                                         39
Somalia                                        10                                          13                                          7
South Africa                                               103                              -           02                                        104
Sudan
Swaziland                                      79           91           91                78           91          90                80           91           91
Tanzarna                                       56           49           48                55           49          48                56           50           49
Togo                                           61           69           81                72           80          93                49           58           69
Uganda                                         41                                          44                                         38
Zamnbia                                        85           86           75                89           88           76               81           85           74
Zimbabrwe                                                                                                                            102
NORTH AFRICA                                                 86           89                             92          15                             79           84
AFgv,ra                                        86           95           91                94          10C          9';               78                        91
Egypt, Arab Republic                                        88           93                             95          98                             82           88
Libya                                                       97                                          97                                         96
Morocco                                        61           66           74                73          76           83                48           56           65
Tunisia                                        93           97           98                99          100           99               87           94           96-
ALL AFRICA



326                                                              Social Indicators
13-18. Number of school teachers
Primary                                                        Secondary
Total teaching staff            Percentage females              Total teaching staff            Percentage females
1980  -1981-90   1994-99        1980   1981-90   1994-99        1980      1990   1994-99         1980     1990   1994-99
SUJB-SAHARAN AFRICA                                                    30        34        40
cxcluding South Africa                                                30        34        4')
exci S Africa &Nigena                                                 28        31       314
Angola                                      31,953    31,878
Benin                              7,994    13,693    16,043          23        25        23
Botswana                           5,316     8,956    11,454          72        80        77        1,137    3,716     6,670           37       40        43
Burkina Faso                       3,700     8,572    16,724          20        27        24
Bunundi                            4,805     9,049    12,1_56         47        46        52                 2,026                              2 1
Canmeroon                         26,763    37,804    39,084          20        30        34        8,926    19,820
Cape Verde                         1,436     2,028     3,219                    60        62          184
Central African Republic           4,130     3,581                    25        26                   724                               1 6
Chad                                   -     7,327    11,641                     6         9                           3,238                               5
Comoros                             1,292    1,900     1,508           7        2 1                  449                               20
Congo, Democratic Rep. of              ..  113,468   121,054                              22
Congo, Republic of                 7,186     7,639     7,060          25        33        36        5,117    6,851     7,173                              16
Cote dIvoire                      26,460    38,722    40,529          1 5       1 9       2 1
Djiboufi                             419       711     1,096                              30         278                 628
Fquatorial Guinea                    647       664     1,381                              27
Enitrea                                      3,035     5,476                    46        36                           2,071                              14
Ethiopia                          33,322    65,450   109,487          22        24        27                 23,319    13,109                    10        8
Gabon                              3,441     4,289     4,605          27        36        41        1,587              3,094           24                  18
Gambia, The                         1,932    2,504     4,312          32        32        29         620       756      1,547          25                  17
Ghana                             47,921    62,859    71,340          42        37        36       31,636                              21
Ginea                             7,165     8,113    15,512          14        22        25                 5,976     6,063                     12       1 1
Guinea-Bissau                      3,257     3,065                    24        22                   462                               21
Kenya                             102,489  172,117   192,306                    37        42       17,081
Lesotho                            5,097     6,448     8,089          75        80        79        1,299              3,158                              52
Liberia
Madagascar                        39,474    37,932    40,591                    53        47                          21,670                              43
Malawi                             12,540   20,580    49,138                    34        39         953               3,172I
Mali                               6,862     8,405    10,853          20        24        23                  5,748                              14
Mauritania                         2,183     3,497     7,366           9        16        24                           2,067                                8
Maurifius                          6,379     6,507     5,065          43        44        53                           5,090                              46
Mozambique                         17,030   23,107    24,575          22        22        23                  4,657     5,615                             17
Nainibia
Niger                              5,518     8,462    11,545          30        32        32        1,284     2,775    3,521           21        18       20
Nigeri.a                         343,551   331,915   416,745          34        43        48       41,581   141,377   152,596          29        33       36
Rwanda                             11,912   18,524                    38        46                  1,454     2,802                    16        20-
Sao Tom6 and Principe                588       559                              52
Senegal                            9,175    11,859    21,277          24        26        22        4,302
Seychelles                           658       781       577          80        82        88          127      328       689           37                 50
Sierra Leone                       9,528    11,280                              29                            5,969                              18
Somalia                            8,122    10,338                    29        45                  2,089                               7
South Africa                     160,286   182,654   181,668                              73
Sudan                             43,451    50,389   102,987          31        44        62       18,831   33,628     15,504                    35       45
Swaziland                          3,278     5,083     6,195          79        79        75                           3,173                              44
Tanzania                          81,386    96,850   110,186          37        41        44        3,837     7,944    12,751                    24       26
Togo                               9,201    10,739    19,512          21        19        12                  4,492    5,389                     12        12
Uganda                            38,422    84,149    82,745          30        30        32        3,833
Zambia                            21,455    33,200    38,528          40        45        43        4,882
Zimnbabwe      _______            28,118    59,154    64,538                    39        44        3,782    24,547_28,254-                      29       36
WO_RT;H AFRIC_A     _    ____                                                    45        48                      ___                                      3
Algeria                           88,481   144,945   170,956          37        40        45       41,137   127,024   151,948                    39       45
Egypt, Arab Republic                   ..261,613     310,116                    51        52      121,999   286,797  424,586           31                 39
Libya                             36,591    63,122                    47        56                 24,323                              24
Morocco                           56,908    86,588   117,481          30        36        38       36,526    79,657   84,202                     29       32
Tunisia                           27,375    46,366    60,220          29        43        49       14,328    33,058   41,328           29        32       34
:ALL AFRICA                                  -31)                               -37        42
Note: Figures include both pan-time and full-time teacher.



Social Indicators                                            327
131.Pupil/teacher ratio
Nlumber of pupils per teacher
Primary                                 Secondary
2980       2985    1994-99              1980       1990     1994-99
SUBE-SAHARAN AFRICA                                38         39
excluding Loatlh Afivas                           38         38
exic!   s f  a  M   a-                  42              _ _  _   _ -  _  _ _   _   _ -_40-             - _  _     
Angola                                            33         2
Benin                                  48          31        53
Botswanta                              32         32         28                 18         17         17
Burkina Fas                            54          55        47
Bunundi                                 37        66         55                 ..22
Cameroon                               52         5 1        52                 26         25
Cape Verde                             40         33         29-
Central African Republic               60         90          .-
Chad                                    ..67                 68                  ..                   35
Comoros                                46         35         52
Congo, Democratic Rep. of               ..37                 45
Congo, Republic of                     54         64         70                            27         30
C8ted'Ilvoire                           39         36        4 1
Djibouti                               40         44         34                  .          .19
Equatorial Guinea                        ...55
Etitre                                  .         38         44                                       43
Ethiopia                                64        4 1        47                  ..37                 36
Gabon                                   45        48         56                  ...26
Gamnbia,T'Me                            24        28         33                 ..27                  21I
Ghana                                   30        26         33
Guinea                                 36         38         47                            1 4        26
Guinea-Bissau                           23        25         I.                  0
Kenya                                   38        3 1        3 1
Lesothto                                48        55         46                 1 9         ..23
Liberia-
Madagascar                             38         40         47                  ...16
Malawi                                 65         64         59                  ...45
Mali                                    42        45         80                  ..        I
Mauritania                              41        44         47                  ...25
Mauritius                               20        21         26                  ...19
Mozamnbique                             -.55                 58                  ..34                 33
Namibia
Niger                                  41         41         42                 30         28         28
Nigeria                                 ..41                 34                  ..21                 29
Rwanda                                  59         57         ...25-
Sac Tome and Principe                  28         35          .
Senegal                                 46        58         49
Seychelles                              22         1 9       1 7                 .1 3                 1 3
Sienra Leone                            -.....17
Somalia                                33          19         ..21
South Africa.                                      .         45
Sudan                                   34      - 35         29                  ..22                 26
Swaziland                              34         33         34                  .          .19
Tanzatua                               41          35        37                            21         17
Togo                                    55         56        46                            28         31
Uganda                                  ..29                 35
Zambia                                 49         44         39
Zimbabwe                                44         36        39                 ..27                  27
:NORTHIAFRIUCA              ________                21        25                   .18                 16
Algeria                                35         28         27                 25         17         17
Egypt. Arab Republic;.                             20        24                  .         19         16
Libya                                   18         16        ..12
Morocco                                38         25         28                 22         15         17
Tunisia                                39         30         25                  20        17         19
ALL AFRICA                               .35                  34                                -  __      _   __
Note: Figurea include both pant-time and ful-time teachtems.



328                                          Social Indicators
13-20. Secondary school gross enrollment ratio
Total                       Males                     Females
1980    1990   1994-97      1980     1990  1994-97       1980    1990  1994-97
SUfB.SAHARAN AFRICA            15      213      27         20       26      29          10      21      24
ecluding South Afnca          IS       19      21         20       23      25         Ic'      16       18
cccl  S Afr.ca&_Nigeria _ ___14        17       17         19      21       20         ID      14       14
Angola                         21      12       .           ..
Benin                          16      12       17         24       17      26          8       7       11
Botswana                       19      43       65         17      41       62         21       45      68
Burkina Faso                   3        7       ..4                 9        ..2                5
Buunmdi                        3        6       7           4       7       ..2                 4
Cameroon                       1 8     28      27          24      33      32          1 3      23      22
Cape Verde                      8      2 1      .9                  ..54                7        -~     56
Cenctral Afi-ican Republic     14      12       ..21                1 7      ..7                7
Chad                           ..8              10          ..13            1 5         ..3              4
Comoros                        22      1 8      21         30      2 1      24         1 5      14      19
Congo, Democratic Rep. of      24       ..      26         35       ..32               1 3      ..19
Congo, Republic of            74       53      53          89      63      62          60      44       45
Cte d'lvoire                   1 9     22       24         26      30       34         1 1      1 4     16
Djibouti                       1 2     1 2      14         1 5      1 4     1 7         9       9       12
EquoraGuna....
Eritrea                         ...20                       ...24                       ...1 7
Ethiopia                       9       1 4      12         1 2      16      14          7       1 3     10
Gabon                           .       .4 1                        ..59               27       ..53
Gambia, The                    I11     19       25         16      25       30          7       12      19
Ghana                          41      36                  50      45        .3 1               28
Guinea                         1 7     10       12         24       1 5     20         10        5       7
Guinea-Bissau                   6       ..                 10       ...2
Kenya                         20       24      24          23      28      26          16       2 1     22
Lesotho                        1 8     25       3 1        14      20       25         21       30      37
Liberia                        22       .        .3 1               ...13
Madiagascar                     ..18            16         ..18             16         ..18             16
Malawi                          5       8       17          7       1 I     21          3        5      12
Mali                            8       7       10         12       9       17          5        5       8
Maunritani.a                   I I     14       16         18       19      21          4        9      1 1
Maurifius                      50      53       65         51       53      63         49       53      66
Mozamnbique                     5       8       7           8       10       9          3       6        6
Namibia                        ..      44       61         ..39             58         ..49             67
Niger                           5       7       7           7       9        9          3       4        5
Nigeri.a                       18      25       33         24       29      36          12      21      30
Rwanda                          3       8       ..4                 9        ..3                 7
Sao Tom6 and Principe           .....
Senegal                       I11      16       16         1 5     2 1      20          8       1 1     12
Seychelles                      .       ..                  ..
Sierra Leone                   14      17                  20      22       ..8                 13
Somalia                        9        ...13                               ..5
South Africa                    ..     74       94          ..69            88                  80      103
Sudan                          16      24      21          20      27       23         12       21      20
Swaziland                     38       44      54          39      44      55          37      43       54
Tanzania                       3        5       5           4       6       6           2       4        5
Togo                           33      24       27         50      35       40          16      12      15
Uganda                          S      13       12          7       17      15          3       10       9
Zambia                         16      24      27          22       ..34                II              21
Zimbabwe                        8      50      49           9       53     52           7       46      45
NWORTH AFRICA        ~41                6Ž      64          49      68      68          3 1      54-     60I
Algeria          --33                  61      63          40      67      65          26      54       62
Egypt, Arab Republic          51       76      75          61      84       83         39       68      73
Libya                          76      86       ..89                ...63
Morocco                        26      35      39          32      41      44          20      30       34
Tunisia ______   _______       27      45      65          34      50      66          20      40       63
AZLLAFRICA   ____     ___       20      3I     314-    ~    26      35      37           S       2        1-
Note: 'Secondary' refers to secondary general education.



Social Indicators                                   329
13-21. Public expenditure on education
As percentage of
Total public expenditure    As percentage of GDP
1980   1990  1993-97       1980   1990  1993-97
SLIB-SAHARAN AFRICA
excluding Souti Africa
'ul  S. Africa&Nipcna__              _  _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Angola
Berkin.......                                                             2.6
Botawana                         ..     19    26.3
Burkina Faso                    15.5    1 8   17.9         1.8
Burundi                          ...          3.2           ..3           3.7
Cameron                         12.4   16     14.6
Cape Verde                       .       ..
Cerntral African Republic               ..3.5                      2      1,5
Chad                             ..*            ..                  .     1.1
_Comoroas.                               .      ..                  3     3.7
C,ongo, Democratic Rep. of       .       .     .
Congo, Republic of               *5.3                                    5.3
CiSte c'lvoire                   ..     30      ..5.7               ..    4.2
Djibouti                         ......3
Equatorial Guinea                .       ..
EAitrea
Edtiopia                        10.2   10     14.0          ..3           3.6
Gabon-
Gambia, The                      ...          14.5         2.3     2      3.2
Ghana
Guinea                           ...            ..                  .     1.5
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya                           22.9   23     21.4         5.2     5      6.1
Lesotho                          ..     10     .6.5                ..     8.8
Liberia                         11.9..,
Madagascar                       ...            .3.5
Malawi                           ...            .2.0               2      3.8
MauTitania                       ...            .4.1               4      3.4
Mauritius                        ..     15    8.3          4.1     3      2.8
Mozambique                       ...                         .I
N4amibia                         ...            ..                  .     7.0
Niger                           18.0...
Nqigeria
Rwanda                           ...            .2.2
Sa0 Tom6 and Principe            .       ..
Senegal                         ...             .4.1               4      3.6
Seychelles.                             .     12.2          .      6      4.7
Sierra Leone                     ..     13     .
Somalia
South Africa                     ...            ..                  .     6.3
Sudan                           9.8     ...3.8                     ..     0.8
Swaziland                       24.6    ...3.9                     4      4.9
Tanzania                        13.3...
Togo                             ...            .4.7               4      4.0
Uganda
Zainbia                          ..8          13.1         3.5     ..     1.6
Zimbabwe                         ...            .4.8                7     6.8
NORTHAFRICA   _______S                   1 7   15 5
Egypt, Arab Republic            8.1    14     13.'8
Libya
Morocco                         17.3   18     16.6          4.8     5     4.7
Tunisia                         17.0   17.0   18.7         4.5     5.0   5.3_
ALL  AFRICA__    _ _ _  __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _



330                                                                 Social Indicators
13-22. Economic opportunities of women
Female / male ratio                    Female as percentage of male in occupational group, 1990*
of participation           Administrative         Professional            Clerical
in economic activity               and                   and                   and
1995                   managerial             technical               sales               Services
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA                              73                        11                    42
excluding Sauth .4inca                         74                         10                   37
excl. S Afnca & Nigeria                        79
Angola                                         87
Benin                                          93                         ..
Botswana                                       85                         57                   159                   151                  238
Burkina Faso                                   87                         16                   35                    168                   28
Burundi                                        97                         16                   44
Cameroon                                       60                         11                   32                    59                    46
Cape Verde                                     64                         30                   94                    170                   134
Central African Republic                       88                         10                   23                    146                   13
Chad                                           80                         ..
Comoros                                        74                         ..                   29
Congo, Democratic Rep. of                      77                         10                   20
Congo, Republic of                             77                         7                    40
Cote dlvoire                                   49                         ..
Djibouti                                       ..                         2                    25
Equatorial Guinea                              55                         2                    37
Eritrea                                        90                         ..
Ethiopia                                       69                         13                   31
Gabon                                          80                         ..
Gambia,The                                     81                         18                   31
Ghana                                         103                         10                    56
Guinea                                         90                         ..
Guinea-Bissau                                  67                         ..
Kenya                                          85                         ..
Lesotho                                        58                         50                   130                   144                   209
Liberia                                        66                         ..
Madagascar                                     81                         ..
Malawi                                         96                         5                     53                   58                    39
Mali                                           87                         25                   23                    130                   71
Mauritania                                     77                         8                     26                   33                    81
Mauritius                                      46                         17                    71                   44                    70
Mozambique                                     94                         13                    26
Namibia                                        68                         26                    69
Niger                                          79                         9
Nigeria                                        56                         6                     35                   140                   13
Rwanda                                         93                         9                    47                    48                    35
Sao Tomd and Principe                          ..                         ..
Senegal                                        74                         ..
Seychelles                                                                40                   139                   143                   141
Sierra Leone                                   57                         9                    47                    191                   18
Somalia                                        75                         ..
South Africa                                   60                         21                   88                     ..                   196
Sudan                                          40                         3                    40
Swaziland                                      60                         17                   119                   116                   82
Tanzania                                       98                         ..
Togo                                           67                         9                    27
Uganda                                         91                         ..
Zambia                                         83                         6                    47                    136                   29
Zimbabwe                                       80                         18                   67                    52                    42
NORTH.AFRI( A           ___                     41                        lI                    39                    31                    14
Algeria                                        32                         6                    38                     13                   23
Egypt, Arab Republic                           40                         19                   40                    40                     9
Libya                                          26                         ..                   ..
Morocco                                        53                         34                   46
Tunisia                                        44                         8                    21
ALL AFRICA       7. .                           67                         1)                   41
-or most recent available data.



Social Indicators                                                                      331
13-23. Household and economic participation of women
Percentage of                           Percentage of women in ocupational group 199 1-99
households headed                                                   Construction,                     Community.
by women                                      Utilities &    transpon, storage     Service    social & personal
gaetavailable between 1991-99)    Agriculture   Mining    manufacturing    & communications     industries       servi.ces
'SUB-SAkIARAN AFRICA
e'xcluding South Africa
e'xcl  S  Africa  &   Nigerlk _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __  _ _ _ _  _ _ _ _  _ _  __ _  _ _ _ _  _ _ _  _ _
Angola
Benin
Botswana                                                                   2           1            12                 9               35              41
Burkina Faso                                           6
Bunmdi
Cameroon                                              1 8
Cape Verde
Central African Republic                              1 6
Chad                                                                       14          0            14                 14              14              43
Comoros 
Congo, Democratic Rep). of
Congo, Republic of
C6te dIlvoire                                         12
Djibouti                                              1 7
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia                                              18                   10          024                             6               10              50
Gabon
Gambia, The                                            I
Ghana                                                 14
Guinea                                                 8
Guinea-Bissau                                         1 0
Kenya                                                 1 5                 20           0            8                  5               1 1             57
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar                                            1 8
Malawi                                                                    73          0             7                  2                4              14
Mali                                                   6
Mauritania                                            24
Mauritius                                                                  1 2         0           64                  2                7              1 5
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger                                                  65                              5           20                 25               25              25
Nigeria                                               1 3
Rwanda
S8o Tom6 and Principe:
Senegal                                                8
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa                                          27
Sudan 
Swaziland                                             26                   23          1            16                 4               20              36
Tanzania                                              I I
Togo
Uganda                                                 2
Zamnbia                                               19
Zimnbabwe                                                                  38          1            6                  3                tO 
NORTH AFRIUCA         __       _         _     _6_3                                     0            2 1                2                8               32
Algeria
Egypt, Arab Republic                                                       52          0            tO                 2                7              29
Libya
Morocco                                                                    3           0            45                 2                1 1            39
Tunisia                                                                                  _ _  _ _  _ _
ALL AFRICA                                                 -                                                     _   _  _____



332
Figure 13-1. Life expectancy, 1999
(years)
30                       40                        50                       60                       70                        80
qutorial Guine
Marltu-
MOad
EYP Arb RItP,
Come've
Sudmt
Guambia "
Kenyga
NDlboti.
Tngol
Chad
S-t.h Afrk_
Guinea
Co4e d holre,
Cong. De.oerale RepubLic
Ttya
Ntiger
S-TandLt
aria FM
Leootho
Central African Republi
Gunena-Biaaaa
Ugmnda
Bue-di
Zimbabwe
Rwanda
Siemr Leone



333
Figure 13-2. GDP per capita based on PPP, 1998
(U.S. dollars)
0                        2000                       4000                        6000                       8000                       10000
Seycel l s
Mauritlus
Botswana 
Gabon
South Africa
Timisi -
Namibia
Algeria
Morocco
Swaz2iland
Egypt. Arab Rep.
Cope Verde
Zimbabwe
Ctmeroon
Coat d Ivoire
Guinea
Leotho
Senegal
Mauritana
Ghana
Congo
Sudan
Sao Tomn and Principe
C omoroo
Gambia The
Togo
Angola
Central African Republic
Benin
Uganda
Kenya
Durbino Fooo
Madagascar
Nigeria
Mozambique
Zambia
Congo. Denocratic RepubUli
Niger
Erltrea     
Malitm
Rwanda
Burmndi
Ethiopia
Tranzsni
Sierr Leone



334
Figure 13-3. Urban population as a percentage of total population, 2000*
(percent)
0                              20                             40                              60                              80
1    87.6
DiiLbibyriw1                                                                                                                              83.3
Serrhde  . 
Cgonp
Cape Verde
Ma.ritani"
Momino.
Carneroo,
Eqaot.dal Cola..
S.. Ta.. nd Prlndpe
Cote d I,ohre
Egypt Arab Rep.
Liberia
Nigeria 
Benin
Mauritius
Centrnl Atrican Republic
Mozarbique,
Zund,l
Zhana
Sierra Leone
Zhnbabwe
Angola
TORO
Com 7ns
CaTor..
Kcenya
Taanta,
Go biaca
Conga Deoacra t Republ
S=:_
Mallsd
Chad
Guinea-Biasa_
Niger
B rilert
Elhiuopia
Unnada
Burondi
* Or most recent year available.



335
Figure 1.3-4. Primary school gross enrollment ratio, 1997*
(percent)
0                20               40                60               80               100               120               140
Gabo.                                                                                                                                  162.3
Cape Verde                                                                                                                                 148.4
Malawi
South Africa
Nanmibia
Togo
Tunisia
Swaziland
Congo
Zimbabwe
Botawana
Lesotho
Algerina
Mauritius          _- 
Egypt. Arab Rep.                                                                             -
Nigeina
Madagascar
Zambia
Morocco
Cameroon
Ken.ya
Mauritania
Ghana
Blenin
Gambi.aThe
Comoros
Uganda
Congo. Democratic Republic
Cote d Ivoire
Senegal
Tanxa.ia
Guinea-Bissau
Moznmbique
Chad
Guinea
Burundi
Mal
Ethiopia    _
Burkina Faso
Djibouti
Niger
Or most recent year available.



336
Figure 13-5. Maternal mortality, 1999*
(per 1,000,000 live births)
0                  250                 500                 750                1000                1250                 1500
Cape Verde
Tunisia
Mauritius
Algeria
Egypt Arab Rep.
Libya
South Africa
Z.b.er-t 
Madagucar
enna  R l
Tncoanio
Ugbterdj 
Niger
Maglaw
Zambiu
Mauritatnia 
SiemLomaia                                                                                                                           1
Cote d Ivoilale
Equatorial Guun                                                               _
Congo. Democratic Re ublit_
GuinanBissaut
Burkina Ptao
Central Afrita Rfepubric 
Comores
Eritre
GambiaTh
urundi_
Mozambique
Somaliar                                                                                                                          1600
Or most rec-ent year available.



Social Indicators                                337
Technical notes
Tables                                          Gini coefficients, which describe the level of inequal-
ity in urban and rural income distributions. The last
Table 13-1. Age and gender structure of the popu-  indicator shows the percentage of household income
lation. Age and gender structure of the population  spent on food (UNDP, World Bank, Penn World
(UN and World Bank data) is the distribution of the  Tables, and National Household Surveys).
total population according to age and gender. Only
the fernale composition of the population is presented,  Table 13-3. Income distribution. This table presents
as the male composition can easily be figured as the  the share of income held by the richest and poorest
residual. Figures relate to midyear populations as es-  population groups in a country (World Bank data and
timated from the latest censuses. Age dependency ra-  national household surveys).
tio is calculated as the ratio of dependents-popula-
tion under age 15 and above age 65-to the working  Table 13-4. Urbanization. This table presents the
age population-those aged 15 to 64.             number of persons living in urban areas as a percent-
age of the total population. Average annual percent-
Table 13-2. Poverty. This table presents selected in-  age growth rates are shown separately for the urban
dicators for comparing the incidence and extent of  population and the total population. The urban popu-
urban and rural poverty. The first indicator uses pur-  lation percentages are based on the number of per-
chasing power parities rather than official exchange  sons living in areas defined as "urban" according to
rates to calculate GDP per capita: a measure of the  national definitions of this concept. Since national
overall mean level of poverty at the national level.  definitions differ, cross-country comparisons should
The next indicator is the national poverty headcount,  be made with caution (World Bank data).
which shows the percentage of the population living
below the poverty line deemed appropriate for the  Table 13-5. Components of population change. This
country by its authorities. The poverty line is defined  table presents three determinants of population change:
as the below which adequate standards of nutrition,  total fertility rate, crude birth rate, and crude death
shelter, and personal amenities cannot be assured.  rate. Crude birth rate is the number of births per 1,000
Since these levels are country specific, cross-country  population in a given year. Crude death rate is the
comparisons cannot be made. The next indicator, how-  number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year.
ever, uses a relative concept of poverty, which does  Total fertility rate is the average number of children
allow such comparisons. It shows the percentage of  that would be born alive to a woman during her life-
the urban and rural populations living on less than  time, if she were to bear children at each age in accor-
two-thirds of the mean national per capita income.  dance with prevailing age-specific fertility rates
Associated with these indicators are the urban and rural  (World Bank data).



338                                    Social Indicators
Table 13-6. Survival prospects. This table shows  below the median weight for age of the reference
four health-related indicators: life expectancy at birth,  population. Wasting refers to children of ages 12
infant mortality rate, child mortality rate and maternal  through 23 months weighing two standard deviations
mortality rate.                                 below the median weight for height of the reference
Life expectancy at birth is the number of years a  population. Stunting refers to children of ages 24
newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of  through 59 months standing two standard deviations
mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same  below the median height-for-age of the reference
throughout its life. Infant mortality rate is the number  population (UNDP various years, WHO and World
of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000  Bank data).
live births in a given year. Child mortality rate is the
number of deaths of children under five years of age  Table 13-10. Access to sanitation facilities. Table
per 1,000 live births in a given year. Maternal mortal-  13-10 shows the percentage of the population with
ity rate is the annual number of deaths of women from  access to sanitation facilities (WHO data). Urban ar-
pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births.  eas with access to sanitation facilities are defined as
urban populations served by connections to public
Table 13-7. HIV/AIDS estimates and data, end    sewers or household systems, such as pit privies,
1999. Data reported on this table give the estimated  pour-flush latrines, septic tanks, communal toilets,
number of people living with HIV/AIDS. The data  and other such facilities. Rural populations with ac-
are broken down to adults aged 15 and above, and  cess were defined as those with adequate disposal,
children below the age of 15. Adult rate is the total  such as pit privies and pour-flush latrines. Applica-
number of adults (men and women) living with HIV/  tion of these definitions may vary, and comparisons
AIDS divided by the corresponding mid-year popula-  can therefore be misleading.
tion. Orphans are defined as children who lost their
mother or both parents to AIDS when they were un-  Table 13-11. Access to safe water. This table refers
der the age of 15 (UNAIDS data).               to the percentage of the population with reasonable
access to safe water supply, which includes treated
Table 13-8. Immunization and ORT use. This is   surface waters or untreated, but uncontaminated wa-
the percentage of children under one year of age im-  ter, such as that from springs, sanitary wells, and pro-
munized against tuberculosis, DPT, polio, and measles.  tected boreholes. In an urban area, this may be a pub-
It also gives the use rate of oral rehydration therapy  lic fountain or standpost located not more than 200
(ORT) among children under five years of age. DPT  meters away. In rural areas, it implies that members
refers to diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and  of the household do not have to spend a dispropor-
tetanus. ORT use is the percentage of all cases of di-  tionate part of the day fetching water. Data are pre-
arrhea in children under five years of age treated with  sented separately for total, urban and rural population
oral rehydration salts or an appropriate household  (WHO data).
solution (WHO data).
Table 13-12. Health expenditure. This table shows
Table 13-9. Child malnutrition. Data reported on  total health expenditure as percentage of GDP and on
this table give the percentage of children and babies  a per capita basis-both in current $ and PPP terms.
suffering from nutrition-related problems of low  The ratio to GDP is also shown for public and private
birthweight, underweight, wasting, and stunting. Fig-  expenditure. Total health expenditure is the sum of
ures are also given on the extent of breastfeeding  public and private health expenditures. It covers the
among nursing mothers.                          provision of health services (preventive and curative),
Low birthweight refers to babies born weighing less  family planning activities, nutrition activities, and
than 2,500 grams. Underweight refers to children un-  emergency aid designated for health but does not in-
der the age of five weighing two standard deviations  clude provision of water and sanitation. Public health



Social Indicators                                 339
expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spend-  the primary level of education, regardless of age, ex-
ing from government (central and local) budgets, ex-  pressed as a percentage of the population correspond-
ternal borrowings and grants (including donations  ing to the official school age of primary education in
from international agencies and nongovernmental or-  a given country. Data are given separately for males,
ganizations, and social (or compulsory) health insur-  females, and both genders combined. Figures shown
ance funds. Private health expenditure includes di-  may be more than 100 percent since total enrollment
rect household (out-of-pocket) spending, private in-  includes pupils above and pupils below the primary
surance, charitable donations, and direct service pay-  school age, as well as repeaters (UNESCO data).
ments by private corporations (WHO, IMF, and World
Bank data).                                     Tables 13-16. Pupil progression. This table provides
two education indicators. Percentage of cohort reach-
Table 13-13. Health care. Indicators presented here  ing grade 5 of primary school shows the percentage
are population per physician, population per hospital  of children starting primary school, who eventually
bed, the percentage of births attended by trained health  attain grade 4. The estimate is based on the Recon-
personnel, and access to health services. The figure  structed Cohort Method, which uses data on enroll-
for physicians includes, in addition to the total num-  ment and repeaters for two consecutive years. Pro-
ber of registered practitioners in the country, medical  gression to secondary school (general) is the number
assistants whose medical training is less than that of  of new children in the first grade of secondary school
qualified physicians, but who nevertheless dispense  (general) divided by the number of children enrolled
similar medical services, including simple surgical  in the final grade of primary school in the previous
operations. The definition of recognized medical prac-  year (according to the country's duration of primary
titioners differs among countries. Hospital beds in-  education (UNESCO and World Bank data).
clude inpatient beds available in public, private, gen-
eral, and specialized hospitals and in rehabilitation  Table 13-17. Net primary enrollment ratio. This is
centers. In most cases acute and chronic care are in-  the ratio of the number of children of official school
cluded. Births attended refers to births attended by  age enrolled in school to the number of children of
physicians, nurses, midwives, trained primary    official school age in the population (UNESCO data).
healthcare workers, or trained traditional birth atten-
dants. Access to health services refers to the percent-  Table 13-18. Number of schoolteachers. Teachers
age of the population that can reach appropriate local  in both public and private schools are covered in this
health services by the local transport in no more than  table. Data refer to both full-time and part-time teach-
one hour (WHO and World Bank data).             ers, excluding other instructional personnel without
teaching functions. Figures are shown here separately
Table 13-14. Illiteracy rate. This table shows the  for primary and secondary schools. Percentage fe-
share of illiterate adults in total adult population aged  males means the number of female teachers expressed
15 years and over. Literacy is defined as the ability to  as a percentage of total teaching staff (UNESCO data).
read and write. A person who can, with understand-
ing, both read and write a short, simple statement about  Table 13-19. Pupil/teacher ratio. This ratio gives
his everyday life is literate. Persons who can read, but  the average number of pupils per teacher. Figures are
cannot write, are included with illiterates. Figures are  given separately for primary and secondary schools.
shown separately for males, females, and both gen-  As teaching staff includes both full-time and part-time
ders combined (UNESCO data).                    teachers, comparability of this ratio between coun-
tries may be affected as the proportion of part-time
Tables 13-15. Primary school gross enrollment   teachers varies greatly from one country to another
ratio. This is the total number of pupils enrolled at  (UNESCO data).



340                                    Social Indicators
Table 13-20. Secondary school gross enrollment  of participation in economic activity shows the num-
ratio. This is the secondary school equivalent of the  ber of female workers in relation to the number of
data presented in Table 13-15. It gives the total num-  male workers. Females as percentage of males in oc-
ber of students enrolled at the secondary level of edu-  cupational group show the breakdown of the first in-
cation, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage  dicator for occupational categories (UNDP data).
of the population corresponding to the official school
age of secondary education. Data are presented sepa-  Table 13-23. Household and economic participa-
rately for males, females, and both genders combined.  tion of women. This table presents indicators on gen-
Second level, general refers to education in second-  der issues in development. Households headed by
ary schools that provides general or specialized in-  women (World Bank data) refers to families in which
struction based upon at least four years of previous  a woman is acknowledged as the head by the other
instruction at the first or primary level, which do not  members. The occupational statistics are based on UN,
specifically aim at preparing the pupils directly for a  Statistical Yearbook 1992-93.
given trade or occupation. Such schools may be called
high schools, middle schools, or lyceums and offer  Figures
courses of study whose completion is a minimum con-
dition for admission into universities. In some coun-  The following indicators have been used to derive the
tries, some of these schools provide both academic  figures in this chapter:
and vocational training. These composite secondary
schools are considered as equivalent to the academic  Figure 13-1. Life expectancy (Table 13-6).
type of secondary school and are thus classified as
second level, general (UNESCO data).            Figure 13-2. GDP per capita, based on PPP, 1997
(Table 13-2).
Table 13-21. Public expenditure on education. This
table presents the public expenditure on education  Figure 13-3. Urban population as a percentage of
(UNESCO) first as a percentage of total public ex-  total population (Table 13-4).
penditure (IMF/GFS) and then as a percentage of cur-
rent GDP (Table 2-5).                           Figure 13-4. Primary school gross enrollment ratio
(Table 13-15).
Table 13-22. Economic opportunities of women.
This table shows two indicators. Female/male ratio  Figure 13-5. Maternal mortality (Table 13-6).



Social Indicators                                                                    341
Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 13
Aggregations                                          Period averages b
Table                              (1)            (2)             (6)            (7)            (8)               (1)            (2)
13-1
Columns 1-8                                    x
Columns 9-10                                                  x
13-2
Columns 1, 3                                                  x
Columns 4, 5, 8                                                              x
Columlns 2, 6-7                                                                              x
13-3                                                                                             x
13-4
Columns 1-3                    x
Columns 4-6                                                                                                                   x
Columns 7-9                                                   x
Columns 10-12                                                                                                                 x
13-5
Columns 1-3                                                   x
Columns 4-6                                    x
Columns 7-9                                    x
13-6                                                               x
13-7                                x
13-8                                                               x
13-9                                                               x
13-10                                                              x
13-1l                                                              x
13-12
Columns 1-4                                                   x
Column 5                                                                                     x
13-13                                                              x
13-14                                                              x
13-15                                                              x
13-16                                                              x
13-17                                                              x
13-18
Columns 1-3, 7-9                                                                             x
Columns 4-6, 10-12                                            x
13-19                                                              x
13-20                                                              x
13-21                                                              x
13-22                                                              x
13-23                                                                                            x
Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three
columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter.
a. Regional aggregations: (I) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country
coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary
indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the
secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean.
b. Period averages: (I) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of
the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate
(using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms).



14
Environmental Indicators
T    his chapter was drawn entirely from the World  environmental damage to other nations is, however,
Resources Institute and reflects tables published  widely acknowledged. Common interests, therefore,
in their World Resources 2001. It includes data  compel the international community to jointly work
on natural resources-their use by sector and the  towardacommongoalofpreservingtheenvironment.
trends in their use-protected resources and those in  Increasing emphasis on the links between the envi-
danger of extinction, commercial energy production  ronment and development, both at the national and
and its components, globally threatened species and  international levels, is reflected in the growing num-
protection and management programs.             ber of scientific and analytical studies. Challenging
Until the early 1970s, environmental issues were  the hegemony of the SNA national income account-
mainly focused on problems of industrial countries  ing convention, numerous scholarly endeavors are
and on such issues as water and air pollution, acid  under way to internalize environmental consequences
rain, and greenhouse gas emissions. Since the publi-  in national income calculations. The argument is made
cation of the Club of Rome's The Limit to Growth in  that the SNA methodology overstates national income
1972, however, issues of natural resource depletion  levels for two reasons. First, it does not account for
and degradation have received considerable attention  both the direct and indirect costs of drawing down
in assessing environmental factors and their impacts  natural resources. Second, it counts expenditure on
on the development prospects of developing nations.  resources for environmental protection activities as
At the national level, environmental concerns revolve  income. The changes both in methodology and em-
around population expansion, desertification, defor-  phasis have created an urgent demand for physical
estation, and the by-products of energy consumption.  data. The information in this chapter aims to meet this
Environmental destruction is not, however, confined  growing demand, notwithstanding the limitations in
by geographic borders. For instance, global warming,  data coverage and reliability.
said to be caused by greenhouse gas emissions, has  The rate of deforestation is of particular concern
become a major global environmental concern. The  because the cost of deforestation goes far beyond the
issue of the greenhouse effect may be subject to con-  loses of forest products, such as timber and fuelwood.
troversy at the theoretical level and difficult to prove  There are equally significant indirect costs, including
at the practical level. The fact that industrial wastes  soil erosion; the substitution of animal and agricul-
generated in one country cross-frontiers and cause  tural residues for cooking, which would otherwise be
342



Environmental Indicators                             343
used for fertilizer; and climate changes. Deforesta-  Sub-Saharan African countries use a very small frac-
tion is caused by many factors, including increased  tion of their internal renewable water resources. For
demand for settlement area, cultivation, fuelwood, or  instance, Ethiopia, a nation that has suffered from re-
a combination thereof. The information in this chap-  peated droughts, uses only 2 percent of its water re-
ter provides an empirical framework for assessing  sources. The major problem rests in the uneven geo-
policy alternatives in reversing the continuing deple-  graphic distribution of water resources with respect
tion of natural resources.                      to population density and the state of freshwater draw-
Data on roundwood production and consumption  ing technology. The quality of water is as important
are important in monitoring the causes of deforesta-  as the quantity of water available. Water-related dis-
tion. In addition, since roundwood is a primary source  ease accounts for 80 percent of all sicknesses and for
of energy in developing nations, data on roundwood  90 percent of the 15 million deaths in developing coun-
consunption is essential in analyzing air pollution.  tries each year.
For instance, for 1985-87, Africa used close to 88  Data on energy production are shown because of
percent of its roundwood production for fuel and char-  related environmental consequences. Biomass fuel,
coal production, while approximately 12 percent of  comprising woodfuel and animal and agricultural resi-
the roundwood production went to industrial uses. To  dues, accounts for 40 to 90 percent of total energy
put these figures in perspective, the corresponding fig-  used in Sub-Saharan Africa.
ures for Europe are 16 and 84 percent.            Data on protected areas and endangered species in-
Information on fresh water resources available and  dicate the intentions of countries to safeguard the en-
on the extent and the methods of their uses can pro-  vironment and protect the use of natural resources for
vide a partial basis for analyzing Africa's agricultural  future generations.
performance, its potential hydroelectric power, and
its populations' health conditions. Almost all



344                                                        Environmental Indicators
14-1. Forest resources, 1990-95
F~orest area
Total forest                       Natural forest                     Plantation
Annual %                          Annual %                         Annual 56
Extent (000 ha)          change       Exet(0     a         change     Extent (000 ha)       chane
1990        1995       1990-95         1990      1995    1990-95      1990     1995       1990-95
SURE-SAHAkRAN AFRICA
excluding Souti Africa
excl S Africa & Nigenia
Angola                         23,285      22,200         -1.0        23,265    22,080      -1.0        120      160          5.8
Benin                           4,923       4,625         -1.2         4,909     4,611      -1.3         14       30          15.2
Botswana                       14,271      13,917         -0.5        14,270    13,916      -0.5          1
Burkina Faso                    4,431       4,271         -0.7         4,411     4,251      -0.7        20        28          6.7
Bwrundi                           324        317          -0.4          232       225       -0.6        92       120          5.3
Canmeroon                      20,244      19,598         -0.6        20,228    19,582      -0.6         1 6      23          7.3
Cape Verde
Central African Republic       30,571      29,930         -0.4        30,565    29,924      -0.4         6
Chad                           11,496      11,025         -0.8        11,492    11,021      -0.8         4         8          13.9
Comoros
Congo, Dem. Rep. of           112,946     109,245         -0.7       112,904   109,203      -0.7         42       60          7.1
Congo, Rep, of                 19,745      19,537         -0.2        19,708    19,500      -0.2        37        64          11.0
C8te d~Ivoire                   5,623       5,469         -0.6         5,560     5,403      -0.6        63        98          8.8
Djib,outi
Equatorial Guinea               1,829       1,781         -0.5         1.826     1,778      -0.5          3
Entra                             282         282          0.0          233        233       0.0
Ethiopia                       13,891      13,579         -0.5        13,751    13,439      -0.5        189      220           3.0
Gabon                          18,314      17,859         -0.5        18,293    17,838      -0.5         21       30           7.1
Gambia, The                        95          91         -0.9           94         90      -0.9          I        2           8.1
Ghana                           9,608       9,022         -1.3         9,555     8,969      -1.3         53       19        -20.5
Guinea                          6,741       6,367         -1.1         6,737     6,363      -1.1          4       1 I         19.5
Guinea-Bissau                   2,361       2,309         -0.4         2,360     2,308      -0.4          1
Kenya                           1,309       1,292         -0.3         1,191     1,174      -0.3        118      240          14.2
Lesothso                            6           6          0.0            0          0       0.0          7        6          0.0
Liberia                         4,641       4,507         -0.6         4,635     4,501      -0.6          6        8           5.8
Madagascar                     15,756      15,106         -0.8        15,539    14,889      -0.9        217      335           8.7
Malawi                          3,612       3,339         -1.6         3,486     3,213      -1.6        126      122          -0.6
Mali                           12,154      11,585         -1.0        12,140    11,571      -1.0         14       40          21.0
Mauritania                        556         556          0.0          554        554       0.0          2        8          27.7
Mauritius
Mozamnbique                    17,443      16,862         -0.7        17,415    16,834      -0.7         28       45           9.5
Naniibia                       12,584      12,374         -0.3        12,584    12,374      -0.3          0        1
Niger                           2.562       2,562          0.0         2,550     2,550       0.0         12       60          32.2
Nigeria                        14,387      13,780         -0.9        14,236    13,629      -0.9        151      250          10.1
Rwanda                            252         250         -0.2          164        162      -0.2         88      247         20.6
SAo Tomnd and Principe
Senegal                         7,629       7,381         -0.7         7,517     7,269      -0.7        112      216          13.11
Seychelles                          ..                       ..                      ,         .
Sierra Leone                    1,522       1,309         -3.0         1,516     1,303      -3.0          6        8           5.8
Somalia                           760        754          -0.2          756        750      -0.2          4        6          8.1
South Africa                    8,574       8,499         -0.2         7,279     7,204      -0.2        965    1,429          7.8
Sudan                          43,376      41,613         -0.8        43,173    41.410      -0.8       203       425          14.8
Swaziland
Tanzania                       34.123      32,510         -1.0        33,969    32,356      - 1.0       154      200          5.2
Togo                            1,338       1,245         -1.4         1,317     1,224      -1.5         17       34          14.0
Uganda                          6,400       6,104         .0.9         6,380     6,084      - 1.0       20        26          5.2
Zambia                         32,720      31,398         -0.8        32,677    31,355      -0.8         48       44          -1.9
Zimbabwe                        8,960       8,710         -0.6         8,876     8,626      -0.6         84      110           5.4
NORT'H AFRICA                    _____
Algeria                          1,978       1,861         -1.2        1,493      1,376      -1.6       485      972          13.9-
Egypt                              34          34          0.0             0         0         0         34
Libya                             400         400          0.0           190       190         0        210
Morocco                          3,894      3,835         -0.3         3,573      3,514     -0.3        321      565          11.3
Tunisia                           570         555         -0.5           369       354      -0.8        201      320           9.3
ALL AFRICA                     538,978     520,2.37        .0         534.226   515.455      -0 7      4,416        .4 4
Souresa: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and tie United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,
Notes:  0-eor lesnsthan halfthmeunit of mmaure; ne8ative numbersindicate reduction in forest area; .. notwaailable.



Environmental Indicators                                                                   345
14-2. Forest ecosystems, 1996
Closedforests
Forests as a % of          Percent                              Forest ecosystems (1996)
Land     Original       originalforest           frontier                                                              Sparse frees and
area Forest as a   Current      Frontier       forests cl      Man groves       Tropical forests  Nont ropical forests   paridand
(000    % of/and   forests b/   forests cl    threatened     Area   Percent      Area   Percent     Area   Percent     Area    Percent
hectares)    area  a/      1996          1996          1996    (000 ha) protected  (000 ha) protected (000 ha) protected  (000 ha) protected
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
eihcInding South Africa
ciccl  S  Afrnca &  Nigenii.     __     __________               _____________________
Ang6[a .1-24,670                            20         15             0           III         0         0    37,6           3        0        00                   0
Benin                       11,062          16          4             0             0         0         0     1,516        18        0        0       585          2
Botswana                    56,673           2        100             0             0         0         0    12,123         2        0        0         0          0
Burkina Faso                27,360           0          0             0             0         0         0         0         0        0        0      5,667        1 6
Burtndi                      2,568          46          3             0             0         0         0       219        1 8       0        0       139          3
Cameroon                    46,540          80         42             8            97       227         2    20,009         6        0        0     2,416        22
Cape Verde
Central African Republic    62,298          52         16             4           100         0         0    17,101        20        0        0      1,451        48
Chad                       125,920           0          0             0             0         0         0     3,516         4        0        0      2,857 
Comaros
Congo, DFm.Re_p.o_f        226,705          83         60            16            70        22         0   135,071         7        0        0       172         40
Congo, Rep. of              34,150         100         68            29            65        19        76    24,321         4        0        0         0          0
C6tedCIvoire                31,800          75         10             2           100         0         0     2,702        23        0        0       625         18
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea            2,805          96         38             0             0        25         0     1,749         0        0        0         0          0
ErSit-rea                                                                                      0         0         1         0        0        0         0         0
Ethiopia                   1io,ooo          25         17             0             0         0         0    11,937        19        0        0     4,804         21
Gabon                       25,767         100         90            32           100       147         3    21,481         4        0        0         0          0
Gamnbia, The                 1,000          39         62             0             0        SI         5       188         5        0        0       244          2
Ghana                       22,754          66          9             0             0         0         0     1,694         7        0        0       336         17
-Giwnea                     24,572          76           5             0             0       316         0     3,073         1        0        0     2,723          1
Guinea-Bissau                2,812         100         34             0             0       317         0     1,141         0        0        0       550          0
Kenya                       56,914          17         19             0             0         0         0     3,423         8        0        0      2,754         3
Lesotho                      3,035           2          0             0             0         0         0        89         9        0        0         0          0
Liberia                      9,632         100         44             0             0         0         0     3,149         3        0        0          1         0
Maaagascar                  58,154          93         13             0             0       310         0     6,940         6        0        0         0          0
Malawi                       9,408          12          0             0             0         0         0     3,830         9        0        0         0          0
Mali                       122,019           0          0             0             0         0         0     6,132         2        0        0       336          0
Mauritania                 102,522           0          0             0             0
Mauritius                     203                                    .
Mozarnbique                 78,409          33         14             0             0       565         4    20,863         7        0        0     14,414         7
Namibia                     82,329           0         95             0             0         0         0     3,436        II        0        0         0          0
Niger                      126,670           0          0             0             0         0         0        27        16        0        0         0          0
Nigeria                     91,077          45         11             I           100      1,145        0    11,634         7        0        0     10,588         4
Rwanda                       2,467          36         16             0             0         0         0       291        77        0        0       162          2
Sao Tom6 and Principe
Senegal             ~~~~~~19,253     14         16             0             0       158         3     2,076         7        0        0      8,816        13
Seychelles                                                                                                        .
Sierra Leone                 7,162         100         10             0             0       176         1       260        20        0        0        104         0
Somalia                     62,734           4          0             0             0         0         0    11,800         1        0        0      1,530 
South Africa               122,104          13          0             0             0         0         0    10,333         5       52       26         0          0
Sudan                     237,600            1          0             0             0         0         0    12,288        12        0        0      5,870         9
Swaziilind                  ~1,720          22          0             0             0         0         0       286         3        0        0         0          0
Tanzania                    88,359          22          9             0             0       323         0    14,356        16        0        0       583          3
Togo                         5,439          33          7             0             0         0         0       224         3        0        0        91          9
Uganda                      19,965          70          4             0             0         0         0     3,772        17        0        0      1,850        65
Zambia                      74,339           7         70             0             0         0         0    21,989        32        0        0        39         14
Zimbabwe                    38,685           7         67__           0             0         0         0    15,397        12__      0  -     0         0          0
i~ofH     Fd   A   _                          _______                  _____
Algeria                 2--38,174            5          1200                                   0        0         0         0     2,694        4         1        83
Egypt                       99,545            1          0             0             0         0        0        134        0        4         0         0         0
Libya                      175,954            1          0             0             0         0        0         0         0       53         0         0         0
Morocco                     44,630          22           7             0             0         0        0         0          0    1,862        3         0          0
Tunisaa        _   _        15,536           18          5             0             0         0         0        0          0     300         2         0          0
ALL AFRICA                2,963,468          23         34             8            71     3.801         I   448,197         9    8,249        2    _69.710        II
Source:    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nationsa.
Notes:     a Original forest is that estimated to have covered the planet 8000 years ago given current climate conditions.
b. Includes ftoatier and nonfrontier- forests.
c. Frontier foreats are large, relatively undiaturbed forest ecosyateina.
0 =zeroorteas than half ofthe unit of measure;..-=not available.



346                                                               Environmental Indicators
14-3. Wood production and trade, 1986-98
Average annual roundwood production                      Average annual forest products production      Trade in forest products
Total roundwood            Wood fuel           Industrial roundwood      Wood-based panels Paper and paperboard       Import    Export
Cubic   Percent        Cubic    Percent           Cubic    Percent       Cubic    Percent      Metric  Percent        Value    Value  Percent
meters   change       meters     change           meters    change       meters     change        tons  change      (million  (million  of total
(000)    since        (000)       since           (000)      since       (000)      since       (000)    since        (15$)    US$)   export
1996-98 1986-88        1996-98    1986-88         1996.98    1986-88     1996-98    1986-88     1996-98 1986.88      1996-98   1996-98    1998
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
ecilcuding SoLai Africa
c%cd  S Africa & Nigerna                                                             ______________
Angola                         6,272       37         5,220         38            1,052        32          II        -55           0        0           5         1        0
Benin                          5,839       32         5,507         32             332         36           0          0           0        0           2         2        0
Botswana                       1,641       33         1,540         33             101         33           0          0           0        0           0         0
Burkina Faso                  10,506       32        10,022         32             484         32           0          0           0        0           2         0        0
Burundi                        1,669       37         1,487         27             182       287            0          0           0        0           3         0        0
Camneroon                     15,191       29        11,869         32           3,323         20         124         42           2      -67          22       427       1 7
Cape Verde...                                                        .....                                             ...                  .
Central African Republic       3,388       -1         2,660        -12             728         80            1       -67           0        0           0        27       1 3
Chad                           1,871       37         1,147         36             724         38           0          0           0        0           2         0        0
Comoros                            ..       .             .          .                          .....
Congo, Dem. Rep. of            3,985       30         2,456         33            1,529        25          54         -5           0        0            1      147        8
Congo, Rep, of                48,372       41       44,814          42           3,557         28          21        -47           3       13           6        63        4
C&ec dIlvoire                 12,983       21         9,970         33           3,013         -6         306         42           0        0          37       280        6
Equatorial Guinea                811       27          447           0             364         92           9         13           0        0            1       57        13
Eritrea                            .        ..        2,110                           .         ..0                    0           0        0            9        0        0
Ethiopia                      48,990       ..        46,522         ..2,468                     ..13                               9        ..16                  0        0
Gabon                          5,144       62         2,491         33           2,653        104          36        -80           0        0           4       288        9
Gambia, The                      813       29          700          1 8            113        208            0         0           0        0            1        0        0
Ghana                         21,931       61        20,678         64            1,253        23          136       112           0        0           16      145        9
Guinea                         8,643      138         7,977        154             666         32            0         0           0        0            6        9         1
Guinea-Bissau                    586        4          422           0             164         18            0         0           0        0            0        3         6
Kenya                         28,813       33        26,879         34            1,934        19           52        26         129       41          30          1        0
Lesotho                        1,556       27         1,556         27                0         0            0         0           0        0            0        0        0
Liberia                        2,936      -19         2,700          0             236        -75          45        644           0        0            I       12
Madagascar                     9,254       20         8,878         28             376        -53            5        20           4      -62            9        6         I
Malaw.i                        9,449      .25         8,950         24             499         45           18       213           0        0            4        2         0
Mali                           6,284       24         5,890         24             394         21           0          0           0        0            5         I        0
Mauritania                        1 5      29             9         29               6         29            0         0           0        0            2        0         0
Mauritius                                   ...                      ....                                               ..
Mozambique                    17,973        18       16,724         17            1,249        37            3       -64           0     -100            1       10         2
Namibia                                     ....                                               ...                     ....0
Niger                          6,260       39         5,873         39             386         39            0         0           0        0            2        0         0
Nigeria                       95,993        18      87,001          18           8,992         14          38        -80          59      -28          80        30        0
Rwanda                         3,020      -48         3,000        -46              20        -92           0       -100           0        0            2        0        0
S8to Tomd and Principe..                     ....                                               ...                    ...
Senegal                        4,785       30         4,029         30             756         28           0          0           0        0          24         0        0
Seychelles..                                 .......
Sierra Leone                   3,215       16         3,092         18             124        -12           0          0           0        0           2         1         I
Somalia                        7,616        8         7,513          8             102          5           0       -100           0        0           0         0
South Africa                  32,906       46        14,467         36          18,439         55         653         64        1988       19         482      1025        3
Sudan                          9,289       23         7,207         23           2,082         23           2          0           3      -69          34         0        0
Tanzania                      38,193       35       35,947          35           2,246         28           4        -67          25       32            6        5        0
Togo                           1,156       41          872          33             284         73           0          0           0        0            3        2        0
Uganda                        15,236       30        13,080         30           2,156         33           5         47           3       50           3         0        0
Zamnbia                        8,051       31         7,219         29             832         58           18       -20           3       -2            5         1        0
Zimbabwe                       8,192        8        6,260           2           1,932__       34          68        148    ..    74       -7          29-       22         1
NORTH AFRICA              ____          _____
Alg~~~~na ~~~~,6'6                  t41       ',31                          .1 '        'i5'1                   (I        61       -48         33<'        0,       0
Egypt                           2,776       24        2,647         24              129        23           81         27        263        70         949         8        0
Libya                             650        2          536           0             114        II            0          0           6        0          46         0
Morocco                         1,324       -7          539         -31             785        21           35        -75         108        2         336        60        I
Tunisia                         2,770       23        2,559         20              211        65          104         16         97        58         203        17        0
ALL AFRICA       -------                                               ------
Source:    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Noten:     0 = zroor lensthanhalf of the unit of measure; ..-not available.



Environmental Indicators                                                                          347
14-4. Freshwater resources and withdrawals, 1970-2001
A4nnual
internal renewable
water resources              Annual river flows                   Annual withdrawals
~P   er caita7   From other        TO other             Total    -ecn      ePe-rcapita
Total            2001      countries      countries Year of    (cubic      of water       (cubic       Sectoral withdrawals (percent)
(cuibic Ian)  (cubic meters)    (cubic Ian)   (cubic Am)     data     Iam)      resources      meters)   Domestic Industrial    Agricultural
SUJB-SAHARAN AFRICA
excluding South Africa
eccc   S  Africa  &   Nsiesna                           _  _ _ _  _ _ _        _ _ _  _ _ __                          _ _ _  _ _                      _  _ _ _ _ _  _ _ _
Angola                               1 84          14,288              ...                 1987     0.48            0.3           5 7          1 4         I0           7 6
Benin                                I10            1,689           15.5             ..    1994      0.15           1.4          2 8          2 3          1 0          67
Botswansa                              3            1,788           11.8             ..    1992     0.11            3.8          8 1          32          20           48
B3urkinsaFaso                         1 8           1,466              ...                 1992     0.38            2.1           39          1 9          0            8 1
Bunindi                                4              538              ...                 1987     0.10            2.8           20          36.          0           64
Camneroon                            268           17,766            0.0            0.0    1987     0.40            0.1          38           46          19           35
Cape Verde
Central African Republic             14 1          39,001              ...                 1987     0.07            0.0          2 6          2 1          6           7 3
Chad                                  is5           1,961           28.0             ..    1990     0.19            1.3          3 3          1 6          2           82
Comoros
Congo, Dems. Rep,.o                  935           18,101           84.0             ..    1994     0.36            0.0            8          61          16           23
Congo, Rep. of                       222           75,387          610.0             ..    1987     0.04            0.0           20          62          27            1 1
C8te dIvoire                          77            5,187            1.0             ..    1987     0.70            0.9           66          22          1 1           67
Djibouti..                                                                                    .
Equatorial Guinea                     30           66,275            0.0             ..    1987     0.01            0.0          30           81          13             6
Sn-trea                                 3              727            6.0             .         .       .              ..
Ethiopia                             110            1,758            0.0             ..    1987     2.20            2.0           50          1 1          3            86
Gabon                                164          133,754            0.0             ..    1987     0.06            0.0          70           72          22             6
Gamnbia, T'he                          3            2,298            5.0             ..    1990     0.03            1.0          33            7           2           91
Ghana                                 30            1,499           22.9             ..    1970     0.30            1.0          35           35          13           52
_Guinea                               226           30,416            0.0             ..    1987     0.74            0.3         141           10           3           87
Guinea-Bissau                         16           13,189           11.0             ..    1991     0.02            0.1          17           60           4           36
Kenya                                 20              672           10.0             ..    1990     2.05           10.1          87           20           4           76
Lesotho                                5            2,430            0.0             ..    1987     0.05            1.0          3 1          22          22            56
Liberia                              200           63,412           32.0             ..    1987     0.13            0.1           54          27           13           60
M-ada~gasc                           337           21,139            0.0             ..    1990     19.70           5.8        1694             1           0           99
Malawi                                18            1,605            1.1             ..    1994     0.94            5.4          98           10           3            86
Mali                                  60            5,341           40.0             ..    1987      1.36           2.3         164            2            1           97
Mauritania                             0              150           11.0             ..    1990    16.30        4,075.0        8046            6           2           92
Mauritius
Mozambique                           100            5,081          116.0             ..    1992     0.61            0.6           40           9           2            89
Namnibia                               6            3,592           39.3             ..    1990     0.25            4.0          185          29            3           68
Niger                                  4              326           29.0             ..    1990      0.50          14.3           65          16           2            82
Nigeria                              221            1,982           59.0             ..    1990      4.00           1.8           46          31           15           54
Rwanda                                 6              815              ...                 1993      0.77          12.2          134            5           1           94
SAo Tom6 and Principe                   ...                                           .        ..       ....
Senegal                               26            2,784           13.0             ..    1990      1.50           5.7         205             5           3           92
Seychelles                             ..                              ..                      .        ..                         .
Sierra Leone                         160           32,960            0.0             ..    1987     0.37            0.2           98           7           4            89
Somalia                                6              594            9.7             ..    1987     0.81           13.5          115            3           0           97
South Africa                          45            1,110            5.2             ..    1990     13.30          29.7         391            17          11           72
Sudan                                 35            1,187          119.0             ..    1995    17.80           50.9         669            5            1          94
Swaziland
Tanzania                              80            2,387            9.0             ..    1994      1.17            1.5          40            9           2           89
Togo                                  12            2,484            0.5             ..    1987     0.09            0.8           28          62           13           25
Uganda                                39            1,791           27.0             ..    1970      0.20           0.5           20          32            8           60
Zambia                                80            8,747           35.8             ..    1994      1.71           2.1         214            16           7           77
Zimbabwe                              14            1,208            5.9             ..    1987      1.22           8.7          136           14           7           79
NORTH AFRICA__                              _      ___          _  _   _   _  _   _   _  _     __    _  _   _   _  _     _  _   _   _  _
Algenia                               14              4142           0 4            '3 4    1990     4 50           32 4         18Cr          2515
Egypt                                   2               34           56.0           0.0     1993    55.10        2,395.7         920            6           8           86
Libya                                   1              143            0.0           0.0     1995     3.89         486.3          783            9           4           87
Morocco                                30            1,058            0.0           0.2     1991    11.05           36.8         454            5           3           92
Tunisia   _   ___4                                    367             0.6           0.0     1996     2.83           80.4         312           13           2           86
ALL  AFRICA                             _  _  _  _   _  _  _  _  _   _         _  _   _  _                           _  _   _  _
Source:    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Notes:      0 =zemro rless than half of the unit of measure; .. =not available.



348                                        Environmental Indicators
14-5. Marine and freshwater catches, aquaculture, balance of trade,
and fish consumption
Average annual  Average annual      Average annual                         Per capita annual
marine catch al  freshwater catch al  aquaculture production  Average annual  food supplyfrom
(000   %      (000    %         1995-97 (metric tons)  balance of trade bl  fish and seafaod
metric change  metric change        Dia- Fresh- Molluscs  1995-97 (million US$)  Total
tons)  since  tons)  since  Marine dromous  water & Crus-  Molluscs & Fish  1997
1995-97 1985-87  1995-97 1985-87  fish  fish  fish taceans  Fish crustaceans meal  (kg)
SU-B.SAH-ARAN AFRCA
excluding South Africa
excd   S  Afiric3 &  Nigeria   __   _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _   ____ ____   _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Angola                 73    15     6.0    -3      .      ..    .     ..   -7.9      3.1            6.6
Benin                  9     2     25.0     -6     .      ..    .     ..   -5.3      1.8            9.4
Botswana                            2.0    20      ..     .     .     .     4.9     -0.3  -0. 1     5.7
Buwkina Faso                        8.0     5      .      ..   25     ..   -3.1     0.0            1.2
Burnmdi                .     ..     14.8   26      .      ..   23     ..   -0.1I    0.0             3.2
Camneroont             64   24     23.0    1 5     .      ..   55     ..   -22.3     1.8  -0.3      9.2
Cape Verde
Central African Republic  .  ..     12.7   -2      .      ..  370     ..3.9
Chad                               91.7    49      .      ..    .     ..0.0                         6.8
Comoros
Congo, Denm. Rep. of   4    93     157.4    3      .      ..  750     ..   -26.6    7.0            25.3
Congo, Rep, of         19    -1    23.9    67      .      ..   115   ..    -50.4                    5.7
C6te dIlvoire          56   -28     11.3  -54      .      ..  655     ..   35.4      4.5  0.1       11.1
Equatorial Guinea      3     9      0.7    76      .      ..    .     ..    0.2      0.1           22.6
Eritrea                3     ..     0.0     ..     .      .     .     .     0.1      0.0            0.3
Ethiopia               0     ..     8.5    ..      ..          46     .    -0.1I                    0.2
Gabon                  33    89     8.8    365     .      ..   53    ..     -8.9     6.5  ..44.6
Gamnbia, The           26   211     2.5     -7     .      ..    3     ..    0.9      2.6  ..23.7
Ghana                 352    29    67.9    35      .      ..   500   ..    64.4      2.1  ..22.5
--G~~utnea~~      77   154     3.2    26      .      ..    3     ..    8.4      4.7  0,0       16.0
Guinea-Bissau          5    94      0.3    188    ..      .           .     5.7      2.9            2.7
Kenya                  4    -20    172.1   53     ..      71   506     0   33.2      5.1  -0.5      4.8
Lesotho                .     ..     0.0     .      ..4         10     ...
Liberia                4    -62     4.0     0      .      ..    0     ..    -1.9    -0.1I           4.9
Mfa-dagascar           7 1  101     30.0   -21     ..      0  4,153  2,146  13.4    76.8  0.4       7.6
Malawi                 .     ..    57.9   -22      .      ..  227     2     0.0      0.1  -0.4      5.7
Mali                               114.8   102     .      ..   73    ..    -0.6                     9.5
Mauritania             5 2   1 4    5.8     -3    ..      .           .    22.1    104.6            14.2
Mauritius
Mozarnbique            1 3  -47     8.0    129     .      ..   1 4    ..    -5.4    73.5            2.0
Namibia               282  1,466    1.3    5 1     .      ..    5     43                            12.4
Niger                  .     ..     4.7    112     .      ..   20     ..    -0.9     0.0            0.8
Nigeria               224   4 6    106.0   1 4     ..     24  17,014  ..  -208.4    19.6            5.8
Rwanda                 .     ..     3.1    134     .      ..   4 7    ..0.6
S8o Tom6 and Principe   .    ..             .      ..     ...                .
Senegal               352   66     54.4   262      .      ..   49     22  205.9     73.2  3.4      36.3
Seychelles..                 ...            ......                           .
Sierra Leone           48   38      14.7   -9      .      ..   28    ..    13.1      9.9            13.4
Somalia               IS     -9     0.3    -26     ..     .           .     4.1                     1.3
South Africa          49    -50     0.8     4      3     870   101  2,616  101.8    42.7 -37.1      7.8
Sudan                  5    382    40.8    64      .      .. 1,000    24    0.0     0.0             1.7
Swaziland
Tanzania               43    5     310.7   13      .      ..  217    ..    51.7      8.9  0.0       10.3
Togo                   9    -24     5.0    43      .      ..   21     ..   -22.5     4.8            17.3
Uganda                 .     ..    207.3   11      .      ..  205     ..   38.5                     9.8
Zambia                 .     ..    64.6    -2      .      .. 4,550     1   -0.3      0.1  -0.2      8.2
Zimbabwe  _ ___16.9                        -8     ..     100   63     IS  -14.7     -1.2  -0.9      3.3
kO -RTH  AFPUCA   -_ _......                   . -  ......                      _ _ _ __ _ __  _   _ _
Algeria                99    42      0.0  -100     37     18   256    27    -7.2     2.1            3.5
Egypt                  82    99    215.1    67  19,799    .. 50,569    .. -108.4    -0.5            10.0
Libya                  34   108      0.0    0      .      ..   100     ..   21.4    -0.1I           6.0
Morocco               663    39     1.7    30     972    155   767   229   269.6   437.0 2.2        7.8
Tunisia                70   -10 -    0.7   ..     88 6-  138   380   III-1  7.5     76.9  -0. 1     9.1
AL L AFRICA                             ___
Saurce:  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Notes:  a. Aquaculture production as included in country totals.
b. Exports minus imports.
0 - zero or less than half of the unit of measure; .  not available.



Environmental Indicators                                                                       349
14-6. Energy production by source
Energy production
From all sources                            From non-renewable energy sources                               Total electricity generated
Per capita    Solid fuels   Liquid fuels    Gaseous fuels   Nuclear fuels    Othersore
(000 metric   % change    (kg oil       (000 metric   (000 metric    (000 metric       (000 metric    (000 metric     (000 metric      % change
toe) (a)      since       equivalent)   toe) (a)      toe) (a)       toe) (a)          toe) (a)        toe) (a)       toe) (a)             since
1997         1987           1997          1997           1997             1997            1997           1997          1997            1987
SUB-SAH-ARAN AFRICA
excludling South Affica
e'ecl S Aftica &Nigeria          _   _    --_                                   _   _   __                  _   _           __                                         _
Ang~~~~~1i ~~41,430                     89          3,537             0         35,700              465               0              0            95              37
Benmn                           1,897            a           337              0             67                0              0               0             4             92
Botswana
Burkcina Faso
Bwunndi
C     neroon                   11,250           -7           808              0          6,357                0              0               0          269              25
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo, Dem. Rep. of            14,364           29           299             56          1,315                0              0               0          517              11
Congo, Rep. of                 13,540           89         4,998              0         12,638                3              0               0            37             53
C8te dIlvoire                   4,908           3 1          349              0            803                0              0               0          276              55
Djibouti
Eqiuatorial Guinea
ErT-trea 
Ethiopia                       16,316           27           280              0              0                0              0               0           115             50
Gabon                          19,786          129        17,403              0         18,794               68              0               0            87             13
Gambia, The......
Ghana                           5,843           48           313            _0             361                0              0               0          529              26
Gumnea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya                          11,651           20           410              0              0                0              0               0          364              60
Lesotho
Li'beria
Mtadagascar                                                                                                                                 . 
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozarnbiqu_e                   ~6,994           -1           379              0              0                0              0               0            86            199
Nanibia
Niger                              -.-.-
Nigeria                       191,034           55          1,839            86        117,249            4,429              0               0         1,305             35
Rwanda
S8o Tom6 and Ptincipe
SFn_egpl                         1,654           32           189              0              0               20              0               0           108             52
Seychelles...
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa (a)              142,139           27         3,667        124,678            401            1,543          3,296               0        17,866             38
Sudan                           9,881           i8           356              0            259                0              0               0           169             43
Swaziland
Tanzania                       13,529           23           431              3              0                0              0               0           166             52
Togo...                                                                                                       ..
Uganda                                                                                      -
Zambia                          5,556           16           647            106              0                0              0               0          689               -8
Zimbabwe                        8,152            9           727          2,712              0                0              0       _       0           628              15-
NOR iil AFRIdCA    --______
Algen3                        l25,'76            37         4,272             Li        61,6701          (    9138                                      I,8
Egypt                          57,997             9           896              0        44,640            11,070              0               0        4,958              52
Libya                          78,942           43         15,151              0        73,067             5,750              0               0         1,563             17
Morocco                           836             3            31           211            242                23              0            231          1,129             64
Tunisia                          6,655            2           723              0          4,013            1,466 _     _____  0   ___         0          686              75
ALL    AFRICA        -    _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _   _      _  _  _  _  _   _  _  _  _  _  _  _          _  _  _    _  _  _          _  _                     _  _  _  _  _  _
Source:   Intemnational Energ Agency (IEA)
Notes:    a. Tons of oil equiivalent. See technical notes for more information on toe.
5 zero or lens than half'of the unit ofameansre; -. - not available or indeterminaLte.



350                                          Environmental Indicators
14-7. Energy consumption by economic sector
Ener8y Consumption by Economic Sector (96 of toial consumption)
Industry                     Transportation                          Commercial and
All industries  Iron and steel  Total    Air         Road        Agriculture  public services  Residential
19~87  1997  1~9~87  1997  1987 1997   19q87 i1997  187  197     1987  1997    197    97     187   97
SUB-SAHARAN AFIUCA
eneltding South Africa
e-C IK   S.Atrica&   Nigenia     _  _     _  _     _ _     _  _  _ _  _  _ _  _  _  _ _  _ _  _ _  _    _ _  _  _ _  _
Angola                     I i11                    123          b1           6 2            ...          0.0     ..   75.6
Benin                  ..  17.1     ..  0.0      .. 12.6    ..   2.4     ..   10.1     ..    .        .   0.0      .. 70.3
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Buunmdi
Camcroon               *.  17.0         0.0  ~   .  11.6    ..    1.0    ..   10.6    ..     .        .   0.3      .  69.7
Cape Verde.*                             ...                .      ..     .    ...           ...
Centra African Republic                                                                              .
Comnoros
Congo, Demn. Rep. of   ..  21.8    ..   0.1     ..   5.4    ..   1.2     ..   4.2      ..    .        .   0.0     ..  70.9
Congo, Rep. of             14.2     ..  0.0     ..  18.4    ..   6.3     ..   12.1     ..    .        .   0.0     ..   65.7
C6te d'lvoire          ..   7.0    ..   0.0      .. 16.0    ..   3.1     ..   12.5     ..   1.2      ..   12.1    ..   62.0
Equatorial Guinea
-En-trea
Gabon                  ..  23.2    ..   0.0      .. 19.6    ..   6.7     ..   11.0     ..     .       .   0.9     ..   51.5
Gambia, The
Ghana                16.0  14.1    0.0  0.0    11.0  13.2  1.4    1.2   9.0   11.4    0.7   1.0     0.5   0.7    69.8  69.9
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya                  ..  11.4    ..   0.0     ..  12.6     ..  4.5      ..  7.7      ..   6.5      ..   0.7     ..   67.7
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar             .     .      .     .      .    .     .      .      .     ..            ..
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique             ..   7.8    ..   0.0      .   15      ..  0.4     ..    1.1     .    0.6       .   3.4     ..   85.0
Nanuibia
Nigeria               ..   10.9    ..   0.1     ..   6.7     ..  0.7      ..  5.9      ..     .       .   0.3     ..   79.7
Rwanda
S8o Tom6 and Principe  .     .      .     .      .    .     .      .      .     ..            ..
Senegal         ..  ~~~~ ~  ~~17.0  .. 0.0  .. 24.0  ..   10.0    ..   12.6     ..    2.3     ..   0.6     ..   55.3
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa         48.4  36.6   17.6  7.8    21.0  23.5  1.3   2.5    17.9  19.2    2.6   3.4     4.1   5.2    19.3  21.3
Sudan                  ..   7.4    ..   0.0      .  17.8    ..    1.0    ..   16.9     ..   0.1      ..   2.0     ..   70.9
Swaziland
Tanzania               ..  11.7    ..   0.0     ..   1.7    ..   0.3      ..  1.4      ..   3.2      ..   0.3     ..   79.1
Zambia                 ..  23.6     ..  0.1      ..  5.1    ..   0.9     ..   4.2      ..   0.7      ..   2.0     ..   66.6
Zimbabwe               ..  12.2    ..   2.0     ..  10.0     ..   1.5     ..  8.3      ..   9.2      ..   3.6      .. 61.8
NORTH AFRICA       __
Algeria              21 2  Ž')r    4 3  2 3    39l  l8   ~  33    2 2   34 9  12 2    0 3    0(I(   l.S   0.0    23.0  29.2
Egypt                49.6  47.8    0.7  0.5    19.8  20.6   2.9   3.6   16.9  16.9    0.5    0.6     0.0   0.0   23.2  22.9
Libya                32.5  33.8    0.0  0.0    36.8  38.0   6.1   3.4   30.7  34.6    0.0   0.0      0.0   0.0    7.2   9.5
Morocco              31.4  23.7    0.1   0.0   28.0  1l.8  5.2    3.7   19.7   5.7     4.9   0.7     6.5  2.4    25.7  24.7
Tunisia              31.7  22.7    1.2  0.6    33.1  28.0   5.8   5.7   21.9  2-1.9  -5.5    6.2     7.5  7.7    22.0  32.9
ALL AFRICA
Source: Intemnational Energy Agency (EEA)
Notes:  0-zero ortens thanhalfofthteunitofmeasure;  ..-=not available or indeterminate.



Environmental Indicators                                                            351
14-8. CO2 emissions from industrial processes, 1996
CO 2 emnissions (000 metric tons)                              Per capita
Cenient                                          carbon
Solid      Liquid  Ga.eous       Gas    mtanufact-                               Total     emissions
fuels       fuels     fuels  flaring         uring      Total    Total     contribution   (kilograms)
1996        1996      1996      1996         1996       1990     1996       Since 1950          1996
SLUB SAHARAN AFIUCA
excludinrg aouh Atih;a
e%cl S Afnrca& Nigenir                       -------_---
Angola                           0       2,151       344     2,465          149      4,650    5,108         145,552            450
Benin                            0        465          0        0           189        564      656          14,762            120
Botswana                     6,383      12,579         4        9          691       2,415   19,665          51,505         13,035
Burkina Faso                     0        967          0        0            0       1,008      967          14,682             90
Burundi                         18        202          0         0           0         194      220           3,975             35
Cameroon                         4       3,213         0        0          299       1,488    3,517          86,507            260
Cape Verde
Central Af*ican Republic         0        234          0        0            0         198      234           5,866             70
Chad                             0         99          0        0            0         143       99           5,027             14
Comoros
Congo, Dem. Rep. of            854       1,436         0        0            5       4,096    2,294         142,475             49
Congo, Rep. of                   0       4,741         7       167          50       2,037    4,961          40,161          1,884
C6te d'lvoire                    0      12,817         0        0          249       9,907   13,066         185,109            946
Djibouti                        ....                                                    .....
Equatorial Guinea                0         143         0         0           0         117      143           2,862            349
Eritrea
Ethiopia                         0       3,048         0        0           320      2,964    3,367          66,509             59
Gabon                            0       2,041     1,587        0           65       6,112    3,690         135,432          3,333
Gambia, The                      0        216          0        0            0         191      216           4,481            188
Gbana                            7       3,342         0        0          698       3,539    4,045         109,271            223
Guinea                           0       1,092         0        0            0       1,011    1,092          32,445            150
Guinea-Bissau                    0        231          0        0            0         209      231           4,477            208
Kenya                          267       5,760         0        0          747       5,822    6,775         180,020            243
Lesotho
Liberia                          0        326          0        0            0         465      326          33,189            148
Madagascar                      44       1,121         0        0           30         945    1,198          37,860             84
Malawi                          44        616          0        0           70         601      733          18,184             75
Mali                             0        462          0        0            10        421      473          12,025             46
Mauritania                      15       2,876         0        0           60       2,634    2,950          40,648          1,232
Mauritius
Mozambique                     158        821          0        0            15        997      997          89,149             56
Namibia
Niger                          458         649         0         0           IS      1,048    1,121          20,863            119
Nigeria                        150      21,596     8,596    51,494        1,495     88,665   83,330        1,944,327           822
Rwanda                           0        484          0         2            5        528      491           9,167             90
Sao Tomd and Principe                                                         .
Senegal                          0       2,770         0         0          294      2,895    3,063          76,142            358
Seychelles                                                       ,            .          ..
Sienra Leone                     0        447          0         0           0         333      447          19,844            104
Somalia                          0          0          0        0            15         18       15          13,747              2
South Africa (a)           227,707      56,821     3,532         0        4,684    291,108  292,746        8,541,575         7,678
Sudan                            0       3,283         0        0           189      3,459    3,473         137,001            128
Swaziland
Tanzania                        15       2,030         0         0          399      2,272    2,444          61,694             80
Togo                             0         575         0         0          174        689      751          17,023            180
Uganda                           0        986          0        0            50        846     1,033         32,837             53
Zambia                         773       1,499         0         0          174      2,444    2,444         111,151            291
Zimbabw               _     13,623       4,217         0         0          573     16,646   18,412         369,232           1,667
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria                       3,188     22,651     50,567    14,400        3,488     80,443   94,297       1,725,913          3,283
Egypt                         3,419     57,778     27,707        0         8,969     75,434   97,873       1,856,890          1,541
Libya                            15      25,348     9,966     3,482        1,769     37,772   40,579         855,830          7,978
Morocco                       6,225      18,426       40         0         3,189     23,486   27,879         558,859          1,055
Tunisia                        238       9,167      4,250      254        2,276      13,260   16,184         318,035          1,782
ALL AFRICA     __       __
Sources:  Carbon Dioxide Inforumation Analysis Center.
Notes:    Estimates are of the carbon dioxide emitted, 3.664 times the carbon it contains.
0 = zero or less than half the unit of measure, .. not available



352                                                               Environmental Indicators
14-9. Globally threatened species: mammals, birds,
and higher plants, late 1990s
Mammals                                    Birds                                          Higher plants
Total number of             No. of           Total number of              No. of            Total number of               No. of
known species              species            known species             species             known species               species
All   Endemic    Threatened per 10,000   Breeding   Endemic    Threatened per10,000            All   Endemic Threatened per 10,000
species    species      species     kM2 al     species    species     species    kIan2 al   species bl    species     species    km' al
SUIB-SAI-ARAN AFRICA
exicluding Souzh Afnca
e'lcl S Afnca & Nigena______________
Angola                       276           7           17         56        765         12           13        156        5,000      1,260          20       1,055
Benin                        188           0           9          85        307          0            1        138        2,000         ..2                   990
Botswana                     164           0            5         43        386          I            7        101            ..17                   0        563
Burkina Faso                 147           0            6         49        335          0            1        112        1,100          ...                  369
Bunundi                      107           0            5         76        451          0            6        322        2,500         ..0                  1,783
Cameroon                     409          14          32         114        690          8           1 4       193        8,000        156          67       2,310
Cape Verde
Central African Republic     209           2           II1        53        537          1            2        137        3,600        100           1        921
Chad                         134           I           14         27        370          0            3         75        1,600         ..5                   322
Comoros
Congo, Dem. Rep. of          450          28          38          74        929         24          26         153        2,867      1,100          69       1,818
Congo. Rep. of               200           2           10         62        449          0            3        140        4,350       1,200          2       1,870
C6te dIlvoire                230           0           16         73        535          2           1 2       170        3,517         62          42       1,163
Djibouti
EquatorialGuinea             184           1           1 2        31        273          3            4        194        3,000         66           6       2,312
Eritrea                      112           0           6          50        319          0            3        140            .
Ethiopia                     255          31          35          54        626         28          20         133        6,500       1,000        125       1,398
Gabon                        190           3           12         64        466          1            4        157        6,500         ..78                 2,248
Gambia,The                   117           0            4        112        280          0            I        269          966         ..0                   935
Ghana                        222           I           13         78        529          0           10        186        3,600         43          22       1,308
Guinea                       190           1           1 1        66        409          0           1 2       142        3,000         88          29       1,043
Guinea-Bissau                108           0            4         71        243          0            1        159        I,000         12          ..        655
Kenya                        359          23          43          94        847          9          24         221        6,000        265         130       1,703
Lesotho                       33           0            2         23         58          0            5         40        1,576          2           0       1,103
Liberia                      193           0           1 I        87        372          1           13        168        2,200        103         -1          993-
Madagascar                   141          93          46          37        202        105          28          53        9,000      6,500         255       2,479
Malawi                       195           0            7         86        521          0            9        230        3,600         49          46       1,665
Mali                         137           0           13         28        397          0            6         81        1,741          1 1         5         355
Mauritania                    61           1           14         13        273          0            3         59        l,l00         ..2                   239
M auritisU                     ...                      .           ..                   ...                    46            .
Mozambique                   179           2           13         42        498          0           14        117        5,500        219          57       1,340
Nanmibia                     250           3           II1        58        469          3            8        109        3,978        687          14         942
Niger                        131           0           1 1        27        299          0            2         60        1,170          ...                   238
Nigeria                      274           4          26          62        681          2            9        153        4,614        205          16       1,059
Rwanda                       151           0            9        hO0        513          0            6        373        2,288         26           0       1,664
580 Tom6 and Principe                                                                    .
Senegal                      192           0           13         72        384          0            6        144        2,062         26          1 5       780
Seychelles                     .
Sierra Leone                 147           0           9          77        466          1           12        243        2,090         74           8       1,091
Somalia                      171          12           18         43        422         11            8        107        3,000        500          57        768
South Africa                 255          35          33          52        596          8           16        122       23,000         ..       1,875       4,797
Sudan                        267          11          21          43        680          1            9        110        3,132         50           2        507
Swaziland                      ..          .            .          .          .          .            .        303            .
Tanzania                     316          IS          33          70        827         24          30         183       10,000       1,122        326       2,231
Togo                         196           0            8        110        391          0            1        220        2,484         ..0                  1,739
Uganda                       338           6           IS        118        830          3           10        290        5,000         ..8                  1,891
Zambia                       233           3           1I         56        605          2           10        145        4,600        211           5       1,141
Zimbabwe                     270           0            9         81        532          0            9        159        4,200         95          73       1,325
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria                        92          2           15          15        192          1           8          32        3,100        250        125         520
Egypt                          98          7           15          21        153         0           1I          33        2,066         70         59         454
Libya                          76          5           11          14        91          0            2          17        1,800        134         41         331
Morocco                       105          4           18          30       210          0           11          60        3,600        625        182       1,049
Tunisia                        78           1          1I          31        173         0            6          69        2,150         ..6                   873
ALL, AFRICA
Source: World Conmervation Monitoring Centre (WCMC).
Notes:     a. Values are standardized using a speicis-area curve.
b. Flowering plants only.
..- not available.



Environmental Indicators                                      353
14-10., Globally threatened species: reptiles, amphibians,
and fish, late 1990s
Reptiles                  Amphibiams                  Freshwaterfssh
Total number of   No. of      Total number Of     No. of    Total number of
known species    species      known species      speci es   known species
All Endemic Threatened per 10,000  All Endemic Threatened per 10,000  All Threatened
species  species  species  kam' a!  species  species  species  kin  al  species  species bl
SUB-SAHAPLAN AFRICA
excluding South Africa
exd S. Afrik'a & Nigena        I           --         .      2 
Benin.                         1       2                      0       0       ..150              0
Botswana              157      2       0     41      38       0       0       10        92       0
Burkina Faso                   3              ....0                   0       ...0
Burnmdi                ..      0       0      ..2                     0       ...0
Cameroon        ~~~~    ~~183  21  3    5 1    190     66       1       53       354       26
Cape Verde
Central African Republic  129  0       1     33      47       0       0       12        ..0
Chad                                                  .. 1  10        0       ...0
Comoros
Congo, Dem. Rep. of   377     35       3     62      80      53       0       13        . 
Congo,Rep.of                           2                      I.      0       ...0
C8te cflvoire,                 3       4                      3               ....0
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea      ..      4       2              ..2             1       ...0
EYn -rea                85      1      3      38      19      2       0        8         ..0
Ethopia               188      9       1     40      62      24       0       13       ISO       0
Gabon                  ..      3       3      ..4                     0       ...0
Gwnbia, The            47      1       I     45      30       0       0       29        79       0
Ghana                  ..1             4      ...40                                     ..0
__Uu mea3                       3      ...3                    1       ..                 0
Guinea-Bissau          ..      2       3                      I..     0       ...0
Kenya                 190     18       5      50     88      10       0       23                 20
Lesotho                ..      2       0      ...0                    0       ..         8
Liberia                62      2       3     28      38       4       1       17        ..0
Madagascar            363    259      17     95     179     155       2       47       121      13
Malawi                124      7       0     55      69       3       0       3 1       ..0
Mali                   16      4       1      3               I.      0       ...0
Mauritania             ..1             3      ...0                    0       ..0
Mauritius
l~~~~~iiiS~~iie ~167      5      5      39      62      1       0       1 5        ..2
Namnibia              250     25       3      58      5 1     2       1       12       114       3
Niger                   ..     0       1              ..0             0       ...0
Nigeria               135      7       4      30    109       1       0       24       260       0
Rwanda                  ..     I       0              .I              0       ...0
S8o Tom6 and Princi pe
SF              ~~~~     ~   ~~~100  I  7  37    2      1       0        1        79     -0
Seychelles                             .              ..
Sierra Leone           ..      1       3                      2       0       ...0
Somalia               193     49       2     49      27       3       0       7         ..3
South Afiica          315     97      19     65     108      49       9       22        94      27
Sudan                          8       3                      I.      0       ...0
Swaziland
Tanzania              289     61       4      64     133     49       0       30        ..19
Togo                    ..             3      ..3                     0       ...0
Uganda                149      2       I     52      50       1       0       17       291      28
Zambia                145      3       0     35      65       1       0       16       106       0
Zimbabwe              153      2       0     46      120     --3      0       36       112-      0
Algeria                 81      4      I      13      10      0       0        2         .I
Egypt                   83      0      6      18       6      0       0        1        70        0
Libya                   56      1      3      10       3      0       0        1         ..0
Morocco                90      11      2      26      11      I       0        3                  I.
Tunisia                 62      1      2      25       7      0       0        3         ..0
ALL AFRiCA  ..   .           _____     .        ______~~~~----  - - ---  - ---- -   --- --
Source: World Conservation Moniitoring Centre (WCMC).
Notes:  a. Values are atandardized using a apecies-area curve.
b. Threatened apecies include a few marine species.
.=not available.



354                                                              Environmental Indicators
14-1 1. National protection of natural areas, 2001
Alt protected areas
(IUCN categories 1- ')                                               Number of
Percent        No. of Areas at least:                        Marine Protect edAreas (a)
Area         of/and        100,000          I million                      (JUCN Categories!1- VI)
Number        (000 ha)          area       ha in Size       ha in Size              Totol              Liltoral            Marine
SUB-SAIHAR,kN AFRICA
exclIuding South Aft-sa
Cx(I -S Africa & Nigensa
A.ng:lia-------   -------------                                     _____-0 66------__         _____-3
Benin                                     2           778            6.9               2                0                  -                      .-
Botswana                                 1 2       10,499           18.0               7                3                  -                      --
Burkina Faso                             12         2,855           10.4               6                1                  -                      --
Burnmdi                                  13           146            5.3              0                 0                  1 
-Camneroon                                1 8        2,098            4.4              8                 0                  2                     1                   2
Cape Verde
Central African Republic                 1 3        5,110            8.2              1 I               2                  -                      --
Chad                                      9        11,494            9.0              9                 2                  -                      .-
Comoros
Congo, Dem. Rep. of-                     1 5       10,191            4.3               9                4                  1                     10
Congo, Rep. of                            9          1,545           4.5               5                o                                        1                   1
C6te dlvoire                             I 1         1,986           6.2               4                1                  3                     3                   1
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea                         0             0            0.0               0                0                  4                     4                   0
Erstrea                                    3           501            4.3              2                 0                  -                      .-
Ethiopia                                 21         5,518            5.0              14                0                  -                      --
Gabon                                     5           723            2.7               1                0                  4                     4                   1
Ganmbia,T'e                               6            23            2.0               0                0                  5                     5                   3
Ghana                                    1 0         1,104           4.6               3                0                             -.-
,uinea                                   3           164            0.7               I                0                   1                    0 
Guinea-Bissau                             0             0            0.0               0                0                  2                     2                   1
Kenya                                    50          3,507           6.0               7                I                 1 4                   1 3                 1 0
Lesotho                                   1             7            0.2               0                0
Liberia                                   1           129            1.2               1                0
Madagascar                               40          1,121           1.9               I                0                  3                     3                   1
Malawi                                    9          1,059           8.9               3                0
Mali                                     1 3        4,532            3.7               8                2
Mauritania                                9          1,746           1.7               3                1                  5                     5                   2
Mauritius
Mozambique                    ~~    ~    ~~~~~~I 4,779     6.0              7                 17                                       7                   6
Namibia                                  20         10,616          12.9               7                3                  4                     4                   0
Niger                                     6         9,694            7.7               4                2
Nigeri,a                                 27         3,021            3.3               9                0
Rwanda                                    6           362           13.8               1                0
S8o Tom6 and Prinicipe
Senegal                                  1 2        2,181           11.1               3                0                  7                     6                   6
Seychelles
Sierra Leone                              2            82            1.1              0                 0
Somalia                                   2           180            0.3               I                0                  2                     2                   2
South Africa                            390         6,619            5.4               6                1                 20                    17                   8
Sudan                                    II         8,642            3.4              6                 2                  2                     0                   2
Swaziland
Tanzania                                 39         13,817          14.6              19                3                  9                     8                   8
Togo                                      9           429            7.6               2                0                  I                     0                   1
Uganda                                   37          1,913           7.9               6                0
Zambia                                   35         6,366            8.5              11                I
Zimbabwe                                 48         3,071            7.9  _____        6                I
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria                                   18         5,891            2.5              2                 2                  8                     6                  3
Egypt                                     16           794            0.8              I                 0                 18                    16                  6
Libya                                      8           173            0.1              I                 0                  5                     2                   3
Morocco                                   12           317            0.7               1                0                 10                     9                   3
Tunisia                                    7            45            0.3              0                 0                  7                     5                  4
'4LL AFRICA____
Source: World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC).
Noten:     a. Includes area snitli substantial terrestrial components that reach the shore. An area can be both, marine and littoral (see technical notes).
0- zero or less thatn half the unit of meaure. .. = not available or indeterminate.



Environmental Indicators                                                                355
14-12. International protected areas, 2001
International protection systems
Biosphere                            World                            Wetlands of
reserves                        heritage sites                international importance
Area                               Area                                 Area
Number    (000 ha)                 Number    (000 ha)                Number        (000 ha)
StmH-SAHARAN AFRICA
excludlng South Africa
ecl. S Afnlcale Nigeria
Angola                                                0                                  0         0                       0
Benin                                                 1       623                        0         0                       2           139
Botswana                                              0                                  0         0                       1         6,864
Burkina Faso                                          1        186                       0         0                       3           299
Burundi                                               0                                  0         0                       0
Cameroon                                              3       850                        1       526                       0
Cape Verde
Cental African Republic                               2      1,640                       1      1,740                      0
Chad                                                  0                                  0         0                       1           195
Comoros
Congo, Dem. Rep. of                                   3       283                        5     6,855                       2           866
Congo, Rep. of                                        2       246                        0         0                       1           439
C6te d'lvoire                                         2      1,480                       3      1,484                      1            19
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea                                     0                                  0         0                       0
Eritrea                                               0                                  0         0                       0
Ethiopia                                              0                                  1        22                       0
Gabon                                                 1        15                        0         0                       3         1,080
Gambia, The                                           0                                  0         0                       1            20
Ghana                                                 1         8                        0         0                       6           178
Guinea                                                2        133                       1        13                       6           225
Guinea-Bissau                                         1        110                       0         0                       1            39
Kenya                                                 5       891                        2       300                       2            49
Lesotho                                               0                                  0         0                       0
Liberia                                               0                                  0         0                       0
Madagascar                                            1       140                        1       152                       2            53
Malawi                                                0                                  1         9                       1           225
Mali                                                  1      2,349                       1       400                       3           162
Mauritania                                            0                                  1      1,200                      2          1,216
Mauritius                                             1         4                        0         0                       0
Mozambique                                            0                                  0         0                       0
Namibia                                               0                                  0         0                       4           630
Niger                                                 1     25,128                       2      7,957                      1           220
Nigeria                                               I          0                       0         0                       0
Rwanda                                                1         15                       0         0                       0
Sao Tomd and Ilrincipe
Senegal                                               3      1,094                       2       929                       4           100
Seychelles
Sierra Leone                                         0                                   0         0                       1           295
Somalia                                              0                                   0         0                       0
South Africa                                         0        104                        0         0                      16           493
Sudan                                                 2      1,901                       0         0                       0
Swaziland                                            0                                   0         0                       0
Tanzania                                              2      2,338                       4     6,860                       0
Togo                                                  0                                  0         0                       2           194
Uganda                                                1       220                        2       132                       1            Is
Zambia                                               0                                   1         7                       2           333
Zimbabwe                                              0                                  2       733                       0
NORTH AFRICA
Algeria                                               3      7,294                        1     8,000                       3             5
Egypt                                                 2      2,456                       0          0                       2           106
Libya                                                 0                                  0          0                       0
Morocco                                               1      2,569                       0          0                       4            14
Tunisia                                               4         32                        1        13                       1            13
ALL AFRICA          _         ____48                         52,109                      33     37,332                     79         14486
Source:     World Conservation Moniitoring Centre (WCMC), United Nations Educational, Scietific, and Cutrat Organization (UNESCO), and Rmsur Convetion Bureau, Switzerland.
Notes:       o = zero or less than half the unit of measure. ..- notavailableorindeterminate.



356                                  Environmental Indicators
Technical notes
Tables                                              Average annual percent change is shown as a per-
centage of the exponential growth rate. If negative (in
These notes are based on technical notes for each table  parentheses), these figures reflect net deforestation,
as presented in WRI 2001. They have been edited   which is defined as the clearing of forest lands for all
and shortened for this volume. Readers are urged to  forms of agricultural uses (shifting cultivation, per-
consult the original source for details.          manent agriculture, and ranching) and for other land
uses such as settlements, other infrastructure, and
mining. In tropical countries, this entails clearing that
Table 14-1. Forest resources, 1990-95. Total forest  reduces tree crown cover to less than 10 percent. De-
consists of all forest area for temperate countries and  forestation, as defined here, does not reflect changes
the sum of natural forest and plantation area categories.  within the forest stand or site, such as selective log-
FAO defines a naturalforest as a forest composed  ging (unless the forest cover is permanently reduced
primarily of indigenous (native) tree species. Natural  to less than 1 0 percent).
forests include closed forest, where trees cover a high
proportion of the ground and where grass does not  Table 14-2. Forest ecosystems, 1996. Closedforests
form a continuous layer on the forest floor (e.g., broad-  exclude some woodlands and wooded savanna.
leaved forests, coniferous forests, and bamboo for-  Originalforest as a percentage of land area refers
ests), and open forest, which FAO defines as mixed  to the estimate of the percentage of land that would
forest/grasslands with at least 10 percent tree cover  have been covered by closed forest about 8,000 years
and a continuous grass layer on the forest floor. Natu-  ago, assuming current climatic conditions, before
ral forests encompass all stands except plantations and  large-scale disturbance by human society began.
include stands that have been degraded to some de-  Currentforests refer to estimated closed forest cover
gree by agriculture, fire, logging, and other factors.  within the past 1 0 years or so (this varies by country).
Plantations refer to forest stands established artifi-  Only closed moist forests are given for Africa.
cially by afforestation and reforestation for industrial  Frontierforests are large, relatively intact forest eco-
and nonindustrial usage. Reforestation does not in-  systems. They represent undisturbed forest areas that
clude regeneration of old tree crops (through either  are large enough to maintain all of their biodiversity,
natural regeneration or forest management), although  including viable populations of wide-ranging species
some countries may report regeneration as reforesta-  associated with each forest type.
tion. Many trees are also planted for nonindustrial  Percentage offrontier forests threatened refers to
uses, such as village wood lots. Reforestation data  frontier forests where ongoing or planned human ac-
often exclude this component. The data presented here  tivities such as logging, mining, and other large-scale
reflect plantation survival rates as estimated by FAO.  disturbances will eventually degrade the ecosystem



Environmental Indicators                               357
through species decline or extinction, drastic changes  Per capita annual withdrawals were calculated us-
in the forest's age structure, etc., and would result, if  ing national population data for the year of data shown
continued, in the violation   of one of the      for withdrawals.
above-mentioned criteria.                          Sectoral withdrawals are classified as domestic
Tropicalforests include all forests located between  (drinking water, homes, commercial establishments,
the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. All other for-  public services [for example, hospitals], and munici-
ests are put into the nontropical category.       pal use or provision); industry (including water with-
Percentage protected includes forest areas that fall  drawn to cool thermoelectric plants); and agriculture
within the protected areas in the world that are listed  (irrigation and livestock).
as the World Conservation Union's (IUCN) manage-
ment categories I-V.                              Table 14-5. Marine and freshwater catches, aqua-
culture, balance of trade, and fish consumption.
Table 14-3. Wood production and trade, 1986-98.  Marine andfreshwater catch data refer to marine and
Total roundwood production refers to all wood in the  freshwater fish, killed, caught, trapped, collected, bred,
rough, whether destined for industrial or fuelwood uses.  or cultivated for commercial, industrial, and subsis-
Induzstrial roundwood production comprises all  tence use (catches from recreational activities are in-
roundwood products other than fuelwood and charcoal.  cluded where available). Crustaceans and mollusks are
Processed woodproduction includes sawnwood and  included. Statistics for mariculture, aquaculture, and
panels.                                           other kinds of fish farming are included in the coun-
Paper and paper board includes newsprint, print-  try totals. Figures are the national totals averaged over
ing and writing paper, and other paper and paperboard.  a 3-year period; they include fish caught by a country's
Trade in forest products is the balance of imports  fleet anywhere in the world. Catches of freshwater
minus exports.                                   species caught in low-salinity seas are included in the
statistics of the appropriate marine area. Marine catch
Table 14-4. Freshwater resources and withdraw-    includes catches of diadromous (migratory between
als, 1970-2001. Annual internal renewable water re-  saltwater and freshwater) species.
sources refer to the average annual flow of rivers and  Data are represented as nominal catches, which are
groundwater generated from endogenous precipita-  the landings converted to a live-weight basis, that is,
tion. Caution should be used when comparing differ-  the weight when caught.
ent countries because these estimates are based on dif-  Landings for some countries are identical to catches.
fering sources and dates. These annual averages also  Aquaculture is defined by FAO as "the farming of
disguise large seasonal, inter-annual, and long-term  aquatic organisms, including fish, mollusks, crusta-
variations. When data for annual river flows from and  ceans, and aquatic plants. Farmning implies some form
to other countries are not shown, the internal renew-  of intervention in the rearing process to enhance pro-
able water resources figure may include thpse flows.  duction, such as regular stocking, feeding, and pro-
Per capita annual internal renewable water resource  tection from predators, etc. [It] also implies owner-
data wvere calculated using 2001 population estimates.  ship of the stock being cultivated.. . ." Aquatic or-
Annual withdrawals as a percentage of water re-  ganisms that are exploitable by the public as a com-
sources refer to total water withdrawals, not counting  mon property resource are included in the harvest of
evaporative losses from storage basins, as a percent-  fisheries.
age of internal renewable water resources and river  Marinefish include a variety of species groups such
flows from other countries. Water withdrawals also  as mullets, sea basses, groupers, snappers, tunas,
include water from desalination plants in countries where  mackerels, etc. Diadromus fish include surgeons, river
that source is a significant part of all water withdrawals.  eels, salmons, trouts, etc. Freshwater fish include



35 8                                Environmental Indicators
carps, perches, catfish, and tilapias, among others.  Energy production from solid fuels is the energy
Mollusks include freshwater molluscs, oysters, mus-  produced from all types of primary coal (i.e., hard
sels, scallops, clams, abalones, and cephalopods.  coal or lignite). Peat is also included in the category.
Crustaceans include, among others, freshwater crus-  Energy production from liquidfuels is energy pro-
taceans, crabs, lobsters, shrimps, and prawns. Data  duced from liquid fuels such as crude oil or natural
on whales and other marine mammals are excluded  gas liquids.
from this table.                                  Energy production from gaseousfuels is the amount
Balance of trade is defined as exports minus im-  of energy produced from natural gas.
ports. Figures are the national totals averaged over a  Energy production from nuclearfuels shows the pri-
3-year period in millions of U.S. dollars. Imports are  mary heat equivalent of the electricity produced by
usually on a cost, insurance, and freight basis (c.i.f.)  nuclear power plants. Heat-to-electricity conversion
(i.e., insurance and freight costs added in). Exports  efficiency is assumed to be 33 percent.
are generally on a free-on-board basis (FOB) (i.e., not  Total electricity generated is the toe equivalent of
including insurance or freight costs). A surplus of im-  the electrical energy produced by thermal, nuclear,
ports over exports is shown in parentheses. Trade in  geothermal, hydropower (excluding pumped storage
fish includes fish that is fresh, frozen, chilled, salted,  production), and other power plants. Electricity gen-
or smoked as well as fish products and preparations.  erated is not a primary energy source and should not
Trade in mollusks and crustaceans includes mollusks  be mistakenly added to the energy production from
and crustaceans that are fresh, chilled, smoked, de-  primary sources presented in this table. These data
rived products, etc. Trade infish meal includes meals,  were converted from gigawatt-hours to toe using a
solubles, etc.                                  conversion rate of 1 Gwh = 86 toe.
Per capita annual food supply from fish and sea-
food is the quantity of both freshwater and marine  Table 14-7. Energy consumption by economic sec-
fish, seafood, and derived products available for hu-  tor. Industry sector includes energy consumption by
man consumption. Data on aquatic plants and whale  the iron and steel industry, chemical industry, non-
meat are excluded from the totals. The amount of fish  ferrous metals basic industries, nonmetallic mineral
and seafood actually consumed may be lower than  products (glass, ceramic, cement, etc.), transport
the figures provided, depending on how much is lost  equipment, machinery, mining and quarrying, food
during storage, preparation, and cooking, and on how  and tobacco, paper, pulp and print, wood and wood
much is discarded. Data are presented in kilograms  products, construction, textile and leather, and any
per capita. Years shown are 3-year averages.    nonspecified industry.
Iron and steel consumption is the energy consumed
Table 14-6. Energy production by source. All en-  by the iron and steel industry as a percentage of the
ergy data in a common unit of 1,000 metric tons of oil  total energy consumed by the country.
equivalent (toe) to facilitate comparisons of energy  Transportation sector includes all fuel for air, road,
sourcing, consumption, substitution, and conservation.  and water transport except fuel used for international
A toe is defined as 41.868 gigajoules.          marine bunkers and for ocean, coastal, and inland fish-
Energy production from all sources is the amount  ing. Air transportation includes both international and
of energy from all sources produced by each country  domestic civil aviation. Road transportation includes
in the year specified. In addition to solid, liquid, and  all human and cargo transport along national road
gaseous fuels and nuclear electricity, the total also  networks.
includes hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind, tidal,  Agriculture refers to all agricultural and forestry ac-
wave, combustible renewables and waste, and indig-  tivity, including ocean, coastal, and inland fishing.
enous heat production from heat pumps. Per capita  Commercial andpublic services refer to service sec-
shows the amount produced per person for that country.  tors such as stores, repair shops, and restaurants.
Residential sector includes household energy use.



Environmental Indicators                              359
The lEA reports that it can be difficult to distin-  some instances. Data on mammals exclude cetaceans
guish accurately between the agriculture, commercial,  (whales and porpoises), except where otherwise indi-
and public services sectors and that a figure for "total  cated. Threatened bird species are listed for countries
energy use" is more accurate than totals for the indi-  included within their breeding or wintering ranges.
vidual sectors.                                 Higher plants refer to numbers of native vascular plant
species, as totals are of full species only, rather than
of species and subspecies. The number of endemic
Table 14-8. CO2 emissions from industrial pro-  species refers to those species known to be found only
cesses, 1996. This table includes data on industrial  within the countries listed. Figures are not necessar-
additions to the carbon dioxide flux from solid fuels,  ily comparable among countries because taxonomic
liquid fuels, gas fuels, gas flaring, and cement manu-  concepts and the extent of knowledge vary (for the
facture. The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis  latter reason, country totals of species and endemics
Center (CDIAC) annually calculates emissions of CO2  may be underestimates). In general, numbers of mam-
from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture  mals and birds are fairly well known, while plants
of cement for most of the countries of the world.  have not been as well inventoried.
Estimates of total and per capita national emissions  The World Conservation Union classifies threatened
do not include bunker fuels used in international trans-  and endangered species in six categories.
port because of the difficulty of apportioning these  Endangered. "Taxa in danger of extinction and
fuels among countries benefiting from that transport.  whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors con-
Emissions from bunker fuels are shown separately  tinue operating."
for the country where the fuel was delivered.     Vulnerable. "Taxa believed likely to move into the
Emissions of CO2 are often calculated and reported  endangered category in the near future if the causal
in terms of their content of elemental carbon. CDIAC  factors continue operating."
reports them that way. For this table, CDIAC's fig-  Rare. "Taxa with world populations that are not at
ures were converted to the actual mass by 3.664 (the  present endangered or vulnerable, but are at risk."
ratio of the mass of' carbon to that of CO2).     Indeterminate. "Taxa known to be endangered, vul-
Solid, liquid, and gas fuels are primarily, but not  nerable, or rare but where there is not enough infor-
exclusively, coals, petroleum products, and natural  mation to say which of the three categories is appro-
gas. Gas flaring is the practice of burning off gas re-  priate."
leased in the process of petroleum extraction, a prac-  Out of danger. "Taxa formerly included in one of
tice that is declining. During cement manufacture,  the above categories, but which are now considered
cement is calcined to produce calcium oxide. In the  relatively secure because effective conservation mea-
process, 0.498 metric ton of CO2 is released for each  sures have been taken or the previous threat to their
metric ton of cement produced. Total emissions con-  survival has been removed."
sist of the sum of the CO2 produced during the con-  Insufficiently known. "Taxa that are suspected but
sumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels, and from gas  not definitely known to belong to any of the above
flaring and the manufacture of cement.          categories."
Combustion of different fossil fuels releases CO2 at  The number of threatened species listed for all coun-
different rates for the same level of energy produc-  tries includes full species that are endangered, vul-
tion. Burning oil releases about 1.5 times the amount  nerable, rare, indeterminate, and insufficiently known,
of CO2 released from burning natural gas; burning coal  but excludes introduced species or those known to be
releases about twice as much CO2 as natural gas.  extinct.
Number of species per 10,000 square kilometers
Table 14-9. Globally threatened species: mammals,  provides a relative estimate for comparing numbers
birds, and higher plants, late 1990s. The total num-  of species among countries of differing size. Because
ber of known species may include introductions in  the relationship between area and species number is



360                                  Environmental Indicators
nonlinear (that is, as the area sampled increases, the  viding a sustainable flow of natural products and ser-
number of new species located decreases), a       vices to meet community needs.
species-area curve has been used to standardize these  Marine protected areas include protected areas in
species numbers.                                 any of the IUCN categories (I-VI) that are marine or
have a marine component. IUCN defines a "marine
Table 14-10. Globally threatened species: reptiles,  protected area" as "any area of intertidal or subtidal
amphibians, and fish, late 1990s. Threatened ma-  terrain, together with its overlying water and associ-
rine turtles and marine fish are excluded from coun-  ated flora and fauna, historical and cultural features,
try totals. Endangered fish species numbers do not  which has been reserved by law or other effective
include approximately 250 haplochromine and 2    means to protect part or all of the enclosed environ-
tilapiine species of Lake Victoria cichlids, since the  ment." Marine protected areas (MPAs) include areas
ranges of these species are undetermined.        that are fully marine as well as areas that have only a
The number of species per 10,000 square kilome-  small area of intertidal land. Many of these MPAs have
ters provides a relative estimate for comparing num-  large terrestrial areas. The extent of the marine por-
bers of species among countries of differing size.  tion of most protected areas is rarely documented. The
degree of protection varies from one country to an-
Table 14-11. National protection of natural areas,  other, and it may bear little relationship to the legal
2001. All protected areas combine natural areas in five  status of any site. The categories of marine and lit-
World Conservation Union (formerly the International  toral are not exclusive. One protected area can be lit-
Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Re-  toral and marine, therefore adding numbers under
sources, IUCN), management categories (areas at least  these two different categories may produce a higher
1,000 hectares).                                 number than the total for MPAs. Littoral is defined as
Totally protected areas are maintained in a natural  any site that is known to incorporate at least some
state and are closed to extractive uses. They encom-  intertidal area. Such sites can also include marine and/
pass the following three management categories: cat-  or terrestrial elements. All sites with mangrove and
egory I, scientific reserves and strict nature reserves;  saltmarsh communities are recorded as littoral. Ma-
category 11, national parks and provincial parks; and  rine is defined as any site that is known to incorporate
category III, natural monuments and natural land-  at least some subtidal area permanently submerged
marks.                                            under the ocean. Such sites can also include littoral
Partially protected areas are areas that may be man-  and terrestrial elements. All sites with coral reefs and
aged for specific uses, such as recreation or tourism,  seagrasses are recorded as marine.
or areas that provide optimum conditions for certain  The values in this table do not include locally or
species or communities of wildlife. Some extractive  provincially protected sites, or privately owned areas.
use within these areas is allowed. They encompass
two management categories: category IV, managed   Table 14-12. International protected areas, 2001.
nature reserves wildlife sanctuaries; and category V,  Internationally protected areas usually include sites
protected landscapes and seascapes.              that are listed under national protection systems.
Protected areas between at least 100,000 hectares  Biosphere reserves are representative of terrestrial
and I million hectares in size refer to all IUCN cat-  and coastal environments that have been intemation-
egory I-V protected areas that fall within these two  ally recognized under the Man and the Biosphere
classifications.                                  Programme of UNESCO.
IUCN has an additional management category, cat-  World heritage sites represent areas of "outstand-
egory VI, which includes areas "managed mainly for  ing universal value" for their natural features, their
the sustainable use of natural ecosystems." These ar-  cultural value, or for both natural and cultural values.
eas contain predominantly unmodified natural sys-  The table includes only natural and mixed natural and
tems, managed to ensure long-term protection and  cultural sites.
maintenance of biological diversity, while also pro-



Environmental Indicators                                  361
Any party to the Convention on Wetlands of Inter-   Marine and coastal protected areas refer to all pro-
national Importance, especially as it pertains to wa-  tected areas greater than 1,000 hectares with littoral,
terfowl habitat, agrees to respect the site's integrity  coral, island, marine, or estuarine components. The
and to establish wetland reserves can designate wet-  area given is the whole protected area.
lands cf international importance.



15
The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Debt Initiative
T   he Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) debt * Those that also face an unsustainable debt situation
initiative was proposed by the World Bank and    even after the full application of traditional
IMF, and agreed to by governments around the  debt relief mechanisms (such as application of
world in the fall of 1996. It was the first compre-  Naples terms under the Paris Club Agreement).
hensive approach to reduce the external debt of the
world's poorest, most heavily indebted countries, and  How the HIPC Initiative works
represented an important step forward in placing debt  Under the enhanced framework, countries for which
relief within an overall framework of poverty reduc-  existing mechanisms would not achieve debt
tion. While the initiative yielded significant early  sustainability at the decision point will now receive
progress, multilateral organizations, bilateral creditors,  assistance under the HIPC Initiative starting at
HIPC governments, and civil society have been en-  the decision point.
gaged in an intensive dialogue about the strengths and  In contrast to the original framework, where debt
weaknesses of the program. A major review in 1999  reduction was calculated on projections of debt
has resulted in a significant enhancement of the origi-  stock at the completion point, relief under the new
nal framework, and has produced a HIPC Initiative  framework will be committed based on actual
which is "deeper, broader, and faster."        data at the decision point. This modification not only
adds greater certainty to the calculations, but
Which countries qualify?                       will in most cases increase the amount of relief actu-
The poorest countries, those that are only eligible  ally provided, since most countries will reduce their
for highly concessional assistance from the  NPV debt-to-export and debt-to-revenue ratios be-
International DevelopmentAssociation (IDA)-the  tween the decision and completion points.
part of the World Bank that lends on highly
concessional terms-and from the IMF's Poverty  In short, under the enhanced framework, the ben-
Reduction and Growth Facility (previously the En-  efits of export and central government revenue will
hanced Structural Adjustment Facility).      accrue fully to the country, allowing for greater in-
vestment in poverty reduction strategies.
362



The HIPC Initiative                               363
Creditors participation                         Liberia
All creditors participate in providing exceptional as-  Madagascar
sistance beyond current mechanisms as required to  Malawi
reach debt sustainability. Creditors share the costs of  Mali
HIPC assistance based on broad and equitable bur-  Mauritania
den sharing, and provide relief that is proportional to  Mozambique
their share of the debt after the full application of  Niger
traditional forms of debt relief; these forms include  Rwanda
Naples terms from Paris Club creditors, which pro-  Sao Tome and Principe
vide a 67 percent NPV reduction on eligible debt.  Senegal
Sierra Leone
HIPC Eligible Countries (42 countries)          Somalia
Sudan
Africa (34 countries)                           Tanzania
Angola.                                         Togo
Benin                                           Uganda
Burkina Faso                                    Zambia
Burundi
Cameroon                                        Latin America (4 countries):
Central African Republic                        Bolivia
Chad                                            Guyana
Comoros                                         Honduras
Congo, Rep. of                                  Nicaragua
Congo, Dem. Rep.
C6te d'lvoire                                   Asia (3 countries)
Ethiopia                                        Lao, People's Dem. Rep.
The Gambia                                      Myanmar
Ghana                                           Vietnam
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau                                   Middle East (I country):
Kenya                                           Yemen, Rep. of



364                                                                    HIPC Initiative
15-1. HIPC DEBT INITIATIVE: Flow Chart
First Stage
Country established three-year track record of good performance and develops together with civil society a Poverty
Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP); in early cases, an interim PRSP may be sufficient to reach the decision point.
* Paris Club provides flow rescheduling as per current Naples terms, i.e. rescheduling of debt service on eligible debt falling due
during the three-year consolidation period (up to 67 percent reduction on eligible maturities on a net present value basis).
Other bilateral and commercial creditors provide at least comparable treatment.
* Multilateral institutions continue to provide support within the framework of a comprehensive poverty reduction strategy
designed by govemments, with broad participation of civil society and donor community.
EITHER                                                     OR
Paris Club stock-of- debt operation under                         Paris Club stock-of-debt operation under
Naples terms and comparable treatment                              Naples terms and comparable treatment
by other bilaleral and commercial creditors                       by other bilateral and commercial creditors
is adequate                                                  Is not suffncient
for the country to reach sustainability by the                     for the country to reach sustainability by the
decision point.                                                    decision point.
====>        Exit                                              ====> Decision Point
(Country is not eligible for HIPC assistance.)                     (World Bank and IMF Boards determine eligibillity.)
All creditors (multilateral, bilateral, and commercial)
commit debt relief to be delivered at the floating
completion point. The amount of assistance depends
on the need to bring the debt to a sustainable level
at the decision point. This is calculated based on
latest available data at the decision point
Second Stage
Country establishes a second track record by implementing the policies determined at the decision point (which are
triggers to reaching the floating completion point) and linked to the (interim) PRSP.
* World Bank and IMF provide interim assistance.
* Oher multilateral and bilateral creditors and donors provide interim debt relief at their discretion.
* All creditors continue to provide support within the framework of a comprehensive poverty reduction strategy
designed by govemments, with broad participation of civil society and donor community.
"Floating" Completion Point
* Timing of completion point is tied to the imptemention of policies determined at the decision point.
* All creditors provide the assistance determined at the decision point; interim debt relief provided between
decision and completion points counts towards this assistance:
- Paris Club goes beyond Naples terms to provide more concessional debt reduction of up to 90 percent in NPV
terms (and If needed even higher) on eligible debt so as to achieve an exit from unsustainable debt.
- Other bilateral and commercial creditors provide at least comparable treatment on stock of debt.
- Multilateral institutions take additional measures, as may be needed, for the country's debt to be reduced to a
sustainable level, each choosing from a menu of options, and ensuring broad and equitable parnicipation by
all creditors involved.



HIPC Initiative                                          365
15-2. Grouping of African HIPC Countries: Status as of December 2001
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (34)11
Angola *                 Congo, Dem. Rep.*    Kenya         Rwanda*                  Uganda
Benin                    Congo, Rep. of *     Liberia *     Sao Tome and Principe    Zambia
Burkina Faso             Cote d'lvoire        Madagascar    Senegal
Burundi *                Ethiopia             Malawi        Sierra Leone*
Cameroon                 The Gambia           Mali          Somalia*
Central Afiican Republic*  Ghana              Mauritania    Sudan *
Chad                     Guinea               Mozambique    Tanzania
Comoros                  Guinea-Bissau *      Niger         Togo
HIPC RELIEF APPROVED AT DECISION                  DECISION POINT NOT YET            (POTENTIALLY)
POINT (20)                               REACHED      (11)           SUSTAINABLE
CASES (2)
Benin            Madagascar         Senegal       Burundi             Sierra Leone3/       Angola
Burkina Faso     Malawi             Tanzania      Central African Rep  Somalia             Kenya
Cameroon         Mali               Uganda        Comoros             Sudan
Chad             Mauritania         Zambia        Congo, Dem. Rep.    Togo
Ethiopia         Mozambique2'                     Congo, Rep. of
The Gambia       Niger                            Cote d'Ivoire
Guinea           Rwanda                           Ghana3'
Guinea-Bissau    Sao Tome and Principe
Sources: HIPC documents; and IMF and World Bank staff estimates.
* Conflict-affected countries
I/ Comoros has been added to the group as a preliminary assessment of its debt situation showed a potential need for HIPC
2/ Completion point countries.
3/ Preliminary documents considered by the Boards



366                                                      HIPC Initiative
15-3. Debt Service for Individual African HIPCs that Reached Decision Points, by Country, 1998-2005
(In million of US dollars, unless otherwise indicated)
1998     1999     2000      2001     2002     2003     2004      2005
Benin
Debt service paid                               64       66
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1"         63       46        43       39       39        37
Debt service/exports (in percent)               16       17       17        11        9        8        7         6
Debt service/govemment revenue (in percent)     17       18       12        10        8        7        6         5
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                    3        3        3        2         1        1         1        1
Burkina Faso
Debt service paid                               60       53
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief "          34       30        35       38       40        41
Debtservice/exports (in percent)                16       18       12        9        10        9        9         8
Debt service/govemment revenue (in percent)     18       14        9         7        7        7        7         6
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                    2        2        1         1        1        1         1
Cameroon3/
Debt service paid3/                            401      401      312
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief "                  226       242      291      328       347
Debt service/exports (in percent)               18       15       11         8        8        9        9         9
Debt service/govemment revenue (in percent)     28       24       18        12       12       13       13        12
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                    4        4        3         2        2        3        3         3
Chad
Debt service paid4'                             38       39       33
Debt service due after enhanced I-PC Initiative relief "                   22        25       25       32        36
Debt service/exports (in percent)               12       16       14        9         9        9        8         2
Debt service/govemment revenue (in percent)     29       31       29        16       16       14       15        11
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                    2        3        2         1        1        1        2         1
Ethiopia3n
Debt service paid4'                            104       91       161
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1/                  105       74       85      100       100
Debt service/exports (in percent)               11        9       17        10        7        7         8        7
Debt service/govemment revenue (in percent)      9        8       13         7        7        6        5         5
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                    2        1        2         2        1        1         1        1
Gambia, The
Debt service paid3'                             26       16       20
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief "                    16       15        8        9        10
Debt service/exports (in percent)               12       13       16        11       10        5        5         5
Debt service/govemment revenue (in percent)     12       20       23        17       15        8         8        9
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                    6        4        5         4        3        2        2         2
Guinea
Debt service paid3'                            128      108      140
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief "/                   78       90       99       92        88
Debt service/exports (in percent)               15       14        16        8        9        9         8        7
Debt service/govemment revenue (in percent)     34       28       39        18       18       18        15       12
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                    4        4        5        3         3        3        3         2
Cuinea-Bissau
Debt service paid3/                              7        6       13
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1                     5        6        8        5         4
Debt service/exports (in percent)               23       11       18         6        7        8        4         3
Debt service/govemment revenue (in percent)     63       15       32       11        12       13        7         5
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                    3        3        6         2        2        2        2         1
Madagascar5/
Debt service paid3'                            166      106      105
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1/                  64        56       68       79        82
Debt service/exports (in percent)               21       12       11        6         5        5        6         5
Debt service/govemment revenue (in percent)     42       25       21       12         9       10       10         9
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                    4        3        3        2         1        1         1        1
Malawi
Debt service paid3'                             90       87      110
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief "t                  59        57       45       45        47
Debt service/exports (in percent)               16       18       23       12        11        8        8         8
Debt service/govemment revenue (in percent)     22       30       31       13        11        8        7         6
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                    5        5        6        4         3        2        2         2
(Table continues on the following page)



HIPC Initialive                                                  367
15-3. Debt Service for Individual African HIPCs that Reached Decision Points, by Country, 1998-2005
(In million of US dollars, unless otherwise indicated)
1998     1999     2000      2001     2002     2003     2004      2005
Mali
Debt service paid                               74       84
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relieT            88       64        64       66       67        66
Debt service/exports (in percent)               11       13       14        9         8        8        7         7
Debt service/government revenue (in percent)    17       18       20        13       12       11       10         9
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                    3        3        3        2         2        2        2         2
Mauritania
Debt service paid                               88       98
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief "1         87        80       58       49       43        43
Debt service/exports (in percent)               22       24       20        18       13       10        8         8
Debt service/government revenue (in percent)    35       35       22       20        14       10        8         8
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                   10       10        9        9         6        4        3         3
Mozambique
Debt service paid                              104       81
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1/         50       28        67       66       64        68
Debt service/exports (in percent)               19       14        9        3         6        6        3         3
Debt service/government revenue (in percent)    23       17        9        7        14       12        10        9
Debt service,/GDP (in percent)                   3        2        1         1        2        2         1        1
Niger
Debt service paid3'                             27       28       20
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief"                    49        49       26       29        29
Debt service/exports (in percent)                7        9        8        18       17        8        9         8
Debt service/government revenue (in percent)    15       16       13       27        24       11       11        10
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                    I        I        1        2         2        1         1        1
Rwanda
Debt service paid3'                             14       21       40
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1/                   16       13        8       11        11
Debt service/exports (in percent)               13       19       31       11         8        4        5         4
Debt service/government revenue (in percent)     7       11       21        8         6        3        4         3
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                    I        1        2         1        1        0        0         0
Sao Tome and Principe
Debt service paid3/                              7        8        6
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief "1                   2         1        1         1        1
Debt service/exports (in percent)               55       24       24        10        6        6        4         3
Debt service/government revenue (in percent)    84       44       41        17       10       10        6         6
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                   16       17       13        4         3        2        2         2
Senegal
Debt service paid                              222      219
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief /         173       159      145      143      225       134
Debt service/exports (in percent)               14       15       10         8        7        7       10         5
Debt service/government revenue (in percent)    27       28       19        16       14       12        18       10
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                    5        5        3        3         2        2        3         2
Tanzaniav
Debt service paid                              224      193
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief "/        154       142      144      148      152       158
Debt service/exports (in percent)               21       16       12        10        8        8        7         7
Debt service/government revenue (in percent)    29       20       15        12       11       11       10         9
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                    3        2        2         1        1        1         1        1
Ugandae
Debt service paid                              110       98
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1/         48       51        56       68       94       103
Debt service/exports (in percent)               15       12       11        6         6        6        6         8
Debt service/government revenue (in percent)    16       13       11        6         5        5        5         6
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                    2        2        1         1        1        1         1        1
Zambia
Debt service paid3'                            147      136      169
Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief"                    158      148      151      211       202
Debt service/exports (in percent)               16       16       16        13       10       10        13       12
Debt service/government revenue (in percent)    24       25       26       25        21       20       27        24
Debt service/GDP (in percent)                    5        4        5         5        4        4        5         4
I.t. t. f,,nnntic for thi tahle Are i, the technical notes at the end of this chapter.



368                                              HIPC Initiative
15-4. Committed Debt Relief for African HIPCs, Status as of December 2001
(In millions of US dollars) "
Reduction in NPV Terms         Nominal Debt Service Relief
Original Enhanced               Original Enhanced
HIPC      HIPC      Total       HIPC      HIPC      Total              Date of
Initiative  Initiative          Initiative  Initiative                  Approval
COUNTRIES THAT HAVE REACHED THEIR COMPLETION POINTS (3)
TOTAL                    2,063      2,988    5,051       4,350      4,900    9,250
Mozambique              1,716       306     2,022       3,700       600     4,300               Sep-01
Tanzania                  ...     2,026     2,026          ...     3,000    3,000               Nov-01
Uganda                   347        656     1,003         650      1,300    1,950               Apr-00
COUNTRIES THAT HAVE REACHED THEIR DECISION POINTS (17)
TOTAL                     350     10,704    11,054        620     17,460   18,080
Benin                     ...       265      265          ...       460      460                 Jul-00
Burkina Faso             229        169      398          400       300      700                Jun-00
Cameroon                  ...      1,260    1,260          ...     2,000    2,000                Oct-00
Chad                       ...      170       170                   260      260                May-01
Ethiopia                  ...     1,275     1,275         ...     1,930    1,930                Nov-01
The Gambia                ...        67       67                     90       90                Dec-00
Guinea                              545      545           ...      800      800                Dec-00
Guinea-Bissau                       416      416           ...      790      790                Dec-00
Madagascar                ...       814      814           ...     1,500    1,500               Dec-00
Malawi                     ...      643      643                   1,000    1,000               Dec-00
Mali                      121       401       522         220       650      870                 Sep-00
Mauritania                          622      622           ...     1,100    1,100                Feb-00
Niger                               521       521          ...      900      900                Dec-00
Rwanda                    ...       452      452           ...      810      810                Dec-00
Sao Tome and Principe     ...        97       97           ...      200      200                Dec-00
Senegal                   ...       488      488           ...      850      850                Jun-00
Zambia                    ...     2,499     2,499          ...     3,820    3,820               Dec-00
Memorandum item:
Debt relief committed  2,413     13,692   16,105       4,970     22,360   27,330
under original and enhanced frameworks
I/ In net present value (NPV) terms of the decision point year.
Source: HIPC country documents; and World Bank and IMF staff estimates.



HIPC Initiative                                  369
15-5. Social Expenditure for African HIPCs that Reached Decision Points"
(In millions of US dollars)
1999      2000      2001      2002
Benin
Social Expenditure                                 115       148       195       214 2/
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)  31        36        39        39
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                  5         6         7         7
Burkina Faso
Social Expenditure                                 141       142       165       192
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)  36        37        39        40
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                  5         5         6         6
Cameroonl"/
Social Expenditure                                 264       316       389       451
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)  16        18        21        22
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                  3         3         4         4
Chad"/
Social Expenditure                                  63        65        75        87
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)  50        58        54        56
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                  5         5         5         5
Ethiopia'/
Social Expenditure                                 268       351       502       595
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)  23        30        41        43
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                  4         6         8         9
The Gambia"
Social Expenditure                                  23        26        30        34
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)  29        30        33        35
Social. Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                 5         6         7         7
Guinea"
Social Expenditure                                 101       105       109       120 2/
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)  26        30        29        29
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                  4         3         3         3
Guinea-Bissau I/
Social Expenditure                                  26        30        42        47
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)  66        74        89        87
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                 12        13        17        16
Madagascar"/
Social Expenditure                                 156       188       223       277
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)  37        38        41        45
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                  4         5         5         6
Malawi"'
Social Expenditure                                  99       118       143       161
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)  34        33        32        32
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                  5         7         9        10
Mali
Social Expenditure                                  83        98       115       126
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)  18        22        24        23
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                  3         4         4         4
(Table continues on the following page)



370                                        HIPC Initiative
15-5. Social Expenditure for African HIPCs
(In millions of US dollars)
1999      2000       2001       2002
Mauritania
Social Expenditure                                     85         97        111       121
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)     30         34        37         38
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                     8          8         9          9
Mozambique
Social Expenditure                                    158        161        173       203
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)     32         30        29         30
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                     4          4         4          4
Nigerl/
Social Expenditure                                     99         85        112       132
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)     58         55        62         64
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                     5          4         6          6
Rwanda]/
Social Expenditure                                     75         73        89        108
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)     40         39        45         47
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                     4          4          5         6
Sao Tome and Principe"
Social Expenditure                                      8          8         9         12
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)     93         77        76         86
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                    17         17        20         22
Senegal
Social Expenditure                                    257        258       277        301 2/
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)     33         29        29         28
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                     6          5          5         5
Tanzania
Social Expenditure                                    289        327       361        379
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)     30         31        30         30
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                     3          4          4         4
Uganda
Social Expenditure                                    306        349       400        436 2/
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)     40         39        39         36
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                     5          6          6         6
Zambial"
Social Expenditure                                    167        152       248        263 2/
Social Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent)     30         24        39         38
Social Expenditure/GDP (in percent)                     5          5          7         7
Sources: HIPC country documents; and staff estimates.
1/ The figures for 2000 largely reflect social expenditure before HIPC relief because these countries reached their decision
points in late 2000 or (in Chad and Ethiopia's case) in 2001. Thus, the full impact of HIPC relief for them will not be felt
until 2001 or (for Chad and Ethiopia) in 2002.
2/ For the six countries where no data is available for 2002 (Benin, Bolivia, Guinea, Senegal, Uganda and Zambia), social
expenditure has been assumed to remain unchanged as a percentage of GDP from the previous year.



371
Figure 15-1. Comparative Debt Reduction and Debt Relief for African Decision Point
(Status as of December 2001)
Debt Reduction (%)                               Nominal Debt Service Relief ($ million)
100%  80%   60%  40%   20%   0%                                      0  1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
_-              I     I     _I                                                   I    I
I___________________   _ |G-Bissau                 Mozambique
_   Sao Tome &                         -         I   I    _
Principe                  Zambia
|:1::1| : -: - : Mozambique
Tanzania
Rwanda
|11111         Zambia                     Cameroon
Tanzania                      Uganda
Niger                        Ethiopia
Mauritania
Madagascar
Uganda
Mauritania
Ethiopia
Burkina                     Malawi
Faso
I l -- - - --  .  Malawi                      Niger
l |            Madagascar                      Mali
l           Mali                          Senegal-:
l          Guinea
Rwanda
Benin
I         Chad                          Guinea _
|        C     The Gambia              Guinea-Bissau
|        =     Cameroon                 Burkina Faso
L  L   Senegal                        Benin
Sao Tome and Principe
Chad
L                                                     The Gambia
Source: HIPC decision point documents.
Note: -- Debt reduction is measured by the common reduction factor. This refers to the percentage by which each creditor needs to reduce its debt stock at the decision
point so as to enable the country to reach its debt sustainability target. The calculation is based in net present (NPV) information.
-- For Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Guyana, Mali, Mozambique and Uganda assistance under the original and enhanced frameworks is combined.



372                                     The HIPC Initiative
Technicalnotes
Ta.bles                                            5/ The assistance for Madagascar is indicative and sub-
ject to change. The Malagasy authorities and Paris
Table 15.3 Debt Service forlndividualAfrican HIPCs   Club creditors would need to revisit the outstanding
that Reached Decision Points, by Country, 1998-2005  bilateral debt numbers. Also, minor adjustments need
to be incorporated in the case of three multilateral credi-
1/ Debt service due after the full use of traditional debt  tors. Consequently, the IMF Board approved US$790
relief mechanism and assistance under the enhanced  million in HIPC assistance, with the understanding that
HIPC initiative.                                   Madagascar's exact level of HIPC assistance will be
2/ On fiscal year basis, i.e. 2000 column shows FY 2000/  determined once such revisions are done.
2001.
3/ The debt service figure for 2000 largely reflects pre-
HIPC relief debt service because these countries did  Note: Debt service figures for 1998 and 1999 reflect
not reach their decision point until late in 2000. Thus,  debt relief already provided to Mozambique, and Uganda
the full impact of relief for these countries will not be  under the original framework.
felt until 2001 and thereafter.
4/ Debt service for 2000 is pre-HIPC, as decision point  The source for this table is HIPC country documents;
was reached in 2001.                             and World Bank and IMF staff estimates.



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