34393 2005 African Development Indicators from the World Bank Africa Database African Development Indicators 2005 The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright © 2005 by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing June 2005 1 2 3 4 08 07 06 05 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this book are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. 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For permission to reprint individual articles or chapters, please fax a request with complete information to the Republication Department, Copyright Clearance Center, fax 978-750-4470. All other queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, World Bank, at the address above or faxed to 202-522-2422. Cover photo collage adapted from collage created by Jeeyeon Seo. Photographs: man with wheat © Connie Coleman/Getty Images; elephants © Digital Vision/Getty Images; lioness © Corbis. All other images courtesy World Bank Photo Library. Cover design by Naylor Design, Washington, D.C. ISBN 0-8213-6078-7 e-ISBN 0-8213-6079-5 EAN: 978-0-8213-6078-1 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-6078-1 Contents Foreword xxi Preface xxv Acknowledgments xxvii Acronyms and Abbreviations xxix Introduction 1 1. Selected Background Data 4 1-1. Basic indicators 5 1-2. Population 6 Technical notes 10 2. National Accounts 13 2-1. Gross domestic product, real 15 2-2. Value added in agriculture 16 2-3. Value added in industry 17 2-4. Value added in services 18 2-5. Gross domestic product, nominal 19 2-6. Total consumption 20 2-7 General government consumption 21 2-8. Gross domestic investment 22 2-9. Gross public investment 23 2-10. Gross private investment 24 2-11. Gross domestic savings 25 2-12. Gross national savings 26 iii iv Contents 2-13. Resource balance 27 2-14. Exports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal 28 2-15. Imports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal 29 2-16. Exports of goods and nonfactor services, real 30 2-17. Imports of goods and nonfactor services, real 31 2-18. GDP growth 32 2-19. Gross National Income (GNI) per capita 33 2-20. Total consumption per capita 34 Technical notes 38 3. Prices and Exchange Rates 41 3-1. GDP deflator (local currency series) 42 3-2. GDP deflator (U.S. dollar series) 43 3-3. Consumer price index 44 3-4. Official exchange rate 45 3-5. SDR exchange rate index 46 3-6. Currency conversion factor 47 3-7. Parallel market exchange rate 48 3-8. Ratio of parallel market to official exchange rates 49 3-9. Real effective exchange rate index 50 Technical notes 52 4. Money and Banking 55 4-1. Domestic credit 56 4-2. Credit to the private sector 57 4-3. Credit to the government 58 4-4. Net foreign assets 59 4-5. Growth of money supply 60 4-6. Discount rate 61 4-7. Real discount rate 62 4-8. Commercial bank lending rate 63 4-9. Commercial bank deposit rate 64 Technical notes 67 5. External Sector 69 Balance of Payments 5-1. Merchandise exports, f.o.b. 70 5-2. Merchandise imports, f.o.b. 71 5-3. Exports of total services (nonfactor and factor) 72 5-4. Imports of total services (nonfactor and factor) 73 5-5. Net private transfers 74 5-6. Net official current transfers 75 5-7. Current account balance, excluding net capital grants 76 5-8. Current account balance, excluding net capital grants/GDP 77 5-9. Net capital grants 78 5-10. Net foreign direct investment 79 5-11. Net long-term borrowing 80 5-12. Other capital flows 81 Contents v 5-13. Use of reserves 82 5-14. Import coverage ratio of reserves 83 Prices 5-15. Export unit values 84 5-16. Import unit values 85 5-17. Terms of trade 86 Commodity Trade 5-18. Forest products exports 87 5-19. Petroleum exports 88 5-20. Copper exports 89 5-21. Iron exports 90 5-22. Phosphates exports 91 5-23. Cocoa exports 92 5-24. Coffee exports 93 5-25. Cotton exports 94 5-26. Groundnut exports 95 5-27. Oil palm products exports 96 5-28. Sisal exports 97 5-29. Tea exports 98 5-30. Sugar exports 99 5-31. Tobacco exports 100 5-32. Meat exports 101 5-33. Manufactured goods exports 102 5-34. Manufactured goods exports, growth 103 5-35. Food imports 104 5-36. Food imports, growth 105 5-37. Nonfood consumer goods imports 106 5-38. Nonfood consumer goods imports, growth 107 5-39. Fuel imports 108 5-40. Fuel imports, growth 109 5-41. Primary intermediate goods imports 110 5-42. Primary intermediate goods imports, growth 111 5-43. Manufactured goods imports 112 5-44. Manufactured goods imports, growth 113 5-45. Capital goods imports 114 5-46. Capital goods imports, growth 115 5-47. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1993 116 5-48. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1998 119 5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 2003 122 5-50. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1993 125 5-51. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1998 128 5-52. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 2003 131 5-53. Direction of export trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1993 134 5-54. Direction of export trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1998 137 5-55 Direction of export trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 2003 140 Technical notes 144 vi Contents 6. External Debt and Related Flows 149 6-1. Gross disbursements: official concessional long-term loans 151 6-2. Gross disbursements: official nonconcessional long-term loans 152 6-3. Gross disbursements: private long-term loans 153 6-4. Disbursements: long-term loans and IMF purchases 154 6-5. Amortization: official concessional long-term loans 155 6-6. Amortization: official nonconcessional long-term loans 156 6-7. Amortization: private long-term loans 157 6-8. Amortization: long-term loans and IMF repurchases 158 6-9. Interest payments: official concessional long-term loans 159 6-10. Interest payments: official nonconcessional long-term loans 160 6-11. Interest payments: private long-term loans 161 6-12. Interest payments: long-term loans and IMF charges 162 6-13. Total external debt service payments: long-term loans and IMF credit 163 6-14. Interest payments: short-term loans 164 6-15. Net flows: long- and short-term loans, including IMF 165 6-16. Net flows: long-term loans, including IMF 166 6-17. Net transfers: long- and short-term loans, including IMF 167 6-18. Net transfers: long-term loans, including IMF 168 6-19. Long-term debt: official concessional 169 6-20. Long-term debt: official nonconcessional 170 6-21. Long-term debt: private 171 6-22. Total external debt 172 6-23. Structure of external debt 173 6-24. Structure of external debt service payments 174 6-25. Average terms of new commitments in 2003 175 6-26. External debt and debt service ratios, 2003 176 Technical notes 179 7. Government Finance 182 7-1. Government deficit/surplus (including grants) 184 7-2. Government deficit/surplus (excluding grants) 185 7-3. Government primary deficit/surplus ( /+) 186 7-4. Government expenditure and lending minus repayments 187 7-5. Government interest payments 188 7-6. Government revenue (excluding grants) 189 7-7. Grants to government 190 7-8. Foreign financing 191 7-9. Taxes on income and profits 192 7-10. Taxes on international trade and transactions 193 7-11. Indirect taxes 194 7-12. Nontax revenue (excluding grants) 195 7-13. Government expenditure: wages and salaries 196 7-14. Government expenditure: trends in real wages and salaries 197 7-15. Government expenditure: other goods and services 198 7-16. Government expenditure: interest payments 199 7-17. Government expenditure: subsidies and current transfers 200 Contents vii 7-18. Government expenditure: capital and net lending 201 7-19. Government expenditure: trends in real defense spending 202 7-20. Government expenditure: real per capita education spending 203 Technical notes 205 8. Agriculture 209 8-1. Nominal producer prices 210 8-2. Food price index 216 8-3. Food production index 217 8-4. Nonfood production index 218 8-5. Food production per capita index 219 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop 220 8-7. Value of agricultural exports 224 8-8. Cereal production 225 8-9. Crop production index 226 8-10. Fertilizer use 227 8-11. Fertilizer imports 228 8-12. Area under permanent crops 229 8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop 230 8-14. Incidence of drought 235 Technical notes 241 9. Power, Communications, and Transportation 244 9-1. Electric power consumption per capita 245 9-2. Energy production and use 246 9-3. Telephone, radio, and television availability, 1996­03 247 9-4. Personal computers and Internet use 248 9-5. Vehicle ownership 249 9-6. Road-to-population ratio 250 9-7. Paved primary roads 251 9-8. Rail goods traffic-to-$PPP GDP ratio 252 9-9. Rail load-to-locomotive ratio 253 9-10. Air transport 254 Technical notes 255 10. Doing Business 258 10-1. Cost of starting & closing a business; and registering property, 2004 260 10-2. Details of contract enforcement, 2004 261 10-3. Investor protection, 2004 262 Technical notes 263 11. Labor Force and Employment 266 11-1. Number and gender structure of the labor force 268 11-2. Children under 14 working in the labor force 269 11-3. Unpaid family workers as share of active workers 270 11-4. Industrial structure of the labor force 271 11-5. Industrial structure of economically active population 272 viii Contents 11-6. Wages in agriculture 273 11-7. Wages in manufacturing 274 11-8. Wages in mining and quarrying 275 11-9. Wages in construction 276 11-10. Wages in transport, storage, and communications 277 11-11. Wages in community, social, and personal services 278 Technical notes 279 12. Aid Flows 283 12-1. Net aid from all donors, nominal 284 12-2. Net aid from DAC donors, nominal 285 12-3. Net aid from non-DAC bilateral donors, nominal 286 12-4. Net aid from multilateral donors, nominal 287 12-5. Net aid from all donors, real 288 12-6. Net aid from DAC donors, real 289 12-7. Net aid from non-DAC bilateral donors, real 290 12-8. Net aid from multilateral donors, real 291 12-9. Net aid from all donors as share of recipient GDP 292 12-10. Net aid from DAC donors as share of recipient GDP 293 12-11. Net aid from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDP 294 12-12. Net aid from all donors as share of recipient GDI 295 12-13. Net aid from DAC donors as share of recipient GDI 296 12-14. Net aid from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDI 297 12-15. Net aid per capita from all donors 298 12-16. Net aid per capita from DAC donors 299 12-17. Net aid per capita from multilateral donors 300 Technical notes 303 13. Social Indicators 306 13-1. Age and gender structure of the population 308 13-2. Poverty 309 13-3. Income distribution 310 13-4. Urbanization 311 13-5. Components of population change 312 13-6. Survival prospects 313 13-7 HIV/AIDS estimates and data, end 2003 314 13-8. Immunization and ORT use 315 13-9. Child malnutrition 316 13-10. Access to sanitation facilities 317 13-11. Access to safe water 318 13-12. Health expenditure 319 13-13. Health care 320 13-14. Literacy rate 321 13-15. Primary school gross enrollment ratio 322 13-16. Pupil progression 323 13-17. Net primary enrollment ratio 324 Contents ix 13-18. Number of school teachers 325 13-19. Pupil/teacher ratio 326 13-20. Secondary school gross enrollment ratio 327 13-21. Public expenditure on education 328 13-22. Economic opportunities of women 329 13-23. Household and economic participation of women 330 Technical notes 336 14. Environmental Indicators 341 14-1. Forest resources, 1990­2000 343 14-2. Forest ecosystems, 1990­99 344 14-3. Wood production and trade, 2000­02 345 14-4. Freshwater resources and withdrawals, 1970­2004 346 14-5. Marine and freshwater catches, aquaculture, balance of trade, and fish consumption 347 14-6. Energy production by source 348 14-7. Energy consumption by economic sector 349 14-8. CO2 emissions from industrial processes, 1999 350 14-9. Globally threatened species: mammals, birds, and higher plants, 1992­2004 351 14-10. Globally threatened species: reptiles, amphibians, and fish, 1992­2004 352 14-11. National protection of natural areas, 2003­2004 353 14-12. International protected areas, 2004 354 Technical notes 355 15. The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative 361 15-1. HIPC Initiative: flow chart 363 15-2. Grouping of African HIPC countries: status as of December 2004 364 15-3. External debt service for individual African HIPCs that reached decision points, by country, 1998­2007 365 15-4. Committed debt relief and outlook for African HIPCs, status as of December 2004 367 15-5. Poverty-reducing expenditure for African HIPCs that reached decision points 368 Technical notes 371 16. Household Welfare 373 16-1. Burundi 375 16-2. Burkina Faso 376 16-3. Cameroon 377 16-4. Côte d'Ivoire 378 16-5. Ethiopia 379 16-6. Gambia, The 380 16-7. Ghana 381 16-8. Kenya 382 16-9. Madagascar 383 16-10. Malawi 384 16-11. Mozambique 385 16-12. São Tomé and Principe 386 16-13. Sierra Leone 387 x Contents 16-14. Uganda 388 16-15. Zambia 389 Technical Notes 390 17. Privatization of Public Enterprises 394 17-1. Summary of privatization of public enterprises 395 17-2. Divestiture methods employed (to end 2002) 396 17-3. Progress in privatization: ownership and control changes 397 Technical notes 398 Bibliography 401 Figures 1-1. Development diamonds for all African countries, 2003 7 1-2. Selected basic indicators, 2003 9 2-1. Gross domestic product, 2003 35 2-2. GDP and export growth rates, average 2002­2003 36 2-3. Composition of GDP, 2003 37 3-1. Real effective exchange rate, 2003 51 4-1. Credit to private and public sectors as a share of GDP, 2003 65 4-2. Real discount rate, average 1994­2003 66 5-1. Terms of trade gains and losses, average 1994­2003 143 6-1. Debt service ratio (ex post), 2003 177 6-2. Debt to GDP ratio, 2003 178 7.1 Government deficit as percentage of GDP, 1994­2003 204 8-1. Food price index, 2003 236 8-2. Food production per capita index, 2003 237 8-3. Food and nonfood production index, 2003 238 8-4. Agriculture exports, 1997 239 8-5. Drought, 1980­2004 240 12-1. Total net aid as a share of recipient GDP, 2003 301 12-2. Total net aid per capita, 2003 302 13-1. Life expectancy, 2003 331 13-2. GDP per capita based on PPP, 2003 332 13-3. Urban population as a percentage of total population, 2003 333 13-4. Primary school gross enrollment ratio, 2002 334 13-5. Maternal mortality, 1999 335 15-1. Nominal debt service relief for African decision point countries 370 Table des matières Avant-propos xxi Préface xxv Remerciements xxvii Acronymes et abréviations xxix Introduction 1 1. Statisques de base 4 1-1. Indicateurs généraux 5 1-2. Population 6 Notes techniques 10 2. Comptes nationaux 13 2-1. Produit intérieur brut, à prix constants 15 2-2. Valuer ajoutée dans l'agriculture 16 2-3. Valuer ajoutée dans l'industrie 17 2-4. Valuer ajoutée dans les services 18 2-5. Produit intérieur brut, à prix courants 19 2-6. Consommation totale 20 2-7. Consommation du gouvernement central 21 2-8. Investissement brut 22 2-9. Investissement brut de l'Etat 23 2-10. Investissement brut du secteur privé 24 2-11. Epargne intérieure brute 25 2-12. Epargne nationale brute 26 xi xii Table des matières 2-13. Solde des ressources 27 2-14. Exportations de biens et services (non facteurs), à prix courants 28 2-15. Importations de biens et services (non facteurs), à prix courants 29 2-16. Exportations de biens et services (non facteurs), à prix constants 30 2-17. Importations de biens et services (non facteurs), à prix constants 31 2-18. Croissance du PIB 32 2-19. Revenu national brut par habitant 33 2-20. Consommation totale par habitant 34 Notes techniques 38 3. Prix et taux de change 41 3-1. Déflateur du PIB (série en monnaie locale) 42 3-2. Déflateur du PIB (série en dollar des Etats-Unis) 43 3-3. Indice des prix à la consommation 44 3-4. Taux de change officiel 45 3-5. Indice de taux de change du DTS 46 3-6. Facteur de conversion des monnaies 47 3-7. Taux de change sur les marchés parallèles 48 3-8. Rapport du taux de change parallèle et du taux de change officiel 49 3-9. Taux de change effectif réel 50 Notes techniques 52 4. Monnaie et banque 55 4-1. Crédit intérieur 56 4-2. Crédit au secteur privé 57 4-3. Crédit au gouvernement 58 4-4. Avoirs extérieurs nets 59 4-5. Croissance de la masse monétaire 60 4-6. Taux d'escompte 61 4-7. Taux d'escompte réel 62 4-8. Taux débiteur des banques commerciales 63 4-9. Taux de rémuneration des dépôts dans les banques commerciales 64 Notes techniques 67 5. Secteur extérieur 69 Balance des paiements 5-1. Exportations de marchandises, f.o.b. 70 5-2. Importations de marchandises, f.o.b. 71 5-3. Exportations totales de services (nonfacteur et facteur) 72 5-4. Importations totales de services (nonfacteur et facteur) 73 5-5. Transferts privés nets 74 5-6. Transferts courants officiels nets 75 5-7. Solde des transactions courantes, hors transferts nets en capital 76 5-8. Ratio de la solde des transactions courantes, hors transferts nets en capital, au PIB 77 5-9. Transferts nets de capital 78 5-10. Investissements directs nets 79 Table des matières xiii 5-11. Emprunts à long terme nets 80 5-12. Autres flux de capitaux 81 5-13. Utilisation des réserves 82 5-14. Taux de couverture des importations 83 Prix 5-15. Valeurs unitaires des exportations 84 5-16. Valeurs unitaires des importations 85 5-17. Termes de l'échange 86 Commerce de marchandises 5-18. Exportations de produits forestiers 87 5-19. Exportations de pétrole 88 5-20. Exportations de cuivre 89 5-21. Exportations de fer 90 5-22. Exportations de phosphates 91 5-23. Exportations de cacao 92 5-24. Exportations de café 93 5-25. Exportations de coton 94 5-26. Exportations d'arachides 95 5-27. Exportations d'huile de palme et produits dérivés 96 5-28. Exportations de sisal 97 5-29. Exportations de thé 98 5-30. Exportations de sucre 99 5-31. Exportation de tabac 100 5-32. Exportations de viande 101 5-33. Exportations de produits manufacturés 102 5-34. Exportations de produits manufacturés, taux de croissance 103 5-35. Importations de produits alimentaires 104 5-36. Importations de produits alimentaires, taux de croissance 105 5-37. Importations d'autres biens de consommation 106 5-38. Importations d'autres biens de consommation, taux de croissance 107 5-39. Importations de carburants 108 5-40. Importations de carburants, taux de croissance 109 5-41. Importations de biens de consommation intermédiaires primaires 110 5-42. Importations de biens de consommation intermédiaires primaires, taux de croissance 111 5-43. Importations de produits manufacturés 112 5-44. Importations de produits manufacturés, taux de croissance 113 5-45. Importations de biens d'équipement 114 5-46. Importations de biens d'équipement, taux de croissance 115 5-47. Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, 1993 116 5-48. Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, 1998 117 5-49. Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, 2003 122 5-50. Matrice de directions du commerce, exportations, 1993 125 5-51. Matrice de directions du commerce, exportations, 1998 128 5-52. Matrice de directions du commerce, exportations, 2003 131 5-53. Matrice de directions du commerce, à prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, 1993 134 xiv Table des matières 5-54. Matrice de directions du commerce, à prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, 1998 137 5-55. Matrice de directions du commerce, à prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, 2003 140 Notes techniques 144 6. Dette extérieure et flux correspondant 149 6-1. Décaissements bruts: prêts officiels concessionnels à long terme 151 6-2. Décaissements bruts: prêts officiels non concessionnels à long terme 152 6-3. Décaissements bruts: prêts privés à long terme 153 6-4. Décaissements à long terme: prêts officiels et achats au FMI 154 6-5. Amortissement: prêts officiels concessionnels à long terme 155 6-6. Amortissement: prêts officiels non concessionnels à long terme 156 6-7. Amortissement: prêts privés à long terme 157 6-8. Amortissement: prêts à long terme et rachats au FMI 158 6-9. Paiements d'intérêts: prêts officiels concessionnels à long terme 159 6-10. Paiements d'intérêts: prêts officiels non concessionnels à long terme 160 6-11. Paiements d'intérêts: prêts privés à long terme 161 6-12. Paiements d'intérêts: prêts à long terme et rémunérations du FMI 162 6-13. Service de la dette extérieure: prêts à long terme et crédits du FMI 163 6-14. Paiements d'intérêts: prêts à court terme 164 6-15. Flux nets: prêts à court terme et à long terme, y compris FMI 165 6-16. Flux nets: prêts à long terme, y compris FMI 166 6-17. Transferts nets: prêts à court terme et à long terme, y compris FMI 167 6-18. Transferts nets: prêts à long terme, y compris FMI 168 6-19. Dette à long terme: officielle concessionnelle 169 6-20. Dette à long terme: officielle non concessionnelle 170 6-21. Dette à long terme: privée 171 6-22. Dette extérieure totale 172 6-23. Structure de la dette extérieure 173 6-24. Structure du service de la dette extérieure 174 6-25. Conditions moyennes des nouveaux engagements en 2003 175 6-26. Ratios de la dette extérieure et du service de la dette extérieure, 2003 176 Notes techniques 179 7. Finances publiques 182 7-1. Solde budgétaire (dons compris) 184 7-2. Solde budgétaire (hors dons) 185 7-3. Solde budgétaire primaire déficit/excédent ( /+) 186 7-4. Dépenses publiques et prêts moins recouvrements 187 7-5. Intérêts, sur la dette publique 188 7-6. Recettes publiques (hors dons) 189 7-7. Dons reçus 190 7-8. Financements extérieurs 191 7-9. Impôts sur le revenu 192 7-10. Impôts sur le commerce extérieur et les transactions internationales 193 7-11. Impôts indirects 194 7-12. Recettes non fiscales (hors dons) 195 Table des matières xv 7-13. Dépenses publiques: salaires 196 7-14. Dépenses publiques: tendances des salaires réels 197 7-15. Dépenses publiques: autres biens et services 198 7-16. Dépenses publiques: intérêts 199 7-17. Dépenses publiques: subventions et transferts courants 200 7-18. Dépenses publiques: dépenses en capital et prêts nets 201 7-19. Dépenses publiques: tendances des dépenses réelles de défense nationale 202 7-20. Dépenses publiques: dépenses réelles d'éducation par habitant 203 Notes techniques 205 8. Agriculture 209 8-1. Prix aux producteurs 210 8-2. Indice des prix des produits alimentaires 216 8-3. Indice de la production alimentaire 217 8-4. Indice de la production non alimentaire 218 8-5. Indice de la production alimentaire par habitant 219 8-6. Volume de la production alimentaire, par principales cultures 220 8-7. Valeur des exportations agricoles 224 8-8. Production des céréales 225 8-9. Aide alimentaire 226 8-10. Utilisation d'engrais 227 8-11. Importations d'engrais 228 8-12. Aires cultivées, par permanentes cultures 229 8-13. Rendements agricoles par principales cultures 230 8-14. Incidence de sécheresse 235 Notes techniques 241 9. Energie, communications et transports 244 9-1. Consommation électrique par habitant 245 9-2. Production et consommation d'énergie 246 9-3. Disponibilité de téléphone, radio et télévision, 1996­2003 247 9-4. Ordinateurs personnels et utilization de l'Internet 248 9-5. Appartenance des véhicules 249 9-6. Ratio routes/population 250 9-7. Routes primaires recouvertes 251 9-8. Ratio circulation ferroviaire/PIB ($PPA) 252 9-9. Ratio chargements ferroviaires/locomotives 253 9-10. Transport aérien 254 Notes techniques 255 10. Pratique des affaires 258 10-1. Création et fermeture d'entreprises; enregistrement de la propriété 2004 260 10-2. Exécution des contrats, 2004 261 10-3. Protection des investisseurs, 2004 262 Notes techniques 263 xvi Table des matières 11. Population active et emploi 266 11-1. Nombre d'emplois et structure par sexe de la population active 268 11-2. Proportion des enfants de moins de 14 qui travaillent 269 11-3. Travailleurs familiaux non rémunéré faisant partie des travailleurs actifs 270 11-4. Structure de la main d'oeuvre par industries 271 11-5. Structure industrielle de la population économiquement active 272 11-6. Salaires dans l'agriculture 273 11-7. Salaires dans l'industrie manufacturière 274 11-8. Salaires dans l'industrie minière et les carrières 275 11-9. Salaires dans le secteur du bâtiment 276 11-10. Salaires dans les transports, l'entreposage et les communications 277 11-11. Salaires dans le secteur social et des services personnels 278 Notes techniques 279 12. Flux d'aide 283 12-1. Aide au développement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds 284 12-2. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD 285 12-3. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds n'appartenant pas au CAD 286 12-4. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilatéraux 287 12-5. Aide au développement, nette réelle, de tous les bailleurs de fonds 288 12-6. Aide au développement, nette réelle, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD 289 12-7. Aide au développement, nette réelle, des bailleurs de fonds n'appartenant pas au CAD 290 12-8. Aide au développement, nette réelle, des bailleurs de fonds multilatéraux 291 12-9. Aide au développement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds, en pourcentage du PIB du pays bénéficiaire 292 12-10. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD en pourcentage du PIB du pays bénéficiaire 293 12-11. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilatéraux en pourcentage du PIB du pays bénéficiaire 294 12-12. Aide au développement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds en pourcentage de l'investissement brut du pays bénéficiaire 295 12-13. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD en pourcentage de l'investissement brut du pays bénéficiaire 296 12-14. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilatéraux en pourcentage de l'investissement brut du pays bénéficiaire 297 12-15. Aide au développement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds, par habitant 298 12-16. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD, par habitant 299 12-17. Aide au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilatéraux, par habitant 300 Notes techniques 303 13. Indicateurs sociaux 306 13-1. Structure de la population par âge et par sexe 308 13-2. Pauvreté 309 13-3. Distribution des revenus 310 13-4. Urbanisation 311 13-5. Composantes des changements de la population 312 Table des matières xvii 13-6. Espérance de survie 313 13.7. Éstimation et données sur le VIH/SIDA, fin 2003 314 13-8. Vaccinations et utilisation de la TRO 315 13-9. Malnutrition enfantine 316 13-10. Accès aux installations sanitaires 317 13-11. Accès à l'eau potable 318 13-12. Dépenses dans le secteur de la santé 319 13-13. Soins de santé 320 13-14. Taux alphabétisation 321 13-15. Taux brut de scolarisation dans le primaire 322 13-16. Taux de progression des écoliers 323 13-17. Taux net de scolarisation primaire 324 13-18. Nombre d'enseignants 325 13-19. Taux élèves/enseignants 326 13-20. Taux brut de scolarisation dans le secondaire 327 13-21. Dépenses publiques pour l'éducation 328 13-22. Possibilités économiques ouvertes aux femmes 329 13-23. Ménage et participation des femmes aux activités économiques 330 Notes techniques 336 14. Indicateurs concernant l'environnement 341 14-1. Ressources forestières, 1990­2000 343 14-2. Ecosystème forestier, 1990­99 344 14-3. Production et commerce des bois, 2000­2002 345 14-4. Ressources d'eau douce et retraits, 1970­2004 346 14-5. Consommation des ressources maritimes et d'eau douce, aquaculture, balance commerciale, et des poissons 347 14-6. Production d'énergie par secteur 348 14-7. Consommation d'énergie par secteur 349 14-8. Emissions de CO2 résultant de l'activité industrielle, 1999 350 14-9. Espèces menacées: mammifères, oiseaux, et plantes supérieures, 1992­2004 351 14-10. Espèces menacées: reptiles, amphibiens, et poissons, 1992­2004 352 14-11. Protection nationale des zones naturelles, 2003­2004 353 14-12. Zones protégées internationales, 2004 354 Notes techniques 355 15. Initiative pour alléger l'endettement des pays pauvres très endettés (PPTE) 361 15-1. Initiative PPTE: tableau d'évolution 363 15-2. Groupement des PPTE en Afrique: situation, 1 décembre 2004 364 15-3. Service de la dette externe des PPTE africains qui ont atteint leurs points de décision, par pays, 1998­2007 365 15-4. Engagements au titre de l'allègement de la dette et l'aperçu des PPTE africains: situation, décembre 2004 367 15-5. Dépenses sociales des PPE africains parvenus au point de décision 368 Notes techniques 371 xviii Table des matières 16. Bien-être des Ménages 373 16-1. Burundi 375 16-2. Burkina Faso 376 16-3. Cameroun 377 16-4. Côte d'Ivoire 378 16-5. Éthiopie 379 16-6. Gambie 380 16-7. Ghana 381 16-8. Kenya 382 16-9. Madagascar 383 16-10. Malawi 384 16-11. Mozambique 385 16-12. São Tomé et Principe 386 16-13. Sierra Léone 387 16-14. Uganda 388 16-15. Zambie 389 Notes techniques 390 17. Privatisation des entreprises publiques 394 17-1. Tableau synoptique d'activité de privatisation des entreprises publiques 395 17-2. Les techniques de privatisation utilisées (jusqu' à la fin 2002) 396 17-3. Progrès dans la privatization: changement dans la propriété et le contrôle 397 Notes techniques 398 Références 401 Graphiques 1-1. Losange du développement, 2003 7 1-2. Indicateurs de base, 2003 9 2-1. Produit intérieur brut, 2003 35 2-2. Croissance du PIB et des exportations, 2002­2003 36 2-3. Composition du PIB, 2003 37 3-1. Taux de change effectif réel, 2003 51 4-1. Crédit au secteur privé et au secteur public, en pourcentage du PIB, 2003 65 4-2. Taux d'escompte réel, 1994­2003 66 5-1. Amélioration/détérioration des termes de l'échange, 1994­2003 143 6-1. Ratio du service de la dette (ex post), 2003 177 6-2. Ratio dette totale/PIB, 2003 178 7-1. Solde budgétaire en pourcentage du PIB, 1994­2003 204 Table des matières xix 8-1. Indice de la production agricole, 2003 236 8-2. Indice de la production alimentaire par habitant, 2003 237 8-3. Indice de la production alimentaire et non alimentaire, 2003 238 8-4. Sécheresse, 1980­2004 240 12-1. Aide au développement nette totale en pourcentage du PIB des pays bénéficiaires, 2003 301 12-2. Aide au développement nette totale par habitant, 2003 302 13-1. Espérance de vie, 2003 331 13-2. PIB par habitant sur base de la parité des pouvoirs d'achat, 2003 332 13-3. Population urbaine en pourcentage de la population totale, 2003 333 13-4. Taux de scolarisation primaire, 2002 334 13-5. Mortalité maternelle, 1999 335 15-1. Réduction de l'endettement et allègement de la dette pour 22 pays parvenus au point de décision 370 Foreword With nearly 700 million people in 47 countries, Sub- poverty reduction at both a national and regional Saharan Africa continues to present the world with level. its most formidable development challenge. Africa is · A substantial improvement in economic gover- home to 34 of the world's 48 poorest countries. The nance has taken place across Sub-Saharan average income, excluding the Republic of South Africa; since the mid-1990s, the gross domestic Africa, is only US$342 per person. Of the 32 coun- product (GDP) in 15 countries grew consistently tries in the world with the lowest levels of human de- at a rate over 6 percent per year. velopment, 24 are in Africa, and few countries on the · Several countries have increased exports by continent are on track to meet many of the Millen- more than 10 percent per year; new exports-- nium Development Goals (MDGs). In contrast to cut flowers, horticultural products, and other regions, in which poverty levels have declined manufactures--are reaching an increasingly dramatically over the past four decades, the number diverse set of markets. of poor people in Africa has increased. From 1981 to · Skilled political leadership, international sup- 2001, the number of Africans living in poverty dou- port, and Africans' desire for peace have led to bled from 164 million to 314 million. real progress in addressing conflicts--Uganda, Yet we are making progress in crucial areas, and Rwanda, and Mozambique are examples of many are calling 2005 "the Year of Africa." countries that have made turnarounds. · Gross national income (GNI) per head aver- aged $506 in Sub-Saharan Africa, ranging from Economic Growth. However, achieving the Millen- under $100 per head in Burundi to over $7000 in nium Development Goals requires still broader and the Seychelles. faster progress and a sharpened focus on economic · Access to Information and Communication growth. Historically, growth has not been sufficient Technologies (ICT) while still limited, is in- to reduce poverty in Africa substantially. Despite creasing. In 2002, there were about 12 personal progress in some countries, overall growth in Africa computers per thousand people in Sub-Saharan has averaged about 3 percent, compared to the 5 per- Africa, a rise of more than 30 percent from 2000. cent needed to keep the number of poor from rising · Africa's political leadership is taking owner- and the 7 percent needed to achieve the goal of halv- ship of conflict resolution, good governance, and ing poverty by 2015. GDP growth in Sub-Saharan xxi xxii Foreward Africa in 2003 was 3.9 percent, barely exceeding the Ethiopia and Mali, for example, the growth of house- growth of the population. hold consumption by the bottom 20 percent of the population lagged behind mean consumption be- International Trade. Low growth is closely linked tween 1981 and 2001. During this same period in with trade performance. From 1970 until the end of Madagascar and Ghana, consumption by the poorest the 1990s, Africa's share of world trade dropped from 20 percent increased at a rate greater than the mean in 3.5 percent to 1.5 percent. That decline translates to some years and less in others. A strategy of shared an amount equivalent to one-fifth of the GDP of Sub- growth that invests in the poor to help them to con- Saharan Africa, or about $70 billion annually, five tribute to and benefit from the growth process is times the level of development assistance. To sustain needed. a broad-based export drive, Africa needs more effi- cient ports, smoother customs administration and Health and Education Improvements. Central to a processes, and rehabilitated roads. Additionally, any shared growth strategy are greater investments in strategy to accelerate international trade must em- such areas as education, health, and rural develop- brace agriculture, which accounts for 70 percent of ment, accompanied by improvements in the delivery Africa's labor force and 40 percent of its exports. Ex- of these services to the poor. HIV/AIDS, for exam- panding the contribution that international trade can ple, already may be costing Africa 1 percent of per- make to growth depends on effective regional inte- capita income growth per year. Each year nearly gration. African economies remain small and frag- 1 million Africa pupils lose a teacher to the epidemic. mented, with intraregional trade accounting for only About 150,000 African children die per month as a about 10 percent of total trade. "Open regionalism"-- result of malaria, the "silent Tsunami." Public inter- using regional solutions to integrate more fully into vention, which could prevent this, will have to be a global markets--is needed to support national efforts substantial effort. Health expenditures averaged only to boost trade. $13 per head in Sub-Saharan Africa, excluding South Africa, and were below $10 per head in 16 countries. Private Sector Growth. Africa's private sector--too Education trends are somewhat more favorable, with long marginalized--must be given the space it needs a steady fall in illiteracy, from 42 percent in 1997 to to realize its potential as an engine for growth and job 35 percent in 2003. The gross primary enrollment creation. The private sector includes not only a handful rate at 96 percent has recovered and now exceeds its of large corporations involved in mining or industry, 1980 level of 80 percent. but the full array of private actors in the economy-- including small enterprises, the service sector, and Role of International Community. Africa is the farms--where the largest share of the African popu- major test of the international community's determi- lation earns its living. Of a total US$135 billion nation to defeat global poverty. This can only be of foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2003, only accomplished through a strong partnership, led by US$9 billion went to Sub-Saharan Africa, and half of Africans and supported by the international commu- that went to only three oil-exporting countries. The nity. Here, too, are some positive signs. Net aid to challenge is to raise the capacity of African countries Sub-Saharan Africa rose about 40 percent in 2003, to attract and make good use private investors, large because of higher bilateral and multilateral flows. and small, foreign and domestic, which in turn will As of July 2004, 11 countries had reached Heavily require improvements in education, infrastructure, Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) debt relief decision and governance. points and 12 had reached completion points. Total debt service relief represented about $43 billion, and Shared Growth Strategy. Growth alone, however, is pro-poor expenditures had begun to increase in most not sufficient. In Africa, the fortunes of the poor have of the countries. However, much remains to be done; changed over time and across countries, depending on a per-capita basis development assistance at $37 is on the pattern of growth and external shocks. In still below its level in 1992 of US$40. Foreward xxiii African Development Indicators 2005. As in pre- CD-ROM, together with a user-friendly interface to vious years, African Development Indicators (ADI) facilitate downloading and analysis. Directions for 2005 assembles economic, social, and environmental obtaining both the publication and the CD-ROM can data from a variety of sources to present a broad pic- be found on the World Bank's external web site ture of development across Africa. Some of the key (www.worldbank.org). With increased demand for improvements in this year's edition are the reduction information to monitor poverty reduction strategies, of macroeconomic and other data lags, enabling ex- national development programs, and the Millennium ternal debt reporting up to 2003 and updates on the Development Goals, and access to electronic media HIPC initiative. Chapter 12 on aid flows includes widening in Africa, ADI will evolve further with the Official Development Assistance to the region that goal of offering the most relevant information to is not allocated by country. The Household Welfare monitor development progress in a combination of Chapter 16 contains a more recent set of standardized print and electronic forms. We welcome user feed- household indicators for selected countries. New back and suggestions for improving ADI in future tables have been added on the cost of "Doing years. Business." The detailed World Bank Africa Database 2005, consisting of almost 1200 indicators, including the World Bank's Country at a Glance Tables and an John Page electronic copy of ADI 2005, is available on Chief Economist, Africa Region Preface African Development Indicators 2005 continues the staff estimates to help address problems of missing or data publication series started by the World Bank in inconsistent data from standard sources. Some of the 1989 with African Economic and Financial Data estimation methods used here differ from methods (published jointly with the United Nations Develop- used in other sources. This volume addresses these ment Programme), followed by African Development differences in methodologies in the chapter introduc- Indicators 1992, 1994/95, 1996, 1997, 1998/99, tions and in the technical notes. 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004. These data vol- In the tradition of the first nine volumes, this data umes are intended to provide Africans and those in- collection is intended to serve as a prime source of terested in Africa with a consistent and convenient information on Africa. Its wide dissemination to set of data to monitor development programs and aid African and non-African analysts and policymakers flows in the region. Each successive volume provides will contribute to a better understanding of Africa access to more focused information and represents and to development on that continent. an improvement in the quality and availability of the data. The data in this volume derive from a variety of sources. In most cases, the original source is national statistical services in Africa. In addition, many inter- national agencies collect or compile data on Africa Gerard A. Byam and organize national data in a standardized frame- Director, Operational Quality and Knowledge work. This volume draws heavily from such sources. Services The data have been supplemented by World Bank Africa Region xxv Acknowledgments This volume was produced by the Operational Qual- Rowe, and the data in the chapter on privatization of ity and Knowledge Services of the Africa Region, in public enterprises was provided by Nikolay Madinga. collaboration with the Development Data Group of The HIV/AIDS table was prepared with data from the Development Economics Vice Presidency. the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS The volume was prepared by a team led by Vildan (UNAIDS). In addition, many World Bank staff Verbeek-Demiraydin comprising Zena Angesom, provided information on their countries or their Francoise Genouille, Rose Mungai, Kadra Nour, Joan economic or sectoral specialties. Pandit, and Christophe Rockmore. Valuable guidance The World Bank Office of the Publisher­in par- was provided by the Africa Chief Economist's office ticular, Richard A. Crabbe, Mary Fisk, Nancy A. and Tariqul Khan. Lammers, and Stuart Tucker­prepared and coordi- The chapters on national accounts, balance of pay- nated final production of the book including desktop ments, trade, and government finance draw heavily publishing. Other staff aided and advised on the de- on the work of World Bank Africa country desks. The sign and content of this volume. chapters on power, communications and transporta- ADI 2005 was produced primarily using the data tion, labor force, and social indicators tap the World reporting tool of the Africa Live Database (LDB) sys- Bank's World Development Indicators database. The tem. This tool was programmed to generate automat- chapter on external debt is heavily drawn from the ically all the tables in this volume and can be used for Debt Reporting System (DRS) of the World Bank, other publications. Using data warehousing technol- while the chapter on environment was prepared with ogy, the LDB instantly recalculates all indicators and data from the World Resources Institute. The chapter aggregates them once new information is available. on "Doing Business" is drawn from the World Bank's This guarantees that the most recent data are reflected Doing Business database. The update for the chapter in this and future volumes. on the HIPC Initiative was provided by Francis xxvii Acronyms and Abbreviations ADB African Development Bank DRS Debtor Reporting System ADI African Development Indicators (World Bank) AEFD African Economic and Financial ECA Economic Commission for Africa Data (UNDP/World Bank 1989) ESAF Enhanced Structural Adjustment AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Facility Social Development FAO UN Food and Agriculture BADEA Arab Bank for Economic Organization Development in Africa FDI Foreign direct investment BIS Bank for International Settlements f.o.b. Free on board CDIAC Carbon Dioxide Information GDF Global Development Finance Analysis Center (formerly World Debt Tables CFA Communauté Financière Africane [WDT]) (franc zone) GDI Gross domestic investment CIDA Canadian International GDP Gross domestic product Development Agency GDS Gross domestic savings c.i.f. Cost, insurance, freight GFS Government Finance Statistics CITES Convention on International Trade (IMF) in Endangered Species of Wild GNFS Goods and nonfactor services Flora and Fauna GNI Gross national income CMEA Council for Mutual Economic GNP Gross national product Assistance GNS Gross national savings COMTRADE Commodity Trade database HIPC Heavily indebted poor countries (United Nations) IBRD International Bank for CPI Consumer price index Reconstruction and DAC Development Assistance Development Committee of the OECD ICP International Comparison Project DDG Development Data Group, IDA International Development World Bank Association xxix xxx Acronyms and Abbreviations IEA International Energy Agency SIMA Statistical Information IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Management and Analysis Development Database (World Bank) IFS International Financial Statistics SITC UN Standard International Trade (IMF) Classification ILO International Labour SNA System of National Accounts Organization UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme IMF International Monetary Fund on HIV/AIDS ISIC UN International Standard UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Industrial Classification Trade and Development ITU International Telecommunication UNDP United Nations Development Union Programme IUCN International Union for UNECE United Nations Economic Conservation of Nature and Commission for Europe Natural Resources UNEP United Nations Environment LIBOR London interbank offered rate Programme LIMIC Low-income and middle-income UNESCO United Nations Education, countries Scientific, and Cultural MBO Management employee Organization buyout UNHCR United Nations High METMIN Metals and Minerals Database Commissioner for Refugees (World Bank) UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund MPA Marine protected area UNIDO United Nations Industrial NPV Net present value Development Organization ODA Official development assistance UNSO United Nations Statistical Office OECD Organisation for Economic UNSTAT United Nations Statistical Co-operation and Development Department OPEC Organization of Petroleum UNTA United Nations Technical Exporting Countries Assistance ORT Oral rehydration therapy WFP World Food Programme PE Public enterprise WHO World Health Organization PPP Purchasing power parity WRI World Resources Institute SDA Social dimensions of adjustment ZIMCO Zambia Industrial and Mining SDR Special drawing right Corporation Introduction T he task of monitoring Africa's development underlying data series, as well as estimates progress and aid flows requires basic empiri- made by Bank staff. cal data that can be readily used by analysts. · A new chapter on "Doing Business" has been This publication--which is the tenth in a series that added. began with African Economic and Financial Data (AEFD) and was followed by African Development However, substantial data gaps remain, notably in Indicators (ADI) 1992, 1994/95, 1996, 1997, areas such as public enterprises, gender, and labor. 1998/99, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004--is Strengthening the statistical capacity in African meant to provide a starting point to fulfill that task. countries is an ongoing process, and greater efforts This volume has been able to extend the work of and institutional support will be required if substan- the previous volumes in this series in the following tial improvements are to be made. ways: This volume presents the available relevant data for · Most macroeconomic data (in particular, na- 1980­2003, grouped into 17 chapters: background tional accounts, balance of payments, govern- data; national accounts; prices and exchange rates; ment finance statistics, and trade) reflect data money and banking; external sector; external debt maintained by World Bank country desks, often and related flows; government finance; agriculture; referred to as operational data. These data are power, communications, and transportation; doing often more up to date and offer better country business; labor force and employment; aid flows; so- coverage than the data stored in the Bank's cen- cial indicators; environmental indicators; HIPC; tral files, the Statistical Information Manage- household surveys; and public enterprises. Chap- ment and Analysis Database (SIMA), which ter 14 (environmental indicators) was once again were used in publications before 1998. SIMA is taken from the World Resources Institute's World a large database that contains some, but not all, Resources 2002­2004: Decisions for Earth: Balance, data produced by Bank staff--operational and Voice and Power, which is a repeat from ADI 2004. other--and some, but not all, data produced by Each chapter begins with a brief introduction on UN agencies. the nature of the data, followed by a set of charts, sta- · The coverage of many of the data series has tistical tables, and technical notes. These notes define been improved, reflecting enhancements in the the indicators and identify specific sources. 1 2 Introduction A companion CD-ROM, known as World Bank (IMF), and other agencies sometimes make estimates Africa Database 2005, provides year-by-year time se- on the basis of available secondary information to fill ries of most chapters back to 1970. These series will critical gaps in national reporting, especially for the provide analysts with data needed to help place the most recent years, when data cannot be readily pro- most recent years in a historical context. duced by national statistical sources. Nonetheless, The data in this volume incorporate numerous revi- data gaps exist for many indicators, and some coun- sions to those published previously in the series for tries are covered only sporadically. several reasons: Readers are urged to take these limitations into ac- · Many of the data that were based on esti- count in using the data and interpreting the indicators, mates in the earlier volumes have been replaced particularly when making comparisons across eco- with updated actual data or improved estimates. nomies. Weaknesses in the data point to the need for In most cases, these changes reflect revisions strengthened statistical systems throughout the region. made by the original reporting authorities or As a visual aid to data interpretation and cross- sources, but this volume also includes correc- country comparisons, figures for selected indicators tions of errors in previous volumes. are included. As with time series, the figures should · Data series expressed in constant U.S. dollars also be interpreted with caution--in particular in and exchange rates use a base year of 2000; cross-country analysis because countries with miss- previous ADIs were based on 1987 and 1995 ing data are excluded from the charts. exchange rates and prices, and AEFD used Throughout this volume (except when otherwise 1980 exchange rate and prices. stated), the symbol ".." indicates that data are not · Some series expressed in constant prices have available or not applicable. A zero (0) indicates either been revised as a result of updated or revised zero value or an insignificant value, that is, less than deflators. one-half of the smallest unit shown. The abbreviation · As in the 2004 volume, macroeconomic data "MR" indicates "most recent year available." In reflect country desk information. The differ- Chapter 13, columns headed by a period (for exam- ence is most noticeable in the chapter on gov- ple, 1993­97) show data for the latest available year ernment finance, as figures reflect consolidated in the period. government data instead of only central gov- To facilitate cross-country comparisons, this book ernment data. has converted values of many national series from the national currencies to U.S. dollars, using the World Considerable effort has been made to standardize Bank Atlas methodology. and to harmonize related data sets drawn from di- Indicators in this volume generally follow standard verse sources. Because statistical methods, coverage, definitions as far as possible and cover years through practices, and definitions differ widely among 2003. Data for 2003 are preliminary and therefore sources, full comparability cannot be ensured, and may not be internally consistent within and across the indicators must be interpreted with care. In addi- accounts; and data may not be available for all coun- tion, the statistical systems in many developing tries. Because data are continually updated, the sta- economies are still weak, which affects the availabil- tistics here may be different from those in other ity and reliability of the data they report. Moreover, publications. intercountry and intertemporal comparisons always Shares and ratios are always calculated using cur- involve complex technical problems, which have no rent price series; when gross domestic product (GDP) full and unequivocal solution. is used as the denominator for these calculations, it The data are drawn from sources thought to be the is always expressed at market prices (except in most authoritative, but many data sources are subject Figure 2-3). to considerable margins of error. To provide reason- In all but the household survey chapter, the data are ably timely data required for meaningful monitoring, arranged by indicator to facilitate cross-country com- the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund parisons. For country-specific work, data can be Introduction 3 arranged to show all indicators together for each weight for each country is its share in the group total country. for the denominator. Sometimes, however, when it is In this volume, the statistical tables are usually appropriate to treat the experiences of different coun- arranged as time series, by country and by country tries equally in determining a representative value for groups. The largest country group is All Africa, con- the group, these group averages are arithmetic--that sisting of two subgroups: North Africa and Sub- is, each country has equal weight. Saharan Africa (including South Africa). In turn, the Period averages--shown for 1975­1984, Sub-Saharan Africa group is shown, excluding South 1985­1994, and 1995 to most recent year--are cal- Africa and Nigeria. These two are subgroups within culated from time series (levels, ratios, growth rates, the SSA group, and correspond to the Sub-Saharan or medians) for both countries and country groups. Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa, excluding Nigeria They are either simple averages or average annual groups shown in the AEFD and ADI 1992, where percentage growth rates. These growth rates always South Africa was listed separately. use the least-squares method and are usually com- Annual data shown for country groups are totals, puted from real-term series. In this publication, the averages, or medians for the countries included in the least-squares growth rates are computed using the group, as indicated on the table. These group aggre- level for the year before the first year shown in gates can be either simple arithmetic--where missing the label. The least-squares growth rate, r, is estimated data are not imputed or gap-filled--or weights are by fitting a least-squares linear regression trend line used to adjust group totals for missing countries. In to the logarithmic annual values of the variable in the latter case, when values are missing for a country the relevant period. More specifically, the regression or a year, estimates are made to maintain the same equation takes the form: log X a bt e, where country composition of the groups through time. this is equivalent to the logarithmic transformation of However, the implicit estimated values for the coun- the compound growth rate equation, X X (1 r)t. tries with missing data are not shown separately in In these equations X is the variable, t is time, and the tables. These gap-fill estimates are made and the a log X and b log (1 r) are the parameters to aggregate statistics are shown only if the countries for be estimated; e is the error term. If b* is the least- which data are available for a given year account for squares estimate of b, then the annual average growth at least two-thirds of the full group, as defined by rate, r, is obtained as [anti log (b*)] 1 and multi- benchmarks in 1995. This procedure is standard for plied by 100 to express it in percentage terms. The many World Bank statistical publications. least-squares growth rate dampens the influence of Most group averages are weighted according to the exceptional values, particularly at the end points. relative importance of the countries in the group total Least-square growth rates are calculated only if more for that indicator, based on simple addition across than two-thirds of consecutive data--carrying the countries when the indicator is expressed in reason- same sign--are present in the time series. ably comparable units. Group averages for analytical Throughout this volume, data for Ethiopia include ratios (for example, imports to GDP) can be either Eritrea up to 1992, except when otherwise indicated. weighted or simple (arithmetic). Usually they are Mauritius data are reported for fiscal years ending calculated from the group totals for both the numera- June 30. The data are published under the second tor and the denominator, which is analytically equiv- year of the reporting period--for example, July 2000 alent to calculating weighted averages, where the to June 2001 is published under 2001. 1 Selected Background Data T he first two tables of the volume provide across indicators, of some of the more important in- selected indicators, including a series on popu- dicators for all countries in the most recent year for lation, as background to the data in the rest of which relatively complete information is available. the volume. Table 1-1 provides a comparative view, 4 Selected Background Data 5 1-1. Basic Indicators GNI per capita Life Total Av. annual expectancy net ODA Population Land area Atlas percentage at birth Gross school enrollment per capita mid-2003 (thousands of dollars growth (years) Primary Secondary current US$ (millions) square km.) 2003 1999­03 2003 1990 1995­02 1990 1995­02 2003 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 705.2 23,626 506 0.1 46 72 95 23 26 34 excluding South Africa 659.4 22,405 342 0.4 46 70 94 19 21 33 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 522.9 21,494 340 0.4 46 64 86 18 22 44 Angola 13.5 1,247 760 -0.7 47 92 101 12 15 37 Benin 6.7 111 440 2.2 53 59 109 12 22 44 Botswana 1.7 567 3,530 2.2 38 103 103 43 82 17 Burkina Faso 12.1 274 300 1.6 43 33 46 7 10 37 Burundi 7.2 26 90 -3.3 42 71 77 6 7 31 Cameroon 16.1 465 650 -0.6 48 99 108 28 20 55 Cape Verde 0.5 4 1,440 3.0 69 114 121 21 69 306 Central African Republic 3.9 623 270 -0.6 42 66 66 12 10 13 Chad 8.6 1,259 240 -0.7 48 55 78 8 11 29 Comoros 0.6 2 430 -1.0 62 75 90 18 21 41 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 53.2 2,267 100 0.2 45 71 50 22 18 101 Congo, Rep. of 3.8 342 650 -3.2 52 117 80 53 52 19 Côte d'Ivoire 16.8 318 660 0.3 45 65 78 22 22 15 Djibouti 0.7 23 910 0.0 43 38 40 12 15 110 Equatorial Guinea 0.5 28 .. .. 52 163 126 .. 31 43 Eritrea 4.4 101 190 0.3 51 21 63 .. 28 70 Ethiopia 68.6 1,000 90 1.6 42 32 66 14 5 22 Gabon 1.3 258 3,400 -0.6 53 142 132 .. 54 -8 Gambia, The 1.4 10 270 -0.3 53 61 85 19 27 42 Ghana 20.7 228 320 1.8 54 72 79 36 37 44 Guinea 7.9 246 430 1.9 46 34 81 10 14 30 Guinea-Bissau 1.5 28 140 -1.9 46 50 70 9 20 98 Kenya 31.9 569 400 -0.2 45 94 92 24 30 15 Lesotho 1.8 30 590 -0.5 37 112 126 25 28 44 Liberia 3.4 96 100 0.0 47 .. 105 14 23 32 Madagascar 16.9 582 290 -0.7 56 94 120 18 14 32 Malawi 11.0 94 160 0.8 38 68 140 8 45 45 Mali 11.7 1,220 300 1.7 41 25 58 7 15 45 Mauritania 2.8 1,025 400 0.0 51 50 88 14 18 85 Mauritius 1.2 2 4,100 4.0 72 109 105 53 107 -12 Mozambique 18.8 784 210 4.4 41 64 103 8 14 55 Namibia 2.0 823 1,930 1.8 40 124 105 44 60 73 Niger 11.8 1,267 200 -0.9 46 28 44 7 7 39 Nigeria 136.5 911 350 0.5 45 92 119 25 30 2 Rwanda 8.4 25 190 0.3 40 71 122 8 12 39 São Tomé and Principe 0.2 1 330 0.4 66 .. 126 .. .. 239 Senegal 10.2 193 550 1.3 52 58 80 16 20 44 Seychelles 0.1 0 7,350 1.6 73 .. 114 .. .. 110 Sierra Leone 5.3 72 160 0.0 37 50 79 17 24 56 Somalia 9.6 627 .. 0.0 47 11 10 6 6 18 South Africa 45.8 1,221 2,920 0.1 46 107 106 74 90 14 Sudan 33.5 2,376 460 0.3 59 52 60 24 29 19 Swaziland 1.1 17 1,340 1.5 43 98 98 44 60 24 Tanzania 35.9 884 310 1.2 43 67 84 5 5 47 Togo 4.9 54 310 0.0 50 110 121 24 36 9 Uganda 25.3 197 250 3.7 43 69 141 13 13 38 Zambia 10.4 743 380 0.0 36 94 82 24 25 54 Zimbabwe 13.1 387 .. -1.6 39 104 94 50 45 14 NORTH AFRICA 145.0 5,738 1,727 1.8 70 90 103 62 69 15 Algeria 31.8 2,382 1,930 0.3 71 101 109 61 67 7 Egypt, Arab Rep. of 67.6 995 1,390 2.7 69 91 97 76 84 13 Libya 5.6 1,760 .. 0.0 73 105 114 86 79 .. Morocco 30.1 446 1,330 1.1 69 65 110 35 39 17 Tunisia 9.9 155 2,240 3.4 73 114 112 45 75 31 ALL AFRICA 850.2 29,364 714 0.6 50 75 96 30 33 31 Note : 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). GNI per capita previously called GNP per capita. 6 Selected Background Data 1-2. Population Average annual Millions of people percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75­84 85­94 95­MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 383.55 565.16 580.86 596.70 613.53 628.87 643.97 658.81 674.47 689.87 705.22 3.0 2.8 2.5 excluding South Africa 355.97 526.87 541.74 556.70 572.60 586.97 601.04 614.81 629.66 644.52 659.39 3.0 2.8 2.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 284.82 418.86 430.47 442.20 454.92 466.16 477.15 487.90 499.65 511.33 522.93 3.0 2.8 2.5 Angola 7.05 10.57 10.87 11.16 11.45 11.74 12.05 12.39 12.75 13.12 13.52 2.9 2.7 2.7 Benin 3.46 5.34 5.47 5.61 5.75 5.90 6.06 6.22 6.39 6.55 6.72 2.7 3.2 2.6 Botswana 0.91 1.45 1.50 1.54 1.58 1.61 1.65 1.68 1.70 1.71 1.72 3.6 3.3 2.0 Burkina Faso 6.96 9.76 9.99 10.23 10.47 10.73 11.00 11.27 11.55 11.83 12.11 2.4 2.4 2.4 Burundi 4.13 6.02 6.16 6.29 6.42 6.55 6.68 6.81 6.94 7.07 7.21 2.5 2.7 2.0 Cameroon 8.75 13.07 13.41 13.76 14.11 14.45 14.78 15.12 15.45 15.77 16.09 2.9 3.0 2.3 Cape Verde 0.29 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.45 0.46 0.47 1.0 2.0 2.6 Central African Republic 2.31 3.25 3.35 3.45 3.54 3.61 3.67 3.72 3.76 3.82 3.88 2.5 2.2 1.9 Chad 4.48 6.52 6.73 6.95 7.17 7.39 7.62 7.86 8.10 8.34 8.58 2.3 2.7 3.1 Comoros 0.34 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.60 .. 2.7 2.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 27.91 42.81 44.38 45.74 46.85 47.70 48.28 48.57 50.05 51.58 53.15 3.1 3.2 2.2 Congo, Rep. of 1.80 2.84 2.94 3.03 3.13 3.23 3.34 3.45 3.55 3.66 3.76 3.2 3.3 3.2 Côte d'Ivoire 8.19 13.46 13.88 14.29 14.70 15.09 15.47 15.83 16.18 16.51 16.84 3.9 3.5 2.5 Djibouti 0.30 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.63 0.65 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.71 5.9 5.6 2.6 Equatorial Guinea 0.22 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 2.2 2.6 2.7 Eritrea 2.38 3.48 3.57 3.67 3.77 3.88 3.99 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.39 2.6 2.9 2.7 Ethiopia 37.72 54.89 56.53 58.23 59.75 61.27 62.78 64.30 65.78 67.22 68.61 2.8 2.9 2.5 Gabon 0.70 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.23 1.26 1.29 1.32 1.34 3.2 3.2 2.5 Gambia, The 0.64 1.08 1.12 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.35 1.39 1.42 3.1 4.2 3.2 Ghana 11.04 16.99 17.51 18.00 18.46 18.88 19.26 19.59 19.94 20.30 20.67 2.7 2.8 2.2 Guinea 4.46 6.42 6.59 6.76 6.92 7.09 7.25 7.42 7.58 7.74 7.91 1.7 2.9 2.3 Guinea-Bissau 0.79 1.16 1.19 1.22 1.26 1.29 1.33 1.37 1.41 1.45 1.49 3.2 2.9 2.8 Kenya 16.63 26.02 26.69 27.36 28.04 28.73 29.42 30.09 30.74 31.34 31.92 3.8 3.1 2.3 Lesotho 1.28 1.64 1.66 1.68 1.69 1.71 1.73 1.74 1.76 1.78 1.79 2.4 1.5 1.0 Liberia 1.88 2.66 2.73 2.81 2.88 2.96 3.04 3.13 3.21 3.30 3.37 3.2 2.2 2.7 Madagascar 8.87 12.91 13.30 13.72 14.15 14.59 15.05 15.52 15.98 16.44 16.89 2.6 2.7 3.1 Malawi 6.18 9.06 9.21 9.44 9.66 9.88 10.10 10.31 10.53 10.74 10.96 3.3 2.7 2.2 Mali 6.59 9.39 9.62 9.85 10.09 10.33 10.58 10.84 11.10 11.37 11.65 2.2 2.7 2.4 Mauritania 1.61 2.24 2.30 2.36 2.43 2.50 2.57 2.65 2.72 2.78 2.85 2.5 2.4 2.8 Mauritius 0.97 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.4 0.9 1.1 Mozambique 12.10 15.42 15.82 16.23 16.63 16.97 17.30 17.69 18.07 18.44 18.79 2.7 1.3 2.2 Namibia 1.02 1.61 1.65 1.69 1.73 1.78 1.83 1.89 1.94 1.98 2.01 2.0 4.0 2.7 Niger 5.59 8.73 9.04 9.36 9.70 10.05 10.40 10.74 11.08 11.43 11.76 3.1 3.2 3.4 Nigeria 71.15 108.01 111.27 114.50 117.68 120.82 123.90 126.91 130.01 133.19 136.46 3.1 2.9 2.6 Rwanda 5.16 5.27 5.70 5.70 7.08 7.28 7.49 7.71 7.93 8.16 8.40 3.3 1.0 5.4 São Tomé and Principe 0.09 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.16 1.5 2.8 2.3 Senegal 5.54 8.08 8.30 8.53 8.78 9.03 9.29 9.53 9.77 10.01 10.24 2.9 2.7 2.7 Seychelles 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 1.4 1.0 1.4 Sierra Leone 3.24 4.40 4.51 4.62 4.73 4.83 4.93 5.03 5.13 5.24 5.34 2.0 2.3 2.2 Somalia 6.49 7.64 7.36 7.61 7.87 8.15 8.43 8.72 9.02 9.32 9.63 6.3 2.0 3.0 South Africa 27.58 38.28 39.12 40.00 40.93 41.90 42.92 44.00 44.81 45.35 45.83 2.3 2.3 2.1 Sudan 19.37 27.32 28.08 28.81 29.52 30.19 30.83 31.44 32.09 32.79 33.55 3.0 2.1 2.3 Swaziland 0.57 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.96 0.99 1.02 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 3.2 3.2 2.7 Tanzania 18.58 28.79 29.65 30.49 31.32 32.13 32.92 33.70 34.45 35.18 35.89 3.2 3.2 2.5 Togo 2.52 3.78 3.87 3.97 4.09 4.23 4.38 4.56 4.66 4.76 4.86 2.5 2.8 3.0 Uganda 12.81 19.78 20.27 20.80 21.35 21.95 22.58 23.25 23.93 24.60 25.28 2.6 3.5 2.8 Zambia 5.74 8.68 8.88 9.08 9.29 9.49 9.69 9.89 10.07 10.24 10.40 3.4 3.0 2.1 Zimbabwe 7.13 11.26 11.48 11.70 11.93 12.16 12.40 12.65 12.85 13.00 13.10 3.4 3.1 1.8 NORTH AFRICA 88.35 123.96 126.33 128.62 130.93 133.23 135.55 137.87 140.20 142.56 144.96 2.7 2.3 1.7 Algeria 18.67 27.50 28.06 28.57 29.05 29.51 29.95 30.39 30.84 31.32 31.83 3.1 2.6 1.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. of 40.88 57.06 58.18 59.27 60.42 61.58 62.77 63.98 65.18 66.37 67.56 2.5 2.3 1.9 Libya 3.04 4.66 4.75 4.85 4.94 5.04 5.14 5.24 5.34 5.45 5.56 4.5 2.4 2.0 Morocco 19.38 25.93 26.39 26.85 27.31 27.78 28.24 28.71 29.17 29.64 30.11 2.3 2.1 1.7 Tunisia 6.38 8.82 8.96 9.09 9.22 9.33 9.46 9.56 9.67 9.78 9.90 2.6 2.2 1.3 ALL AFRICA 471.90 689.12 707.20 725.32 744.45 762.11 779.52 796.68 814.67 832.43 850.18 2.9 2.7 2.4 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Selected Background Data 7 Figure 1-1. Development diamonds for all African countries, 2003* Seychelles Tunisia Libya Mauritius Algeria Cape Verde Egypt, Arab Rep of Morocco São Tomé and Principe Comoros Sudan Madagascar Ghana Gambia, The Gabon Benin Senegal Equatorial Guinea Congo, Republic of Eritrea Mauritania Togo Chad Cameroon Somalia Liberia Angola Niger Guinea South Africa * Or most recent year available. (Figure continued on the following page.) 8 Selected Background Data Figure 1-1. (continued) Guinea-Bissau Kenya Congo, Democratic Republic of Côte d'Ivoire Nigeria Uganda Djibouti Burkina Faso Tanzania Swaziland Ethiopia Central African Republic Burundi Mozambique Mali Namibia Rwanda Zimbabwe Botswana Malawi Sierra Leone Lesotho Life expectancy Access to safe water GNI per capita Primary school enrollment Zambia The development diamond portrays four socioeconomic indicators for a given country and compares them with the average of all Africa. The data are sorted by life expectancy. Selected Background Data 9 Figure 1-2. Selected basic indicators, 2003* Literacy rate** GNI per capita Population growth (percent) (US$ thousands) (annual percent change) 0.0 2.0 4.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 Seychelles Zimbabwe South Africa Mauritius Kenya Namibia Congo, Rep. of Libya Lesotho Swaziland Zambia Botswana Tanzania Cape Verde Ghana Tunisia Rwanda Uganda Algeria Cameroon Nigeria Malawi Sudan Togo Comoros Liberia Egypt, Arab Rep. of Morocco Burundi Central African Republic Côte d'Ivoire Mozambique Chad Ethiopia Mauritania Benin Senegal Mali Niger Burkina Faso Angola Congo, Dem. Rep. of Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Gabon Gambia The Total Guinea Guinea-Bissau Madagascar Female São Tomé and Principe Sierra Leone Somalia * Or most recent year available. ** Sorted by total literacy rate. 10 Selected Background Data Technical notes Tables ences in relative inflation between that country and the United States. This three-year average smoothes Table 1-1. Basic indicators. The data for this table fluctuations in prices and exchange rates for each are from the World Bank's Statistical Information country. The resulting GNI in U.S. dollars is divided Management and Analysis Database (SIMA), except by the midyear population for the latest of the three for aid flows, which are from the Organisation for years to derive GNI per capita. Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), The following formulas describe the procedures for Geographic Distribution of Aid Flows to Developing computing the conversion factor for year t: Countries database (see technical notes to Chap- 1 Pt Pt$ ter 12). Regional aggregates for GNP per capita, life e*t 2,t et 2 3 Pt $ 2 Pt 2 expectancy, and education are weighted by population. Population estimates for mid-2003 are World Bank Pt Pt$ estimates. These are usually projections from the et 1 et Pt $ 1 Pt 1 most recent population censuses or surveys (mostly from 1980­2003). Refugees not permanently settled and for calculating per capita GNI in U.S. dollars for in the country of asylum are generally considered to year t: be part of the population of their country of origin Y $ t (Yt Nt) e*t 2,t (see technical notes to Tables 13-1, 13-4, and 13-5). Land area refers to the land surface area of a coun- where Yt current GNI (local currency) for year t, try, excluding inland waters. Pt GNI deflator for year t, Nt midyear population Gross national income (GNI) per capita figures in for year t, and P$t U.S. GNI deflator for year t. U.S. dollars are calculated according to the World Growth rates of GNI per capita for this table are Bank Atlas method described below. GNI measures shown in real terms. They have been calculated by the total domestic and foreign value added claimed the least-squares method using constant GNI per by residents. It comprises GDP (defined in the note capita series in 2000 prices in national currency for Table 2-5) plus net factor income from abroad, (World Bank, SIMA). (See also technical notes for which is the income residents receive from abroad for Table 2-19.) factor services (labor and capital) less similar pay- Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of ments made to nonresidents who contributed to the years a newborn infant would live if prevailing pat- domestic economy. The data are from the Food and terns of mortality at the time of its birth were to re- Agriculture Organization (FAO). main the same throughout its life. Figures are World The World Bank Atlas method uses a three-year av- Bank estimates based on data from the UN Popula- erage of conversion factors to convert GNI data, ex- tion Division, the UN Statistical Office, and national pressed in different national currencies, to a common statistical offices. denomination, conventionally U.S. dollars. The Atlas Primary school enrollment is the ratio of children conversion factor for any year is the average of the of all ages enrolled in primary school to the popula- official exchange rate (Table 3-4) or alternative con- tion of children of primary school age. While many version factor (Table 3-6) for that year and for the countries consider the primary school age to be 6 to two preceding years, after adjusting them for differ- 11 years, others use different age groups. These Selected Background Data 11 different country practices are also reflected in the ra- population for the corresponding year (see the tech- tios. Gross enrollment may be reported in excess of nical notes to Chapter 12). 100 percent if some pupils are younger or older than Table 1-2. Population. Average annual percentage the country's standard range of primary school age. growth shown in this table was calculated using the In practice, enrollment does not necessarily equal at- least-squares method. tendance, nor does it remain constant throughout the year. Data are from the United Nations Education, Figures Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Secondary school enrollment is the ratio of chil- The following indicators have been used to derive the dren of all ages enrolled in secondary schools to the figures in this chapter. population of children of secondary school age. The definition of secondary school age differs among Figure 1-1. Life expectancy (Table 1-1); access to countries. It is most commonly considered to be 12 to safe water (Table 13-11); GNI per capita (Table 2-19); 17 years. Data are from UNESCO. primary school enrollment (Table 1-1). Total net ODA per capita consists of net disburse- ments of loans and grants from all official sources on Figure 1-2. Literacy rate (Table 13-14); GNI per concessional financial terms, divided by the midyear capita (Table 2-19); population growth (Table 1-2). 12 Selected Background Data Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 1 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (2) (3) Table 1-1 Column 1 x Column 2 x Column 3 x Column 4 x x Column 5 x Column 6 x Column 7 x Column 8 x Column 9 x Column 10 x Table1-2 x x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in column 4 for Table 1-1 and in the last three columns for Table 1-2. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 2 National Accounts N ational accounts data provide the broadest method. The three components of GDP by industrial picture of a nation's economic performance. origin are value added in agriculture, value added in National accounts give information on the industry, and value added in services. (See the tech- structure of production in the form of gross domestic nical notes at the end of this chapter.) The national product (GDP) and its components by industrial ori- accounts are constructed in national currencies and in gin, GDP and its components by expenditure, and in- current prices. Figures reported in this chapter are, formation on a nation's economic relations with the however, in U.S. dollars, usually converted from na- outside world. These key statistics are used for as- tional currency series at the official exchange rate. If sessing a nation's economic condition at a given time the official exchange rate is significantly different or the trends in a nation's economic performance from the prevailing market rate or shows extreme over time. National accounts data also provide a volatility, the local currency is converted into U.S. quantitative basis for forecasting and policymaking dollars by using an alternative conversion factor. The and as such are used widely by analysts and conversion factors used for this purpose are presented policymakers. in Table 3-6. Reporting currencies in a common de- GDP and its components by industrial origin are nominator facilitates cross-country comparisons and compiled following the widely used System of aggregations in country groups. NationalAccounts (SNA). The SNA methodology ac- In addition, estimates of GDP and its components counts for virtually all activities pertinent to the pro- by industrial origin are converted into constant duction of goods and the provision of services in an prices. Reporting figures in constant prices is essen- economy by residents and nonresidents, regardless of tial for monitoring real changes in the structure of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims. GDP production and for analyzing relationships among does not account for the depreciation of fixed capital. prices, production, employment, and so forth. There are three methods of compiling GDP figures: Constant price series in U.S. dollars use a 2000 income, expenditure, and production methods. Be- base year and are converted from the national cur- cause of technical and resource constraints, the in- rency series using 2000 exchange rates. As this vol- come method is not used in most developing coun- ume establishes a common base year for all coun- tries. In this volume, GDP and its components by tries, national accounts in national currencies at industrial origin are compiled using the production constant prices based on years other than 2000 have 13 14 National Accounts been partly rebased to 2000 by rescaling constant Manual (1993) reflects differences in concepts, defi- price series of components of GDP. nitions, and classifications from the UN's SNA Using a single base year raises problems when guidelines. For instance, in the SNA, factor services there are profound structural changes or significant rendered by residents of another country are excluded changes in relative prices. For example, values ex- from goods and services, but this practice is not uni- pressed in constant U.S. dollars necessarily reflect versally followed. The tables on resource balance and the exchange rates prevailing during the base year. on values of exports (free on board [f.o.b.]) and im- Where subsequent exchange rate changes have been ports (cost, insurance, freight [c.i.f.]) of goods and substantial, as they have for many African countries nonfactor services in current U.S. dollars provide a since 1980, comparisons among countries and aggre- comprehensive and systematic framework for macro- gate trends will be affected. For this reason alone, the economic analysis in general. Those interested in a data should be used with considerable caution. more specialized and rigorous study of international Monitoring resource allocations across sectors in trade transactions should use the data provided in any given point in time requires the use of current Chapter 5. prices. Accordingly, in addition to GDP in constant The rate of growth of real domestic product is an prices, GDP in current prices is provided. Following important indicator of economic progress and as such GDP in current prices are components of GDP by ex- is widely monitored. Because these growth rates are penditure. Data on consumption, investment, and calculated from national series, they are suitable for savings are constructed using the SNA's convention. both cross-country comparisons and trend analysis Conceptually, all income is either consumed or for individual countries. Aggregate values and trends, saved; as such the sum of total consumption and however, reflect the choice of the base year, as gross domestic saving equals GDP. explained above. When viewed from a production point of view, by Gross national income (GNI) per capita, which is definition savings equals investment. Investment GDP per capita adjusted for changes in international measures additions to fixed assets of an economy-- terms of trade and which include net factor income whether it represents additions to the stock of capital from abroad, and total consumption per capita are or merely replenishes depreciated capital stock--plus also widely monitored indicators of economic net changes in the level of inventories. It is financed progress. When expressed in current U.S. dollars to either through domestic savings or by drawing on the facilitate comparison and aggregation, however, the savings of foreigners. Data on gross domestic invest- values for these indicators necessarily reflect ment and gross domestic savings thus shed light not exchange rate fluctuations as well as underlying eco- only on the nature of the domestic inter-temporal re- nomic and demographic changes. These indicators source allocation but also on the size of the resource may be used with caution for cross-country compari- gap. Gross national savings, however, indicates the son during any single year. They require special amount of savings generated by a nation's residents. attention when used for trend analysis. Although this volume includes a chapter on inter- Data for Chapter 2 are from the World Bank's national trade, the fact that balance of payments is an country desks. Estimates are based on data obtained integral part of the national accounts warrants the in- from national sources, usually collected by World clusion of the resource balance and its components Bank staff who review the quality of national ac- in this chapter. Moreover, a closer examination of counts data and, in some instances, help adjust the the fifth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments national series. National Accounts 15 2-1. Gross domestic product, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars, constant 2000 prices percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 222,499 269,709 279,970 294,033 304,786 311,785 319,987 330,943 341,810 353,267 367,195 2.1 1.7 3.3 excluding South Africa 124,926 157,399 164,166 173,248 180,812 187,184 192,451 198,101 205,342 211,937 221,913 1.7 2.3 3.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 94,907 121,631 127,508 135,016 141,552 147,191 152,023 155,971 161,908 167,839 173,069 2.5 1.7 3.9 Angola 6,746 6,068 6,699 7,449 8,037 8,584 8,862 9,129 9,416 10,768 11,139 .. -1.2 6.5 Benin 1,085 1,662 1,739 1,835 1,948 2,036 2,132 2,255 2,368 2,510 2,650 3.8 2.3 5.3 Botswana 1,130 3,706 3,869 4,085 4,365 4,628 4,878 5,251 5,526 5,771 6,084 11.6 8.9 5.8 Burkina Faso 1,263 2,015 2,108 2,258 2,375 2,399 2,560 2,601 2,754 2,875 3,062 3.6 3.2 4.5 Burundi 522 774 717 657 660 691 685 679 700 732 723 3.8 2.7 0.0 Cameroon 5,587 6,817 7,042 7,394 7,771 8,163 8,521 8,879 9,350 9,743 10,181 8.5 -2.7 4.6 Cape Verde 136 363 390 405 427 459 498 531 552 577 606 13.8 3.9 6.0 Central African Republic 730 792 849 815 859 899 931 953 967 959 907 0.4 -0.5 2.0 Chad 682 1,234 1,244 1,274 1,329 1,407 1,399 1,390 1,528 1,679 1,869 -1.3 3.2 4.3 Comoros 136 181 188 185 193 195 199 204 209 213 218 .. 1.2 2.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 7,030 5,231 5,268 5,214 4,921 4,841 4,628 4,304 4,218 4,366 4,610 -0.3 -4.0 -2.4 Congo, Rep. of 1,727 2,718 2,854 2,976 2,958 3,068 2,976 3,220 3,336 3,516 3,544 9.2 0.3 2.9 Côte d'Ivoire 7,747 8,353 8,948 9,640 10,191 10,675 10,845 10,599 10,611 10,444 10,225 2.2 0.8 2.2 Djibouti .. 569 556 538 534 537 549 553 .. .. .. .. -1.2 -0.4 Equatorial Guinea .. 303 347 448 766 934 1,322 1,341 1,361 1,600 1,835 .. 3.0 23.2 Eritrea .. 591 608 664 716 729 729 634 692 697 718 .. .. 1.6 Ethiopia .. 4,804 5,098 5,654 5,959 5,848 6,161 6,528 7,104 7,239 6,972 .. 1.2 4.5 Gabon 3,265 4,245 4,540 4,775 5,050 5,154 4,835 4,932 5,055 5,055 5,197 -0.2 1.9 1.7 Gambia, The 213 335 338 345 362 375 399 421 445 431 460 4.3 3.4 3.9 Ghana 2,640 3,870 4,029 4,214 4,391 4,597 4,800 4,978 5,187 5,420 5,702 -1.1 4.7 4.3 Guinea .. 2,392 2,537 2,654 2,786 2,920 3,054 3,112 3,231 3,366 3,407 .. 3.7 4.0 Guinea-Bissau 115 208 218 243 259 186 200 215 216 200 202 2.1 3.8 -1.2 Kenya 5,936 9,165 9,569 9,966 10,172 10,338 10,471 10,454 10,572 10,699 10,892 4.7 3.6 1.7 Lesotho 400 715 746 820 887 846 848 859 887 918 948 6.6 5.4 2.6 Liberia 1,402 127 122 137 282 366 450 542 568 587 405 0.1 -22.6 20.4 Madagascar 3,099 3,159 3,213 3,282 3,403 3,537 3,701 3,878 4,110 3,588 3,939 -0.2 1.2 2.7 Malawi 1,000 1,233 1,440 1,545 1,603 1,666 1,717 1,744 1,657 1,701 1,776 3.2 2.2 3.1 Mali 1,536 1,772 1,882 1,943 2,074 2,199 2,347 2,422 2,716 2,828 3,039 2.3 2.5 6.2 Mauritania 601 732 770 795 818 849 893 940 977 1,010 1,064 1.6 2.2 4.2 Mauritius 1,511 3,289 3,423 3,600 3,811 4,040 4,254 4,424 4,720 4,928 5,063 .. 6.5 5.2 Mozambique 2,112 2,414 2,518 2,697 2,997 3,375 3,630 3,685 4,164 4,472 4,789 .. 4.1 8.2 Namibia 2,002 2,759 2,872 2,964 3,089 3,191 3,298 3,414 3,495 3,583 3,717 .. 3.4 3.3 Niger 1,523 1,524 1,563 1,617 1,661 1,835 1,824 1,798 1,926 1,984 2,090 2.0 1.5 3.5 Nigeria 29,112 35,708 36,601 38,175 39,206 39,942 40,382 42,078 43,382 44,054 48,766 -0.7 5.0 3.1 Rwanda 1,457 841 1,137 1,282 1,459 1,588 1,709 1,811 1,933 2,114 2,134 6.8 -2.7 9.9 São Tomé and Principe .. 41 42 43 43 44 45 46 48 50 53 .. 1.7 2.7 Senegal 2,310 3,212 3,378 3,551 3,730 3,945 4,142 4,373 4,617 4,670 4,971 2.1 2.1 5.0 Seychelles 292 458 455 477 534 579 590 618 604 606 568 3.4 5.7 3.4 Sierra Leone 935 841 774 813 670 664 611 634 668 710 776 2.5 -1.7 -1.5 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 97,644 112,310 115,809 120,796 123,994 124,635 127,574 132,874 136,509 141,369 145,338 2.4 0.8 2.8 Sudan 5,476 8,471 8,979 9,511 10,113 10,765 11,447 12,192 12,935 13,711 14,534 2.8 4.1 6.2 Swaziland 189 1,138 1,181 1,227 1,274 1,315 1,360 1,389 1,412 1,452 1,487 0.7 16.0 3.0 Tanzania .. 7,178 7,434 7,773 8,046 8,344 8,639 9,079 9,646 10,344 11,079 .. 2.6 4.8 Togo 964 997 1,075 1,170 1,338 1,307 1,340 1,329 1,327 1,382 1,419 2.1 0.5 3.4 Uganda .. 3,913 4,355 4,751 5,011 5,192 5,610 5,927 6,220 6,645 6,959 .. 5.0 6.3 Zambia 2,730 2,902 2,820 3,016 3,116 3,058 3,126 3,238 3,396 3,508 3,687 0.2 0.9 2.7 Zimbabwe 4,005 6,532 6,542 7,220 7,414 7,628 7,574 7,204 6,598 6,230 5,354 3.0 3.3 -1.6 NORTH AFRICA 114,040 185,435 189,372 201,055 206,888 218,748 228,009 236,346 246,041 254,992 266,091 6.3 2.8 4.2 Algeria 34,268 43,933 45,603 47,472 47,995 50,442 52,057 53,306 55,232 57,138 59,356 5.5 0.5 3.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 37,658 72,400 75,778 79,574 83,945 88,628 93,967 98,782 102,042 105,103 109,832 8.3 3.9 4.9 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 18,307 29,940 27,971 31,388 30,688 33,044 33,056 33,344 35,512 37,074 38,335 4.1 3.6 3.1 Tunisia 8,630 14,483 14,819 15,865 16,728 17,523 18,586 19,462 20,513 21,744 23,157 5.3 3.8 5.4 ALL AFRICA 339,548 455,899 470,374 496,000 512,740 531,057 548,255 567,515 587,932 608,287 633,233 3.4 2.1 3.7 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 16 National Accounts 2-2. Value added in agriculture Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars, constant 2000 prices percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 35,026 44,988 46,360 50,019 51,825 53,246 55,502 57,003 58,960 60,857 62,268 0.4 2.7 3.7 excluding South Africa 31,924 41,216 43,356 46,283 48,060 49,688 51,722 53,042 55,134 56,778 58,474 0.4 2.8 3.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 24,528 31,944 33,749 36,292 37,646 38,850 40,319 41,307 42,954 44,076 45,227 1.9 2.3 3.8 Angola .. 288 351 403 444 467 473 517 610 691 772 .. -9.1 10.3 Benin 316 589 599 661 698 744 774 824 849 911 957 3.0 4.9 5.7 Botswana 133 152 156 155 153 151 139 139 144 143 144 -3.7 5.5 -1.1 Burkina Faso 410 722 716 777 765 819 850 881 848 919 919 1.0 4.6 3.0 Burundi 241 301 283 287 288 303 294 305 317 329 327 2.0 1.9 1.5 Cameroon 1,877 2,526 2,747 2,951 3,173 3,388 3,619 3,782 3,990 4,241 4,529 4.5 0.3 6.5 Cape Verde 19 38 41 56 54 55 62 64 65 66 67 12.7 4.6 6.0 Central African Republic 298 356 374 392 417 433 450 478 498 517 536 0.6 1.1 4.7 Chad 302 486 477 490 515 571 552 533 558 556 728 -1.0 4.6 3.3 Comoros 43 59 64 64 69 69 72 83 88 90 93 .. 1.8 5.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1,940 2,672 2,982 3,044 2,961 2,918 2,769 2,693 2,547 2,624 2,523 1.7 2.5 -1.6 Congo, Rep. of 118 154 164 172 174 174 164 171 180 188 200 3.4 1.7 2.1 Côte d'Ivoire 1,665 1,993 2,079 2,161 2,191 2,317 2,267 2,543 2,550 2,489 2,521 2.7 3.3 2.8 Djibouti .. 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 .. .. .. .. -2.4 2.6 Equatorial Guinea .. 56 64 73 89 78 86 94 100 104 92 .. -0.6 6.1 Eritrea .. 129 114 108 108 170 157 89 115 80 89 .. .. -3.7 Ethiopia .. 2,482 2,566 2,942 3,043 2,703 2,806 2,868 3,197 3,124 2,730 .. 2.7 1.5 Gabon 320 333 296 295 309 293 306 318 331 348 366 .. -0.3 1.7 Gambia, The 87 88 91 88 94 93 120 133 145 104 124 3.0 -1.2 4.9 Ghana 1,227 1,382 1,433 1,508 1,573 1,653 1,717 1,757 1,822 1,896 1,984 0.2 1.9 4.0 Guinea .. 542 560 586 615 647 699 697 740 778 801 .. 3.6 4.6 Guinea-Bissau 45 94 100 116 126 100 108 112 114 113 121 -2.6 3.5 1.7 Kenya 1,160 1,590 1,666 1,740 1,761 1,789 1,812 1,776 1,799 1,814 1,841 4.1 2.0 1.3 Lesotho 100 116 110 130 131 135 141 145 145 139 137 -0.5 1.7 2.4 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 690 895 912 934 952 972 1,005 1,013 1,054 1,038 1,051 0.2 2.3 1.9 Malawi 263 277 387 485 486 536 591 622 585 600 644 2.2 1.0 7.8 Mali 656 843 863 891 931 958 1,046 938 1,043 1,005 1,183 3.2 5.2 3.1 Mauritania 101 156 165 161 170 177 186 186 184 182 182 2.9 3.3 1.9 Mauritius 219 269 255 270 286 291 293 224 295 315 276 .. 0.7 0.9 Mozambique .. 610 716 793 862 924 977 888 1,000 1,063 1,145 .. 2.3 6.1 Namibia 179 278 271 296 277 294 312 338 304 310 320 .. 4.7 1.8 Niger 479 621 628 629 646 782 743 680 770 785 832 1.1 3.0 3.3 Nigeria 7,011 9,264 9,603 9,995 10,417 10,839 11,399 11,730 12,176 12,692 13,214 -3.0 4.5 4.0 Rwanda 535 355 459 550 573 633 687 750 812 930 901 5.6 -2.1 10.3 São Tomé and Principe .. 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 .. 4.8 3.4 Senegal 534 705 721 764 745 725 767 848 913 731 872 -1.2 1.7 2.1 Seychelles 18 14 14 14 15 15 17 17 17 16 17 -3.1 -1.7 2.6 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 3,073 3,752 3,004 3,725 3,756 3,557 3,777 3,955 3,827 4,077 3,833 0.2 2.1 1.6 Sudan 1,485 2,235 2,369 2,818 3,292 3,678 4,033 4,301 4,541 4,882 .. 1.5 3.0 10.8 Swaziland 49 136 132 150 151 157 164 156 140 144 144 -1.6 8.5 0.6 Tanzania .. 3,054 3,232 3,357 3,439 3,505 3,650 3,773 3,980 4,178 4,346 .. 3.5 3.8 Togo 220 363 383 446 465 453 477 455 461 494 489 2.8 3.2 2.9 Uganda .. 1,634 1,720 1,803 1,828 1,806 1,911 2,017 2,110 2,192 2,242 .. 4.0 3.5 Zambia 371 452 603 600 569 576 634 644 627 616 647 0.5 0.8 2.5 Zimbabwe 600 910 841 1,008 1,040 1,093 1,140 1,174 1,033 961 921 -0.1 1.8 1.0 NORTH AFRICA 17,093 25,903 23,416 28,453 26,440 28,929 28,745 28,100 .. .. .. 2.2 3.2 2.4 Algeria 2,300 3,211 3,691 4,574 3,959 4,410 4,529 4,302 4,604 4,788 4,979 3.7 4.1 3.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. 8,668 12,634 13,000 13,400 13,860 14,377 14,909 15,418 .. .. .. 2.8 2.7 3.4 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 4,023 6,876 3,854 6,860 5,045 6,454 5,378 4,509 5,546 5,934 5,993 0.4 3.1 0.1 Tunisia 1,201 1,817 1,637 2,120 2,183 2,164 2,415 2,390 2,426 2,584 2,752 1.2 4.4 5.0 ALL AFRICA 51,997 70,814 69,767 78,394 78,249 82,122 84,221 85,105 89,286 92,572 94,868 1.1 2.9 3.4 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). National Accounts 17 2-3. Value added in industry Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars, constant 2000 prices percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 74,020 80,896 83,524 87,302 90,860 91,954 93,475 97,253 100,185 102,330 107,962 2.2 1.0 3.0 excluding South Africa 41,639 46,459 47,989 51,190 53,809 55,371 56,959 58,858 61,049 62,250 67,625 .. 1.9 3.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 30,426 31,754 33,980 36,354 38,218 40,252 41,127 42,854 45,535 46,971 .. 1.1 5.0 Angola .. 4,121 4,517 5,014 5,417 5,973 6,359 6,584 6,853 7,841 8,138 .. 0.2 7.7 Benin 115 244 251 271 281 282 287 313 342 363 383 5.4 3.1 5.1 Botswana 550 1,752 1,803 1,893 2,026 2,113 2,223 2,480 2,613 2,702 2,852 18.3 5.9 5.9 Burkina Faso 252 335 365 378 416 375 398 422 457 460 460 1.6 1.8 3.4 Burundi 96 137 114 99 98 100 107 111 129 162 124 8.9 2.2 2.1 Cameroon 1,029 1,323 1,291 1,350 1,453 1,564 1,663 1,746 1,860 1,986 2,125 18.3 -4.3 5.9 Cape Verde 22 67 72 75 73 80 85 95 99 104 108 6.3 8.8 5.7 Central African Republic 146 166 172 153 149 152 159 173 180 187 200 1.4 0.1 2.2 Chad 65 125 150 146 163 192 187 188 236 311 299 -2.0 1.0 10.0 Comoros 20 24 25 24 23 24 24 24 26 27 28 .. -0.5 1.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2,583 1,113 997 997 795 813 878 863 896 923 694 -2.0 -10.7 -3.0 Congo, Rep. of 958 1,788 1,884 1,915 2,076 2,191 2,226 2,323 2,253 2,336 2,292 11.5 1.9 3.0 Côte d'Ivoire 1,231 1,690 1,902 2,082 2,474 2,540 2,581 2,295 2,221 2,120 1,934 6.5 1.8 1.3 Djibouti .. 97 74 72 70 69 69 70 .. .. .. .. -1.4 -4.2 Equatorial Guinea .. 77 97 186 523 746 1,202 1,178 1,156 1,420 1,782 .. 15.9 43.1 Eritrea .. 76 92 126 150 141 145 135 144 155 158 .. .. 6.7 Ethiopia .. 429 464 489 503 515 559 569 597 632 661 .. -3.5 4.6 Gabon 1,743 2,316 2,436 2,490 2,513 2,545 2,581 2,624 2,676 2,749 2,828 .. 2.4 1.9 Gambia, The 28 43 41 43 43 45 46 48 51 56 60 3.1 5.6 4.1 Ghana 866 963 1,001 1,049 1,116 1,151 1,208 1,265 1,325 1,409 1,510 -7.5 5.0 5.0 Guinea .. 780 827 900 940 974 1,026 1,075 1,133 1,186 1,191 .. 2.6 4.9 Guinea-Bissau 24 37 38 39 41 24 25 26 28 31 39 3.2 3.1 -2.4 Kenya 980 1,511 1,564 1,617 1,650 1,674 1,690 1,669 1,682 1,701 1,728 4.7 3.7 1.2 Lesotho 102 249 269 294 341 301 303 320 334 357 374 14.4 10.0 3.8 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 461 401 408 416 435 458 478 504 543 430 492 -2.9 1.2 2.5 Malawi 175 238 250 271 270 276 285 282 252 248 254 2.7 3.7 0.2 Mali 166 293 313 334 408 433 443 464 561 661 599 1.6 3.3 9.3 Mauritania 142 243 261 258 244 240 244 264 267 267 280 0.6 2.8 1.2 Mauritius 318 884 924 974 1,027 1,085 1,140 1,210 1,294 1,332 1,346 .. 9.2 5.2 Mozambique .. 303 345 415 526 675 792 882 1,059 1,198 1,308 .. -3.0 18.7 Namibia 689 788 805 764 814 856 862 873 905 898 960 .. 2.8 2.2 Niger 306 263 270 288 298 306 313 319 327 337 350 10.4 -1.6 3.1 Nigeria 16,961 16,013 16,217 17,192 17,443 17,150 16,713 17,732 18,199 16,741 20,484 0.0 3.6 1.7 Rwanda 459 151 224 262 308 340 358 371 399 431 450 7.4 -7.2 10.9 São Tomé and Principe .. 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 .. 0.9 2.7 Senegal 370 588 657 692 733 794 847 899 953 1,044 1,091 3.7 3.0 6.9 Seychelles 44 84 103 122 148 170 158 178 177 182 177 2.0 6.3 8.2 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 32,608 34,411 35,509 36,093 37,035 36,573 36,510 38,386 39,131 40,073 40,442 2.6 -0.1 1.7 Sudan .. 1,681 1,781 2,121 2,170 2,308 2,503 2,470 2,843 3,056 .. 6.4 3.6 7.3 Swaziland 36 342 361 373 395 407 418 426 439 452 459 0.2 24.9 3.3 Tanzania .. 947 929 991 1,057 1,166 1,232 1,319 1,410 1,542 1,699 .. 1.0 7.1 Togo 216 187 226 238 244 221 228 237 230 255 291 1.5 0.8 2.8 Uganda .. 559 668 783 875 919 1,029 1,084 1,151 1,242 1,332 .. 8.6 9.4 Zambia 886 915 787 791 848 756 709 729 796 873 949 -0.4 1.6 0.4 Zimbabwe 1,227 1,773 1,657 1,827 1,841 1,820 1,758 1,586 1,430 1,313 1,234 -1.0 2.9 -3.9 NORTH AFRICA 48,101 70,204 72,993 75,621 79,457 83,566 86,894 93,288 .. .. .. 6.4 2.3 4.8 Algeria 19,763 24,128 24,825 25,583 26,531 27,708 28,968 30,221 30,452 31,483 32,888 5.0 0.3 3.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 12,108 21,879 22,900 23,769 25,238 27,033 28,019 31,577 .. .. .. 11.0 4.3 6.0 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 5,929 8,612 8,997 9,431 9,953 10,179 10,461 10,727 11,048 11,435 11,835 3.4 3.0 3.4 Tunisia 2,488 4,181 4,413 4,554 4,826 5,070 5,330 5,609 5,900 6,219 6,555 7.1 4.0 5.1 ALL AFRICA 123,646 151,818 157,213 163,710 171,069 176,006 180,693 190,627 195,629 200,778 211,063 3.7 1.5 3.7 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 18 National Accounts 2-4. Value added in services Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars, constant 2000 prices percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 91,866 125,035 130,679 135,794 140,630 144,589 149,383 154,488 159,816 165,637 172,494 3.2 2.0 3.5 excluding South Africa 43,653 61,535 64,338 66,588 69,544 72,063 74,002 76,041 78,520 81,004 84,278 .. 2.8 3.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 37,794 51,983 54,564 56,519 58,982 61,317 63,183 64,790 66,892 68,605 70,641 .. 2.1 3.4 Angola .. 1,624 1,772 1,960 2,097 2,103 2,035 2,028 1,935 2,219 2,194 .. -3.1 2.5 Benin 680 831 896 902 970 1,011 1,073 1,118 1,178 1,235 1,310 3.8 0.4 5.1 Botswana 292 1,509 1,633 1,748 1,860 1,992 2,118 2,233 2,377 2,483 2,650 8.2 14.1 6.3 Burkina Faso 598 963 1,027 1,104 1,189 1,206 1,311 1,298 1,439 1,490 1,671 6.4 2.9 5.8 Burundi 112 200 192 170 170 174 179 186 192 199 211 6.2 3.5 1.0 Cameroon 2,669 2,976 3,151 3,063 3,034 3,011 3,005 3,110 3,250 3,302 3,362 8.6 -4.3 1.1 Cape Verde 96 257 276 274 302 325 353 373 388 408 431 10.5 6.1 6.1 Central African Republic 236 204 229 197 211 228 233 215 204 173 165 0.3 -3.0 -2.2 Chad 324 589 576 585 594 623 633 639 688 770 774 -0.7 2.9 3.4 Comoros 78 105 104 102 105 107 106 96 93 94 95 .. 1.2 -1.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2,112 1,167 1,007 993 869 899 852 702 650 669 1,083 0.0 -5.5 -3.8 Congo, Rep. of 458 660 688 734 668 687 638 726 800 859 875 9.3 -1.2 2.9 Côte d'Ivoire 4,859 4,668 4,974 5,415 5,566 5,856 6,045 5,761 5,837 5,833 5,752 1.3 -0.4 2.1 Djibouti .. 384 396 371 377 390 396 403 .. .. .. .. -1.0 0.7 Equatorial Guinea .. 33 35 39 44 54 60 66 74 83 80 .. 6.5 11.9 Eritrea .. 326 340 363 384 356 367 365 382 387 394 .. .. 1.7 Ethiopia .. 1,591 1,739 1,860 1,988 2,194 2,362 2,586 2,708 2,832 2,897 .. 1.6 7.3 Gabon 1,226 1,622 1,814 1,975 2,184 2,262 1,949 1,990 2,045 1,977 2,023 .. 1.7 1.4 Gambia, The 100 157 159 166 179 187 185 190 203 221 227 4.7 3.5 4.2 Ghana 673 1,513 1,581 1,645 1,704 1,785 1,869 1,956 2,044 2,133 2,220 0.1 7.9 4.4 Guinea .. 982 1,041 1,075 1,112 1,168 1,192 1,224 1,249 1,273 1,293 .. 3.4 3.0 Guinea-Bissau 38 62 63 70 74 50 54 61 60 67 67 10.0 4.2 -0.2 Kenya 2,554 4,645 4,892 5,145 5,304 5,410 5,498 5,553 5,629 5,703 5,813 5.9 4.5 2.3 Lesotho 147 263 276 294 313 317 317 315 322 329 343 5.0 4.6 2.5 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 1,589 1,531 1,555 1,588 1,664 1,744 1,839 1,967 2,087 1,765 1,948 0.1 1.1 3.1 Malawi 445 583 636 643 736 695 685 669 671 688 705 3.1 2.7 1.3 Mali 531 668 668 725 740 771 819 854 905 911 994 1.6 0.9 4.6 Mauritania 231 279 273 291 321 345 374 399 428 458 483 2.1 3.5 7.0 Mauritius 775 1,680 1,802 1,912 2,030 2,149 2,281 2,395 2,554 2,696 2,844 .. 6.4 6.0 Mozambique .. 1,538 1,409 1,402 1,447 1,555 1,526 1,541 1,664 1,675 1,726 .. 8.1 2.0 Namibia 775 1,482 1,555 1,631 1,698 1,733 1,797 1,869 1,942 2,013 2,078 .. 4.3 3.7 Niger 738 639 665 700 718 746 768 798 828 862 907 -0.1 1.9 3.8 Nigeria 5,636 9,549 9,772 10,066 10,559 10,746 10,820 11,251 11,628 12,393 13,561 1.5 7.4 3.5 Rwanda 500 331 454 468 582 621 666 690 721 748 785 7.6 -0.8 8.9 São Tomé and Principe .. 27 28 27 27 28 28 29 30 32 34 .. 0.3 2.3 Senegal 1,411 1,923 2,004 2,100 2,254 2,423 2,526 2,627 2,752 2,886 3,003 3.1 1.9 5.2 Seychelles 230 360 338 341 371 394 415 422 411 408 374 -1.5 6.0 1.9 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 48,243 63,493 66,334 69,198 71,082 72,526 75,377 78,439 81,286 84,618 88,194 3.2 1.4 3.6 Sudan .. 4,225 4,478 3,896 4,079 4,188 4,610 5,015 5,190 5,399 .. 4.7 5.1 3.5 Swaziland 79 310 325 330 340 351 366 383 395 406 421 4.9 12.9 3.5 Tanzania .. 2,577 2,649 2,745 2,830 2,947 3,100 3,286 3,467 3,682 3,888 .. 4.1 4.8 Togo 539 441 457 473 627 634 633 637 635 627 631 2.0 -1.9 4.3 Uganda .. 1,407 1,584 1,729 1,833 2,028 2,175 2,331 2,462 2,658 2,827 .. 5.3 7.8 Zambia 1,250 1,119 1,084 1,258 1,308 1,364 1,449 1,512 1,585 1,647 1,725 0.1 0.1 5.3 Zimbabwe 1,923 3,059 3,243 3,499 3,547 3,648 3,721 3,588 3,398 3,257 2,702 5.4 3.8 -0.7 NORTH AFRICA 43,930 80,988 84,009 87,736 91,348 96,193 101,743 104,152 .. .. .. 7.9 3.2 4.5 Algeria 9,623 13,614 13,995 14,195 14,510 15,127 15,379 15,634 16,102 16,990 18,074 6.2 0.9 2.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 15,159 33,741 35,513 37,731 39,739 41,874 45,328 45,827 .. .. .. 11.0 3.8 5.5 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 8,690 14,951 15,135 15,587 15,890 16,788 17,393 18,109 19,037 19,851 20,627 5.9 4.0 3.8 Tunisia 4,924 8,480 8,784 9,171 9,702 10,286 10,827 11,462 12,198 12,954 13,869 5.7 3.6 5.7 ALL AFRICA 136,791 206,434 215,167 223,994 232,420 241,063 251,236 258,836 268,510 279,246 291,759 4.6 2.4 3.8 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). National Accounts 19 2-5. Gross domestic product, nominal Millions of U.S. dollars, current prices Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 270,860 280,250 316,793 331,971 344,650 324,541 322,812 330,943 328,082 340,428 429,447 207,392 268,241 341,074 excluding South Africa 190,677 144,352 165,548 188,190 195,801 190,244 189,626 198,101 209,760 230,195 264,127 146,800 165,770 203,510 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 123,665 120,708 137,453 152,880 159,564 158,118 154,845 155,971 161,664 183,450 206,418 103,821 140,577 163,374 Angola .. 4,060 5,040 7,526 7,675 6,445 6,154 9,129 8,936 10,835 13,825 .. 7,538 8,396 Benin 1,405 1,497 2,009 2,208 2,157 2,335 2,387 2,255 2,372 2,695 3,499 1,035 1,602 2,435 Botswana 1,061 4,339 4,774 4,805 5,191 4,932 5,025 5,251 5,184 5,394 7,530 815 3,058 5,343 Burkina Faso 1,929 1,972 2,463 2,773 2,602 2,794 2,811 2,601 2,814 3,203 4,182 1,479 2,435 2,916 Burundi 920 925 1,000 900 957 878 714 679 689 628 595 778 1,093 782 Cameroon 6,741 7,866 7,963 9,108 9,115 8,686 9,187 8,879 8,591 9,855 12,491 5,630 10,944 9,319 Cape Verde 107 411 491 502 506 540 583 531 550 616 797 86 303 569 Central African Republic 797 853 1,122 1,070 1,003 1,047 1,051 953 967 1,046 1,203 619 1,223 1,051 Chad 1,033 1,179 1,438 1,605 1,508 1,741 1,534 1,390 1,670 2,008 2,608 928 1,432 1,722 Comoros 124 186 232 230 212 216 223 204 220 247 319 113 215 234 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 14,395 5,820 5,643 5,771 6,091 6,218 4,711 4,304 4,880 5,547 5,671 12,212 8,401 5,426 Congo, Rep. of 1,706 1,769 2,116 2,541 2,323 1,949 2,354 3,220 2,788 3,017 3,564 1,452 2,306 2,652 Côte d'Ivoire 10,175 8,314 11,000 12,139 11,722 12,783 12,556 10,599 10,735 11,692 13,964 7,172 9,804 11,910 Djibouti .. 487 498 494 503 514 536 553 .. .. .. .. 425 516 Equatorial Guinea .. 126 164 259 498 456 872 1,341 1,702 2,118 2,915 104 123 1,147 Eritrea .. 532 578 694 686 746 726 634 671 631 751 .. 492 680 Ethiopia .. 5,539 5,780 6,010 6,381 6,516 6,498 6,528 6,510 6,059 6,652 5,603 7,690 6,326 Gabon 4,279 4,191 4,958 5,741 5,428 4,619 4,352 4,932 4,334 4,971 6,057 3,211 4,357 5,043 Gambia, The 241 363 382 392 410 417 432 421 418 370 366 181 289 401 Ghana 4,445 5,441 6,457 6,926 6,884 7,474 7,710 4,978 5,309 6,160 7,521 3,762 5,606 6,602 Guinea .. 3,382 3,692 3,869 3,784 3,588 3,461 3,112 3,042 3,208 3,630 .. 2,698 3,487 Guinea-Bissau 111 236 254 270 269 206 224 215 199 204 239 131 203 231 Kenya 7,265 7,149 9,047 9,257 10,612 11,496 10,572 10,454 11,185 12,225 14,376 5,535 7,493 11,025 Lesotho 431 835 933 943 1,024 890 911 859 763 699 1,077 310 584 900 Liberia 954 132 135 159 296 360 442 542 534 562 442 842 591 386 Madagascar 4,042 2,977 3,160 3,995 3,546 3,739 3,717 3,878 4,530 4,397 5,474 3,057 2,873 4,048 Malawi 1,238 1,182 1,397 2,281 2,663 1,751 1,776 1,744 1,705 1,864 1,701 1,018 1,560 1,876 Mali 1,787 1,763 2,466 2,619 2,475 2,597 2,570 2,422 2,630 3,343 4,346 1,285 2,101 2,830 Mauritania 814 1,027 1,068 1,116 1,096 1,002 958 940 982 991 1,128 740 965 1,031 Mauritius 1,153 3,373 3,820 4,163 4,385 4,146 4,175 4,424 4,526 4,542 5,224 1,060 2,309 4,378 Mozambique 3,526 2,178 2,311 2,841 3,397 3,874 3,985 3,685 3,436 3,599 4,321 3,457 2,739 3,494 Namibia 2,169 3,252 3,503 3,491 3,635 3,399 3,386 3,414 3,216 2,993 4,271 1,895 2,289 3,479 Niger 2,509 1,563 1,881 1,988 1,846 2,077 2,018 1,798 1,945 2,170 2,731 1,725 2,036 2,051 Nigeria 64,202 23,663 28,109 35,299 36,229 32,144 34,776 42,078 48,000 46,711 57,622 42,093 25,226 40,108 Rwanda 1,163 754 1,293 1,382 1,852 1,989 1,931 1,811 1,703 1,732 1,684 1,091 1,988 1,709 São Tomé and Principe 47 50 45 45 44 41 47 46 47 50 60 41 52 47 Senegal 2,987 3,642 4,476 4,636 4,374 4,652 4,751 4,373 4,611 5,037 6,485 2,364 4,685 4,822 Seychelles 147 487 508 503 563 608 623 618 618 699 703 112 336 605 Sierra Leone 1,101 994 930 942 850 672 664 634 749 783 828 963 787 783 Somalia 604 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 677 977 .. South Africa 80,526 135,770 151,117 143,744 148,813 134,302 133,194 132,874 118,481 110,516 165,429 61,196 102,552 137,608 Sudan 7,617 8,170 7,194 8,425 10,607 11,575 10,747 12,192 13,618 15,376 17,792 7,964 12,690 11,947 Swaziland 546 1,146 1,364 1,332 1,436 1,346 1,377 1,389 1,260 1,192 1,904 433 782 1,400 Tanzania .. 4,511 5,255 6,496 7,684 8,383 8,638 9,079 9,441 9,772 10,297 5,569 4,539 8,338 Togo 1,136 983 1,309 1,465 1,499 1,587 1,576 1,329 1,328 1,476 1,759 813 1,294 1,481 Uganda 1,245 3,839 5,598 5,901 6,144 6,585 5,999 5,927 5,681 5,861 6,297 2,292 4,273 5,999 Zambia 3,884 3,347 3,478 3,270 3,910 3,237 3,131 3,238 3,637 3,697 4,335 3,159 3,037 3,548 Zimbabwe 6,679 6,891 7,111 8,553 8,428 5,732 5,494 7,204 9,057 17,750 8,401 5,993 7,233 8,637 NORTH AFRICA 126,527 161,973 176,369 196,929 202,773 214,239 222,680 236,346 240,489 240,231 254,856 98,639 151,763 220,546 Algeria 42,345 42,543 41,764 46,845 47,869 47,357 47,592 53,306 56,689 57,990 64,097 34,827 55,135 51,501 Egypt, Arab Rep. 22,912 51,898 60,159 67,651 75,605 82,704 89,207 98,782 97,545 90,650 84,395 20,312 40,682 82,966 Libya 35,545 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24,534 22,892 .. Morocco 18,821 30,351 32,986 36,639 33,415 35,817 35,277 33,344 34,219 37,555 45,817 13,499 23,292 36,119 Tunisia 8,743 15,626 17,989 19,587 18,900 19,850 20,970 19,462 20,032 22,067 26,632 6,901 11,842 20,610 ALL AFRICA 399,153 445,453 497,349 532,323 551,110 540,397 546,338 567,515 568,308 581,118 688,674 307,288 424,103 563,681 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 20 National Accounts 2-6. Total consumption Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 69.8 82.9 83.8 80.8 83.4 84.9 84.3 81.2 81.6 82.0 82.9 73.7 80.4 82.8 excluding South Africa 73.3 84.4 85.9 80.4 84.3 87.1 86.7 81.2 82.1 82.9 83.8 75.7 83.2 83.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 78.8 85.4 86.8 83.9 86.3 88.5 88.1 85.2 86.2 85.1 87.9 76.7 84.2 86.5 Angola .. 73.9 73.7 51.2 74.1 80.7 79.3 60.5 86.2 73.3 79.9 .. 79.7 73.2 Benin 106.3 94.0 93.3 96.6 94.4 93.4 95.2 94.0 93.5 94.0 92.8 101.7 100.0 94.1 Botswana 73.3 63.0 62.5 58.7 57.0 60.2 61.3 58.3 59.5 61.4 61.9 76.7 58.6 60.1 Burkina Faso 107.2 93.0 91.8 91.7 90.1 88.4 91.9 93.5 95.0 95.3 96.1 103.4 96.9 92.6 Burundi 100.6 107.6 104.8 97.5 96.1 102.9 100.5 105.7 104.8 105.1 95.7 95.9 101.0 101.5 Cameroon 78.3 82.1 80.4 82.7 80.9 81.0 81.6 79.7 79.6 83.2 82.9 76.8 79.1 81.3 Cape Verde 124.0 97.2 97.6 108.0 108.4 115.3 117.5 114.2 115.1 115.7 114.3 119.8 102.4 111.8 Central African Republic 108.9 94.0 93.8 99.4 95.6 94.7 89.0 92.2 88.9 89.7 96.1 101.6 98.6 93.3 Chad .. 101.5 101.7 96.7 97.7 92.8 104.7 97.9 93.4 89.6 77.9 97.6 108.3 94.7 Comoros 110.1 106.5 105.3 103.6 109.0 104.7 105.7 101.4 101.4 102.3 101.7 106.5 102.9 103.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 89.9 89.4 85.9 72.5 93.8 101.3 90.9 95.2 93.4 95.9 .. 89.5 90.2 91.1 Congo, Rep. of 64.3 84.5 62.3 64.3 62.2 69.7 59.0 42.3 46.9 50.0 52.6 73.9 77.8 56.6 Côte d'Ivoire 79.6 75.1 77.1 79.2 77.2 80.3 78.7 82.4 81.3 73.7 77.5 75.7 83.7 78.6 Djibouti .. .. 108.3 106.9 105.7 100.8 105.5 105.3 .. .. .. .. .. 105.4 Equatorial Guinea .. 74.9 72.7 69.3 56.9 80.1 35.2 26.0 10.4 7.5 162.8 92.4 114.6 57.9 Eritrea .. 129.7 138.0 130.6 124.9 132.9 139.1 134.7 127.0 133.0 162.9 .. 126.5 135.9 Ethiopia .. 94.6 92.0 93.0 92.1 92.3 97.9 99.1 96.9 97.5 99.0 93.6 94.3 95.5 Gabon 39.4 54.7 52.7 49.0 49.0 61.0 65.2 71.7 49.7 51.6 54.7 41.9 64.5 56.1 Gambia, The 94.2 97.2 103.9 94.4 87.6 88.2 89.0 91.5 88.0 87.1 90.0 95.7 92.5 91.1 Ghana 95.1 87.5 88.4 86.8 95.8 89.7 96.5 94.4 93.0 92.6 90.9 93.7 94.0 92.0 Guinea .. 87.7 87.2 82.3 78.6 82.7 82.7 83.2 84.3 90.9 92.6 .. 84.8 84.9 Guinea-Bissau 101.0 96.1 101.2 98.3 94.9 110.1 101.2 108.5 119.3 111.4 98.8 103.0 98.0 104.8 Kenya 86.6 80.4 88.7 86.8 92.1 90.5 89.8 94.3 94.6 90.4 92.3 82.6 82.5 91.0 Lesotho 160.4 136.0 138.4 136.2 131.4 133.5 122.4 120.4 116.3 118.0 112.2 174.0 157.7 125.4 Liberia 85.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 103.5 103.3 102.9 89.9 97.9 103.3 Madagascar 101.4 96.7 96.6 93.9 95.3 93.0 92.8 92.3 84.7 92.3 91.1 98.1 96.0 92.4 Malawi 89.2 103.0 100.3 96.7 100.6 91.9 100.6 98.5 97.3 107.6 105.0 84.4 91.7 99.8 Mali 98.9 92.5 92.2 92.8 90.0 89.6 90.5 88.0 86.0 88.7 85.0 99.8 96.9 89.2 Mauritania 103.1 83.1 91.1 93.7 92.1 95.0 92.8 84.8 86.5 95.4 96.9 104.9 90.7 92.0 Mauritius 85.5 76.4 76.6 76.2 75.7 75.1 76.2 75.8 74.0 74.8 74.7 83.1 75.4 75.5 Mozambique 108.9 108.4 95.1 94.6 91.9 89.2 99.1 101.4 94.7 95.1 89.8 105.8 106.7 94.5 Namibia 61.6 81.1 84.5 84.9 89.8 86.3 87.5 86.0 83.0 86.5 84.6 90.3 88.1 85.9 Niger 85.4 100.0 99.8 96.9 96.8 97.3 96.3 96.5 95.6 94.7 95.0 91.6 94.7 96.5 Nigeria 68.6 79.4 81.6 65.1 75.4 80.4 80.9 66.6 68.3 74.2 69.3 78.5 78.8 73.5 Rwanda 95.8 148.5 107.3 105.8 104.1 102.8 100.0 98.7 97.4 100.0 100.8 93.2 100.8 101.9 São Tomé and Principe 111.6 117.5 111.4 113.7 116.5 107.0 110.3 106.0 127.1 124.3 108.8 106.6 125.1 113.9 Senegal 105.0 88.2 88.9 87.8 88.8 86.9 86.5 91.4 91.4 91.2 92.0 98.9 93.5 89.4 Seychelles 72.9 75.9 76.8 70.3 79.1 81.3 74.4 75.7 76.9 72.2 87.1 75.7 75.1 77.1 Sierra Leone 99.1 88.7 102.1 104.4 96.9 102.1 104.8 107.0 111.3 111.1 111.1 90.8 88.6 105.6 Somalia 112.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 111.4 97.4 .. South Africa 62.2 80.9 81.1 81.3 82.2 81.8 80.9 81.2 80.8 80.3 81.2 69.5 76.4 81.2 Sudan 97.9 .. .. 89.8 89.3 95.7 92.1 84.6 90.1 87.8 86.1 94.2 92.1 89.4 Swaziland 90.4 96.5 98.7 105.3 96.7 96.7 99.7 95.7 86.7 88.6 91.0 85.9 89.6 95.5 Tanzania .. 98.4 98.1 96.4 95.1 100.8 97.2 90.7 91.4 88.4 90.5 89.0 94.6 94.3 Togo 76.8 88.7 88.8 92.1 99.5 97.2 96.8 102.2 99.0 99.4 94.7 78.6 92.1 96.6 Uganda .. 96.1 97.9 91.5 87.9 94.0 91.6 91.4 93.7 94.3 93.0 97.0 98.6 92.8 Zambia 80.7 92.6 87.8 94.7 90.6 96.1 101.1 91.7 82.7 82.3 81.3 81.1 88.4 89.8 Zimbabwe 86.2 78.2 83.0 81.3 88.9 84.7 84.3 85.2 91.0 89.4 97.9 84.8 81.8 87.3 NORTH AFRICA 59.5 82.0 82.1 80.9 78.7 80.2 78.2 74.9 75.1 75.6 75.2 64.7 78.6 77.9 Algeria 56.9 73.4 71.9 68.6 67.8 72.9 68.6 55.8 59.1 62.0 63.6 61.4 73.0 65.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 84.8 88.6 87.8 89.2 84.5 84.5 83.1 82.7 82.3 82.2 81.5 84.6 85.2 84.2 Libya 43.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53.5 .. .. Morocco 86.3 84.7 85.9 83.8 82.6 81.9 80.4 81.8 80.7 80.9 80.2 87.1 82.5 82.0 Tunisia 76.0 78.5 79.3 76.5 76.0 76.4 75.4 76.1 75.5 75.1 74.4 75.8 76.9 76.1 ALL AFRICA 67.3 82.6 83.2 80.8 81.8 83.2 82.0 78.8 79.1 79.6 80.2 71.6 79.7 81.0 Note:2003 is preliminary. Angola's drop is for weakness in nat. acct. stats. Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the off. ex. rt. used by the Govt. for oil exp. and oil val. added is significantly over-valued. National Accounts 21 2-7. General government consumption Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 13.6 17.2 16.1 15.7 16.1 15.2 16.1 17.3 17.6 17.3 17.9 14.2 16.6 16.6 excluding South Africa 13.2 14.5 14.1 13.1 13.6 12.7 14.4 16.7 17.3 16.9 17.1 13.6 15.0 15.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 14.2 14.5 14.7 14.3 14.6 13.3 14.6 15.1 14.5 14.8 15.2 13.9 15.2 14.6 Angola .. 40.1 52.6 39.4 54.4 30.0 59.7 42.5 34.9 36.9 34.2 .. 36.1 42.7 Benin 8.6 10.1 11.2 10.7 10.2 9.4 10.0 11.6 11.6 13.0 12.9 9.9 12.3 11.2 Botswana 21.3 28.3 28.5 27.3 26.8 28.9 30.4 30.4 31.9 33.3 35.5 22.7 25.1 30.3 Burkina Faso 9.2 16.1 15.0 13.5 13.0 13.2 12.5 12.6 12.2 13.1 12.8 11.4 13.1 13.1 Burundi 9.2 12.7 13.4 12.6 14.5 13.3 16.1 14.7 13.5 14.6 8.5 10.3 10.6 13.5 Cameroon 9.7 10.0 8.6 8.4 8.2 9.2 10.0 10.2 11.2 12.1 12.0 9.7 11.6 10.0 Cape Verde 8.2 18.3 19.8 17.4 16.2 15.0 19.4 21.3 11.3 11.7 14.7 10.0 14.3 16.3 Central African Republic 15.1 17.5 15.2 9.6 10.9 11.6 11.5 11.3 11.4 11.8 10.4 15.0 16.0 11.5 Chad .. 12.7 11.8 8.7 7.9 5.5 6.9 7.9 7.6 7.7 8.0 13.0 12.0 8.0 Comoros 30.9 23.5 22.3 19.0 17.6 15.7 14.6 13.3 16.3 15.9 13.9 29.7 24.6 16.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 8.4 4.4 4.9 6.2 7.8 8.1 6.0 7.5 5.0 3.8 .. 9.1 11.5 6.2 Congo, Rep. of 17.6 16.2 13.0 14.5 20.0 24.2 15.1 11.6 14.1 18.4 17.0 17.3 19.6 16.4 Côte d'Ivoire 16.9 12.0 10.6 10.5 7.0 6.5 6.5 7.1 7.4 7.7 8.0 16.5 15.9 7.9 Djibouti .. .. 32.4 27.7 27.8 23.5 26.4 25.2 .. .. .. .. .. 27.2 Equatorial Guinea .. 15.3 16.4 19.8 11.0 21.0 10.3 6.7 4.5 4.7 2.0 28.3 29.7 10.7 Eritrea .. 30.2 43.9 38.7 29.9 52.3 66.0 63.8 51.4 44.0 51.7 .. 27.7 49.1 Ethiopia .. 12.5 11.8 11.7 11.4 14.3 18.8 22.7 16.8 19.3 23.8 15.3 14.7 16.7 Gabon 13.2 12.0 14.1 13.6 13.7 16.9 16.6 10.0 .. .. .. 14.5 17.5 14.1 Gambia, The 31.2 14.5 13.7 14.9 13.9 12.7 13.0 13.7 14.4 12.9 11.0 36.6 15.8 13.3 Ghana 11.2 13.7 12.1 12.0 12.4 10.3 10.8 10.2 9.7 9.9 8.9 9.9 11.0 10.7 Guinea .. 6.7 6.2 6.4 6.2 6.1 5.9 3.8 6.8 7.5 7.5 .. 8.4 6.3 Guinea-Bissau 27.6 7.1 6.4 6.6 7.0 9.3 10.8 14.0 11.1 12.8 13.0 23.6 10.7 10.1 Kenya 19.8 15.2 14.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.9 17.5 19.2 19.1 17.9 18.5 17.4 17.1 Lesotho 21.4 16.4 17.9 16.2 17.0 20.8 18.6 19.1 17.8 15.6 19.4 17.1 17.1 18.0 Liberia 19.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.6 13.6 7.9 18.5 22.3 12.0 Madagascar 12.1 6.9 6.7 9.8 7.8 7.8 7.2 6.8 8.3 8.2 9.2 11.1 8.4 8.0 Malawi 19.3 31.6 21.0 14.0 17.5 14.7 13.4 14.6 15.9 15.3 16.9 16.4 17.4 15.9 Mali 11.6 11.3 9.7 10.2 12.0 14.7 15.9 8.6 9.2 8.7 8.5 11.0 13.2 10.8 Mauritania 39.9 16.5 14.1 14.3 13.8 14.5 15.2 17.2 15.3 18.4 18.3 39.8 22.4 15.7 Mauritius 14.4 13.1 13.4 13.4 13.2 12.9 12.9 13.2 12.9 12.8 13.0 14.7 12.7 13.1 Mozambique 12.2 14.0 9.5 8.0 7.5 8.4 9.5 10.4 10.8 11.0 11.5 15.2 13.1 9.6 Namibia 17.4 28.3 30.2 30.3 30.2 29.6 30.3 28.8 28.4 27.4 28.8 26.0 30.9 29.3 Niger 10.4 16.0 14.1 11.3 13.8 13.1 14.9 13.0 12.4 12.2 11.3 11.5 14.4 12.9 Nigeria 12.1 14.3 11.1 8.0 9.4 9.7 13.4 22.8 26.5 24.7 24.0 14.4 14.0 16.6 Rwanda 12.5 11.2 10.3 11.5 9.6 10.0 11.0 10.5 11.7 11.8 15.1 14.7 12.5 11.3 São Tomé and Principe 34.5 31.9 27.6 27.2 31.9 25.6 29.8 28.0 29.5 24.4 21.6 22.1 35.9 27.3 Senegal 20.3 12.8 12.4 12.1 11.9 11.8 12.7 12.2 14.5 14.5 14.6 17.2 15.0 13.0 Seychelles 28.7 29.3 27.5 29.4 29.5 31.2 26.9 25.2 30.8 25.9 21.5 28.5 31.8 27.6 Sierra Leone 8.4 10.2 13.1 9.5 9.0 9.1 10.5 13.2 17.3 18.1 18.1 8.4 8.7 13.1 Somalia 15.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19.8 .. .. South Africa 14.3 20.0 18.3 19.1 19.2 18.8 18.4 18.1 18.3 18.3 19.1 15.7 19.4 18.6 Sudan 16.0 .. .. 7.3 5.6 4.9 4.2 7.7 8.2 8.2 10.6 12.1 13.0 7.1 Swaziland 26.9 21.5 19.2 20.9 24.8 24.2 22.2 24.1 18.4 16.4 14.8 22.2 19.3 20.6 Tanzania .. 17.1 11.5 11.6 8.8 7.8 7.9 8.5 9.3 9.6 11.4 13.5 16.6 9.6 Togo 22.4 13.2 12.1 12.0 10.3 10.9 9.7 10.2 10.0 8.4 9.8 20.0 14.9 10.4 Uganda .. 12.2 11.5 12.0 13.6 12.9 12.9 13.7 13.8 15.5 15.2 10.8 10.0 13.4 Zambia 25.5 13.1 15.4 18.3 17.5 15.8 12.9 9.5 12.8 13.0 14.6 25.7 19.7 14.4 Zimbabwe 18.5 16.7 18.0 16.9 16.3 17.5 15.2 24.2 19.3 16.9 15.8 16.9 20.2 17.8 NORTH AFRICA 12.5 14.8 14.5 14.0 14.0 14.3 14.0 13.0 12.9 12.6 12.7 14.3 15.7 13.5 Algeria 15.2 17.9 16.8 16.4 16.7 18.1 17.1 14.1 14.2 14.8 15.3 15.2 17.5 15.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 15.7 10.3 10.5 10.4 10.2 10.1 10.1 9.7 10.3 9.5 9.1 19.5 12.8 10.0 Libya 21.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27.8 .. .. Morocco 18.3 17.1 17.4 16.9 17.8 18.0 19.2 19.1 17.9 15.8 15.1 18.9 16.1 17.5 Tunisia 14.5 16.5 16.9 15.6 15.8 15.7 15.5 15.7 13.6 13.7 13.7 15.7 16.7 15.1 ALL AFRICA 13.0 16.4 15.6 15.1 15.4 14.9 15.3 15.6 15.8 15.5 16.1 14.2 16.3 15.5 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued. 22 National Accounts 2-8. Gross domestic investment Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 21.6 17.9 18.4 18.2 17.7 19.0 18.4 17.0 17.9 18.2 18.6 21.2 16.7 18.1 excluding South Africa 18.2 18.8 18.6 19.0 18.6 20.4 19.8 17.7 19.4 19.2 19.5 18.6 16.1 19.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 16.6 18.6 19.1 20.1 18.8 19.6 18.9 17.7 18.4 17.4 18.5 16.8 15.8 18.7 Angola .. 16.6 28.1 34.7 25.5 35.5 27.1 12.7 13.4 13.3 12.8 .. 13.0 22.6 Benin 15.2 15.8 19.6 17.1 18.4 17.0 17.5 18.9 19.2 17.8 18.9 17.7 13.6 18.3 Botswana 40.1 26.5 24.6 25.0 28.1 33.5 28.0 20.0 23.0 28.0 27.5 36.3 27.6 26.4 Burkina Faso 15.1 19.3 22.8 24.5 25.0 27.2 23.8 22.7 18.9 17.8 18.7 17.9 18.9 22.4 Burundi 13.9 10.6 9.6 12.1 8.1 8.8 9.1 9.1 6.9 9.0 15.3 14.3 15.0 9.8 Cameroon 21.0 15.3 14.5 15.4 16.2 17.5 18.7 16.4 17.7 18.3 17.0 25.1 19.4 16.9 Cape Verde 51.6 43.4 42.4 24.1 22.0 19.8 20.9 19.7 18.3 20.9 20.2 49.1 32.8 23.1 Central African Republic 7.0 11.7 13.5 4.3 9.8 13.5 14.4 10.8 14.0 14.8 6.0 10.5 12.1 11.3 Chad .. 16.6 10.3 14.9 14.8 20.2 10.1 22.4 43.1 62.5 55.0 11.9 8.7 28.1 Comoros 33.2 20.7 19.5 19.4 15.8 17.9 14.9 13.1 11.8 12.2 11.8 33.4 21.1 15.2 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 10.0 7.9 9.4 27.9 2.5 1.8 3.1 3.5 5.4 7.3 13.7 12.7 10.0 8.3 Congo, Rep. of 35.8 31.2 36.6 27.0 22.4 26.7 27.8 21.0 26.4 23.3 22.9 36.2 23.1 26.0 Côte d'Ivoire 26.5 13.7 15.6 12.1 14.4 13.3 13.1 10.6 11.0 10.4 9.7 23.6 10.3 12.3 Djibouti .. .. 8.4 9.1 9.4 15.3 8.9 12.9 .. .. .. .. .. 10.7 Equatorial Guinea .. 74.1 76.3 113.6 65.7 91.6 54.7 40.8 57.0 29.0 26.0 13.9 18.8 61.6 Eritrea .. 25.1 22.5 27.6 31.3 32.4 34.1 31.9 28.7 26.6 22.4 .. 16.6 28.6 Ethiopia .. 15.2 16.4 16.9 17.0 17.2 16.9 15.9 17.8 20.5 20.5 13.7 13.4 17.7 Gabon 27.5 21.9 23.7 23.3 29.6 37.3 28.0 26.1 30.5 28.4 23.9 42.9 29.3 27.9 Gambia, The 26.7 18.1 20.2 21.6 17.2 18.4 17.8 17.4 17.4 21.2 19.2 19.7 19.1 18.9 Ghana 5.6 24.0 20.0 21.2 24.8 23.1 21.0 24.0 26.6 19.7 23.0 6.9 14.3 22.6 Guinea .. 15.6 16.6 23.1 23.6 21.0 22.1 22.0 17.6 13.1 9.9 .. 17.0 18.8 Guinea-Bissau 28.2 21.8 22.3 23.1 24.0 11.3 16.8 11.3 15.0 10.0 12.4 23.8 34.0 16.2 Kenya 24.5 16.4 17.5 16.8 15.4 17.3 16.2 15.4 14.6 13.4 12.9 21.6 18.9 15.5 Lesotho 28.6 55.6 60.5 58.4 54.0 47.1 48.6 42.2 40.2 42.3 44.3 27.5 47.0 48.6 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.0 4.7 8.7 .. .. 6.1 Madagascar 15.0 10.9 10.9 11.6 12.8 14.8 14.9 15.0 18.5 14.3 17.9 10.2 11.3 14.5 Malawi 24.7 29.1 17.4 12.3 11.6 13.5 14.7 13.6 13.9 10.9 11.2 25.3 20.2 13.2 Mali 15.5 27.3 22.9 22.9 20.6 20.9 21.2 24.6 31.0 18.6 23.9 14.8 21.7 22.9 Mauritania 22.9 20.7 19.3 18.6 17.6 19.0 17.8 30.6 32.4 30.8 41.2 23.3 23.1 25.2 Mauritius 25.4 30.9 28.8 25.3 27.2 27.6 26.0 26.1 23.3 21.4 22.9 24.7 27.8 25.4 Mozambique 7.6 25.3 29.6 21.8 20.6 24.2 23.9 21.1 24.6 25.0 26.9 10.4 19.3 24.2 Namibia 30.6 21.7 21.7 23.1 20.2 25.8 23.3 19.5 23.4 17.2 22.7 23.1 18.1 21.9 Niger 28.1 10.4 7.3 9.7 10.9 11.3 10.2 11.4 12.1 14.2 14.2 18.2 10.8 11.2 Nigeria 21.3 19.6 16.3 14.2 17.4 24.1 23.4 17.7 22.8 26.1 23.1 22.3 17.9 20.6 Rwanda 16.1 10.0 13.4 14.4 13.8 14.8 17.2 17.5 18.4 16.9 18.4 14.8 14.8 16.1 São Tomé and Principe 16.8 41.6 68.1 56.2 49.1 35.8 39.0 43.5 29.9 26.6 30.1 14.6 24.2 42.0 Senegal 11.7 18.5 16.7 18.5 17.8 19.8 20.6 18.5 18.1 18.5 20.1 13.1 13.2 18.7 Seychelles 38.3 27.1 30.3 39.1 31.9 34.6 43.3 27.2 41.3 30.5 9.0 33.5 24.1 31.9 Sierra Leone 16.2 7.8 5.2 13.3 4.3 0.8 10.9 14.3 8.3 12.2 14.4 15.1 8.9 9.3 Somalia 42.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27.1 26.3 .. South Africa 29.9 16.8 18.0 17.3 16.6 17.0 16.4 15.9 15.3 16.1 17.2 27.4 18.0 16.6 Sudan 14.7 .. .. 21.5 20.4 17.0 16.3 17.9 17.6 18.2 18.2 16.0 13.0 18.4 Swaziland 37.3 21.5 20.0 20.7 20.6 22.4 18.7 19.9 24.6 19.8 18.0 31.8 21.7 20.5 Tanzania .. 24.6 19.8 16.6 14.9 13.8 15.5 17.6 17.0 19.1 18.6 .. 23.3 17.0 Togo 28.4 15.0 16.1 18.8 16.3 16.4 13.3 17.8 20.4 18.5 18.9 29.8 16.8 17.4 Uganda 6.2 15.4 12.8 20.7 18.5 16.4 19.5 20.0 18.6 19.7 20.7 7.2 12.4 18.5 Zambia 23.3 8.2 15.9 12.8 14.6 16.4 17.6 18.7 20.0 23.0 26.1 22.3 13.7 18.3 Zimbabwe 16.9 23.7 19.7 18.5 18.1 17.1 16.1 12.6 7.8 8.3 11.4 16.7 18.8 14.4 NORTH AFRICA 28.2 22.9 22.8 20.6 22.6 25.9 25.8 24.3 24.4 25.4 26.5 31.1 26.8 24.3 Algeria 39.1 31.2 31.8 25.1 23.8 28.7 27.8 23.8 25.8 28.4 30.0 41.7 30.5 27.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 27.5 16.6 17.2 16.6 21.7 25.6 25.5 23.9 22.7 23.0 23.5 29.9 24.4 22.2 Libya 22.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26.3 .. .. Morocco 24.2 21.3 20.7 19.6 20.7 22.2 23.4 24.4 24.6 25.0 25.3 26.5 23.1 22.9 Tunisia 29.4 24.5 24.8 25.1 26.4 27.0 26.8 27.4 28.1 28.6 29.1 31.2 27.7 27.0 ALL AFRICA 23.3 19.6 19.8 19.0 19.4 21.5 21.2 19.8 20.4 20.9 21.3 24.0 20.0 20.4 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued. National Accounts 23 2-9. Gross public investment Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 3.5 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.9 4.8 4.4 5.4 5.0 4.8 .. 4.4 4.6 excluding South Africa .. 5.8 6.3 6.3 6.0 7.0 7.2 6.5 7.4 6.7 7.1 .. 6.5 6.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 6.2 6.6 6.6 5.7 6.2 6.5 5.7 6.0 5.8 6.4 .. 5.8 6.2 Angola .. 3.5 7.0 13.0 4.7 5.9 12.8 6.1 6.4 7.1 7.7 .. 4.6 7.8 Benin .. 9.3 10.4 7.5 6.8 5.8 6.3 7.6 7.8 6.4 7.9 .. 8.1 7.4 Botswana .. 13.0 11.0 11.4 12.4 13.2 13.2 12.6 10.8 11.4 12.2 .. 13.0 12.0 Burkina Faso .. 7.4 9.8 11.0 12.7 12.4 14.9 12.1 8.2 7.2 7.5 .. 6.8 10.6 Burundi 12.8 9.0 8.3 10.4 5.0 5.6 6.2 5.6 3.6 4.6 6.7 14.1 12.6 6.2 Cameroon 4.4 1.3 1.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.3 1.4 2.1 1.6 1.5 4.7 6.0 1.5 Cape Verde .. 32.0 27.1 20.5 18.0 21.3 6.5 12.5 10.8 13.0 9.8 .. 20.7 15.5 Central African Republic 3.7 7.2 9.8 1.8 3.9 7.1 6.8 7.1 7.4 7.6 .. 4.7 6.4 6.4 Chad .. 7.3 6.3 3.5 5.6 7.6 9.6 10.5 9.1 10.1 13.1 2.2 5.6 8.4 Comoros 23.2 10.4 6.4 5.8 6.0 7.7 5.4 3.8 4.4 5.9 5.5 23.3 10.8 5.7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 5.1 0.6 4.4 0.5 0.5 0.1 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 6.7 3.9 3.5 1.5 Congo, Rep. of .. 12.8 9.3 5.2 3.6 4.7 6.1 7.0 10.1 8.6 6.5 .. 9.0 6.8 Côte d'Ivoire 11.4 6.5 8.6 9.9 5.4 6.0 4.2 2.8 1.8 3.2 2.6 10.5 4.4 5.0 Djibouti .. .. 3.6 3.9 4.3 6.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.6 Equatorial Guinea .. 4.1 1.9 1.2 4.4 7.5 1.3 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 .. 4.7 2.0 Eritrea .. 10.8 12.3 15.4 18.1 26.2 28.8 26.8 23.5 21.7 17.8 .. 9.5 21.2 Ethiopia .. 7.1 7.5 7.5 8.3 7.4 8.1 5.2 8.5 11.5 10.5 .. 5.8 8.3 Gabon 5.3 5.6 5.1 5.9 9.2 13.4 7.3 4.8 5.6 5.4 3.7 15.8 5.5 6.7 Gambia, The .. 7.0 10.0 12.9 7.9 5.2 4.7 4.6 11.2 7.9 5.7 13.8 7.5 7.8 Ghana .. 13.3 14.0 13.3 12.4 11.3 9.8 10.4 10.4 9.6 7.8 2.5 8.6 11.0 Guinea .. 6.0 6.3 7.4 8.2 5.6 7.2 7.1 7.1 4.0 3.8 .. 7.2 6.3 Guinea-Bissau .. 20.4 15.2 14.8 17.8 6.2 10.8 10.3 14.8 9.6 11.0 .. 25.9 12.3 Kenya 10.1 8.5 7.4 7.0 6.4 6.0 5.5 5.5 5.1 4.6 4.4 8.9 8.1 5.8 Lesotho .. 17.8 23.5 21.5 12.5 9.8 8.5 12.4 11.7 9.0 8.7 20.0 22.1 13.1 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 6.2 5.8 6.7 6.5 7.9 6.9 6.7 7.3 4.8 7.8 6.4 7.0 6.7 Malawi 17.5 15.1 9.7 6.5 6.7 8.8 10.3 10.0 10.4 8.0 9.7 13.6 9.0 8.9 Mali .. 13.7 9.4 9.2 8.2 9.5 9.4 8.6 7.0 7.0 6.5 .. 10.6 8.3 Mauritania .. 4.3 3.8 6.1 5.6 5.6 6.0 20.2 21.5 25.2 35.2 .. 6.0 14.4 Mauritius 9.1 3.8 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.7 6.7 7.0 7.9 7.8 4.5 4.6 Mozambique 7.6 14.0 12.0 10.3 12.1 9.8 11.6 10.6 16.6 14.3 13.0 10.4 10.5 12.2 Namibia 15.7 7.0 7.1 7.3 8.5 7.7 11.0 6.1 9.2 9.2 10.2 13.9 7.7 8.5 Niger 20.4 6.6 5.2 4.6 5.8 6.4 6.4 6.6 7.1 8.8 8.3 13.8 7.1 6.6 Nigeria .. 3.6 5.3 5.2 7.1 11.3 10.4 9.3 12.1 10.2 9.9 .. 10.0 9.0 Rwanda 12.2 2.7 8.1 9.3 8.3 6.8 6.3 6.0 6.6 4.9 5.6 13.7 8.4 6.9 São Tomé and Principe .. 26.6 33.1 29.2 22.1 19.8 26.0 26.0 19.3 12.4 16.1 .. 24.4 22.7 Senegal 5.5 5.0 4.4 6.4 6.4 7.2 8.3 6.2 6.4 7.9 9.0 4.1 4.2 6.9 Seychelles .. 7.5 18.7 19.4 7.5 2.9 1.4 13.7 5.8 9.4 2.3 16.3 9.2 9.0 Sierra Leone 5.3 4.0 2.4 3.3 1.5 4.9 2.4 5.2 4.8 5.2 5.8 5.1 3.7 3.9 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.9 1.3 1.2 .. .. 1.5 Sudan 6.9 .. .. .. 0.6 0.7 1.2 2.4 2.2 2.9 2.9 5.6 3.0 1.9 Swaziland 8.6 8.6 5.9 5.2 4.9 6.5 7.3 6.2 6.7 5.9 5.7 10.9 9.3 6.0 Tanzania .. 6.0 3.4 3.5 2.9 3.3 3.1 6.0 5.6 7.6 7.4 .. 7.0 4.8 Togo 20.2 2.3 3.5 5.0 2.0 3.8 3.1 3.0 2.3 1.4 3.7 12.2 7.1 3.1 Uganda .. 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.7 5.4 6.4 5.8 5.3 4.7 .. 5.1 5.1 Zambia .. 4.0 5.1 6.1 5.4 11.3 10.6 10.0 11.9 11.8 11.5 .. 5.8 9.3 Zimbabwe 1.8 3.1 2.9 2.3 2.8 1.8 4.1 0.0 1.0 1.7 1.8 2.9 3.0 2.0 NORTH AFRICA .. 8.7 7.9 7.1 9.6 9.9 8.9 8.3 .. .. .. .. 10.1 8.6 Algeria 11.0 7.9 7.3 6.8 7.3 7.6 5.9 8.0 .. .. .. 12.9 10.2 7.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 6.1 5.5 5.5 10.6 11.3 9.8 7.5 6.4 6.1 5.7 .. 9.9 7.6 Libya 19.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21.1 .. .. Morocco 9.8 10.1 8.9 6.8 7.1 6.5 .. .. .. .. .. 13.5 9.4 7.3 Tunisia 15.0 13.7 12.3 11.0 11.9 11.6 12.4 12.5 .. .. .. 17.2 11.9 11.9 ALL AFRICA .. 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.8 6.5 6.2 5.8 6.2 5.7 5.5 .. 6.3 5.7 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued. 24 National Accounts 2-10. Gross private investment Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12.6 14.0 14.1 13.9 14.0 14.1 13.3 12.1 12.1 12.7 13.2 13.7 12.5 13.3 excluding South Africa .. 12.9 12.4 12.1 12.1 13.3 12.8 11.0 11.6 12.2 12.2 7.9 9.4 12.2 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 12.3 12.7 12.9 12.5 13.4 12.8 11.7 11.8 11.3 11.9 8.5 9.6 12.3 Angola .. 28.4 21.1 21.7 20.8 29.6 16.0 6.6 7.1 6.1 5.1 .. 10.7 14.9 Benin .. 6.2 6.9 9.1 11.6 11.2 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.4 11.0 .. 5.8 10.6 Botswana 34.5 12.6 14.6 13.4 12.5 14.2 14.8 12.9 13.4 12.7 11.5 29.3 21.5 13.3 Burkina Faso .. 13.2 12.4 12.4 12.7 14.8 8.9 10.6 10.8 10.6 11.2 .. 11.8 11.6 Burundi 1.1 1.6 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.3 1.8 2.4 2.3 2.6 4.9 1.5 2.6 2.4 Cameroon 15.6 14.0 13.3 14.9 15.2 15.5 16.4 15.1 15.6 16.8 15.4 24.2 12.6 15.3 Cape Verde 20.8 11.3 15.3 3.6 4.0 3.9 6.4 7.2 7.5 7.9 10.4 10.1 9.6 7.3 Central African Republic 3.2 4.5 3.4 2.5 5.9 6.5 7.7 3.7 6.6 7.2 3.9 4.1 5.0 5.3 Chad .. 4.4 5.3 5.9 7.0 9.5 4.2 11.9 34.0 52.4 41.9 0.3 1.2 19.1 Comoros 5.3 9.2 9.1 7.9 7.4 7.0 6.5 6.5 4.9 4.4 4.5 5.4 6.6 6.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 3.7 7.0 5.3 26.6 14.5 19.7 19.3 4.5 5.3 7.2 7.0 5.8 6.6 12.2 Congo, Rep. of .. 16.9 25.0 20.7 18.2 19.6 20.4 12.3 16.3 13.8 16.4 .. 13.8 18.1 Côte d'Ivoire 13.0 8.6 10.5 4.9 9.1 9.9 10.2 8.2 7.9 8.1 7.2 12.3 6.4 8.4 Djibouti .. .. 4.8 5.2 5.1 8.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.9 Equatorial Guinea .. 70.0 74.4 112.4 61.3 84.1 29.2 16.7 15.1 12.8 15.2 .. 14.2 46.8 Eritrea .. 14.3 10.3 12.2 13.2 6.2 5.3 5.1 5.2 4.9 4.7 .. 7.1 7.5 Ethiopia .. 8.0 9.0 9.4 8.7 9.8 8.9 10.7 9.3 9.0 10.0 .. 7.8 9.4 Gabon 21.4 15.4 17.6 17.3 20.4 23.9 20.8 21.3 24.9 23.0 20.2 24.0 23.8 21.1 Gambia, The .. 11.1 10.2 8.6 9.3 13.2 13.1 12.8 6.2 13.3 13.5 7.4 11.6 11.1 Ghana .. 9.3 7.1 7.0 11.4 11.1 10.7 12.7 16.7 9.2 14.4 4.4 5.7 11.1 Guinea .. 11.3 10.3 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 9.5 8.9 6.1 .. 9.6 11.6 Guinea-Bissau .. 1.4 7.1 8.3 6.2 5.2 6.0 1.0 0.2 0.4 1.4 .. 9.2 4.0 Kenya 8.2 7.5 9.7 9.2 8.1 10.4 9.7 9.1 8.9 8.3 8.1 8.8 7.6 9.0 Lesotho 28.0 42.6 45.6 38.6 36.5 37.0 38.9 36.6 31.6 33.7 35.6 20.5 34.3 37.1 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 2.2 4.4 .. .. 2.9 Madagascar .. 4.7 5.2 5.0 6.3 6.9 8.0 8.3 11.2 9.5 10.1 2.2 4.3 7.8 Malawi 4.7 11.6 5.2 3.2 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.4 1.8 0.6 7.0 8.3 2.5 Mali .. 13.7 13.5 13.7 12.4 11.4 11.8 15.9 24.0 11.6 17.4 .. 11.1 14.6 Mauritania .. 16.4 15.5 12.5 12.0 13.3 11.8 10.4 10.9 5.6 6.0 .. 17.2 10.9 Mauritius 15.1 25.1 23.7 21.7 22.9 21.7 22.0 21.8 16.4 15.4 14.6 15.1 20.7 20.0 Mozambique .. 11.3 17.6 11.6 8.5 14.5 12.3 10.4 8.0 10.7 13.9 .. 9.7 11.9 Namibia 11.4 12.5 15.1 16.2 11.1 15.3 12.0 12.7 12.7 9.5 11.8 8.3 9.7 12.9 Niger 5.1 2.3 1.8 4.7 4.8 4.6 3.6 4.6 4.8 5.2 5.7 3.6 2.6 4.4 Nigeria .. 16.0 11.1 8.9 10.3 12.8 13.0 8.4 10.7 15.9 13.2 5.2 8.3 11.6 Rwanda .. 7.3 5.3 5.1 5.6 8.0 10.9 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.8 .. 7.6 9.2 São Tomé and Principe .. 15.0 35.0 27.0 27.0 16.0 14.0 17.5 10.6 14.2 14.0 .. 13.8 19.5 Senegal 7.7 11.1 10.2 9.9 9.4 10.5 11.3 11.1 11.3 10.3 10.7 7.9 9.0 10.5 Seychelles .. 18.9 11.6 20.4 20.6 31.1 40.1 13.0 35.5 21.0 6.7 5.4 14.1 22.2 Sierra Leone 9.5 3.8 2.8 10.0 2.9 -4.2 8.5 9.1 3.5 7.0 8.6 9.0 4.8 5.4 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 25.9 15.2 15.9 16.3 16.5 15.2 13.9 13.8 13.2 13.7 14.8 26.9 18.2 14.8 Sudan 3.8 .. .. .. 12.0 11.1 15.1 15.5 15.3 15.3 15.3 8.0 8.3 14.2 Swaziland 28.7 12.9 14.1 15.5 15.7 15.9 11.4 13.7 17.9 13.9 12.3 20.7 12.4 14.5 Tanzania .. 18.5 16.2 13.0 11.8 10.3 12.3 11.4 11.2 11.4 11.1 8.6 14.5 12.1 Togo 8.0 9.7 10.1 12.2 11.0 12.5 10.3 14.8 19.0 17.4 17.2 8.0 10.0 13.8 Uganda .. 10.9 12.2 12.9 13.2 11.3 13.8 13.3 12.4 14.0 15.6 .. 7.4 13.2 Zambia .. 7.3 7.3 5.2 7.7 3.5 5.4 7.2 6.8 9.8 13.3 9.0 5.0 7.4 Zimbabwe 12.3 18.3 21.7 15.7 15.3 15.7 10.8 12.4 6.7 7.4 10.6 13.3 15.1 12.9 NORTH AFRICA .. 15.3 15.4 14.1 14.6 15.4 16.2 15.0 19.2 18.8 19.9 13.0 15.9 16.5 Algeria 22.8 20.7 21.9 18.1 17.4 19.0 20.1 13.5 24.6 19.2 20.1 25.3 17.9 19.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 10.5 10.7 10.5 12.1 12.3 13.0 14.1 14.4 16.1 17.1 7.1 12.6 13.4 Libya 1.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.6 .. .. Morocco 16.7 17.2 17.7 16.3 17.3 19.3 20.7 20.7 21.2 21.7 22.1 18.1 18.2 19.7 Tunisia 13.3 13.3 11.9 12.2 12.7 13.2 12.9 13.8 23.7 24.2 24.7 13.2 14.7 16.6 ALL AFRICA .. 14.5 14.5 14.0 14.2 14.6 14.4 13.2 14.9 15.1 15.5 13.8 13.6 14.5 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued. National Accounts 25 2-11. Gross domestic savings Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 30.2 17.1 16.2 19.2 16.6 15.1 15.7 18.8 18.4 18.0 17.1 26.3 19.6 17.2 excluding South Africa 26.7 15.6 14.1 19.6 15.7 12.9 13.3 18.8 17.9 17.1 16.2 24.3 16.8 16.2 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 21.2 14.6 13.2 16.1 13.7 11.5 11.9 14.8 13.8 14.9 12.1 23.3 15.8 13.5 Angola .. 26.1 26.9 48.8 25.9 19.3 20.7 39.5 13.8 26.7 20.1 .. 20.3 26.9 Benin -6.3 6.0 6.7 3.4 5.6 6.6 4.8 6.0 6.5 6.0 7.2 -1.7 0.0 5.9 Botswana 26.7 37.0 37.5 41.3 43.0 39.8 38.7 41.7 40.5 38.6 38.1 23.3 41.4 39.9 Burkina Faso -7.2 7.0 8.2 8.3 9.9 11.6 8.1 6.5 5.0 4.7 3.9 -3.4 3.1 7.4 Burundi -0.6 -7.6 -4.8 2.5 3.9 -2.9 -0.5 -5.7 -4.8 -5.1 4.3 4.1 -1.0 -1.5 Cameroon 21.7 17.9 19.6 17.3 19.1 19.0 18.4 20.3 20.4 16.8 17.1 23.2 20.9 18.7 Cape Verde -24.0 2.8 2.4 -8.0 -8.4 -15.3 -17.5 -14.2 -15.1 -15.7 -14.3 -19.8 -2.4 -11.8 Central African Republic -8.9 6.0 6.2 0.6 4.4 5.3 11.0 7.8 11.1 10.3 3.9 -1.6 1.4 6.7 Chad .. -1.5 -1.7 3.3 2.3 7.2 -4.7 2.1 6.6 10.4 22.1 2.4 -8.3 5.3 Comoros -10.1 -6.5 -5.3 -3.6 -9.0 -4.7 -5.7 -1.4 -1.4 -2.3 -1.7 -6.5 -2.9 -3.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 10.1 10.6 14.1 27.5 6.2 -1.3 9.1 4.8 6.6 4.1 4.0 10.5 9.8 8.4 Congo, Rep. of 35.7 15.5 37.7 35.7 37.8 30.3 41.0 57.7 53.1 50.0 47.4 26.1 22.2 43.4 Côte d'Ivoire 20.4 24.9 22.9 20.8 22.8 19.7 21.3 17.6 18.7 26.3 22.5 24.3 16.3 21.4 Djibouti .. .. -8.3 -6.9 -5.7 -0.8 -5.5 -5.3 .. .. .. .. .. -5.4 Equatorial Guinea .. 25.1 27.3 30.7 43.1 19.9 64.8 74.0 89.6 92.5 29.0 7.6 -14.6 52.3 Eritrea .. -29.7 -38.0 -30.6 -24.9 -32.9 -39.1 -34.7 -27.0 -33.0 -62.9 .. -26.5 -35.9 Ethiopia .. 5.4 8.0 7.0 7.9 7.7 2.1 0.9 3.1 2.5 1.0 6.4 5.7 4.5 Gabon 60.6 45.3 47.3 51.0 51.0 39.0 34.8 28.3 50.3 48.4 45.3 58.1 35.5 43.9 Gambia, The 5.8 2.8 -3.9 5.6 12.4 11.8 11.0 8.5 12.0 12.9 10.0 4.3 7.5 8.9 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.1 .. .. 9.1 Guinea .. 12.3 12.8 17.7 21.4 17.3 17.3 16.8 15.7 9.1 7.4 .. 15.2 15.1 Guinea-Bissau -1.0 3.9 -1.2 1.7 5.1 -10.1 -1.2 -8.5 -19.3 -11.4 1.2 -4.3 2.0 -4.8 Kenya 13.4 19.6 11.3 13.2 7.9 9.5 10.2 5.7 5.4 9.6 7.7 17.4 17.5 9.0 Lesotho -60.4 -36.0 -38.4 -36.2 -31.4 -33.5 -22.4 -20.4 -16.3 -18.0 -12.2 -74.0 -57.7 -25.4 Liberia 14.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -3.5 -3.3 -2.9 10.1 2.1 -3.3 Madagascar -1.4 3.3 3.4 6.1 4.7 7.0 7.2 7.7 15.3 7.7 8.9 1.9 4.0 7.6 Malawi 10.8 -3.0 -0.3 3.3 -0.6 8.1 -0.6 1.5 2.7 -7.6 -5.0 15.6 8.3 0.2 Mali 1.1 7.5 7.8 7.2 10.0 10.4 9.5 12.0 14.0 11.3 15.0 0.2 3.1 10.8 Mauritania -3.1 16.9 8.9 6.3 7.9 5.0 7.2 17.4 13.7 4.6 2.2 -4.9 9.3 8.1 Mauritius 14.5 23.6 23.4 23.8 24.3 24.9 23.8 24.2 26.0 25.2 25.3 16.9 24.6 24.5 Mozambique -8.9 -8.4 4.9 5.4 8.1 10.8 0.9 -1.4 5.3 4.9 10.2 -5.8 -6.7 5.5 Namibia 38.4 18.9 15.5 15.1 10.2 13.7 12.5 14.0 17.0 13.5 15.4 9.7 11.9 14.1 Niger 14.6 0.0 0.2 3.1 3.2 2.7 3.7 3.5 4.4 5.3 5.0 8.4 5.3 3.5 Nigeria 31.4 20.6 18.4 34.9 24.6 19.6 19.1 33.4 31.7 25.8 30.7 21.5 21.2 26.5 Rwanda 4.2 -48.5 -7.3 -5.8 -4.1 -2.8 0.0 1.3 2.6 0.0 -0.8 6.8 -0.8 -1.9 São Tomé and Principe -11.6 -17.5 -11.4 -13.7 -16.5 -7.0 -10.3 -6.0 -27.1 -24.3 -8.8 -6.6 -25.1 -13.9 Senegal -5.0 11.8 11.1 12.2 11.2 13.1 13.5 8.6 8.6 8.8 8.0 1.1 6.5 10.6 Seychelles 27.1 24.1 23.2 29.7 20.9 18.7 25.6 24.3 23.1 27.8 12.9 24.3 24.9 22.9 Sierra Leone 0.9 11.3 -2.1 -4.4 3.1 -2.1 -4.8 -7.0 -11.3 -11.1 -11.1 9.2 11.4 -5.6 Somalia -12.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -11.4 2.6 .. South Africa 37.8 19.1 18.9 18.7 17.8 18.2 19.1 18.8 19.2 19.7 18.8 30.5 23.6 18.8 Sudan 2.1 .. .. 10.2 10.7 4.3 7.9 15.4 9.9 12.2 13.9 5.8 7.9 10.6 Swaziland 9.6 3.5 1.3 -5.3 3.3 3.3 0.3 4.3 13.3 11.4 9.0 14.1 10.4 4.5 Tanzania .. 1.6 1.9 3.6 4.9 -0.8 2.8 9.3 8.6 11.6 9.5 11.0 5.4 5.7 Togo 23.2 11.3 11.2 7.9 0.5 2.8 3.2 -2.2 1.0 0.6 5.3 21.4 7.9 3.4 Uganda -0.4 3.9 2.1 8.5 12.1 6.0 8.4 8.6 6.3 6.5 7.3 4.1 1.4 7.3 Zambia 19.3 7.4 12.2 5.3 9.4 3.9 -1.1 8.3 17.3 17.7 18.7 18.9 11.6 10.2 Zimbabwe 13.8 21.8 17.0 18.7 11.1 15.3 15.7 14.8 9.0 10.6 2.1 15.2 18.2 12.7 NORTH AFRICA 40.5 18.0 17.9 19.1 21.3 19.8 21.8 25.1 24.9 24.4 24.8 35.3 21.4 22.1 Algeria 43.1 26.6 28.1 31.4 32.2 27.1 31.4 44.2 40.9 38.0 36.4 38.6 27.0 34.4 Egypt, Arab Rep. 15.2 11.4 12.2 10.8 15.5 15.5 16.9 17.3 17.7 17.8 18.5 15.4 14.8 15.8 Libya 56.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46.5 .. .. Morocco 13.7 15.3 14.1 16.2 17.4 18.1 19.6 18.2 19.3 19.1 19.8 12.9 17.5 18.0 Tunisia 24.0 22.2 20.4 .. .. .. .. 25.3 24.5 24.9 25.6 22.1 20.2 24.1 ALL AFRICA 32.7 17.4 16.8 19.2 18.2 16.8 18.0 21.2 20.9 20.4 19.8 28.4 20.3 19.0 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued. 26 National Accounts 2-12. Gross national savings Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 27.6 14.4 13.6 16.8 14.7 13.1 13.6 15.6 15.1 16.0 19.2 23.8 16.3 15.3 excluding South Africa 24.9 12.2 11.0 17.4 14.3 11.6 11.9 15.4 15.0 15.7 20.5 22.8 13.5 14.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 20.8 12.1 10.6 14.3 12.2 10.8 10.1 12.3 11.8 15.9 20.7 21.7 13.2 13.2 Angola .. 13.4 16.9 30.4 11.0 5.1 -1.7 21.4 -2.6 11.9 7.1 .. 15.8 11.0 Benin 1.1 7.4 8.2 4.5 11.0 11.3 9.9 10.9 12.5 9.8 11.0 3.2 3.5 9.9 Botswana 28.7 33.2 36.0 39.8 44.1 47.1 38.5 39.1 41.7 29.6 38.3 27.4 40.3 39.4 Burkina Faso .. 20.3 15.3 11.9 14.5 15.1 6.6 5.9 7.7 7.9 8.7 .. 16.4 10.4 Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.7 3.2 6.2 -1.0 6.1 .. .. 3.6 Cameroon 5.1 11.2 13.7 11.2 13.4 14.8 14.6 14.7 13.6 11.7 14.5 13.6 17.5 13.6 Cape Verde 16.4 31.4 29.6 18.7 11.2 6.1 6.1 9.1 8.0 9.4 10.5 4.7 23.9 12.1 Central African Republic 1.6 6.1 6.3 -1.6 4.1 5.9 12.0 8.6 13.1 7.6 4.2 5.0 3.8 6.7 Chad .. 6.4 1.9 5.1 4.5 9.2 -3.3 3.9 7.9 10.7 14.9 2.5 -2.3 6.1 Comoros -0.4 7.6 -1.2 1.8 5.6 8.3 2.5 11.4 12.9 8.2 5.5 11.3 14.2 6.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 7.9 -1.2 1.1 22.9 -0.4 -7.1 1.1 -0.8 3.6 6.3 11.2 8.4 2.4 4.2 Congo, Rep. of .. 5.6 -4.2 -7.1 9.1 7.4 11.0 28.5 23.3 23.0 22.8 38.0 10.4 12.6 Côte d'Ivoire .. 14.3 12.3 10.4 13.4 10.7 11.7 7.8 9.9 16.6 13.6 10.3 4.2 11.8 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 22.5 23.6 10.1 27.7 9.7 18.4 11.2 -25.1 66.1 15.4 .. -7.3 17.5 Eritrea .. 30.5 4.4 7.4 33.4 8.5 5.9 20.4 28.7 26.9 -8.6 .. 18.6 14.1 Ethiopia .. 13.1 19.2 17.6 13.6 15.2 8.5 10.5 13.0 12.6 13.7 7.9 9.6 13.8 Gabon .. 30.7 29.0 32.3 34.5 23.9 18.9 11.5 33.7 29.2 28.1 .. 24.5 26.8 Gambia, The .. 13.7 6.0 14.9 18.0 16.4 14.2 13.6 13.8 16.4 12.9 .. 9.3 14.0 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21.5 .. .. 21.5 Guinea .. 8.3 8.8 14.3 17.4 14.3 14.8 14.7 15.2 8.8 6.6 .. 9.0 12.8 Guinea-Bissau .. 9.4 4.7 6.6 12.3 -7.8 -3.3 -2.7 -15.7 -7.4 5.0 -8.5 8.0 -0.9 Kenya 10.7 16.2 11.8 15.5 10.4 12.5 13.9 12.7 10.5 13.3 10.8 14.3 14.0 12.4 Lesotho 26.1 36.1 30.5 23.5 25.4 14.3 22.4 22.6 26.2 25.6 28.9 23.0 31.6 24.4 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -3.4 -3.3 4.4 .. .. -0.8 Madagascar -2.4 1.4 0.4 6.2 7.3 7.3 9.5 9.4 17.2 8.3 13.0 1.7 4.6 8.7 Malawi 6.6 -5.0 -4.0 0.5 -2.9 4.3 -2.5 -0.2 1.3 -9.2 -6.6 13.9 8.1 -2.1 Mali 1.9 19.1 13.7 12.8 13.0 12.9 11.9 16.0 12.9 8.5 16.2 1.0 11.7 13.1 Mauritania .. 21.2 .. .. .. .. .. 30.0 23.9 27.8 18.5 .. 21.0 25.0 Mauritius 14.0 26.0 25.6 25.7 26.0 26.7 25.4 25.5 27.7 26.5 26.8 14.0 26.4 26.2 Mozambique -6.9 -1.9 4.7 4.1 8.1 9.8 1.9 2.5 2.6 4.6 11.6 -4.3 -1.8 5.6 Namibia 26.9 30.0 31.0 28.8 23.5 28.2 24.3 27.7 27.7 24.6 34.6 20.5 22.0 27.8 Niger 17.1 -4.5 -3.7 0.4 0.4 1.3 2.5 2.8 4.4 4.7 5.5 11.7 5.5 2.0 Nigeria 26.1 12.8 12.9 29.6 12.0 15.4 13.9 27.2 25.4 15.1 19.6 19.0 15.0 19.0 Rwanda .. -48.8 -7.1 -7.0 -6.3 -4.0 -1.3 -0.5 0.2 .. .. .. -16.0 -3.7 São Tomé and Principe -5.5 -21.6 -22.2 -23.0 -25.7 -18.1 -19.0 -2.2 -27.3 -25.3 -7.2 -4.1 -32.1 -18.9 Senegal -7.4 13.5 11.5 14.2 13.6 15.5 14.9 12.2 13.2 12.6 13.8 -2.8 3.4 13.5 Seychelles .. 25.0 20.6 28.7 20.2 16.9 23.2 18.6 18.9 18.8 8.1 .. 21.2 19.3 Sierra Leone 0.5 2.5 -0.1 0.8 3.9 -1.8 -0.2 -0.9 -9.2 6.5 5.3 3.5 5.7 0.5 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 34.0 16.9 16.5 16.0 15.2 15.3 16.0 15.7 15.3 16.7 16.3 26.6 20.4 15.9 Sudan 4.0 .. .. 3.2 4.7 -0.8 0.1 2.8 3.1 7.1 8.4 7.5 8.8 3.6 Swaziland 9.6 6.0 10.0 4.6 15.5 7.1 5.9 14.5 24.1 17.1 10.5 17.2 15.1 12.1 Tanzania .. 8.5 -0.2 2.1 3.3 -1.9 0.9 7.5 7.5 10.9 9.3 13.8 13.4 4.4 Togo 26.4 9.6 14.2 11.4 3.8 3.6 2.3 0.5 1.9 2.2 5.2 23.7 8.8 5.0 Uganda .. 9.4 6.0 9.2 9.6 3.7 5.5 9.1 4.7 6.5 7.6 5.9 2.6 6.9 Zambia 7.3 -0.2 4.6 -1.5 3.7 -3.6 -6.6 2.9 12.1 13.7 15.3 4.3 -0.8 4.5 Zimbabwe .. 21.7 16.8 18.0 9.1 12.6 14.0 11.2 6.6 5.5 1.0 .. 16.9 10.5 NORTH AFRICA 37.1 15.2 15.2 16.5 19.4 18.3 20.1 23.3 26.7 26.2 26.4 31.7 18.0 21.3 Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40.6 38.1 35.9 34.7 .. .. 37.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23.0 22.7 22.5 22.9 .. .. 22.8 Libya 53.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39.8 .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. 21.3 22.5 22.8 23.8 23.2 24.1 .. .. 23.0 Tunisia 25.0 20.4 19.3 .. .. .. .. 24.7 23.8 24.2 25.0 22.5 19.9 23.4 ALL AFRICA 30.0 16.2 15.5 18.0 17.5 16.4 17.4 19.9 19.6 19.9 21.4 25.6 18.5 18.4 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued. National Accounts 27 2-13. Resource balance Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2.8 -1.0 -1.7 1.1 -1.1 -3.9 -2.7 1.8 0.4 -0.4 -1.2 -1.6 0.0 -0.8 excluding South Africa 0.6 -4.1 -4.1 0.8 -2.7 -7.4 -6.4 1.1 -1.5 -2.3 -2.9 -3.5 -3.3 -2.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria -5.2 -5.1 -5.3 -3.8 -5.0 -8.0 -6.9 -2.9 -4.6 -2.8 -5.9 -4.7 -4.5 -5.0 Angola .. 9.5 -1.2 14.1 0.4 -16.3 -6.4 26.8 0.4 13.5 7.3 .. 7.3 4.3 Benin -21.5 -9.8 -12.9 -13.7 -12.8 -10.4 -12.7 -12.9 -12.7 -11.8 -11.7 -19.4 -13.7 -12.4 Botswana -13.4 10.5 12.9 16.4 14.9 6.3 10.7 21.7 17.5 10.6 10.6 -13.0 13.8 13.5 Burkina Faso -22.3 -12.3 -14.6 -16.2 -15.1 -15.6 -15.7 -16.2 -13.9 -13.1 -14.8 -21.3 -15.8 -15.0 Burundi -14.5 -18.2 -14.4 -9.6 -4.2 -11.6 -9.7 -14.7 -11.8 -14.1 -11.0 -10.2 -16.1 -11.2 Cameroon 0.8 2.6 5.0 2.0 2.9 1.5 -0.3 3.9 2.7 -1.5 0.1 -2.0 1.6 1.8 Cape Verde -75.6 -40.5 -40.0 -32.2 -30.4 -35.1 -38.4 -33.9 -33.4 -36.6 -34.5 -65.2 -35.2 -34.9 Central African Republic -15.9 -5.7 -7.3 -3.7 -5.4 -8.2 -3.4 -3.1 -2.9 -4.5 -2.1 -12.0 -10.8 -4.5 Chad -11.9 -18.2 -12.0 -11.6 -12.5 -13.0 -14.7 -20.3 -36.5 -52.1 -32.9 -10.3 -17.0 -22.8 Comoros -43.2 -27.2 -24.8 -23.1 -24.9 -22.6 -20.7 -14.5 -13.2 -14.6 -13.5 -39.8 -23.9 -19.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0.1 2.7 4.8 -0.3 3.8 -3.1 6.0 1.4 1.2 -3.2 -4.5 -2.2 -0.1 0.7 Congo, Rep. of -0.1 -15.7 1.1 8.8 15.5 3.7 13.2 36.7 26.6 26.7 24.5 -10.2 -0.9 17.4 Côte d'Ivoire -6.2 11.2 7.3 8.7 8.3 6.4 8.2 7.0 7.7 15.9 12.9 0.7 5.9 9.1 Djibouti .. .. -16.7 -16.0 -15.1 -16.1 -14.4 -18.2 .. .. .. .. .. -16.1 Equatorial Guinea .. -49.0 -49.0 -82.8 -22.5 -71.7 10.3 36.5 27.7 31.8 -88.8 -6.3 -32.9 -23.2 Eritrea .. -54.8 -60.5 -58.1 -56.2 -65.3 -73.3 -66.6 -55.7 -59.7 -85.4 .. -43.1 -64.5 Ethiopia .. -9.8 -8.5 -9.9 -9.1 -9.5 -14.8 -15.0 -14.7 -18.0 -19.4 -7.4 -7.7 -13.2 Gabon 33.1 23.4 23.6 27.6 21.4 1.7 6.8 2.2 19.8 20.0 21.4 15.2 6.2 16.1 Gambia, The -20.9 -15.3 -24.1 -15.9 -4.8 -6.6 -6.8 -8.9 -5.4 -8.3 -9.2 -15.4 -11.6 -10.0 Ghana -0.7 -11.5 -8.4 -8.0 -20.6 -12.9 -17.5 -18.4 -19.6 -12.3 -13.9 -0.6 -8.3 -14.6 Guinea .. -3.3 -3.8 -5.4 -2.2 -3.7 -4.8 -5.1 -1.9 -4.0 -2.5 .. -1.8 -3.7 Guinea-Bissau -29.2 -17.9 -23.5 -21.3 -18.9 -21.4 -18.0 -19.8 -34.3 -21.4 -11.2 -28.1 -32.0 -21.1 Kenya -11.1 3.2 -6.2 -3.6 -7.5 -7.8 -5.9 -9.7 -9.2 -3.8 -5.2 -4.1 -1.5 -6.5 Lesotho -89.0 -91.5 -98.9 -94.6 -85.3 -80.6 -71.0 -62.7 -56.5 -60.4 -56.5 -101.5 -104.8 -74.1 Liberia -0.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -8.5 -8.1 -11.6 -0.6 8.4 -9.4 Madagascar -16.4 -7.6 -7.6 -5.5 -8.1 -7.8 -7.7 -7.3 -3.2 -6.6 -9.0 -8.2 -7.3 -7.0 Malawi -14.0 -32.1 -17.7 -9.1 -12.2 -5.3 -15.3 -12.1 -11.2 -18.4 -16.2 -9.7 -11.8 -13.1 Mali -14.4 -19.9 -15.1 -15.7 -10.6 -10.5 -11.7 -12.6 -17.0 -7.3 -8.9 -14.6 -18.6 -12.2 Mauritania -26.0 -3.8 -10.4 -12.3 -9.6 -13.9 -11.8 -15.4 -20.9 -28.4 -41.1 -28.2 -13.9 -18.2 Mauritius -10.9 -7.4 -5.5 -1.5 -2.9 -2.7 -2.2 -2.0 2.7 3.8 2.4 -7.9 -3.2 -0.9 Mozambique -16.5 -33.7 -24.7 -16.4 -12.4 -13.5 -22.9 -22.4 -19.2 -20.1 -16.7 -16.2 -25.9 -18.7 Namibia 7.8 -2.8 -6.2 -8.0 -10.0 -12.0 -10.8 -5.5 -6.4 -3.7 -7.3 -13.4 -6.1 -7.8 Niger -13.5 -10.3 -7.2 -6.5 -7.6 -8.6 -6.5 -7.9 -7.7 -8.9 -9.2 -9.8 -5.5 -7.8 Nigeria 10.2 1.0 2.1 20.7 7.2 -4.5 -4.2 15.7 8.9 -0.2 7.6 -0.8 3.3 5.9 Rwanda -11.9 -58.5 -20.7 -20.2 -17.9 -17.6 -17.3 -16.2 -15.8 -16.9 -19.3 -8.0 -15.6 -18.0 São Tomé and Principe -28.4 -59.1 -79.5 -69.9 -65.6 -42.8 -49.3 -49.5 -57.0 -50.9 -38.9 -21.2 -49.3 -55.9 Senegal -16.7 -6.7 -5.6 -6.3 -6.7 -6.7 -7.2 -10.0 -9.6 -9.7 -12.0 -12.0 -6.7 -8.2 Seychelles -11.2 -2.9 -7.2 -9.4 -11.0 -15.9 -17.6 -2.9 -18.2 -2.7 3.9 -9.2 0.8 -9.0 Sierra Leone -15.4 3.5 -7.4 -17.7 -1.2 -2.8 -15.7 -21.3 -19.6 -23.3 -25.5 -9.0 2.5 -14.9 Somalia -55.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -38.5 -23.7 .. South Africa 8.0 2.3 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.2 2.7 2.9 3.9 3.6 1.7 3.0 5.6 2.1 Sudan -12.6 .. .. -11.3 -9.7 -12.7 -8.4 -2.4 -7.7 -6.0 -4.2 -10.2 -5.1 -7.8 Swaziland -27.6 -18.0 -18.6 -26.0 -17.3 -19.1 -18.4 -15.6 -11.3 -8.4 -9.0 -17.7 -11.3 -16.0 Tanzania .. -23.0 -17.9 -13.0 -10.0 -14.7 -12.7 -8.3 -8.4 -7.5 -9.1 -8.5 -20.5 -11.3 Togo -5.3 -3.7 -5.0 -10.9 -15.8 -13.6 -10.1 -20.0 -19.4 -18.0 -13.6 -8.4 -8.8 -14.0 Uganda -6.6 -11.6 -10.7 -12.2 -6.4 -10.4 -11.1 -11.3 -12.3 -14.0 -13.7 -3.1 -11.0 -11.3 Zambia -4.0 -0.8 -3.7 -7.5 -5.2 -12.5 -18.7 -10.4 -2.8 -5.3 -7.4 -3.4 -2.1 -8.2 Zimbabwe -3.2 -1.9 -2.7 0.2 -7.0 -1.8 -0.4 2.2 1.2 2.3 .. -1.5 -0.6 -0.8 NORTH AFRICA 4.7 -2.1 -1.9 1.3 1.4 -3.5 -1.4 3.5 3.3 1.8 1.3 -2.1 -3.3 0.6 Algeria 4.0 -4.6 -3.7 6.3 8.4 -1.6 3.5 20.4 15.0 9.6 6.3 -2.7 0.1 7.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. -12.4 -5.2 -5.0 -5.8 -6.3 -10.1 -8.6 -6.6 -5.0 -5.2 -5.0 -14.5 -9.6 -6.4 Libya 34.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20.1 .. .. Morocco -10.5 -6.0 -6.7 -3.4 -3.3 -4.1 -3.8 -6.1 -5.3 -5.9 -5.5 -13.6 -5.6 -4.9 Tunisia -5.4 -3.0 -4.1 -1.6 -2.5 -3.4 -2.2 -3.5 -3.6 -3.7 -3.5 -7.0 -4.7 -3.1 ALL AFRICA 3.4 -1.3 -1.6 1.3 -0.1 -3.6 -2.1 2.5 1.6 0.5 -0.1 -1.7 -1.0 -0.2 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued. 28 National Accounts 2-14. Exports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal Millions of U.S. dollars, current prices Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 79,711 77,105 91,035 101,888 102,318 91,242 93,656 111,667 108,642 113,874 138,323 50,704 66,838 105,849 excluding South Africa 51,433 46,980 56,299 66,514 65,704 56,746 59,782 74,690 72,982 77,681 93,026 33,012 41,560 69,270 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 31,530 37,131 43,877 49,520 49,419 45,970 46,951 52,275 52,214 58,650 64,626 23,930 33,170 51,500 Angola .. 3,465 3,843 6,202 5,235 3,666 5,311 8,182 6,737 8,569 9,717 .. 3,104 6,385 Benin 222 302 405 349 347 399 385 342 360 385 507 168 252 387 Botswana 563 2,138 2,432 2,601 2,914 2,537 2,743 3,222 2,835 2,504 3,350 446 1,713 2,793 Burkina Faso 173 244 306 276 267 362 287 237 260 272 357 126 244 291 Burundi 81 95 129 51 96 71 62 62 45 47 41 86 111 67 Cameroon 1,880 1,737 2,045 2,048 2,306 2,306 2,241 2,729 2,736 2,704 3,189 1,527 2,241 2,478 Cape Verde 19 61 94 112 129 109 113 146 167 194 253 22 43 146 Central African Republic 201 205 229 185 196 178 117 126 121 126 138 145 192 157 Chad 175 189 321 281 286 318 242 237 254 243 546 143 192 303 Comoros 11 37 46 42 38 26 29 31 35 40 56 15 37 38 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2,372 1,317 1,607 1,732 1,142 1,852 1,109 964 924 1,047 1,121 1,691 1,904 1,278 Congo, Rep. of 1,024 1,035 1,369 1,746 1,756 1,487 1,702 2,586 2,232 2,434 2,766 782 1,085 2,009 Côte d'Ivoire 3,561 3,369 4,594 4,989 4,855 5,038 5,067 4,211 4,357 5,695 6,446 2,701 3,326 5,028 Djibouti .. .. 203 204 209 244 250 247 .. .. .. .. .. 226 Equatorial Guinea .. 70 91 201 502 464 818 1,272 974 1,074 105 34 38 611 Eritrea .. 149 129 203 203 111 66 96 133 128 103 .. 115 130 Ethiopia .. 554 786 787 1,010 1,038 918 984 980 983 1,140 560 595 958 Gabon 2,770 2,585 2,851 3,489 3,199 2,119 1,964 1,825 2,619 2,957 3,781 1,877 2,061 2,756 Gambia, The 103 159 187 185 184 213 199 202 150 157 159 77 157 182 Ghana 376 1,374 1,582 2,224 2,231 2,532 2,473 2,429 2,401 2,625 3,066 336 1,005 2,396 Guinea .. 763 766 734 771 770 759 735 822 785 799 .. 694 771 Guinea-Bissau 14 39 30 28 56 30 56 68 57 61 77 11 20 52 Kenya 2,030 2,647 2,948 3,035 2,976 2,842 2,687 2,743 2,968 3,281 3,716 1,533 2,037 3,022 Lesotho 86 181 199 225 274 239 216 256 319 390 520 50 105 293 Liberia 613 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 126 111 133 508 466 123 Madagascar 539 656 763 819 775 805 909 1,190 1,317 704 1,263 415 469 949 Malawi 307 350 424 521 569 574 498 446 481 472 439 258 353 491 Mali 263 406 521 525 646 644 680 649 876 1,066 1,177 175 358 754 Mauritania 261 431 525 506 430 400 363 381 379 382 377 255 453 416 Mauritius 539 1,912 2,219 2,584 2,740 2,653 2,716 2,801 2,978 2,757 3,118 490 1,400 2,730 Mozambique 383 304 351 470 501 519 586 744 1,004 1,188 1,353 275 207 746 Namibia 1,712 1,577 1,734 1,766 1,728 1,562 1,563 1,558 1,446 1,391 1,681 1,205 1,244 1,603 Niger 617 258 323 337 303 369 321 320 329 330 438 397 352 341 Nigeria 18,859 9,881 12,449 16,995 16,286 10,776 12,832 22,416 20,774 19,044 28,402 8,898 8,410 17,775 Rwanda 168 47 67 83 144 111 114 151 157 132 139 144 144 122 São Tomé and Principe 10 12 9 11 12 12 16 15 17 22 23 9 11 15 Senegal 803 1,272 1,544 1,367 1,276 1,411 1,464 1,306 1,401 1,518 1,844 775 1,186 1,459 Seychelles 100 255 278 334 369 370 422 464 500 546 621 77 199 434 Sierra Leone 252 269 162 168 119 109 84 115 129 153 197 178 183 137 Somalia 200 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 142 69 .. South Africa 28,261 30,088 34,704 35,374 36,614 34,496 33,874 36,976 35,660 36,196 45,299 17,751 25,253 36,577 Sudan 806 .. .. 672 644 662 801 1,891 1,713 1,997 2,613 782 871 1,374 Swaziland 413 837 1,020 958 1,087 1,070 1,006 1,133 1,160 1,029 1,482 292 581 1,105 Tanzania .. 930 1,089 1,142 1,274 1,144 1,166 1,307 1,537 1,667 1,881 581 529 1,356 Togo 580 300 425 488 434 471 455 409 421 498 595 401 463 466 Uganda 242 333 667 726 838 635 735 663 677 704 777 279 384 714 Zambia 1,608 1,205 1,253 1,024 1,178 865 701 682 980 875 891 1,138 1,054 939 Zimbabwe 1,561 2,384 2,719 3,090 3,169 2,632 2,538 2,118 1,977 4,273 1,484 1,211 1,847 2,667 NORTH AFRICA 41,644 44,030 50,644 55,198 57,069 51,686 55,873 69,479 70,139 69,781 76,628 27,808 36,690 61,833 Algeria 14,541 9,966 11,325 14,148 14,665 10,829 13,259 22,579 21,701 20,578 21,804 10,590 11,177 16,765 Egypt, Arab Rep. 6,992 11,904 13,506 13,650 14,779 13,442 13,500 15,940 17,072 16,332 16,009 5,294 8,686 14,915 Libya 23,523 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13,757 .. .. Morocco 3,273 7,555 9,045 9,629 9,510 9,970 10,624 10,409 10,405 11,152 13,886 2,580 5,779 10,514 Tunisia 3,518 7,010 8,032 8,249 8,271 8,529 8,852 8,566 8,863 9,682 11,711 2,441 4,720 8,973 ALL AFRICA 119,781 121,726 142,522 158,190 160,311 143,662 149,964 181,341 178,687 183,976 216,255 77,720 104,186 168,323 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). National Accounts 29 2-15. Imports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal Millions of U.S. dollars, current prices Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 72,120 79,895 96,437 98,363 105,962 103,745 102,263 105,702 107,194 115,230 143,301 53,673 66,894 108,689 excluding South Africa 50,373 52,939 63,032 64,997 71,079 70,846 71,992 72,575 76,131 83,023 100,764 37,957 46,978 74,938 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 37,997 43,242 51,100 55,309 57,402 58,610 57,687 56,780 59,620 63,869 76,763 28,844 39,482 59,682 Angola .. 3,079 3,903 5,141 5,203 4,714 5,705 5,736 6,697 7,110 8,701 .. 2,500 5,879 Benin 524 448 664 652 623 642 688 634 662 703 918 373 471 687 Botswana 705 1,682 1,817 1,816 2,143 2,229 2,204 2,080 1,930 1,930 2,553 535 1,355 2,078 Burkina Faso 603 488 666 725 660 798 729 658 650 693 977 442 620 728 Burundi 214 263 273 137 136 174 131 162 126 136 106 175 284 153 Cameroon 1,829 1,534 1,645 1,867 2,041 2,176 2,268 2,383 2,506 2,852 3,173 1,606 2,077 2,323 Cape Verde 100 227 290 273 283 298 337 326 351 419 529 77 146 345 Central African Republic 327 253 311 225 250 264 153 155 149 174 164 220 325 205 Chad 298 403 493 467 475 544 467 519 863 1,290 1,405 240 426 725 Comoros 64 88 103 95 91 75 75 60 64 76 99 60 86 82 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2,354 1,158 1,339 1,750 914 2,045 827 906 867 1,224 1,377 1,916 1,920 1,250 Congo, Rep. of 1,026 1,313 1,346 1,523 1,397 1,416 1,391 1,404 1,490 1,629 1,891 872 1,083 1,499 Côte d'Ivoire 4,190 2,437 3,789 3,935 3,879 4,224 4,041 3,471 3,529 3,837 4,651 2,714 2,790 3,928 Djibouti .. .. 286 282 285 327 327 347 .. .. .. .. .. 309 Equatorial Guinea .. 132 171 416 614 791 729 782 502 401 2,694 49 80 789 Eritrea .. 441 479 606 589 597 597 518 507 505 744 .. 330 571 Ethiopia .. 1,096 1,276 1,382 1,588 1,655 1,882 1,961 1,938 2,073 2,431 973 1,170 1,798 Gabon 1,354 1,603 1,679 1,904 2,037 2,041 1,669 1,718 1,761 1,962 2,484 1,338 1,723 1,917 Gambia, The 153 214 279 248 204 240 228 239 173 188 193 108 191 221 Ghana 407 2,000 2,126 2,777 3,648 3,492 3,826 3,347 3,441 3,380 4,113 360 1,485 3,350 Guinea .. 875 906 942 855 903 924 894 880 913 892 .. 752 901 Guinea-Bissau 46 81 89 86 107 74 96 111 125 105 104 48 83 100 Kenya 2,837 2,420 3,512 3,366 3,770 3,737 3,312 3,757 4,001 3,741 4,462 1,791 2,180 3,740 Lesotho 470 945 1,121 1,117 1,147 956 864 794 750 812 1,128 366 711 966 Liberia 614 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 171 156 184 514 387 171 Madagascar 1,202 881 1,002 1,039 1,062 1,095 1,197 1,474 1,463 993 1,755 692 682 1,231 Malawi 480 730 672 727 894 667 769 657 672 815 714 352 540 732 Mali 520 756 894 936 910 915 982 954 1,322 1,311 1,562 364 735 1,087 Mauritania 473 470 636 643 536 539 476 525 585 663 841 463 582 605 Mauritius 665 2,160 2,428 2,647 2,867 2,767 2,808 2,888 2,854 2,584 2,992 573 1,493 2,760 Mozambique 965 1,038 922 936 923 1,041 1,500 1,570 1,665 1,910 2,074 836 825 1,394 Namibia 1,542 1,669 1,950 2,046 2,092 1,972 1,927 1,746 1,652 1,501 1,994 1,447 1,407 1,876 Niger 957 420 457 466 444 547 452 462 479 523 688 569 458 502 Nigeria 12,324 9,646 11,858 9,688 13,677 12,236 14,304 15,794 16,511 19,151 23,995 8,996 7,486 15,246 Rwanda 307 488 334 362 475 462 448 445 427 425 464 237 396 427 São Tomé and Principe 24 41 46 42 41 30 40 38 44 48 46 19 36 42 Senegal 1,302 1,515 1,796 1,660 1,568 1,723 1,803 1,742 1,842 2,004 2,623 1,070 1,477 1,862 Seychelles 117 269 315 381 431 467 531 482 612 565 593 89 202 486 Sierra Leone 421 234 231 334 129 128 188 250 276 336 408 268 158 253 Somalia 534 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 400 304 .. South Africa 21,833 26,963 33,387 33,366 34,883 32,899 30,271 33,128 31,076 32,223 42,550 15,864 19,995 33,754 Sudan 1,763 .. .. 1,629 1,672 2,130 1,706 2,189 2,759 2,924 3,367 1,606 1,697 2,297 Swaziland 564 1,044 1,274 1,304 1,335 1,327 1,260 1,349 1,303 1,129 1,653 384 677 1,326 Tanzania .. 1,968 2,029 1,986 2,040 2,375 2,263 2,064 2,333 2,403 2,816 1,058 1,438 2,257 Togo 640 337 490 647 672 687 615 674 678 763 833 471 579 673 Uganda 324 777 1,264 1,446 1,232 1,321 1,402 1,334 1,374 1,523 1,640 338 837 1,393 Zambia 1,764 1,232 1,383 1,271 1,381 1,268 1,287 1,018 1,080 1,072 1,212 1,249 1,125 1,219 Zimbabwe 1,771 2,516 2,910 3,074 3,760 2,737 2,561 1,956 1,872 3,862 2,267 1,342 1,886 2,778 NORTH AFRICA 35,735 47,473 54,045 52,702 54,174 59,093 59,057 61,124 62,285 65,481 73,361 29,356 41,671 60,147 Algeria 12,847 11,940 12,855 11,204 10,636 11,592 11,571 11,709 13,177 14,998 17,742 11,053 13,298 12,831 Egypt, Arab Rep. 9,822 14,604 16,544 17,562 19,528 21,812 21,144 22,457 21,963 21,010 20,264 8,159 12,443 20,254 Libya 11,167 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8,634 .. .. Morocco 5,247 9,377 11,243 10,862 10,627 11,425 11,959 12,458 12,220 13,362 16,426 4,374 7,066 12,287 Tunisia 3,987 7,480 8,767 8,553 8,735 9,194 9,317 9,257 9,583 10,494 12,636 2,950 5,290 9,615 ALL AFRICA 106,289 127,395 150,655 151,351 160,589 162,944 161,380 166,884 169,521 180,836 217,260 82,143 108,466 169,047 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 30 National Accounts 2-16. Exports of goods and nonfactor services, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars, constant 2000 prices percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 66,014 79,719 88,197 96,498 101,206 106,585 106,316 111,669 113,137 113,994 120,781 0.8 3.2 4.1 excluding South Africa 46,615 54,385 60,018 66,107 68,935 72,788 72,002 74,695 75,364 76,176 83,842 1.0 3.3 4.0 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 24,345 36,513 39,129 42,758 45,308 47,880 50,208 52,284 53,843 57,078 58,422 .. 3.1 5.3 Angola 3,618 5,413 5,988 6,809 7,496 8,223 8,499 8,182 7,951 9,753 9,453 .. 3.7 5.9 Benin 391 331 315 309 316 351 344 342 359 359 384 4.0 0.1 2.0 Botswana 691 2,084 2,233 2,477 2,703 2,509 2,680 3,222 3,063 2,736 2,756 14.2 4.4 3.4 Burkina Faso 226 198 207 196 207 297 262 237 244 273 300 4.7 2.0 4.4 Burundi 12 23 29 19 36 35 47 62 75 79 87 4.7 4.5 18.3 Cameroon 1,182 1,747 1,808 2,007 2,290 2,544 2,872 2,729 2,781 2,753 2,857 14.0 -1.9 6.0 Cape Verde 12 61 75 90 109 93 96 146 167 182 192 11.5 4.7 13.3 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad 168 229 284 226 257 265 223 237 210 206 337 -0.3 1.1 0.3 Comoros 7 36 40 37 39 26 31 31 27 29 23 .. 7.9 -4.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 667 498 600 692 539 669 1,000 964 983 1,062 .. 4.2 -9.1 10.1 Congo, Rep. of 1,118 1,729 2,144 2,271 2,516 3,032 2,553 2,586 2,635 2,917 2,800 10.1 1.0 4.4 Côte d'Ivoire 3,052 3,276 3,744 3,865 4,170 4,204 4,338 4,211 4,134 4,370 4,345 8.5 0.7 2.5 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 192 216 392 871 1,073 1,242 1,272 1,322 1,373 1,401 .. -13.0 26.0 Eritrea .. 136 113 180 186 111 67 96 131 127 86 .. .. -4.3 Ethiopia .. 504 502 634 765 707 763 984 1,061 1,201 1,427 .. -1.3 12.1 Gabon 1,118 2,044 2,000 2,083 2,147 2,027 1,893 1,825 1,857 1,915 1,976 0.7 6.4 -1.0 Gambia, The 112 146 165 163 163 191 184 202 160 183 200 7.3 1.7 2.5 Ghana 853 1,392 1,410 1,948 1,953 2,139 2,409 2,429 2,430 2,389 2,453 -9.4 9.3 6.7 Guinea .. 504 574 592 613 691 713 735 759 744 761 .. 2.7 4.5 Guinea-Bissau 22 34 26 25 53 33 55 68 71 71 76 -1.8 8.7 13.5 Kenya 1,462 2,988 2,759 2,885 2,468 2,337 2,644 2,743 2,879 3,023 3,265 -0.2 7.9 1.1 Lesotho 58 131 135 166 203 178 205 256 339 415 408 9.1 9.9 14.6 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 976 900 930 971 935 893 1,031 1,190 1,261 710 1,032 -4.1 4.0 0.9 Malawi 315 379 378 442 461 574 479 446 496 504 447 2.7 1.5 2.3 Mali 175 353 375 386 560 559 657 649 811 1,067 941 8.9 5.5 13.2 Mauritania 340 428 444 440 367 365 379 381 367 340 308 5.8 -2.1 -3.3 Mauritius 732 2,112 2,215 2,406 2,574 2,726 2,859 2,801 3,101 3,394 3,598 .. 9.8 5.8 Mozambique 307 317 343 440 478 528 520 744 1,010 1,162 1,322 .. 10.4 17.7 Namibia 1,096 1,383 1,515 1,557 1,515 1,504 1,571 1,558 1,525 1,832 1,748 .. 3.4 2.1 Niger 257 193 214 253 249 291 261 320 298 286 282 -1.3 -0.9 4.3 Nigeria 21,726 17,860 20,865 23,319 23,603 24,883 21,797 22,416 21,536 19,138 25,340 -2.9 3.9 1.1 Rwanda 171 57 62 88 114 116 138 151 211 203 198 6.5 -7.9 16.3 São Tomé and Principe .. 9 8 7 8 10 14 15 16 31 28 .. 5.3 16.3 Senegal 502 855 882 833 1,065 1,177 1,261 1,306 1,394 1,371 1,377 0.5 2.2 6.7 Seychelles .. 254 254 303 356 360 378 464 525 539 582 .. 10.2 10.4 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 19,499 25,343 28,187 30,403 32,281 33,808 34,322 36,976 37,772 37,819 37,004 0.7 2.9 4.3 Sudan 764 391 397 511 472 462 845 1,891 1,736 1,790 2,135 0.9 -6.8 24.9 Swaziland 112 649 689 689 753 817 776 1,133 1,206 1,053 1,382 0.0 18.6 8.7 Tanzania .. 1,092 1,448 1,454 1,093 1,200 1,120 1,307 1,500 1,559 1,649 .. 11.9 3.0 Togo 499 331 399 436 436 432 426 409 460 476 508 4.6 -2.2 3.2 Uganda .. 438 443 562 607 504 562 663 853 1,098 1,050 .. 9.8 10.6 Zambia 812 681 569 607 723 759 797 682 880 939 1,034 -2.9 -1.0 5.6 Zimbabwe 647 1,648 1,825 1,899 2,011 2,411 2,538 2,118 2,042 2,026 1,573 5.4 7.3 0.5 NORTH AFRICA 28,563 51,789 54,601 56,585 59,951 60,762 64,629 69,479 71,290 73,673 77,566 3.4 5.2 4.6 Algeria 10,908 16,055 17,066 18,346 19,502 19,833 21,023 22,579 22,324 22,764 23,666 1.9 2.3 4.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 6,529 12,460 13,488 13,700 14,033 13,529 14,453 15,940 16,970 17,890 18,982 5.5 7.6 4.5 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 2,973 7,732 7,905 8,103 8,725 9,244 9,967 10,409 10,552 10,588 11,093 4.1 7.3 4.5 Tunisia 3,227 6,609 6,723 6,676 7,350 7,675 8,037 8,566 9,146 9,723 10,445 5.6 7.5 5.5 ALL AFRICA 95,898 131,403 142,979 153,630 161,663 168,142 171,295 181,339 184,521 187,559 198,284 1.6 3.9 4.3 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). National Accounts 31 2-17. Imports of goods and nonfactor services, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars, constant 2000 prices percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 84,184 77,319 86,219 92,273 99,457 103,457 104,064 105,675 112,170 117,512 126,863 1.8 1.1 4.8 excluding South Africa 64,798 52,187 56,852 60,323 65,812 69,167 72,670 72,552 78,832 82,679 89,528 2.2 0.1 5.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 37,605 42,392 45,933 48,879 52,883 56,677 58,301 56,762 61,409 63,173 67,898 .. 1.4 4.9 Angola 3,008 4,109 4,977 4,955 5,154 4,871 5,410 5,736 6,833 7,081 7,805 .. 1.2 6.4 Benin 797 395 549 542 563 560 615 634 660 668 709 2.8 -0.6 5.0 Botswana 715 1,439 1,463 1,589 1,905 2,159 2,172 2,080 2,064 2,078 1,965 7.2 6.7 4.2 Burkina Faso 517 482 590 629 621 816 752 658 718 762 1,000 3.2 0.6 5.7 Burundi 71 109 101 60 56 102 116 162 153 187 314 8.4 1.3 14.1 Cameroon 966 1,302 1,316 1,512 1,762 1,995 2,052 2,383 2,662 2,907 2,831 10.5 -4.3 10.4 Cape Verde 74 223 246 235 253 269 307 326 368 392 428 11.9 7.5 7.7 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad 310 376 403 346 392 456 409 519 1,131 1,697 1,529 -4.0 -0.7 19.5 Comoros 49 72 77 72 79 65 69 60 66 75 80 .. 0.6 -0.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 557 292 399 377 290 485 773 906 996 1,365 .. 4.3 -10.1 21.4 Congo, Rep. of 1,031 1,121 1,044 1,213 1,272 1,135 1,344 1,404 1,493 1,854 2,178 8.0 -3.8 7.2 Côte d'Ivoire 3,345 3,107 3,999 3,852 4,173 4,398 4,316 3,471 3,618 3,549 3,502 3.2 -0.3 -0.4 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 254 288 573 754 1,294 1,664 782 917 989 938 .. 2.9 15.0 Eritrea .. 435 445 553 566 596 607 518 520 502 508 .. .. 1.0 Ethiopia .. 1,126 1,231 1,276 1,523 1,686 1,967 1,961 1,952 2,148 2,515 .. -0.1 9.0 Gabon 1,662 1,507 1,468 1,677 2,007 2,009 1,679 1,718 1,757 1,806 1,865 4.0 -4.3 1.8 Gambia, The 303 198 247 218 180 216 211 239 184 219 242 5.3 3.7 0.6 Ghana 1,888 1,920 2,016 2,627 3,620 3,673 4,082 3,347 3,606 3,449 3,713 -9.8 7.7 7.0 Guinea .. 747 788 766 768 834 864 894 921 977 947 .. 2.0 3.1 Guinea-Bissau 79 77 72 67 87 64 82 111 107 92 84 0.1 -3.0 3.6 Kenya 2,052 2,899 3,406 3,468 3,560 3,368 3,193 3,757 3,977 3,314 3,575 -3.9 7.6 1.5 Lesotho 534 895 986 1,061 1,073 951 846 794 851 973 928 7.2 4.4 -1.1 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 1,827 941 969 1,007 1,085 1,139 1,209 1,474 1,647 1,137 1,932 -3.0 0.1 6.9 Malawi 803 712 632 693 852 688 787 657 692 818 624 -2.1 3.9 0.0 Mali 392 647 692 746 823 869 938 954 1,238 1,110 1,233 7.0 2.6 7.6 Mauritania 520 461 563 568 503 533 485 525 615 688 758 2.9 -5.2 3.9 Mauritius 829 2,119 2,154 2,246 2,480 2,691 2,853 2,888 2,955 3,108 3,419 .. 12.1 5.5 Mozambique 1,462 1,393 1,076 1,129 1,134 1,229 1,726 1,570 1,689 2,281 2,554 .. 2.1 8.9 Namibia 1,107 1,292 1,410 1,632 1,688 1,817 1,842 1,746 1,918 1,826 1,720 .. 2.2 3.3 Niger 1,017 411 404 408 400 468 378 462 504 526 533 4.9 -6.2 3.4 Nigeria 25,771 9,818 10,941 11,470 12,952 12,527 14,392 15,794 17,425 19,492 21,597 5.8 -3.2 8.8 Rwanda 178 525 341 353 491 535 503 445 463 417 442 10.4 7.0 0.5 São Tomé and Principe .. 38 40 36 38 31 39 38 48 69 59 .. 1.5 5.7 Senegal 1,283 1,353 1,607 1,674 1,645 1,874 1,782 1,742 1,765 1,719 1,691 2.3 0.0 1.8 Seychelles .. 255 295 357 402 496 489 482 646 561 558 .. 12.8 9.5 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 19,703 25,127 29,346 31,923 33,624 34,276 31,410 33,128 33,360 34,858 37,369 -1.4 3.4 3.0 Sudan 1,742 1,725 1,104 1,668 2,215 2,739 2,064 2,189 2,182 2,346 2,470 9.0 -1.0 5.9 Swaziland 160 850 905 986 971 1,064 1,021 1,349 1,355 1,148 1,516 7.3 18.2 5.9 Tanzania .. 2,074 2,202 2,025 1,453 2,047 2,062 2,064 2,049 2,129 2,472 .. 2.9 1.5 Togo 708 381 494 723 723 776 710 674 681 716 736 6.0 -4.6 4.9 Uganda .. 831 1,250 1,343 1,139 1,253 1,364 1,334 1,375 1,597 1,570 .. 7.5 5.0 Zambia 1,977 1,053 1,196 1,143 1,198 1,253 1,274 1,018 1,295 1,231 1,289 -10.7 -3.3 1.3 Zimbabwe 624 1,700 1,895 1,838 2,301 2,437 2,494 1,956 1,942 1,849 2,320 3.7 9.8 1.5 NORTH AFRICA 48,971 48,263 51,084 49,057 51,358 56,552 57,821 61,124 63,329 67,352 70,614 4.9 -1.2 4.4 Algeria 16,346 11,074 11,295 9,793 10,028 10,760 10,943 11,709 13,722 14,970 15,771 5.1 -6.4 4.5 Egypt, Arab Rep. 19,678 18,267 19,280 19,580 19,955 21,553 21,914 22,457 21,597 22,571 23,501 4.5 -1.4 2.6 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 4,291 7,654 8,779 8,345 9,214 11,193 11,560 12,458 12,743 13,601 14,184 2.7 7.3 7.3 Tunisia 4,456 7,128 7,348 7,131 7,755 8,196 8,444 9,257 9,835 10,432 11,100 8.5 4.9 5.4 ALL AFRICA 132,885 125,437 137,283 141,599 151,182 160,230 162,058 166,851 175,634 184,954 197,667 3.0 0.1 4.7 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 32 National Accounts 2-18. GDP growth Average annual Percent annual change percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 5.4 1.9 3.8 5.0 3.7 2.3 2.6 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.9 2.1 1.7 3.3 excluding South Africa 1.9 1.0 4.3 5.5 4.4 3.5 2.8 2.9 3.7 3.2 4.7 1.7 2.3 3.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 0.9 1.3 4.8 5.9 4.8 4.0 3.3 2.6 3.8 3.7 3.1 2.5 1.7 4.0 Angola .. 3.5 10.4 11.2 7.9 6.8 3.2 3.0 3.1 14.4 3.4 .. -1.2 6.6 Benin 6.8 4.4 4.6 5.5 6.1 4.5 4.7 5.8 5.0 6.0 5.6 3.8 2.3 5.3 Botswana 12.0 3.6 4.4 5.6 6.9 6.0 5.4 7.6 5.2 4.4 5.4 11.6 8.9 5.9 Burkina Faso 0.8 1.0 4.6 7.1 5.2 1.0 6.7 1.6 5.9 4.4 6.5 3.6 3.2 4.4 Burundi 1.0 -3.9 -7.3 -8.4 0.4 4.8 -1.0 -0.9 3.2 4.5 -1.2 3.8 2.7 -0.3 Cameroon -2.0 -2.5 3.3 5.0 5.1 5.0 4.4 4.2 5.3 4.2 4.5 8.5 -2.7 4.7 Cape Verde 37.7 6.9 7.5 4.0 5.4 7.4 8.6 6.6 3.8 4.6 5.0 13.8 3.9 6.2 Central African Republic -4.5 4.9 7.2 -4.0 5.3 4.7 3.6 2.3 1.5 -0.8 -5.4 0.4 -0.5 2.6 Chad -6.0 10.1 0.8 2.4 4.3 5.9 -0.6 -0.6 9.9 9.9 11.3 -1.3 3.2 3.5 Comoros .. -5.3 3.6 -1.3 4.2 1.2 1.9 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.1 .. 1.2 2.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2.2 -3.9 0.7 -1.0 -5.6 -1.6 -4.4 -7.0 -2.0 3.5 5.6 -0.3 -4.0 -3.0 Congo, Rep. of 17.6 -5.5 5.0 4.3 -0.6 3.7 -3.0 8.2 3.6 5.4 0.8 9.2 0.3 2.8 Côte d'Ivoire -11.0 0.8 7.1 7.7 5.7 4.8 1.6 -2.3 0.1 -1.6 -2.1 2.2 0.8 2.8 Djibouti .. -2.9 -2.3 -3.3 -0.6 0.5 2.2 0.7 .. .. .. .. -1.2 -0.4 Equatorial Guinea .. 5.1 14.3 29.1 71.2 21.9 41.4 1.5 1.5 17.6 14.7 .. 3.0 25.2 Eritrea .. 21.2 2.9 9.3 7.9 1.8 0.0 -13.1 9.2 0.7 3.0 .. .. 1.6 Ethiopia .. 3.5 6.1 10.9 5.4 -1.9 5.4 6.0 8.8 1.9 -3.7 .. 1.2 5.1 Gabon 2.6 3.4 7.0 5.2 5.8 2.1 -6.2 2.0 2.5 0.0 2.8 -0.2 1.9 1.8 Gambia, The 6.3 0.2 0.9 2.2 4.9 3.5 6.4 5.5 5.8 -3.2 6.7 4.3 3.4 4.0 Ghana 0.5 3.3 4.1 4.6 4.2 4.7 4.4 3.7 4.2 4.5 5.2 -1.1 4.7 4.3 Guinea .. 4.7 6.0 4.6 5.0 4.8 4.6 1.9 3.8 4.2 1.2 .. 3.7 4.3 Guinea-Bissau -16.0 3.2 4.4 11.6 6.5 -28.1 7.8 7.5 0.2 -7.2 0.6 2.1 3.8 -1.1 Kenya 5.6 2.6 4.4 4.1 2.1 1.6 1.3 -0.2 1.1 1.2 1.8 4.7 3.6 1.8 Lesotho 7.4 3.4 4.4 10.0 8.1 -4.6 0.2 1.3 3.2 3.5 3.3 6.6 5.4 2.6 Liberia -4.1 -21.8 -4.3 12.1 106.3 29.7 22.9 20.4 4.9 3.3 -31.0 0.1 -22.6 26.2 Madagascar 0.8 -0.1 1.7 2.1 3.7 3.9 4.7 4.8 6.0 -12.7 9.8 -0.2 1.2 2.8 Malawi 0.4 -10.2 16.7 7.3 3.8 3.9 3.0 1.6 -5.0 2.7 4.4 3.2 2.2 3.4 Mali -4.3 0.9 6.2 3.2 6.8 6.0 6.7 3.2 12.1 4.2 7.4 2.3 2.5 6.1 Mauritania 3.4 4.2 5.1 3.3 2.8 3.9 5.2 5.2 4.0 3.3 5.4 1.6 2.2 4.1 Mauritius .. 4.5 4.1 5.2 5.9 6.0 5.3 4.0 6.7 4.4 2.7 .. 6.5 5.3 Mozambique .. 7.5 4.3 7.1 11.1 12.6 7.5 1.5 13.0 7.4 7.1 .. 4.1 8.3 Namibia .. 7.3 4.1 3.2 4.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 2.4 2.5 3.7 .. 3.4 3.4 Niger -2.2 4.0 2.6 3.4 2.8 10.4 -0.6 -1.4 7.1 3.0 5.3 2.0 1.5 3.4 Nigeria 4.2 0.1 2.5 4.3 2.7 1.9 1.1 4.2 3.1 1.5 10.7 -0.7 5.0 2.7 Rwanda 9.0 -50.2 35.2 12.7 13.8 8.9 7.6 6.0 6.7 9.4 1.0 6.8 -2.7 10.8 São Tomé and Principe .. 2.2 2.0 1.5 1.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 4.0 4.1 4.5 .. 1.7 2.5 Senegal -3.3 2.9 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.7 5.0 5.6 5.6 1.1 6.5 2.1 2.1 5.0 Seychelles -4.2 -0.8 -0.8 4.9 12.0 8.4 1.9 4.8 -2.2 0.3 -6.3 3.4 5.7 4.4 Sierra Leone 4.8 -1.9 -8.0 5.0 -17.6 -0.8 -8.1 3.8 5.4 6.3 9.3 2.5 -1.7 -2.8 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 9.2 3.2 3.1 4.3 2.6 0.5 2.4 4.2 2.7 3.6 2.8 2.4 0.8 2.8 Sudan 1.5 1.0 6.0 5.9 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.5 6.1 6.0 6.0 2.8 4.1 6.3 Swaziland .. 3.4 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.2 3.4 2.1 1.7 2.8 2.4 0.7 16.0 3.1 Tanzania .. 1.6 3.6 4.6 3.5 3.7 3.5 5.1 6.2 7.2 7.1 .. 2.6 4.5 Togo 14.6 15.0 7.8 8.8 14.4 -2.3 2.5 -0.8 -0.2 4.1 2.7 2.1 0.5 3.7 Uganda .. 6.4 11.3 9.1 5.5 3.6 8.1 5.6 4.9 6.8 4.7 .. 5.0 6.4 Zambia 3.0 -8.6 -2.8 6.9 3.3 -1.9 2.2 3.6 4.9 3.3 5.1 0.2 0.9 2.5 Zimbabwe 14.4 9.2 0.2 10.4 2.7 2.9 -0.7 -4.9 -8.4 -5.6 -14.0 3.0 3.3 -0.2 NORTH AFRICA 5.3 3.6 2.1 6.2 2.9 5.7 4.2 3.7 4.1 3.6 4.4 6.3 2.8 4.2 Algeria 0.8 -0.9 3.8 4.1 1.1 5.1 3.2 2.4 3.6 3.4 3.9 5.5 0.5 3.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 10.0 3.9 4.7 5.0 5.5 5.6 6.0 5.1 3.3 3.0 4.5 8.3 3.9 5.0 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 3.6 10.4 -6.6 12.2 -2.2 7.7 0.0 0.9 6.5 4.4 3.4 4.1 3.6 3.0 Tunisia 7.4 3.3 2.3 7.1 5.4 4.8 6.1 4.7 5.4 6.0 6.5 5.3 3.8 5.3 ALL AFRICA 5.4 2.6 3.2 5.4 3.4 3.6 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.5 4.1 3.4 2.1 3.7 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). National Accounts 33 2-19. Gross national income (GNI) per capita U.S. dollars, Atlas method Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 659 512 519 536 545 511 496 482 471 457 506 538 523 502 excluding South Africa 521 287 286 304 321 313 306 298 303 304 342 420 354 309 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 440 304 306 318 333 327 317 308 304 306 340 364 374 318 Angola .. 220 360 430 530 520 440 480 520 680 760 .. 661 524 Benin 410 340 360 350 390 390 390 390 380 380 440 314 347 386 Botswana 1,120 2,950 3,190 3,100 3,260 3,290 3,010 3,010 3,120 2,780 3,530 924 2,310 3,143 Burkina Faso 290 230 240 260 270 250 260 250 250 250 300 223 290 259 Burundi 220 160 150 140 140 140 120 110 100 90 90 186 222 120 Cameroon 620 730 660 620 620 610 600 580 560 .. 650 604 949 613 Cape Verde .. 1,150 1,210 1,270 1,300 1,300 1,340 1,320 1,280 1,250 1,440 .. 1,031 1,301 Central African Republic 340 360 340 290 300 290 280 280 270 250 270 270 416 286 Chad 240 230 210 210 220 220 210 190 200 210 240 221 258 212 Comoros .. 500 480 430 440 410 390 380 380 370 430 317 491 412 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 630 160 140 120 110 110 100 90 80 90 100 483 222 104 Congo, Rep. of 820 630 400 430 540 530 450 510 570 620 650 771 891 522 Côte d'Ivoire 1,140 710 730 740 790 780 750 690 640 600 660 855 780 709 Djibouti .. .. 880 850 820 790 810 830 840 850 910 .. .. 842 Equatorial Guinea .. 370 390 430 860 1,060 790 620 670 .. .. .. 363 689 Eritrea .. 220 200 210 240 220 210 190 200 190 190 .. 220 206 Ethiopia .. 140 120 110 110 100 110 110 110 100 90 135 161 107 Gabon 4,820 4,140 3,930 4,130 4,400 3,980 3,300 3,190 3,160 3,060 3,400 4,344 4,438 3,617 Gambia, The 380 340 340 340 340 320 330 320 310 270 270 295 307 316 Ghana 430 380 380 390 400 400 400 340 300 280 320 354 409 357 Guinea .. 520 560 570 560 520 500 450 420 410 430 .. 476 491 Guinea-Bissau 150 200 200 220 220 140 150 160 140 130 140 178 195 167 Kenya 440 250 260 320 350 360 360 350 340 350 400 339 338 343 Lesotho 500 780 800 810 830 690 670 640 600 540 590 439 610 686 Liberia 530 .. .. .. 100 110 110 130 140 140 100 441 353 119 Madagascar 450 240 240 250 250 260 250 250 260 230 290 352 253 253 Malawi 190 170 170 180 220 220 190 170 160 160 160 164 190 181 Mali 270 250 250 240 260 250 250 240 230 240 300 201 250 251 Mauritania 460 500 470 480 460 440 410 410 360 400 400 404 511 426 Mauritius .. 3,130 3,360 3,570 3,800 3,760 3,710 3,690 3,850 3,850 4,100 1,127 2,153 3,743 Mozambique .. .. 140 150 180 200 220 210 200 200 210 280 208 190 Namibia .. 2,030 2,220 2,210 2,190 2,050 1,910 1,870 1,750 1,650 1,930 1,613 1,603 1,976 Niger 440 210 190 200 200 200 190 180 180 180 200 319 282 191 Nigeria 780 220 210 250 270 260 260 260 300 300 350 601 275 273 Rwanda 250 140 200 200 210 230 240 240 220 210 190 207 305 216 São Tomé and Principe .. 350 340 320 290 270 270 280 290 300 330 .. 426 299 Senegal 530 590 550 530 530 510 500 490 480 460 550 436 629 511 Seychelles 2,090 6,550 6,490 6,770 7,330 7,320 7,290 7,320 7,220 6,910 7,350 1,638 4,584 7,111 Sierra Leone 380 170 190 210 170 150 130 130 130 140 160 303 188 157 Somalia 100 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 124 147 .. South Africa 2,410 3,440 3,580 3,610 3,560 3,200 3,110 3,050 2,860 2,660 2,920 2,028 2,693 3,172 Sudan 470 260 260 270 280 320 330 330 360 410 460 415 529 336 Swaziland 960 1,270 1,490 1,590 1,640 1,400 1,420 1,380 1,330 1,240 1,340 811 1,054 1,426 Tanzania .. 170 180 200 230 250 270 280 290 300 310 .. 184 257 Togo 450 330 330 340 390 350 340 320 290 280 310 334 374 328 Uganda .. 200 250 290 320 310 300 280 260 240 250 180 285 278 Zambia 630 350 350 370 380 330 330 320 330 340 380 562 361 348 Zimbabwe 950 630 610 680 680 560 470 440 480 .. .. 854 761 560 NORTH AFRICA 1,320 1,316 1,353 1,457 1,505 1,544 1,585 1,650 1,693 1,665 1,727 1,081 1,365 1,575 Algeria 2,080 1,660 1,590 1,550 1,540 1,560 1,540 1,580 1,660 1,720 1,930 1,772 2,341 1,630 Egypt, Arab Rep. 530 880 990 1,100 1,200 1,270 1,370 1,490 1,530 1,470 1,390 483 792 1,312 Libya 10,460 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7,923 6,190 .. Morocco 970 1,170 1,120 1,300 1,250 1,260 1,210 1,180 1,190 1,170 1,330 733 943 1,223 Tunisia 1,360 1,740 1,820 2,000 2,080 2,050 2,080 2,080 2,060 1,990 2,240 1,093 1,427 2,044 ALL AFRICA 778 662 674 704 719 695 687 684 680 663 714 636 682 691 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Gross National Income (GNI) previously called Gross National Product (GNP). 34 National Accounts 2-20. Total consumption per capita Current U.S. dollars Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 493 411 457 449 468 438 423 408 397 405 505 400 427 439 excluding South Africa 393 231 263 272 288 282 274 262 273 296 336 315 295 283 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 342 246 277 290 303 300 286 272 279 305 347 283 317 296 Angola .. 284 342 345 497 443 405 446 604 605 817 .. 640 500 Benin 432 264 343 380 354 369 375 341 347 387 483 305 343 375 Botswana 859 1,887 1,995 1,833 1,876 1,840 1,870 1,828 1,819 1,934 2,707 667 1,391 1,967 Burkina Faso 297 188 226 249 224 230 235 216 231 258 332 221 268 245 Burundi 224 165 170 140 143 138 108 105 104 93 79 179 206 120 Cameroon 603 494 477 547 523 487 507 468 443 520 644 485 755 513 Cape Verde 458 1,071 1,253 1,385 1,366 1,509 1,620 1,395 1,419 1,557 1,941 349 901 1,494 Central African Republic 375 247 314 308 271 275 255 237 228 246 298 273 413 270 Chad .. 184 217 223 206 219 211 173 193 216 237 200 267 210 Comoros 406 412 497 473 447 425 433 370 390 431 541 343 512 445 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 464 121 109 91 122 132 89 84 91 103 .. 399 206 103 Congo, Rep. of 608 526 449 539 461 420 416 395 368 413 499 543 729 440 Côte d'Ivoire 989 464 611 673 616 680 639 552 540 522 643 671 713 608 Djibouti .. .. 929 883 862 818 869 874 .. .. .. .. .. 873 Equatorial Guinea .. 241 297 436 669 841 687 762 379 328 9,606 440 413 1,556 Eritrea .. 198 223 247 227 255 253 208 203 195 279 .. 183 232 Ethiopia .. 96 94 96 98 98 101 101 96 88 96 130 146 96 Gabon 2,424 2,128 2,355 2,470 2,273 2,348 2,307 2,810 1,673 1,949 2,464 1,938 2,966 2,294 Gambia, The 354 326 356 321 302 299 303 293 272 232 232 272 291 290 Ghana 383 280 326 334 357 355 387 240 248 281 331 318 350 318 Guinea .. 462 489 471 430 419 395 349 338 376 425 .. 395 410 Guinea-Bissau 141 196 216 217 202 176 171 171 169 157 158 179 193 182 Kenya 378 221 301 294 349 362 323 328 344 352 416 278 273 341 Lesotho 542 690 778 766 795 695 646 593 504 465 674 417 570 657 Liberia 433 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 172 176 135 408 411 161 Madagascar 462 223 230 273 239 238 229 231 240 247 295 341 242 247 Malawi 179 134 152 234 277 163 177 167 158 187 163 140 172 186 Mali 268 174 236 247 221 225 220 197 204 261 317 196 241 236 Mauritania 521 381 423 443 416 381 346 301 312 339 384 484 433 372 Mauritius 1,020 2,316 2,609 2,798 2,893 2,686 2,709 2,826 2,789 2,807 3,192 910 1,630 2,812 Mozambique 317 153 139 166 188 204 228 211 180 186 206 288 206 190 Namibia 1,313 1,639 1,798 1,758 1,886 1,647 1,614 1,549 1,373 1,304 1,794 1,595 1,444 1,636 Niger 384 179 208 206 184 201 187 161 168 180 221 281 256 191 Nigeria 619 174 206 201 232 214 227 221 252 260 292 464 210 234 Rwanda 216 212 244 257 272 281 258 232 209 212 202 196 290 241 São Tomé and Principe 588 453 384 377 369 308 357 333 395 405 412 490 579 371 Senegal 566 398 480 477 443 448 443 420 432 459 582 428 603 465 Seychelles 1,667 4,999 5,185 4,629 5,756 6,270 5,762 5,768 5,848 6,125 7,316 1,427 3,622 5,851 Sierra Leone 337 200 211 213 174 142 141 135 162 166 172 271 175 168 Somalia 105 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 128 144 .. South Africa 1,815 2,869 3,135 2,922 2,989 2,622 2,511 2,452 2,137 1,957 2,930 1,527 2,243 2,628 Sudan 385 .. .. 263 321 367 321 328 382 412 456 390 648 356 Swaziland 873 1,268 1,496 1,509 1,447 1,314 1,347 1,271 1,023 970 1,567 674 906 1,327 Tanzania .. 154 174 205 233 263 255 244 251 246 260 246 172 237 Togo 347 230 301 340 365 365 348 298 282 308 343 253 349 328 Uganda .. 187 270 260 253 282 243 233 222 225 232 186 252 247 Zambia 546 357 344 341 382 328 327 300 299 297 339 455 350 328 Zimbabwe 807 479 515 594 628 399 373 485 642 1,221 628 711 592 609 NORTH AFRICA 852 1,072 1,146 1,239 1,219 1,290 1,284 1,285 1,288 1,273 1,322 715 1,061 1,261 Algeria 1,291 1,136 1,070 1,125 1,117 1,170 1,091 979 1,087 1,148 1,281 1,125 1,663 1,119 Egypt, Arab Rep. 476 806 908 1,018 1,058 1,135 1,180 1,277 1,232 1,122 1,018 417 668 1,105 Libya 5,040 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,321 .. .. Morocco 838 991 1,074 1,143 1,011 1,056 1,004 950 947 1,025 1,221 610 801 1,048 Tunisia 1,041 1,392 1,593 1,648 1,559 1,625 1,672 1,550 1,563 1,694 2,001 820 1,116 1,656 ALL AFRICA 569 534 585 593 606 590 575 561 552 556 650 466 547 585 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). National Accounts 35 Figure 2-1. Gross domestic product, 2003* GDP level** GDP per capita (US$ billions) (US$ thousands) 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 165.4 South Africa 84.4 Egypt, Arab Rep. 64.1 Algeria 57.6 Nigeria 45.8 Morocco 17.8 Sudan 14.4 Kenya 14.0 Côte d'Ivoire 12.5 Cameroon 10.3 Tanzania 8.4 Zimbabwe 7.5 Botswana 7.5 Ghana 6.7 Ethiopia 6.5 Senegal 6.3 Uganda 6.1 Gabon 5.7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 5.5 Madagascar 5.2 Mauritius 4.3 Mali 4.3 Zambia 4.3 Mozambique 4.3 Namibia 4.2 Burkina Faso 3.6 Guinea 3.6 Congo 3.5 Benin 2.9 Equatorial Guinea 2.7 Niger 2.6 Chad 1.9 Swaziland 1.8 Togo 1.7 Malawi 1.7 Rwanda 1.2 Central African Republic 1.1 Mauritania 1.1 Lesotho 0.8 Sierra Leone 0.8 Cape Verde 0.8 Eritrea 0.7 Seychelles 0.6 Burundi 0.6 Djibouti 0.4 Gambia, The * Or most recent year available. ** Sorted by GDP level. 36 National Accounts Figure 2-2. GDP and export growth rates, average 2002­2003* GDP growth rates** Export growth rates (average annual percent change) (average annual percent change) -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 -110 -90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 Equatorial Guinea Mozambique Niger Rwanda Seychelles Morocco Cape Verde Angola Sudan Mali Botswana Mauritius Chad Senegal Egypt, Arab Rep. Algeria Cameroon Guinea Burundi Côte d'Ivoire Ghana Central African Republic Benin Madagascar Mauritania Malawi Tanzania Congo, Rep. of Uganda Gambia, The Namibia Swaziland Zimbabwe São Tomé and Principe Gabon Nigeria Eritrea Kenya Comoros Burkina Faso Djibouti South Africa Sierra Leone Congo, Dem. Rep. of Zambia Ethiopia Togo Lesotho Guinea-Bissau * Or most recent year available. ** Sorted by GDP. National Accounts 37 Figure 2-3. Composition of GDP, 2003* Agriculture share** Industry share Services share percent 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 Guinea-Bissau Central African Republic Congo, Dem. Rep. of Burundi Cameroon Comoros Rwanda Niger Tanzania Ethiopia Chad Mali Malawi Benin Ghana Togo Uganda Burkina Faso Nigeria Gambia, The Madagascar Côte d'Ivoire Mozambique Guinea São Tomé and Principe Zambia Senegal Zimbabwe Mauritania Kenya Morocco Lesotho Egypt, Arab Rep. Tunisia Cape Verde Swaziland Namibia Algeria Gabon Angola Congo, Rep. of Mauritius Equatorial Guinea Djibouti Seychelles South Africa Botswana * Or most recent year available. ** Sorted by agriculture share. 38 National Accounts Technical notes Tables Table 2-3. Value added in industry. Value added in industry is shown at factor cost (World Bank country Table 2-1. Gross domestic product, real. Gross do- desks). It comprises the gross output of mining, man- mestic product (GDP) measures the total output of ufacturing, construction, electricity, water, and gas, goods and services for final use produced by resi- less the value of their intermediate inputs. However, dents and nonresidents, regardless of the allocation to for Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Gabon, domestic and foreign claims (World Bank country Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, desks). It is calculated without making deductions for Senegal, Togo, Zaire, and Zambia, it is shown at depreciation of "manmade" assets or depletion and market prices, that is, including intermediate inputs. degradation of natural resources. In this table, GDP figures are shown at market prices (also known as Table 2-4. Value added in services. Also shown at purchaser values) and have been converted to U.S. factor cost, this table consists of the gross output of dollars using constant (2000) exchange rates. For a all other branches of economic activity, including few countries where the official exchange rate does government, less the value of their intermediate in- not effectively reflect the rate applied to actual for- puts (World Bank country desks). However, for eign exchange transactions, an alternative currency Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Gabon, Guinea, conversion factor has been used (Table 3-6). The sum Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, of the components of GDP by industrial origin (pre- Senegal, Togo, Zaire, and Zambia, it is shown at mar- sented in this volume in the form of value added) will ket prices, that is, including intermediate inputs. not normally equal total GDP for several reasons. Other items, such as imputed bank service charges First, components of GDP by expenditure are indi- (which are difficult to assess in the same fashion for vidually rescaled and summed to provide a partially all countries) and any corrections for statistical dis- rebased series for total GDP. Second, total GDP is crepancies, are not included. shown at purchaser value, while value added compo- nents are conventionally reported at producer prices. Table 2-5. Gross domestic product, nominal. This As explained above, the former excludes net indirect table, presented at market prices, is obtained by con- taxes, while the latter includes indirect taxes. Third, verting national currency GDP series in current certain items, such as imputed bank charges, are prices (World Bank country desks) to U.S. dollars at added in total GDP. official annual exchange rates (Table 3-4; see also the note for Table 2-1). GDP growth rates are presented Table 2-2. Value added in agriculture. Value added in real terms. in agriculture is shown at factor cost (World Bank country desks). It comprises the gross output of Table 2-6. Total consumption. Total consumption is forestry, hunting, and fishing less the value of their the sum of private consumption (World Bank coun- intermediate inputs. However, for Botswana, try desks) and general government consumption Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Madagas- (Table 2-7). Private consumption, not separately car, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Togo, shown here, is the value of all goods and services pur- Zaire, and Zambia, it is shown at market prices, that chased or received as income in kind by households is, including intermediate inputs. and nonprofit institutions. It excludes purchases of National Accounts 39 dwellings, but includes imputed rent for owner-occu- freight, insurance, travel, and other nonfactor serv- pied dwellings. In practice, it includes any statistical ices. The value of factor services, such as investment discrepancy in the use of resources. income, interest, and labor income, is not included. These series are generally estimated on the basis of Table 2-7. General government consumption. This foreign trade statistics from customs declarations. indicator includes all current expenditure for pur- They are not fully comparable with the series from chases of goods and services by all levels of govern- the balance of payments, which are based on changes ment, including capital expenditure on national de- in ownership between residents of a country and the fense and security (World Bank country desks). rest of the world. Exports, as well as imports of Other capital expenditure by government is included GNFS, are shown in current U.S. dollars. in investment. Tables 2-16 and 2-17. Exports and imports of Tables 2-8, 2-9, and 2-10. Gross domestic, public, goods and nonfactor services, real. These are de- and private investment. Gross domestic investment fined as in Tables 2-14 and 2-15, but expressed in (GDI) consists of gross domestic fixed capital forma- constant 2000 U.S. dollars. tion plus net changes in the level of inventories (World Bank country desks). GDI comprises outlays Table 2-18. GDP growth. This table (World Bank by the public sector (Table 2-9) and the private sector country desks) provides average annual growth rates (Table 2-10). Examples include improvements in calculated from GDP at constant 2000 prices land, dwellings, machinery, and other equipment. For (Table 2-1). some countries the sum of gross private investment and gross public investment does not add up to gross Table 2-19. GNI per capita. Figures presented here domestic investment due to statistical discrepancies. (World Bank country desks) are calculated using the World Bank Atlas method, as described in the techni- Table 2-11. Gross domestic savings. Gross domes- cal notes for Table 1-1; they are similar in concept to tic savings (GDS) is calculated by deducting total GNI per capita in current prices, except that the use consumption (Table 2-6) from gross domestic prod- of three-year averages of exchange rates smoothes uct in current prices (Table 2-5). out sharp fluctuations from year to year. Table 2-12. Gross national savings. Gross national Table 2-20. Total consumption per capita. This savings (GNS) is the sum of gross domestic savings table is obtained by dividing total consumption at (Table 2-11), net factor income from abroad (World current U.S. dollars (Table 2-6) by the corresponding Bank country desks), and net private transfers from midyear population (Table 1-2). abroad (Table 5-5). The estimate here also includes net public transfers from abroad (Table 5-6). Figures Table 2-13. Resource balance. The table indicates The following indicators have been used to derive the the difference between exports f.o.b. (Table 2-14) and figures in this chapter. imports c.i.f. (Table 2-15) of goods and nonfactor services (or the difference between GDS and GDI). Figure 2-1. Gross domestic product (Table 2-5); The resource balance is shown as a share of GDP in GDP per capita (Tables 1-2 and 2-5). U.S. dollars at current prices (Table 2-5). Figure 2-2. GDP growth (Table 2-1); export growth Tables 2-14 and 2-15. Exports and imports of (Table 2-16). goods and nonfactor services, nominal. Data for exports and imports of goods and nonfactor services Figure 2-3. Value added in agriculture (Table 2-2); are from the World Bank country desks and refer to value added in industry (Table 2-3); value added all goods and nonfactor services (GNFS) provided to, in services (Table 2-4); gross domestic product or by, the rest of the world, including merchandise, (Table 2-1). 40 National Accounts Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 2 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) 2-1 x x 2-2 x x 2-3 x x 2-4 x x 2-5 x x 2-6 x x 2-7 x x 2-8 x x 2-9 x x 2-10 x x 2-11 x x 2-12 x x 2-13 x x 2-14 x x 2-15 x x 2-16 x x 2-17 x x 2-18 x x 2-19 x x 2-20 x x Note : Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 3 Prices and Exchange Rates I nformation on prices and exchange rates are domestic currencies because it is based on five major important in monitoring national economic per- currencies. For Sub-Saharan Africa, it may be more formance. This chapter provides three sets of price representative of movements in non-dual exchange deflators and six exchange rate indicators. The GDP rates than that expressed in U.S. dollars alone be- deflator for national currency series shows changes cause a large share of the region's foreign trade and in domestic prices only. The U.S. dollar series GDP debt is not denominated in U.S. dollars. A decrease in deflator includes the effects of both domestic price the index shows that the currency has depreciated, changes, as reflected in the national currency series which indicates that foreign goods have become GDP implicit deflator, and changes in the exchange relatively more expensive than domestic goods. We rate between national currencies and U.S. dollars. The have included information on the parallel market ex- consumer price index measures the price changes of change rate and the ratio of the parallel to the official a selected bundle of consumer goods, which differs exchange rates to provide a measure of the premium among countries. on the official rate. It is tempting to view the differ- The U.S. dollar exchange rate (units of national ence between the official and parallel rates as a meas- currency per U.S. dollar) is reported because of ex- ure of the disequilibrium in the official exchange rate. tensive use of U.S. dollars to denominate interna- However, this is not necessarily true. Conversion fac- tional transactions; U.S. dollars are also widely used tors are sometimes used in place of official exchange for statistical comparisons across countries. The spe- rates when the latter are considered to be especially cial drawing right (SDR) exchange rate index (based unrepresentative of rates effectively applied to inter- on SDRs per unit of national currency) is a broader national transactions. measure of the changes in the international value of 41 42 Prices and Exchange Rates 3-1. GDP deflator (local currency series) Index 2000 = 100 Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 20 60 67 77 85 88 94 100 107 114 120 18.3 39.5 94.7 excluding South Africa 21 60 66 78 85 89 94 100 107 114 120 19.2 39.6 94.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 22 60 67 79 85 90 94 100 107 113 120 20.6 40.1 95.0 Angola .. 0 0 1 2 3 19 100 208 436 922 .. 0.0 188.0 Benin 38 70 81 86 91 95 97 100 103 105 108 37.2 51.7 96.2 Botswana 14 62 67 77 85 88 93 100 107 116 120 12.8 41.1 94.9 Burkina Faso 45 76 82 88 90 97 95 100 105 109 111 44.5 66.1 97.5 Burundi 22 42 48 58 71 79 82 100 113 111 124 18.5 32.7 87.3 Cameroon 38 76 89 94 97 98 97 100 103 107 109 38.3 67.7 99.3 Cape Verde 26 77 81 85 92 96 101 100 103 105 107 24.3 62.5 96.8 Central African Republic 32 84 93 94 96 97 98 100 103 107 108 32.5 69.4 99.4 Chad 45 74 81 90 93 102 95 100 112 117 114 44.1 57.1 100.4 Comoros 36 80 87 89 90 91 97 100 109 113 119 45.2 70.3 99.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 1 2 3 16 100 503 638 723 0.0 0.0 220.7 Congo, Rep. of 29 51 52 61 64 53 68 100 86 84 82 29.7 39.6 72.3 Côte d'Ivoire 39 78 86 90 94 99 100 100 104 110 111 35.5 54.8 99.5 Djibouti .. 86 90 92 94 96 98 100 .. .. .. .. 72.0 94.8 Equatorial Guinea .. 32 33 42 53 40 57 100 129 130 130 .. 22.3 79.3 Eritrea .. 58 63 69 72 78 84 100 114 131 151 .. 54.2 95.8 Ethiopia .. 72 82 82 85 94 97 100 94 88 100 34.1 51.7 91.4 Gabon 39 77 77 86 88 74 78 100 88 96 95 35.7 53.7 87.0 Gambia, The 15 81 84 87 90 92 96 100 115 134 170 14.8 58.7 107.7 Ghana 0 25 35 49 59 69 79 100 135 165 210 0.6 10.7 100.1 Guinea .. 79 83 84 85 87 90 100 105 108 121 .. 51.2 95.8 Guinea-Bissau 0 31 46 63 85 92 97 100 95 99 97 0.1 10.0 86.0 Kenya 12 57 64 70 80 88 93 100 109 118 132 12.1 31.4 94.9 Lesotho 12 60 65 71 77 84 95 100 107 116 124 11.6 38.0 93.1 Liberia 2 3 3 3 3 100 101 100 112 144 158 1.5 2.1 80.3 Madagascar 4 43 62 73 78 85 93 100 107 124 127 4.8 21.4 94.4 Malawi 2 14 25 38 46 55 77 100 125 141 157 1.8 7.0 84.8 Mali 35 78 92 97 98 98 95 100 100 116 117 34.1 59.3 101.2 Mauritania 26 73 75 81 85 93 94 100 108 112 117 26.0 56.1 96.0 Mauritius 21 73 76 80 86 91 95 100 104 109 116 25.9 51.5 95.3 Mozambique 0 36 55 79 86 90 93 100 111 123 139 0.4 10.4 97.2 Namibia 12 60 64 73 78 85 90 100 114 127 125 14.3 37.8 95.1 Niger 49 80 84 88 91 94 96 100 104 107 107 47.1 65.1 96.8 Nigeria 2 34 53 73 74 70 78 100 121 126 150 1.7 11.8 93.8 Rwanda 19 51 77 85 98 100 97 100 100 100 109 19.1 32.8 96.2 São Tomé and Principe .. 11 19 29 58 80 93 100 108 114 133 .. 3.7 81.5 Senegal 38 88 93 94 96 98 99 100 103 106 106 37.8 69.6 99.4 Seychelles 56 94 93 92 93 97 99 100 105 111 117 49.8 83.4 100.6 Sierra Leone 0 33 43 51 59 75 94 100 106 110 119 0.1 9.7 84.3 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 9 62 68 74 80 86 92 100 108 119 124 8.9 37.3 94.4 Sudan 0 11 18 43 64 84 92 100 106 115 124 0.0 2.4 83.0 Swaziland 32 52 60 67 75 82 89 100 111 125 140 23.3 40.8 94.2 Tanzania .. 40 51 61 73 83 93 100 107 114 121 .. 21.8 89.2 Togo 35 77 85 90 92 101 102 100 103 105 101 36.1 58.4 97.6 Uganda .. 72 79 83 86 96 96 100 107 102 113 0.2 29.1 95.8 Zambia 0 25 34 42 53 63 77 100 124 149 179 0.0 5.1 91.3 Zimbabwe 2 19 21 27 31 40 63 100 170 353 2,464 2.5 9.3 363.1 NORTH AFRICA 21 75 81 86 90 93 96 100 103 106 110 21.0 53.0 96.2 Algeria 6 45 58 72 76 73 81 100 105 107 111 5.7 20.4 87.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. 13 71 79 85 90 93 95 100 103 109 114 11.4 42.8 96.3 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 38 88 95 96 98 98 98 100 103 105 108 36.7 73.6 100.0 Tunisia 30 80 84 88 91 94 98 100 103 105 108 30.6 63.1 96.7 ALL AFRICA 20 62 68 79 85 90 94 100 107 112 119 18.3 39.9 94.9 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Group data are medians of individual country values for each year. Prices and Exchange Rates 43 3-2. GDP deflator (U.S. dollar series) Index 2000 = 100 Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 122 104 113 113 113 104 101 100 96 96 117 95.6 104.6 105.9 excluding South Africa 153 92 101 109 108 102 99 100 102 109 119 120.8 112.3 105.3 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 130 99 108 113 113 107 102 100 100 109 119 109.1 119.9 107.9 Angola .. 67 75 101 95 75 69 100 95 101 124 .. 97.4 92.9 Benin 130 90 116 120 111 115 112 100 100 107 132 96.7 109.9 112.5 Botswana 94 117 123 118 119 107 103 100 94 93 124 71.6 101.3 108.9 Burkina Faso 153 98 117 123 110 116 110 100 102 111 137 115.6 135.8 114.0 Burundi 176 120 139 137 145 127 104 100 98 86 82 143.5 142.3 113.3 Cameroon 121 115 113 123 117 106 108 100 92 101 123 94.3 138.0 109.3 Cape Verde 78 113 126 124 118 118 117 100 100 107 132 67.6 99.3 115.7 Central African Republic 109 108 132 131 117 116 113 100 100 109 133 82.6 153.3 116.8 Chad 151 96 116 126 113 124 110 100 109 120 140 115.3 125.1 117.4 Comoros 91 102 123 124 110 110 112 100 106 116 146 76.1 120.5 116.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 205 111 107 111 124 128 102 100 116 127 123 170.7 119.2 115.3 Congo, Rep. of 99 65 74 85 79 64 79 100 84 86 101 75.8 83.6 83.4 Côte d'Ivoire 131 100 123 126 115 120 116 100 101 112 137 91.7 119.1 116.6 Djibouti .. 86 90 92 94 96 98 100 .. .. .. .. 72.0 94.8 Equatorial Guinea .. 41 47 58 65 49 66 100 125 132 159 .. 48.5 89.0 Eritrea .. 90 95 104 96 102 99 100 97 91 105 .. 99.0 98.8 Ethiopia .. 115 113 106 107 111 105 100 92 84 95 134.3 172.2 101.6 Gabon 131 99 109 120 108 90 90 100 86 98 117 90.6 114.5 101.9 Gambia, The 113 108 113 113 113 111 108 100 94 86 80 85.6 96.8 102.0 Ghana 168 141 160 164 157 163 161 100 102 114 132 150.6 175.3 139.2 Guinea .. 141 146 146 136 123 113 100 94 95 107 .. 128.9 117.7 Guinea-Bissau 97 113 117 111 104 111 112 100 92 102 118 99.6 111.6 107.5 Kenya 122 78 95 93 104 111 101 100 106 114 132 98.1 91.0 106.2 Lesotho 108 117 125 115 115 105 107 100 86 76 114 84.0 97.1 104.9 Liberia 68 104 110 117 105 98 98 100 94 96 109 62.2 87.5 103.1 Madagascar 130 94 98 122 104 106 100 100 110 123 139 106.5 93.8 111.3 Malawi 124 96 97 148 166 105 103 100 103 110 96 106.9 127.3 114.2 Mali 116 99 131 135 119 118 110 100 97 118 143 87.7 130.0 119.0 Mauritania 135 140 139 140 134 118 107 100 100 98 106 125.6 153.9 115.9 Mauritius 76 103 112 116 115 103 98 100 96 92 103 68.7 86.5 103.8 Mozambique 167 90 92 105 113 115 110 100 83 80 90 178.9 143.2 98.7 Namibia 108 118 122 118 118 107 103 100 92 84 115 94.9 97.1 106.3 Niger 165 103 120 123 111 113 111 100 101 109 131 121.2 138.4 113.3 Nigeria 221 66 77 92 92 80 86 100 111 106 118 161.8 83.5 95.9 Rwanda 80 90 114 108 127 125 113 100 88 82 79 79.3 117.3 104.0 São Tomé and Principe .. 121 109 106 102 93 104 100 97 100 113 .. 136.6 102.6 Senegal 129 113 133 131 117 118 115 100 100 108 130 98.6 153.8 116.8 Seychelles 51 106 112 105 105 105 106 100 102 115 124 42.5 86.7 108.3 Sierra Leone 118 118 120 116 127 101 109 100 112 110 107 104.2 82.9 111.3 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 82 121 130 119 120 108 104 100 87 78 114 63.7 94.6 106.7 Sudan 139 96 80 89 105 108 94 100 105 112 122 137.4 183.4 101.6 Swaziland 289 101 116 109 113 102 101 100 89 82 128 170.1 109.2 104.4 Tanzania .. 63 71 84 96 100 100 100 98 94 93 .. 68.0 92.8 Togo 118 99 122 125 112 121 118 100 100 107 124 94.3 128.9 114.3 Uganda .. 98 129 124 123 127 107 100 91 88 90 136.1 148.8 108.8 Zambia 142 115 123 108 126 106 100 100 107 105 118 114.4 101.6 110.4 Zimbabwe 167 105 109 118 114 75 73 100 137 285 157 146.7 126.2 129.7 NORTH AFRICA 111 87 93 98 98 98 98 100 98 94 96 87.6 91.8 96.9 Algeria 124 97 92 99 100 94 91 100 103 101 108 100.1 125.3 98.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 61 72 79 85 90 93 95 100 96 86 77 54.9 65.9 89.0 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 103 101 118 117 109 108 107 100 96 101 120 76.4 89.1 108.4 Tunisia 101 108 121 123 113 113 113 100 98 101 115 82.9 96.0 110.9 ALL AFRICA 118 98 106 107 107 102 100 100 97 96 109 92.5 100.1 102.5 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Group data are obtained by dividing GDP in current US$ by GDP in constant US$ series for each group. 44 Prices and Exchange Rates 3-3. Consumer price index Average annual Index 2000 = 100 percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12 67 74 79 85 90 95 100 105 109 117 11.0 12.0 6.1 excluding South Africa 13 68 75 81 85 89 95 100 105 109 116 10.8 11.7 5.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 14 70 77 82 85 90 95 100 105 109 115 10.7 11.5 5.4 Angola .. 0 0 1 3 7 24 100 241 528 1,046 .. .. 315.0 Benin .. 73 83 87 90 96 96 100 104 107 108 .. .. 4.0 Botswana 14 61 67 74 80 85 92 100 107 115 126 12.1 11.3 8.2 Burkina Faso 46 83 89 94 97 101 100 100 105 107 109 11.0 1.3 2.7 Burundi 12 35 42 53 69 78 80 100 109 103 119 13.4 7.0 14.4 Cameroon 29 82 90 93 97 101 102 100 105 107 .. 11.5 3.6 2.9 Cape Verde .. 75 82 87 94 98 103 100 103 105 .. .. 6.3 4.1 Central African Republic 51 80 95 99 100 98 97 100 103 107 .. .. -0.3 2.4 Chad .. 71 78 87 92 103 96 100 112 118 116 .. 0.8 5.5 Comoros .. 87 90 92 93 95 96 100 103 103 105 .. 1.7 2.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 1 3 4 16 100 460 605 .. 57.3 421.9 241.7 Congo, Rep. of .. 70 77 85 0 96 101 100 100 105 104 .. 2.2 4.3 Côte d'Ivoire 34 76 87 89 92 97 98 100 104 108 111 12.9 4.4 3.7 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 71 79 84 86 89 94 100 105 108 113 .. 0.5 5.0 Eritrea .. 55 61 68 70 77 83 100 115 142 171 .. .. 12.8 Ethiopia 33 84 92 88 90 92 99 100 92 93 110 10.6 8.2 1.9 Gabon 45 87 96 96 100 101 99 100 .. .. .. 12.5 0.2 2.0 Gambia, The 14 86 90 92 94 95 99 100 105 113 133 10.5 13.9 4.0 Ghana 0 21 33 48 62 71 80 100 133 153 193 67.9 25.5 25.4 Guinea .. 77 81 84 85 90 94 100 105 109 123 .. 19.2 4.9 Guinea-Bissau .. 27 39 59 88 94 92 100 103 104 102 .. 52.8 14.2 Kenya 7 65 66 72 81 86 91 100 106 108 118 13.6 17.8 7.1 Lesotho 11 63 68 75 0 0 94 100 90 121 129 14.3 14.0 7.7 Liberia 52 .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 112 128 147 8.1 5.5 .. Madagascar 4 41 61 73 76 81 89 100 107 124 122 15.3 14.6 11.3 Malawi 1 15 27 38 41 53 77 100 123 141 154 .. 19.3 28.6 Mali .. 81 92 98 98 102 101 100 105 110 109 .. 1.3 2.7 Mauritania .. 74 79 82 86 93 97 100 105 109 114 .. 7.4 4.9 Mauritius 24 70 74 79 84 90 96 100 105 112 117 14.9 7.7 6.0 Mozambique .. 35 53 79 85 86 89 100 109 127 144 .. 49.8 13.6 Namibia 12 62 68 73 80 84 92 100 110 122 131 .. 13.0 8.7 Niger 54 79 88 92 95 99 97 100 104 107 105 12.6 -2.0 2.8 Nigeria 1 31 54 70 76 83 87 100 113 128 145 16.9 28.9 15.1 Rwanda 17 0 77 83 93 98 96 100 103 106 113 11.1 5.6 4.3 São Tomé and Principe .. 16 22 31 51 77 90 100 110 120 131 .. 33.6 26.7 Senegal 38 86 93 96 97 98 99 100 103 105 105 9.7 1.5 1.9 Seychelles 59 87 87 86 86 88 94 100 106 106 110 10.6 2.1 3.1 Sierra Leone 0 31 39 48 55 75 101 100 102 99 106 22.7 75.3 15.2 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 11 67 72 78 84 90 95 100 106 114 121 12.8 14.3 6.7 Sudan 0 12 20 47 70 82 95 100 106 .. .. 22.9 71.0 35.2 Swaziland 11 61 68 73 78 84 89 100 106 119 127 14.4 12.4 8.4 Tanzania 1 43 55 67 78 88 94 100 105 110 115 19.6 29.4 10.7 Togo 37 74 86 90 97 98 98 100 104 107 106 11.1 1.9 3.5 Uganda 0 73 80 86 91 91 97 100 102 102 110 .. 76.9 4.0 Zambia .. 21 28 40 50 63 79 100 121 148 .. .. 99.2 27.3 Zimbabwe 2 17 21 26 31 40 64 100 177 424 .. 11.9 18.4 45.7 NORTH AFRICA 18 80 85 89 93 97 98 100 102 105 108 13.7 6.7 3.1 Algeria 9 57 74 87 93 97 100 100 104 106 108 10.9 16.0 5.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 9 70 81 87 91 94 97 100 102 105 110 13.2 17.4 4.4 Libya 28 84 90 93 97 100 103 100 91 82 .. 9.4 6.9 0.3 Morocco 34 86 91 94 95 97 98 100 101 103 105 9.9 5.3 1.9 Tunisia .. 80 85 89 92 95 97 100 102 105 108 .. 6.8 3.1 ALL AFRICA 12 70 77 83 86 91 96 100 105 108 115 11.3 12.3 5.3 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Group data are medians of individual country values for each year. Prices and Exchange Rates 45 3-4. Official exchange rate National currency per U.S. dollar Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 2.8 10.0 22.1 43.5 74.6 0.0 0.0 17.1 Benin 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.0 613.7 Botswana 0.8 2.7 2.8 3.3 3.7 4.2 4.6 5.1 5.8 6.3 4.9 0.9 2.0 4.5 Burkina Faso 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.0 613.7 Burundi 90.0 252.7 249.8 302.7 352.4 447.8 563.6 720.7 830.4 930.7 1,082.6 91.8 171.4 609.0 Cameroon 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.0 613.7 Cape Verde 40.2 81.9 76.9 82.6 93.2 98.2 103.5 119.7 123.2 117.2 97.7 46.6 76.6 101.3 Central African Republic 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.0 613.7 Chad 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.0 613.7 Comoros 211.3 416.4 374.4 383.7 437.7 442.5 461.8 534.0 549.8 522.7 435.9 276.7 323.2 460.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 1.3 1.6 4.0 21.8 206.6 346.5 405.3 0.0 0.0 109.8 Congo, Rep. of 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.0 613.7 Côte d'Ivoire 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.0 613.7 Djibouti 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 Equatorial Guinea 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.0 613.7 Eritrea 2.1 5.5 6.2 6.4 6.8 7.4 8.2 9.6 11.3 14.0 13.9 2.1 2.8 9.3 Ethiopia 2.1 5.5 6.2 6.4 6.7 7.1 7.9 8.2 8.5 8.6 8.6 2.1 2.8 7.6 Gabon 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.0 613.7 Gambia, The 1.7 9.6 9.5 9.8 10.2 10.6 11.4 12.8 15.7 19.9 27.3 2.3 7.6 14.1 Ghana 2.8 956.7 1,200.4 1,637.2 2,050.2 2,314.1 2,669.3 5,455.1 7,170.8 7,932.7 8,677.4 6.1 350.7 4,345.2 Guinea 19.0 976.6 991.4 1,004.0 1,095.3 1,236.8 1,387.4 1,746.9 1,950.6 1,975.8 1,984.9 21.1 610.0 1,485.9 Guinea-Bissau 0.5 198.3 278.0 405.7 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 0.6 60.9 577.4 Kenya 7.4 56.1 51.4 57.1 58.7 60.4 70.3 76.2 78.6 78.7 75.9 9.4 28.4 67.5 Lesotho 0.8 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.9 8.6 10.5 7.6 1.0 2.6 6.4 Liberia 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 41.5 41.9 41.0 48.6 61.8 59.4 1.0 1.0 33.0 Madagascar 211.3 3,067.3 4,265.6 4,061.3 5,090.9 5,441.4 6,283.8 6,767.5 6,588.5 6,832.0 6,191.6 297.7 1,559.3 5,724.7 Malawi 0.8 8.7 15.3 15.3 16.4 31.1 44.1 59.5 72.2 76.7 97.4 1.0 3.3 47.6 Mali 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.0 613.7 Mauritania 45.9 123.6 129.8 137.2 151.9 188.5 209.5 238.9 255.6 271.7 263.0 49.0 87.8 205.1 Mauritius 7.7 18.0 17.4 17.9 21.1 24.0 25.2 26.2 29.1 30.0 27.9 8.5 15.2 24.3 Mozambique 32.4 6,038.6 9,024.3 11,293.7 11,543.6 11,874.6 12,775.1 15,227.2 20,703.6 23,678.0 23,782.3 34.3 1,643.7 15,544.7 Namibia 0.8 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.9 8.6 10.5 7.6 1.0 2.6 6.4 Niger 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.0 613.7 Nigeria 0.5 22.0 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 92.3 101.7 111.2 120.6 129.2 0.6 9.8 71.4 Rwanda 86.1 140.7 262.2 306.1 301.3 313.7 337.8 393.4 442.8 476.3 537.7 92.4 105.3 374.6 São Tomé and Principe 34.8 732.6 1,420.3 2,203.2 4,552.5 6,883.2 7,119.0 7,978.2 8,842.1 9,088.3 9,347.6 36.5 217.7 6,381.6 Senegal 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.0 613.7 Seychelles 6.4 5.1 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.7 5.9 5.5 5.4 6.7 5.6 5.3 Sierra Leone 1.0 586.7 755.2 920.7 981.5 1,563.6 1,804.2 2,092.1 1,986.2 2,099.0 2,347.9 1.3 224.8 1,616.7 Somalia 6.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.1 175.6 .. South Africa 0.8 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.9 8.6 10.5 7.6 1.0 2.6 6.4 Sudan 0.0 29.0 58.1 125.1 157.6 200.8 252.6 257.1 258.7 263.3 261.0 0.1 5.7 203.8 Swaziland 0.8 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.9 8.6 10.5 7.6 1.0 2.6 6.4 Tanzania 8.2 509.6 574.8 580.0 612.1 664.7 744.8 800.4 876.4 966.6 1,038.4 9.2 198.4 762.0 Togo 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.0 613.7 Uganda 0.1 979.4 968.9 1,046.1 1,083.0 1,240.3 1,454.8 1,644.5 1,755.7 1,797.6 1,963.7 0.7 486.4 1,439.4 Zambia 0.8 669.4 864.1 1,207.9 1,314.5 1,862.1 2,388.0 3,110.8 3,610.9 4,398.6 4,733.3 0.9 143.2 2,610.0 Zimbabwe 0.6 8.2 8.7 10.0 12.1 23.7 38.3 44.4 55.1 55.0 697.4 0.8 3.5 105.0 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 3.8 35.1 47.7 54.7 57.7 58.7 66.6 75.3 77.2 79.7 77.4 4.3 13.6 66.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.7 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.9 0.6 1.8 3.9 Libya 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.3 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 Morocco 3.9 9.2 8.5 8.7 9.5 9.6 9.8 10.6 11.3 11.0 9.6 5.2 8.8 9.9 Tunisia 0.4 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 0.5 0.9 1.2 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: 2003 data are preliminary.Uganda changed its currency in 1987 and Congo Dem. Rep. in 1993. Angola and Congo Dem. Rep. again changed their currency in 1998. Guinea-Bissau joined W.A.M.U. in 1997. 46 Prices and Exchange Rates 3-5. SDR exchange rate index SDRs per unit of national currency, index 1995=100 Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 5.0E+06 6,952 100 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,637,727 3,513,572 12 Benin 275 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 93 245 182 91 Botswana 416 109 100 88 84 74 66 63 57 51 61 402 163 72 Burkina Faso 275 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 93 245 182 91 Burundi 323 105 100 86 78 63 49 40 36 32 25 354 188 57 Cameroon 275 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 93 245 182 91 Cape Verde 223 99 100 97 91 88 83 76 74 77 .. 240 118 86 Central African Republic 275 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 93 245 182 91 Chad 275 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 93 245 182 91 Comoros 207 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 93 184 139 91 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 6.7E+11 3,019 100 14 5 4 2 0 0 0 0 1.4E+12 1.2E+10 14 Congo, Rep. of 275 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 93 245 182 91 Côte d'Ivoire 275 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 93 245 182 91 Djibouti 117 106 100 104 110 112 111 115 119 117 108 130 117 111 Equatorial Guinea 275 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 93 245 182 91 Eritrea 347 120 100 101 101 94 84 74 66 52 .. 386 305 84 Ethiopia 347 120 100 101 101 97 86 86 87 84 .. 386 306 93 Gabon 275 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 93 245 182 91 Gambia, The 647 106 100 102 103 100 93 86 73 57 .. 568 161 89 Ghana 50,406 132 100 76 64 57 50 26 20 18 .. 76,474 854 52 Guinea 6,145 106 100 104 110 112 111 106 61 59 .. 6,101 783 95 Guinea-Bissau 61,655 148 100 73 52 52 50 45 45 46 51 62,731 3,799 57 Kenya 796 98 100 93 96 94 80 77 77 75 72 727 267 85 Lesotho 543 108 100 89 87 74 66 60 51 41 52 510 168 69 Liberia 117 106 100 104 110 3 3 3 2 2 .. 130 117 41 Madagascar 2,349 160 100 110 92 87 75 72 77 73 74 2,029 416 85 Malawi 2,199 211 100 104 103 59 38 31 25 23 .. 2,087 684 61 Mali 275 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 93 245 182 91 Mauritania 329 111 100 99 94 77 69 63 60 56 .. 345 181 77 Mauritius 264 103 100 101 91 81 77 76 71 68 68 284 136 81 Mozambique 31,524 154 100 81 84 83 76 66 51 43 40 33,660 6,950 69 Namibia 543 108 100 89 87 74 66 60 51 41 52 510 168 69 Niger 275 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 93 245 182 91 Nigeria 4,669 106 100 105 110 112 27 25 23 21 18 4,415 822 60 Rwanda 326 181 100 82 88 86 79 71 65 59 49 338 287 75 São Tomé and Principe 4,681 210 100 67 36 23 22 20 19 18 16 5,055 1,897 36 Senegal 275 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 93 245 182 91 Seychelles 87 100 100 100 104 101 99 96 97 102 96 92 100 99 Sierra Leone 81,552 133 100 84 85 53 46 41 44 41 34 78,935 4,278 59 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 543 108 100 89 87 74 66 60 51 41 52 510 168 69 Sudan 129,561 212 100 47 40 31 132 249 256 247 231 141,389 14,281 148 Swaziland 543 108 100 89 87 74 66 60 51 41 52 510 168 69 Tanzania 8,149 119 100 103 103 96 86 82 78 69 .. 8,361 1,098 90 Togo 275 95 100 102 94 95 90 81 81 84 93 245 182 91 Uganda 1,520,277 105 100 97 99 88 74 68 66 63 53 1,025,920 3,825 79 Zambia 126,813 121 100 75 72 52 40 32 28 23 20 127,103 9,896 49 Zimbabwe 1,570 113 100 91 80 45 25 23 19 18 .. 1,556 423 50 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 1,441 150 100 91 91 90 79 73 73 70 67 1,447 701 81 Egypt, Arab Rep. 565 106 100 105 110 112 111 112 102 88 63 823 368 100 Libya 165 129 100 100 100 100 100 94 83 39 35 183 168 83 Morocco 253 98 100 102 99 99 97 92 90 91 97 225 114 96 Tunisia 272 99 100 101 94 93 89 80 78 78 80 254 125 88 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: 2003 data are preliminary.Uganda changed its currency in 1987 and Congo Dem. Rep. in 1993. Angola and Congo Dem. Rep. again changed their currency in 1998. Guinea-Bissau joined W.A.M.U. in 1997. Prices and Exchange Rates 47 3-6. Currency conversion factor Units of national currency per U.S. dollar Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 2.8 10.0 22.1 43.5 74.6 .. 0.0 17.1 Benin 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 345.6 613.7 Botswana 0.8 2.7 2.8 3.3 3.7 4.2 4.6 5.1 5.8 6.3 4.9 0.9 2.0 4.5 Burkina Faso 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.5 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 360.8 613.7 Burundi 90.0 252.7 249.8 302.8 352.4 447.8 563.6 720.7 830.3 930.7 1,082.6 91.8 171.4 609.0 Cameroon 209.2 434.3 518.6 501.8 541.1 602.1 588.4 656.3 735.7 697.0 581.2 265.6 333.3 602.5 Cape Verde 40.2 81.9 76.9 82.6 93.1 98.2 103.5 119.7 123.2 117.2 97.7 46.6 76.6 101.3 Central African Republic 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 582.4 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.0 613.6 Chad 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.5 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 360.8 613.7 Comoros 211.3 416.4 374.4 383.7 437.8 442.5 461.8 534.0 549.8 522.7 435.9 276.7 323.2 460.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 1.3 1.6 11.0 69.0 300.0 346.5 405.3 0.0 0.0 126.1 Congo, Rep. of 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 348.3 613.7 Côte d'Ivoire 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.5 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.0 613.7 Djibouti 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 177.7 Equatorial Guinea 110.6 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 146.9 337.0 613.7 Eritrea .. 6.2 6.4 6.4 7.2 7.4 8.2 9.6 11.3 14.0 13.9 .. 5.3 9.4 Ethiopia 2.1 5.1 5.9 6.3 6.5 6.9 7.5 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.6 2.1 2.6 7.4 Gabon 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.5 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 343.7 613.7 Gambia, The 1.7 9.6 9.5 9.8 10.2 10.6 11.4 12.8 15.7 19.9 27.3 2.3 7.6 14.1 Ghana 9.6 956.7 1,200.4 1,637.2 2,050.2 2,314.1 2,669.3 5,455.1 7,170.8 7,932.7 8,677.4 17.5 352.2 4,345.2 Guinea 19.0 976.6 991.4 1,004.0 1,095.3 1,236.8 1,387.4 1,746.9 1,947.8 1,976.2 1,986.0 21.1 611.3 1,485.8 Guinea-Bissau 0.8 198.3 278.0 405.7 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 0.8 61.2 577.4 Kenya 7.4 56.1 51.4 57.1 58.7 60.4 70.3 76.2 78.6 78.7 75.9 9.4 28.4 67.5 Lesotho 0.8 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.9 8.6 10.5 7.6 1.0 2.6 6.4 Liberia 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 41.5 41.9 41.0 48.6 61.8 59.4 1.0 1.0 33.0 Madagascar 211.3 3,067.3 4,265.6 4,061.3 5,090.9 5,441.4 6,283.8 6,767.5 6,588.5 6,832.0 6,191.6 297.7 1,559.3 5,724.7 Malawi 0.8 8.7 15.3 15.3 16.4 31.1 44.1 59.5 72.2 76.7 97.4 1.0 3.3 47.6 Mali 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.5 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.1 613.7 Mauritania 45.9 123.6 129.8 137.2 151.9 188.5 209.5 238.9 255.6 271.7 263.0 49.0 87.8 205.1 Mauritius 7.1 18.2 17.4 17.7 19.1 22.6 24.8 25.5 27.6 30.1 28.6 9.8 15.1 23.7 Mozambique 32.4 6,158.4 9,203.4 11,517.8 11,722.6 12,110.2 13,028.6 15,447.1 20,703.6 23,678.0 23,782.3 34.3 1,673.0 15,688.2 Namibia 0.8 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.9 8.6 10.5 7.6 1.0 2.6 6.4 Niger 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.5 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 347.9 613.7 Nigeria 0.8 52.3 70.4 80.0 81.1 88.0 92.3 101.7 111.2 120.6 129.2 1.1 16.4 97.2 Rwanda 92.8 220.0 262.2 306.8 301.5 312.3 333.9 389.7 443.0 476.3 537.7 93.7 113.0 373.7 São Tomé and Principe 34.8 732.6 1,420.3 2,203.2 4,552.5 6,883.2 7,119.0 7,978.2 8,842.1 9,088.3 9,347.6 36.5 217.6 6,381.6 Senegal 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.0 613.7 Seychelles 6.4 5.1 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.7 5.9 5.5 5.4 6.7 5.6 5.3 Sierra Leone 1.0 586.7 755.2 920.7 981.9 1,563.6 1,819.4 2,099.0 1,986.2 2,099.0 2,347.9 1.3 224.8 1,619.2 Somalia 28.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28.1 512.9 .. South Africa 0.8 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.9 8.6 10.5 7.6 1.0 2.6 6.4 Sudan 0.1 29.0 58.1 125.1 157.6 200.8 252.6 257.1 258.7 263.3 261.0 0.1 6.0 203.8 Swaziland 0.8 3.5 3.6 4.3 4.6 5.5 6.1 6.9 8.6 10.5 7.6 0.9 2.6 6.4 Tanzania 8.2 509.6 574.8 580.0 612.1 664.7 744.8 800.4 876.4 966.6 1,038.4 9.2 198.4 762.0 Togo 211.3 555.2 499.1 511.6 583.7 590.0 615.7 712.0 733.0 697.0 581.2 276.7 337.0 613.7 Uganda 1.0 1,102.7 932.5 1,012.8 1,058.1 1,149.7 1,362.1 1,512.0 1,762.9 1,754.6 1,883.4 1.1 440.1 1,380.9 Zambia 0.8 669.4 864.1 1,207.9 1,314.5 1,862.1 2,388.0 3,110.8 3,610.9 4,398.6 4,733.3 0.9 144.3 2,610.0 Zimbabwe 0.6 8.1 8.7 10.0 12.1 23.7 38.3 44.4 55.1 55.0 697.4 0.8 3.4 105.0 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 3.8 35.1 47.7 54.7 57.7 58.7 66.6 75.3 77.2 79.7 77.4 4.3 13.6 66.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.7 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.7 4.3 5.0 0.7 2.2 3.7 Libya 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.3 .. 0.3 0.3 0.6 Morocco 3.9 9.2 8.5 8.7 9.5 9.6 9.8 10.6 11.3 11.0 9.6 5.2 8.8 9.9 Tunisia 0.4 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 0.5 0.9 1.2 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: Official exchange rate adjusted for some countries to better reflect the rate at which international transactions are carried out. Ginea Bissau joined W.A.M.U. in 1997. 48 Prices and Exchange Rates 3-7. Parallel market exchange rate National currency per U.S. dollar Annual average 1980 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. 1,266.7 1,087.5 31,740.0 203,137.5 569,573.8 163,370.0 283,138.8 564,250.0 900.0 30,572.7 395,083.2 Benin 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Botswana 0.8 2.3 1.9 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.8 3.4 3.7 4.4 1.2 2.4 3.6 Burkina Faso 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 304.2 320.0 .. Burundi 106.0 214.0 186.1 269.3 310.9 370.7 409.4 340.8 369.6 459.2 568.1 122.3 235.5 434.4 Cameroon 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Cape Verde .. .. .. 88.0 79.5 87.0 92.0 89.3 89.5 99.5 98.2 .. 86.6 94.1 Central African Republic 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 603.2 304.2 343.5 553.0 Chad 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Comoros 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 446.0 390.6 415.6 467.6 468.3 304.2 329.4 435.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 6.4 469.4 738.1 19,318.8 756,558.3 3,112,920.5 1,209.8 7,452.1 52,429.4 160,358.3 69,064.0 14.3 389,165.8 72,325.9 Congo, Rep. of 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Côte d'Ivoire 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Djibouti .. 217.9 191.8 213.8 205.8 212.0 208.6 198.5 192.1 183.9 184.0 .. 207.1 189.6 Equatorial Guinea 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 586.4 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 565.4 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 2.8 5.9 6.0 6.7 9.5 13.3 12.0 10.7 10.2 7.5 7.2 3.5 7.3 8.9 Gabon 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 334.6 343.5 536.3 Gambia, The 1.7 7.4 8.3 8.8 11.5 9.1 9.0 10.4 10.8 10.8 11.2 2.5 8.2 10.8 Ghana 15.9 328.8 360.8 382.2 451.6 665.7 976.4 1,224.3 1,663.4 2,080.7 2,334.8 41.7 394.7 1,825.8 Guinea 41.7 580.1 693.3 793.0 1,608.1 1,156.9 1,074.1 1,017.9 1,025.9 1,125.3 1,265.8 102.9 759.4 1,108.7 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. 4,172.5 6,075.0 9,883.3 14,012.5 19,166.7 26,855.0 .. .. .. 7,188.7 23,010.8 Kenya 8.2 22.4 23.3 30.0 44.4 91.7 66.8 53.4 59.5 62.1 63.6 11.9 35.1 59.6 Lesotho .. 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.5 3.8 3.7 4.5 4.7 5.6 1.4 2.8 4.6 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. 40.0 45.0 42.3 45.8 48.5 48.5 .. 28.8 46.3 Madagascar 265.0 1,639.1 1,589.2 2,071.3 2,239.2 2,217.9 3,122.9 4,397.5 4,551.7 5,582.1 5,630.6 521.1 1,690.8 5,040.5 Malawi 1.6 3.6 3.3 3.9 4.6 5.9 9.2 16.7 16.5 17.6 33.3 1.7 4.1 21.0 Mali 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Mauritania 65.0 .. .. 213.3 221.7 247.5 145.0 139.3 144.0 158.9 194.3 93.2 192.4 159.1 Mauritius .. 16.0 15.7 17.1 16.8 18.3 18.4 18.2 19.4 21.4 24.4 .. 15.9 20.8 Mozambique 80.0 1,250.0 .. 2,100.0 2,800.0 3,950.0 6,875.0 9,865.7 12,172.5 12,533.7 12,851.3 322.2 2,862.5 11,855.8 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.9 5.8 .. .. 5.3 Niger 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Nigeria 0.9 10.7 9.3 6.7 21.9 56.8 71.7 78.3 81.8 84.7 91.5 1.4 19.8 84.1 Rwanda 115.0 109.8 104.2 209.1 238.9 297.4 286.5 268.1 331.8 360.5 642.1 135.4 169.3 400.6 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. 222.5 360.0 432.5 810.0 1,503.3 2,407.5 7,300.0 .. .. 456.3 3,736.9 Senegal 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Seychelles .. .. 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.7 .. 5.6 5.5 Sierra Leone 1.4 180.9 470.6 535.7 845.1 647.5 618.7 741.3 942.1 1,137.9 2,024.4 2.1 355.0 1,211.4 Somalia 9.9 398.8 1,982.1 4,675.0 6,095.0 7,456.3 6,961.3 6,549.2 7,789.8 5,919.3 7,850.0 14.7 2,829.0 7,027.1 South Africa 0.9 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.5 3.8 3.7 4.5 4.7 5.7 1.2 2.8 4.6 Sudan 1.0 15.9 43.6 105.3 62.4 31.6 45.3 77.5 147.2 171.2 221.6 1.3 33.0 154.4 Swaziland .. 3.0 2.7 3.1 3.3 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.7 4.9 5.8 .. 3.0 4.8 Tanzania 21.0 263.5 292.4 348.5 405.9 443.5 523.2 587.3 604.7 656.9 709.8 30.5 289.1 639.7 Togo 209.5 324.8 281.8 289.0 270.1 288.0 586.4 499.3 516.4 593.3 .. 304.2 343.5 536.3 Uganda 75.7 597.5 685.8 859.2 1,365.4 1,515.8 1,289.2 1,076.2 1,135.2 1,178.1 1,333.8 203.8 2,412.3 1,180.8 Zambia 1.3 107.8 121.2 133.3 104.2 531.0 805.4 935.6 1,281.8 1,583.0 2,411.7 1.7 186.3 1,553.0 Zimbabwe 1.1 3.5 3.3 5.3 6.7 7.7 9.4 8.9 10.8 13.9 195.0 1.7 4.6 57.1 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 10.9 37.1 29.8 33.8 87.4 106.8 128.7 131.9 127.6 129.8 131.4 13.6 52.3 130.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.8 2.6 2.6 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.4 0.9 2.6 3.5 Libya 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.3 2.0 2.2 2.5 0.5 1.2 2.0 Morocco 4.1 9.2 9.3 9.2 8.9 9.4 9.4 8.6 8.8 9.7 9.8 6.0 9.2 9.2 Tunisia 0.4 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.6 0.9 1.0 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: Rates are annual average of month-end estimates, based on a sample of transactions. Guinea Bissau joined the W.A.M.U. in 1997. The new Ugandan shilling introduced in 1987. Prices and Exchange Rates 49 3-8. Ratio of parallel market to official exchange rates Ratio of parallel market to official exchange rates Annual average 1980 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. 2.30E+10 4.33E+09 1.19E+10 3.41E+09 2.07E+08 1.28E+06 1.24E+06 1.44E+06 3.01E+10 3.60E+10 5.28E+07 Benin 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Botswana 1.03 1.14 1.02 1.19 1.18 1.16 1.08 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.03 1.23 1.20 1.02 Burkina Faso 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.03 1.01 .. Burundi 1.18 1.35 1.09 1.48 1.49 1.53 1.62 1.36 1.22 1.30 1.27 1.28 1.33 1.29 Cameroon 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Cape Verde .. .. .. 1.23 1.17 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.08 1.07 1.00 .. 1.15 1.08 Central African Republic 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.02 1.01 Chad 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Comoros 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.07 1.04 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.03 1.02 1.06 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 6.86E+11 3.69E+11 3.08E+11 3.72E+11 3.52E+11 1.24E+11 1.01E+05 1.06E+05 1.04E+05 1.22E+05 4.30E+04 6.49E+11 2.78E+11 9.39E+04 Congo, Rep. of 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Côte d'Ivoire 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Djibouti .. 1.23 1.08 1.20 1.16 1.19 1.17 1.12 1.08 1.03 1.04 .. 1.17 1.07 Equatorial Guinea 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.17 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.07 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 1.35 2.85 2.90 3.24 3.39 2.66 2.20 1.74 1.61 1.12 1.01 1.70 2.68 1.37 Gabon 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.02 1.02 1.01 Gambia, The 0.99 0.98 1.05 1.00 1.29 1.00 0.94 1.09 1.10 1.06 1.05 1.06 1.08 1.08 Ghana 5.78 1.22 1.11 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01 7.98 1.36 1.01 Guinea 2.20 0.98 1.05 1.05 1.78 1.21 1.10 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.02 4.62 2.33 1.02 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. 74.13 56.95 63.72 70.65 68.94 66.19 .. .. .. 74.18 67.56 Kenya 1.11 1.09 1.02 1.09 1.38 1.58 1.19 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.05 1.18 1.17 1.05 Lesotho .. 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.02 1.05 1.02 1.02 1.09 1.07 1.03 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. 40.00 45.00 42.30 45.80 48.50 1.17 .. 28.83 34.44 Madagascar 1.25 1.02 1.06 1.13 1.20 1.16 1.02 1.03 1.12 1.10 1.03 1.53 1.08 1.07 Malawi 1.97 1.30 1.21 1.39 1.28 1.34 1.05 1.09 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.77 1.25 1.08 Mali 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Mauritania 1.42 .. .. 2.60 2.55 2.05 1.17 1.07 1.05 1.05 1.03 1.79 2.23 1.05 Mauritius .. 1.05 1.06 1.09 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.02 1.01 .. 1.04 1.04 Mozambique 2.47 1.68 .. 1.46 1.11 1.02 1.14 1.09 1.08 1.09 1.08 8.19 12.85 1.08 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.06 1.04 .. .. 1.05 Niger 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Nigeria 1.65 1.45 1.16 0.68 1.27 2.57 3.26 3.58 3.74 3.87 4.18 2.09 2.01 3.84 Rwanda 1.34 1.37 1.24 1.67 1.78 2.06 2.04 1.02 1.08 1.20 2.05 1.48 1.53 1.34 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. 1.10 1.12 1.01 1.11 1.06 1.09 1.60 .. .. 1.08 1.25 Senegal 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Seychelles .. .. 1.11 1.08 1.07 1.04 1.09 1.15 1.09 1.09 1.09 .. 1.08 1.11 Sierra Leone 1.33 3.02 3.11 1.81 1.69 1.14 1.05 0.98 1.02 1.16 1.29 1.42 2.11 1.11 Somalia 1.57 0.81 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.45 1.76 .. South Africa 1.16 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.02 1.05 1.02 1.03 1.12 1.07 1.03 Sudan 20.00 35.33 96.89 151.39 6.40 1.98 1.56 1.33 1.18 1.09 1.10 16.25 37.57 1.18 Swaziland .. 1.14 1.04 1.12 1.16 1.16 1.10 1.08 1.09 1.06 1.05 .. 1.11 1.07 Tanzania 2.56 1.84 1.50 1.59 1.36 1.09 1.03 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.07 3.02 2.20 1.05 Togo 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.02 .. 1.03 1.02 1.01 Uganda 1,020.63 2.68 1.60 1.17 1.20 1.27 1.32 1.11 1.09 1.09 1.08 535.92 76.51 1.09 Zambia 1.65 7.80 4.00 2.06 0.61 1.17 1.20 1.08 1.06 1.20 1.30 1.69 2.49 1.16 Zimbabwe 1.71 1.65 1.35 1.46 1.31 1.19 1.15 1.03 1.08 1.15 8.23 2.09 1.42 2.87 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 2.84 4.88 3.33 1.83 4.00 4.57 3.67 2.77 2.33 2.25 2.24 3.08 4.15 2.40 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1.14 3.00 1.68 1.08 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.06 1.00 1.01 1.42 1.95 1.02 Libya 1.69 3.00 3.53 4.27 5.68 5.59 4.59 3.11 4.58 4.77 5.30 1.64 4.07 4.44 Morocco 1.04 1.08 1.13 1.06 1.04 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.07 1.04 1.01 Tunisia 0.99 1.05 1.02 1.08 1.13 1.00 1.09 0.95 1.03 0.99 1.02 1.02 1.05 1.00 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: Guinea-Bissau joined the WAMU in May 1997. New Ugandan shilling = 100 old Ugandan shillings, introduced in 1987. Values for Angola and Congo, Dem. Rep. are in scientific notation. 50 Prices and Exchange Rates 3-9. Real effective exchange rate index Index 2000 = 100 Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 163.4 95.0 100.5 103.1 106.3 103.0 101.2 100.0 102.7 102.0 104.3 140.5 126.6 102.6 excluding South Africa 162.7 94.4 99.5 102.9 104.6 102.4 100.4 100.0 103.0 102.2 104.4 130.2 127.8 102.2 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 159.6 93.9 98.6 102.8 102.8 102.4 101.3 100.0 102.7 102.0 104.3 128.9 128.7 101.9 Angola .. 27.9 47.3 72.9 117.2 102.4 83.2 100.0 113.0 115.0 127.7 .. 27.9 97.6 Benin .. 83.3 95.9 98.4 96.5 103.8 100.2 100.0 103.2 108.2 .. .. 113.2 100.8 Botswana 220.8 106.6 114.7 118.2 97.2 98.6 98.6 100.0 101.4 101.4 101.4 213.9 141.8 103.5 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. 106.2 104.3 100.0 103.3 105.4 109.5 .. .. 104.8 Burundi 125.4 92.7 102.0 107.1 127.5 114.8 96.1 100.0 94.3 80.0 65.5 140.6 113.4 98.6 Cameroon 138.0 90.7 104.7 106.3 101.4 106.8 111.6 100.0 103.2 106.9 112.3 129.7 146.5 105.9 Cape Verde 103.4 102.6 104.5 103.8 107.4 109.9 103.8 100.0 100.3 103.3 106.1 113.4 111.4 104.3 Central African Republic 185.3 95.0 112.1 114.5 110.9 108.1 102.4 100.0 103.3 107.0 114.4 176.9 161.1 108.1 Chad 156.5 89.8 98.6 102.1 102.4 102.4 94.6 100.0 112.6 118.5 120.9 175.1 156.4 105.8 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 166.4 40.9 36.0 35.8 43.9 45.6 122.4 100.0 89.6 39.3 35.1 147.0 49.3 60.8 Congo, Rep. of 135.4 91.8 104.6 99.5 102.8 105.7 106.3 100.0 104.3 .. .. 135.3 125.6 103.3 Côte d'Ivoire 153.5 89.2 103.1 103.6 101.9 108.7 106.5 100.0 103.5 107.7 115.8 126.6 135.7 105.6 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 83.2 97.8 98.6 96.4 103.5 100.4 100.0 105.9 114.4 125.7 .. 126.9 104.7 Eritrea .. 76.3 79.1 84.7 91.1 93.1 93.7 100.0 102.0 92.4 111.7 .. 76.9 94.2 Ethiopia 203.1 109.3 108.2 101.5 102.8 99.3 96.4 100.0 90.1 89.2 91.0 237.5 217.0 97.6 Gabon 228.0 101.0 111.5 110.2 108.6 112.3 107.4 100.0 101.4 101.9 107.8 206.1 177.8 106.8 Gambia, The 109.8 104.4 103.8 103.3 108.5 107.0 104.5 100.0 87.8 72.3 52.1 105.6 98.5 93.3 Ghana 802.0 108.0 124.5 134.6 142.6 154.3 155.1 100.0 100.6 100.0 101.4 1,380.9 194.1 123.7 Guinea .. 103.9 98.0 93.7 98.5 98.2 99.2 100.0 97.6 95.4 92.8 .. 112.0 97.1 Guinea-Bissau .. 85.3 78.9 82.7 92.9 99.1 94.1 100.0 97.0 95.9 95.7 .. 102.9 92.9 Kenya 107.8 86.7 86.6 84.7 97.3 101.9 93.6 100.0 105.3 103.0 107.9 106.6 84.4 97.8 Lesotho 128.5 124.9 124.9 113.7 117.1 106.4 104.2 100.0 86.7 75.9 104.3 123.9 122.3 103.7 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 190.7 89.1 80.9 102.8 92.4 93.3 90.8 100.0 110.3 119.2 125.1 197.6 111.1 101.6 Malawi 162.7 101.8 88.8 122.3 136.6 99.3 99.7 100.0 103.4 102.2 79.7 158.7 140.4 103.6 Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. 97.4 97.7 93.7 95.7 97.0 94.6 100.0 102.7 100.7 100.7 .. 97.6 98.1 Mozambique 179.8 93.9 89.8 103.1 112.7 101.8 103.8 100.0 90.7 84.9 82.5 229.6 214.3 96.6 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. 89.3 100.5 106.0 106.3 108.8 102.3 100.0 .. .. .. .. 147.4 104.0 Nigeria 420.9 145.8 123.6 152.9 175.5 192.5 97.6 100.0 111.0 111.6 104.5 543.9 191.7 129.9 Rwanda 78.3 121.0 73.3 80.1 96.1 97.0 98.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 57.3 96.6 93.9 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 193.6 105.2 114.0 114.8 107.2 109.6 107.0 100.0 101.8 104.7 107.6 175.7 173.8 107.4 Seychelles 84.5 97.4 95.1 90.7 94.2 94.2 102.3 100.0 108.8 114.2 117.9 96.7 98.5 101.9 Sierra Leone 154.6 106.7 96.4 97.2 111.5 95.0 110.9 100.0 110.7 90.1 82.4 226.5 132.4 99.4 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 164.1 125.7 122.2 112.7 120.6 107.9 102.1 100.0 88.3 75.5 98.0 160.8 123.8 103.0 Sudan 224.7 164.8 127.0 126.5 130.8 99.6 91.4 100.0 108.0 110.0 107.8 216.7 300.5 111.2 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. 64.3 66.6 80.9 93.6 98.9 96.5 100.0 99.0 90.2 76.0 .. 75.7 89.1 Togo 178.2 87.6 101.6 104.0 106.4 110.7 106.5 100.0 103.3 107.1 110.3 168.7 136.8 105.5 Uganda 1,225.4 121.7 119.1 118.7 127.3 112.6 104.5 100.0 97.2 91.3 80.3 558.7 174.4 105.7 Zambia 127.1 92.2 88.3 92.4 110.7 101.1 98.8 100.0 108.7 103.1 101.3 130.5 88.7 100.5 Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA 145.6 94.3 92.8 95.0 98.0 98.8 99.5 100.0 98.1 95.7 92.3 154.0 100.3 96.7 Algeria 248.6 112.3 93.2 96.9 106.4 111.5 102.6 100.0 102.8 94.8 85.3 288.9 204.1 99.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 64.7 68.3 72.9 75.4 89.8 93.2 100.0 98.6 95.7 91.3 .. 59.8 87.2 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 128.2 89.5 92.4 93.2 94.0 96.3 97.3 100.0 95.9 95.6 94.3 114.3 87.5 95.4 Tunisia 145.6 99.2 101.4 102.0 101.9 101.3 101.7 100.0 97.6 96.7 93.3 154.0 105.9 99.5 ALL AFRICA 162.7 95.0 98.6 102.1 102.8 102.4 101.1 100.0 102.0 101.1 101.4 149.5 122.4 101.3 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Prices and Exchange Rates 51 Figure 3-1. Real effective exchange rate, 2003* Index 1990 = 100 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 Angola Equatorial Guinea Madagascar Chad Seychelles Côte d'Ivoire Central African Republic Cameroon Eritrea Togo Burkina Faso Benin Kenya Gabon Sudan Senegal Cape Verde Nigeria Congo Lesotho Botswana Ghana Zambia Mauritius Niger Rwanda South Africa Guinea-Bissau Morocco Tunisia Guinea Egypt, Arab Rep. Ethiopia Algeria Mozambique Sierra Leone Uganda Malawi Tanzania *Or most recent available data. 52 Prices and Exchange Rates Technical notes Tables consumption patterns, and the weights assigned to prices may be outdated. Table 3-1. GDP deflator (local currency series). The implicit GDP deflator for the national currency Table 3-4. Official exchange rate. The official ex- series is obtained by dividing, for each year of the change rate (IMF, IFS, line rf) is expressed as the an- time series, the value of GDP at current prices (World nual average of the official market exchange rate in Bank country desks) by the value of GDP at constant national currency per U.S. dollar. 2000 prices (World Bank country desks), both in national currency. Table 3-5. SDR exchange rate index. This index is based on the average annual exchange rate for SDRs Table 3-2. GDP deflator (U.S. dollar series). The per unit of national currency (IMF, IFS, line rd-zf). GDP deflator for U.S. dollar series (with base year 2000 100) (World Bank country desks) is obtained Table 3-6. Currency conversion factor. These are by dividing, for each year of the time series, the value the annual exchange rates used by the World Bank of GDP at current U.S. dollars (Table 2-5) by the (World Bank country desks) to convert the national value of GDP at constant 2000 dollars (Table 2-1). currency series into U.S. dollars. For most countries, GDP at current U.S. dollars was obtained by convert- in most years, the conversion factor is identical to the ing the current national series at single-year exchange average annual official exchange rate. However, rates, while GDP at constant 2000 dollars was ob- where the official exchange rate is judged to diverge tained by converting the constant national series at by an exceptionally large margin from the rate effec- 2000 prices at a fixed (2000) exchange rate. As a re- tively applied to international transactions, a more sult, the GDP deflator for U.S. dollar series includes appropriate conversion factor is estimated. An alter- both the effects of domestic price changes and the native conversion factor is used when there are egre- effects of exchange rate variations. gious differences between the official and effective transaction rates, when officially recognized multiple Table 3-3. Consumer price index. Consumer price exchange rates have analytically significant spreads, indexes (IMF, International Financial Statistics [IFS], or when exchange rates need to be adjusted to a fiscal line 64) are generally compiled using the Laspeyres year base. The objective in estimating alternative formula: goods in the consumption basket selected conversion factors is to approximate as closely as according to consumption patterns in the base year, possible exchange rates actually used. For example, derived from household expenditure surveys, are where multiple exchange rates are maintained, a weighted by their relative prices in the base year. The transaction-weighted rate is calculated. data often relate only to selected representative in- Note that national statistical compilers sometimes come groups in capital cities or major urban areas. use an official exchange rate to assign a national cur- Thus, the consumer price indexes shown for some rency value to international transactions originally countries may not accurately represent price move- denominated in foreign currencies. In these cases, the ments because the underlying consumption basket official rate must be used to convert the same items may not be representative of overall national back to dollars, regardless of whether it was the rate Prices and Exchange Rates 53 actually applied to the international transactions, Table 3-9. Real effective exchange rate index. This even if an alternative conversion factor is used for index (World Bank country desks) gives a measure of other components of GDP. price competitiveness of the country's exports rela- tive to its trading partners. A decline (increase) in the Table 3-7. Parallel market exchange rate. Data re- index indicates real depreciation (appreciation) of the ported here are from Pick's Currency Yearbooks and exchange rate. The data have been rebased to 1990. Currency Alerts (now discontinued) and the Global The year 1987 coincided with the early period of Currency Report. They are averages of month-end massive devaluations in the process of adjustment by rates for the period covered, based on a sample of several Sub-Saharan African countries. As a result, transactions, usually in a capital city or a financial the substantial devaluations that continued to take center of the country. They include the rates at the place after 1987 may not be very pronounced in the Bureaux de Change that have been established in data. Relative movements in the inflation rates be- some countries with auction markets as semi-official tween a country and the trading partner (or partners) foreign exchange windows for small transactions. may diminish the real impact of a devaluation, The current table corrects some errors contained in particularly if inflationary tendencies are stronger ADI 1994/95. domestically than abroad. Table 3-8. Ratio of parallel market to official exchange rates. This ratio is obtained by dividing Figure parallel market exchange rates (Table 3-7) by official exchange rates (Table 3-4), to measure the premium The following indicator has been used to derive the on the official exchange rate. The premium is usually figure in this chapter. high in the presence of an overvalued exchange rate. This table reflects the corrected series for Table 3-7. Figure 3-1. Real effective exchange rate (Table 3-9). 54 Prices and Exchange Rates Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 3 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (4) (7) (8) (1) (2) 3-1 x x 3-2 x x 3-3 x x 3-4 x x 3-5 x x 3-6 x x 3-7 x x 3-8 x x 3-9 x x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 4 Money and Banking M onetary variables directly affect prices and vailing financial conditions of a country and to arrive exchange rates and indirectly affect real at a proper evaluation of the financial policy options economic performance. Money plays a vital open to a country for achieving its macroeconomic role in any modern economy. Data in this chapter are objectives. The government usually intervenes in fi- concerned with the creation of the types of assets that nance to control the supply of money and credit. The transactors in the economy wish to hold from the primary objective of such intervention is to maintain types of liabilities that debtors are willing to incur. price stability. However, the government may also in- However, emphasis here is on the creation of the tervene to finance a budget deficit that in turn may means of payment, that is, on the high end of the liq- threaten price stability. The government also ensures uidity spectrum for assets. that financial institutions are properly supervised to Money and the institutions that deal in money pro- ensure continued confidence in the financial system vide cover against credit risks, limit transactions and to avoid destabilizing runs on the banking sys- costs, help mobilize savings, allocate credit, and fa- tem. Time series are provided for nine indicators in cilitate investment and hence growth of the economy. this section. Data on money and banking help to assess the pre- 55 56 Money and Banking 4-1. Domestic credit Average annual Level Percentage annual change percentage growth 1995 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 20 20 11 11 14 12 10 13 11 12 10 21 12 11 excluding South Africa .. 19 20 10 11 14 11 10 12 10 12 10 21 12 11 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 18 20 11 11 14 11 10 13 10 12 10 16 13 11 Angola 8 .. .. .. 404 340 156 176 -1,191 -91 -2,294 143 .. .. 210 Benin 117,710 49 74 21 4 -24 2 6 36 -42 37 81 24 -8 -1 Botswana -4,709 -28 20 -3 16 147 19 -1 20 16 -56 -65 7 .. .. Burkina Faso 66,293 3 4 -14 30 116 9 5 23 5 -1 21 23 1 22 Burundi 39,933 20 16 -17 54 19 24 34 12 28 16 7 32 7 23 Cameroon 791,344 28 -1 -1 -4 6 9 9 -1 9 4 7 24 0 4 Cape Verde 21,027 39 23 19 11 21 6 5 32 7 13 9 49 18 14 Central African Republic 63,333 39 31 -4 -4 -2 11 14 4 11 11 6 12 1 5 Chad 71,325 -1 30 -10 28 0 2 8 20 21 3 14 10 0 10 Comoros 12,450 .. 9 0 -18 3 -2 20 4 -6 12 -3 .. 9 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 7 22 5,299 182 .. .. .. .. .. .. -86 798 43 441 .. Congo, Rep. of 183,036 17 3 10 8 14 11 9 -28 37 -12 11 21 -1 5 Côte d'Ivoire 1,540,052 23 6 12 3 8 5 -1 -4 -2 1 -11 21 0 2 Djibouti 45,598 .. 10 17 7 -3 -4 -31 12 -10 0 -1 .. 3 -5 Equatorial Guinea 20,829 .. 47 1 11 16 -15 36 13 -75 -61 406 .. 6 -14 Eritrea 1,853 .. .. .. 84 6 69 36 23 8 22 14 .. .. 32 Ethiopia 13,716 18 7 10 19 14 8 26 18 -2 4 12 22 12 13 Gabon 453,735 11 25 15 -4 14 26 -4 -25 46 -2 -5 15 1 6 Gambia, The 281 23 -13 41 9 35 17 31 16 107 22 .. 28 -8 31 Ghana 1,464,053 29 16 53 42 73 18 58 59 19 23 10 44 32 43 Guinea 282,366 .. 18 29 17 -7 -7 .. .. 13 51 38 .. .. 14 Guinea-Bissau 2,171 .. 14 -50 58 234 15 44 47 -29 15 -22 .. 39 35 Kenya 198,876 13 50 37 19 21 9 10 1 3 9 9 20 16 12 Lesotho -270 .. -71 -616 83 52 25 -98 -1,234 59 121 -52 .. -3 .. Liberia 1,692 2 6 14 11 5 1,783 -9 12 14 41 -16 21 13 75 Madagascar 2,506,189 50 29 -3 -2 2 29 10 13 21 14 10 28 12 11 Malawi 2,646 6 35 -3 16 12 -1 48 60 64 80 21 22 15 30 Mali 136,883 5 20 15 0 29 29 18 -9 34 17 7 8 -3 16 Mauritania 32,877 13 -1 -37 -36 -38 -66 -87 -1,182 -120 -1,927 -5 19 13 -48 Mauritius 46,369 14 23 13 6 26 22 9 5 15 7 11 26 16 13 Mozambique 1,114,242 .. 154 45 -38 100 15 132 91 42 14 -1 .. 17 47 Namibia 5,595 .. 28 31 22 -1 9 9 15 14 14 35 .. .. 12 Niger 81,241 45 25 -17 10 23 3 3 1 -3 13 14 32 -4 5 Nigeria 474,361 23 56 8 -22 -1 40 23 -25 76 60 33 40 29 13 Rwanda 44,016 12 -7 -7 -2 61 13 13 -1 7 -3 34 10 14 12 São Tomé and Principe 22,359 .. .. .. 22 -110 -783 -7 -45 350 15 172 .. .. 6 Senegal 538,122 16 7 2 7 2 6 8 16 7 -5 7 20 -1 6 Seychelles 1,746 12 20 12 13 14 31 16 12 10 15 5 21 16 16 Sierra Leone 426,184 35 1,076 -12 6 11 7 13 20 7 3 11 33 63 9 Somalia .. 31 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28 63 .. South Africa 333,490 21 21 12 18 16 17 8 15 20 7 23 16 17 15 Sudan 46,238 22 48 47 114 18 24 23 43 23 34 33 27 55 36 Swaziland 328 0 163 -36 -45 -15 -269 7 37 71 -206 129 30 2 8 Tanzania 693,880 24 11 11 -15 -1 17 23 5 -8 13 -1 25 35 5 Togo 169,769 13 21 44 10 7 11 -7 0 -8 -13 12 17 3 3 Uganda 234,994 64 -13 -42 34 38 31 15 74 -11 54 -6 50 72 24 Zambia 1,921,138 17 123 63 21 0 71 13 60 -5 12 3 22 85 27 Zimbabwe 20,496 31 20 19 27 83 41 7 66 84 129 504 20 25 49 NORTH AFRICA .. 18 10 15 6 15 9 12 11 9 9 5 30 16 13 Algeria 968,930 17 4 25 10 10 9 25 -20 -4 49 -2 23 14 8 Egypt, Arab Rep. 157,300 42 13 17 14 16 19 12 11 11 13 13 30 16 14 Libya 11,529 -11 10 8 -4 -16 2 3 2 10 9 -21 21 11 0 Morocco 166,721 18 11 15 6 49 9 2 11 -1 4 5 19 9 12 Tunisia 9,746 19 6 7 0 15 8 14 27 9 5 5 20 10 12 ALL AFRICA .. 18 20 11 10 14 11 10 12 10 12 10 23 11 10 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Levels for 1995 are expressed in millions of units of national currency. Group data are medians of individual country values in each year or period. Money and Banking 57 4-2. Credit to the private sector Average annual Level Percentage annual change percentage growth 1995 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 15 14 17 14 18 15 11 14 12 15 18 18 18 14 excluding South Africa .. 15 14 17 14 20 14 11 14 11 15 17 18 20 14 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 15 13 17 14 18 14 11 13 11 15 16 15 21 14 Angola 1 .. .. .. 3,595 241 -1 391 318 298 216 135 .. .. 277 Benin 80,447 34 11 7 27 -30 40 61 20 -1 15 32 22 -7 16 Botswana 1,560 10 12 -3 4 9 39 43 23 13 25 11 17 28 21 Burkina Faso 80,590 4 -17 9 13 80 10 3 16 14 19 15 16 0 20 Burundi 30,648 14 8 -15 31 7 26 29 46 9 30 11 21 26 22 Cameroon 371,390 29 0 1 4 -10 23 12 13 11 12 9 27 -9 9 Cape Verde 10,391 -14 1 37 17 20 12 12 5 15 12 15 21 16 15 Central African Republic 23,159 50 17 24 0 4 16 -1 11 12 20 -1 11 -7 9 Chad 27,790 -2 14 17 8 -3 17 0 1 26 30 19 9 -10 9 Comoros 9,525 .. -3 10 -29 25 -17 23 10 -3 11 10 .. 9 2 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 4 32 22,432 474 .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 50 33 372 .. Congo, Rep. of 85,683 23 15 13 14 9 5 41 -31 -8 -40 24 24 -10 0 Côte d'Ivoire 1,016,035 12 -5 19 2 13 1 -7 4 6 0 -10 17 -2 3 Djibouti 37,901 .. 2 13 3 -1 9 -35 14 -14 -5 -3 .. 0 -5 Equatorial Guinea 3,397 .. 13 51 82 94 18 51 27 35 45 -4 .. -10 47 Eritrea 632 .. .. .. 142 14 47 -27 6 25 17 21 .. .. 17 Ethiopia 3,706 -30 47 86 74 24 9 29 6 3 -1 7 -5 14 23 Gabon 196,080 16 0 25 -2 41 6 0 10 20 11 -8 15 -7 12 Gambia, The 363 19 7 -10 0 23 14 20 10 33 37 .. 21 8 16 Ghana 393,289 18 46 44 73 70 40 60 47 19 30 33 32 44 49 Guinea 181,518 .. 11 26 4 -1 -13 .. .. 7 8 20 .. .. 5 Guinea-Bissau 6,129 .. 53 -8 20 51 13 -22 23 -63 -5 -37 .. 59 -3 Kenya 118,189 20 28 50 24 25 1 11 4 -4 3 4 17 16 11 Lesotho 674 -10 39 -4 0 46 -15 2 3 7 14 -53 24 25 5 Liberia 191 -39 64 -20 -60 36 1,040 -21 -23 25 24 -4 -1 11 34 Madagascar 1,563,020 26 26 16 2 14 1 7 24 15 1 7 18 14 10 Malawi 1,253 8 54 6 12 14 117 7 57 11 14 33 19 20 30 Mali 131,787 8 -9 52 31 16 27 14 -2 20 20 17 8 1 19 Mauritania 31,417 13 3 -27 13 8 7 18 24 17 20 9 14 13 11 Mauritius 32,879 9 20 15 5 26 31 10 13 10 8 5 17 23 16 Mozambique 2,374,200 .. 58 54 46 50 27 32 27 -83 -7 30 .. 35 5 Namibia 4,743 .. 31 34 19 16 9 4 17 16 20 27 .. .. 15 Niger 42,004 20 10 -41 3 -18 39 -3 29 7 15 10 21 -5 4 Nigeria 201,785 38 61 42 25 23 18 22 30 41 14 27 27 29 26 Rwanda 28,538 46 -9 74 1 56 20 11 17 9 10 14 21 3 21 São Tomé and Principe 6,694 .. .. .. 32 36 88 11 6 10 54 114 .. .. 30 Senegal 357,834 16 -17 2 16 4 2 11 28 5 5 14 17 0 9 Seychelles 275 3 23 21 14 23 19 9 16 13 18 28 10 8 16 Sierra Leone 17,600 28 12 5 23 25 6 -13 12 25 62 65 14 72 13 Somalia .. -5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 95 .. South Africa 327,114 26 18 16 17 14 16 9 15 22 5 26 18 17 15 Sudan 13,068 29 96 48 144 23 13 -2 64 41 76 57 29 48 39 Swaziland 928 15 22 2 6 12 6 6 7 6 27 31 19 22 8 Tanzania 201,015 11 20 -10 -42 43 44 26 10 21 41 43 13 78 15 Togo 131,241 13 -1 28 7 10 4 -10 1 -7 -7 31 15 4 2 Uganda 246,361 85 12 28 31 -1 33 22 12 1 15 20 36 101 17 Zambia 253,971 10 98 81 47 10 3 31 56 10 7 36 11 72 26 Zimbabwe 15,276 23 29 28 21 49 37 13 51 61 186 617 13 37 43 NORTH AFRICA .. 13 11 9 10 12 12 20 11 11 5 8 29 26 20 Algeria 103,499 14 25 7 33 -21 19 35 41 18 93 5 21 -6 22 Egypt, Arab Rep. 66,777 -9 32 37 26 26 27 20 10 12 5 9 29 18 20 Libya 3,475 8 7 8 -17 8 0 28 0 1 -1 11 17 5 4 Morocco 90,906 13 11 15 10 54 12 9 11 0 4 8 15 13 15 Tunisia 9,274 22 8 9 1 12 10 10 24 11 5 6 19 11 11 ALL AFRICA .. 14 14 16 14 16 14 11 14 11 15 15 23 19 14 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Levels for 1995 are expressed in millions of units of national currency. Group data are medians of individual country values in each year or period. 58 Money and Banking 4-3. Credit to the government Average annual Level Percentage annual change percentage growth 1995 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 20 35 2 11 6 16 11 1 4 8 5 51 14 13 excluding South Africa .. 20 34 3 9 4 16 11 1 4 7 5 53 16 10 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 23 34 4 11 6 15 11 1 5 6 5 53 15 11 Angola 7 .. .. .. 86 538 322 122 -2,024 -44 -141 180 .. .. 154 Benin 36,262 -9 -274 73 -45 8 -125 1,037 -6 95 0 -15 .. 4 .. Botswana -6,388 15 19 -2 13 113 23 4 21 15 -41 .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso -14,605 46 -115 -704 -63 -500 -7 27 76 -36 -167 -59 .. .. 45 Burundi 7,694 9 70 -33 145 61 18 43 -37 78 -19 44 40 -8 25 Cameroon 410,935 40 -2 -3 -11 21 -2 8 -15 4 -7 5 .. 46 0 Cape Verde 10,732 188 46 6 4 20 0 -1 69 0 14 2 57 20 13 Central African Republic 40,174 26 38 -15 -6 -6 8 23 1 10 5 5 14 7 4 Chad 43,535 0 38 -21 40 -1 -9 15 31 20 -6 10 8 33 9 Comoros 2,925 .. 49 -23 17 -41 62 11 -9 -16 15 -49 .. 7 -1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2 18 3,914 -3 .. .. .. .. .. .. -165 -229 47 455 .. Congo, Rep. of 96,501 7 -5 8 3 20 17 -16 -24 92 5 6 9 24 7 Côte d'Ivoire 510,099 -52 35 1 6 0 13 11 -19 -18 6 -13 .. 7 -1 Djibouti 7,697 .. 112 37 30 -13 -60 17 -5 21 25 3 .. .. -6 Equatorial Guinea 17,432 .. 53 -5 -3 -13 -42 11 -18 -458 79 -32 .. 17 -15 Eritrea 1,221 .. .. .. 54 0 89 79 28 3 24 10 .. .. 39 Ethiopia 9,545 18 2 -4 -5 9 9 23 31 -5 8 15 41 14 10 Gabon 246,554 -3 50 8 -4 -6 52 -9 -63 135 -21 3 -27 23 -2 Gambia, The -82 28 38 -60 -30 -43 -22 -194 177 854 1 .. 35 -25 .. Ghana 1,031,892 30 7 51 35 75 7 55 61 21 14 .. 47 30 39 Guinea 100,355 .. 35 36 42 -15 4 .. .. 19 82 46 .. .. 24 Guinea-Bissau -3,959 .. 324 72 -1 -108 85 1,383 73 -2 21 -19 .. -22 138 Kenya 69,644 11 89 17 7 16 10 -8 -6 22 18 15 26 15 7 Lesotho -944 329 97 44 24 49 2 -51 -25 -12 -53 -54 62 19 .. Liberia 1,498 49 -1 20 19 4 1,824 -8 13 14 42 .. 50 13 77 Madagascar 943,169 81 33 -24 -7 -21 102 14 -1 31 32 14 54 9 13 Malawi 1,380 11 24 -9 20 11 -105 -1,590 61 220 144 16 27 11 27 Mali 5,096 2 639 -84 -799 -37 16 -15 82 -65 98 163 8 -20 .. Mauritania 1,411 13 -17 -85 -1,118 77 44 30 38 4 54 6 25 12 .. Mauritius 13,358 18 32 11 9 26 -1 -2 -23 44 6 30 35 7 5 Mozambique -1,259,358 .. 15 63 120 33 34 -3 -13 -295 18 -6 .. .. .. Namibia 796 .. 4 20 49 -79 16 115 -15 -12 -115 -1,405 .. .. -7 Niger 39,237 -59 102 50 17 62 -14 8 -19 -14 10 19 .. 0 6 Nigeria 272,350 6 55 -8 -56 -57 181 27 -159 -127 1,286 45 46 30 -7 Rwanda 15,365 132 -7 -50 -7 70 -1 19 -39 0 -64 303 3 33 -9 São Tomé and Principe 15,665 .. .. .. 18 -178 -68 83 107 -168 -81 1,360 .. .. .. Senegal 179,488 53 174 3 -10 -5 18 4 -15 12 -42 -39 57 -4 -3 Seychelles 1,369 118 20 15 17 19 33 16 12 10 16 -3 56 18 18 Sierra Leone 408,584 37 1,689 -12 5 10 7 14 18 6 -1 7 41 61 8 Somalia .. 38 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 68 18 .. South Africa 6,376 0 112 -60 81 79 50 -7 3 -27 92 -46 3 9 18 Sudan 33,177 19 34 47 101 16 30 34 35 16 13 14 26 58 34 Swaziland -600 27 -28 50 34 19 50 6 12 20 -47 -31 .. .. .. Tanzania 492,865 26 7 23 -4 -12 6 21 1 -26 -16 -75 27 28 -1 Togo 38,278 14 -278 177 20 -3 32 0 -2 -12 -30 -53 14 .. 9 Uganda -11,367 58 -28 -105 -26 -1,469 26 -4 302 -24 108 -26 54 75 22 Zambia 1,667,167 20 126 60 17 -2 86 11 60 -8 13 -1 35 88 27 Zimbabwe 5,051 41 6 -4 43 167 53 -5 90 105 76 341 26 13 59 NORTH AFRICA .. 21 5 8 3 12 3 5 13 -8 15 -6 30 11 2 Algeria 864,285 24 1 28 7 15 8 24 -27 -9 36 -6 29 27 6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 86,799 60 5 5 5 7 10 5 13 9 25 20 30 16 9 Libya 8,055 -20 11 8 1 -24 3 -12 -3 26 15 -38 24 14 -2 Morocco 74,178 21 10 14 3 12 -1 -11 13 -8 5 -1 21 6 2 Tunisia 473 2 -12 -16 -22 81 -17 97 65 -8 0 -7 20 2 22 ALL AFRICA .. 20 32 5 7 8 10 11 2 4 9 3 40 15 13 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Levels for 1995 are expressed in millions of units of national currency. Group data are medians of individual country values in each year or period. Money and Banking 59 4-4. Net foreign assets Billions of units of national currency Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA excluding South Africa excl. S.Africa & Nigeria Angola .. .. 0 0 0 0 6 31 48 94 142 .. .. 36 Benin -23 160 146 173 215 206 298 354 481 446 295 -17 12 290 Botswana 0 11 12 19 22 28 30 35 43 31 25 0 6 27 Burkina Faso 0 164 236 220 204 183 170 147 148 171 186 6 79 185 Burundi 3 38 46 38 37 22 25 26 10 18 45 2 14 30 Cameroon -14 -318 -343 -302 -204 -195 -191 10 93 264 226 13 -140 -71 Cape Verde 2 6 5 7 6 6 10 7 10 11 10 2 5 8 Central African Republic 3 85 92 101 90 66 66 68 53 46 38 1 22 69 Chad -4 14 48 55 47 35 24 21 34 68 36 0 13 41 Comoros .. 16 16 19 19 15 20 23 36 39 38 4 8 25 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. -72 -222 -259 0 0 -92 Congo, Rep. of 8 4 15 25 18 -44 -11 199 11 23 -8 -3 -16 25 Côte d'Ivoire -223 -72 58 62 100 114 25 73 396 931 975 -211 -411 304 Djibouti .. 36 34 28 26 24 34 30 38 47 60 21 35 36 Equatorial Guinea .. -14 -10 -7 -7 -1 5 16 61 105 154 .. -6 35 Eritrea .. .. 3 3 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 .. .. 2 Ethiopia 0 4 4 4 6 6 5 5 7 11 13 0 1 7 Gabon 16 52 9 86 69 -64 -74 146 -39 8 56 35 -9 22 Gambia, The 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 .. 0 0 1 Ghana 0 217 499 736 981 1,069 333 -9 1,460 3,457 10,216 -3 -76 2,082 Guinea .. 112 97 80 151 176 0 151 200 119 41 .. 113 113 Guinea-Bissau .. -6 -4 -3 16 15 14 29 36 55 81 .. -2 27 Kenya 2 16 24 47 56 54 55 87 94 107 126 1 2 72 Lesotho 0 1 2 2 3 4 3 4 5 4 3 0 0 3 Liberia 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -28 -25 -27 -31 -44 -37 0 0 -22 Madagascar -110 1 316 861 1,489 921 1,496 1,919 2,405 2,194 2,561 -150 -1,244 1,574 Malawi 0 -1 0 2 2 9 9 15 13 5 6 0 0 7 Mali -8 107 120 184 205 172 126 197 223 324 434 -29 18 221 Mauritania -2 -33 -25 -11 -2 0 7 24 26 56 62 -3 -19 15 Mauritius 0 16 19 20 22 20 26 34 36 44 49 0 9 30 Mozambique .. -3,242 -3,626 -1,664 -964 -433 614 4,068 7,768 12,068 14,412 -26 -1,632 3,583 Namibia .. 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 .. 0 1 Niger 5 23 22 12 0 -9 -17 3 32 29 1 5 21 8 Nigeria 6 56 108 237 228 235 663 1,275 1,433 1,387 1,476 3 29 782 Rwanda 14 3 28 38 46 40 45 67 81 103 103 8 8 61 São Tomé and Principe .. .. 10 21 103 139 156 169 223 264 349 .. .. 160 Senegal -97 -130 -70 -46 36 78 119 122 197 345 433 -102 -204 135 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 0 Sierra Leone 0 -339 -396 -159 -169 -220 -322 -180 -202 -140 -196 0 -99 -220 Somalia 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 -63 .. South Africa 6 -21 -18 -31 -23 -32 2 11 32 74 108 2 -4 14 Sudan 0 -122 -202 -444 -494 -687 -724 -677 -697 -626 -570 0 -22 -569 Swaziland 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 2 0 1 2 Tanzania 0 -278 -207 -68 245 275 374 583 898 1,169 1,717 0 -164 554 Togo 0 43 33 13 14 8 23 67 66 90 71 21 57 43 Uganda 0 64 177 252 392 655 790 1,197 1,519 1,553 2,331 0 -29 985 Zambia -1 -788 -1,022 -1,287 -1,228 -2,397 -2,572 -3,661 -2,794 -2,599 -2,634 -1 -150 -2,244 Zimbabwe 0 -2 -3 -3 -13 -30 -12 -8 -11 -12 -157 0 -1 -28 NORTH AFRICA Algeria 17 60 26 134 350 281 170 776 1,311 1,755 2,343 12 18 794 Egypt, Arab Rep. -1 51 49 54 49 36 25 23 21 19 34 -1 15 34 Libya 4 2 3 3 2 2 3 6 7 15 22 2 2 7 Morocco 0 40 34 36 40 43 59 54 102 110 127 -1 13 67 Tunisia 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 0 2 ALL AFRICA Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 60 Money and Banking 4-5. Growth of money supply Average annual Level Percentage annual change percentage growth 1995 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 19 32 15 14 16 9 16 13 15 18 16 16 15 11 excluding South Africa .. 16 33 15 14 16 9 16 15 15 18 16 15 13 13 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 14 32 15 14 16 8 16 13 15 19 16 13 13 13 Angola 3 .. .. .. 3,393 108 40 343 342 168 134 109 .. .. 239 Benin 161,730 32 67 -13 17 2 -5 47 35 10 -9 -19 18 7 13 Botswana 829 10 11 7 15 9 46 17 7 24 7 12 17 18 18 Burkina Faso 213,703 20 39 25 7 18 -3 -2 5 -3 -7 18 14 8 4 Burundi 38,802 3 28 -3 12 10 1 42 -1 17 26 19 15 9 13 Cameroon 319,242 13 35 -12 -2 35 14 11 17 13 14 -5 20 -3 13 Cape Verde 11,867 26 8 3 11 22 -2 17 11 3 9 1 19 10 10 Central African Republic 111,237 32 74 8 5 -8 -18 13 3 -3 -4 -10 17 4 -2 Chad 85,330 -16 32 43 33 -5 -8 -3 18 22 27 -3 13 -2 10 Comoros 12,040 .. 10 -5 8 -19 -6 16 21 63 10 -2 .. 7 9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 19 73 5,635 407 .. .. .. .. .. .. 41 25 59 448 .. Congo, Rep. of 134,845 37 40 0 14 9 -14 28 68 -23 14 -13 18 1 11 Côte d'Ivoire 944,519 1 62 18 2 12 13 -2 -4 15 32 -7 12 0 8 Djibouti 36,998 .. 3 -2 -3 -10 -10 3 -8 3 24 21 .. 7 -3 Equatorial Guinea 9,509 .. 135 58 50 -4 10 90 35 26 52 56 .. -11 34 Eritrea 1,135 .. .. .. 30 36 18 46 13 28 19 16 .. .. 27 Ethiopia 9,429 0 21 3 -3 20 -5 15 10 5 19 12 11 14 7 Gabon 219,087 10 42 12 26 8 -5 -5 19 4 4 0 11 0 6 Gambia, The 471 6 -12 16 -4 39 0 14 37 14 56 .. 12 15 18 Ghana 925,334 30 50 33 32 46 21 16 38 46 60 33 42 37 33 Guinea 274,125 .. -3 9 0 21 9 .. .. 12 22 31 .. .. 13 Guinea-Bissau 7,211 .. 58 47 51 236 -12 22 64 8 22 15 .. 54 44 Kenya 69,333 -8 13 4 14 15 3 16 9 6 19 30 13 18 11 Lesotho 538 .. 12 11 19 23 25 -3 8 25 12 7 .. 16 15 Liberia 653 -4 8 42 7 -1 129 15 -12 7 39 6 6 16 22 Madagascar 1,848,007 22 57 15 17 23 11 20 13 30 8 4 14 20 17 Malawi 2,211 7 51 44 25 17 63 34 39 13 27 27 7 24 33 Mali 198,195 5 48 14 21 6 5 -1 9 30 29 22 13 2 11 Mauritania 18,202 12 -5 -8 -11 8 5 6 23 15 4 11 14 8 6 Mauritius 9,573 21 19 8 3 8 9 4 11 16 18 12 9 17 9 Mozambique 3,264,000 .. 51 35 20 25 15 25 22 18 14 24 .. 43 21 Namibia 1,822 .. 15 8 54 4 27 22 28 9 6 17 .. .. 20 Niger 100,238 13 15 9 -10 -19 -18 15 12 35 -8 -23 17 0 0 Nigeria 207,509 50 43 16 14 17 19 22 62 26 16 30 21 32 25 Rwanda 40,658 7 16 41 12 23 -1 7 7 1 10 17 12 6 10 São Tomé and Principe 14,225 .. .. .. 66 108 -3 5 23 54 14 48 .. .. 30 Senegal 316,756 14 54 4 8 0 16 11 6 15 6 18 11 2 8 Seychelles 334 38 -3 3 34 45 19 38 -1 13 18 12 13 10 22 Sierra Leone 49,902 20 10 29 7 57 7 49 4 35 31 18 24 58 26 Somalia .. 19 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 87 .. South Africa 111,844 36 25 18 32 17 23 22 2 17 12 7 20 17 18 Sudan 40,464 31 55 67 86 32 29 28 42 16 30 30 30 57 38 Swaziland 363 22 7 17 16 16 2 32 0 14 9 27 14 16 13 Tanzania 428,284 28 33 30 5 10 10 16 10 10 25 16 21 32 13 Togo 131,199 5 105 38 -8 2 7 10 22 -9 -8 -4 16 -3 6 Uganda 408,701 32 36 15 10 14 19 13 17 13 21 12 40 80 15 Zambia 227,058 0 45 61 19 31 17 24 51 34 29 13 12 67 31 Zimbabwe 11,270 36 18 52 23 54 24 35 53 143 170 485 13 24 55 NORTH AFRICA .. 21 11 7 7 13 8 9 8 10 9 10 25 12 9 Algeria 520,286 17 8 7 13 15 21 9 17 19 15 15 21 10 15 Egypt, Arab Rep. 41,540 56 11 9 7 9 20 1 5 8 13 23 25 12 9 Libya 6,251 29 13 6 1 5 0 5 4 1 6 6 16 7 3 Morocco 135,964 8 11 6 6 16 8 12 8 15 9 10 13 14 10 Tunisia 3,637 21 11 10 13 13 8 16 10 10 -2 5 17 6 11 ALL AFRICA .. 19 25 12 13 15 9 16 12 15 16 15 16 13 13 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Levels for 1995 are expressed in millions of units of national currency. Group data are medians of individual country values in each year or period. Money and Banking 61 4-6. Discount rate Percentage Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 8.5 12.0 13.2 13.0 12.5 11.4 11.3 10.7 9.3 11.4 8.0 8.4 10.7 11.2 excluding South Africa 8.5 12.0 13.0 12.4 12.3 10.7 11.2 10.4 9.1 10.0 8.0 8.4 10.6 10.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 8.5 12.0 12.5 11.8 12.0 10.0 10.8 10.0 8.9 9.6 8.0 8.4 10.6 10.4 Angola .. .. 160.0 2.0 48.0 58.0 120.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 .. .. 109.8 Benin 10.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.5 9.5 9.5 5.8 Botswana 5.8 13.5 13.0 13.0 12.5 12.5 13.3 14.3 14.3 15.3 14.3 8.3 10.2 13.6 Burkina Faso 10.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.5 9.5 9.5 5.8 Burundi 7.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 14.0 15.5 14.5 6.4 8.3 12.7 Cameroon 8.5 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.3 7.0 6.5 6.3 6.0 7.6 9.8 7.1 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 8.5 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.6 7.0 6.5 6.3 6.0 7.6 9.8 7.1 Chad 8.5 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.6 7.0 6.5 6.3 6.0 7.7 9.8 7.1 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.8 3.8 10.0 9.3 4.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 12.0 145.0 125.0 238.0 13.0 22.0 120.0 120.0 140.0 24.0 8.0 14.7 56.3 90.0 Congo, Rep. of 8.5 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.6 7.0 6.5 6.3 6.0 7.6 9.8 7.1 Côte d'Ivoire 10.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.5 9.5 9.5 5.8 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.6 7.0 6.5 6.3 6.0 .. 9.8 7.1 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 12.0 12.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.6 12.0 Gabon 8.5 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.6 7.0 6.5 6.3 6.0 7.6 9.8 7.1 Gambia, The 8.0 13.5 14.0 14.0 14.0 12.0 10.5 10.0 13.0 18.0 29.0 7.6 16.7 14.9 Ghana 13.5 33.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 37.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 24.5 21.5 12.7 26.6 33.2 Guinea .. 17.0 18.0 18.0 15.0 .. .. 11.5 16.3 16.3 16.3 .. 14.3 15.9 Guinea-Bissau .. 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.5 .. 28.3 5.8 Kenya 8.0 21.5 24.5 26.9 32.3 17.1 26.5 .. .. .. .. 9.9 19.7 25.4 Lesotho 8.0 13.5 15.5 17.0 15.6 19.5 19.0 15.0 13.0 16.2 15.0 11.8 13.9 16.2 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 5.5 .. .. .. .. .. 15.0 .. .. .. .. 8.0 11.5 15.0 Malawi 10.0 40.0 50.0 27.0 23.0 43.0 47.0 50.2 46.8 40.0 35.0 8.5 17.0 40.2 Mali 10.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.5 9.5 9.5 5.8 Mauritania 6.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.0 5.5 6.8 11.0 Mauritius 10.5 13.8 11.4 11.8 10.5 17.2 .. .. .. .. .. 9.5 10.8 12.7 Mozambique .. 69.7 57.8 32.0 13.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 .. 69.7 18.0 Namibia .. 15.5 17.5 17.8 16.0 18.8 11.5 11.3 9.3 12.8 7.8 .. 16.8 13.6 Niger 10.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.5 9.5 9.4 5.8 Nigeria 6.0 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 18.0 14.0 20.5 16.5 15.0 5.9 15.5 15.3 Rwanda 9.0 11.0 16.0 16.0 10.8 11.4 11.2 11.7 13.0 13.0 14.5 7.4 10.6 13.1 São Tomé and Principe .. 32.0 50.0 35.0 55.0 29.5 17.0 17.0 15.5 15.5 14.5 .. 33.7 27.7 Senegal 10.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.5 9.5 9.5 5.8 Seychelles .. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5.5 4.7 6.0 3.5 1.9 Sierra Leone 12.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.2 26.9 .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 6.5 13.0 15.0 17.0 16.0 19.3 12.0 12.0 9.5 13.5 8.0 11.1 13.9 13.6 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 7.0 12.0 15.0 16.8 15.8 18.0 12.0 11.0 9.5 13.5 8.0 11.1 11.4 13.3 Tanzania 4.8 67.5 47.9 19.0 16.2 17.6 20.2 10.7 8.7 9.2 12.3 4.5 15.2 18.0 Togo 10.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.5 9.5 9.5 5.8 Uganda 8.0 15.0 13.3 15.9 14.1 9.1 15.8 18.9 8.9 13.1 25.6 13.7 36.7 14.9 Zambia 6.5 20.5 40.2 47.0 17.7 .. 32.9 25.7 40.1 27.9 14.3 7.5 32.1 30.7 Zimbabwe 4.5 29.5 29.5 27.0 31.5 39.5 74.4 57.8 57.2 29.7 300.0 6.3 16.3 71.8 NORTH AFRICA 5.0 11.4 13.5 13.0 11.6 7.8 7.0 5.5 5.5 5.3 4.8 5.7 9.9 8.2 Algeria 2.8 21.0 14.0 13.0 11.0 9.5 8.5 6.0 6.0 5.5 4.5 2.8 9.1 8.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. 11.0 14.0 13.5 13.0 12.3 12.0 12.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 10.0 9.7 14.9 11.8 Libya 5.0 .. .. .. .. 3.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.7 Morocco 4.9 7.2 .. .. .. 6.0 5.4 5.0 4.7 3.8 3.3 5.4 8.2 4.7 Tunisia 5.8 8.9 8.9 7.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.1 10.1 8.4 ALL AFRICA 8.5 12.0 13.3 13.0 12.3 10.0 10.8 10.0 8.9 9.6 8.0 8.1 10.7 10.6 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Group data are medians of individual country values in each year or period. 62 Money and Banking 4-7. Real discount rate Percentage Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -3.6 -5.0 -0.4 2.1 3.5 4.8 6.5 3.7 2.9 3.7 4.5 -3.6 1.4 3.5 excluding South Africa -3.5 -5.7 -0.6 1.9 3.4 4.5 6.3 3.6 2.8 3.6 4.6 -3.8 1.7 3.3 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria -3.4 -5.0 -0.4 2.1 3.4 4.8 6.1 3.7 2.8 3.7 4.6 -3.6 1.7 3.4 Angola .. .. -90.6 -97.6 -53.6 -23.8 -36.8 -41.2 3.7 14.3 26.1 .. .. -33.3 Benin .. -23.5 -7.4 1.0 2.4 0.2 5.7 1.8 1.9 3.4 3.0 .. -9.0 1.3 Botswana -6.9 2.7 2.3 2.6 3.5 5.5 5.1 5.2 7.2 6.7 4.6 -3.1 -0.9 4.7 Burkina Faso -1.5 -15.3 -1.3 -0.2 3.6 0.9 7.1 6.3 0.9 3.7 2.4 -0.5 6.8 2.6 Burundi 4.4 -4.2 -7.8 -13.0 -14.6 -0.4 8.3 -8.3 4.4 22.6 -1.3 -5.4 1.2 -1.1 Cameroon -1.0 -20.2 -0.4 3.7 2.6 3.7 5.7 9.2 1.9 3.4 .. -3.8 4.3 3.7 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. -13.5 -8.9 3.9 5.8 9.1 9.1 3.7 3.0 2.8 .. 1.2 8.3 3.6 Chad .. -23.3 -0.4 -4.1 1.8 -4.6 15.5 3.1 -5.3 1.1 8.0 -9.4 8.2 1.7 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.4 2.0 .. 5.3 3.7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of -23.6 -99.0 -64.9 -47.3 -59.0 -5.5 -42.8 -64.2 -47.8 -5.7 .. -25.6 -48.4 -42.2 Congo, Rep. of .. -24.4 -0.7 -2.1 .. .. 2.1 8.0 6.4 1.6 6.9 .. 5.6 3.2 Côte d'Ivoire -3.7 -15.9 -7.3 3.4 1.9 1.3 5.2 3.5 1.6 2.8 1.1 -2.1 3.8 1.5 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. -22.4 -2.5 1.7 4.4 3.9 1.5 0.9 1.2 3.2 1.4 .. 9.8 1.7 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 4.1 1.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -1.5 1.8 Gabon -3.4 -20.8 -1.0 7.0 3.4 5.5 9.7 6.5 .. .. .. -4.9 7.8 5.2 Gambia, The 1.1 9.1 8.8 11.7 10.9 10.8 6.5 9.0 8.1 8.7 10.3 -4.2 2.4 9.4 Ghana -24.4 6.5 -9.1 -1.1 13.4 19.5 13.0 1.4 -4.4 8.4 -4.1 -30.2 2.0 4.1 Guinea .. 12.3 11.7 14.6 12.9 .. .. 4.4 10.3 12.9 3.0 .. -2.1 10.0 Guinea-Bissau .. -8.0 -27.1 -29.7 -28.9 -0.5 8.2 -2.4 2.7 5.0 6.2 .. -10.7 -7.4 Kenya -5.1 -5.7 22.6 16.5 18.8 9.7 19.6 .. .. .. .. -3.4 0.9 17.4 Lesotho -7.1 4.9 5.7 7.0 .. .. .. 8.4 25.0 -13.2 7.8 -1.7 0.2 6.8 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar -10.8 .. .. .. .. .. 4.6 .. .. .. .. -5.3 -4.2 4.6 Malawi .. 4.0 -18.2 -7.7 12.7 10.2 1.5 15.9 19.6 22.0 23.2 -3.2 -2.5 8.8 Mali .. -13.9 -6.6 -0.8 6.4 1.9 7.3 6.7 0.8 0.9 5.9 .. 7.1 2.5 Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.6 .. -0.5 5.6 Mauritius -22.2 6.0 5.1 4.9 3.4 9.7 .. .. .. .. .. -3.4 3.3 5.8 Mozambique .. 4.0 2.1 -11.1 5.2 8.3 6.9 -2.5 0.8 -5.8 -3.0 .. 4.0 0.1 Namibia .. 4.3 6.8 9.0 6.6 11.8 2.6 2.1 -0.3 1.3 0.5 .. 4.1 4.5 Niger 0.2 -22.1 -4.1 0.7 3.0 1.4 8.5 3.0 1.9 3.3 6.2 -2.1 9.9 2.6 Nigeria -3.6 -27.7 -34.3 -12.2 4.9 2.9 12.6 -0.5 6.7 3.2 0.9 -10.3 -9.4 -1.8 Rwanda 1.6 .. .. 8.0 -1.1 4.9 13.9 7.1 9.7 10.3 7.1 -3.6 4.5 7.5 São Tomé and Principe .. 4.2 9.3 -1.8 -7.6 -14.2 0.6 5.4 5.5 5.8 4.5 .. -1.0 0.8 Senegal 1.6 -19.9 -1.7 3.2 4.4 4.8 5.1 5.2 2.8 3.7 4.5 -1.2 5.8 3.6 Seychelles .. -0.7 1.2 2.1 0.4 -1.5 -5.0 -5.0 -4.7 5.3 1.3 1.2 1.6 -0.6 Sierra Leone -0.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -11.9 -31.6 .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa -6.4 3.7 5.8 9.0 6.8 11.6 6.5 6.3 3.6 5.0 1.9 -1.4 -0.1 6.3 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland -9.8 -1.6 2.4 9.7 8.1 9.1 5.6 -1.1 3.4 1.3 0.7 -2.4 -1.3 4.4 Tanzania -19.5 25.9 15.2 -1.6 0.1 4.3 11.4 4.5 3.4 4.4 7.6 -13.2 -11.1 5.5 Togo -1.6 -23.8 -9.0 1.3 -2.1 5.0 6.1 4.0 2.0 2.8 5.5 -0.8 6.1 1.7 Uganda .. 4.8 4.3 8.0 6.7 9.1 8.8 15.6 6.7 13.4 16.5 -23.2 -17.0 9.9 Zambia .. -21.6 3.9 2.7 -5.4 .. 4.8 -0.3 15.4 4.6 .. .. -28.2 3.7 Zimbabwe -0.9 5.9 5.6 4.6 10.7 5.8 10.0 1.3 -11.0 -46.0 .. -5.5 -2.0 -2.4 NORTH AFRICA -6.4 2.9 -1.9 4.0 6.1 3.8 5.2 6.9 6.3 5.5 2.1 -4.8 -0.3 4.2 Algeria -6.2 -6.2 -12.2 -4.8 5.0 4.3 5.7 5.6 1.7 4.0 1.9 -6.8 -6.5 1.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. -8.0 5.4 -1.9 5.4 7.3 7.5 8.7 9.1 8.5 7.1 5.5 -3.1 -1.2 6.3 Libya -6.6 .. .. .. .. -0.7 2.3 8.1 15.1 16.4 .. -3.8 -2.0 8.3 Morocco -4.1 1.9 .. .. .. 3.2 4.7 3.0 4.1 1.0 2.1 -4.0 2.7 3.0 Tunisia .. 4.0 2.5 4.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -1.7 3.3 3.2 ALL AFRICA -4.1 -2.9 -0.6 2.4 3.6 4.3 6.1 4.0 3.2 3.7 4.5 -4.1 1.3 3.5 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Real discount rate in each year is the nominal discount rate deflated by the annual change in the CPI. Money and Banking 63 4-8. Commercial bank lending rate Percentage Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12.0 17.5 19.3 22.0 22.0 22.0 21.9 22.0 20.7 18.0 18.0 12.3 15.9 20.7 excluding South Africa 12.3 17.5 20.2 22.0 22.0 22.0 21.9 22.0 20.7 18.2 18.0 12.2 15.8 20.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 12.5 17.5 19.3 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 20.7 18.0 18.0 12.4 15.6 20.7 Angola .. .. 206.3 217.9 37.8 45.0 80.3 103.2 96.0 97.3 96.1 .. .. 108.9 Benin 14.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.8 14.9 .. Botswana 8.5 13.9 14.4 14.5 13.9 13.7 14.8 15.5 15.8 16.2 16.3 13.5 11.1 15.0 Burkina Faso 14.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.8 14.9 .. Burundi 12.0 14.2 15.3 .. .. .. 15.2 15.8 16.8 19.5 18.2 12.0 12.7 16.8 Cameroon 13.0 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 20.7 18.0 18.0 13.0 15.9 20.3 Cape Verde 6.5 10.7 12.0 12.0 12.1 12.5 12.0 11.9 12.8 13.2 12.7 6.5 10.1 12.4 Central African Republic 10.5 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 20.7 18.0 18.0 11.1 15.1 20.3 Chad 11.0 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 20.7 18.0 18.0 10.7 14.5 20.3 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.7 12.0 12.0 12.0 11.8 15.0 11.2 12.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. 398.3 293.9 247.0 134.6 29.0 124.6 165.0 167.9 66.8 .. .. 398.3 153.6 Congo, Rep. of 11.0 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 20.7 18.0 18.0 11.3 14.8 20.3 Côte d'Ivoire 14.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.8 14.9 .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.5 11.3 11.3 8.5 9.5 11.4 Equatorial Guinea .. 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 20.7 18.0 18.0 .. 16.3 20.3 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 14.3 15.1 13.9 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.9 10.9 8.7 8.0 .. 8.2 11.0 Gabon 12.5 17.5 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 20.7 18.0 18.0 11.8 14.9 20.3 Gambia, The 15.0 25.0 25.0 25.5 25.5 25.4 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 .. 16.7 25.8 24.7 Ghana 19.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19.3 23.1 .. Guinea .. 22.0 21.5 .. .. 19.6 19.9 19.4 .. .. .. .. 20.8 13.4 Guinea-Bissau .. 36.3 32.9 51.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 38.6 42.3 Kenya 10.6 36.2 28.8 33.8 30.2 29.5 22.4 22.3 19.7 18.5 16.6 11.8 19.9 24.6 Lesotho 11.0 14.3 16.4 17.7 18.0 20.1 19.1 17.1 16.6 17.1 16.0 15.2 16.5 17.6 Liberia 18.4 14.5 15.6 0.0 16.8 21.7 16.7 20.5 22.1 20.2 17.1 19.9 8.9 16.8 Madagascar .. 30.5 37.5 32.8 30.0 27.0 28.0 26.5 25.3 25.3 24.3 .. 25.7 28.5 Malawi 16.7 31.0 47.3 45.3 28.3 37.7 53.6 53.1 56.2 50.5 48.9 17.7 22.6 46.8 Mali 14.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.8 14.9 .. Mauritania 12.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21.0 12.0 9.8 21.0 Mauritius .. 18.9 20.8 20.8 18.9 19.9 21.6 20.8 21.1 21.0 21.0 13.5 16.2 20.7 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. 24.4 19.6 19.0 22.7 26.7 24.7 .. .. 22.9 Namibia .. 17.1 18.5 19.2 20.2 20.7 18.5 15.3 14.5 13.8 14.7 .. 19.7 17.3 Niger 14.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.8 14.9 .. Nigeria 8.4 20.5 20.2 19.8 17.8 18.2 20.3 21.3 23.4 24.8 20.7 8.0 19.3 20.7 Rwanda 13.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.3 14.3 .. São Tomé and Principe .. 30.0 52.0 38.0 51.5 55.6 40.3 39.7 37.0 37.1 33.8 .. 30.2 42.8 Senegal 14.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.8 14.9 .. Seychelles .. 15.7 15.8 16.2 14.9 14.4 12.0 11.5 11.1 11.1 11.1 .. 15.6 13.1 Sierra Leone 11.0 27.3 28.8 32.1 23.9 23.8 26.8 26.3 24.3 22.2 20.0 12.7 37.0 25.4 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 9.5 15.6 17.9 19.5 20.0 21.8 18.0 14.5 13.8 15.8 15.0 14.1 17.5 17.4 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 9.5 14.3 17.1 18.7 19.5 19.5 17.4 14.0 13.3 15.3 14.6 12.7 14.9 16.6 Tanzania 11.5 39.0 42.8 34.0 26.3 22.9 21.9 21.6 20.3 16.4 14.5 11.4 18.9 24.5 Togo 14.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.8 15.2 .. Uganda 10.8 0.0 20.2 20.3 21.4 20.9 21.5 22.9 22.7 19.1 18.9 15.2 24.0 20.9 Zambia 9.5 70.6 45.5 53.8 46.7 31.8 40.5 38.8 46.2 45.2 40.6 9.7 37.8 43.2 Zimbabwe 17.5 34.9 34.7 34.2 32.5 42.1 55.4 68.2 38.0 36.5 97.3 20.3 18.7 48.8 NORTH AFRICA 7.1 16.0 17.7 17.3 13.1 13.0 11.5 11.6 11.4 10.8 10.3 7.5 10.3 13.0 Algeria .. 16.0 19.0 19.0 12.5 11.0 10.0 10.0 9.5 8.5 8.0 .. 16.0 11.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 13.3 16.5 16.5 15.6 13.8 13.0 13.0 13.2 13.3 13.8 13.5 12.5 15.6 14.0 Libya 7.0 .. .. .. .. .. 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Morocco 7.0 10.0 .. .. .. 13.5 13.5 13.3 13.3 13.1 12.6 7.0 8.9 13.2 Tunisia 7.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.9 8.9 .. ALL AFRICA 12.0 17.5 18.8 22.0 22.0 22.0 21.5 21.3 20.7 18.0 18.0 11.9 15.7 20.5 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Group data are medians of individual country values in each year or period. 64 Money and Banking 4-9. Commercial bank deposit rate Percentage Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6.2 9.2 10.4 10.9 9.1 7.6 7.8 6.5 6.0 5.3 5.1 6.6 8.1 7.6 excluding South Africa 6.2 9.0 10.0 10.8 8.5 7.5 7.6 6.4 5.9 5.2 5.0 6.6 8.0 7.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 6.2 8.8 9.7 10.8 9.1 7.3 7.5 6.2 5.5 5.1 5.0 6.6 7.8 7.3 Angola .. .. 125.9 147.1 29.3 36.9 36.6 39.6 47.9 48.7 26.2 .. .. 59.8 Benin 6.2 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.5 5.9 3.5 Botswana 5.0 10.4 10.0 10.4 9.3 8.4 9.1 10.0 10.1 10.3 10.0 9.3 9.0 9.7 Burkina Faso 6.2 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.5 5.9 3.5 Burundi 2.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.4 4.9 .. Cameroon 7.5 8.1 5.5 5.4 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 7.3 7.5 5.1 Cape Verde .. 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.3 4.8 4.3 4.7 4.9 3.9 .. 4.0 4.8 Central African Republic 5.5 8.1 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.4 7.5 5.1 Chad 5.5 8.1 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.3 6.3 5.1 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.4 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.5 7.5 5.6 4.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. 60.0 60.0 60.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60.0 60.0 Congo, Rep. of 6.5 8.1 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.5 7.8 5.1 Côte d'Ivoire 6.2 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.5 5.9 3.5 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.8 1.2 0.8 .. .. 1.6 Equatorial Guinea .. 8.1 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 .. 7.5 5.1 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 11.5 11.5 9.4 7.0 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.0 3.8 3.4 .. 3.1 6.6 Gabon 7.5 8.1 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 7.4 7.9 5.1 Gambia, The 5.0 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.7 .. 7.1 13.3 12.5 Ghana 11.5 23.1 28.7 34.5 35.8 32.0 23.6 28.6 30.9 16.2 14.3 12.0 15.1 27.2 Guinea .. 18.0 17.5 .. .. 6.4 5.7 7.5 8.0 7.4 6.5 .. 19.4 8.4 Guinea-Bissau .. 28.7 26.5 47.3 4.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 .. 34.5 11.0 Kenya 5.8 .. 13.6 17.6 16.7 18.4 9.6 8.1 6.6 5.5 4.1 7.7 11.5 11.1 Lesotho .. 8.4 13.3 12.7 11.8 10.7 7.5 4.9 4.8 5.2 5.2 10.2 10.3 8.5 Liberia 10.3 6.3 6.4 .. 6.4 6.2 6.3 6.2 5.9 6.2 5.3 10.4 6.8 6.1 Madagascar .. 19.5 18.5 19.0 14.4 8.0 15.3 15.0 12.0 12.0 11.5 .. 19.7 14.0 Malawi 7.9 25.0 37.3 26.3 10.2 19.1 33.2 33.3 35.0 28.1 25.1 9.8 15.4 27.5 Mali 6.2 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.5 5.9 3.5 Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.0 5.5 5.1 8.0 Mauritius .. 11.0 12.2 10.8 9.1 9.3 10.9 9.6 9.8 9.9 9.5 10.7 10.4 10.1 Mozambique .. 33.4 38.8 18.1 25.4 8.2 7.9 9.7 15.0 18.0 12.1 .. 33.4 17.0 Namibia .. 9.2 10.8 12.6 12.7 12.9 10.8 7.4 6.8 7.8 8.8 .. 10.7 10.1 Niger 6.2 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.5 5.9 3.5 Nigeria 5.3 13.1 13.5 13.1 7.2 10.1 12.8 11.7 15.3 16.7 14.2 5.1 14.8 12.7 Rwanda 6.3 .. .. 10.9 9.5 8.5 7.9 8.9 9.2 8.0 8.1 5.1 6.6 8.9 São Tomé and Principe .. 35.0 35.0 31.0 36.8 38.3 27.0 21.0 15.0 15.0 12.3 .. 28.7 25.7 Senegal 6.2 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.5 5.9 3.5 Seychelles .. 8.8 9.2 9.9 9.2 7.5 5.1 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.0 9.1 9.6 6.6 Sierra Leone 9.2 11.6 7.0 14.0 9.9 7.1 9.5 9.2 7.7 8.2 8.4 9.2 25.6 9.0 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 5.5 11.1 13.5 14.9 15.4 16.5 12.2 9.2 9.4 10.8 9.8 10.0 14.1 12.4 Sudan 6.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.2 .. .. Swaziland 4.5 7.5 9.4 11.1 12.0 11.9 9.9 6.5 6.2 8.0 7.6 8.6 8.8 9.2 Tanzania 4.0 .. 24.6 13.6 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.4 4.8 3.3 3.0 4.0 12.6 8.9 Togo 6.2 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6.5 5.9 3.5 Uganda 6.8 10.0 7.6 10.6 11.8 11.4 8.7 9.8 8.5 5.6 9.8 9.9 24.2 9.3 Zambia 7.0 46.1 30.2 42.1 34.5 13.1 20.3 20.2 23.4 23.3 22.0 6.2 18.9 25.5 Zimbabwe 3.5 26.8 25.9 21.6 18.6 29.1 38.5 50.2 13.9 18.4 35.9 6.6 15.6 28.0 NORTH AFRICA 4.9 11.9 13.5 12.5 9.8 8.5 6.9 6.3 5.6 4.9 4.5 4.7 7.9 8.1 Algeria 3.0 12.0 16.0 14.5 9.8 8.5 7.5 7.5 6.3 5.3 5.3 3.0 6.7 8.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 8.3 11.8 10.9 10.5 9.8 9.4 9.2 9.5 9.5 9.3 8.2 8.0 11.6 9.6 Libya 5.1 .. .. .. .. .. 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.7 5.5 3.0 Morocco 4.9 .. .. .. .. 7.3 6.4 5.2 5.0 4.5 3.8 5.6 8.4 5.4 Tunisia 2.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.4 6.7 .. ALL AFRICA 6.2 10.0 10.9 10.9 9.2 7.8 7.5 6.5 6.0 5.2 5.1 6.5 8.2 7.7 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Group data are medians of individual country values in each year or period. Money and Banking 65 Figure 4-1. Credit to private and public sectors as a share of GDP, 2003* Credit to public sector** Credit to private sector (percentage of GDP) (percentage of GDP) -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Eritrea Seychelles Egypt, Arab Rep. Sierra Leone Ethiopia Cape Verde Zambia Algeria Morocco Mauritius Zimbabwe Kenya Malawi Guinea Guinea-Bissau Burundi Madagascar Congo Mozambique Central African Republic Nigeria Chad Gabon Sudan São Tomé and Principe Cameroon Uganda Côte d'Ivoire Tunisia Niger Namibia Rwanda South Africa Senegal Togo Comoros Tanzania Congo, Dem. Rep. of Burkina Faso Lesotho Equatorial Guinea Mali Benin Swaziland Mauritania * Or most recent year available. ** Sorted by credit to public sector. 66 Money and Banking Figure 4-2. Real discount rate, average 1994­2003* Percentage -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 Egypt, Arab Rep. Lesotho South Africa Mauritius Ghana Namibia Madagascar Botswana Swaziland Tunisia Ethiopia Morocco Central African Republic Gabon Senegal Cameroon Mozambique Mali Burkina Faso São Tomé and Principe Zambia Algeria Niger Côte d'Ivoire Togo Equatorial Guinea Benin Congo Seychelles Burundi Zimbabwe Chad Nigeria Guinea-Bissau Angola Congo, Dem. Rep. of * Or most recent year available. Money and Banking 67 Technical notes Tables demand deposits other than those of the central gov- ernment (IMF, IFS, line 34). The presentation of the Table 4-1. Domestic credit. Domestic credit (IMF, money supply in the form of growth rates rather than IFS, line 32) includes all domestic assets of the bank- levels reflects the importance from the point of view ing system. It is the sum of the claims on the central of macroeconomic stability of the rate of growth government (net), on official entities, and on the pri- rather than the stock of money. vate sector. Domestic credit comprises credit to the Table 4-6. Discount rate. The discount rate reported private sector (Table 4-2) and credit to the govern- here is the nominal interest rate at which the mone- ment (Table 4-3). tary authorities lend to (or discount eligible paper Table 4-2. Credit to the private sector. Credit to the from) deposit money banks (IMF, IFS, line 60). private sector is taken from IMF, IFS (line 32d). Table 4-7. Real discount rate. The real discount rate Table 4-3. Credit to the government. Credit to the in each year is the nominal discount rate (Table 4-6) government sector is taken from IMF, IFS (line deflated by the annual change in inflation as reflected 32an). Negative numbers for net claims on the central by the consumer price index (CPI) (Table 3-3). It has government indicate that government is a net deposi- been calculated using the formula: tor to the banking system. The government's finan- {[1 (i/100)] [( t t 1)] 1} 100 cial position with the monetary system is always pre- sented on a net basis because its recourse to the where i is nominal interest rate and is inflation rate monetary system cannot always be analyzed mean- based on the CPI. ingfully in terms of liquidity preferences or by con- Table 4-8. Commercial bank lending rate. The sidering debtor and creditor positions separately. commercial bank lending rate (IMF, IFS, line 60p) is Movements in net claims on the central government the rate charged to borrowers by commercial banks (that is, claims or credits less government deposits) for short- and medium-term use of funds. indicate the impact of government operations on the liquidity of the rest of the economy. Table 4-9. Commercial bank deposit rate. The de- posit rate (IMF, IFS, line 60l) is the rate paid to Table 4-4. Net foreign assets. Data for net foreign depositors on time savings and demand deposits by assets are from the IMF, IFS (line 31n). As for credit deposit money banks and similar financial institutions. to the government, the financial position of the for- eign sector with the monetary system is presented on Figures a net basis for the same reason as noted above. Movements in net foreign assets (that is, foreign as- The following indicators have been used to derive the sets less foreign liabilities) indicate the direct mone- figures in this chapter. tary impact of a country's transactions with the rest of the world. Figure 4-1. Credit to the private sector (Table 4-2); credit to the public sector (Table 4-3); gross domestic Table 4-5. Growth of money supply. This table product (Table 2-5). shows the annual percentage change in money (M1), defined as the sum of currency outside of banks and Figure 4-2. Real discount rate (Table 4-7). 68 Money and Banking Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 4 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (4) (8) (1) (2) 4-1 x x 4-2 x x 4-3 x x 4-4 x x 4-5 x x 4-6 x x 4-7 x x 4-8 x x 4-9 x x Note : Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. The definitions of the methodologies used throughout the book are given below. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 5 External Sector T he external sector provides data on economic transfers above the line) is also shown. The informa- and financial relations between African coun- tion is presented for broad aggregates; fuller detail tries and the rest of the world, with detailed can be found in the IMF's Balance of Payments accounting of commodity trade, one of the principal Manual (1993) and Balance of Payments Yearbook. components of the current account within the balance Unit values for exports (f.o.b.) and imports (c.i.f.) of payments framework. Commodity trade and price measure changes in the aggregate price level of a coun- data can also provide a partial basis for analyzing try's exports and imports of goods and nonfactor serv- Africa's constraints and performance in the interna- ices over time. Unit values reflect average price tional marketplace, including its terms of trade. Com- changes for broad groups of commodities, rather than modity exports are a major source of foreign ex- for any single commodity. The terms of trade indicate change. Other sources of foreign exchange include relative movements in export and import unit values receipts from factor and nonfactor services, borrow- (here, they are based on goods and nonfactor services ing from abroad, incoming foreign investment, and from the national accounts). If the prices of exports foreign transfers and grants. rise while the prices of imports rise more slowly, stay The balance of payments is a system of accounts constant, or decline, the same quantity of exports covering a given period that is intended to record sys- "buys" a bigger quantity of imports. The effect of such tematically (a) flows of real resources, including the price changes is equivalent to an increase in the real services of the original factors of production, be- value of output (or increased productivity in value tween the domestic economy of a country and the rest terms) of the export sector. Were import prices to rise of the world; (b) changes in the country's foreign as- more quickly than export prices, the reverse would be sets and liabilities that arise from economic transac- true. Export figures for specific commodities show tions; and (c) transfer payments, which are the coun- physical quantities rather than value in either current terpart of real resources or financial claims provided or constant prices. Most of the key nonagricultural pri- to, or received from, the rest of the world that carry mary commodities are exported from a few countries no provision for repayment. with substantial mineral resources.Variations in export The tables provide gross entries for goods and serv- prices and earnings for the five major oil-exporting ices and net entries for unrequited transfers (official countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (which in the 1980s and private) and other financial flows; a table for the accounted for about half of Sub-Saharan export earn- current account balance as traditionally defined (with ings) have dominated trends in this region as a whole. 69 70 External Sector 5-1. Merchandise exports, f.o.b. Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 78,375 65,414 77,520 85,891 87,188 75,596 79,292 97,544 93,907 96,973 121,502 6.9 3.0 4.9 excluding South Africa 52,715 39,070 47,434 55,585 55,970 46,469 50,627 65,606 62,902 65,462 82,833 5.4 2.0 6.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 26,214 29,656 35,701 39,468 40,431 36,355 38,700 44,211 43,305 47,796 56,020 6.0 2.5 5.3 Angola .. 3,016 3,730 5,095 5,006 3,543 5,157 7,920 6,534 8,328 9,515 .. 6.4 12.2 Benin 222 308 235 263 191 239 223 189 210 214 284 7.1 3.3 -1.6 Botswana 544 1,874 2,160 2,218 2,820 2,061 2,658 2,675 2,315 2,319 2,865 20.0 10.7 2.8 Burkina Faso 161 191 237 233 229 323 254 206 224 236 358 8.1 6.1 3.0 Burundi 66 81 113 40 87 64 56 49 39 31 40 .. -4.5 -10.0 Cameroon 1,506 1,435 1,655 1,605 1,816 1,800 1,682 2,132 2,152 2,009 2,347 18.2 -2.7 4.8 Cape Verde 9 20 24 30 38 23 8 38 37 42 53 15.2 0.5 8.0 Central African Republic 147 162 179 142 155 138 96 111 107 110 141 8.6 1.4 -4.4 Chad 71 135 243 238 243 257 188 183 189 170 459 0.8 6.1 3.8 Comoros 11 11 11 6 6 6 9 14 17 20 27 .. 4.5 12.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2,269 1,256 1,612 1,652 1,196 1,180 974 892 880 1,076 1,281 5.9 -4.9 -4.1 Congo, Rep. of 911 959 1,282 1,654 1,657 1,369 1,556 2,449 2,055 2,249 2,543 22.9 1.0 9.6 Côte d'Ivoire 3,013 2,886 3,803 4,214 4,315 4,458 4,490 3,743 3,785 5,133 5,762 6.4 -4.2 4.6 Djibouti .. .. 38 40 43 59 69 72 .. .. .. .. .. 16.1 Equatorial Guinea .. 65 86 101 291 460 814 1,363 1,850 2,035 2,340 .. 9.2 56.7 Eritrea 0 65 81 95 54 28 20 31 26 46 12 .. .. -15.4 Ethiopia 459 280 454 412 599 602 484 486 463 452 483 6.3 -7.2 2.8 Gabon 2,531 2,365 2,643 3,190 3,043 2,209 2,526 2,750 2,897 3,080 3,278 8.9 5.2 2.1 Gambia, The 51 124 121 114 108 130 120 126 102 109 102 3.2 10.5 -1.6 Ghana 1,104 1,227 1,431 1,810 1,810 2,091 2,006 1,936 1,893 2,037 .. -3.8 6.7 5.3 Guinea 500 610 649 610 660 659 646 667 723 709 725 4.7 3.4 1.8 Guinea-Bissau .. 33 24 22 48 26 51 62 50 54 69 .. 6.6 11.4 Kenya 1,363 1,484 1,924 2,083 2,060 2,012 1,755 1,773 1,881 2,169 2,514 5.8 2.0 2.8 Lesotho 58 147 154 182 196 193 189 214 276 359 474 10.4 19.4 12.1 Liberia 600 .. .. .. 26 39 59 120 128 167 95 1.4 .. 31.0 Madagascar 437 447 566 512 507 522 584 829 965 499 941 2.0 2.0 6.6 Malawi 281 327 404 483 530 528 447 402 427 421 402 8.8 3.7 0.3 Mali 205 337 442 433 561 561 596 547 714 998 1,064 10.9 7.8 11.9 Mauritania 196 393 479 484 408 360 333 345 339 330 .. 6.8 1.4 -4.3 Mauritius 406 1,334 1,473 1,629 1,727 1,599 1,680 1,523 1,633 1,569 1,871 .. 14.7 1.9 Mozambique 281 164 174 226 230 245 284 364 703 810 1,044 .. 7.3 23.3 Namibia 1,534 1,320 1,418 1,463 1,365 1,209 1,196 1,324 1,142 1,072 1,249 .. 6.1 -2.3 Niger 576 225 287 302 272 334 287 283 272 279 335 14.6 -1.6 1.7 Nigeria 25,956 9,415 11,734 16,117 15,539 10,114 11,927 21,395 19,598 17,672 26,592 3.8 1.1 9.1 Rwanda 134 32 50 62 93 64 62 90 93 67 63 5.6 -10.8 6.2 São Tomé and Principe 17 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 7 -3.0 -6.5 -1.2 Senegal 480 791 968 988 904 991 1,049 922 1,004 1,070 1,471 2.1 4.0 4.0 Seychelles 6 52 53 78 115 123 146 195 217 236 292 -1.8 34.7 22.0 Sierra Leone 214 194 102 105 87 90 61 73 77 115 146 -1.0 3.2 -2.5 Somalia 133 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.6 -4.1 .. South Africa 25,698 26,342 30,085 30,306 31,218 29,127 28,665 31,938 31,005 31,510 38,700 10.3 4.7 2.4 Sudan 689 524 556 620 594 596 780 1,807 1,699 1,949 2,577 1.0 -2.4 21.2 Swaziland 368 746 868 856 962 976 937 910 1,057 1,035 1,574 6.3 14.2 5.5 Tanzania 508 486 593 696 794 588 543 663 776 903 999 0.1 3.0 5.8 Togo 476 226 357 372 352 396 392 327 352 415 568 7.1 -2.5 5.5 Uganda 319 254 595 590 684 458 549 460 471 479 508 1.3 -8.6 1.6 Zambia 1,457 1,067 1,186 993 1,119 816 756 746 884 916 1,052 -0.9 3.2 -2.3 Zimbabwe 281 1,947 2,216 2,496 2,424 1,925 1,924 2,200 1,575 1,398 1,225 0.0 4.5 -5.9 NORTH AFRICA 36,518 27,085 33,302 36,536 38,385 34,001 36,567 50,073 50,129 49,373 50,549 9.7 3.0 6.8 Algeria 13,652 8,892 10,260 13,220 13,820 10,140 12,320 21,700 21,125 19,660 19,095 14.3 -0.4 9.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. 3,854 3,337 4,957 4,609 5,345 5,128 4,445 6,388 7,078 7,005 7,313 9.4 0.4 7.6 Libya 21,919 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.7 -2.5 .. Morocco 2,414 5,541 6,871 6,886 7,039 7,144 7,621 7,508 7,256 7,663 8,200 5.1 10.5 3.0 Tunisia 2,395 4,643 5,470 5,519 5,559 5,724 5,873 5,840 6,024 6,528 7,221 12.0 11.3 3.6 ALL AFRICA 117,030 94,150 112,643 124,486 127,516 111,202 117,439 148,986 145,139 147,753 174,910 8.0 2.9 5.5 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 71 5-2. Merchandise imports, f.o.b. Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 60,444 59,194 71,762 73,750 79,096 76,882 75,444 78,684 79,304 85,388 107,061 8.2 3.9 4.3 excluding South Africa 42,155 37,321 44,344 46,129 50,215 49,637 50,931 51,373 53,491 58,534 71,996 8.1 3.1 5.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 27,486 30,857 36,163 37,916 40,585 40,361 40,400 40,305 42,009 45,187 54,950 6.2 4.1 4.5 Angola .. 1,454 1,852 2,040 2,597 2,079 3,109 3,040 3,179 3,760 5,480 .. 1.7 12.9 Benin 499 374 439 444 426 451 474 447 467 491 636 8.3 4.3 3.7 Botswana 602 1,364 1,606 1,468 1,924 1,983 1,874 1,773 1,604 1,642 2,169 17.4 12.8 2.7 Burkina Faso 368 355 485 563 510 634 581 519 510 549 743 8.1 3.4 4.3 Burundi 165 173 176 100 96 124 97 108 108 104 134 .. 1.0 -3.2 Cameroon 1,452 1,018 1,074 1,200 1,347 1,452 1,484 1,542 1,634 2,020 2,121 12.5 -3.2 8.2 Cape Verde 80 191 219 206 211 208 221 226 232 278 342 10.1 8.9 4.8 Central African Republic 185 151 179 125 145 150 86 83 82 97 130 8.7 0.1 -5.9 Chad 55 212 277 243 246 271 239 276 519 807 847 -1.8 3.8 15.6 Comoros 22 45 54 49 48 42 43 37 40 49 60 .. 6.0 0.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1,519 667 997 1,011 694 775 458 680 807 1,093 1,404 0.0 -6.3 3.5 Congo, Rep. of 545 613 653 586 649 558 523 596 681 706 810 15.2 -1.0 2.1 Côte d'Ivoire 2,614 1,618 2,445 2,485 2,561 2,776 2,645 2,302 2,310 2,353 2,673 6.1 -2.8 2.2 Djibouti .. .. 207 201 204 240 252 271 .. .. .. .. .. 6.5 Equatorial Guinea .. 67 97 127 206 434 440 464 696 750 800 .. 6.7 33.5 Eritrea 0 396 404 514 495 527 495 422 393 400 456 .. .. -0.4 Ethiopia 692 915 1,063 1,144 1,309 1,357 1,558 1,611 1,557 1,696 1,940 16.4 -1.1 7.8 Gabon 829 777 898 969 1,018 987 841 887 934 988 1,049 4.6 0.3 1.6 Gambia, The 116 179 209 189 176 207 194 193 152 172 161 11.0 11.1 -1.9 Ghana 908 1,580 1,684 2,295 3,042 2,918 3,252 2,759 2,652 2,858 .. -1.6 10.7 7.2 Guinea 339 583 583 584 573 577 582 583 562 596 578 5.0 4.9 0.0 Guinea-Bissau .. 54 59 57 73 51 66 71 78 71 71 .. 1.3 3.3 Kenya 2,585 2,042 2,666 2,598 2,944 3,028 2,679 3,033 3,176 3,079 3,692 8.1 1.8 4.5 Lesotho 424 869 983 996 1,012 841 793 737 675 770 997 14.2 11.1 -2.1 Liberia 478 .. .. .. 213 142 184 182 194 182 145 1.8 .. -2.1 Madagascar 764 546 628 629 682 672 742 933 950 620 1,131 5.4 5.3 6.0 Malawi 308 536 474 624 783 579 674 563 585 727 630 2.7 10.9 2.0 Mali 308 466 556 552 556 558 632 595 723 788 1,079 9.7 7.1 7.3 Mauritania 321 304 395 403 355 358 305 336 372 412 .. 7.0 0.9 0.9 Mauritius 494 1,556 1,875 1,945 2,013 1,972 2,046 2,006 1,913 1,799 2,162 .. 16.5 1.6 Mozambique 720 881 727 783 760 817 1,200 1,162 1,063 1,543 1,767 .. 7.6 9.3 Namibia 1,094 1,406 1,548 1,555 1,644 1,489 1,396 1,317 1,341 1,280 1,711 .. 9.5 -0.6 Niger 677 263 297 306 300 396 317 324 332 371 469 11.0 0.3 4.4 Nigeria 14,735 6,470 8,183 8,216 9,630 9,276 10,531 11,068 11,482 13,342 16,990 12.7 0.1 9.1 Rwanda 196 367 194 213 277 256 249 240 238 235 244 12.3 3.6 -1.4 São Tomé and Principe 15 24 23 20 19 17 22 21 22 25 27 12.5 2.3 1.6 Senegal 973 1,022 1,217 1,264 1,176 1,288 1,375 1,340 1,430 1,609 2,417 4.3 3.7 6.7 Seychelles 84 188 214 263 304 352 375 304 415 376 383 12.4 11.3 8.0 Sierra Leone 334 131 120 226 81 89 87 137 165 255 295 1.4 -1.5 7.9 Somalia 402 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15.0 -8.6 .. South Africa 18,268 21,875 27,412 27,618 28,880 27,244 24,514 27,311 25,822 26,869 34,998 8.7 5.7 2.1 Sudan 1,127 1,045 1,066 1,340 1,422 1,732 1,256 1,366 2,031 2,153 2,536 0.2 3.5 9.2 Swaziland 538 816 1,064 1,062 1,067 1,083 1,068 1,046 1,140 906 1,450 16.6 11.8 2.7 Tanzania 1,089 1,591 1,510 1,370 1,148 1,382 1,415 1,368 1,563 1,514 1,919 3.6 8.5 1.8 Togo 524 229 350 447 508 553 490 566 564 630 796 9.4 -1.4 10.6 Uganda 318 672 1,085 1,218 899 966 1,039 954 593 1,004 1,131 4.5 4.4 0.5 Zambia 1,114 1,003 1,194 1,056 1,218 971 871 978 1,253 1,204 1,393 0.3 6.7 1.9 Zimbabwe 308 1,778 2,128 2,247 2,654 2,020 1,675 1,907 1,792 1,923 1,627 1.4 7.3 -2.3 NORTH AFRICA 30,085 36,522 44,063 43,440 45,138 45,163 48,020 50,157 50,444 54,652 59,279 8.0 3.6 4.3 Algeria 9,596 9,154 10,100 9,090 8,130 8,630 8,960 9,300 10,795 12,260 13,440 5.6 -0.7 3.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. 6,814 10,377 13,372 14,263 16,718 15,321 16,969 17,861 16,431 17,411 18,794 10.2 2.6 5.1 Libya 10,368 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12.0 0.4 .. Morocco 3,770 7,648 9,353 9,080 8,903 9,463 9,957 10,601 10,494 11,129 11,825 7.3 9.6 4.0 Tunisia 3,453 6,210 7,458 7,280 7,514 7,875 8,015 8,093 8,397 9,165 10,135 13.2 9.3 4.2 ALL AFRICA 89,688 95,624 115,726 117,187 124,310 122,047 123,259 128,624 129,534 139,792 166,309 7.7 3.8 4.3 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 72 External Sector 5-3. Exports of total services (nonfactor and factor) Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12,276 13,455 16,396 17,576 18,448 19,150 19,625 20,377 20,123 20,433 24,461 6.6 5.3 4.9 excluding South Africa 8,742 8,733 10,640 11,426 11,646 12,315 12,628 12,824 12,987 13,566 15,079 8.0 5.1 4.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 6,283 8,547 10,401 10,999 11,241 11,186 11,409 11,573 11,706 12,261 13,909 9.1 5.9 3.7 Angola .. 163 129 311 251 158 194 313 251 259 257 .. 3.5 5.5 Benin 84 108 162 168 162 191 187 189 160 181 230 11.3 7.7 4.8 Botswana 203 417 744 664 833 923 804 703 715 760 915 14.8 15.4 4.3 Burkina Faso 65 67 80 71 55 53 46 45 52 49 66 9.2 13.5 -3.5 Burundi 26 23 27 17 13 11 8 6 16 8 18 .. 8.5 -8.0 Cameroon 395 311 405 456 507 521 574 606 604 709 879 21.7 -2.9 9.7 Cape Verde 14 53 68 85 99 89 107 113 136 159 216 43.2 6.4 13.9 Central African Republic 58 45 53 47 43 40 22 16 22 19 26 7.0 0.4 -11.2 Chad 0 28 79 55 54 65 59 61 67 78 94 -13.0 -2.3 7.5 Comoros 3 29 38 38 35 22 23 19 21 21 30 .. 23.8 -4.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 135 66 159 73 64 119 48 88 101 119 216 3.1 -4.7 6.4 Congo, Rep. of 119 159 96 101 106 122 172 149 182 191 245 7.6 1.0 8.3 Côte d'Ivoire 587 539 809 766 748 789 750 626 716 730 873 8.4 -0.6 1.6 Djibouti .. .. 192 188 188 206 196 195 .. .. .. .. .. 0.9 Equatorial Guinea .. 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 9 103 .. -18.2 26.7 Eritrea 0 80 99 113 160 94 54 82 119 90 76 .. .. -2.1 Ethiopia 131 283 354 413 442 458 460 514 543 556 686 5.0 4.6 8.2 Gabon 350 231 286 298 263 249 261 280 290 326 367 12.2 8.5 3.2 Gambia, The 21 62 70 75 82 89 87 85 57 59 63 10.0 13.6 -1.4 Ghana 110 171 178 461 474 494 482 535 549 586 .. -5.8 16.2 15.5 Guinea 54 153 118 124 111 111 113 68 99 77 75 .. 18.8 -7.0 Guinea-Bissau .. 6 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 7 9 .. -1.9 3.3 Kenya 835 1,184 1,050 974 955 872 963 1,014 1,130 1,147 1,249 7.1 7.4 1.3 Lesotho 305 482 519 505 495 415 372 333 267 261 345 14.8 6.1 -7.2 Liberia 13 .. .. .. .. .. 5 14 15 19 2 18.0 .. .. Madagascar 82 208 254 292 287 306 347 379 376 257 337 2.6 13.8 4.1 Malawi 34 31 28 44 51 43 59 57 63 53 38 -5.4 -2.7 5.5 Mali 58 78 88 103 102 111 99 110 149 189 252 10.7 9.1 11.4 Mauritania 73 40 48 33 23 41 39 91 51 230 .. 9.6 1.3 17.6 Mauritius 154 630 757 890 944 908 1,007 1,113 1,207 1,240 1,257 .. 19.6 7.4 Mozambique 171 246 292 314 342 333 356 405 311 415 358 .. 9.2 3.9 Namibia 205 363 562 525 485 425 469 433 449 406 318 .. 6.9 -2.7 Niger 68 37 41 39 39 54 45 53 63 70 76 7.4 -2.6 8.4 Nigeria 2,164 187 239 427 405 1,129 1,219 1,250 1,284 1,318 1,351 2.7 -9.6 26.5 Rwanda 49 22 38 27 60 57 59 74 77 74 83 27.2 -3.9 14.5 São Tomé and Principe 6 6 6 6 7 7 13 13 14 14 16 20.0 9.2 14.3 Senegal 416 504 604 460 440 505 500 474 466 525 806 9.0 5.8 2.2 Seychelles 97 201 224 247 265 284 285 280 291 314 338 15.4 7.3 5.0 Sierra Leone 21 76 61 64 33 26 29 50 56 57 71 42.5 4.3 -0.3 Somalia 71 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.9 -8.6 .. South Africa 3,560 4,720 5,757 6,150 6,802 6,834 6,997 7,553 7,136 6,870 9,352 8.5 5.7 5.3 Sudan 341 78 127 57 48 30 101 32 32 66 46 18.6 -13.4 -7.1 Swaziland 83 98 152 304 275 262 234 384 274 217 260 15.4 -2.7 7.3 Tanzania 179 369 511 472 525 583 671 694 710 734 777 -1.1 9.8 7.7 Togo 95 81 103 162 117 120 104 116 85 103 131 17.7 0.5 0.6 Uganda 11 90 87 157 192 218 227 245 265 255 290 9.2 14.7 13.8 Zambia 168 123 152 143 159 113 112 147 192 192 227 3.7 4.9 5.2 Zimbabwe 34 443 542 646 696 660 658 357 255 220 192 5.2 9.1 -11.7 NORTH AFRICA 9,833 17,012 18,654 20,562 21,639 21,067 22,073 22,793 23,931 25,939 28,765 12.2 8.8 5.0 Algeria 978 798 800 750 1,330 1,110 940 1,300 1,551 1,807 2,143 7.4 1.2 11.5 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,662 8,677 9,556 10,636 11,241 10,455 11,015 11,420 11,696 12,757 14,074 19.9 11.8 4.3 Libya 1,446 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12.8 2.5 .. Morocco 896 2,238 2,425 2,932 2,643 3,020 3,302 3,281 3,535 3,571 3,865 8.1 10.2 5.8 Tunisia 1,214 2,364 2,657 2,697 2,692 2,848 3,009 2,860 3,022 3,329 3,721 11.3 9.3 4.0 ALL AFRICA 20,828 29,517 34,125 37,081 38,972 39,217 40,618 42,064 42,804 44,918 51,866 11.7 7.2 5.0 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 73 5-4. Imports of total services (nonfactor and factor) Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 31,176 34,039 38,084 40,209 40,555 41,148 42,937 46,911 48,605 50,144 57,259 7.6 4.1 5.0 excluding South Africa 23,469 25,582 28,148 30,303 29,962 30,890 32,185 35,404 37,082 39,740 43,640 8.5 4.6 5.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 14,979 20,302 22,699 25,009 24,616 24,310 24,635 26,432 27,660 27,677 29,086 9.7 5.2 3.3 Angola .. 2,469 2,726 3,872 3,890 3,885 4,008 4,426 5,128 5,009 5,183 .. 16.6 8.0 Benin 112 171 226 242 234 236 255 238 228 249 316 11.2 3.4 3.7 Botswana 351 777 960 1,099 1,208 1,037 1,221 1,277 1,025 1,478 1,277 18.6 7.9 4.6 Burkina Faso 228 165 204 198 180 190 179 174 181 177 248 9.1 4.7 1.3 Burundi 58 110 120 57 61 62 45 53 49 57 66 .. 3.9 -6.6 Cameroon 877 1,073 1,114 1,270 1,320 1,208 1,267 1,455 1,594 1,434 1,620 17.7 1.2 4.3 Cape Verde 8 40 62 77 88 98 126 117 132 160 214 29.4 9.0 16.8 Central African Republic 144 126 156 124 123 134 80 84 77 87 70 7.0 2.1 -7.8 Chad 28 188 235 246 250 291 246 269 371 518 838 -7.6 5.5 13.6 Comoros 12 45 52 48 45 34 34 25 27 29 42 .. 2.6 -5.7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1,160 1,186 1,266 845 753 971 695 645 692 672 639 8.5 1.9 -6.9 Congo, Rep. of 650 1,253 1,588 2,031 1,416 1,331 1,604 1,766 1,648 1,748 1,987 16.3 10.0 2.8 Côte d'Ivoire 2,110 1,648 2,349 2,359 2,243 2,419 2,383 2,029 1,996 2,326 2,898 11.6 0.6 2.4 Djibouti .. .. 88 90 91 98 80 81 .. .. .. .. .. -2.0 Equatorial Guinea .. 82 95 224 345 411 672 .. 1,894 1,983 1,670 .. 21.5 45.9 Eritrea 0 7 44 70 108 77 105 114 128 118 134 .. .. 25.5 Ethiopia 105 273 293 318 406 386 398 425 457 443 574 -1.9 8.8 7.3 Gabon 1,414 1,336 1,679 1,985 1,833 1,511 1,663 1,850 1,916 1,939 2,076 10.8 3.4 3.0 Gambia, The 44 70 79 68 53 59 64 77 52 50 54 14.3 33.6 -3.4 Ghana 355 666 588 815 928 932 752 766 964 1,005 4,158 0.4 8.7 13.1 Guinea 238 365 407 453 406 455 426 388 385 354 345 .. 3.4 -1.5 Guinea-Bissau .. 41 48 48 49 37 45 53 63 43 44 .. 6.0 1.0 Kenya 872 787 1,222 1,102 1,036 880 838 899 1,016 819 983 4.9 2.6 -1.0 Lesotho 58 165 201 180 182 165 132 112 102 106 137 12.9 18.2 -6.3 Liberia 97 .. .. .. .. .. 107 118 111 87 64 12.6 .. .. Madagascar 368 477 538 536 490 520 518 629 595 507 718 9.9 4.5 2.8 Malawi 330 111 125 149 165 137 146 142 130 218 127 11.5 -4.9 2.5 Mali 221 322 395 446 424 432 417 416 434 432 264 7.9 4.7 -0.8 Mauritania 172 221 295 298 233 222 229 225 246 287 .. 13.2 -1.2 -0.1 Mauritius 201 583 666 723 792 740 799 794 863 833 908 .. 15.1 4.0 Mozambique 155 393 416 404 423 509 592 648 917 596 549 .. 4.8 6.9 Namibia 787 518 663 704 571 478 429 558 543 358 148 .. 0.6 -9.8 Niger 339 193 215 193 180 193 166 164 168 195 221 10.7 -0.7 -0.3 Nigeria 8,498 5,250 5,420 5,251 5,315 6,559 7,550 8,972 9,422 12,154 14,751 5.3 2.2 12.6 Rwanda 139 132 156 169 222 223 213 231 225 218 257 13.4 -0.2 6.1 São Tomé and Principe 7 22 28 27 27 18 23 20 25 22 21 14.7 7.9 -1.7 Senegal 475 657 763 550 531 578 607 583 569 673 1,006 12.0 3.7 2.1 Seychelles 43 95 115 133 145 165 183 218 241 291 260 14.6 14.3 12.8 Sierra Leone 95 217 135 141 67 81 132 140 140 128 160 3.4 10.7 -0.3 Somalia 139 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.9 6.1 .. South Africa 7,720 8,485 9,987 9,944 10,631 10,281 10,752 11,507 11,522 10,342 13,690 10.5 2.9 3.4 Sudan 511 1,136 177 201 178 215 398 1,227 1,621 1,370 1,522 17.8 3.7 22.7 Swaziland 121 96 194 311 290 382 268 430 284 337 413 9.8 -1.4 11.1 Tanzania 160 805 659 759 965 1,138 991 867 810 832 902 5.7 9.6 1.5 Togo 227 186 208 272 228 202 205 173 161 174 210 14.0 1.0 -2.2 Uganda 132 241 371 450 460 511 521 596 612 683 679 6.2 7.4 10.1 Zambia 872 566 588 490 599 513 470 519 561 563 583 3.1 1.0 0.1 Zimbabwe 330 1,016 1,120 1,224 1,415 1,104 1,015 879 784 696 719 8.8 7.7 -6.0 NORTH AFRICA 7,755 15,648 16,387 16,355 15,004 18,950 16,982 18,104 18,745 19,654 20,432 12.8 2.6 3.0 Algeria 5,035 3,770 4,320 4,710 4,630 4,590 5,070 5,500 5,604 5,702 6,000 16.1 -1.5 4.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,931 5,273 4,952 4,688 3,894 7,342 5,069 5,796 6,118 6,452 6,723 20.4 -1.5 3.8 Libya -10,368 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 2,076 3,124 3,459 3,280 3,072 3,190 3,175 3,001 3,079 3,341 3,334 9.0 8.1 0.0 Tunisia 918 2,138 2,250 2,274 2,121 2,203 2,212 2,254 2,335 2,474 2,623 11.5 10.9 1.7 ALL AFRICA 40,542 49,923 54,800 56,980 56,076 60,393 60,381 65,544 67,898 70,334 78,731 11.4 3.8 4.5 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 74 External Sector 5-5. Net private transfers Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -426 2,784 2,841 3,632 4,624 4,387 4,583 5,331 4,928 5,327 6,340 231 1,469 4,666 excluding South Africa -520 2,796 2,692 3,618 4,515 4,349 4,552 5,254 4,830 5,218 6,213 113 1,430 4,582 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria -520 2,247 1,894 2,673 2,648 2,808 2,927 3,551 3,527 3,797 4,536 113 1,216 3,151 Angola .. -4 -34 11 38 79 110 126 137 144 158 26 -21 85 Benin 107 50 68 67 77 71 74 84 81 71 92 60 79 76 Botswana -11 -91 -158 -23 -56 -53 -54 -68 -58 -53 331 -5 -32 -21 Burkina Faso 112 98 106 84 74 74 65 55 35 50 38 75 144 65 Burundi 3 21 16 11 9 6 6 5 8 6 7 6 12 8 Cameroon 19 -41 -23 7 86 80 100 97 85 98 85 11 -68 68 Cape Verde 40 81 93 96 71 79 106 110 112 131 165 30 50 107 Central African Republic 0 -10 -11 -10 -10 -9 -6 -8 -8 -20 .. 0 -20 -10 Chad -4 -8 2 4 4 26 26 7 8 7 41 -6 -8 14 Comoros 2 7 9 12 0 27 28 24 26 20 21 2 6 19 Congo, Dem. Rep. of -79 -98 -124 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -47 -84 -14 Congo, Rep. of -1 60 -2 -4 -4 -11 -6 -7 -12 -2 -1 -44 -32 -6 Côte d'Ivoire -706 -261 -437 -469 -457 -478 -458 -354 -343 -482 -572 -403 -355 -450 Djibouti .. .. -11 -10 -9 -5 -7 -9 .. .. .. .. .. -9 Equatorial Guinea .. 0 -3 -3 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2 -1 Eritrea 0 276 215 244 352 245 244 251 265 288 290 0 57 266 Ethiopia 20 247 311 313 258 317 289 410 379 349 495 37 199 347 Gabon -124 -163 -192 -216 -218 -160 -170 -181 -186 -192 -197 -81 -156 -190 Gambia, The 2 15 16 17 3 4 4 11 4 4 4 2 7 7 Ghana -3 271 263 276 393 454 472 496 521 521 .. 7 189 424 Guinea -8 -82 -92 -49 -36 -39 -31 -15 -13 -15 -23 -8 -51 -35 Guinea-Bissau .. 1 3 2 5 19 7 7 12 14 18 -10 0 10 Kenya 27 147 409 433 497 476 566 769 694 577 552 56 105 552 Lesotho 2 195 217 195 198 155 152 135 123 123 169 29 94 163 Liberia -32 .. .. .. .. .. 31 27 21 34 60 -43 -58 35 Madagascar -21 46 63 78 102 68 94 102 99 19 160 -14 68 87 Malawi .. 20 -4 -24 -19 -25 9 8 10 14 12 15 36 -2 Mali 40 85 96 90 73 68 68 62 69 114 87 24 69 81 Mauritania -28 14 30 39 54 65 61 35 48 30 .. -25 47 45 Mauritius 16 93 88 101 109 92 86 90 55 64 59 21 67 83 Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia 0 327 409 433 452 435 390 434 346 275 463 0 186 404 Niger -57 -41 -23 -25 -22 -6 -5 4 14 12 26 -40 -34 -3 Nigeria .. 549 799 945 1,867 1,541 1,625 1,703 1,303 1,421 1,677 -137 306 1,431 Rwanda 0 45 16 27 25 18 18 11 22 25 31 1 15 21 São Tomé and Principe 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 Senegal 0 39 40 40 35 36 83 162 236 277 485 7 20 155 Seychelles .. -7 -5 -6 -6 -8 -7 -6 -6 -10 -3 .. -2 -6 Sierra Leone 0 0 24 26 6 20 29 11 7 98 98 1 1 36 Somalia 57 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 43 .. .. South Africa 94 -12 149 14 109 37 31 77 98 110 127 79 39 83 Sudan 257 68 60 321 429 490 446 315 366 634 708 267 219 419 Swaziland 0 0 0 2 1 3 1 -13 -74 -37 -99 1 1 -24 Tanzania 22 465 18 20 -3 6 -75 -38 -19 -14 29 22 305 -8 Togo 1 9 11 10 9 11 21 62 57 73 94 -1 9 39 Uganda 2 304 330 421 19 37 21 167 176 174 166 12 118 168 Zambia -176 -19 -20 -17 -16 -27 -16 -18 -20 -20 -22 -86 -33 -19 Zimbabwe .. 86 120 149 126 166 155 191 249 398 508 .. 30 229 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7,092 7,121 7,150 .. .. 7,121 Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 815 840 940 .. .. 649 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,791 3,232 3,279 2,798 3,256 3,718 3,772 3,747 2,973 2,899 2,754 2,091 3,285 3,244 Libya -1,089 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -1,075 -550 .. Morocco 1,070 2,096 2,261 2,526 2,158 2,293 2,165 2,332 2,522 2,571 2,640 822 1,797 2,385 Tunisia 348 688 753 835 766 813 886 807 781 811 816 255 520 808 ALL AFRICA 2,694 8,801 9,133 9,791 10,804 11,211 11,407 12,217 12,019 12,448 13,490 2,927 6,741 11,391 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's series shows a data break between 1991 and 1992. External Sector 75 5-6. Net official current transfers Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,758 2,197 1,603 1,822 1,225 1,754 1,178 1,127 1,496 1,919 2,169 1,887 2,448 1,588 excluding South Africa 1,613 2,793 2,397 2,583 2,056 2,531 2,136 2,130 2,333 2,586 3,114 1,779 2,620 2,429 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,780 2,843 2,463 2,651 2,081 2,556 2,115 2,265 2,358 2,608 3,134 1,853 2,610 2,470 Angola .. 249 190 214 68 91 -54 -99 -46 -112 -59 .. 92 21 Benin 0 5 6 4 70 52 64 40 84 56 72 0 22 50 Botswana 65 153 119 202 258 293 306 285 255 265 0 31 139 220 Burkina Faso 0 129 59 68 61 81 41 40 52 39 46 0 60 54 Burundi 42 144 136 50 51 50 46 71 94 76 98 45 90 75 Cameroon 83 61 80 28 0 25 17 0 35 34 114 47 76 37 Cape Verde 0 40 45 45 36 42 40 25 21 35 45 0 33 37 Central African Republic 0 32 33 8 23 34 30 27 30 26 26 0 37 26 Chad 0 129 78 57 59 24 9 30 39 31 46 0 97 41 Comoros 11 0 27 21 19 4 3 2 4 7 3 20 19 10 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 267 99 153 103 -1 32 18 146 268 417 581 137 76 191 Congo, Rep. of 0 19 44 35 6 8 1 6 0 6 7 0 5 13 Côte d'Ivoire 0 -31 -27 52 -4 -5 6 -25 -23 -22 -7 23 74 -6 Djibouti .. .. 60 57 61 74 68 52 .. .. .. .. .. 62 Equatorial Guinea .. 7 7 4 6 4 1 1 2 3 3 0 5 4 Eritrea 0 44 22 27 51 59 77 98 111 97 123 0 10 74 Ethiopia 60 262 396 369 201 241 179 279 315 304 401 40 154 298 Gabon .. 15 0 0 0 17 17 17 17 17 17 .. 15 11 Gambia, The .. 30 27 25 28 36 31 31 27 32 26 .. 6 29 Ghana 0 201 260 206 160 288 148 154 266 229 .. 0 46 214 Guinea .. 20 30 13 11 61 27 25 64 44 28 .. 24 34 Guinea-Bissau .. 7 13 3 3 0 3 18 11 3 2 0 22 6 Kenya 0 -1 -4 13 19 0 -2 91 87 0 58 0 91 29 Lesotho 173 276 -7 -6 5 2 -4 4 11 -2 0 55 166 0 Liberia 36 .. .. .. .. .. 72 54 32 43 20 57 78 44 Madagascar 0 44 17 81 80 17 35 34 47 80 143 37 97 59 Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mali -6 143 97 106 56 47 39 65 65 49 123 2 128 72 Mauritania 118 41 32 104 105 87 129 62 73 62 .. 119 88 82 Mauritius 0 7 15 12 3 10 5 6 7 7 22 3 9 10 Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 416 377 418 333 264 442 0 148 250 Niger 154 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 127 66 5 Nigeria -167 -49 -66 -68 -26 -25 20 -135 -25 -22 -20 -44 11 -41 Rwanda 104 347 231 196 147 149 176 206 170 170 193 92 118 182 São Tomé and Principe 0 3 5 1 10 9 6 6 4 2 3 0 6 5 Senegal 28 165 132 126 143 136 77 90 69 98 144 -10 13 113 Seychelles .. 15 13 16 15 17 10 9 9 13 11 .. 19 12 Sierra Leone 26 25 18 55 18 16 27 47 34 69 65 11 20 39 Somalia 143 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 111 286 .. South Africa 145 -596 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 96 -173 0 Sudan 229 82 60 37 129 365 309 198 278 631 11 146 259 224 Swaziland 79 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 30 0 Tanzania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 103 0 Togo 86 16 26 24 21 22 .. .. .. .. .. 55 52 23 Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 20 10 0 5 Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 70 70 70 .. .. 65 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 766 750 733 .. 1,233 750 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 814 919 724 890 883 1,097 932 769 754 738 .. 1,471 856 Libya -46 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -85 -39 .. Morocco 47 173 70 50 48 52 -11 94 -3 -4 -5 15 130 32 Tunisia 42 0 0 25 25 18 16 18 0 0 0 36 4 11 ALL AFRICA .. 3,184 2,591 2,620 2,187 2,706 2,279 2,172 2,263 2,668 2,902 1,813 3,731 2,488 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 76 External Sector 5-7. Current account balance, excluding net capital grants Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 269 -10,033 -12,342 -6,011 -8,947 -17,919 -14,784 -2,885 -10,757 -14,573 -13,741 -7,992 -8,186 -11,329 excluding South Africa -3,240 -10,127 -10,139 -4,157 -6,734 -15,615 -14,254 -2,632 -10,815 -15,185 -12,286 -7,790 -10,120 -10,202 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria -7,550 -8,509 -9,241 -8,110 -9,573 -12,540 -10,963 -6,804 -12,071 -10,078 -10,144 -6,023 -8,747 -9,947 Angola .. -499 -563 -281 -1,124 -2,094 -1,710 795 -1,431 -150 -791 .. -308 -817 Benin -197 -73 -194 -185 -159 -133 -181 -183 -160 -217 -274 -174 -85 -187 Botswana -152 212 300 494 721 203 619 545 598 170 645 -101 272 477 Burkina Faso -259 -35 -207 -305 -271 -292 -355 -347 -329 -353 -483 -203 -181 -327 Burundi -86 -15 -4 -39 2 -55 -28 -30 -1 -41 -37 -98 -88 -26 Cameroon -346 -325 -71 -375 -258 -235 -378 -160 -352 -605 -317 -291 -214 -306 Cape Verde -25 -38 -51 -27 -55 -74 -86 -56 -57 -71 -77 -38 -19 -62 Central African Republic -43 -48 -81 -63 -57 -80 -25 -21 -9 -76 .. -31 -111 -51 Chad -16 -115 -110 -134 -137 -190 -204 -265 -587 -1,040 -1,045 -80 -157 -412 Comoros -9 -43 -21 -20 -33 -18 -14 -4 2 -10 -20 -14 -27 -15 Congo, Dem. Rep. of -87 -530 -465 -28 -188 -415 -113 -199 -250 -153 35 -366 -627 -197 Congo, Rep. of -167 -670 -822 -831 -301 -402 -404 236 -103 -10 -2 -258 -345 -293 Côte d'Ivoire .. -132 -646 -281 -201 -431 -239 -340 -170 679 485 -663 -759 -127 Djibouti .. .. -17 -16 -12 -3 -4 -43 .. .. .. .. .. -16 Equatorial Guinea .. -73 -97 -244 -250 -375 -289 -366 -812 -749 -61 6 -7 -360 Eritrea .. 62 -31 -104 14 -177 -205 -74 0 2 -89 .. 14 -74 Ethiopia -126 -115 159 45 -216 -124 -544 -347 -314 -478 -450 -176 -284 -252 Gabon 514 336 159 317 237 -183 131 128 168 305 341 157 -216 178 Gambia, The -86 -18 -54 -26 -7 -8 -15 -16 -15 -18 -21 -47 -38 -20 Ghana -54 -376 -140 -420 -1,158 -522 -895 -404 -474 -534 -576 -154 -368 -569 Guinea -32 -247 -286 -339 -233 -239 -253 -226 -73 -137 -119 -64 -214 -212 Guinea-Bissau .. -48 -62 -71 -58 -40 -45 -30 -61 -35 -18 .. -56 -47 Kenya -1,233 -15 -509 -196 -450 -549 -234 -284 -462 -5 -303 -478 -332 -333 Lesotho 56 65 -301 -300 -301 -241 -216 -163 -99 -135 -146 7 10 -211 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. -124 -84 -109 -6 -34 .. .. -71 Madagascar -635 -277 -267 -201 -196 -278 -201 -218 -59 -272 -268 -262 -177 -218 Malawi -310 -269 -171 -270 -386 -171 -305 -239 -214 -457 -304 -163 -158 -280 Mali -232 -145 -228 -265 -187 -203 -247 -227 -306 -111 -221 -168 -197 -222 Mauritania -133 -37 -102 -40 1 -27 28 -28 -107 -46 .. -133 -57 -40 Mauritius -117 -75 -208 -35 -22 -103 -65 -69 126 248 139 -88 -29 1 Mozambique -423 -864 -677 -647 -611 -749 -1,152 -1,042 -967 -914 -915 -489 -711 -852 Namibia -40 86 178 163 87 102 230 316 53 115 171 33 105 157 Niger -429 -233 -208 -183 -192 -207 -156 -147 -150 -205 -210 -247 -75 -184 Nigeria 4,310 -1,618 -897 3,953 2,840 -3,075 -3,290 4,173 1,256 -5,108 -2,141 -1,767 -1,373 -254 Rwanda -48 -53 -15 -70 -175 -190 -148 -90 -101 -117 -131 -23 -133 -115 São Tomé and Principe 1 -28 -35 -34 -23 -12 -21 -19 -26 -26 -22 -6 -24 -24 Senegal -524 -181 -235 -200 -185 -198 -274 -275 -225 -312 -517 -402 -464 -269 Seychelles -23 -21 -44 -61 -60 -100 -124 -45 -145 -114 -6 -17 -6 -78 Sierra Leone -168 -53 -50 -118 -4 -17 -73 -96 -131 -45 -75 -128 -57 -68 Somalia -136 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -117 -114 .. South Africa 3,508 94 -2,203 -1,853 -2,213 -2,303 -531 -253 58 612 -1,455 -223 1,934 -1,127 Sudan -122 -1,430 -440 -506 -399 -467 -19 -242 -2,117 -1,473 -1,457 -101 -748 -791 Swaziland -129 -68 -238 -52 -3 -94 -35 -75 -58 72 10 -61 -27 -53 Tanzania -540 -1,076 -1,047 -942 -797 -1,342 -1,267 -916 -906 -724 -1,016 -424 -777 -995 Togo -95 -64 -63 -112 -88 -89 -120 -115 -91 .. .. -101 -93 -97 Uganda -117 -265 -444 -500 -464 -764 -763 -678 -293 -779 -846 -58 -276 -615 Zambia -538 -398 -464 -427 -555 -582 -488 -622 -758 -652 -699 -377 -405 -583 Zimbabwe -444 -318 -370 -180 -823 -373 47 -38 -497 -603 -421 -353 -251 -362 NORTH AFRICA 6,271 -2,805 -3,870 421 2,889 -4,207 -2,186 6,621 5,922 2,259 643 -3,616 -943 944 Algeria 242 -1,839 -2,240 1,050 3,450 -910 20 9,000 7,091 4,346 2,739 -1,008 -28 2,727 Egypt, Arab Rep. -438 410 386 -185 119 -2,479 -1,709 -1,171 -34 -449 -638 -1,765 6 -684 Libya 8,259 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,034 32 .. Morocco -1,420 -723 -1,186 35 -87 -144 -55 -387 -263 -667 -458 -1,369 -355 -357 Tunisia -373 -654 -830 -479 -593 -675 -443 -821 -873 -971 -1,000 -507 -585 -743 ALL AFRICA 6,539 -12,839 -16,212 -5,590 -6,058 -22,126 -16,970 3,737 -4,835 -12,314 -13,098 -11,607 -9,128 -10,385 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 77 5-8. Current account balance, excluding net capital grants/GDP Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 0.4 -3.6 -3.9 -1.8 -2.6 -5.5 -4.6 -0.9 -3.3 -4.3 -3.2 -4.0 -3.0 -3.4 excluding South Africa -1.6 -7.1 -6.2 -2.2 -3.5 -8.3 -7.6 -1.3 -5.2 -6.7 -4.8 -5.8 -6.2 -5.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria -7.5 -7.1 -6.8 -5.4 -6.1 -8.0 -7.1 -4.4 -7.6 -5.6 -5.1 -6.9 -6.3 -6.2 Angola .. -12.3 -11.2 -3.7 -14.6 -32.5 -27.8 8.7 -16.0 -1.4 -5.7 .. -5.0 -11.6 Benin -14.0 -4.9 -9.7 -8.4 -7.4 -5.7 -7.6 -8.1 -6.7 -8.1 -7.8 -16.6 -5.4 -7.7 Botswana -14.3 4.9 6.3 10.3 13.9 4.1 12.3 10.4 11.5 3.2 8.6 -12.1 10.0 8.9 Burkina Faso -13.4 -1.8 -8.4 -11.0 -10.4 -10.4 -12.6 -13.4 -11.7 -11.0 -11.6 -13.8 -7.7 -11.2 Burundi -9.3 -1.6 -0.4 -4.4 0.3 -6.2 -3.9 -4.5 -0.1 -6.5 -6.2 -9.8 -8.0 -3.5 Cameroon -5.1 -4.1 -0.9 -4.1 -2.8 -2.7 -4.1 -1.8 -4.1 -6.1 -2.5 -6.0 -2.0 -3.2 Cape Verde -23.5 -9.1 -10.3 -5.4 -10.8 -13.7 -14.8 -10.6 -10.3 -11.5 -9.7 -42.3 -8.1 -10.8 Central African Republic -5.4 -5.6 -7.2 -5.9 -5.6 -7.6 -2.4 -2.2 -0.9 -7.3 .. -4.3 -8.8 -4.9 Chad -1.5 -9.8 -7.7 -8.3 -9.1 -10.9 -13.3 -19.1 -35.1 -51.8 -40.1 -8.6 -11.3 -21.7 Comoros -7.2 -23.1 -8.9 -8.7 -15.7 -8.4 -6.4 -1.7 1.1 -4.0 -6.2 -13.0 -12.1 -6.6 Congo, Dem. Rep. of -0.6 -9.1 -8.2 -0.5 -3.1 -6.7 -2.4 -4.6 -5.1 -2.8 0.6 -3.4 -7.5 -3.6 Congo, Rep. of -9.8 -37.8 -38.8 -32.7 -12.9 -20.6 -17.1 7.3 -3.7 -0.3 -0.1 -21.5 -16.0 -13.2 Côte d'Ivoire .. -1.6 -5.9 -2.3 -1.7 -3.4 -1.9 -3.2 -1.6 5.8 3.5 -9.4 -7.3 -1.2 Djibouti .. .. -3.4 -3.3 -2.3 -0.6 -0.8 -7.7 .. .. .. .. .. -3.0 Equatorial Guinea .. -58.2 -58.9 -94.3 -50.3 -82.2 -33.2 -27.3 -47.7 -35.4 -2.1 .. -3.0 -47.9 Eritrea .. 11.6 -5.4 -15.0 2.1 -23.8 -28.2 -11.7 0.0 0.3 -11.9 .. 2.4 -10.4 Ethiopia .. -2.1 2.7 0.7 -3.4 -1.9 -8.4 -5.3 -4.8 -7.9 -6.8 -5.8 -3.8 -3.9 Gabon 12.0 8.0 3.2 5.5 4.4 -4.0 3.0 2.6 3.9 6.1 5.6 4.2 -6.3 3.4 Gambia, The -35.7 -5.0 -14.2 -6.7 -1.7 -2.0 -3.6 -3.8 -3.6 -4.8 -5.7 -22.5 -13.7 -5.1 Ghana -1.2 -6.9 -2.2 -6.1 -16.8 -7.0 -11.6 -8.1 -8.9 -8.7 -7.7 -3.9 -6.5 -8.6 Guinea .. -7.3 -7.7 -8.8 -6.2 -6.7 -7.3 -7.3 -2.4 -4.3 -3.3 .. -8.2 -6.0 Guinea-Bissau .. -20.3 -24.3 -26.3 -21.5 -19.2 -20.1 -14.0 -30.7 -17.4 -7.4 .. -25.6 -20.1 Kenya -17.0 -0.2 -5.6 -2.1 -4.2 -4.8 -2.2 -2.7 -4.1 0.0 -2.1 -8.0 -4.1 -3.1 Lesotho 13.1 7.8 -32.3 -31.8 -29.4 -27.0 -23.7 -19.0 -13.0 -19.2 -13.6 -0.9 1.5 -23.2 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. -28.1 -15.6 -20.3 -1.1 -7.6 .. .. -14.5 Madagascar -15.7 -9.3 -8.4 -5.0 -5.5 -7.4 -5.4 -5.6 -1.3 -6.2 -4.9 -7.5 -6.1 -5.5 Malawi -25.0 -22.7 -12.2 -11.8 -14.5 -9.8 -17.2 -13.7 -12.6 -24.5 -17.9 -15.6 -10.3 -14.9 Mali -13.0 -8.3 -9.2 -10.1 -7.6 -7.8 -9.6 -9.4 -11.6 -3.3 -5.1 -12.9 -10.0 -8.2 Mauritania -16.4 -3.6 -9.5 -3.6 0.1 -2.7 2.9 -3.0 -10.9 -4.6 .. -17.4 -5.9 -3.9 Mauritius -10.2 -2.2 -5.5 -0.9 -0.5 -2.5 -1.6 -1.6 2.8 5.5 2.7 -7.6 -1.0 -0.2 Mozambique -12.0 -39.7 -29.3 -22.8 -18.0 -19.3 -28.9 -28.3 -28.1 -25.4 -21.2 -14.2 -29.8 -24.6 Namibia -1.8 2.6 5.1 4.7 2.4 3.0 6.8 9.3 1.7 3.9 4.0 2.0 5.5 4.5 Niger -17.1 -14.9 -11.0 -9.2 -10.4 -10.0 -7.7 -8.2 -7.7 -9.5 -7.7 -13.6 -4.5 -9.0 Nigeria 6.7 -6.8 -3.2 11.2 7.8 -9.6 -9.5 9.9 2.6 -10.9 -3.7 -4.5 -6.2 -0.6 Rwanda -4.1 -7.0 -1.1 -5.1 -9.4 -9.6 -7.6 -5.0 -5.9 -6.7 -7.8 -1.6 -6.6 -6.5 São Tomé and Principe 2.1 -57.4 -76.7 -76.0 -53.1 -30.5 -45.4 -41.3 -54.8 -51.6 -36.9 -10.5 -47.8 -51.8 Senegal -17.5 -5.0 -5.2 -4.3 -4.2 -4.3 -5.8 -6.3 -4.9 -6.2 -8.0 -16.7 -10.3 -5.5 Seychelles -15.9 -4.4 -8.7 -12.0 -10.7 -16.5 -19.8 -7.2 -23.5 -16.3 -0.9 -15.8 -0.6 -12.9 Sierra Leone -15.3 -5.3 -5.4 -12.5 -0.4 -2.6 -11.1 -15.2 -17.4 -5.7 -9.1 -11.4 -7.3 -8.8 Somalia -22.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -17.3 -11.7 .. South Africa 4.4 0.1 -1.5 -1.3 -1.5 -1.7 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.6 -0.9 -0.2 2.2 -0.8 Sudan -1.6 -17.5 -6.1 -6.0 -3.8 -4.0 -0.2 -2.0 -15.5 -9.6 -8.2 -1.7 -7.7 -6.2 Swaziland -23.7 -5.9 -17.4 -3.9 -0.2 -7.0 -2.6 -5.4 -4.6 6.0 0.6 -11.0 -2.1 -3.8 Tanzania .. -23.8 -19.9 -14.5 -10.4 -16.0 -14.7 -10.1 -9.6 -7.4 -9.9 -10.0 -17.5 -12.5 Togo -8.4 -6.5 -4.8 -7.6 -5.9 -5.6 -7.6 -8.7 -6.9 .. .. -12.2 -7.3 -6.7 Uganda -9.4 -6.9 -7.9 -8.5 -7.6 -11.6 -12.7 -11.4 -5.2 -13.3 -13.4 -3.3 -7.2 -10.2 Zambia -13.8 -11.9 -13.3 -13.1 -14.2 -18.0 -15.6 -19.2 -20.8 -17.6 -16.1 -11.9 -14.2 -16.4 Zimbabwe -6.6 -4.6 -5.2 -2.1 -9.8 -6.5 0.9 -0.5 -5.5 -3.4 -5.0 -5.0 -3.5 -4.1 NORTH AFRICA 4.9 -2.0 -2.5 0.2 1.6 -2.3 -1.1 3.2 2.8 1.1 0.3 -4.0 -0.7 0.4 Algeria 0.6 -4.3 -5.4 2.2 7.2 -1.9 0.0 16.9 12.5 7.5 4.3 -4.5 0.0 4.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. -1.9 0.8 0.6 -0.3 0.2 -3.0 -1.9 -1.2 0.0 -0.5 -0.8 -9.6 -0.3 -0.8 Libya 23.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.8 -2.2 .. Morocco -7.5 -2.4 -3.6 0.1 -0.3 -0.4 -0.2 -1.2 -0.8 -1.8 -1.0 -10.3 -1.7 -1.0 Tunisia -4.3 -4.2 -4.6 -2.4 -3.1 -3.4 -2.1 -4.2 -4.4 -4.4 -3.8 -7.4 -4.7 -3.6 ALL AFRICA 2.0 -3.1 -3.5 -1.1 -1.2 -4.3 -3.3 0.7 -0.9 -2.3 -2.0 -4.1 -2.3 -2.0 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Since 1994, Nigeria's ratios are distorted because the official exchange rate used by the Government for oil exports and oil value added is significantly over-valued. 78 External Sector 5-9. Net capital grants Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 999 3,575 3,626 2,911 3,018 3,406 2,949 2,993 2,535 2,849 3,161 1,027 3,129 3,050 excluding South Africa 999 3,509 3,626 2,911 3,018 3,406 2,949 2,993 2,535 2,849 3,161 1,042 3,132 3,050 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 999 3,509 3,626 2,911 3,018 3,406 2,949 2,993 2,535 2,849 3,161 1,042 3,132 3,050 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benin 63 54 70 56 84 62 67 46 44 34 93 63 59 62 Botswana 8 19 14 6 17 32 21 38 18 18 18 6 14 20 Burkina Faso 211 65 74 53 29 33 38 32 37 43 119 151 143 51 Burundi 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 42 0 Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cape Verde 29 20 20 13 51 70 28 0 15 7 8 20 11 24 Central African Republic 0 63 56 39 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 56 47 Chad 28 70 53 46 53 70 49 67 66 155 204 76 94 85 Comoros 0 19 8 4 8 12 11 7 5 4 4 0 13 7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 41 204 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 86 23 Congo, Rep. of 0 0 21 8 2 6 10 10 5 5 17 0 0 10 Côte d'Ivoire .. 54 70 78 76 86 65 47 55 41 67 0 20 65 Djibouti .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. 0 Equatorial Guinea .. 5 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 7 23 2 Eritrea 0 29 8 4 51 62 78 98 117 102 130 0 21 72 Ethiopia 0 23 32 23 25 19 34 12 81 130 139 22 123 55 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gambia, The .. 35 28 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 4 17 40 5 Ghana 83 201 260 206 159 288 148 154 265 229 .. 69 181 214 Guinea 17 104 120 117 114 75 80 72 107 36 78 13 81 89 Guinea-Bissau .. 44 56 41 28 31 31 7 6 1 6 0 27 23 Kenya .. 1 4 -13 -19 0 2 -91 -719 -577 -609 119 -24 -225 Lesotho 0 39 45 47 44 23 15 22 17 23 17 2 32 28 Liberia 36 .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 0 0 57 78 0 Madagascar 0 72 85 51 114 119 107 115 113 59 89 16 23 95 Malawi 50 111 152 97 83 157 157 148 98 235 154 33 80 142 Mali 78 99 126 136 109 124 112 97 75 111 121 95 90 112 Mauritania 0 26 30 10 16 25 12 13 15 8 11 0 32 16 Mauritius 0 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 -2 0 -1 -1 Mozambique 56 565 339 225 313 313 434 564 469 400 514 90 398 397 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 46 23 112 95 111 60 0 0 50 Niger 0 134 120 117 113 129 96 85 102 129 157 0 90 116 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rwanda 0 7 69 68 116 95 71 73 63 42 41 10 17 71 São Tomé and Principe 0 8 18 20 22 4 9 12 14 12 11 0 5 14 Senegal 92 184 210 164 92 108 95 74 84 87 121 131 243 115 Seychelles 15 15 1 6 7 22 16 9 9 5 5 10 21 9 Sierra Leone 11 0 0 26 11 2 5 4 7 6 14 5 3 8 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 South Africa 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -16 -4 0 Sudan .. 15 11 8 4 17 11 24 2 2 0 7 6 9 Swaziland -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 Tanzania 108 634 525 581 690 682 533 534 525 557 788 115 517 602 Togo .. 7 8 7 13 15 .. .. .. .. .. 24 27 11 Uganda 0 228 303 277 307 380 277 369 446 486 458 15 148 367 Zambia 23 338 318 304 198 221 214 185 253 305 286 13 260 254 Zimbabwe 58 181 167 85 85 77 101 53 40 35 35 50 114 75 NORTH AFRICA 43 103 70 46 95 82 73 3 270 200 200 195 330 115 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 120 100 100 0 0 36 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 182 231 0 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 6 Tunisia 42 103 70 46 95 82 73 3 100 100 100 27 100 74 ALL AFRICA 1,042 3,678 3,696 2,956 3,113 3,489 3,022 2,996 2,805 3,049 3,361 1,222 3,459 3,165 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 79 5-10. Net foreign direct investment Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -768 711 879 2,498 5,590 4,293 7,496 6,681 19,135 10,164 8,941 683 1,277 7,298 excluding South Africa -3 1,567 2,135 2,724 4,124 5,511 7,574 6,064 8,350 9,030 8,842 866 1,648 6,039 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 736 979 1,458 1,965 2,585 4,291 6,101 4,562 6,299 6,549 5,596 734 912 4,378 Angola .. 327 303 181 412 1,114 2,472 879 2,146 1,643 1,652 346 221 1,200 Benin 4 8 4 -6 19 18 77 75 36 41 83 2 4 39 Botswana 109 -24 30 72 96 92 35 55 55 54 56 46 6 61 Burkina Faso 0 25 14 14 8 1 9 24 12 11 16 1 6 12 Burundi 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 1 1 1 Cameroon 105 -228 -154 92 100 -50 7 280 377 739 215 58 198 178 Cape Verde .. 2 26 28 12 9 66 32 32 22 31 .. 1 29 Central African Republic 5 -13 4 12 -5 7 2 3 9 6 .. 6 -1 5 Chad 0 35 37 43 37 22 28 101 462 904 728 11 20 262 Comoros 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 40 0 22 -208 -50 -7 13 -6 91 6 -22 Congo, Rep. of 40 285 123 73 76 41 519 478 218 247 323 24 55 233 Côte d'Ivoire 83 -25 233 267 419 383 324 235 273 214 102 51 30 272 Djibouti .. .. 3 3 2 3 4 9 .. .. .. .. .. 4 Equatorial Guinea .. 65 93 264 185 366 30 113 230 106 -159 0 11 136 Eritrea 0 0 0 37 39 30 83 28 12 12 11 0 0 28 Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 60 7 136 51 52 0 14 3 0 36 Gabon 24 -100 -109 -146 -63 -62 129 -15 -33 -39 -44 59 72 -43 Gambia, The .. 6 7 9 9 12 7 2 10 9 13 .. 7 9 Ghana 16 128 83 70 36 45 46 110 106 70 .. 13 33 71 Guinea .. 11 25 17 45 49 34 -47 -58 31 19 .. 25 13 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 78 4 33 13 40 42 42 127 50 50 60 25 19 51 Lesotho 4 38 30 40 40 172 170 128 110 29 41 2 31 85 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. 29 21 8 3 0 47 2 12 Madagascar 0 6 10 10 14 16 58 70 93 9 13 -1 9 32 Malawi 10 0 0 30 24 34 39 27 28 38 43 4 0 29 Mali 24 38 30 60 -14 16 16 89 0 270 51 16 0 58 Mauritania .. 3 7 0 -3 0 0 1 4 7 7 .. 4 2 Mauritius 0 -1 22 31 5 20 19 13 197 48 57 1 11 46 Mozambique 0 35 45 73 64 213 382 139 255 380 342 0 14 210 Namibia .. 104 157 152 83 76 19 189 353 177 139 .. 83 149 Niger 44 0 0 0 0 0 2 18 30 6 24 17 -4 9 Nigeria -739 588 677 760 1,539 1,220 1,473 1,502 2,051 2,481 3,246 206 736 1,661 Rwanda 16 0 2 2 3 7 2 8 4 3 5 11 12 4 São Tomé and Principe .. 2 2 2 0 4 3 3 4 5 8 .. 2 4 Senegal 61 50 35 5 115 76 142 62 39 44 58 43 -19 64 Seychelles 6 17 30 25 38 40 46 14 22 38 30 5 9 31 Sierra Leone 10 17 -5 1 2 0 1 39 10 2 21 4 5 8 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -1 .. .. South Africa -765 -856 -1,256 -226 1,466 -1,218 -78 617 10,785 1,134 99 -178 -371 1,258 Sudan 0 0 0 0 98 371 371 392 574 633 1,092 0 0 392 Swaziland 18 23 31 28 -3 130 87 75 46 85 -67 15 36 46 Tanzania .. 63 104 134 150 172 517 463 327 240 248 .. 30 262 Togo 42 6 5 24 19 1 .. .. .. .. .. 23 11 12 Uganda 0 5 2 110 110 158 145 177 133 181 192 1 13 134 Zambia 62 40 97 117 207 198 163 122 72 197 172 20 4 149 Zimbabwe -26 30 98 35 107 436 50 16 0 23 5 -18 4 86 NORTH AFRICA -78 .. 1,350 1,470 2,409 2,477 2,284 2,886 5,519 4,365 5,334 72 221 3,122 Algeria 281 0 0 270 260 500 460 400 1,100 900 1,600 -2 -43 610 Egypt, Arab Rep. 541 1,285 735 612 723 967 655 1,613 1,613 1,855 2,133 456 542 1,212 Libya -1,136 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -564 -19 .. Morocco .. .. 320 327 1,071 313 831 143 2,298 910 910 .. .. 791 Tunisia 236 442 295 261 355 697 337 731 509 700 691 182 247 508 ALL AFRICA -847 2,438 2,229 3,969 7,999 6,770 9,780 9,567 24,654 14,529 14,275 722 2,011 10,419 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 80 External Sector 5-11. Net long-term borrowing Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 7,868 2,460 1,927 393 1,816 -31 -230 1,512 1,680 2,139 4,426 5,847 4,702 1,515 excluding South Africa 7,748 2,460 1,927 393 1,816 365 -118 510 1,249 1,702 1,714 5,811 4,676 1,062 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 6,237 2,608 2,412 1,502 2,215 852 303 510 1,249 1,702 1,714 4,795 4,760 1,384 Angola 0 86 56 -538 241 -494 -327 -485 -275 -406 431 0 569 -200 Benin 56 84 77 83 23 32 37 -10 91 44 16 77 68 44 Botswana 21 -10 1 -46 -53 -30 -30 -24 -32 -43 -25 27 26 -31 Burkina Faso 55 80 83 73 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 48 87 78 Burundi 35 31 27 23 7 18 6 30 2 26 .. 37 73 17 Cameroon 500 249 -103 -81 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 313 289 -92 Cape Verde 3 6 16 18 7 36 17 12 8 21 31 10 7 18 Central African Republic 24 36 30 25 2 -9 -2 9 -9 1 0 17 66 5 Chad 3 61 55 89 68 31 70 18 33 87 111 21 65 62 Comoros .. -1 .. .. -1 -1 -5 -5 6 12 7 .. -1 2 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 271 1 0 3 0 0 8 0 0 167 .. 281 183 22 Congo, Rep. of 488 30 -67 -136 -30 -7 -315 37 -115 -178 -458 222 94 -141 Côte d'Ivoire 1,017 524 204 64 49 -10 -213 -206 9 24 76 636 277 0 Djibouti 8 17 9 15 7 2 1 .. .. .. .. 8 22 7 Equatorial Guinea 18 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 13 .. Eritrea .. 27 7 7 33 67 108 50 103 81 .. .. 27 57 Ethiopia 93 168 141 1 127 78 142 114 424 590 193 426 356 201 Gabon -109 38 57 -43 -23 -66 -197 -157 -245 -156 .. 52 137 -104 Gambia, The 51 3 8 43 11 2 11 8 13 42 27 18 17 18 Ghana 143 305 409 696 419 354 128 122 423 137 .. 68 285 336 Guinea 47 120 -17 11 106 -24 82 73 33 31 -4 44 142 32 Guinea-Bissau 72 25 13 23 25 8 -1 4 -8 0 14 22 36 9 Kenya 424 -289 111 -136 -190 -86 -195 41 -175 -35 9 251 253 -73 Lesotho .. 43 48 57 45 40 26 36 -17 -1 -24 8 40 23 Liberia 61 -14 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 61 10 0 Madagascar 333 .. .. .. 217 44 65 77 .. .. .. 171 136 101 Malawi 120 74 149 120 129 122 114 88 95 60 7 75 88 98 Mali 89 69 138 110 86 53 57 50 67 96 154 78 115 90 Mauritania 109 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 108 68 .. Mauritius 77 52 169 143 44 -18 -28 -116 -166 -45 -11 35 55 -3 Mozambique .. .. 196 222 199 151 64 .. .. 609 139 .. .. 226 Namibia .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Niger 223 35 -3 10 51 49 48 62 58 103 102 107 72 53 Nigeria 1,510 -148 -485 -1,109 -399 -487 -421 .. .. .. .. 1,015 -84 -580 Rwanda 25 20 43 53 62 79 99 .. .. .. .. 27 63 67 São Tomé and Principe 9 14 13 11 2 5 10 11 11 11 0 6 11 8 Senegal 171 7 4 67 127 52 -58 7 120 93 84 166 152 55 Seychelles 12 10 1 2 9 23 22 118 97 1 -9 11 10 29 Sierra Leone 50 47 40 31 34 35 11 69 112 123 112 31 29 63 Somalia 106 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 136 47 0 South Africa 120 0 0 0 0 -396 -112 1,002 431 437 2,712 72 27 453 Sudan 658 9 36 17 5 -1 -6 -4 -2 -93 .. 495 130 -6 Swaziland 21 -4 3 8 9 4 -4 2 -5 -7 -9 22 -5 0 Tanzania 318 158 131 61 166 120 152 110 72 126 475 290 180 157 Togo 78 34 19 81 29 52 15 15 21 12 3 84 35 28 Uganda 51 181 166 170 231 107 113 192 326 135 294 61 202 193 Zambia 388 109 110 80 107 -49 192 163 174 32 -31 205 132 87 Zimbabwe 120 171 33 63 -165 84 86 .. .. .. .. 55 145 20 NORTH AFRICA 5,250 1,148 1,818 1,007 -260 -1,994 -2,361 -1,816 -547 -1,824 -2,529 5,239 2,378 -945 Algeria 869 1,432 1,435 920 -377 -1,554 -1,899 -1,508 -1,787 -1,046 -995 1,435 519 -757 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,337 276 -252 -344 -47 -215 -622 -513 804 -749 -1,405 2,164 840 -371 Libya 110 -507 77 -14 1 33 -64 -35 -140 .. .. 101 157 -20 Morocco 1,584 -184 93 -28 -491 -85 -298 13 -466 -1,139 -1,133 1,167 632 -393 Tunisia 350 131 465 473 655 -172 522 227 1,041 1,109 1,003 373 231 591 ALL AFRICA 13,119 3,608 3,745 1,399 1,556 -2,025 -2,590 -304 1,133 315 1,897 11,086 7,080 570 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 81 5-12. Other capital flows Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,318 1,300 853 3,504 -2,914 6,694 -3,953 -26,562 -15,601 -9,305 -14,213 2,351 -896 -6,833 excluding South Africa 2,856 -1,076 -240 237 -1,304 2,050 -388 -24,394 -3,306 -3,693 -5,330 1,362 16 -4,041 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 3,073 -1,214 -831 1,761 -526 1,416 -146 -2,146 -1,544 -2,945 -4,128 2,534 302 -1,010 Angola 0 -443 431 2,528 -163 1,164 -597 -612 -938 -1,652 -928 0 116 -85 Benin 116 -65 -1 -25 39 27 187 -36 9 86 39 95 46 36 Botswana 124 316 -7 -217 -206 -34 -325 -475 -824 -211 -219 107 142 -280 Burkina Faso .. -29 -10 -39 -17 -104 -48 -20 -30 12 -60 83 -22 -35 Burundi -22 34 -1 -55 -29 -16 -7 -9 -19 71 -106 -41 -15 -19 Cameroon 705 -201 -329 76 147 0 10 0 -2 -2 -120 614 -283 -25 Cape Verde .. -40 -43 -22 -53 -116 -24 -22 8 55 20 4 -9 -22 Central African Republic 24 -47 -75 -31 4 -19 -54 -30 -90 22 .. 4 -51 -34 Chad -24 -19 -1 -54 -40 62 21 55 1 -15 128 -27 -23 18 Comoros -11 16 -17 24 14 -9 -5 -2 -3 -2 -1 -3 12 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 665 772 1,082 949 727 2 .. -151 .. .. 578 Congo, Rep. of 219 96 534 468 -117 -29 -205 -615 -229 -252 -351 317 449 -88 Côte d'Ivoire 626 619 -289 -488 -23 545 181 407 609 209 -1,540 355 562 -43 Djibouti .. .. 2 -2 -33 .. -2 25 .. .. .. .. .. -2 Equatorial Guinea .. -8 6 -32 64 9 279 434 787 877 217 15 -43 293 Eritrea 0 -84 -133 -125 30 -91 -1 -29 -23 21 26 0 -27 -36 Ethiopia -7 -36 -129 -220 -222 -77 164 -72 -77 164 104 -4 -123 -41 Gabon -337 -245 -153 -217 -126 -128 -83 -51 -59 -108 -151 -259 -119 -120 Gambia, The .. -36 1 7 -7 1 7 10 -96 -25 -12 .. -22 -13 Ghana -85 183 -92 -321 593 266 559 -413 -41 101 .. 49 156 82 Guinea -8 60 51 64 -40 4 -76 152 60 -30 92 6 42 31 Guinea-Bissau .. -52 -12 -17 48 37 33 50 19 20 60 -9 -11 26 Kenya 683 -257 2 59 288 -67 460 -42 -365 -212 257 115 126 42 Lesotho .. 219 279 247 106 -149 -141 -67 -51 8 67 115 67 33 Liberia -171 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 -45 0 -134 -48 -5 Madagascar 399 -24 -76 -7 -103 -141 -65 -211 -258 -14 -17 66 109 -99 Malawi 62 -8 14 103 144 -97 50 -17 -10 18 13 31 -19 24 Mali 34 -109 -169 -101 -102 -188 -111 -85 381 -689 -167 38 -60 -137 Mauritania -5 -107 98 40 -16 -1 -33 -82 -16 -204 .. 15 -98 -27 Mauritius 84 32 60 82 60 7 7 226 -15 -18 160 46 72 63 Mozambique -85 -554 -316 -113 -322 -360 -544 -621 -439 -788 -518 -90 -424 -447 Namibia .. -162 -388 -323 -167 -160 -209 -464 -245 -200 -179 .. -146 -259 Niger 0 -36 7 -35 -116 -25 -10 -11 -22 -14 -81 0 -103 -34 Nigeria -217 137 591 -1,524 -777 634 -242 -22,248 -1,762 -748 -1,203 -783 -286 -3,031 Rwanda 1 27 -46 -41 27 -46 -8 -15 -32 35 -11 -14 26 -15 São Tomé and Principe -22 -9 -15 -23 -22 -8 -11 0 3 12 10 0 -6 -6 Senegal -44 -39 -36 -27 -16 -20 -12 -55 36 78 66 -14 -1 2 Seychelles 0 0 26 17 16 -23 3 -40 101 78 23 -5 -26 22 Sierra Leone -57 -60 23 62 -24 -16 83 -3 113 -9 -16 -25 -28 24 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa -1,538 2,376 1,092 3,267 -1,610 4,644 -3,566 -2,168 -12,295 -5,612 -8,883 300 -911 -2,792 Sudan 504 501 474 842 605 815 270 467 334 304 313 287 420 492 Swaziland 129 88 288 37 -31 -10 -1 51 61 -34 -2 27 46 40 Tanzania .. -289 -279 -490 -938 -163 -329 -495 -312 -302 -730 .. -73 -448 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. 29 -127 -71 -131 108 122 -44 46 127 55 .. -52 9 Zambia -123 -295 -380 -331 -183 -431 -396 47 -130 -321 -227 -30 -337 -261 Zimbabwe 365 -176 -6 -132 -235 -182 -235 -161 185 -95 -193 87 -92 -117 NORTH AFRICA -573 2,523 -646 179 86 1,797 163 -3,397 -2,018 -1,643 -1,356 152 80 -760 Algeria 201 574 -180 -10 -40 0 -950 200 -707 0 0 -19 -180 -187 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 318 -525 237 -138 1,673 -411 -3,152 -1,400 -1,400 -1,300 0 -280 -713 Libya -481 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 161 1,100 .. Morocco -101 1,377 43 -144 268 240 1,293 -67 89 -70 -56 97 -171 177 Tunisia -192 255 16 96 -4 -117 231 -378 0 -173 0 -22 51 -37 ALL AFRICA 745 3,822 206 3,682 -2,828 8,491 -3,791 -29,959 -17,619 -10,948 -15,569 2,785 -816 -7,593 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Includes all capital account flows, except changes in reserves, that are not included in the tables on foreign investment or long-term borrowing. 82 External Sector 5-13. Use of reserves Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -4,741 -1,655 1,474 -6,230 -1,272 -198 4,761 -4,923 -1,233 3,833 5,490 1,175 -1,546 189 excluding South Africa -3,926 -2,600 -893 -5,042 -3,629 529 475 -5,725 -2,253 405 -2,036 987 -1,408 -2,019 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 619 -2,601 -494 -2,689 -568 414 -1,191 -1,766 -1,230 -2,337 -2,249 551 -1,373 -1,346 Angola 0 46 33 -245 150 114 -530 -631 508 207 -301 33 49 -77 Benin 19 -75 18 -58 -14 -9 -181 15 -19 -27 -45 10 -44 -36 Botswana -91 -530 -295 -332 -647 -266 -289 -89 421 -129 84 -55 -446 -171 Burkina Faso -11 -119 -145 1 35 35 15 53 -3 -18 48 -13 -37 2 Burundi 8 -48 -11 62 19 39 14 17 -7 -10 1 10 -27 14 Cameroon -162 334 -13 -81 -142 39 -4 -242 -170 -195 86 -38 -70 -80 Cape Verde 0 3 9 -22 3 8 -29 20 -15 -23 -3 -1 -1 -6 Central African Republic -10 -72 -11 -20 18 41 -6 -11 4 10 .. -4 -8 3 Chad 5 -19 -63 -5 14 20 25 -5 -5 -66 48 -3 0 -4 Comoros 4 -10 4 -9 4 3 -4 -9 -21 -9 2 0 -3 -4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of -35 17 39 -15 21 13 6 -15 -29 53 22 76 -23 10 Congo, Rep. of -59 -56 -6 -17 20 69 -60 -169 142 36 -9 1 3 1 Côte d'Ivoire 112 -799 -220 -224 -40 3 117 -50 -463 -586 -193 92 -93 -184 Djibouti .. .. 7 -1 12 .. -3 -5 .. .. .. .. .. 2 Equatorial Guinea 13 -1 -8 -4 -7 2 -29 -176 -199 -230 0 2 2 -72 Eritrea 0 -78 58 76 -112 129 22 19 -14 -7 16 0 -28 21 Ethiopia 40 -214 -79 -289 285 177 -9 51 22 -285 -262 27 -41 -43 Gabon -93 -137 42 -83 -39 107 59 -39 -31 -31 -66 -9 -85 -9 Gambia, The .. 5 -11 -8 -7 -10 -3 -1 84 0 -4 5 -1 4 Ghana 96 -164 -211 14 -25 -100 102 196 -79 -69 .. 25 -59 -22 Guinea -25 34 -13 27 -47 -71 43 35 -54 49 -1 -5 -15 -3 Guinea-Bissau 0 6 1 -12 -44 5 7 -21 -4 -24 -58 6 -3 -17 Kenya 37 -132 129 -426 -1 -58 -68 -148 -190 -21 -433 -63 -163 -135 Lesotho -41 -119 -109 -112 -89 19 75 78 14 -3 -20 -8 -11 -16 Liberia 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -2 7 -8 0 Madagascar -83 8 -61 -134 -54 104 -46 37 -98 53 -17 6 -13 -24 Malawi 17 29 -87 -109 53 -77 -31 17 12 111 -1 16 2 -12 Mali -9 -87 -68 -128 3 61 56 19 -248 219 3 -6 -66 -9 Mauritania 2 11 -131 -67 -61 -19 -23 52 13 113 .. 9 15 -15 Mauritius -3 53 58 -217 -84 -9 -28 -84 -185 -243 -319 2 -89 -123 Mozambique 32 -52 -60 -159 -115 -62 -68 -194 6 -98 -122 46 -15 -97 Namibia .. -75 -24 -23 -22 -53 -57 -14 -59 -16 103 .. -37 -18 Niger 53 -21 9 11 29 1 22 -29 -23 14 31 6 -2 7 Nigeria -4,545 1 -399 -2,353 -3,061 115 1,666 -3,959 -1,023 2,742 213 436 -35 -673 Rwanda 33 -4 -35 -8 -29 4 10 -10 -25 -30 29 19 51 -10 São Tomé and Principe 12 0 -5 0 -8 3 -1 1 -3 -2 -8 0 0 -3 Senegal 135 -75 63 78 17 61 2 71 -21 -95 -9 77 -9 19 Seychelles -8 6 3 5 -5 33 -1 12 7 -26 -42 -1 -2 -2 Sierra Leone 32 0 1 22 -20 -2 17 -10 -30 -28 10 19 -4 -4 Somalia 18 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 -18 .. South Africa -815 945 2,367 -1,188 2,357 -727 4,286 802 1,021 3,428 7,527 188 -138 2,208 Sudan 177 1 -23 -13 -23 -25 -36 -90 -91 -110 -109 85 64 -58 Swaziland -34 13 -30 -15 -26 -51 -21 7 57 29 19 -8 -12 -4 Tanzania 66 -107 -46 -81 -129 -4 -124 -148 -184 -371 -431 9 -21 -169 Togo 2 11 -12 12 -35 19 .. .. .. .. .. -18 10 -4 Uganda 55 -90 -146 -73 -132 -134 -33 15 -41 -173 -133 25 -52 -95 Zambia 162 -77 1,210 -52 -33 211 -19 -138 -84 -229 -116 152 -74 83 Zimbabwe 125 -17 -255 43 739 42 -77 -151 -127 -77 -47 46 -17 10 NORTH AFRICA -7,615 -3,944 865 -3,638 -6,982 1,164 2,139 -3,918 -7,760 -2,860 -3,438 434 -1,800 -2,714 Algeria -1,341 -1,122 740 -2,380 -4,180 1,090 2,350 -7,600 -5,741 -3,655 -3,834 -39 60 -2,579 Egypt, Arab Rep. 168 -2,106 -754 -570 -1,912 135 2,117 3,025 685 948 831 421 -1,173 500 Libya -6,407 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 73 -218 .. Morocco 30 -361 982 -292 -553 -247 -1,639 415 -1,985 223 -139 0 -433 -359 Tunisia -65 -355 -103 -397 -336 187 -690 243 -718 -377 -295 -20 -58 -276 ALL AFRICA -12,355 -5,599 2,339 -9,868 -8,253 966 6,900 -8,841 -8,992 973 2,052 1,609 -3,347 -2,525 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Excludes IMF credit transactions, which appear in the table on long-term borrowing. External Sector 83 5-14. Import coverage ratio of reserves Reserves in months of imports of goods and services Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4 8 7 8 7 8 8 8 8 6 4 3 6 7 excluding South Africa 5 10 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 7 4 3 7 8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 3 11 9 10 10 11 11 11 11 9 5 3 8 10 Angola .. .. 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 .. .. 1 Benin 0 6 4 5 5 5 7 8 10 10 6 1 2 6 Botswana 4 25 22 24 22 24 24 25 27 21 .. 4 18 24 Burkina Faso 2 6 6 5 6 5 5 4 5 5 5 2 5 5 Burundi 6 9 9 11 9 5 4 3 1 4 4 3 5 6 Cameroon 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 0 1 Cape Verde 6 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 2 6 6 1 Central African Republic 2 9 9 11 8 6 10 10 9 8 8 2 4 9 Chad 2 2 3 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 3 Comoros 2 6 5 6 5 6 6 8 11 12 11 2 4 8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2 1 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 1 Congo, Rep. of 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 5 0 0 2 Djibouti .. .. 3 3 3 2 3 2 .. .. .. .. .. 3 Equatorial Guinea .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 1 0 1 0 Eritrea .. .. 1 2 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 .. .. 1 Ethiopia 4 6 7 7 4 4 3 2 3 5 5 5 2 5 Gabon 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 .. .. 4 Ghana 3 4 4 4 2 1 2 1 1 2 4 3 4 2 Guinea .. 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 2 .. .. 1 2 Guinea-Bissau .. 2 2 1 3 5 4 6 6 11 17 .. 2 6 Kenya 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 2 2 3 Lesotho 1 4 5 5 6 7 6 6 6 6 5 1 2 6 Liberia 0 .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 Madagascar 0 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 4 3 1 2 2 Malawi 1 1 2 4 2 5 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 3 Mali 1 3 4 5 5 5 4 5 4 6 8 1 2 5 Mauritania 4 1 2 2 4 4 5 6 6 7 .. 3 1 5 Mauritius 2 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 6 6 1 4 4 Mozambique .. 2 2 3 5 6 4 5 4 5 5 1 2 4 Namibia .. 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 .. 1 2 Niger 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 6 2 Nigeria 5 2 2 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 3 3 2 4 Rwanda 7 1 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 5 5 3 5 São Tomé and Principe .. .. 1 1 3 3 3 3 4 4 6 .. .. 3 Senegal 0 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 0 0 3 Seychelles 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sierra Leone 1 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 2 Somalia 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 0 .. South Africa 4 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 Sudan 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 3 0 0 1 Swaziland 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 Tanzania 0 2 1 2 4 3 4 5 6 8 9 1 1 5 Togo 1 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 5 2 Uganda 0 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 10 7 7 1 1 6 Zambia 1 2 1 2 2 1 0 2 1 4 2 1 1 2 Zimbabwe 8 3 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 .. 3 2 2 NORTH AFRICA .. 8 8 9 9 8 7 8 10 12 16 .. 8 10 Algeria 6 4 3 5 9 8 5 11 14 17 22 4 4 11 Egypt, Arab Rep. 3 11 11 12 11 10 8 7 7 7 7 2 5 9 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 2 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 8 9 11 1 3 6 Tunisia 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 ALL AFRICA 4 8 8 8 8 8 7 8 9 10 11 3 5 9 Notes: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Data are based on total reserves, excluding gold, at year-end and on imports of all goods and services at current prices and exchange rates. 84 External Sector 5-15. Export unit values Average annual Index 2000 = 100 percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 121 97 103 106 101 86 88 100 96 100 115 6.1 1.9 0.5 excluding South Africa 110 86 94 101 95 78 83 100 97 102 111 4.2 1.8 1.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 130 102 112 116 109 96 94 100 97 103 111 .. 0.5 -0.6 Angola .. 64 64 91 70 45 62 100 85 88 103 .. 0.8 4.7 Benin 57 91 129 113 110 114 112 100 100 107 132 5.9 3.0 0.7 Botswana 82 103 109 105 108 101 102 100 93 92 122 5.1 6.9 -0.3 Burkina Faso 76 123 148 141 129 122 109 100 107 100 119 5.1 2.9 -3.2 Burundi 702 413 440 270 264 206 131 100 60 60 47 6.3 -7.6 -23.7 Cameroon 159 99 113 102 101 91 78 100 98 98 112 3.7 -0.7 -0.2 Cape Verde 159 100 126 124 118 118 117 100 100 107 132 9.5 0.3 -0.2 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad 104 83 113 124 112 120 109 100 121 118 162 -0.7 2.7 3.6 Comoros 144 104 116 113 99 98 94 100 129 137 241 .. 4.7 5.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 355 264 268 250 212 277 111 100 94 99 .. 0.9 4.9 -14.7 Congo, Rep. of 92 60 64 77 70 49 67 100 85 83 99 9.7 -1.2 5.1 Côte d'Ivoire 117 103 123 129 116 120 117 100 105 130 148 -1.1 -0.4 1.4 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 37 42 51 58 43 66 100 74 78 7 .. 1.6 -3.6 Eritrea .. 110 114 113 109 99 97 100 102 101 119 .. .. -0.6 Ethiopia .. 110 157 124 132 147 120 100 92 82 80 .. -0.6 -5.8 Gabon 248 126 143 168 149 105 104 100 141 154 191 8.8 -1.4 1.4 Gambia, The 92 108 113 113 113 111 108 100 94 86 80 3.4 7.9 -3.6 Ghana 44 99 112 114 114 118 103 100 99 110 125 0.9 1.3 0.4 Guinea .. 151 134 124 126 111 106 100 108 106 105 .. -1.2 -3.8 Guinea-Bissau 65 116 113 115 106 89 102 100 80 86 101 14.1 -1.5 -2.9 Kenya 139 89 107 105 121 122 102 100 103 109 114 5.5 -3.0 0.9 Lesotho 148 138 147 135 135 134 106 100 94 94 128 3.3 7.0 -4.0 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 55 73 82 84 83 90 88 100 104 99 122 6.5 0.9 4.7 Malawi 98 92 112 118 123 100 104 100 97 94 98 3.8 1.8 -1.4 Mali 150 115 139 136 115 115 104 100 108 100 125 3.5 1.8 -1.9 Mauritania 77 101 118 115 117 110 96 100 103 112 123 1.7 3.6 0.2 Mauritius 74 91 100 107 106 97 95 100 96 81 87 .. 5.1 -1.6 Mozambique 125 96 102 107 105 98 113 100 99 102 102 .. -0.8 0.1 Namibia 156 114 114 113 114 104 99 100 95 76 96 .. 2.8 -3.4 Niger 240 134 151 133 122 127 123 100 111 115 155 12.0 -1.6 -1.2 Nigeria 87 55 60 73 69 43 59 100 96 100 112 3.1 8.6 8.0 Rwanda 98 84 108 95 126 95 83 100 74 65 71 8.0 -2.8 -4.2 São Tomé and Principe .. 124 113 143 147 117 116 100 107 71 82 .. -6.7 -5.7 Senegal 160 149 175 164 120 120 116 100 101 111 134 2.5 3.1 -4.3 Seychelles .. 100 110 110 104 103 111 100 95 101 107 .. -0.7 -0.5 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 145 119 123 116 113 102 99 100 94 96 122 9.1 2.1 -1.8 Sudan 105 .. .. 132 137 143 95 100 99 112 122 4.8 .. -3.0 Swaziland 370 129 148 139 144 131 130 100 96 98 107 6.7 -4.0 -4.5 Tanzania .. 85 75 79 117 95 104 100 102 107 114 .. 2.4 3.7 Togo 116 91 107 112 100 109 107 100 91 105 117 -1.9 0.5 0.7 Uganda .. 76 151 129 138 126 131 100 79 64 74 .. -15.7 -5.6 Zambia 198 177 220 169 163 114 88 100 111 93 86 2.4 5.0 -9.4 Zimbabwe 241 145 149 163 158 109 100 100 97 211 94 0.3 -1.5 -3.3 NORTH AFRICA 146 85 93 98 95 85 86 100 98 95 99 6.9 0.4 1.0 Algeria 133 62 66 77 75 55 63 100 97 90 92 11.4 -2.4 4.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 107 96 100 100 105 99 93 100 101 91 84 9.8 1.2 -1.2 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 110 98 114 119 109 108 107 100 99 105 125 1.8 2.6 0.3 Tunisia 109 106 119 124 113 111 110 100 97 100 112 5.3 3.2 -1.4 ALL AFRICA 125 93 100 103 99 85 88 100 97 98 109 6.7 1.4 0.7 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 85 5-16. Import unit values Average annual Index 2000 = 100 percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 86 103 112 107 107 100 98 100 96 98 113 5.1 4.9 -0.5 excluding South Africa 78 101 111 108 108 102 99 100 97 100 113 2.3 5.9 -0.3 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 101 102 111 113 109 103 99 100 97 101 113 .. 3.2 -0.5 Angola .. 75 78 104 101 97 105 100 98 100 111 .. 5.6 3.1 Benin 66 113 121 120 111 115 112 100 100 105 129 6.3 3.9 -0.6 Botswana 99 117 124 114 112 103 101 100 93 93 130 8.1 5.4 -1.5 Burkina Faso 117 101 113 115 106 98 97 100 91 91 98 5.8 -0.4 -1.9 Burundi 304 241 269 227 241 170 113 100 82 73 34 8.9 0.7 -19.1 Cameroon 189 118 125 123 116 109 110 100 94 98 112 5.7 0.2 -2.4 Cape Verde 136 102 118 116 112 111 110 100 95 107 124 -0.5 1.5 -0.2 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad 96 107 122 135 121 119 114 100 76 76 92 2.2 5.4 -4.8 Comoros 130 121 135 132 116 114 109 100 97 101 123 .. 4.9 -2.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 422 397 336 465 315 422 107 100 87 90 .. -2.6 5.2 -21.0 Congo, Rep. of 99 117 129 126 110 125 104 100 100 88 87 5.8 5.9 -4.2 Côte d'Ivoire 125 78 95 102 93 96 94 100 98 108 133 4.4 2.0 3.5 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 52 59 73 81 61 44 100 55 41 287 .. 3.7 7.3 Eritrea .. 101 108 110 104 100 98 100 98 101 146 .. .. 1.3 Ethiopia .. 97 104 108 104 98 96 100 99 97 97 .. 0.1 -0.7 Gabon 81 106 114 114 101 102 99 100 100 109 133 1.3 4.7 0.6 Gambia, The 51 108 113 113 113 111 108 100 94 86 80 7.6 6.3 -3.6 Ghana 22 104 105 106 101 95 94 100 95 98 111 2.0 5.8 -0.3 Guinea .. 117 115 123 111 108 107 100 96 93 94 .. 3.2 -3.0 Guinea-Bissau 59 105 125 128 123 115 117 100 117 114 123 8.1 7.1 -0.1 Kenya 138 83 103 97 106 111 104 100 101 113 125 9.6 -4.3 2.6 Lesotho 88 106 114 105 107 100 102 100 88 83 122 8.9 6.5 -1.2 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 66 94 103 103 98 96 99 100 89 87 91 9.1 5.5 -1.3 Malawi 60 103 106 105 105 97 98 100 97 100 115 6.4 6.7 0.0 Mali 133 117 129 125 111 105 105 100 107 118 127 1.7 3.1 -0.6 Mauritania 91 102 113 113 106 101 98 100 95 96 111 5.6 4.9 -0.9 Mauritius 80 102 113 118 116 103 98 100 97 83 88 .. 4.2 -3.0 Mozambique 66 75 86 83 81 85 87 100 99 84 81 .. 4.0 1.3 Namibia 139 129 138 125 124 109 105 100 86 82 116 .. 5.1 -4.3 Niger 94 102 113 114 111 117 120 100 95 99 129 1.8 4.8 0.0 Nigeria 48 98 108 84 106 98 99 100 95 98 111 -3.4 17.3 0.5 Rwanda 172 93 98 103 97 86 89 100 92 102 105 5.9 -4.6 0.6 São Tomé and Principe .. 107 113 115 108 96 102 100 92 69 78 .. 4.3 -4.5 Senegal 101 112 112 99 95 92 101 100 104 117 155 3.8 3.8 2.3 Seychelles .. 106 107 107 107 94 109 100 95 101 106 .. 0.1 -0.6 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 111 107 114 105 104 96 96 100 93 92 114 10.3 2.4 -1.0 Sudan 101 .. .. 98 76 78 83 100 126 125 136 -0.3 .. 8.0 Swaziland 352 123 141 132 137 125 123 100 96 98 109 7.0 -4.0 -3.6 Tanzania .. 95 92 98 140 116 110 100 114 113 114 .. 8.2 1.7 Togo 90 88 99 89 93 89 87 100 100 107 113 0.2 4.0 2.1 Uganda .. 93 101 108 108 105 103 100 100 95 104 .. -4.9 0.0 Zambia 89 117 116 111 115 101 101 100 83 87 94 11.9 9.8 -3.5 Zimbabwe 284 148 154 167 163 112 103 100 96 209 98 5.7 -1.7 -3.5 NORTH AFRICA 73 98 106 107 105 104 102 100 98 97 104 5.5 4.4 -0.4 Algeria 79 108 114 114 106 108 106 100 96 100 112 5.6 3.9 -1.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 50 80 86 90 98 101 96 100 102 93 86 8.6 5.6 1.2 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 122 123 128 130 115 102 103 100 96 98 116 3.7 1.8 -2.6 Tunisia 89 105 119 120 113 112 110 100 97 101 114 5.1 4.8 -1.1 ALL AFRICA 80 102 110 107 106 102 100 100 97 98 110 5.3 4.8 -0.5 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 86 External Sector 5-17. Terms of trade Average annual Index 2000 = 100 percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 141 94 92 99 95 85 90 100 100 102 101 0.9 -2.8 1.0 excluding South Africa 142 85 85 93 88 76 84 100 100 102 99 1.7 -3.8 2.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 128 100 101 102 100 93 95 100 100 102 98 .. -2.6 -0.1 Angola .. 85 82 88 69 46 59 100 86 87 92 .. -4.5 1.5 Benin 87 81 106 94 99 99 100 100 100 102 102 -0.3 -0.9 1.3 Botswana 83 88 88 92 96 98 101 100 99 99 94 -2.8 1.4 1.2 Burkina Faso 65 122 131 122 121 125 113 100 118 110 122 -0.7 3.3 -1.3 Burundi 231 171 164 119 110 121 116 100 73 82 137 -2.4 -8.2 -5.6 Cameroon 84 84 90 83 87 83 71 100 105 100 100 -1.9 -1.0 2.2 Cape Verde 117 98 107 107 106 106 107 100 105 100 107 10.1 -1.1 0.0 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad 108 77 92 92 92 101 95 100 158 156 177 -2.8 -2.5 8.9 Comoros 111 86 86 86 86 86 86 100 133 135 195 .. -0.2 8.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 84 67 80 54 67 66 104 100 108 110 .. 3.6 -0.3 7.9 Congo, Rep. of 92 51 50 61 64 39 64 100 85 95 114 3.7 -6.7 9.7 Côte d'Ivoire 93 131 130 126 125 125 125 100 108 121 112 -5.2 -2.3 -2.0 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 71 71 71 71 71 150 100 135 193 3 .. -2.0 -10.1 Eritrea .. 108 106 103 105 99 99 100 104 100 81 .. .. -1.9 Ethiopia .. 113 151 115 127 150 126 100 93 85 83 .. -0.7 -5.2 Gabon 304 119 125 148 147 103 104 100 141 142 144 7.5 -5.8 0.8 Gambia, The 182 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 -3.9 1.5 0.0 Ghana 205 95 106 108 113 124 110 100 104 112 113 -1.1 -4.2 0.7 Guinea .. 129 116 101 113 103 99 100 113 113 112 .. -4.3 -0.8 Guinea-Bissau 111 110 91 90 86 78 87 100 69 76 82 5.5 -8.0 -2.8 Kenya 100 106 104 108 114 110 98 100 102 96 91 -3.8 1.4 -1.6 Lesotho 168 131 129 128 126 134 104 100 107 113 105 -5.1 0.5 -2.9 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 84 78 79 82 85 94 89 100 118 114 135 -2.4 -4.3 6.1 Malawi 163 90 106 112 118 103 106 100 100 94 86 -2.4 -4.6 -1.4 Mali 113 98 108 108 104 109 99 100 101 85 99 1.8 -1.3 -1.3 Mauritania 85 99 105 102 110 108 98 100 109 116 111 -3.6 -1.2 1.0 Mauritius 92 89 89 91 92 95 97 100 99 98 99 .. 0.9 1.4 Mozambique 189 129 119 129 129 116 130 100 101 122 126 .. -4.6 -1.2 Namibia 112 88 83 90 92 96 95 100 110 92 83 .. -2.2 0.9 Niger 255 131 133 116 109 108 103 100 116 116 120 10.1 -6.1 -1.2 Nigeria 182 56 55 86 65 44 59 100 102 101 101 6.7 -7.4 7.5 Rwanda 57 90 110 93 130 111 93 100 81 64 67 2.0 1.9 -4.8 São Tomé and Principe .. 116 100 124 136 122 114 100 116 103 104 .. -10.6 -1.3 Senegal 158 133 157 166 126 130 115 100 96 95 86 -1.2 -0.7 -6.4 Seychelles .. 95 103 103 97 109 103 100 101 101 100 .. -0.8 0.1 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 131 111 108 111 109 106 102 100 101 104 108 -1.2 -0.3 -0.8 Sudan 104 .. .. 135 181 184 115 100 78 89 90 5.1 .. -10.2 Swaziland 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 100 100 99 98 -0.2 0.0 -0.8 Tanzania .. 90 82 80 83 82 95 100 90 95 100 .. -5.4 2.0 Togo 129 103 107 125 107 123 123 100 92 98 104 -2.1 -3.4 -1.4 Uganda .. 81 149 120 128 119 127 100 79 67 71 .. -11.4 -5.6 Zambia 222 151 190 152 141 113 87 100 133 107 92 -8.5 -4.4 -6.1 Zimbabwe 85 98 97 97 96 97 97 100 100 101 97 -5.1 0.2 0.3 NORTH AFRICA 200 86 88 91 90 81 85 100 100 97 95 1.3 -3.8 1.5 Algeria 170 58 58 67 71 51 60 100 101 90 82 5.5 -6.1 5.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 215 120 117 111 108 98 97 100 99 98 98 1.0 -4.2 -2.3 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 90 80 89 91 95 106 103 100 103 107 108 -1.8 0.8 2.9 Tunisia 122 101 100 103 100 99 100 100 99 99 98 0.2 -1.5 -0.3 ALL AFRICA 156 91 91 96 93 84 88 100 100 100 99 1.4 -3.2 1.2 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 87 5-18. Forest products exports Average annual Thousands of cubic meters percentage growth 1980 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 8,169.4 6,802.9 8,820.9 7,031.9 6,930.7 6,823.6 7,170.0 4,763.8 4,364.2 3,787.8 4,288.8 149.9 -3.3 .. excluding South Africa 7,413.1 5,283.1 6,044.3 5,855.2 5,793.7 5,632.1 5,477.6 4,338.8 3,959.7 3,299.6 3,747.5 149.8 -3.1 .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 7,402.0 5,265.9 6,027.8 5,843.9 5,757.0 5,583.1 5,443.9 3,908.0 3,672.0 3,030.3 3,499.4 150.2 -3.7 .. Angola 0.0 0.2 0.2 2.6 0.5 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 35.0 .. Benin 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Botswana 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Burkina Faso 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Burundi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Cameroon 933.9 520.7 652.4 538.7 837.5 1,048.8 816.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 151.6 4.4 .. Cape Verde 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 177.3 73.6 79.8 113.0 67.4 37.0 36.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 150.6 -13.6 .. Chad 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Comoros 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 116.4 146.7 162.5 142.9 142.0 172.2 135.8 113.2 100.7 73.8 91.3 171.2 -3.3 .. Congo, Rep. of 384.8 642.7 940.9 937.4 816.2 608.8 530.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 163.8 9.7 .. Côte d'Ivoire 3,394.1 1,175.1 1,138.4 1,084.2 1,127.0 967.2 878.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 150.4 -11.5 .. Djibouti 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 16.3 133.0 133.4 141.7 129.3 125.8 142.6 400.0 380.0 0.0 5.3 218.1 13.5 .. Eritrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Gabon 1,149.7 1,353.2 1,342.5 1,459.5 1,244.0 1,392.3 1,447.1 1,684.7 1,729.3 1,358.5 1,631.9 154.9 2.6 .. Gambia, The 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Ghana 183.3 514.2 530.8 371.0 361.0 389.6 426.0 935.5 735.0 754.2 1,017.7 107.8 13.8 .. Guinea .. 8.0 8.0 8.0 12.9 14.9 16.7 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 112.1 16.4 .. Guinea-Bissau 6.2 5.0 4.3 3.9 6.3 11.8 9.3 5.2 5.4 5.5 7.6 117.7 15.0 .. Kenya 33.3 4.3 4.4 2.6 3.7 3.0 0.3 82.4 94.1 94.7 27.3 138.6 8.6 .. Lesotho 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Liberia 523.6 255.4 700.5 729.4 663.1 429.0 642.0 149.1 145.0 206.1 224.8 147.3 -1.0 .. Madagascar 0.4 2.2 0.9 1.7 2.9 26.0 6.1 5.5 9.9 8.4 4.0 111.7 35.7 .. Malawi 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 153.8 -8.8 .. Mali 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Mauritania 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Mozambique 31.2 5.1 10.3 1.5 5.1 4.0 1.1 148.7 137.1 139.7 158.3 68.8 28.7 .. Namibia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Niger 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Nigeria 11.1 17.2 16.5 11.3 36.8 48.9 33.7 430.8 287.7 269.3 248.1 143.7 16.5 .. Rwanda 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Senegal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Seychelles 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. -26.0 .. Somalia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 47.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. South Africa 756.3 1,519.8 2,776.7 1,176.7 1,137.0 1,191.5 1,692.4 425.0 404.5 488.2 541.3 150.9 -4.1 .. Sudan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Swaziland 420.8 355.2 293.2 284.8 254.2 254.2 254.2 240.6 238.9 299.1 269.8 163.6 -7.8 .. Tanzania 4.8 5.3 6.4 3.5 25.5 14.5 8.2 40.1 39.5 36.8 8.6 115.7 24.2 .. Togo 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 .. .. .. Uganda 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.4 11.3 7.2 6.8 45.4 .. .. Zambia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Zimbabwe 25.5 65.4 17.0 17.0 56.4 83.2 88.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 214.2 10.3 .. NORTH AFRICA 88.2 94.2 117.3 94.8 95.0 77.4 105.3 78.2 83.5 71.0 60.3 160.0 0.4 .. Algeria 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 3.2 6.2 0.3 0.0 .. .. .. Libya 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. Morocco 73.8 84.7 101.5 88.1 83.5 69.5 97.9 42.7 48.4 50.3 39.1 169.1 -3.2 .. Tunisia 14.4 9.5 15.8 6.7 9.9 7.7 7.4 32.3 28.9 20.4 21.2 135.1 9.7 .. ALL AFRICA 8,257.6 6,897.1 8,938.2 7,126.7 7,025.7 6,901.0 7,275.2 4,842.0 4,447.7 3,858.8 4,349.1 150.0 -3.3 .. 88 External Sector 5-19. Petroleum exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 118,522 139,704 147,182 149,457 163,988 175,457 181,569 176,951 192,021 185,673 175,420 -4.5 5.1 2.8 excluding South Africa 118,522 139,401 146,986 149,373 163,986 174,616 180,913 175,526 191,849 185,485 175,232 -4.5 5.1 2.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 21,791 55,114 57,728 62,056 67,449 71,053 73,462 73,447 79,076 74,785 81,674 3.8 7.0 3.9 Angola 6,334 23,497 25,315 28,654 31,441 33,410 35,108 35,171 37,853 35,089 42,943 -0.2 11.1 5.4 Benin 0 157 131 97 84 65 62 0 0 0 0 .. 8.8 -17.3 Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cameroon 3,407 6,091 5,278 5,014 5,354 5,532 6,200 5,503 5,797 5,528 5,218 81.5 -2.8 0.7 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 859 1,019 1,141 1,138 1,133 1,136 1,138 1,182 1,224 1,234 1,159 0.3 -3.1 0.8 Congo, Rep. of 3,432 9,201 8,725 9,047 10,272 11,809 13,125 14,087 13,617 12,501 12,109 12.2 5.6 5.2 Côte d'Ivoire 122 126 315 137 1,049 719 514 476 430 356 267 .. 0.2 0.0 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gabon 7,637 15,023 16,823 17,969 18,116 18,382 17,315 15,326 13,414 12,241 10,871 -4.5 10.0 -6.0 Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Madagascar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Nigeria 96,731 84,287 89,258 87,317 96,537 103,563 107,451 102,079 112,773 110,700 93,558 -6.8 4.1 2.0 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 0 303 196 84 2 841 656 1,425 172 188 188 .. .. 21.5 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,702 6,741 7,836 9,107 .. .. .. Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Tanzania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA 146,129 110,847 110,320 108,668 107,531 103,079 106,844 97,685 108,286 99,908 100,504 -3.6 1.9 -1.1 Algeria 39,182 33,246 33,254 33,108 36,722 35,499 37,040 36,802 39,652 38,207 42,632 -5.4 1.7 2.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. 17,146 19,259 18,134 17,407 14,611 12,718 11,162 9,925 14,502 9,690 9,706 20.7 -2.6 -7.3 Libya 85,054 54,893 55,661 54,587 52,801 51,999 55,715 47,602 51,156 49,193 45,192 -6.4 4.3 -2.1 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Tunisia 4,747 3,449 3,271 3,566 3,397 2,863 2,927 3,356 2,976 2,818 2,974 -0.5 -1.4 -2.0 ALL AFRICA 264,651 250,551 257,502 258,125 271,519 278,536 288,413 274,636 300,307 285,581 275,924 -4.0 3.6 1.3 External Sector 89 5-20. Copper exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,286 1,074 973 792 714 598 495 418 392 393 316 5.2 -8.6 -9.1 excluding South Africa 1,164 958 883 688 581 517 421 339 318 322 248 4.6 -9.3 -10.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,164 958 883 688 581 517 421 339 318 322 248 4.6 -9.3 -10.5 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Botswana 20 19 19 20 19 22 20 18 23 18 20 .. 0.2 0.3 Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 461 439 374 252 116 28 14 5 0 0 0 16.8 -27.6 .. Congo, Rep. of 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Madagascar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritania 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Namibia 41 33 30 34 35 30 26 25 18 .. .. 1.9 -5.2 -16.4 Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 121 115 90 104 132 81 74 79 74 71 68 13.2 -3.2 -2.8 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Tanzania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zambia 617 456 460 382 412 437 361 292 276 304 228 -1.8 -3.0 -8.4 Zimbabwe 23 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.8 -16.6 .. NORTH AFRICA 6 12 16 16 17 13 19 16 16 0 0 .. -3.3 -7.3 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 6 12 16 16 17 13 19 16 16 0 0 .. -3.2 -7.3 Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 1,292 1,086 989 807 730 611 514 434 408 393 316 5.4 -8.4 -10.1 90 External Sector 5-21. Iron exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 28,215 20,447 22,981 24,956 21,057 17,509 15,778 18,986 19,465 21,397 19,545 .. -3.0 0.2 excluding South Africa 17,482 14,903 15,734 15,780 9,988 7,474 6,114 6,276 6,722 7,196 7,000 .. -11.5 2.0 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 17,482 14,903 15,734 15,780 9,988 7,474 6,114 6,276 6,722 7,196 7,000 .. -11.5 2.0 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 11,695 9,052 9,231 8,540 2,607 670 853 0 0 0 0 .. -30.0 .. Madagascar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritania 5,673 5,851 6,503 7,240 7,381 6,804 5,261 6,276 6,722 7,196 7,000 .. 0.6 2.0 Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 10,733 5,544 7,247 9,176 11,069 10,035 9,664 12,710 12,743 14,201 12,545 .. 8.2 -0.8 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Swaziland 114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Tanzania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA 784 6 48 62 47 50 55 58 42 21 4 .. 4.9 -68.4 Algeria 699 6 0 10 9 10 20 25 25 5 4 .. -6.7 -59.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 85 0 48 52 38 40 35 33 17 16 0 .. -13.6 -5.9 Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 28,999 20,453 23,029 25,018 21,104 17,559 15,833 19,044 19,507 21,418 19,549 .. -3.1 0.1 External Sector 91 5-22. Phosphates exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4,277 5,983 5,877 4,995 5,544 4,617 3,747 4,154 4,919 4,496 4,290 0.4 -0.9 0.1 excluding South Africa 4,274 4,715 4,783 3,778 4,378 3,272 2,550 2,881 3,511 3,522 2,990 -0.6 -3.2 1.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 4,274 4,715 4,783 3,778 4,378 3,272 2,550 2,881 3,511 3,522 2,990 -0.6 -3.2 1.1 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Madagascar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 1,378 1,847 1,435 1,356 1,304 1,187 983 648 859 836 598 -3.9 -5.0 -2.6 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 4 1,268 1,094 1,217 1,166 1,344 1,197 1,273 1,408 974 1,300 39.6 8.6 -3.0 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Tanzania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Togo 2,896 2,868 3,347 2,422 3,074 2,086 1,567 2,234 2,652 2,686 2,392 1.9 -2.6 2.2 Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA 18,932 16,560 14,700 13,297 10,537 11,068 10,096 11,523 11,466 12,422 13,390 -1.1 -5.3 5.4 Algeria 768 877 970 735 804 800 449 575 671 993 474 5.6 -2.3 -1.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. 258 268 246 297 164 180 134 114 48 65 .. 12.4 -4.3 -24.5 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 16,457 14,260 12,407 11,672 9,143 9,132 8,398 9,527 9,420 10,141 11,669 -0.8 -5.9 7.1 Tunisia 1,449 1,156 1,077 593 426 956 1,114 1,308 1,327 1,224 1,247 -6.9 -2.6 -2.2 ALL AFRICA 23,210 22,543 20,576 18,292 16,080 15,684 13,843 15,678 16,385 16,918 17,680 -0.8 -4.2 4.0 92 External Sector 5-23. Cocoa exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 870 1,271 1,345 1,996 1,689 1,662 1,957 1,959 1,944 1,954 1,995 0.4 3.2 4.4 excluding South Africa 869 1,260 1,337 1,986 1,679 1,653 1,949 1,952 1,935 1,946 1,988 0.4 3.1 4.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 719 1,113 1,198 1,804 1,532 1,518 1,741 1,807 1,750 1,754 1,746 1.0 3.6 4.5 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -20.0 .. .. Benin 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.2 -70.3 .. Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 25.8 -23.6 Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cameroon 105 82 120 142 110 118 127 101 137 152 151 0.1 -2.3 4.2 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -21.8 .. .. Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -14.3 .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 4 6 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 -0.2 -1.7 -15.5 Congo, Rep. of 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 -5.1 -21.7 7.7 Côte d'Ivoire 332 744 795 1,138 1,090 1,020 1,253 1,257 1,213 1,214 1,158 9.1 5.3 4.9 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 7 3 3 6 4 6 3 5 4 2 2 -0.2 -9.2 -4.1 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gabon 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 -4.2 -3.0 -22.7 Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 218 252 253 478 288 333 319 405 362 358 392 -7.7 4.4 3.7 Guinea 4 4 5 6 4 11 4 2 3 2 14 4.3 -2.6 0.5 Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 -8.2 64.2 -2.1 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 4 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 9.1 -25.5 31.4 Madagascar 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 4 3 3 1 5.8 5.1 -3.9 Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -21.2 .. .. Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 30.8 Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Namibia 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -18.8 Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Nigeria 151 148 139 182 147 135 208 145 185 192 241 -2.6 0.1 4.4 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 7 3 5 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 -5.6 -1.1 -1.6 Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65.7 -3.6 7.4 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -6.2 Sierra Leone 8 3 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 3 5 6.0 -9.8 -1.4 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 0 11 8 10 10 9 8 7 9 9 7 -8.5 36.1 -2.9 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -27.2 Swaziland 0 0 0 0 6 8 7 10 4 2 0 .. .. -33.0 Tanzania 1 2 3 3 3 2 3 4 7 4 5 9.0 5.5 9.9 Togo 15 6 4 11 13 5 8 6 6 5 8 -1.7 -9.6 -1.1 Uganda 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2.5 12.6 8.6 Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -14.6 22.9 -14.5 NORTH AFRICA 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 6.1 11.9 24.1 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 .. .. 77.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 -22.9 41.1 -4.2 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 21.1 2.0 Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 .. -3.9 44.4 ALL AFRICA 870 1,272 1,346 1,997 1,690 1,662 1,958 1,960 1,947 1,958 1,999 0.4 3.2 4.4 External Sector 93 5-24. Coffee exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 819 755 787 945 897 784 797 932 678 647 557 -2.3 -1.0 -3.4 excluding South Africa 818 755 786 944 893 778 795 931 677 646 556 -2.4 -1.0 -3.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 816 755 785 944 893 777 794 930 676 645 555 -2.4 -1.1 -3.4 Angola 47 0 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 -17.7 -30.1 -3.9 Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18.1 -19.5 -27.3 Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.8 -5.6 15.1 Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burundi 19 29 29 13 25 35 24 22 19 18 24 3.0 -0.6 -2.3 Cameroon 92 54 63 74 59 0 86 89 71 48 53 0.0 -4.1 5.5 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 11 5 14 5 12 7 12 12 5 6 2 2.2 -11.2 -10.0 Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -17.4 .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 74 63 60 49 23 38 23 29 10 5 6 0.3 -1.9 -24.8 Congo, Rep. of 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8.4 -34.0 14.7 Côte d'Ivoire 207 122 135 145 233 215 106 308 216 144 119 -2.6 -2.0 1.4 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -10.7 -24.2 15.7 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 89 77 110 119 115 109 119 80 119 136 .. .. 3.2 Gabon 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26.9 -19.4 -26.6 Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 0 1 2 1 3 6 6 5 2 1 1 -21.1 12.7 2.0 Guinea 3 12 19 9 18 14 9 12 12 6 19 0.4 29.7 -2.9 Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 80 80 89 115 68 51 70 87 62 17 63 2.9 -2.9 -9.1 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 13 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6.3 -19.0 .. Madagascar 69 37 35 40 26 30 13 5 3 4 5 -2.5 -0.9 -27.4 Malawi 0 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 25.2 10.1 -6.4 Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 27.2 Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Nigeria 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 -1.8 8.4 -8.2 Rwanda 22 2 8 2 10 1 18 13 18 20 14 1.4 -13.2 26.4 São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -9.5 -8.1 25.5 Senegal 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 -2.5 .. Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 10 4 5 2 3 3 1 2 1 3 2 -0.7 -2.4 -6.6 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 0 0 1 1 4 6 2 2 1 1 1 24.9 11.7 2.0 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 39.5 Tanzania 43 37 48 62 41 39 45 54 48 36 46 0.8 0.3 -0.1 Togo 9 9 13 5 19 8 19 13 8 5 1 -6.2 9.0 -12.3 Uganda 110 202 169 289 211 199 236 143 110 201 40 -2.8 0.1 -11.0 Zambia 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 4 5 5 6 .. 16.1 40.9 Zimbabwe 3 4 10 11 12 8 7 6 1 4 6 13.2 -7.6 -9.4 NORTH AFRICA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -34.0 10.3 29.0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. -29.4 5.2 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 47.5 Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 6.4 1.2 ALL AFRICA 819 756 787 946 897 784 797 932 678 647 557 -2.4 -1.0 -3.4 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 94 External Sector 5-25. Cotton exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 459 696 731 787 873 959 908 981 935 1,059 1,078 1.2 2.1 4.8 excluding South Africa 459 696 731 787 869 952 902 975 931 1,059 1,072 1.3 2.1 4.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 459 693 729 765 837 943 895 975 911 1,048 1,046 1.3 2.0 4.7 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -27.7 10.4 .. Benin 8 74 99 89 112 128 163 134 108 146 117 -0.6 11.8 5.3 Botswana 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 .. .. -8.4 Burkina Faso 28 38 0 0 0 118 61 74 111 136 95 10.8 4.9 11.8 Burundi 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.4 18.9 .. Cameroon 26 59 54 66 51 61 73 73 89 100 92 15.1 10.5 7.0 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 14 5 12 12 9 15 6 3 7 10 1 -4.0 -6.4 -15.9 Chad 35 32 62 50 72 68 60 63 47 47 49 -2.4 1.9 0.7 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -40.5 Congo, Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 39 100 88 75 94 122 131 161 113 138 144 14.7 6.1 6.3 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 0 8 1 0 0 0 4 4 2 0 .. .. 19.8 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gambia, The 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 13.0 -19.3 Ghana 0 7 1 0 0 1 7 10 3 3 3 .. .. 28.8 Guinea 0 6 4 4 2 2 9 4 1 0 3 .. 45.9 -11.9 Guinea-Bissau 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 .. 2.9 16.9 Kenya 4 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 -18.6 50.8 -16.5 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. Madagascar 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 22.2 -13.7 2.1 Malawi 3 0 0 0 9 5 3 7 4 6 2 -20.5 -26.3 -10.4 Mali 53 90 105 130 140 160 138 164 201 185 229 9.9 9.0 9.4 Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mozambique 6 16 13 16 16 17 10 10 15 20 25 -8.0 18.0 2.9 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 .. .. .. Niger 0 0 5 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 0 -12.4 7.6 -11.7 Nigeria 0 3 2 22 32 9 7 0 20 11 26 .. 59.8 9.9 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 6 15 9 11 15 14 5 7 7 15 24 2.1 7.5 1.3 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 0 0 0 0 4 7 5 6 5 1 6 -30.6 25.4 70.5 Sudan 132 78 96 104 75 63 30 43 40 71 56 0.0 -11.5 -7.2 Swaziland 4 4 3 4 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 4.8 14.0 -28.9 Tanzania 31 60 71 82 69 23 30 30 30 31 40 -3.9 9.0 -9.7 Togo 5 43 61 56 48 45 45 30 48 30 49 27.3 10.4 -3.5 Uganda 2 4 6 10 10 5 14 14 3 5 2 -21.5 -0.1 -7.7 Zambia 5 1 1 5 17 12 25 3 5 13 35 15.9 -10.7 31.5 Zimbabwe 54 47 27 44 91 78 80 140 69 83 70 4.2 -10.8 9.5 NORTH AFRICA 167 114 68 23 42 67 112 63 82 161 197 0.1 -17.7 12.2 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 164 113 67 23 42 66 112 63 82 161 197 0.2 -18.4 12.3 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3.4 -15.6 -8.0 Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -19.7 ALL AFRICA 627 811 799 810 915 1,026 1,020 1,044 1,017 1,221 1,275 0.9 0.0 5.3 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 95 5-26. Groundnut exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 605 398 281 392 381 392 283 369 396 383 186 -8.9 -0.7 -3.0 excluding South Africa 560 338 245 353 323 359 257 339 353 327 161 -8.7 -1.2 -2.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 559 331 244 349 301 345 252 338 351 324 157 -8.2 -1.3 -2.8 Angola 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.9 .. .. Benin 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -27.0 .. -16.0 Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10.2 -4.8 22.2 Burkina Faso 1 2 0 1 3 1 1 2 0 3 1 -43.9 10.3 -1.8 Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cameroon 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 -39.5 -10.0 21.7 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -46.6 Chad 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 7 1 1 1 .. .. 1.8 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10.6 .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 -8.4 .. -4.5 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 9.1 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gambia, The 67 26 38 32 38 30 20 33 40 60 31 -7.7 -4.6 3.2 Ghana 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 9 .. .. 93.0 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.4 -26.1 -46.8 Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -24.6 42.7 5.6 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Madagascar 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 -44.9 26.8 6.8 Malawi 28 1 1 1 3 4 1 0 1 1 4 -17.8 -35.1 1.4 Mali 15 17 16 15 15 12 13 11 7 10 7 -11.7 6.6 -8.6 Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 8.5 0.6 Mozambique 10 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 -8.5 -21.0 -2.4 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -11.7 Niger 1 0 1 2 3 4 2 2 1 1 2 -38.0 11.2 28.0 Nigeria 1 7 1 4 22 13 5 0 2 3 3 -37.9 46.0 -9.4 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 175 164 98 207 88 103 155 238 260 195 74 -9.1 -1.6 1.3 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 45 59 36 38 58 33 26 31 43 56 25 -12.5 6.4 -3.8 Sudan 238 110 82 84 140 160 45 29 33 30 3 -6.0 3.7 -26.2 Swaziland 0 0 0 0 3 11 8 7 3 4 4 .. .. -7.8 Tanzania 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 8 16 .. 280.1 61.1 Togo 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 -36.2 -18.2 23.9 Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -21.0 Zambia 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 -26.0 14.6 35.6 Zimbabwe 3 7 3 1 5 15 2 3 0 0 0 -19.6 28.8 -29.2 NORTH AFRICA 13 16 15 10 19 24 14 26 29 13 10 -7.3 23.3 -0.2 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 13 9 10 6 11 15 4 3 4 11 9 -7.3 14.0 -3.1 Libya 0 4 5 5 8 9 9 23 25 1 0 .. .. -12.5 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Tunisia 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 618 414 297 402 401 416 297 395 425 395 195 -8.9 -0.3 -2.9 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 96 External Sector 5-27. Oil palm products exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 280 252 197 228 187 210 188 324 209 189 255 -12.2 4.6 0.6 excluding South Africa 280 249 197 227 186 208 186 322 203 188 253 -12.2 4.5 0.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 184 242 185 210 176 197 173 159 188 177 240 -9.3 8.9 -0.8 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .. .. .. Benin 13 12 13 8 16 19 18 14 17 17 26 -12.5 0.1 7.3 Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 14.3 Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .. .. .. Burundi 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -51.7 Cameroon 21 30 8 41 13 15 11 12 11 4 12 -7.7 3.5 -11.2 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 10 3 6 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 -23.7 -14.6 -39.0 Congo, Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -17.6 .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 99 153 121 103 76 102 98 72 86 97 106 -7.9 11.7 -3.5 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gabon 0 0 3 6 9 3 6 6 6 2 0 .. -1.8 -44.6 Gambia, The 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -19.8 .. .. Ghana 0 11 12 21 19 10 11 14 38 30 40 .. 21.2 13.0 Guinea 15 1 0 4 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 -3.6 -0.3 -29.7 Guinea-Bissau 6 3 1 3 1 2 4 2 1 0 0 2.0 -7.6 -40.2 Kenya 0 14 13 11 26 31 12 1 4 2 33 -52.7 326.3 -13.0 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 0 0 24.9 2.1 -35.5 Madagascar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 30.4 Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -15.6 Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 .. .. 112.7 Nigeria 96 6 11 17 10 11 14 163 14 11 13 -16.9 -28.8 8.6 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -19.1 .. .. Senegal 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 27 1 1 1 -55.4 13.2 43.6 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -11.4 -23.8 -10.3 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 0 3 0 1 1 3 1 2 7 2 2 .. 79.5 9.9 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Tanzania 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 15 6 3 .. .. 31.5 Togo 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 14 13 -13.6 -11.2 114.4 Uganda 0 0 1 5 2 3 2 1 0 1 0 .. .. -4.5 Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 4 4 4 .. .. 64.8 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 4.3 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 .. .. 98.5 Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 280 252 197 228 187 211 191 327 213 193 259 -12.2 4.6 0.8 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 97 5-28. Sisal exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 109 41 47 41 36 34 33 35 32 22 41 -9.6 -5.7 -4.0 excluding South Africa 109 41 47 41 36 34 33 35 32 22 41 -9.7 -5.5 -4.0 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 109 41 47 41 36 34 33 35 32 22 41 -9.7 -5.5 -4.0 Angola 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -30.8 .. .. Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -4.9 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 40 26 25 22 19 18 17 17 18 9 24 -1.3 -3.2 -5.4 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Madagascar 10 8 10 10 4 3 5 5 0 0 4 -5.9 -1.6 -9.8 Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mozambique 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -14.5 -11.3 -18.7 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38.6 .. .. Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.4 -38.0 33.7 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Tanzania 48 7 11 9 13 14 12 13 14 13 13 -12.1 -14.6 5.1 Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Uganda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. -0.5 26.1 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -3.7 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 40.8 Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 109 41 47 41 36 34 33 35 32 22 41 -9.6 -5.7 -3.9 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 98 External Sector 5-29. Tea exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 182 263 337 340 312 388 358 383 332 233 403 3.8 3.3 1.0 excluding South Africa 180 262 336 339 311 385 353 373 326 222 395 3.7 3.3 0.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 180 262 335 339 311 385 353 373 325 221 395 3.7 3.3 0.6 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21.8 0.0 20.2 Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6.7 .. .. Burundi 1 7 7 4 6 6 2 3 9 1 1 12.3 6.4 -20.4 Cameroon 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23.2 -19.0 .. Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 -8.5 -5.6 -22.2 Congo, Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 .. .. 30.3 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 .. .. 15.6 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -20.7 Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 51.0 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 84 177 259 262 199 264 246 217 207 88 294 6.7 4.9 -2.4 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Madagascar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 10.3 13.4 Malawi 31 35 32 32 40 41 30 70 32 37 38 3.8 -0.4 1.8 Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .. .. .. Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 4 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.2 -5.3 -44.0 Mozambique 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 -0.2 -23.2 18.6 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -7.7 Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -3.9 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 .. .. 35.0 Rwanda 7 5 3 3 13 15 12 12 18 15 15 8.5 -0.5 20.3 São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -8.6 .. .. Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7.6 .. -9.4 Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 2 1 1 1 1 3 5 10 6 11 8 44.8 16.3 36.6 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 39.2 Tanzania 13 22 22 22 19 21 22 23 23 24 21 2.6 8.0 0.8 Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Uganda 1 0 0 0 17 23 22 26 18 30 8 -28.0 22.1 -6.6 Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 .. .. 18.5 Zimbabwe 6 10 9 12 13 11 16 17 6 19 13 10.5 -2.6 3.7 NORTH AFRICA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 .. 21.8 23.7 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 .. 52.7 30.0 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. -1.6 47.2 Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -23.6 ALL AFRICA 182 263 337 340 313 389 358 384 333 235 405 3.8 3.3 1.1 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 99 5-30. Sugar exports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,148 1,742 1,590 2,358 2,663 2,879 2,597 3,556 3,152 2,680 2,516 0.8 -4.6 5.7 excluding South Africa 1,362 1,424 1,201 1,525 1,658 1,646 1,459 2,082 1,614 1,515 1,512 3.1 -1.1 1.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,362 1,424 1,201 1,525 1,658 1,646 1,459 2,081 1,603 1,506 1,510 3.1 -1.1 1.8 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .. .. .. Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Botswana 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 -14.0 28.8 22.1 Burkina Faso 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 9 7 7 91.6 .. .. Burundi 0 0 0 4 0 1 2 5 3 5 0 .. .. 98.2 Cameroon 9 0 1 7 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 42.1 -35.6 -22.9 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 2.9 Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 0 11 14 7 37 21 25 33 49 40 28 -1.3 -3.7 17.1 Côte d'Ivoire 11 33 12 28 41 12 25 71 53 19 44 142.4 2.9 7.3 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 2 2 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 5 0 0 0 0 1 65 50 81 41 .. .. 40.9 Gabon 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.3 .. .. Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 4 0 33 275 .. .. 132.6 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 56 112 13 55 31 2 5 4 8 37 39 19.0 148.8 -9.8 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.1 .. .. Madagascar 26 24 15 7 1 1 7 1 8 1 4 -1.1 -3.5 -19.2 Malawi 92 34 66 55 30 72 48 48 58 83 132 13.9 -13.4 9.6 Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 618 519 524 773 575 602 534 424 599 571 492 -0.7 -0.7 -1.3 Mozambique 64 52 54 25 59 20 20 69 15 14 45 -12.8 13.3 -7.5 Namibia 0 0 0 0 10 23 5 5 4 6 2 .. .. -23.4 Niger 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 1 .. .. 41.8 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 9 2 .. -57.9 103.4 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -34.3 -38.1 31.7 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 786 318 390 833 1,005 1,233 1,138 1,474 1,538 1,165 1,004 -2.7 -13.8 14.4 Sudan 0 136 20 49 145 217 103 114 109 22 36 .. .. -5.1 Swaziland 300 279 275 241 466 345 395 859 302 295 180 9.2 -1.7 -0.2 Tanzania 13 11 11 12 4 18 25 16 46 25 25 33.4 0.4 16.1 Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 6 3 .. .. 63.4 Uganda 0 1 1 0 1 1 5 2 1 1 0 .. .. 1.6 Zambia 0 7 36 69 35 89 90 76 101 104 50 60.8 -4.5 19.5 Zimbabwe 169 201 160 192 219 207 165 278 179 150 98 3.9 -28.8 -4.0 NORTH AFRICA 23 7 6 4 1 2 0 0 36 21 73 -29.0 9.5 24.2 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 10 7 6 4 0 2 0 0 35 20 73 -12.4 31.6 19.0 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. -20.0 -19.0 Tunisia 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 -28.6 -42.9 88.3 ALL AFRICA 2,171 1,749 1,596 2,362 2,663 2,881 2,598 3,556 3,188 2,701 2,590 0.4 -4.5 5.9 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 100 External Sector 5-31. Tobacco exports Average annual Hundreds of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,777 4,439 3,149 3,699 3,495 3,788 3,178 3,319 3,999 3,200 3,131 3.0 8.6 -1.8 excluding South Africa 1,705 4,269 3,037 3,611 3,373 3,643 3,019 3,175 3,634 3,012 2,967 3.2 8.8 -2.2 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,705 4,265 3,036 3,602 3,371 3,641 3,018 3,175 3,634 3,011 2,967 3.2 8.8 -2.2 Angola 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.7 .. .. Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -36.9 .. .. Botswana 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 32.5 -10.3 -3.0 Burkina Faso 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 .. .. 13.5 Burundi 0 4 0 2 0 1 0 0 4 0 2 .. 23.1 -0.1 Cameroon 21 1 3 0 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 -7.9 -14.1 1.1 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 8 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 0 4 0 -8.6 -18.9 10.5 Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 30 14 15 12 3 1 2 10 59 3 .. .. -10.6 Congo, Rep. of 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 9 -23.6 .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 0 0 2 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 -2.6 .. -0.3 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Gambia, The 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 0 5 2 7 4 2 3 2 3 2 4 -33.6 18.8 -4.4 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 .. .. 11.2 Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 0 29 30 96 51 50 44 53 122 108 50 9.8 31.9 9.6 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.3 .. .. Madagascar 1 0 4 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -11.2 -33.7 -19.3 Malawi 611 983 980 1,121 1,168 1,296 956 903 930 1,146 1,070 8.4 6.0 -0.1 Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 -53.9 .. .. Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 83 114 .. .. .. Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 51.3 Niger 3 1 4 6 5 4 1 11 1 1 0 39.9 .. -20.5 Nigeria 0 4 2 9 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 .. 46.3 -37.1 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 0 1 1 1 2 2 4 8 1 1 2 .. 14.6 10.3 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 5 5 0 0 .. 13.6 -14.4 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. South Africa 72 169 112 88 121 145 159 143 365 188 164 -1.8 5.0 6.9 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 .. .. 17.8 Swaziland 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -17.4 -7.1 -31.8 Tanzania 83 154 171 249 355 214 263 195 191 241 226 -7.4 8.2 1.8 Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4.7 .. .. Uganda 3 34 51 21 83 81 47 153 72 229 77 -8.6 33.1 16.6 Zambia 26 30 9 34 35 38 51 64 76 73 47 -13.6 9.8 16.2 Zimbabwe 930 2,989 1,760 2,042 1,650 1,941 1,639 1,771 2,211 1,055 1,354 3.9 9.9 -6.0 NORTH AFRICA 15 9 12 4 6 5 3 16 18 3 9 6.5 -3.1 -0.1 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 14 0 0 .. .. .. Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 .. .. 19.1 Tunisia 15 8 12 4 6 5 3 2 4 2 4 26.9 -5.5 -13.5 ALL AFRICA 1,792 4,448 3,161 3,703 3,501 3,793 3,181 3,334 4,017 3,203 3,140 3.0 8.5 -1.8 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 101 5-32. Meat exports Average annual Hundreds of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,436 1,154 1,418 1,322 1,151 1,412 1,127 1,180 1,096 1,290 1,381 -6.8 0.6 -0.1 excluding South Africa 895 1,070 1,114 980 1,010 1,220 935 960 871 1,035 1,187 -7.2 1.1 -0.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 895 1,070 1,114 980 1,010 1,220 935 960 871 1,035 1,187 -7.2 1.1 -0.4 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Benin 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 9 143 301 285 .. .. 121.2 Botswana 249 250 241 201 228 262 215 212 274 133 124 -0.8 -3.2 -5.5 Burkina Faso 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 1 -4.6 -36.7 43.4 Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -53.6 -27.6 36.2 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Central African Republic 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -19.8 .. .. Chad 0 2 2 2 8 9 5 2 3 3 3 -37.5 16.9 2.0 Comoros 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 .. .. 3.1 Côte d'Ivoire 2 0 0 0 1 0 3 4 3 1 1 11.9 .. 31.9 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 2 6 6 18 25 19 12 2 12 36 .. .. 16.1 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 24.4 Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 8 8 .. .. 93.6 Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Kenya 16 11 8 12 12 12 12 7 11 6 13 -11.6 -5.3 -1.1 Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Madagascar 72 30 49 24 8 1 0 1 0 0 0 -16.0 16.4 -58.4 Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -24.4 .. .. Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Mauritius 0 65 69 45 52 32 11 5 0 1 2 13.7 43.7 -44.5 Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9.6 .. .. Namibia 306 459 425 391 402 540 339 337 338 316 563 5.1 8.3 -1.2 Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 -20.1 .. 33.3 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Senegal 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 3.1 -11.5 16.0 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Somalia 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -40.8 .. .. South Africa 542 84 304 342 141 193 192 220 226 255 194 -7.0 -2.6 3.4 Sudan 0 40 65 134 118 146 96 86 65 84 18 -12.0 .. -6.1 Swaziland 35 10 9 10 16 21 22 75 7 27 32 -5.1 -8.1 14.0 Tanzania 2 0 0 0 1 2 4 3 9 1 0 -37.0 .. -14.7 Togo 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 6 14 5 .. -22.5 84.0 Uganda 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. -14.6 Zambia 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 -11.8 30.6 0.6 Zimbabwe 175 195 238 151 143 164 205 200 5 122 86 -16.5 -4.0 -15.7 NORTH AFRICA 34 24 17 13 19 20 18 17 18 20 25 -2.2 37.0 1.7 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -58.2 .. -24.4 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1 21 14 10 14 11 7 8 8 11 16 -0.4 60.0 -4.1 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Morocco 32 2 2 2 3 3 5 3 2 1 1 -2.5 -6.4 -2.3 Tunisia 1 2 1 1 2 5 6 6 7 8 8 -6.5 4.1 28.6 ALL AFRICA 1,471 1,178 1,435 1,335 1,170 1,432 1,146 1,197 1,115 1,310 1,406 -6.7 1.0 -0.1 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 102 External Sector 5-33. Manufactured goods exports Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6,286 17,107 21,771 22,148 23,429 22,081 22,222 25,339 23,604 24,140 29,756 4,989 12,596 23,832 excluding South Africa 589 4,427 5,621 5,917 5,582 5,358 5,250 6,318 5,380 5,223 6,522 569 3,434 5,686 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 589 4,380 5,551 5,871 5,542 5,218 5,223 5,912 5,292 5,132 6,426 569 3,400 5,574 Angola .. 72 78 105 101 62 75 132 93 95 139 .. 76 98 Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. 144 336 299 368 305 198 111 30 30 30 .. 70 190 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi 1 5 7 4 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 7 2 Cameroon 96 204 259 302 291 423 399 381 351 392 432 81 246 359 Cape Verde .. 2 6 8 11 2 1 2 3 0 0 .. 1 4 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 3 .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. 140 225 305 .. .. .. 97 129 130 202 .. 173 181 Congo, Rep. of 0 13 23 17 16 10 12 12 12 13 13 6 32 14 Côte d'Ivoire .. 1,018 1,288 1,274 1,193 1,244 1,223 1,207 1,183 1,427 1,672 672 839 1,301 Djibouti .. .. 26 27 29 39 46 46 50 55 60 .. .. 42 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. 21 31 41 20 6 7 4 6 6 4 .. 12 14 Ethiopia .. 52 76 61 75 56 37 42 86 67 72 85 70 64 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 119 378 467 458 458 440 420 373 438 510 580 88 192 461 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 33 43 55 73 .. .. 46 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 191 296 318 346 356 398 608 572 227 640 42 109 418 Malawi .. 39 49 69 72 63 56 53 79 75 75 .. 35 66 Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 .. .. Mauritius 108 887 1,004 1,104 1,098 1,034 1,135 1,171 1,177 1,101 1,240 117 606 1,118 Mozambique .. 3 5 8 20 14 14 14 13 13 15 0 9 13 Namibia 158 302 320 343 223 237 249 341 267 226 333 169 251 282 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. 47 70 47 40 140 27 406 88 91 96 .. 49 112 Rwanda .. 2 4 5 18 10 16 42 48 27 29 4 4 22 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 136 201 254 250 254 258 242 241 250 250 354 171 173 261 Seychelles .. 17 19 35 60 80 102 116 147 169 153 0 9 98 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 5,697 12,680 16,149 16,231 17,847 16,723 16,972 19,022 18,224 18,917 23,233 4,420 9,162 18,147 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 110 109 93 .. 31 26 104 Swaziland .. 52 66 80 82 81 79 62 2 3 4 .. 26 51 Tanzania 91 77 109 123 111 36 30 44 56 66 72 54 61 72 Togo .. 60 86 78 74 78 79 65 71 112 184 66 102 92 Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. 129 155 168 180 194 189 163 203 213 312 101 64 197 Zimbabwe .. 750 829 846 900 629 609 815 314 287 319 319 561 616 NORTH AFRICA 1,292 7,178 9,189 8,761 8,824 9,693 10,271 10,927 11,432 12,213 13,299 1,039 4,613 10,512 Algeria .. 28 30 31 40 42 46 81 124 133 148 7 132 75 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 1,127 1,655 1,314 1,302 1,685 2,080 2,845 3,187 3,321 3,648 .. 1,103 2,337 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 387 3,010 3,754 3,673 3,802 3,932 4,087 3,997 3,822 3,966 4,122 320 1,841 3,906 Tunisia 905 3,012 3,750 3,742 3,680 4,033 4,058 4,005 4,300 4,792 5,382 718 1,758 4,194 ALL AFRICA 7,578 24,285 30,960 30,909 32,253 31,773 32,493 36,267 35,036 36,353 43,055 6,027 17,209 34,344 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 103 5-34. Manufactured goods exports, growth Average annual Percentage percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1.7 11.3 20.4 9.5 8.4 0.1 3.9 16.6 2.1 -9.6 8.7 -0.1 10.0 6.2 excluding South Africa 388.6 13.9 7.4 9.0 4.5 -0.4 -0.8 15.2 -5.2 -26.4 9.9 845.4 16.2 1.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 388.6 13.9 7.1 9.5 4.6 -2.0 1.1 9.1 -0.8 -25.4 9.9 845.4 16.0 1.3 Angola .. 11.7 -4.6 4.7 -0.6 -20.1 8.2 1.8 -8.0 -0.2 6.5 .. -3.3 -3.0 Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. 189.3 120.8 -6.2 32.0 -14.0 -34.8 -42.7 -71.7 -4.0 -4.2 .. .. -21.6 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. -39.1 19.1 -36.3 -87.7 3.0 2.2 6.2 6.1 6.2 6.3 .. -2.9 -27.9 Cameroon 21.3 -4.6 -5.5 21.1 5.6 2.7 20.0 5.0 8.0 3.4 4.5 13.0 2.3 8.3 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.7 .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 50.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. -5.4 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire .. 19.7 1.2 5.2 -2.7 13.7 -5.4 7.3 3.8 12.3 -5.5 .. 1.8 3.8 Djibouti .. .. .. -0.2 1.1 31.4 14.9 -2.9 5.6 6.3 6.3 .. .. 8.8 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. 30.9 45.8 29.5 -51.6 -70.7 26.5 -54.2 75.8 3.4 16.7 .. .. -23.5 Ethiopia .. 66.6 2.0 -23.0 16.2 -16.1 -26.2 43.4 42.8 -11.8 19.8 .. -7.4 0.1 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana .. 33.1 35.4 4.9 -9.9 20.0 -11.0 -17.2 -13.7 20.4 47.0 .. 1.8 -1.2 Guinea .. -10.5 -6.9 -33.0 51.0 -6.2 10.5 30.3 -31.9 6.8 -5.8 .. 19.6 1.6 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya -3.6 -2.0 0.2 -4.0 -4.6 -11.1 17.5 16.4 13.7 3.3 3.3 12.3 15.0 3.6 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27.3 32.1 33.5 35.5 .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 5.4 46.5 13.2 17.0 6.7 12.2 55.9 -4.6 -59.8 75.9 .. 13.8 9.8 Malawi .. 18.0 12.0 46.9 13.4 -11.0 -9.3 0.3 52.0 -7.8 -3.1 .. .. 8.3 Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. 0.8 8.1 9.5 5.8 -0.4 12.0 4.4 3.1 .. .. .. 5.6 5.9 Mozambique .. -55.2 44.4 66.9 158.0 -24.4 -0.2 2.7 -6.9 4.5 9.0 .. 179.7 19.5 Namibia .. 13.7 -2.1 9.8 -33.3 9.2 7.6 40.6 -19.8 -13.0 51.1 .. 0.2 -0.8 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. 14.4 38.3 -30.6 -10.0 260.3 -81.2 1,386.4 -78.8 .. .. .. 0.5 17.1 Rwanda .. -38.8 175.0 -15.5 2.8 -46.9 61.9 93.7 14.2 -35.5 2.0 .. -19.5 11.9 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. -1.5 18.1 -8.3 27.3 1.7 -7.0 -1.8 5.2 -0.1 21.3 .. -2.9 3.1 Seychelles .. 64.8 -14.5 103.7 60.9 4.9 60.0 19.9 6.0 1.5 1.5 .. 16.5 30.4 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa -4.2 10.5 24.6 9.6 9.5 0.2 5.1 17.0 3.9 -5.9 8.4 -1.6 8.7 7.4 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. -10.4 40.3 27.5 10.2 2.6 -1.5 -18.8 -96.7 1.1 0.0 .. .. -30.2 Tanzania .. 48.1 41.8 12.5 -9.3 -68.0 -15.7 44.5 29.2 17.3 9.4 .. .. -9.5 Togo .. -22.7 88.5 -94.3 1,063.5 29.6 32.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. 19.9 13.7 14.3 14.8 12.0 -2.2 -12.0 26.1 4.4 36.6 .. 746.2 7.3 Zimbabwe .. 20.2 -4.6 5.1 14.9 -25.1 0.2 -9.1 2.2 0.8 2.5 .. 3.2 -3.5 NORTH AFRICA 2.2 -1.0 12.8 -8.5 2.8 16.7 18.7 14.6 -49.7 6.0 -2.9 9.3 6.3 0.0 Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. -5.5 40.1 -20.9 -15.0 69.5 25.9 39.2 .. .. .. .. 3.6 16.1 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 2.2 1.1 0.6 -0.8 11.6 -3.2 13.9 -3.3 3.3 6.0 -2.9 5.5 11.0 3.5 Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 1.8 9.0 19.1 6.6 7.6 2.3 6.1 16.3 -6.5 -8.2 7.5 1.2 9.2 5.4 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 104 External Sector 5-35. Food Imports Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4,901 5,787 7,086 6,982 7,552 7,441 7,005 7,039 7,330 7,725 9,202 3,296 4,946 7,485 excluding South Africa 4,477 4,758 5,775 5,694 6,099 6,231 5,964 6,063 6,412 6,742 7,971 2,833 4,277 6,328 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,316 4,021 4,715 4,765 4,879 4,834 4,448 4,490 4,741 4,823 5,528 927 3,454 4,803 Angola .. 215 205 275 365 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 232 282 Benin .. 85 134 136 130 138 145 137 143 .. .. 80 120 138 Botswana .. 288 305 292 297 306 305 247 224 203 184 .. 290 263 Burkina Faso .. 0 70 86 71 111 .. .. .. .. .. .. 58 84 Burundi 18 30 29 11 11 10 11 11 12 12 11 19 16 13 Cameroon 82 189 123 138 155 173 169 162 181 203 227 70 160 170 Cape Verde .. 65 79 75 78 50 53 55 58 61 65 .. 46 64 Central African Republic .. 23 29 22 20 23 23 18 14 15 16 20 27 20 Chad .. 25 22 21 18 4 4 .. .. .. .. .. 13 14 Comoros .. 9 18 12 20 18 18 9 12 12 16 8 9 15 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 0 15 16 18 19 20 21 23 24 26 27 10 26 22 Côte d'Ivoire 435 319 520 491 534 634 560 434 543 597 782 389 390 566 Djibouti .. .. 70 67 69 72 75 78 81 85 87 .. .. 76 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. 69 68 85 83 56 78 117 76 95 116 .. 45 86 Ethiopia .. 126 181 103 17 28 100 116 110 209 316 126 171 131 Gabon .. 166 181 191 189 166 138 142 149 158 168 142 156 165 Gambia, The .. 46 55 50 57 82 64 63 50 56 53 .. 26 59 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39 45 .. Guinea .. 76 77 76 77 79 82 87 93 100 .. .. 27 84 Guinea-Bissau .. 17 26 25 31 17 31 34 30 45 45 16 18 32 Kenya 109 79 96 136 158 162 156 182 207 146 162 89 89 156 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 176 161 183 238 .. .. 189 Liberia 86 .. .. .. .. .. 54 54 58 74 81 66 .. 64 Madagascar 89 79 67 60 49 54 46 77 84 61 96 87 48 66 Malawi .. 115 101 133 168 124 144 121 125 156 135 .. 65 134 Mali 103 86 111 113 111 123 105 111 118 .. .. 113 95 113 Mauritania .. 95 128 103 117 103 98 105 113 106 110 76 112 109 Mauritius 143 235 287 330 350 320 339 299 291 316 345 137 169 320 Mozambique .. 53 44 29 30 32 47 87 110 132 159 .. 53 75 Namibia .. 301 331 333 352 319 299 282 287 274 366 .. 282 316 Niger .. 16 18 19 27 36 .. .. .. .. .. .. 28 25 Nigeria 3,161 738 1,060 929 1,219 1,397 1,516 1,573 1,671 1,919 2,443 1,906 823 1,525 Rwanda .. 218 56 51 54 57 35 47 52 55 60 27 53 52 São Tomé and Principe .. 7 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 8 7 5 Senegal 210 293 364 353 289 352 359 305 360 336 479 246 294 355 Seychelles .. 42 42 58 75 80 81 81 102 112 150 17 32 87 Sierra Leone .. 52 66 110 41 36 28 66 72 68 61 39 50 61 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 424 1,029 1,311 1,288 1,453 1,210 1,041 976 917 983 1,230 462 669 1,157 Sudan .. 181 215 232 243 264 276 340 416 441 427 219 200 317 Swaziland 42 136 202 173 171 156 187 167 132 105 134 32 82 159 Tanzania .. 97 97 54 97 216 231 183 169 147 186 96 70 153 Togo .. 75 96 149 209 212 .. .. .. .. .. 118 129 166 Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. 55 98 25 12 108 .. 9 10 11 15 24 50 36 Zimbabwe .. 43 78 119 84 87 82 62 68 214 206 77 102 111 NORTH AFRICA 3,100 5,541 7,766 7,034 7,192 7,746 6,142 5,735 6,319 6,737 7,282 2,484 4,772 6,884 Algeria 1,992 2,206 2,762 2,601 2,544 2,657 2,609 2,465 2,704 2,958 3,166 1,558 2,096 2,718 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 1,982 2,760 2,513 2,885 3,194 1,799 1,395 1,473 1,469 1,632 .. 1,995 2,124 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 720 817 1,373 1,298 1,072 1,191 1,177 1,338 1,370 1,459 1,544 594 643 1,313 Tunisia 388 537 871 622 691 705 557 538 772 851 941 333 436 728 ALL AFRICA 8,001 11,329 14,852 14,016 14,743 15,187 13,147 12,774 13,649 14,462 16,483 5,779 9,718 14,368 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 105 5-36. Food imports, growth Average annual Percentage percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 42.6 -1.6 21.3 1.1 8.2 -25.6 8.1 -1.3 2.6 -1.0 7.3 11.3 2.0 -1.0 excluding South Africa 58.9 -8.6 19.3 -1.0 6.9 -30.9 16.8 -1.6 5.0 -3.7 6.2 20.5 1.5 -1.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 58.0 -7.8 16.4 3.4 -0.4 -9.4 16.8 -1.6 5.0 -3.7 6.2 20.5 6.1 2.4 Angola .. 2.5 -13.2 34.2 47.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -5.4 .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. -11.8 0.0 0.7 9.3 7.0 0.0 -17.4 -4.8 -12.9 -13.1 .. .. -1.8 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. 61.3 -4.0 -62.2 2.8 -9.6 4.0 4.6 4.6 4.6 -5.0 .. 8.1 -10.2 Cameroon 0.8 9.5 -27.6 -3.8 20.6 9.5 -10.1 1.6 9.8 9.0 7.8 -0.9 9.8 1.9 Cape Verde .. 11.9 12.5 -8.4 11.0 -35.0 3.5 3.1 5.4 4.5 5.3 .. 11.4 -3.8 Central African Republic .. -11.4 19.4 -26.5 -7.7 9.4 -3.9 -21.1 -25.4 4.5 120.3 .. -4.6 -9.0 Chad .. 25.0 -12.8 -0.3 -1.9 2.8 1.2 .. .. .. .. .. -10.6 -1.7 Comoros .. 32.7 77.9 -30.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 .. .. .. .. .. 4.3 0.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. 62.8 50.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. 10.9 -1.1 -0.7 9.6 7.6 3.0 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.7 .. -2.7 4.1 Côte d'Ivoire .. -26.1 52.6 1.5 7.1 5.0 4.0 -2.0 1.0 5.5 6.0 .. -8.8 5.8 Djibouti .. .. .. -7.3 -1.5 0.9 1.5 -0.1 2.3 2.4 0.5 .. .. 0.1 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. -12.8 15.5 -12.3 9.1 41.0 -23.6 -2.6 -22.9 10.0 -8.4 .. 41.6 -0.8 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. 38.7 -7.4 0.0 -2.0 5.3 5.8 5.2 -8.7 6.9 -2.2 .. 25.8 1.1 Guinea-Bissau .. -15.6 61.3 -7.9 20.2 -44.9 87.3 11.4 -9.6 54.7 1.7 .. 9.8 9.3 Kenya 37.5 -2.3 3.9 49.4 20.2 1.5 9.9 27.6 8.5 -29.7 5.9 9.7 -10.4 12.5 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -8.6 13.8 29.9 .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 53.4 -26.2 -19.9 -8.8 22.0 -22.2 -9.1 20.5 -10.6 95.8 .. -1.7 -6.6 Malawi .. -21.1 -11.6 24.4 18.8 -30.1 10.0 -20.9 -1.8 17.6 -18.1 .. 97.1 -2.7 Mali 2.1 -8.7 13.3 11.3 7.5 11.4 -10.2 23.5 8.3 .. .. 6.7 -4.4 8.0 Mauritania .. -5.1 -19.4 4.6 -6.1 11.9 -9.0 52.0 -7.3 -7.4 1.0 .. -0.9 3.4 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. -40.9 4.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. -2.7 10.0 -5.0 0.0 -14.4 -11.3 -10.8 -3.7 -9.7 26.4 .. .. -7.1 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 59.2 -11.7 31.3 -17.1 39.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. 20.0 -7.8 .. Rwanda .. 5.1 8.1 12.2 -10.8 -12.7 -3.8 -6.6 9.1 -0.2 5.2 .. -2.9 -2.7 São Tomé and Principe .. -14.2 2.9 -24.9 -14.6 25.7 -17.2 -4.7 5.1 27.1 -2.4 .. 0.8 -3.3 Senegal .. -34.3 10.6 -9.7 4.4 27.2 -2.6 -19.6 25.7 -6.5 23.5 .. 2.1 2.7 Seychelles .. -16.4 3.1 36.9 29.3 23.5 21.0 -7.1 49.6 20.3 2.2 .. 5.4 21.2 Sierra Leone .. -11.6 16.3 64.9 -60.1 -5.5 -25.8 131.1 11.3 -4.9 -10.4 .. .. 0.6 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -2.0 .. South Africa -8.9 26.0 27.0 6.9 11.3 -13.1 -8.3 -0.7 -3.2 6.1 9.7 -1.5 4.3 0.1 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.1 20.4 19.9 .. .. .. 10.1 .. Swaziland .. 0.4 52.1 -14.9 -1.7 -9.3 43.5 -9.3 -19.8 -1.6 4.7 .. .. 0.9 Tanzania .. 68.0 -0.1 -44.2 78.6 122.2 7.1 -20.7 -7.4 -13.0 26.1 .. .. 11.7 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.9 .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. 0.7 64.0 -75.9 -47.3 864.4 .. .. 10.6 9.2 .. .. 15.4 -18.5 Zimbabwe .. -65.7 71.9 59.4 -26.4 13.5 0.8 -40.8 135.9 19.9 -46.4 .. 19.3 10.6 NORTH AFRICA 5.8 -10.0 9.4 -10.8 1.7 17.3 -52.3 -3.6 -62.9 2.3 3.3 11.2 6.2 -19.8 Algeria .. 7.5 -12.0 -7.0 -10.6 12.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.5 -5.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 2.0 27.8 -15.3 14.1 21.1 -35.3 -13.3 .. .. .. .. -1.9 -2.7 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 5.8 -56.5 35.5 -6.9 -1.3 16.4 0.7 17.8 -2.4 2.3 3.3 3.6 5.8 6.2 Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 35.5 -6.4 14.7 -5.1 5.0 -5.2 -27.5 -2.2 -22.5 -0.4 6.5 11.9 4.1 -8.2 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 106 External Sector 5-37. Nonfood consumer goods imports Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4,164 8,952 10,568 10,665 11,798 10,445 10,192 10,336 10,447 10,089 12,705 2,937 7,208 10,805 excluding South Africa 1,849 5,644 6,746 6,594 7,432 6,339 6,351 6,113 6,445 5,839 7,387 1,212 4,809 6,583 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,849 5,644 6,746 6,594 7,432 6,339 6,351 6,113 6,445 5,839 7,387 1,212 4,809 6,583 Angola .. 712 1,069 1,119 1,263 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 536 1,150 Benin .. 92 144 146 140 148 156 147 153 .. .. .. 103 148 Botswana .. 459 511 475 539 559 632 512 464 421 382 .. 425 499 Burkina Faso .. 0 170 192 176 160 .. .. .. .. .. .. 119 175 Burundi 53 28 28 8 19 49 .. 10 10 30 33 43 38 23 Cameroon 136 76 64 74 179 244 402 432 428 685 839 222 178 372 Cape Verde .. 65 85 91 81 45 48 49 51 52 54 .. 51 62 Central African Republic .. 29 11 32 51 15 .. .. .. .. .. 30 39 27 Chad .. .. 14 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 113 14 Comoros .. 36 35 28 22 17 17 15 26 35 40 25 35 26 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 0 5 5 7 9 28 36 82 99 119 144 26 107 59 Côte d'Ivoire 629 457 740 668 676 766 681 420 466 513 648 466 419 620 Djibouti .. .. 35 34 34 36 38 39 41 43 44 .. .. 38 Equatorial Guinea .. 22 29 50 43 39 49 49 51 53 56 21 27 46 Eritrea .. 75 .. 24 100 210 181 74 73 13 41 .. 125 90 Ethiopia .. 165 159 207 259 252 329 310 360 379 423 116 155 297 Gabon .. 71 77 78 79 67 61 65 68 72 76 330 217 71 Gambia, The .. 26 34 30 34 36 40 39 31 35 33 .. 12 35 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 80 165 .. Guinea .. 320 389 313 355 378 156 119 50 36 .. .. 296 224 Guinea-Bissau .. 6 7 7 9 9 10 10 9 8 9 11 9 9 Kenya 524 808 614 637 882 920 832 831 1,070 913 1,172 307 608 875 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 116 106 121 157 .. .. 125 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 6 7 7 8 .. .. 7 Madagascar .. 236 299 309 353 387 417 479 571 385 795 89 140 444 Malawi .. 71 63 82 103 76 89 74 77 96 83 .. 61 83 Mali 181 176 159 182 168 154 147 165 191 .. .. 163 129 167 Mauritania .. 12 18 17 23 22 25 .. 18 33 95 23 28 31 Mauritius 46 163 186 204 179 181 188 188 181 108 130 36 106 172 Mozambique .. 170 140 137 137 147 216 175 107 129 132 .. 170 147 Namibia .. 185 204 205 217 196 184 174 177 169 226 .. 174 195 Niger .. 117 112 154 130 147 .. .. .. .. .. .. 103 136 Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. 158 69 71 120 105 133 91 122 114 114 31 70 104 São Tomé and Principe .. 9 7 8 6 6 .. .. .. .. .. 15 9 6 Senegal 151 186 215 203 202 198 201 187 212 198 286 139 186 211 Seychelles .. 33 65 75 80 87 75 64 61 77 110 8 23 77 Sierra Leone .. 16 11 11 4 7 6 19 142 121 128 18 25 50 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 2,316 3,308 3,822 4,071 4,365 4,106 3,841 4,223 4,002 4,250 5,319 1,725 2,399 4,222 Sudan .. 15 160 .. 87 38 365 391 313 148 .. 120 69 214 Swaziland 127 46 32 39 41 37 47 43 23 18 23 86 64 34 Tanzania .. 237 355 268 276 319 329 394 362 367 420 71 171 343 Togo .. 22 27 29 28 14 .. .. .. .. .. 61 55 24 Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. 167 199 200 125 121 128 125 139 176 540 .. 167 195 Zimbabwe .. 173 205 183 203 120 125 220 186 164 150 303 162 173 NORTH AFRICA 2,714 7,969 7,761 5,877 7,122 7,454 8,469 11,000 7,696 10,582 11,485 2,083 5,105 8,605 Algeria 1,785 2,027 1,757 1,037 1,095 1,314 1,422 1,386 1,507 1,683 1,801 1,333 1,885 1,445 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 2,159 1,531 121 1,167 785 1,621 4,087 435 2,734 3,004 .. 1,155 1,721 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 334 1,525 1,853 2,037 2,134 2,418 2,481 2,701 2,649 2,816 3,015 288 977 2,456 Tunisia 595 2,258 2,621 2,683 2,726 2,937 2,945 2,825 3,105 3,350 3,664 462 1,318 2,984 ALL AFRICA 6,878 16,921 18,329 16,542 18,919 17,899 18,661 21,336 18,143 20,671 24,191 5,019 12,313 19,410 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 107 5-38. Nonfood consumer goods imports, growth Average annual Percentage percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 19.8 5.6 9.6 16.0 9.5 -13.3 -6.0 9.9 2.3 0.3 9.7 4.9 8.3 2.0 excluding South Africa -1.2 1.3 9.4 14.8 11.5 -22.3 -7.7 9.3 3.9 -5.2 6.2 34.3 12.2 -0.3 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria -1.2 1.3 9.4 14.8 11.5 -22.3 -7.7 9.3 3.9 -5.2 6.2 34.3 12.2 -0.3 Angola .. -11.5 36.7 4.7 25.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25.8 .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. -1.8 5.1 -2.2 22.0 7.7 13.4 -17.4 -4.8 -12.9 -13.1 .. .. 2.0 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. -46.6 0.2 -101.6 -5,796.8 259.1 -130.0 -120.4 -0.8 735.0 9.7 .. -10.6 -9.9 Cameroon -40.2 69.5 -22.2 40.4 21.7 16.6 3.4 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 -3.7 6.3 10.5 Cape Verde .. -6.5 20.1 14.7 -8.7 -44.4 1.5 1.9 1.9 2.8 2.8 .. 7.9 -7.1 Central African Republic .. 8.2 -64.1 166.4 66.9 -72.7 -186.3 133.1 -16.1 -9.8 70.7 .. -9.7 -1.6 Chad .. -96.4 -4,951.8 43.3 -6.9 27.8 72.3 .. .. .. .. .. -31.0 .. Comoros .. 27.5 -11.0 20.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 3.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. 10.9 -1.1 140.8 -22.9 -22.1 8.7 -3.1 -6.4 8.7 -0.1 .. 3.2 2.8 Côte d'Ivoire .. -8.4 48.7 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.0 -2.0 1.0 5.0 6.0 .. -1.3 5.6 Djibouti .. .. .. -7.1 -1.5 0.9 2.4 -0.1 1.3 1.4 0.5 .. .. 0.1 Equatorial Guinea .. -8.5 18.6 71.3 57.6 157.1 -59.7 -27.2 -8.5 0.1 -14.1 .. 4.9 9.5 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. -12.3 25.2 -15.2 11.0 3.5 6.7 -2.6 -22.9 10.0 -8.4 .. 114.9 0.0 Ghana .. -30.7 4.8 10.3 0.9 7.3 -35.0 -24.9 5.4 -1.2 18.4 .. 15.5 -7.9 Guinea .. -3.0 10.6 -20.2 18.6 4.0 -77.9 -44.5 46.5 27.2 15.8 .. 2.4 -23.4 Guinea-Bissau .. 15.8 13.8 10.9 12.2 2.8 9.3 9.2 -9.0 -4.9 9.9 .. -2.0 5.8 Kenya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -8.6 13.8 29.9 .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 9.1 19.4 8.7 22.9 13.8 8.2 17.3 20.9 -31.7 81.8 .. 6.8 11.4 Malawi .. -17.6 -18.3 35.0 28.8 -24.2 19.3 -14.2 6.4 27.5 -11.1 .. 9.6 4.4 Mali 2.5 -9.5 -19.0 17.8 10.4 -119.4 -455.4 148.9 -40.3 .. .. -3.4 7.5 4.6 Mauritania .. -12.1 23.2 7.7 -7.1 4.3 -42.3 679.9 46.3 -95.7 -68.3 .. -12.2 7.2 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. 0.4 4.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. 1.6 1.6 3.0 8.5 -7.1 -3.8 -3.2 4.4 -2.1 37.1 .. .. -0.3 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. 3.3 -45.0 -83.6 552.5 15.0 55.2 -67.5 54.1 -98.2 .. .. 7.5 -22.8 São Tomé and Principe .. -20.2 -31.9 17.6 5.1 -57.9 152.8 27.8 -48.6 -2.7 -30.0 .. -1.9 -3.1 Senegal .. -33.8 2.7 -12.1 27.2 2.0 -2.7 -12.0 21.2 -6.9 25.3 .. -0.2 2.0 Seychelles .. -25.4 101.5 22.7 3.8 17.6 -13.7 -25.3 7.9 39.1 4.0 .. 15.3 6.8 Sierra Leone .. -17.7 -38.2 4.1 -58.2 66.6 -8.0 189.4 647.6 -14.1 6.0 .. .. 34.6 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.4 .. South Africa 28.2 11.8 9.9 17.5 7.0 -1.7 -4.2 10.4 0.7 5.9 12.9 -0.1 4.7 4.6 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. 842.7 4.5 -21.7 .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. -41.0 -28.4 20.7 4.1 -10.6 47.6 -4.0 -43.8 1.8 4.6 .. .. -2.0 Tanzania .. -19.1 49.9 -24.7 3.2 15.6 3.2 19.6 -8.0 1.2 14.5 .. .. 4.7 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.9 .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. .. 12.5 5.7 -32.6 -0.1 6.6 -0.2 12.7 25.5 .. .. .. -0.6 Zimbabwe .. 40.9 11.7 -6.2 15.5 -59.5 0.8 25.3 -5.4 -11.7 -21.7 .. -7.0 -10.3 NORTH AFRICA 1.5 35.9 -4.9 -22.1 22.8 3.0 33.7 33.4 -54.4 5.0 5.4 4.5 -1.2 0.7 Algeria .. 73.2 17.3 -16.7 -27.0 5.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. -11.3 -10.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 44.1 -34.9 -92.6 858.0 -26.3 336.0 53.6 .. .. .. .. 21.1 24.1 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 1.5 6.8 18.0 28.3 13.8 13.2 5.1 12.7 9.0 5.0 5.4 -4.9 11.1 12.7 Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 16.0 15.4 4.1 2.8 13.0 -8.7 6.8 19.4 -23.3 1.6 8.5 5.8 4.2 1.7 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 108 External Sector 5-39. Fuel imports Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4,587 4,511 5,204 5,830 5,931 5,306 5,637 7,948 9,653 11,421 13,412 2,818 3,930 7,816 excluding South Africa 2,698 3,464 3,873 4,627 4,747 4,357 4,501 6,219 8,078 9,960 11,584 1,675 3,006 6,439 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 2,358 3,378 3,755 4,538 4,604 4,234 4,349 6,060 5,680 5,487 5,738 1,405 2,949 4,938 Angola .. 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 Benin .. 27 43 54 48 64 56 66 55 60 66 34 31 57 Botswana .. 93 98 110 127 125 107 87 79 71 65 .. 117 96 Burkina Faso .. 45 52 73 69 72 81 91 93 102 .. .. 72 79 Burundi 25 29 27 18 14 14 19 20 21 22 23 30 27 20 Cameroon 187 7 139 151 136 149 12 24 63 58 54 96 11 87 Cape Verde .. 5 10 9 9 7 11 20 26 26 26 .. 7 16 Central African Republic .. 11 17 13 15 14 13 16 17 18 19 17 17 16 Chad .. 13 22 24 22 22 24 21 27 43 51 20 21 28 Comoros .. 6 8 4 4 4 5 7 10 11 16 5 5 8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 49 43 43 51 .. .. 47 Congo, Rep. of 0 367 187 215 225 216 221 229 237 246 257 2 100 226 Côte d'Ivoire 557 399 468 645 513 448 535 842 671 535 590 433 377 583 Djibouti .. .. 14 14 14 11 11 12 12 13 13 .. .. 13 Equatorial Guinea .. 3 3 5 11 11 13 13 14 14 13 5 5 11 Eritrea .. 29 38 48 46 21 33 42 49 49 54 .. 10 42 Ethiopia .. 222 169 148 147 143 111 250 292 268 288 183 138 202 Gabon .. 161 173 221 217 216 162 177 187 199 212 44 37 196 Gambia, The .. 30 45 40 29 23 25 25 19 22 21 .. 17 28 Ghana .. 176 194 266 240 220 342 533 257 275 .. 168 165 291 Guinea .. 69 82 87 90 86 93 99 107 116 .. .. 63 95 Guinea-Bissau .. 6 8 9 9 6 7 10 9 14 12 9 7 10 Kenya 852 333 401 448 519 532 527 850 721 764 927 456 374 632 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 30 35 45 .. .. 36 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 36 38 61 25 .. .. 36 Madagascar 159 72 81 106 117 101 124 212 168 217 213 123 71 149 Malawi .. 32 28 37 46 34 40 33 34 43 37 .. 37 37 Mali 120 52 85 102 105 88 112 166 147 .. .. 99 70 115 Mauritania .. 36 51 43 69 50 61 99 95 108 125 43 37 78 Mauritius 84 116 123 146 169 159 135 151 236 184 195 85 99 166 Mozambique .. 82 68 78 78 84 124 144 170 187 249 .. 82 131 Namibia .. 83 91 92 97 88 82 78 79 75 101 .. 78 87 Niger .. 20 35 32 28 23 .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 30 Nigeria 340 86 118 89 143 123 152 159 2,398 4,473 5,846 270 57 1,500 Rwanda .. 24 22 27 37 35 46 94 73 74 70 49 44 53 São Tomé and Principe .. 2 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 .. 1 4 Senegal 276 142 138 176 191 157 209 341 317 285 452 272 157 252 Seychelles .. 32 30 43 50 36 43 74 70 60 59 26 29 52 Sierra Leone .. 29 24 23 15 25 21 29 36 38 40 45 26 28 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 1,889 1,047 1,331 1,203 1,184 949 1,136 1,729 1,575 1,461 1,828 1,143 924 1,377 Sudan .. 178 194 306 299 256 184 108 130 131 75 351 239 187 Swaziland 99 42 78 136 150 153 143 140 97 77 98 57 77 119 Tanzania .. 124 186 189 173 97 148 143 221 195 375 247 161 192 Togo .. 22 41 34 42 38 .. .. .. .. .. 33 29 39 Uganda .. 55 64 90 92 84 108 143 136 123 134 91 69 108 Zambia .. 56 41 51 87 42 115 177 220 247 230 144 78 134 Zimbabwe .. 150 176 222 250 277 223 372 369 379 456 213 171 303 NORTH AFRICA 2,065 2,270 2,554 2,856 3,934 3,616 3,222 5,424 5,775 5,078 4,920 1,237 2,300 4,153 Algeria 259 150 115 110 132 110 127 106 112 113 115 149 162 116 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 542 721 854 1,909 2,188 1,228 2,451 3,233 2,497 2,270 .. 1,040 1,928 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 1,006 1,113 1,177 1,285 1,296 922 1,326 2,039 2,026 2,086 2,170 745 924 1,592 Tunisia 799 466 541 607 597 396 541 827 403 383 364 387 382 518 ALL AFRICA 6,652 6,781 7,758 8,687 9,864 8,923 8,859 13,372 15,429 16,499 18,332 4,054 6,230 11,969 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 109 5-40. Fuel imports, growth Average annual Percentage percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 35.1 -4.4 14.8 -2.8 5.2 3.3 2.1 3.0 -0.6 -1.5 -31.3 5.7 1.3 2.5 excluding South Africa 43.6 -21.5 14.8 9.1 15.0 14.2 -2.1 -1.0 -0.7 -5.5 3.6 11.9 3.3 5.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 75.8 -23.7 14.3 11.5 13.3 19.2 -2.1 -1.0 -0.7 -5.5 3.6 20.9 3.4 6.2 Angola .. -33.3 -50.0 -100.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. -32.5 -0.5 18.0 24.1 2.2 -14.1 -17.4 -4.8 -12.9 -13.1 .. .. -1.4 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. 29.0 -15.1 -42.3 -19.8 50.0 20.0 -3.8 2.9 4.0 4.0 .. 0.9 -1.0 Cameroon 9.7 -38.3 40.6 -12.9 101.9 -4.4 -44.7 255.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 -42.7 -0.1 23.8 Cape Verde .. -15.1 91.5 -9.9 -1.1 -18.2 13.5 12.0 4.8 5.2 4.0 .. 1.0 4.4 Central African Republic .. -28.1 46.2 -25.4 18.6 -12.5 -9.0 15.4 6.8 1.5 3.0 .. -3.2 0.9 Chad .. 190.0 35.4 20.5 9.3 124.3 135.4 .. .. .. .. .. -16.1 51.5 Comoros .. 42.0 13.8 -47.9 2.0 2.5 2.9 .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 -10.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. 10.9 -1.1 -3.6 12.7 9.4 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.5 4.0 .. 0.2 4.3 Côte d'Ivoire .. 27.1 9.8 9.5 6.2 4.8 3.5 -5.7 -2.0 1.3 2.1 .. -1.4 3.0 Djibouti .. .. .. -7.2 -1.7 -25.8 2.4 -0.5 1.3 2.4 0.5 .. .. -5.3 Equatorial Guinea .. -4.5 15.8 23.9 126.9 5.3 24.7 1.9 3.9 -1.2 -21.7 .. -2.2 23.3 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.3 .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. 4.1 45.1 -13.5 -29.4 -21.7 3.7 -2.6 -22.9 10.0 -8.4 .. 23.7 -10.1 Ghana .. 19.0 3.9 9.9 17.9 22.7 22.8 38.1 2.1 1.3 9.3 .. 3.3 17.1 Guinea .. 0.1 10.2 11.1 1.5 7.7 5.4 6.5 -13.0 0.6 7.6 .. 2.9 3.6 Guinea-Bissau .. 137.1 44.3 14.9 4.0 -33.1 15.0 47.3 -8.2 53.8 -8.2 .. -2.1 8.3 Kenya 89.1 -14.7 8.6 17.5 20.7 33.6 -14.5 14.6 -3.1 3.2 14.2 19.6 3.5 9.8 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -8.6 13.8 29.9 .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. -14.4 3.8 11.6 16.9 27.3 -12.2 8.7 1.5 -25.9 -10.3 .. 2.1 5.3 Malawi .. -9.4 -18.2 10.6 5.6 -37.8 -2.2 -29.7 -12.7 4.6 -27.1 .. -2.2 -13.2 Mali 3.0 12.9 28.3 14.8 20.2 70.0 -10.6 -6.6 3.1 .. .. 0.7 4.0 15.9 Mauritania .. -2.6 158.8 3.3 -6.1 15.0 17.1 -23.9 10.3 40.5 8.0 .. 1.4 10.6 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. 7.8 -62.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. 11.7 1.7 -15.5 -11.1 -23.8 -21.1 -20.7 -14.4 -19.7 12.4 .. .. -17.2 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria -35.3 98.6 26.6 -36.1 70.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. -10.6 -1.8 .. Rwanda .. -5.4 8.0 3.5 26.4 60.5 -14.5 -3.4 3.1 32.0 32.0 .. -8.7 12.1 São Tomé and Principe .. -1.9 36.5 6.2 40.8 -12.3 17.2 -35.0 4.4 16.6 9.7 .. .. 3.5 Senegal .. -37.7 -13.3 18.8 38.4 -14.5 27.2 55.2 -1.1 -10.1 37.4 .. -4.7 14.0 Seychelles .. -3.4 -8.6 37.6 16.1 5.9 2.2 10.2 9.8 -9.8 4.0 .. 6.1 8.9 Sierra Leone .. 27.3 -25.5 -1.1 -28.4 69.4 -18.4 38.1 24.3 5.1 5.9 .. .. 6.2 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -11.2 .. South Africa 33.1 8.0 14.8 -9.1 -0.9 -4.7 5.7 6.2 -0.5 1.4 -55.9 4.0 0.1 0.7 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. -29.1 -42.6 17.9 .. .. .. -15.0 .. Swaziland .. -49.9 39.0 87.0 18.3 9.4 -32.4 -36.8 -55.3 -37.4 3.9 .. .. -11.7 Tanzania .. 23.5 49.6 1.7 -8.5 -43.9 52.5 -3.7 54.8 -11.7 92.5 .. .. 2.7 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.4 .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. 25.2 -31.7 4.6 82.1 -29.5 98.0 -0.4 44.3 9.0 .. .. -4.4 18.9 Zimbabwe .. -39.1 8.5 6.3 19.4 34.8 -31.3 -25.5 -8.4 -5.6 3.2 .. 7.9 -3.1 NORTH AFRICA 19.0 -11.2 5.7 -5.3 30.3 33.6 -20.0 17.7 -43.4 4.0 9.0 6.0 6.8 0.9 Algeria .. 5.9 1.3 -12.8 -9.9 30.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. -0.6 -1.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. -53.2 31.9 4.1 80.0 65.9 -41.9 34.2 .. .. .. .. -6.6 22.9 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 19.0 31.2 -3.8 -9.5 4.4 0.8 24.8 4.7 13.6 4.0 9.0 3.8 6.2 5.6 Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 33.5 -6.4 12.3 -3.5 11.7 12.4 -5.8 7.4 -14.8 -0.3 -22.0 5.8 2.6 2.2 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 110 External Sector 5-41. Primary intermediate goods imports Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3,924 3,942 5,105 4,865 4,761 4,329 4,264 5,343 5,120 5,492 6,690 2,516 3,493 5,108 excluding South Africa 197 1,989 2,456 2,584 2,418 2,324 2,177 2,332 2,404 2,701 3,197 191 1,615 2,510 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 197 1,989 2,456 2,584 2,418 2,324 2,177 2,332 2,404 2,701 3,197 191 1,615 2,510 Angola .. 129 157 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 251 157 Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. 159 177 176 205 211 203 164 149 135 123 .. 152 171 Burkina Faso .. 0 42 42 40 68 .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 48 Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 55 60 69 77 94 76 69 70 71 72 73 61 72 74 Cape Verde .. .. .. 16 16 17 18 21 29 36 43 .. .. 24 Central African Republic .. 44 58 44 39 45 54 56 59 63 .. .. 52 52 Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. 4 4 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 3 3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. 78 98 89 101 108 117 126 135 146 159 .. 42 120 Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 .. .. 8 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. 7 10 17 9 5 8 6 4 5 5 .. 4 8 Ethiopia .. 15 21 29 27 28 27 20 24 30 22 35 25 25 Gabon .. 10 10 10 11 5 5 5 6 6 7 .. 10 7 Gambia, The .. 2 3 6 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 .. 27 3 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. 72 78 98 89 101 108 117 126 135 146 .. 36 111 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. 12 15 4 19 19 18 18 18 .. .. 15 Kenya .. 51 74 66 76 105 82 84 102 81 103 42 51 86 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 102 93 106 138 .. .. 110 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 14 7 8 9 .. .. 11 Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 81 168 .. .. 124 Malawi .. 61 54 72 90 66 77 65 67 83 72 .. 94 72 Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 7 .. .. 5 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 215 245 .. .. 230 Mozambique .. 150 124 140 140 151 221 169 174 135 267 .. 150 169 Namibia .. 161 178 178 189 171 160 151 154 147 196 .. 151 169 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 78 96 118 119 108 130 134 112 118 161 268 62 93 141 Seychelles .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .. 0 0 Sierra Leone .. 11 18 29 14 12 12 20 20 23 27 .. 12 20 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 3,728 1,952 2,650 2,281 2,344 2,005 2,087 3,011 2,716 2,791 3,493 2,325 1,878 2,598 Sudan .. 117 134 234 192 157 114 221 160 207 263 172 155 187 Swaziland 64 197 283 236 194 200 213 170 155 123 157 41 81 192 Tanzania .. 113 255 381 187 191 161 160 204 208 241 134 212 221 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. 72 80 80 50 54 2 13 15 16 22 .. 45 37 Zimbabwe .. 379 404 424 522 410 347 436 506 447 407 39 233 434 NORTH AFRICA 1,106 1,818 1,903 1,432 1,391 1,402 1,368 1,345 1,938 2,075 2,230 930 1,522 1,676 Algeria 606 999 831 539 520 603 607 580 516 565 587 535 799 594 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 501 819 1,072 893 871 799 761 765 755 801 838 395 723 840 Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 668 709 805 .. .. 727 ALL AFRICA 5,031 5,760 7,008 6,298 6,153 5,732 5,633 6,688 7,059 7,567 8,920 3,446 5,014 6,784 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 111 5-42. Primary intermediate goods imports, growth Average annual Percentage percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 21.7 8.5 25.1 -3.1 7.8 -6.5 -1.6 25.3 -3.5 1.8 22.9 -2.8 4.0 4.0 excluding South Africa 304.4 12.6 19.7 -5.6 11.9 -5.5 -8.8 0.9 -1.3 -1.1 3.8 34.7 13.2 -0.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 304.4 12.6 19.7 -5.6 11.9 -5.5 -8.8 0.9 -1.3 -1.1 3.8 34.7 13.2 -0.4 Angola .. 40.2 10.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -9.4 .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. -5.9 5.1 4.6 25.2 6.9 -3.5 -17.4 -4.8 -12.9 -13.1 .. .. 0.4 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 17.2 -19.4 2.6 -8.7 12.6 -7.3 -4.0 1.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 15.3 -1.1 -0.5 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. 8.5 19.4 -26.5 -7.7 9.4 17.5 -0.2 3.5 3.6 3.6 .. -6.4 1.2 Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. 64.2 -1.4 -46.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.2 .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. -6.6 -2.3 1.9 2.4 1.8 2.0 1.9 0.1 .. .. 0.7 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. -10.3 53.0 98.7 -57.0 -22.8 38.4 -2.6 -22.9 10.0 -8.4 .. -45.5 -3.4 Ghana .. -10.6 5.1 36.4 40.6 1.7 10.4 -24.9 5.4 -1.2 18.4 .. 9.0 7.5 Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. 25.9 -74.5 431.1 2.5 -7.5 3.0 3.0 .. .. 14.2 Kenya .. -1.0 34.4 -13.6 6.5 46.6 -11.9 1.1 6.0 -21.4 23.2 .. 1.0 4.8 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -8.6 13.8 29.9 .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. -17.6 -18.3 35.0 28.8 -24.2 19.3 -14.2 6.4 27.5 -11.1 .. -13.3 4.4 Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. 6.1 4.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. 1.6 1.6 3.0 8.5 -7.1 -3.8 -3.2 4.4 -2.1 37.1 .. .. -0.3 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. -35.9 9.3 -6.5 16.5 25.0 -1.4 -20.5 11.6 36.8 38.6 .. -1.7 5.7 Seychelles .. .. .. -12.0 27.7 -30.4 -1.9 -69.5 51.1 123.9 .. .. .. -12.2 Sierra Leone .. -14.1 52.7 54.4 -45.4 -8.3 -7.1 64.8 -1.9 19.0 15.0 .. .. 4.7 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 17.7 5.3 29.5 -1.3 4.8 -7.2 4.0 42.0 -4.6 3.2 32.2 -3.9 0.3 6.8 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. -28.5 89.8 -29.3 .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. 43.6 59.0 -12.3 -11.6 7.1 7.6 -17.4 -5.6 0.4 4.8 .. .. -1.4 Tanzania .. -2.7 126.3 49.6 -50.8 2.2 -16.0 -0.5 27.8 1.8 16.1 .. .. -0.2 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. 222.6 0.1 -13.5 -37.5 5.1 -95.8 559.3 22.8 9.5 .. .. 6.5 -25.5 Zimbabwe .. 25.6 0.2 10.4 28.2 -2.9 -28.8 11.6 -5.2 -10.1 -22.1 .. 21.1 -0.9 NORTH AFRICA 4.3 19.4 6.0 -9.4 0.2 5.1 -9.7 1.1 -13.6 15.0 5.1 8.2 0.0 -2.2 Algeria .. 10.1 1.3 -10.8 -10.6 25.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. -4.2 -1.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 4.3 24.1 8.1 -8.8 4.7 -2.1 30.8 1.1 -13.6 15.0 5.1 4.7 2.9 3.7 Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 18.9 11.9 18.7 -5.0 5.7 -3.4 -4.0 18.6 -5.9 4.6 18.7 -0.8 2.6 2.3 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 112 External Sector 5-43. Manufactured goods imports Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 9,656 16,010 19,812 20,656 21,475 20,612 18,892 19,909 19,271 20,865 24,884 7,216 12,121 20,708 excluding South Africa 1,236 3,584 4,323 5,051 5,275 5,188 4,769 4,729 5,031 5,857 6,101 782 3,090 5,147 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,236 3,584 4,323 5,051 5,275 5,188 4,769 4,729 5,031 5,857 6,101 782 3,090 5,147 Angola .. 71 94 343 400 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 129 279 Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 206 .. .. Botswana .. 153 166 152 241 249 189 153 139 126 114 .. 163 170 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi 40 55 62 38 33 35 41 44 48 51 53 46 54 45 Cameroon 605 370 363 398 385 407 424 438 458 483 504 511 502 429 Cape Verde .. .. .. 10 10 12 13 14 16 16 17 .. .. 13 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. 136 92 108 109 82 81 .. .. .. .. .. 111 95 Comoros .. 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 6 0 2 3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. 45 52 82 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 55 67 Congo, Rep. of 0 86 94 118 141 148 156 164 172 180 189 14 128 151 Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. 28 27 26 37 39 40 41 43 44 .. .. 36 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. 102 117 177 94 79 66 76 72 88 93 .. 69 96 Ethiopia .. 129 183 200 332 321 312 205 284 288 275 117 131 267 Gabon .. 30 32 286 289 388 401 422 443 468 497 .. 82 359 Gambia, The .. 36 34 29 16 21 22 22 17 20 19 .. 44 22 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. 151 173 159 174 194 215 227 247 270 .. .. 172 207 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. 5 6 2 8 8 8 8 8 .. .. 7 Kenya .. 268 487 443 465 413 402 361 437 421 532 186 272 440 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 197 181 206 267 .. .. 213 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 21 22 23 24 .. .. 21 Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 42 .. .. 31 Malawi .. 80 71 93 117 87 101 84 87 109 94 .. 59 94 Mali 193 122 150 150 148 159 189 209 216 .. .. 174 116 174 Mauritania .. 113 138 200 97 148 86 54 86 109 113 .. 118 115 Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 644 735 0 0 153 Mozambique .. 224 185 229 221 237 348 277 209 221 239 .. 224 241 Namibia .. 210 232 233 246 223 209 197 201 191 256 .. 197 221 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. 23 41 55 71 66 48 43 44 45 48 82 93 51 São Tomé and Principe .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Senegal 233 289 354 356 324 389 402 337 353 484 804 187 279 423 Seychelles .. 0 26 30 37 34 42 35 37 43 61 .. 0 38 Sierra Leone .. 15 7 15 6 8 6 9 11 14 15 .. 17 10 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 8,420 12,426 15,489 15,605 16,200 15,424 14,124 15,179 14,240 15,008 18,782 6,434 9,031 15,561 Sudan .. 255 307 324 339 636 276 354 547 695 391 160 162 430 Swaziland 165 229 321 277 296 291 261 289 245 195 248 91 147 269 Tanzania .. 10 15 17 23 12 11 17 16 20 27 6 11 17 Togo .. 48 80 72 63 75 .. .. .. .. .. 67 81 72 Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. 40 54 55 116 108 103 105 116 129 166 .. 40 106 Zimbabwe .. 290 364 369 447 325 298 324 273 241 220 166 214 318 NORTH AFRICA 3,492 4,342 4,740 4,035 3,774 4,108 3,892 3,930 6,005 6,492 7,035 3,057 3,600 4,890 Algeria 2,593 2,347 2,390 1,788 1,564 1,732 1,665 1,681 1,828 1,956 2,094 2,341 2,150 1,855 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 899 1,994 2,350 2,247 2,210 2,376 2,227 2,249 2,358 2,528 2,720 716 1,450 2,363 Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,819 2,008 2,222 .. .. 2,016 ALL AFRICA 13,148 20,351 24,552 24,691 25,249 24,720 22,784 23,838 25,276 27,357 31,919 10,273 15,721 25,599 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 113 5-44. Manufactured goods imports, growth Average annual Percentage percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 15.6 12.5 20.3 14.7 8.2 -0.5 -7.7 4.2 -0.2 4.5 26.7 -1.6 4.7 3.5 excluding South Africa 54.6 -4.9 25.1 11.8 16.7 -13.0 -4.5 -1.7 1.9 -0.9 3.4 34.6 4.7 1.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 54.6 -4.9 25.1 11.8 16.7 -13.0 -4.5 -1.7 1.9 -0.9 3.4 34.6 4.7 1.9 Angola .. -5.0 20.5 264.7 29.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -9.2 .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. -17.5 2.5 -3.7 70.4 7.3 -23.9 -17.4 -4.8 -12.9 -13.1 .. .. 0.0 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. -6.4 4.3 -36.1 -7.9 9.0 15.7 6.1 6.1 2.3 2.4 .. -1.7 -0.6 Cameroon 16.5 -12.3 10.6 2.4 0.8 8.1 2.3 10.0 5.2 5.2 5.2 -3.9 -0.2 5.2 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. 27.0 21.5 18.3 -0.6 7.0 3.6 .. .. .. .. .. -3.0 8.9 Comoros .. 24.3 3.3 6.7 2.0 2.0 2.0 .. .. .. .. .. 6.6 3.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. 10.9 -1.1 35.9 35.9 -31.0 8.5 4.6 4.5 4.0 4.1 .. 1.3 4.8 Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. -7.3 -4.5 33.9 2.4 -0.1 1.3 1.4 -0.4 .. .. 4.8 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. -22.2 -9.6 -17.2 -47.4 26.8 6.0 -2.6 -22.9 10.0 -8.4 .. -4.6 -9.8 Ghana .. -10.6 5.1 36.4 40.6 1.7 10.4 -24.9 5.4 -1.2 18.4 .. 9.0 7.5 Guinea .. -25.6 3.2 -7.5 8.1 9.4 29.0 2.9 -18.4 5.2 -4.6 .. 1.7 4.7 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. 25.9 -74.5 431.1 2.5 -7.5 3.0 3.0 .. .. 14.2 Kenya .. 13.4 64.7 -7.8 -4.4 -9.5 -5.0 -19.6 11.7 -6.6 16.8 .. -3.9 -3.2 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -8.6 13.8 29.9 .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. -17.6 -18.3 35.0 28.8 -24.2 19.3 -14.2 6.4 27.5 -11.1 .. 18.8 4.4 Mali 4.5 -13.6 10.2 3.5 4.7 3.8 18.4 8.4 3.0 .. .. 4.6 3.8 7.5 Mauritania .. -6.3 -20.3 -3.8 0.8 26.6 -23.3 -50.5 55.5 22.3 -0.6 .. 0.7 -6.2 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. 16.1 -3.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. 1.6 1.6 3.0 8.5 -7.1 -3.8 -3.2 4.4 -2.1 37.1 .. .. -0.3 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. 3.3 62.1 36.6 39.3 -5.3 -25.5 -4.1 9.0 8.0 7.0 .. -5.8 7.2 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. -35.9 9.3 -6.5 16.5 25.0 -1.4 -20.5 11.6 36.8 38.6 .. -1.7 5.7 Seychelles .. .. .. 26.1 21.4 -1.5 23.1 -25.6 17.2 29.1 .. .. .. 7.8 Sierra Leone .. -2.4 -59.6 120.8 -54.9 47.5 -33.2 43.4 33.8 19.0 15.0 .. .. 1.0 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 10.1 18.4 19.0 15.5 5.9 3.3 -8.5 5.8 -0.8 5.9 32.2 -3.7 4.9 4.0 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. -57.1 25.3 50.9 .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. 4.9 54.7 -9.3 14.9 2.1 -9.4 14.6 -12.2 0.4 4.7 .. .. 3.2 Tanzania .. -17.3 48.3 13.8 30.6 -48.2 -7.7 55.6 -7.7 29.7 35.8 .. .. 3.3 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. .. 61.4 51.5 125.2 -0.1 -11.2 4.7 11.5 10.1 .. .. .. 23.1 Zimbabwe .. 32.5 18.1 6.4 26.2 -13.1 -47.0 39.4 -5.4 -11.7 -21.7 .. 3.0 -4.0 NORTH AFRICA -2.7 2.9 0.3 -6.6 0.5 9.7 -33.9 -3.6 6.7 8.0 5.3 6.2 -0.9 -5.2 Algeria .. 6.7 1.3 -11.1 -10.6 5.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. -7.1 -5.4 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco -2.7 0.0 -0.6 -2.8 9.0 12.3 5.2 -3.6 6.7 8.0 5.3 -1.2 9.4 4.5 Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 13.1 10.5 16.3 11.1 7.1 0.9 -11.5 3.4 0.5 4.9 24.3 -0.3 3.2 2.3 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 114 External Sector 5-45. Capital goods imports Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6,087 12,657 15,962 16,965 16,802 16,666 14,777 14,534 14,234 14,302 15,882 4,120 10,120 15,569 excluding South Africa 2,862 8,206 10,603 11,346 10,949 10,733 9,898 9,578 9,494 9,342 9,675 1,747 7,026 10,180 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 2,862 8,206 10,603 11,346 10,949 10,733 9,898 9,578 9,494 9,342 9,675 1,747 7,026 10,180 Angola .. 327 327 303 354 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 284 328 Benin .. 156 246 249 239 253 266 250 262 .. .. .. 152 252 Botswana .. 485 657 521 850 875 760 615 558 506 459 .. 497 645 Burkina Faso .. 81 151 169 155 194 203 173 157 179 .. .. 113 173 Burundi 33 81 88 49 45 49 52 59 66 68 71 45 74 61 Cameroon 388 314 315 362 399 403 407 412 416 421 426 359 420 396 Cape Verde .. 98 121 114 117 95 99 106 106 109 111 .. 66 109 Central African Republic .. 43 63 14 20 54 62 82 88 94 101 73 62 64 Chad .. 124 126 149 158 174 154 .. .. .. .. 52 87 152 Comoros .. .. .. .. 13 11 14 4 .. .. .. .. .. 10 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. 553 788 862 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 567 825 Congo, Rep. of .. 113 336 1,105 510 371 321 525 496 528 533 199 217 525 Côte d'Ivoire 1,102 412 582 570 626 709 720 472 492 597 577 663 424 594 Djibouti .. .. 54 53 54 77 81 96 101 103 106 .. .. 81 Equatorial Guinea .. 42 64 192 300 384 205 108 83 82 83 10 25 167 Eritrea .. 114 173 162 161 155 128 106 119 151 147 .. 62 145 Ethiopia .. 257 350 458 528 586 679 710 487 523 618 449 379 549 Gabon .. 320 339 355 388 343 311 327 344 363 386 188 292 351 Gambia, The .. 39 37 32 37 43 40 40 31 35 33 .. 21 37 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 200 201 .. Guinea .. 72 88 78 83 85 106 120 132 146 .. .. 79 105 Guinea-Bissau .. 15 15 10 18 26 -10 4 7 10 12 12 16 10 Kenya 409 503 995 869 844 896 680 724 639 754 797 287 481 800 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 79 73 83 107 .. .. 85 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. 39 30 33 38 53 .. .. 39 Madagascar 333 143 141 164 146 139 140 167 164 92 208 160 131 151 Malawi .. 178 157 207 260 192 223 187 194 241 209 .. 144 208 Mali 225 193 246 226 221 231 252 257 280 .. .. 214 169 245 Mauritania .. 73 93 72 79 64 59 78 61 56 61 85 105 69 Mauritius 89 381 529 412 493 548 498 653 465 456 512 72 283 507 Mozambique .. 201 166 170 154 166 243 310 293 546 400 .. 201 272 Namibia .. 466 514 516 545 494 463 437 445 425 568 .. 437 490 Niger .. 67 87 56 68 87 .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 74 Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. 36 50 54 62 60 55 53 51 53 60 50 71 55 São Tomé and Principe .. 12 12 7 7 8 11 12 13 14 14 1 11 11 Senegal 158 154 180 193 192 216 243 235 243 318 379 137 158 244 Seychelles .. 48 70 172 98 147 193 87 204 126 78 16 41 131 Sierra Leone .. 27 11 24 12 9 5 18 22 26 29 54 35 17 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 3,225 4,451 5,359 5,619 5,854 5,933 4,879 4,957 4,741 4,960 6,208 2,373 3,093 5,390 Sudan .. 189 210 254 261 348 358 324 550 621 563 348 273 388 Swaziland 126 213 249 286 302 329 290 303 197 157 199 95 146 257 Tanzania .. 597 602 461 514 734 693 638 740 721 855 458 534 662 Togo .. 41 75 105 101 97 .. .. .. .. .. 51 92 95 Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. 296 396 361 388 284 253 284 460 325 579 118 282 370 Zimbabwe .. 743 900 930 1,148 801 600 493 424 375 341 345 525 668 NORTH AFRICA 4,871 7,905 9,775 10,634 10,607 12,193 13,795 13,108 14,066 15,775 17,546 4,580 6,809 13,055 Algeria 3,324 2,118 2,934 3,023 2,831 2,907 3,155 2,983 4,128 4,985 5,678 3,054 2,304 3,625 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 2,349 3,108 4,101 4,114 4,801 5,575 5,639 5,583 5,999 6,589 .. 2,500 5,056 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 806 2,003 2,186 1,948 1,939 2,567 2,833 2,388 2,237 2,393 2,552 808 1,477 2,338 Tunisia 742 1,434 1,547 1,562 1,724 1,918 2,233 2,099 2,118 2,398 2,728 719 1,028 2,036 ALL AFRICA 10,958 20,562 25,736 27,599 27,409 28,858 28,572 27,642 28,300 30,077 33,429 8,700 16,928 28,625 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). External Sector 115 5-46. Capital goods imports, growth Average annual Percentage percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 32.6 13.2 20.6 14.2 7.8 -0.4 1.0 -2.7 0.0 0.2 5.5 3.7 5.1 3.7 excluding South Africa 22.4 3.4 24.0 10.7 7.8 -7.2 17.2 -9.9 -2.0 -3.5 12.7 17.7 6.0 3.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 22.4 3.4 24.0 10.7 7.8 -7.2 17.2 -9.9 -2.0 -3.5 12.7 17.7 6.0 3.1 Angola .. -1.7 -9.0 -7.3 29.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.9 .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. -13.6 27.9 -16.6 75.3 6.9 -12.9 -17.4 -4.8 -12.9 -13.1 .. .. 2.4 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. 0.2 -3.3 -42.7 2.8 12.0 7.0 10.9 10.9 2.7 2.7 .. -0.5 -0.3 Cameroon -7.4 -15.3 13.2 21.9 6.3 6.0 4.0 45.0 5.0 5.9 5.9 -5.6 2.1 13.0 Cape Verde .. 36.1 21.4 -8.3 0.1 -21.2 4.3 5.8 -0.6 1.4 0.7 .. 10.8 -2.1 Central African Republic .. -21.1 34.1 -79.1 47.6 162.6 11.9 28.5 4.6 4.7 6.2 .. -4.8 12.9 Chad .. -2.0 29.6 18.9 5.9 0.4 1.1 .. .. .. .. .. -8.5 9.9 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. 10.9 -1.1 199.4 -58.4 19.1 2.6 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 .. -1.1 3.3 Côte d'Ivoire .. -2.6 29.4 23.7 8.5 7.5 8.0 6.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 .. 2.2 10.7 Djibouti .. .. .. -4.9 -2.5 37.1 3.0 14.6 1.7 -0.3 -0.6 .. .. 8.4 Equatorial Guinea .. 67.5 39.0 189.2 62.3 22.4 -48.3 -48.7 -25.5 -2.9 -1.2 .. 9.1 0.6 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. -20.8 -7.9 -15.7 11.1 13.2 -8.6 -2.6 -22.9 10.0 -8.4 .. 74.5 -3.1 Ghana .. 6.0 9.1 24.8 -17.1 13.8 372.2 -38.1 7.0 -2.3 22.7 .. 4.7 24.4 Guinea .. -24.3 9.4 5.2 7.2 23.5 -1.9 11.1 5.1 -11.0 -29.9 .. 2.7 7.0 Guinea-Bissau .. 26.2 13.8 -37.4 74.0 38.2 -138.9 -140.2 100.0 38.1 22.9 .. 8.0 -9.5 Kenya 8.0 48.6 79.0 -11.4 -11.5 -16.7 -3.7 5.5 -12.5 14.4 -2.2 10.9 -2.8 -2.9 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -8.6 13.8 29.9 .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. -2.1 -9.9 20.1 -3.3 2.8 5.5 10.6 10.8 -20.6 38.6 .. 2.3 3.5 Malawi .. -17.6 -18.3 35.0 28.8 -24.2 19.3 -14.2 6.4 27.5 -11.1 .. 10.7 4.4 Mali 3.0 2.2 15.5 -8.0 8.9 8.7 9.0 0.1 8.1 .. .. -1.1 2.0 5.5 Mauritania .. -31.0 46.9 -26.3 -15.9 -0.1 -24.0 56.5 -22.2 -8.3 8.0 .. -7.1 -4.8 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. -11.9 -9.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. 1.6 1.6 3.0 8.5 -7.1 -3.8 -3.2 4.4 -2.1 37.1 .. .. -0.3 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. 3.3 25.8 11.5 23.3 -0.8 6.1 1.6 8.0 6.4 6.8 .. -0.3 8.7 São Tomé and Principe .. 3.9 -6.4 -38.0 0.2 51.7 5.6 7.1 7.9 4.9 5.4 .. 2.1 4.2 Senegal .. -34.0 4.5 -0.4 27.6 16.8 7.8 -8.4 9.9 31.2 3.5 .. -1.2 9.8 Seychelles .. -19.5 43.9 164.2 -44.3 62.0 30.8 -60.2 162.3 -31.8 4.0 .. 13.8 13.2 Sierra Leone .. 16.1 -61.4 106.6 -47.0 -21.1 -46.8 273.4 19.6 19.0 15.0 .. .. 1.2 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.9 .. South Africa 37.4 27.2 16.8 18.4 7.9 7.5 -14.9 7.2 2.4 4.3 -1.8 -0.3 4.0 4.3 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.5 -11.7 66.4 .. .. .. 20.1 .. Swaziland .. 19.8 29.3 20.8 13.5 13.1 -11.0 8.2 -32.7 0.4 -1.2 .. .. 2.6 Tanzania .. -5.0 0.8 -23.4 11.4 43.0 -5.6 -7.9 15.9 -2.5 18.5 .. .. 4.0 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.2 .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. -12.9 26.3 -4.0 15.4 -24.0 -10.7 14.6 64.5 -29.7 .. .. 5.6 2.3 Zimbabwe .. 41.4 14.0 8.5 28.5 -27.2 0.8 -36.2 .. .. .. .. 5.1 -3.2 NORTH AFRICA -13.0 -9.1 19.4 9.9 5.3 33.1 -19.3 3.0 -72.2 8.0 14.6 7.2 0.4 -9.3 Algeria .. 7.6 7.0 8.9 -1.0 25.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. -8.3 8.5 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. -9.6 26.2 31.5 6.6 23.4 18.4 2.9 .. .. .. .. 0.9 18.0 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco -13.0 -23.3 24.7 -21.6 11.1 66.9 -7.3 3.3 -8.9 8.0 14.6 -2.0 8.4 7.7 Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 20.5 3.9 20.2 12.6 6.9 11.2 -7.4 -0.6 -27.0 1.3 6.9 5.4 2.8 0.4 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). 116 External Sector 5-47. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1993 Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0.0 0.0 .. 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.9 0.0 .. 0.0 0.2 Angola AGO 0.0 ** 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0 Botswana BWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 2.0 .. ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 0.4 .. 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 ** 0.8 0.0 0.1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.3 .. 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 ** 0.2 0.4 0.0 0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. COG 0.0 0.0 0.4 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 ** 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 0.0 0.1 2.4 .. 0.9 0.0 0.0 3.2 5.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 24.0 .. 0.1 0.0 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 .. 9.7 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 ** 0 .. 0.7 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.4 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.4 .. 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 0.0 0.4 .. 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Lesotho LSO 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Liberia LBR 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.4 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.3 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 1.0 0.0 14.8 .. 0.5 0.0 2.4 0.0 1.6 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 1.0 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Niger NER 0.0 0.0 2.6 .. 1.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 0.0 3.5 .. 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.2 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN 0.0 0.0 0.5 .. 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.7 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.6 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 8.2 0.0 7.2 0.1 1.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.0 0.5 .. 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.2 Tunisia TUN 0.9 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.4 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.2 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.4 0.2 14.0 .. 10.3 6.7 4.5 5.9 14.2 12.3 0.9 8.1 2.8 22.2 54.6 0.9 24.1 .. 0.1 1.2 Canada CAN 1.7 0.6 0.0 .. 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.4 0.0 .. 1.7 2.2 United States USA 15.2 70.4 11.6 .. 0.3 2.1 6.6 44.4 1.7 0.4 39.7 22.5 51.6 6.6 0.0 12.0 6.4 .. 8.6 41.9 USA+Canada NNA 16.9 71.0 11.6 .. 0.3 2.3 6.6 44.8 2.0 0.4 39.8 23.1 51.6 7.0 0.0 13.4 6.4 .. 10.2 44.1 European Union EU 69.2 16.8 37.5 .. 49.1 82.0 76.1 25.1 32.1 68.8 57.1 57.7 35.2 60.3 2.8 49.5 55.4 .. 47.6 23.1 Rest of the World ROW 13.5 11.9 37.0 .. 40.2 9.0 12.8 24.2 51.7 18.5 2.2 11.1 10.5 10.5 42.6 36.2 14.2 .. 42.1 31.7 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 1993 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database External Sector 117 5-47. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1993 Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA STP Algeria DZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botswana BWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 2.5 14.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 Congo, Rep. COG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 5.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gambia, The GMB ** 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.4 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 ** 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.4 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lesotho LSO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.1 0.0 ** 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Niger NER 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.1 3.9 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 2.8 2.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** Senegal SEN 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 13.3 1.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 5.9 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 9.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 3.0 15.2 3.4 15.6 27.9 0.8 0.4 2.3 6.3 16.3 7.1 12.6 5.1 2.4 10.0 6.2 2.6 7.7 2.0 1.0 6.1 Canada CAN 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.9 3.7 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.6 1.0 3.2 2.4 2.9 4.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 United States USA 10.0 18.0 15.7 0.6 6.6 70.9 0.8 0.0 10.5 18.1 0.7 1.5 15.9 3.6 4.1 7.9 2.5 44.0 0.0 4.2 7.0 USA+Canada NNA 10.3 18.8 16.4 0.6 7.5 74.6 0.8 0.0 12.0 18.4 1.5 1.5 16.5 4.7 7.2 10.3 5.3 48.3 0.0 4.2 7.0 European Union EU 33.1 48.2 30.8 54.5 43.0 21.2 51.2 88.6 67.6 37.3 33.6 58.9 74.0 71.6 38.3 81.6 62.0 32.4 96.1 78.1 71.2 Rest of the World ROW 53.6 17.7 49.4 29.3 21.7 3.4 47.6 9.2 14.1 28.1 57.9 27.0 4.4 21.3 44.5 1.9 30.1 11.7 1.9 16.7 15.7 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 1993 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database 118 External Sector 5-47. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1993 Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA CAN USA NNA EU ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 Angola AGO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Benin BEN 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botswana BWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burkina Faso BFA 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. COG 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 3.5 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.0 3.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.1 1.6 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gambia, The GMB 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 4.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Guinea GIN 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.6 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Lesotho LSO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Liberia LBR 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.9 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 3.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.2 2.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 7.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Niger NER 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 Reunion REU 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.4 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 ** 0.5 0.0 1.3 5.8 0.0 0.2 0.0 13.3 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.4 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 ** 0.0 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 1.2 ** 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 1.4 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 3.3 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 2.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 ** 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 25.7 4.3 1.9 1.1 11.8 0.6 14.5 15.7 24.9 0.8 5.8 3.9 28.1 10.0 0.2 1.0 0.5 1.8 1.5 1.5 Canada CAN 1.4 0.1 2.8 0.0 0.6 0.0 2.6 0.4 16.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.2 1.6 0.0 19.4 15.0 1.0 2.2 3.9 United States USA 1.7 9.0 32.7 0.2 11.3 3.2 7.4 2.6 2.3 1.1 7.4 3.8 8.6 23.4 77.5 0.0 17.6 7.8 21.8 15.9 USA+Canada NNA 3.0 9.1 35.5 0.2 11.9 3.2 10.0 3.0 18.3 1.2 10.5 3.8 8.9 25.0 77.5 19.4 32.6 8.8 24.1 19.8 European Union EU 53.7 45.5 49.5 7.4 41.9 39.6 38.5 41.7 22.5 80.2 68.8 21.7 37.7 40.9 7.1 22.6 19.1 63.7 24.5 38.5 Rest of the World ROW 17.5 41.1 13.2 91.3 34.5 56.7 37.0 39.6 34.3 17.8 15.0 70.5 25.3 24.0 15.3 57.0 47.8 25.7 50.0 40.1 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 1993 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database External Sector 119 5-48. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1998 Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0.0 0.3 .. 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 .. 0.7 0.1 Angola AGO 0.0 ** 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0 Botswana BWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.4 .. 0.0 0.1 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 ** 1.4 0.0 0.1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.2 .. 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 ** 0.5 0.3 0.0 0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.3 Congo, Rep. COG 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 ** 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.2 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 0.0 0.0 0.2 .. 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 .. 7.5 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0 .. 3.4 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.0 0.1 Eritrea ERI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.2 0.0 .. ** 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.2 0.0 Lesotho LSO 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.3 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 3.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.6 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.8 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Niger NER 0.0 0.0 2.5 .. 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 0.0 8.8 .. 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.1 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.5 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 52.5 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 0.1 0.9 .. 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.1 0.0 .. 0.9 0.1 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.1 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.0 1.6 .. 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.4 0.0 0.0 .. 0.6 0.0 0.4 2.4 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.3 0.3 14.8 .. 9.6 1.4 9.1 0.2 1.8 4.2 1.0 1.3 1.8 22.7 56.8 1.9 2.5 .. 1.4 1.8 Canada CAN 3.4 0.3 0.0 .. 0.0 0.9 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.9 1.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 .. 1.7 0.0 United States USA 15.0 64.1 1.6 .. 0.2 11.0 2.8 0.5 1.1 6.0 6.2 16.0 20.0 8.7 0.6 12.6 16.3 .. 8.4 54.3 USA+Canada NNA 18.5 64.4 1.6 .. 0.2 11.9 3.3 0.5 1.1 6.0 6.6 16.0 20.8 10.4 0.6 13.0 16.3 .. 10.2 54.3 European Union EU 63.9 17.0 24.4 .. 39.9 75.3 76.5 91.7 81.1 73.2 86.2 77.0 35.1 55.4 8.6 47.4 53.9 .. 51.9 21.9 Rest of the World ROW 17.3 18.3 59.3 .. 50.3 11.4 11.2 7.6 16.1 16.6 6.3 5.7 42.3 11.5 34.0 37.6 27.2 .. 36.5 22.0 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 1998 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database 120 External Sector 5-48. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1998 (continued ) Percentage of total imports Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA STP Algeria DZA 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Botswana BWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 1.4 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 .. 1.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. COG 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 0.0 0.1 1.0 2.9 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 2.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 .. 0.1 0.2 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.1 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Gambia, The GMB ** 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.2 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 3.9 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.7 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.6 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.2 0.0 Lesotho LSO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 2.8 0.0 ** 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.3 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 .. 0.0 0.0 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 ** 0.4 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Niger NER 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.3 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 3.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 13.8 ** .. 0.1 0.0 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** Senegal SEN 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 .. 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 17.3 2.5 0.0 0.3 0.2 11.9 0.0 0.2 0.7 .. 0.5 0.0 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.2 1.3 Togo TGO 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.6 0.2 0.2 2.6 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 7.3 1.2 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 4.4 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 2.2 8.1 6.1 3.4 31.2 0.4 1.3 0.3 6.0 21.8 8.3 9.8 2.6 0.7 27.5 3.7 17.4 10.4 .. 3.5 6.0 Canada CAN 0.1 0.7 2.1 0.0 0.5 3.0 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.5 4.6 0.0 0.9 0.8 0.4 8.7 0.7 1.9 .. 1.7 0.1 United States USA 1.5 8.4 15.8 0.1 4.9 74.4 2.7 0.0 9.9 12.3 1.2 0.1 16.9 4.6 9.3 10.6 0.6 36.7 .. 4.8 3.9 USA+Canada NNA 1.6 9.1 17.9 0.1 5.4 77.5 2.8 0.0 10.5 12.9 5.8 0.1 17.8 5.4 9.6 19.3 1.3 38.6 .. 6.6 4.0 European Union EU 86.7 66.2 57.6 14.3 41.5 15.6 48.0 85.4 72.6 42.0 35.7 64.6 73.4 72.6 43.3 73.0 50.3 26.6 .. 77.8 67.1 Rest of the World ROW 9.5 16.7 18.5 82.1 21.9 6.5 47.9 14.3 10.9 23.3 50.2 25.5 6.2 21.2 19.5 4.1 31.0 24.5 .. 12.2 22.9 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 1998 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database External Sector 121 5-48. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 1998 Exporters SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA CAN USA NNA EU ROW WLD Algeria DZA 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 Angola AGO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Benin BEN 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botswana BWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burkina Faso BFA 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. COG 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Djibouti DJI 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 2.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gambia, The GMB 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Guinea GIN 0.5 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 Lesotho LSO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Liberia LBR 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.3 3.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 6.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Niger NER 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.1 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.1 1.5 0.4 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.7 6.4 0.1 0.5 4.5 10.8 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 5.2 ** 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.8 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.9 0.0 0.0 ** 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 3.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 5.5 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.0 6.2 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 ** 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 29.1 3.4 1.2 0.5 12.4 0.8 23.4 10.5 13.9 0.8 1.7 17.5 23.6 11.3 0.3 1.0 0.8 1.6 1.3 1.5 Canada CAN 0.1 0.1 1.4 0.0 1.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 17.1 0.1 1.2 3.9 1.3 1.3 0.0 19.8 15.3 1.0 2.0 4.0 United States USA 0.8 2.0 10.0 0.4 11.4 0.6 12.2 4.8 0.9 1.1 3.5 5.0 6.6 18.4 79.7 0.0 18.2 8.7 24.3 17.1 USA+Canada NNA 0.9 2.2 11.4 0.5 12.8 0.7 12.3 4.9 18.0 1.2 4.7 8.9 7.9 19.7 79.7 19.8 33.5 9.7 26.3 21.1 European Union EU 50.8 87.4 83.6 9.9 39.7 35.9 41.4 41.1 19.8 85.5 83.6 33.0 40.6 41.7 7.0 24.0 20.1 65.7 24.9 40.1 Rest of the World ROW 19.3 7.0 3.8 89.1 35.1 62.6 22.8 43.5 48.3 12.5 10.0 40.6 27.9 27.3 13.0 55.3 45.6 23.0 47.5 37.4 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 1998 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database 122 External Sector 5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 2003 Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0.0 0.0 .. 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.8 0.0 .. 0.4 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 ** 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0 0.1 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0 Botswana BWA .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 0.5 .. ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 1.9 .. 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 ** 3.1 0.0 0.2 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.3 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 ** 0.5 0.6 0.0 0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.4 Congo, Rep. COG 0.0 0.1 0.1 .. 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 ** 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.3 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 0.0 0.0 0.2 .. 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.3 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 .. 15.9 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.8 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0 .. 0.9 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.0 0.1 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 0.0 5.9 .. 6.3 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 .. 0.4 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.2 .. 1.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.6 0.0 1.5 .. 1.4 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.3 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 1.6 0.1 .. 0.3 0.8 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.0 4.6 .. 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 0.0 4.1 .. 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.4 0.3 Reunion REU .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.2 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN 0.0 0.0 2.1 .. 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 0.2 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 62.9 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 0.6 1.1 .. 0.0 0.3 2.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.2 0.2 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 .. 0.1 0.0 Swaziland SWZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.2 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.0 3.2 .. 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Tunisia TUN 0.5 0.0 0.1 .. 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.1 0.8 24.4 .. 19.1 7.7 9.2 0.5 4.0 4.3 2.6 13.6 2.9 19.3 68.0 3.2 0.0 .. 1.5 2.1 Canada CAN 6.8 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.1 1.2 12.7 .. 0.9 0.1 United States USA 18.6 47.8 0.2 .. 0.4 15.9 8.0 18.5 1.5 24.2 11.5 15.5 16.5 9.0 0.3 15.5 33.2 .. 6.3 57.0 USA+Canada NNA 25.4 47.8 0.2 .. 0.4 16.5 8.2 18.5 1.5 24.3 13.8 15.5 16.5 10.4 0.4 16.7 45.9 .. 7.2 57.1 European Union EU 60.0 13.4 15.4 .. 23.3 60.5 68.2 79.2 78.0 52.8 72.7 66.8 13.2 57.9 3.9 48.7 37.9 .. 40.4 16.7 Rest of the World ROW 14.4 38.0 60.0 .. 57.1 15.3 14.4 1.7 16.4 18.7 10.9 4.1 67.4 12.4 27.7 31.5 16.2 .. 51.0 24.1 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 2003 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database External Sector 123 5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 2003 (continued ) Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA STP Algeria DZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.7 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.1 .. 0.0 0.2 Botswana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.7 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.2 0.5 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.7 .. 0.0 0.4 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 1.5 0.0 Congo, Rep. COG 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 5.5 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Gambia, The GMB ** 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 1.2 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 3.6 2.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.1 0.0 ** 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 1.8 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.2 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 4.3 0.0 1.3 0.0 ** 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.3 1.5 0.1 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 1.1 2.8 16.9 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 2.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.1 ** .. 0.1 0.9 Reunion REU .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** Senegal SEN 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 12.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.5 22.7 1.4 0.0 1.5 0.0 14.6 0.0 0.0 2.6 .. 1.2 0.0 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Tanzania TZA 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.4 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.5 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 4.8 0.5 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.2 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 18.5 9.3 7.2 18.8 32.1 0.1 2.6 0.2 6.2 26.8 4.6 15.9 6.1 1.7 22.4 2.2 9.6 8.7 .. 4.2 1.9 Canada CAN 0.4 1.9 3.4 0.0 0.4 1.6 0.3 0.0 1.3 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.0 1.6 0.9 1.4 .. 0.0 15.8 United States USA 0.0 4.7 10.0 2.7 9.7 96.4 6.1 0.0 33.8 13.7 1.2 0.1 14.8 4.1 0.8 14.5 3.5 43.3 .. 2.6 0.0 USA+Canada NNA 0.4 6.7 13.4 2.7 10.1 98.1 6.3 0.0 35.1 13.9 1.6 0.2 15.2 4.8 0.9 16.1 4.5 44.7 .. 2.6 15.8 European Union EU 40.5 57.9 43.3 11.2 33.7 1.5 79.2 82.4 50.0 35.5 30.9 58.8 73.8 72.1 66.3 72.8 74.1 27.6 .. 17.5 68.1 Rest of the World ROW 40.6 26.1 36.1 67.3 24.1 0.4 11.8 17.3 8.8 23.8 62.9 25.0 4.9 21.3 10.5 9.0 11.8 19.1 .. 75.6 14.3 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 2003 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database 124 External Sector 5-49. Direction of trade matrix, imports, 2003 Importers Percentage of total imports Exporters SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA CAN USA NNA EU ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 Angola AGO 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 Benin BEN 3.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botswana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 2.3 4.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. COG 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 2.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gambia, The GMB 4.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Guinea GIN 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.5 0.0 4.8 0.0 0.0 13.8 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.3 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 11.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 5.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.2 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 1.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 3.0 0.0 0.3 4.1 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.4 34.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Reunion REU .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.3 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 0.2 1.5 0.0 ** 0.4 0.0 2.3 0.6 0.1 5.2 22.9 11.5 1.4 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.5 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Swaziland SWZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 3.5 ** 0.0 0.0 1.0 14.7 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 ** 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.8 1.1 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.8 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.8 ** 12.4 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.2 2.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 ** 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 43.3 2.6 2.5 5.2 13.2 1.2 11.9 19.6 69.5 1.0 33.8 48.4 27.4 11.4 0.2 1.1 0.9 1.4 1.3 1.4 Canada CAN 0.1 0.4 1.7 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.4 1.1 0.0 20.4 15.1 1.1 1.9 3.4 United States USA 0.5 3.5 4.5 0.0 12.1 0.1 31.9 2.7 0.8 1.3 6.1 1.3 3.8 22.6 81.7 0.0 21.5 8.8 21.7 16.8 USA+Canada NNA 0.6 3.9 6.2 0.1 13.1 0.1 32.2 2.9 0.9 1.4 6.7 1.3 4.2 23.7 81.7 20.4 36.5 9.9 23.6 20.2 European Union EU 36.8 73.5 85.0 2.1 38.9 6.2 24.3 34.2 10.5 84.2 44.2 18.8 35.3 35.6 6.6 23.5 19.0 66.3 23.1 39.1 Rest of the World ROW 19.3 20.0 6.2 92.7 34.9 92.5 31.5 43.3 19.1 13.4 15.3 31.5 33.1 29.3 11.5 55.0 43.6 22.4 52.0 39.3 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 2003 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database External Sector 125 5-50. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1993 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 ** 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0 Botswana BWA .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.1 0.0 ** 0.0 10.2 4.6 0.0 0.0 6.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 17.3 .. 0.0 2.9 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.3 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 ** 0.3 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Congo, Rep. COG 0.0 1.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 0.2 0.4 2.5 .. 23.7 0.1 0.0 6.7 8.2 0.8 0.0 1.6 0.9 ** 0.0 0.0 0.3 .. 0.0 1.0 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 .. 3.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.3 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 ** 0 .. 0.2 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 0.4 0.0 .. 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 4.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.0 .. 2.8 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Mali MLI 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.5 .. 0.6 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 1.1 0.1 0.2 .. 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.6 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 1.2 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.0 0.6 .. 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 6.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 9.6 0.2 6.3 0.4 18.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 2.7 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN 0.0 0.0 1.4 .. 0.8 0.0 0.7 0.0 1.1 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.5 0.4 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 6.7 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.3 0.0 12.9 14.7 1.4 0.9 0.0 0.0 2.6 .. 0.0 0.9 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Tunisia TUN 0.9 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.1 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.5 8.9 5.4 .. 34.9 15.5 6.2 8.6 21.8 16.4 23.2 27.3 11.1 24.7 6.9 0.8 20.7 .. 3.3 8.3 Canada CAN 2.8 0.0 0.3 .. 0.5 0.2 1.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2 .. 1.3 1.3 United States USA 12.4 12.8 3.2 .. 4.7 1.5 5.4 11.2 5.0 7.5 0.2 4.9 4.3 4.8 3.2 21.5 5.6 .. 13.1 6.0 USA+Canada NNA 15.2 12.8 3.5 .. 5.2 1.6 6.7 11.3 5.2 7.5 0.3 5.5 4.4 4.9 3.3 22.0 5.9 .. 14.4 7.3 European Union EU 68.2 62.8 50.4 .. 46.6 57.6 69.6 68.9 60.1 69.2 66.7 43.4 63.0 54.4 39.2 44.8 69.7 .. 52.6 68.6 Rest of the World ROW 16.1 15.5 40.7 .. 13.3 25.3 17.4 11.2 13.0 6.9 9.8 23.8 21.6 16.0 50.7 32.3 3.8 .. 29.7 15.8 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 1993 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database 126 External Sector 5-50. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1993 (continued ) Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA STP Algeria DZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botswana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. COG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 4.0 3.0 10.5 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 22.6 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.0 9.5 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Gambia, The GMB ** 0.0 1.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 10.4 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.5 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.3 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 2.8 0.1 0.0 1.2 1.4 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.2 16.1 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 Reunion REU 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** Senegal SEN 3.3 0.0 1.3 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.6 2.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 49.1 0.4 0.0 17.8 0.2 36.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 3.5 0.7 7.8 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.9 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 10.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 6.1 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.8 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 7.6 20.8 16.2 4.0 2.7 2.6 0.2 0.4 8.1 62.0 29.4 3.2 20.2 2.5 43.3 2.9 12.9 3.3 6.4 25.5 8.8 Canada CAN 0.0 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.6 1.1 0.1 1.0 2.7 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.9 0.1 United States USA 3.0 11.4 9.0 1.4 6.6 6.0 0.4 0.0 2.6 3.9 6.7 3.8 1.3 8.4 4.1 13.8 5.4 12.8 0.1 3.1 6.7 USA+Canada NNA 3.1 12.4 9.3 1.4 7.1 6.5 0.5 1.3 2.7 4.0 7.3 4.9 1.4 9.4 6.8 14.5 5.5 13.3 0.1 4.1 6.8 European Union EU 42.5 41.5 48.8 43.1 38.3 28.0 23.9 68.6 54.7 23.3 45.5 65.4 37.2 67.4 26.5 67.6 58.6 50.0 82.9 51.2 78.8 Rest of the World ROW 46.9 25.3 25.7 51.5 51.9 63.0 75.4 29.7 34.5 10.7 17.8 26.6 41.2 20.7 23.4 15.0 23.0 33.4 10.5 19.2 5.6 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 1993 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database External Sector 127 5-50. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1993 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA CAN USA NNA EU ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.3 Angola AGO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 Benin BEN 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botswana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. COG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 4.6 0.0 12.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 Gambia, The GMB 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 1.0 0.0 16.1 0.0 2.7 0.0 7.2 0.0 0.0 27.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 5.6 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.4 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.3 Reunion REU 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN ** 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.0 13.2 0.8 0.2 ** 1.0 0.0 1.5 0.9 0.0 0.7 30.5 39.9 3.7 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 1.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.1 1.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 6.7 ** 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 12.4 15.9 17.3 17.0 2.9 4.4 2.1 9.8 27.4 0.6 30.5 38.0 42.9 10.1 0.6 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.0 1.4 Canada CAN 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.3 1.2 3.2 0.5 0.5 ** 19.4 15.8 0.6 1.2 3.8 United States USA 6.6 27.9 9.4 12.1 15.3 4.9 2.6 2.6 2.3 4.2 5.0 4.2 7.0 8.9 74.9 ** 13.9 7.2 17.2 12.5 USA+Canada NNA 7.1 28.4 9.9 13.4 15.6 5.3 3.2 3.1 2.4 4.5 6.1 7.4 7.5 9.3 74.9 19.4 29.7 7.7 18.4 16.3 European Union EU 59.4 29.0 48.7 23.8 47.1 32.0 57.9 36.8 24.8 80.2 34.2 26.7 31.5 46.0 8.3 18.2 16.4 66.3 25.8 40.1 Rest of the World ROW 21.1 26.7 24.1 45.7 34.4 58.3 36.9 50.3 45.4 14.8 29.1 27.9 18.1 34.5 16.2 60.3 52.1 24.5 54.8 42.2 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 1993 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database 128 External Sector 5-51. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1998 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 ** 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0 Botswana BWA .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.1 0.2 .. 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 12.7 18.6 0.0 0.3 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.5 .. 0.0 4.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.2 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. COG 0.0 0.4 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 0.4 0.7 5.2 .. 23.0 0.0 2.3 0.5 1.7 2.0 0.0 2.0 2.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.5 .. 0.0 7.6 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 .. 0.4 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.1 0.0 0.2 .. 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.7 ** 0 .. 0.1 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.9 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.2 .. 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 .. 0.0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 0.6 1.6 .. 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 4.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 3.7 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 .. 2.0 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 1.1 .. 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.0 0.3 .. 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 2.1 0.0 8.0 0.2 0.7 8.9 0.0 8.3 0.3 10.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.6 Reunion REU .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN 0.0 0.0 1.6 .. 0.5 0.0 1.1 1.1 0.0 3.7 0.0 0.1 0.5 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 1.4 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.1 9.6 1.4 .. 0.2 4.6 0.9 1.2 0.8 0.1 12.1 24.3 2.0 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 .. 1.1 1.5 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.2 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.0 1.5 .. 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Tunisia TUN 0.3 0.1 0.0 .. 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 .. 0.0 0.3 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 2.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.1 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.7 11.8 12.4 .. 27.5 17.4 15.6 3.1 18.3 33.8 15.3 42.9 10.8 13.7 9.6 0.9 10.7 .. 3.4 15.5 Canada CAN 4.1 0.3 0.1 .. 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.0 .. 2.0 0.3 United States USA 7.3 17.5 4.4 .. 2.4 5.5 5.2 4.2 3.8 2.3 0.4 4.2 10.0 5.3 4.0 15.6 34.7 .. 7.3 6.4 USA+Canada NNA 11.4 17.7 4.5 .. 2.6 5.6 6.0 4.3 3.8 2.3 0.6 4.8 10.5 5.5 4.1 16.1 34.7 .. 9.4 6.6 European Union EU 66.8 51.7 48.2 .. 41.0 63.8 67.0 86.6 58.9 54.0 74.8 34.6 59.0 57.8 35.4 43.4 43.8 .. 42.1 66.0 Rest of the World ROW 21.0 18.7 35.0 .. 28.9 13.2 11.4 6.0 19.0 9.9 9.3 17.7 19.8 23.0 50.9 39.7 10.9 .. 45.2 11.8 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 1998 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database External Sector 129 5-51. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1998 (continued ) Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA STP Algeria DZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.3 .. 0.0 0.0 Botswana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.2 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 .. 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 2.2 0.0 Congo, Rep. COG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 4.5 8.2 6.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.4 0.9 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 14.4 0.9 .. 0.1 0.0 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.2 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 1.9 Gambia, The GMB ** 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.1 ** 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.9 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.4 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 20.8 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 9.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.3 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.6 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.5 14.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 8.4 ** .. 0.0 0.0 Reunion REU .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** Senegal SEN 5.4 0.1 1.7 10.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.6 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.4 2.8 1.3 0.2 7.9 0.0 0.1 0.1 5.9 42.4 1.6 0.4 10.3 0.5 49.0 0.0 0.3 0.8 .. 5.6 3.1 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 2.0 0.1 Togo TGO 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 .. 0.0 0.2 Tunisia TUN 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.7 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.7 0.0 0.0 .. 6.6 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 3.1 8.9 0.1 0.1 .. 0.3 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 11.4 26.2 11.5 12.4 9.9 1.4 0.7 0.2 15.4 68.0 35.3 5.7 12.9 1.9 52.6 10.8 28.1 4.1 .. 39.1 5.3 Canada CAN 0.1 1.0 1.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 1.6 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.1 0.2 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.3 0.2 .. 0.4 0.0 United States USA 3.2 7.2 9.7 1.3 6.8 1.8 0.9 0.0 1.7 2.8 3.3 4.0 1.3 5.9 4.7 21.7 5.1 11.9 .. 10.4 21.0 USA+Canada NNA 3.3 8.3 11.0 1.3 7.0 1.9 1.0 1.6 1.9 3.4 4.1 4.0 1.4 7.3 5.9 22.8 5.5 12.1 .. 10.9 21.1 European Union EU 36.6 44.2 53.7 52.7 33.9 16.2 40.1 67.1 52.1 13.1 47.8 65.5 33.1 70.6 18.0 48.1 49.6 46.0 .. 32.1 68.3 Rest of the World ROW 48.7 21.4 23.7 33.7 49.2 80.5 58.2 31.1 30.7 15.6 12.8 24.8 52.5 20.2 23.6 18.3 16.8 37.7 .. 17.9 5.4 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 1998 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database 130 External Sector 5-51. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 1998 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA CAN USA NNA EU ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 Angola AGO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botswana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. COG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 3.2 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gambia, The GMB 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.8 0.1 14.4 0.1 3.0 0.0 14.2 0.0 0.0 36.8 0.4 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 15.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 5.8 0.0 6.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 Reunion REU .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN ** 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.5 11.2 3.7 0.3 ** 0.8 0.0 11.4 0.9 0.0 6.8 43.3 45.2 4.7 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.5 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 ** 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.2 1.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.2 13.8 ** 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 11.2 14.6 13.7 15.0 2.5 4.1 17.4 29.3 16.6 0.7 45.1 58.3 50.3 11.8 0.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 Canada CAN 0.8 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 ** 20.3 16.6 0.5 0.9 3.9 United States USA 4.1 3.3 13.8 1.2 14.2 0.5 10.3 4.1 3.7 2.4 3.8 2.5 4.5 9.0 78.1 ** 14.0 7.0 18.1 12.6 USA+Canada NNA 4.9 3.4 14.5 1.2 14.9 1.2 11.3 4.9 4.6 2.7 4.5 2.9 5.0 9.5 78.1 20.3 30.7 7.4 19.0 16.5 European Union EU 64.3 45.2 56.2 7.9 45.6 37.8 26.5 22.3 41.1 77.9 28.5 16.3 20.4 43.9 8.3 20.0 17.9 68.8 25.7 41.9 Rest of the World ROW 19.5 36.8 15.5 75.9 37.0 57.0 44.8 43.5 37.7 18.7 21.9 22.5 24.3 34.8 13.2 58.5 50.3 22.6 54.1 40.3 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 1998 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database External Sector 131 5-52. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 2003 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0.0 1.8 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.5 Angola AGO 0.0 ** 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0 0.1 Benin BEN 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0 Botswana BWA .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.0 0.0 0.2 .. 0.0 0.0 ** 0.6 14.0 14.5 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 3.7 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.1 0.0 0.4 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 ** 0.2 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. COG 0.0 0.3 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 ** 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.2 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 0.3 0.5 4.5 .. 15.2 0.0 2.7 1.3 1.6 1.2 0.0 3.1 2.7 ** 0.0 0.0 11.9 .. 0.0 1.9 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 .. 0.6 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.4 0.0 0.3 .. 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 ** 0 .. 0.2 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** .. 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.3 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 .. 0.0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.0 0.6 2.8 .. 1.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 16.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 5.6 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.7 0.0 .. 2.6 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.2 .. 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.1 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.1 0.2 0.1 .. 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.9 0.4 1.1 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.5 .. 0.0 0.9 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 0.0 0.9 .. 0.0 0.0 14.0 0.0 0.4 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.5 Reunion REU .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN 0.0 0.0 1.9 .. 4.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.6 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 .. 0.0 0.3 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.1 12.7 1.2 .. 1.2 3.6 1.8 0.8 0.6 0.1 10.6 17.8 3.4 1.8 1.0 0.1 0.1 .. 0.9 2.2 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 13.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 0.0 2.4 .. 9.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.7 0.0 0.2 .. 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 .. 0.0 0.3 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 0.5 14.4 14.4 .. 32.0 45.5 22.2 3.5 23.5 19.0 22.7 37.7 15.0 20.4 13.0 1.5 12.5 .. 3.6 9.1 Canada CAN 1.8 0.4 0.2 .. 0.3 1.3 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.9 0.2 .. 0.9 0.2 United States USA 3.5 11.9 1.8 .. 1.5 2.3 4.1 3.0 7.9 20.5 0.6 3.2 7.7 3.9 4.8 14.7 30.6 .. 23.8 5.4 USA+Canada NNA 5.3 12.3 2.1 .. 1.8 3.6 4.7 3.0 8.0 21.3 0.7 3.9 8.1 4.1 4.8 15.6 30.8 .. 24.7 5.6 European Union EU 64.7 52.0 34.8 .. 51.0 35.2 58.2 81.5 55.1 48.6 41.0 45.5 49.6 47.0 23.2 38.8 48.7 .. 29.6 74.4 Rest of the World ROW 29.4 21.3 48.7 .. 15.2 15.7 14.9 12.0 13.3 11.2 35.6 12.9 27.3 28.5 59.0 44.1 8.0 .. 42.0 11.0 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 2003 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database 132 External Sector 5-52. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 2003 (continued ) Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA STP Algeria DZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Angola AGO 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Benin BEN 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Botswana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.8 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.1 .. 0.2 0.7 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 3.3 0.0 Congo, Rep. COG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 3.5 3.5 4.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.9 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 9.9 1.2 .. 0.0 0.0 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.3 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 2.5 Gambia, The GMB ** 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.3 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 ** 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 .. 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 31.1 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.3 0.0 Morocco MAR 1.1 0.2 1.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.2 0.2 0.0 2.0 2.8 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.4 .. 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 0.0 12.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 ** .. 0.0 0.0 Reunion REU .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. ** 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 ** Senegal SEN 9.2 0.1 3.5 22.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 11.9 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 0.5 4.1 1.3 0.4 9.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 6.1 54.3 4.3 0.6 10.1 0.9 36.6 0.0 1.9 1.9 .. 4.4 0.6 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 3.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 1.9 0.0 Togo TGO 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.1 Tunisia TUN 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 8.1 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.6 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 14.0 24.6 10.4 24.8 14.4 1.0 1.3 0.1 16.7 68.0 32.1 5.1 12.9 1.7 38.3 2.3 21.5 4.5 .. 50.5 4.0 Canada CAN 0.0 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.9 0.3 1.2 0.4 .. 0.4 0.8 United States USA 5.9 6.0 4.3 1.2 5.4 2.2 0.9 0.0 3.7 2.9 3.5 4.2 1.2 3.4 5.2 7.7 6.6 7.4 .. 3.1 2.6 USA+Canada NNA 5.9 7.2 4.7 1.3 5.7 2.3 0.9 0.5 3.8 3.2 3.9 4.4 1.3 4.2 6.1 8.0 7.9 7.8 .. 3.5 3.4 European Union EU 28.2 32.7 50.1 48.0 25.0 10.4 20.1 65.1 35.0 10.7 44.2 57.4 44.9 67.4 19.5 55.4 41.3 41.4 .. 32.1 84.9 Rest of the World ROW 52.0 35.5 34.8 25.9 54.9 86.3 77.7 34.3 44.6 18.1 19.8 33.0 41.0 26.8 36.1 34.3 29.4 46.3 .. 13.8 7.7 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 2003 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database External Sector 133 5-52. Direction of trade matrix, exports, 2003 Importers Percentage of total exports Exporters SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA CAN USA NNA EU ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.3 Angola AGO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 Benin BEN 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botswana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burundi BDI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cameroon CMR 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cape Verde CPV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic CAF 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chad TCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Comoros COM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 7.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. COG 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 4.1 0.0 7.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 9.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Djibouti DJI 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gabon GAB 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gambia, The GMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ghana GHA 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea GIN 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kenya KEN 0.0 1.0 0.0 16.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 5.4 0.0 0.0 30.8 1.6 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Libya LBY 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 Madagascar MDG 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malawi MWI 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mali MLI 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritania MRT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mauritius MUS 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Morocco MAR 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 Mozambique MOZ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 3.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nigeria NGA 10.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.3 Reunion REU .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda RWA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Senegal SEN ** 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seychelles SYC 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone SLE 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Somalia SOM 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Africa ZAF 1.0 9.9 0.8 0.1 ** 0.6 0.0 10.7 1.7 0.1 8.5 52.9 60.7 4.9 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 Sudan SDN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 ** 0.0 0.0 0.9 1.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Togo TGO 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tunisia TUN 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 ** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 Uganda UGA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 ** 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zambia ZMB 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 6.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 ** 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 14.0 ** 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 18.3 13.5 10.4 16.3 4.7 3.5 0.8 23.5 15.7 0.5 41.4 72.6 73.9 12.8 0.7 1.9 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.5 Canada CAN 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.7 1.5 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 ** 19.2 16.1 0.4 0.8 3.6 United States USA 4.4 1.8 5.4 2.1 8.6 0.9 4.4 3.3 1.2 1.6 4.1 1.5 2.6 6.8 71.8 ** 11.6 5.1 13.5 9.7 USA+Canada NNA 4.8 1.9 5.9 2.1 9.2 2.4 4.7 4.2 1.8 2.2 4.4 2.1 3.0 7.4 71.8 19.2 27.7 5.6 14.2 13.3 European Union EU 52.6 49.7 62.4 5.1 46.8 27.0 10.9 22.7 40.0 78.9 22.9 10.1 12.2 41.0 10.3 21.1 19.3 69.2 23.4 41.3 Rest of the World ROW 24.3 34.9 21.3 76.6 39.3 67.1 83.6 49.6 42.5 18.3 31.3 15.2 11.0 38.9 17.2 57.8 51.3 24.0 61.1 44.0 World WLD 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 2003 is taken from partner countries' data Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database 134 External Sector 5-53. Direction of export trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1993 Importers Millions of current US dollars Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 Angola AGO 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benin BEN 0 0 ** 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Botswana BWA .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0 0 1 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cameroon CMR 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 10 5 0 0 44 3 0 0 10 0 0 23 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chad TCD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comoros COM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 ** 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 Congo, Rep. COG 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 14 5 17 0 88 0 0 11 8 1 0 12 6 ** 0 1 0 0 0 8 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 31 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 24 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 ** 0 0 2 0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 ** 0 0 0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 ** 0 Gabon GAB 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ghana GHA 0 6 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 Guinea GIN 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya KEN 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 5 10 0 0 3 54 0 0 29 0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Libya LBY 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 Madagascar MDG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Malawi MWI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 Mali MLI 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mauritania MRT 0 0 4 0 2 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 2 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mauritius MUS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco MAR 80 1 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 4 7 7 0 2 0 0 0 9 Mozambique MOZ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 1 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria NGA 0 0 0 0 22 0 4 0 0 10 0 45 2 341 0 0 0 0 0 22 Reunion REU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rwanda RWA 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal SEN 1 0 10 0 3 0 6 0 1 1 0 0 5 13 0 0 0 0 5 4 Seychelles SYC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 South Africa ZAF 1 89 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 12 106 9 16 0 1 2 0 0 7 Sudan SDN 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Togo TGO 0 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Tunisia TUN 67 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 7 0 0 0 0 Uganda UGA 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Zambia ZMB 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe ZWE 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 35 118 37 0 130 24 53 14 22 17 22 196 71 455 28 104 12 0 35 66 Canada CAN 199 1 2 0 2 0 12 0 0 0 0 4 1 3 0 68 0 0 14 10 United States USA 895 169 22 0 18 2 46 19 5 8 0 35 27 88 13 2,763 3 1 137 48 USA+Canada NNA 1,094 169 24 0 19 3 58 19 5 8 0 39 28 91 14 2,831 3 1 151 58 European Union EU 4,916 828 344 0 173 90 594 114 60 72 64 311 404 1,002 161 5,768 41 0 552 547 Rest of the World ROW 1,162 204 277 0 49 40 149 19 13 7 9 171 139 294 208 4,159 2 0 311 126 World WLD 7,207 1,320 681 0 371 156 853 166 100 104 96 717 642 1,843 411 12,861 59 0 1,049 797 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 1993 is taken from partner countries' data. Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database External Sector 135 5-53. Direction of export trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1993 (continued ) Importers Millions of current US dollars Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA STP Algeria DZA 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 3 0 0 0 31 0 71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Angola AGO 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benin BEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 Botswana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 Cameroon CMR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 17 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chad TCD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Comoros COM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Congo, Rep. COG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 13 57 69 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 110 3 0 22 4 0 28 75 1 0 0 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gabon GAB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Gambia, The GMB ** 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ghana GHA 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 Guinea GIN 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya KEN 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 10 0 1 0 0 2 2 24 0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Libya LBY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 1 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Madagascar MDG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 Malawi MWI 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mali MLI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Mauritania MRT 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mauritius MUS 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 27 1 0 Morocco MAR 1 2 6 0 0 0 43 141 0 0 6 7 1 ** 0 0 0 9 2 0 0 Mozambique MOZ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 46 0 0 0 Nigeria NGA 1 303 17 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 3 ** 0 0 0 Reunion REU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 Rwanda RWA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** Senegal SEN 11 0 9 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 27 11 0 15 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 Seychelles SYC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa ZAF 0 17 2 0 0 0 1 0 24 200 2 0 244 11 325 0 0 14 60 2 3 Sudan SDN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 25 0 Togo TGO 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 4 22 0 0 0 Tunisia TUN 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 188 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Uganda UGA 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Zambia ZMB 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0 2 0 0 16 2 0 0 1 43 0 0 5 0 54 3 0 0 0 1 0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 25 391 107 5 48 2 11 20 35 252 143 16 276 182 388 4 38 228 111 58 3 Canada CAN 0 19 2 0 8 0 1 68 1 0 3 5 2 71 24 1 0 33 0 2 0 United States USA 10 214 60 2 117 4 20 0 11 16 33 19 18 602 37 20 16 891 2 7 3 USA+Canada NNA 10 233 62 2 125 4 21 68 12 16 36 24 20 674 61 21 16 924 2 9 3 European Union EU 140 780 323 50 672 18 1,118 3,473 234 95 222 327 510 4,832 237 96 173 3,476 1,433 116 29 Rest of the World ROW 154 475 171 60 911 40 3,535 1,505 147 43 87 133 564 1,485 210 21 68 2,324 182 44 2 World WLD 329 1,880 663 116 1,755 64 4,685 5,066 427 406 488 500 1,370 7,174 897 143 295 6,952 1,728 227 37 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 1992 is taken from partner countries' data. Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database 136 External Sector 5-53. Direction of export trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1993 Importers Millions of current US dollars Exporters SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA CAN USA NNA EU ROW WLD Algeria DZA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 1 0 0 43 158 1,609 1,767 7,134 1,154 10,098 Angola AGO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 7 18 2,034 2,052 485 340 2,884 Benin BEN 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 1 1 29 98 137 Botswana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 22 11 63 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 16 0 0 0 30 16 62 Cameroon CMR 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 115 1 66 67 1,028 144 1,354 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 5 3 3 12 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 89 16 110 Chad TCD 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 46 12 67 Comoros COM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 13 1 22 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0 0 0 0 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 89 6 228 234 584 107 1,015 Congo, Rep. COG 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 525 525 409 143 1,101 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 48 0 27 0 38 0 0 0 18 16 0 0 0 653 2 152 154 1,548 308 2,663 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 3 49 115 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0 0 0 0 3 30 0 1 0 21 0 0 0 44 6 431 438 1,274 1,354 3,110 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 4 4 32 8 57 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 18 20 77 105 202 Gabon GAB 16 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 25 48 917 965 502 703 2,195 Gambia, The GMB 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 9 9 29 47 97 Ghana GHA 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 107 0 0 0 0 165 9 199 208 533 243 1,148 Guinea GIN 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 6 135 141 272 102 543 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 17 9 31 Kenya KEN 0 2 0 41 0 28 0 93 0 0 115 3 4 381 10 47 58 496 340 1,275 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 3 184 175 363 Libya LBY 0 0 0 0 0 184 0 0 0 47 0 0 0 185 0 0 0 6,682 675 7,542 Madagascar MDG 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 30 1 17 18 160 44 253 Malawi MWI 0 0 1 0 49 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 62 1 60 61 124 168 415 Mali MLI 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 16 2 1 3 73 128 220 Mauritania MRT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 52 0 6 6 246 116 420 Mauritius MUS 0 3 0 0 7 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 5 51 7 233 240 931 81 1,303 Morocco MAR 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 40 0 0 0 120 24 130 153 2,434 1,096 3,803 Mozambique MOZ 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 23 0 7 7 65 35 131 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 0 0 0 108 57 221 Nigeria NGA 59 0 7 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 845 503 5,099 5,602 3,745 1,398 11,590 Reunion REU 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 143 21 175 Rwanda RWA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 4 68 27 100 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 6 1 8 Senegal SEN ** 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 119 5 11 16 285 251 671 Seychelles SYC 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 1 15 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 41 61 16 118 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 111 121 South Africa ZAF 0 31 2 1 ** 10 0 20 5 0 3 303 491 2,003 100 1,929 0 7,133 7,900 17,037 Sudan SDN 0 0 0 0 2 ** 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 11 11 140 198 352 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0 0 0 2 7 3 0 ** 0 0 6 3 1 72 2 12 13 188 197 471 Togo TGO 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 50 23 3 26 32 87 196 Tunisia TUN 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 19 1 27 28 3,045 712 3,804 Uganda UGA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ** 0 0 9 4 10 14 93 21 137 Zambia ZMB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 21 45 0 3 3 362 482 891 Zimbabwe ZWE 0 0 0 0 188 1 1 5 0 0 3 67 ** 400 3 94 98 449 381 1,327 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 131 37 39 43 419 47 2 126 147 31 128 379 529 5,439 753 11,896 10,620 20,860 14,653 51,572 Canada CAN 6 1 1 3 43 4 1 6 0 15 5 32 7 259 ** 114,448 114,448 8,209 17,832 140,748 United States USA 69 65 21 31 2,197 53 3 33 13 232 21 42 86 4,757 100,191 ** 100,191 104,534 256,389 465,870 USA+Canada NNA 75 66 22 34 2,239 56 3 39 13 248 26 74 93 5,016 100,191 114,448 214,638 112,742 274,221 606,618 European Union EU 627 67 108 60 6,765 341 55 474 133 4,418 143 265 388 24,673 11,147 107,506 118,652 965,070 384,149 1,492,544 Rest of the World ROW 222 62 54 115 4,940 622 35 647 243 813 122 278 223 18,543 21,734 355,280 377,014 357,415 815,613 1,570,615 World WLD 1,056 231 222 252 14,364 1,066 95 1,287 536 5,510 419 996 1,233 53,671 133,825 589,130 722,954 1,456,088 1,488,636 3,721,349 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 1993 is taken from partner countries' data. Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database External Sector 137 5-54. Direction of export trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1998 c Importers Millions of current US dollars Millions of current US dollars Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Angola AGO 0 ** 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benin BEN 0 0 ** .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Botswana BWA .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0 0 0 .. ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 .. 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cameroon CMR 0 2 2 .. 0 0 ** 0 16 31 0 2 19 0 0 0 24 0 0 39 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chad TCD 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 2 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comoros COM 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ** 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Rep. COG 1 8 0 .. 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 8 ** 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 35 14 52 .. 157 0 33 1 2 3 0 16 19 ** 0 1 1 0 0 75 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 5 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 10 0 2 .. 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 ** 0 1 2 0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 .. 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 ** 0 0 0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 7 0 0 ** 0 Gabon GAB 3 1 2 .. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 7 6 1 0 0 1 0 0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ghana GHA 3 13 16 .. 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 Guinea GIN 0 0 0 .. 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 5 0 0 0 0 Kenya KEN 0 0 0 .. 0 4 2 0 0 0 3 29 1 1 2 94 0 4 24 0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Libya LBY 2 0 11 .. 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 96 0 0 0 0 Madagascar MDG 1 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Malawi MWI 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 Mali MLI 1 0 0 .. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mauritania MRT 0 0 0 .. 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mauritius MUS 0 0 0 .. 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco MAR 11 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mozambique MOZ 0 1 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0 0 3 .. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria NGA 2 0 1 .. 14 0 115 0 1 15 0 66 2 290 0 2 0 0 0 6 Reunion REU .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda RWA 0 0 0 .. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal SEN 2 0 16 .. 3 0 15 3 0 6 0 0 4 32 0 0 0 0 0 14 Seychelles SYC 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa ZAF 12 196 14 .. 2 4 13 3 1 0 18 195 19 33 0 23 0 0 13 15 Sudan SDN 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 2 0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 Togo TGO 0 0 15 .. 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Tunisia TUN 25 2 0 .. 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 24 0 0 0 3 Uganda UGA 3 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zambia ZMB 0 1 0 .. 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0 5 0 .. 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 66 240 123 .. 189 15 223 7 22 55 23 343 100 393 48 174 27 4 41 152 Canada CAN 367 6 1 .. 2 0 12 0 0 0 0 4 4 5 0 95 0 0 24 3 United States USA 650 354 44 .. 16 5 75 10 5 4 1 34 92 152 20 3,060 87 25 88 62 USA+Canada NNA 1,017 360 44 .. 18 5 87 10 5 4 1 38 96 157 20 3,155 87 25 112 65 European Union EU 5,969 1,049 478 .. 281 55 961 199 72 89 112 277 544 1,654 175 8,519 110 0 506 647 Rest of the World ROW 1,877 378 347 .. 198 11 163 14 23 16 14 142 183 658 252 7,803 27 0 543 116 World WLD 8,930 2,028 992 .. 685 87 1,435 229 123 164 149 800 923 2,861 495 19,651 250 0 1,202 981 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 1998 is taken from partner countries' data. Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database 138 External Sector 5-54. Direction of export trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1998 (continued ) Importers Millions of current US dollars Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA STP Algeria DZA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 29 0 61 0 0 0 2 .. 0 0 Angola AGO 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Benin BEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 4 21 .. 0 0 Botswana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 7 0 0 0 3 0 .. 0 0 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Cameroon CMR 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 12 .. 0 0 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Chad TCD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 .. 0 0 Comoros COM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 5 0 Congo, Rep. COG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 13 252 44 0 1 0 23 0 0 0 212 4 3 23 0 0 50 63 .. 0 0 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 75 0 0 2 0 0 13 0 0 0 4 .. 0 0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Gabon GAB 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 .. 0 1 Gambia, The GMB ** 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Ghana GHA 0 ** 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 64 .. 0 0 Guinea GIN 1 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 8 .. 0 0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Kenya KEN 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 2 6 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 3 .. 44 0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0 0 0 0 8 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Libya LBY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 4 3 .. 0 0 Madagascar MDG 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 16 1 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Malawi MWI 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Mali MLI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 8 0 0 0 2 3 .. 0 0 Mauritania MRT 0 1 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Mauritius MUS 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 71 2 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 .. 1 0 Morocco MAR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 102 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Mozambique MOZ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ** 42 .. 0 0 Nigeria NGA 1 443 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 62 0 0 29 ** .. 0 0 Reunion REU .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Rwanda RWA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. ** 0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 ** Senegal SEN 16 2 12 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 43 21 0 5 0 0 1 5 .. 0 0 Seychelles SYC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 South Africa ZAF 1 88 9 0 232 0 3 6 46 217 13 2 188 45 478 0 1 53 .. 12 1 Sudan SDN 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 4 0 Togo TGO 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 3 0 .. 0 0 Tunisia TUN 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 213 0 0 2 2 0 37 0 0 2 2 .. 0 0 Uganda UGA 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 2 0 Zambia ZMB 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 .. 14 0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0 2 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 62 0 0 5 0 30 21 0 3 .. 1 0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 34 809 78 10 290 1 38 7 121 347 274 28 237 179 513 25 98 284 .. 82 2 Canada CAN 0 32 9 0 6 0 2 73 2 3 6 0 3 128 12 3 1 17 .. 1 0 United States USA 9 224 66 1 199 1 50 0 13 15 25 19 23 553 46 51 18 820 .. 22 9 USA+Canada NNA 10 256 75 1 205 1 52 73 15 17 31 20 27 681 57 54 19 836 .. 23 9 European Union EU 109 1,366 364 42 995 12 2,181 3,012 411 67 371 321 606 6,597 175 113 173 3,177 .. 67 30 Rest of the World ROW 145 660 161 27 1,443 59 3,167 1,395 242 80 100 122 961 1,892 230 43 59 2,606 .. 38 2 World WLD 298 3,091 677 79 2,933 73 5,437 4,488 790 511 776 490 1,831 9,349 976 235 348 6,902 .. 209 44 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 1998 is taken from partner countries' data. Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database External Sector 139 5-54. Direction of export trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 1998 Importers Exporters SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA CAN USA NNA EU ROW WLD Algeria DZA 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 0 34 366 1,549 1,915 6,467 1,609 10,025 Angola AGO 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 11 2,228 2,239 592 636 3,477 Benin BEN 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 34 0 3 3 46 150 232 Botswana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 87 133 242 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 32 29 64 Cameroon CMR 7 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 160 3 19 22 1,312 177 1,671 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 10 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 2 3 187 37 231 Chad TCD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 7 7 88 20 121 Comoros COM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 4 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 13 0 164 164 790 61 1,029 Congo, Rep. COG 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 13 306 319 538 686 1,567 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 46 0 4 0 23 0 0 0 63 19 0 0 0 1,179 25 396 421 2,318 773 4,692 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 71 0 1 1 11 42 125 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 1 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 20 1 0 0 36 12 390 401 1,219 1,538 3,195 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 67 67 221 112 411 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 53 58 313 229 605 Gabon GAB 12 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 40 0 1,256 1,257 508 694 2,499 Gambia, The GMB 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 23 3 29 Ghana GHA 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 11 3 0 0 0 133 11 140 150 1,095 378 1,756 Guinea GIN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 18 123 142 369 84 625 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 11 63 76 Kenya KEN 0 2 0 30 16 44 0 229 0 0 288 3 6 748 10 69 79 611 475 1,913 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11 1 24 25 433 443 912 Libya LBY 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 299 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 4,989 1,013 6,032 Madagascar MDG 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 23 1 14 15 148 48 234 Malawi MWI 0 0 0 0 82 0 0 2 0 1 1 2 12 104 3 59 61 201 112 478 Mali MLI 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 24 13 4 17 103 150 295 Mauritania MRT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 1 0 0 0 48 0 0 0 320 131 500 Mauritius MUS 0 5 0 0 8 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 7 107 12 285 297 1,225 76 1,704 Morocco MAR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 0 0 0 31 41 165 206 2,764 1,634 4,634 Mozambique MOZ 0 0 0 0 40 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 43 108 1 14 14 75 47 245 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 0 2 2 105 34 206 Nigeria NGA 84 0 10 0 82 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 1,179 209 4,135 4,344 2,997 2,827 11,346 Reunion REU .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda RWA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 4 5 63 37 108 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 11 4 16 Senegal SEN ** 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 5 3 0 0 3 216 1 4 4 342 262 824 Seychelles SYC 0 ** 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 84 5 90 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 7 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 13 113 127 South Africa ZAF 8 33 6 1 ** 11 0 184 6 4 53 381 931 3,483 242 1,876 2,118 7,788 13,499 26,889 Sudan SDN 0 0 0 1 0 ** 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 3 4 194 340 542 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0 1 0 0 7 0 0 ** 0 0 7 4 13 75 1 13 14 246 254 588 Togo TGO 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 45 46 0 47 37 124 252 Tunisia TUN 6 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 1 ** 0 0 0 51 8 28 37 4,616 1,039 5,742 Uganda UGA 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 ** 0 0 7 5 14 19 344 41 411 Zambia ZMB 0 0 0 0 93 0 0 37 0 0 1 ** 21 226 12 23 35 380 380 1,021 Zimbabwe ZWE 0 2 0 0 228 3 1 13 0 0 2 121 ** 525 8 116 124 644 437 1,730 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 162 43 23 31 633 60 14 472 115 56 352 513 1,036 8,685 652 11,426 12,078 24,912 24,105 69,780 Canada CAN 11 0 1 0 196 11 1 12 6 23 5 4 10 416 ** 182,802 182,802 10,632 17,505 211,355 United States USA 59 10 24 3 3,626 7 8 67 26 197 30 22 93 6,637 154,152 ** 154,152 152,747 366,870 680,406 USA+Canada NNA 70 10 25 3 3,822 18 9 79 32 220 35 26 103 7,053 154,152 182,802 336,954 163,379 384,375 891,761 European Union EU 924 134 96 16 11,685 553 21 360 285 6,423 223 143 420 32,475 16,422 180,235 196,657 1,512,498 520,976 2,262,607 Rest of the World ROW 280 109 26 157 9,461 834 36 702 261 1,545 171 198 502 25,714 26,099 527,155 553,253 496,541 1,096,957 2,172,466 World WLD 1,437 297 170 207 25,601 1,465 80 1,613 694 8,244 782 880 2,062 73,898 197,324 901,617 1,098,942 2,197,331 2,026,443 5,396,614 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 1998 is taken from partner countries' data. Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database 140 External Sector 5-55. Direction of export trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 2003 Importers Millions of current US dollars Exporters DZA AGO BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF TCD COM ZAR COG CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERI ETH GAB Algeria DZA ** 0 30 .. 0 0 1 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 189 0 0 0 6 Angola AGO 0 ** 0 .. 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Benin BEN 0 0 ** .. 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Botswana BWA .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 1 0 0 .. ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 .. 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cameroon CMR 6 2 3 .. 0 0 ** 2 13 46 0 0 20 2 0 1 0 0 0 43 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chad TCD 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 3 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comoros COM 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0 0 0 .. 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 ** 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Rep. COG 1 14 2 .. 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 14 ** 7 0 0 0 0 0 2 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 40 23 74 .. 113 0 60 4 2 4 0 29 27 ** 0 2 131 0 0 22 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 9 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 59 1 5 .. 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 2 0 7 0 ** 0 1 3 0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Ethiopia ETH 2 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 5 0 0 ** 0 Gabon GAB 1 2 0 .. 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 13 11 10 0 0 2 0 0 ** Gambia, The GMB 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ghana GHA 0 23 46 .. 10 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 14 8 0 1 0 0 0 0 Guinea GIN 0 0 0 .. 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya KEN 2 0 0 .. 0 20 0 0 0 0 6 54 2 1 4 119 0 7 45 0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Libya LBY 2 0 0 .. 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 46 0 0 0 0 Madagascar MDG 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Malawi MWI 3 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 Mali MLI 0 0 0 .. 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Mauritania MRT 6 0 3 .. 1 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 9 24 0 3 1 0 0 1 Mauritius MUS 0 0 0 .. 0 1 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Morocco MAR 18 9 1 .. 6 0 4 1 0 0 1 4 11 15 0 33 6 0 0 11 Mozambique MOZ 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0 0 2 .. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria NGA 0 0 15 .. 0 0 313 0 0 7 0 0 0 360 0 0 0 0 0 6 Reunion REU .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda RWA 0 0 0 .. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal SEN 0 1 32 .. 29 0 10 2 1 1 0 0 7 61 0 0 3 0 0 4 Seychelles SYC 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 South Africa ZAF 10 524 21 .. 9 5 40 3 1 0 11 171 35 48 7 23 1 1 16 26 Sudan SDN 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 0 1 0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0 2 0 .. 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Togo TGO 0 0 40 .. 69 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 Tunisia TUN 104 0 3 .. 7 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 1 28 1 0 0 3 Uganda UGA 0 0 0 .. 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 13 14 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 Zambia ZMB 0 1 0 .. 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 37 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Zimbabwe ZWE 1 1 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 76 594 240 .. 237 57 496 11 22 60 24 363 154 538 93 275 138 9 63 106 Canada CAN 253 17 4 .. 2 2 14 0 0 2 0 7 4 4 0 164 2 2 16 2 United States USA 487 492 30 .. 11 3 91 9 7 64 1 31 79 103 34 2,660 336 87 409 63 USA+Canada NNA 740 509 34 .. 13 5 105 9 7 67 1 38 83 107 35 2,824 339 89 425 65 European Union EU 9,027 2,149 578 .. 378 44 1,298 254 51 153 44 438 508 1,241 167 7,045 536 0 510 872 Rest of the World ROW 4,108 882 808 .. 113 20 332 37 12 35 38 124 280 753 425 8,010 89 0 723 129 World WLD 13,951 4,134 1,660 .. 740 126 2,231 312 93 314 108 961 1,025 2,639 721 18,155 1,101 0 1,721 1,172 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 2003 is taken from partner countries' data. Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database External Sector 141 5-55. Direction of export trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 2003 (continued ) Importers Millions of current US dollars Exporters GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA REU RWA STP Algeria DZA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 12 0 159 0 0 4 1 .. 0 0 Angola AGO 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 .. 0 0 Benin BEN 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 13 11 .. 0 0 Botswana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 4 3 0 0 10 1 .. 0 0 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 2 0 Cameroon CMR 1 33 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 11 0 5 0 17 .. 0 0 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Chad TCD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Comoros COM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 9 0 Congo, Rep. COG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 16 124 38 1 1 0 19 0 1 0 98 7 0 16 0 0 50 164 .. 0 0 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 2 5 3 0 27 0 0 52 8 0 1 2 13 112 0 0 0 6 .. 0 0 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 .. 1 0 Gabon GAB 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 10 .. 0 1 Gambia, The GMB ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Ghana GHA 1 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 7 20 .. 0 0 Guinea GIN 0 0 ** 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 23 .. 0 0 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 1 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 .. 0 0 Kenya KEN 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 8 10 1 0 3 1 1 0 0 13 .. 80 0 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 0 1 0 0 14 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 .. 0 0 Libya LBY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 55 0 0 1 0 .. 0 0 Madagascar MDG 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ** 0 0 0 44 1 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Malawi MWI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 ** 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Mali MLI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Mauritania MRT 0 3 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 1 ** 0 0 0 0 0 11 .. 0 0 Mauritius MUS 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 117 0 0 0 ** 0 2 1 0 0 .. 1 0 Morocco MAR 5 5 11 1 1 0 4 67 2 0 18 23 4 ** 0 0 3 4 .. 0 0 Mozambique MOZ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 4 0 ** 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** 52 .. 0 0 Nigeria NGA 0 454 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 ** .. 0 0 Reunion REU .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. Rwanda RWA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. ** 0 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 ** Senegal SEN 42 3 29 24 0 0 8 0 1 0 107 30 0 3 0 0 3 2 .. 0 0 Seychelles SYC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 .. 0 0 South Africa ZAF 2 145 10 0 344 0 3 0 78 316 39 5 262 127 444 0 10 264 .. 11 0 Sudan SDN 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 0 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 3 22 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 4 .. 5 0 Togo TGO 0 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 1 4 0 0 15 6 .. 0 0 Tunisia TUN 1 3 2 0 0 0 1 352 1 0 5 3 0 54 0 0 13 1 .. 0 0 Uganda UGA 0 0 0 0 78 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 .. 21 0 Zambia ZMB 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 .. 0 0 Zimbabwe ZWE 0 1 0 0 5 1 0 0 1 12 0 0 2 1 11 2 0 4 .. 0 0 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 63 866 86 26 524 2 51 6 211 395 288 42 333 226 464 9 109 626 .. 130 2 Canada CAN 0 42 3 0 10 0 1 26 1 2 3 1 1 103 11 1 6 51 .. 1 0 United States USA 27 209 36 1 197 5 33 0 46 17 31 35 32 465 63 28 34 1,029 .. 8 2 USA+Canada NNA 27 252 38 1 207 5 34 26 48 19 35 36 33 568 74 29 40 1,080 .. 9 2 European Union EU 128 1,148 410 50 906 23 783 3,615 444 62 397 473 1,162 9,224 236 202 208 5,750 .. 83 49 Rest of the World ROW 236 1,249 285 27 1,994 193 3,021 1,904 565 105 178 272 1,061 3,660 437 125 148 6,425 .. 36 4 World WLD 454 3,513 819 104 3,631 224 3,890 5,551 1,268 581 898 824 2,589 13,678 1,212 365 505 13,882 .. 258 58 Note: ** means "not applicable." (Table continues on the following page) South Africa's data for 2003 is taken from partner countries' data. Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database 142 External Sector 5-55. Direction of export trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, 2003 Importers Millions of current US dollars Exporters SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SWZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE SSA CAN USA NNA EU ROW WLD Algeria DZA 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 119 0 0 0 64 1,717 4,660 6,377 15,050 3,591 25,082 Angola AGO 0 0 0 0 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 0 4,097 4,097 1,153 3,266 8,585 Benin BEN 6 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 68 0 1 1 43 167 279 Botswana BWA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso BFA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 40 0 1 1 47 157 245 Burundi BDI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 1 1 11 23 38 Cameroon CMR 10 0 1 0 53 0 0 0 5 6 0 0 0 264 1 169 170 1,431 376 2,240 Cape Verde CPV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 23 1 29 Central African Republic CAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 2 95 20 122 Chad TCD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 22 22 48 17 92 Comoros COM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 4 24 4 33 Congo, Dem. Rep. ZAR 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 120 152 0 167 167 719 47 1,085 Congo, Rep. COG 11 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 71 1 416 416 332 1,765 2,584 Cote d'Ivoire CIV 96 0 39 0 16 0 0 1 121 24 1 0 0 1,280 13 389 402 3,109 702 5,493 Djibouti DJI 0 0 0 122 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 131 0 1 1 7 52 192 Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY 11 0 3 0 7 95 0 6 3 44 6 2 1 231 83 1,108 1,191 3,479 3,357 8,259 Equatorial Guinea GNQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 335 875 1,211 1,000 428 2,640 Eritrea ERI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia ETH 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 12 4 31 35 197 368 612 Gabon GAB 5 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 72 2 1,886 1,888 551 1,157 3,667 Gambia, The GMB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8 8 18 Ghana GHA 12 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 12 1 0 0 0 172 35 85 120 1,039 658 1,989 Guinea GIN 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 27 79 106 345 291 799 Guinea-Bissau GNB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 2 2 8 47 70 Kenya KEN 1 4 0 55 10 60 0 110 0 0 325 21 3 842 10 242 252 840 647 2,582 Lesotho LSO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia LBR 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 24 3 56 59 738 110 931 Libya LBY 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 325 0 0 0 26 6 0 6 11,307 2,372 13,711 Madagascar MDG 0 1 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 10 248 258 424 100 848 Malawi MWI 0 0 0 0 130 0 0 2 0 0 0 9 4 153 1 75 76 194 136 561 Mali MLI 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 10 1 2 3 64 139 216 Mauritania MRT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 91 1 1 1 333 151 577 Mauritius MUS 1 10 0 0 28 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 4 183 7 326 332 1,232 108 1,855 Morocco MAR 18 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 42 0 0 0 171 67 377 445 6,625 2,106 9,347 Mozambique MOZ 0 0 0 0 152 0 1 0 0 0 0 9 50 233 0 8 9 662 164 1,068 Namibia NAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger NER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 0 0 85 32 180 Nigeria NGA 254 0 0 0 589 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 2,010 753 9,205 9,958 5,257 6,836 24,061 Reunion REU .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda RWA 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 3 18 128 153 Sao Tome and Principe STP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 8 2 12 Senegal SEN ** 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 14 1 0 0 0 417 1 8 9 343 361 1,130 Seychelles SYC 0 ** 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 205 6 214 Sierra Leone SLE 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 6 9 117 13 140 Somalia SOM 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 2 100 108 South Africa ZAF 23 41 4 0 ** 16 0 217 21 6 90 681 961 4,900 362 4,391 4,753 14,129 12,779 36,561 Sudan SDN 0 0 0 0 12 ** 0 0 0 2 6 0 7 41 12 7 19 316 2,233 2,609 Swaziland SWZ .. .. .. .. .. .. ** .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania TZA 1 0 2 0 21 0 0 ** 0 0 10 21 2 180 2 24 26 302 454 962 Togo TGO 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 ** 0 0 0 0 238 0 5 6 72 99 416 Tunisia TUN 12 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 1 ** 0 0 0 80 6 48 55 6,505 1,388 8,027 Uganda UGA 0 0 0 0 30 14 0 6 0 0 ** 0 0 189 2 13 14 146 183 532 Zambia ZMB 0 0 0 0 205 0 0 132 0 0 0 ** 18 428 1 6 7 334 178 948 Zimbabwe ZWE 1 0 0 0 175 6 0 2 0 1 1 180 ** 411 6 55 61 512 1,904 2,888 Sub-Saharan Africa SSA 427 55 54 56 1,531 98 1 474 200 55 437 934 1,169 12,778 1,595 22,913 24,508 36,517 36,365 110,168 Canada CAN 9 0 2 0 215 42 1 19 7 60 4 8 6 529 ** 235,241 235,241 13,126 22,692 271,588 United States USA 102 7 28 7 2,821 26 8 66 15 171 43 19 42 6,833 169,481 ** 169,481 154,440 392,857 723,611 USA+Canada NNA 111 8 31 7 3,037 68 9 85 22 231 47 28 48 7,362 169,481 235,241 404,722 167,566 415,549 995,199 European Union EU 1,225 204 327 17 15,362 760 20 460 508 8,155 241 129 193 41,018 24,242 257,528 281,770 2,087,322 683,412 3,093,522 Rest of the World ROW 565 143 112 263 12,912 1,892 157 1,003 540 1,895 330 195 173 38,927 40,668 707,500 748,168 723,037 1,783,367 3,293,499 World WLD 2,328 410 523 343 32,843 2,818 187 2,022 1,270 10,336 1,055 1,286 1,583 100,085 235,986 1,223,182 1,459,168 3,014,441 2,918,693 7,492,387 Note: ** means "not applicable." South Africa's data for 2003 is taken from partner countries' data. Source: International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database External Sector 143 Figure 5-1. Terms of trade gains and losses, average 1994­2003* annual average percentage change -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Angola Equatorial Guinea Nigeria Congo, Rep. of Congo, Dem. Rep. of Côte d'Ivoire Chad Madagascar Comoros Namibia Seychelles Kenya Cameroon São Tomé and Principe Rwanda Gabon Benin Mauritania Botswana Burkina Faso Mauritius Ghana South Africa Ethiopia Cape Verde Mali Guinea Mozambique Guinea-Bissau Niger Sudan Burundi Malawi Senegal * Or most recent year available. 144 External Sector Technical notes Tables private sources to either private or public recipients) less outflows from private sources to either private or Tables 5-1 and 5-2. Merchandise exports and mer- public recipients that carry no provisions for repay- chandise imports, f.o.b. Merchandise exports and ments. They include workers' remittances; transfers imports (World Bank country desks) are both valued by migrants; gifts, dowries, and inheritances; and f.o.b. and comprise all transactions involving a alimony and other support remittances. change of ownership of goods, including nonmone- tary gold, between residents of a country and the rest Table 5-6. Net official current transfers. Net offi- of the world. These transactions include those in cial transfers (World Bank country desks) are the which ownership changes even though goods do not official sources counterpart of Table 5-5. They in- cross customs borders. The few types of goods not clude transfers on both current and capital accounts, covered by the merchandise account include travel- including government grants of real resources and fi- ers' purchases abroad, which are included in travel, nancial items such as subsidies to current budgets, and purchases of goods by diplomatic and military grants of technical assistance, and government personnel, which are classified under other official contributions to international organizations for goods, services, and income. administrative expenses. Tables 5-3 and 5-4. Exports and imports of total Table 5-7. Current account balance, excluding net services. Service exports and imports (World Bank capital grants. Current account balance (World country desks) include total nonfactor and factor Bank country desks), as presented here, is the differ- services, based on transactions involving ownership ence between exports of goods and all services plus changes as explained above for goods. Nonfactor inflows of unrequited current transfers (official and services comprise shipment, passenger and other private) and imports of goods and all services plus transport services, and travel, as well as current ac- outflows of unrequited transfers to the rest of the count transactions not separately reported (that is, not world. Other common presentations exclude or in- classified as merchandise, nonfactor services, or clude both current and capital official transfers. Data transfers). These include transactions with nonresi- in previous volumes included both. dents by government agencies and their personnel abroad, as well as transactions by private residents Table 5-8. Current account balance, excluding net with foreign governments and government personnel capital grants, as a percentage of GDP. It is defined stationed in the reporting country. Factor services as the ratio of figures presented in Table 5-7 to GDP comprise services of labor and capital, thus covering in current prices (Table 2-5). income from direct investment abroad, interest, divi- dends, and property and labor income. Net interest is Table 5-9. Net capital grants. These grants (World recorded on an accrual basis; that is, interest obliga- Bank country desks) are unrequited transfers, often tions are included whether payments are made or not. used to finance balance of payments deficits. Table 5-5. Net private transfers. Net private trans- Table 5-10. Net foreign direct investment. Net for- fers (World Bank country desks) are inflows (from eign direct investment (World Bank country desks) is External Sector 145 the net amount invested or reinvested by nonresidents values (World Bank country desks) are based on ex- to acquire a lasting interest in enterprises in which ports and imports of goods and nonfactor services from they exercise significant managerial control. Invest- the national accounts. These indexes are calculated by ment includes equity capital, reinvested earnings, and dividing the values of exports and imports expressed other capital. The net figures subtract the value of di- in current U.S. dollars (Tables 2-14 and 2-15) by the rect investment abroad by residents of the reporting volume of exports (f.o.b.) and imports (c.i.f.) ex- country. pressed in constant 2000 U.S. dollars (Tables 2-16 and 2-17). Because of the way these trade unit value Table 5-11. Net long-term borrowing. Net long- indexes are calculated (Paasche indexes, with chang- term borrowing is calculated as disbursements less ing weights), they reflect the composition of exports the repayment of principal (amortization) of public, and imports in each year and may not give a reliable publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed bor- trend in unit values when trade composition changes rowings that have an original or extended maturity of dramatically. By contrast, this index reflects more ac- more than one year and that are repayable in foreign curately shifts in a country's actual composition of currencies, goods, or services. These data are as re- trade than would an index using weights based on ported in the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System trade shares in a single year. Data may differ from (DRS) and are in accord with the data on external those in ADI 1992 and ADI 1994/95 because a differ- debt discussed in Chapter 6. ent source was used for this volume. Table 5-12. Other capital flows. Other capital flows Table 5-17. Terms of trade. Terms of trade measure comprise the net balance of inflows and outflows of the relative movement of export and import prices. capital not elsewhere included. It covers, for exam- This series is calculated as the ratio of a country's ex- ple, changes in the stock of short-term debt, arrears, port unit values or prices (Table 5-15) to its import and other liabilities (all adjusted for valuation unit values or prices (Table 5-16). It shows changes changes resulting from exchange rate changes and over a base year (2000) in the level of export unit val- other factors), and errors and omissions. This table ues as a percentage of import unit values. Data may incorporates corrections to data in ADI 1992. differ from those in ADI 1992 and ADI 1994/95 be- cause a different source was used for this volume. Table 5-13. Use of reserves. This table (World Bank country desks) shows the variation from year to year Table 5-18. Forest products exports. Exports of for- of the net balance of international reserve assets and est production (FAO data) are given as an aggregate is valued throughout at year-end London prices (for including all wood from trees and forests (coniferous example, US$37.37 an ounce in 1970 and US$484.10 and nonconiferous), whether in natural form or par- an ounce in 1987). Positive numbers represent a de- tially processed (UN Standard International Trade crease or use of reserves; negative numbers represent Classification [SITC] 245, 246, and 247); sawwood an increase in reserves. This table incorporates cor- and sleepers (SITC 248); and wood-based panels and rections to data in ADI 1996. fiberwood, compressed or noncompressed (SITC 634 and 641). Table 5-14. Import coverage ratio of reserves. This ratio gives the number of months, at current import Table 5-19. Petroleum exports. This table contains levels, that can adequately be covered by available the volumes of crude petroleum exported (World foreign exchange reserves (World Bank country Bank, International Energy Agency [IEA]). Data may desks). It is obtained by dividing the stock of reserves differ from ADI 1992 and ADI 1994/95 because a dif- by imports divided by 12. ferent source was used for this volume. Tables 5-15 and 5-16. Export and import unit Table 5-20. Copper exports. The table presents the values. The indexes for total export and import unit unweighted sum of the metal content weights of 146 External Sector copper ore and concentrate and of unrefined plus re- Table 5-32. Meat exports. Meat exports are defined fined copper, metal, and alloys, unwrought (World as fresh, chilled, or frozen meat (SITC category 011) Bank, Metals and Minerals Database [METMIN]). (FAO data). Data may differ from ADI 1992 and ADI 1994/95 because a different source was used for this volume. Tables 5-33 and 5-34. Manufactured goods exports. Data reported in these tables follow the clas- Table 5-21. Iron exports. These are exports meas- sification of manufacturing industries as reported in ured in metal content weight of iron ore (World Bank, the UN International Standard Industrial Classifica- METMIN). tion of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 2 (World Bank country desks). Table 5-33 is expressed Table 5-22. Phosphates exports. These are the vol- in current prices; Table 5-34 shows growth. ume of phosphates exports, expressed as the weight of mineral content in phosphate rock (World Bank, Tables 5-35 and 5-36. Food imports. Data refer to METMIN). the sum of food, beverages, tobacco, oilseeds and oleaginous fruits, animal and vegetable oils, and fats Table 5-23. Cocoa exports. Cocoa exports include (SITC sections 0, 1, and 4 and division 22) (World cocoa beans, cocoa powder and cake, cocoa paste, Bank country desks). Table 5-35 is expressed in cur- cocoa butter, and chocolate products not elsewhere rent prices; Table 5-36 shows growth. specified (FAO data). Tables 5-37 and 5-38. Nonfood consumer goods Table 5-24. Coffee exports. Coffee exports are imports. Data reported in these tables show con- shown for green and roasted beans (FAO data). sumer goods imports other than food. Data are cal- culated as total merchandise imports less food, fuel, Table 5-25. Cotton exports. Cotton exports refer to intermediate goods, and capital goods imports cotton lint only (FAO data). (World Bank country desks). Table 5-37 is expressed in current prices; Table 5-38 shows growth. Table 5-26. Groundnut exports. Groundnut exports include the weight of groundnuts in shelled equiva- Tables 5-39 and 5-40. Fuel imports. Figures are lent (using a conversion factor of 70 percent), defined as SITC section 3 (sum of Canada, Mexico, groundnut oil, and groundnut cake (FAO data). and United States) (World Bank country desks). Table 5-39 presents data in current prices; Table 5-40 Table 5-27. Palm oil products exports. Exports of shows growth. palm oil products consist of palm oil and palm ker- nels (FAO data). Tables 5-41 and 5-42. Primary intermediate goods imports. Data on these tables comprise minerals, Table 5-28. Sisal exports. Only sisal fiber exports ores, and metals imports (the sum of SITC divisions are included (FAO data). 27, 28, and 68, and item 522.56) and agricultural raw materials imports (the sum of SITC section 2, less Table 5-29. Tea exports. Tea exports figures are for divisions 22, 27, and 28, and groups 233, 244, 266, processed tea (FAO data). and 267). Synthetics are excluded (World Bank coun- try desks). Table 41 presents data in current prices; Table 5-30. Sugar exports. Sugar exports are shown Table 42 shows growth. in terms of raw sugar equivalent. The conversion fac- tor to express refined sugar in raw sugar equivalent is Tables 5-43 and 5-44. Manufactured goods im- 1.087 for all countries (FAO data). ports. Data reported on these tables follow the clas- sification of manufacturing industries as reported in Table 5-31. Tobacco exports. Only tobacco leaves the UN International Standard Industrial Classifica- are included (FAO data). tion of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 2 External Sector 147 (World Bank country desks). Table 5-43 presents data In these tables data posted under South Africa are in current prices; Table 5-44 shows growth. for the Southern African Customs Union, which com- prises Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Tables 5-45 and 5-46. Capital goods imports. Data and Swaziland. shown here are for machinery and transport equip- NNA refers to the United States and Canada. ment (SITC section 7) (World Bank country desks). Table 5-45 presents data in current prices; Table 5-46 Tables 5-53, 5-54, and 5-55. Direction of trade ma- shows growth. trix, current U.S. dollars. These are the value of trade in goods and services to or from the countries Tables 5-47, 5-48, and 5-49. Direction of trade ma- indicated. Matrices are shown for 1993, 1998, and trix, imports. These tables show, for each importing 2003. They form the basis for the calculations in the country, the percentage of the value of its total im- previous six tables. Data for South Africa are for the ports that originates from each of the exporting coun- Southern African Customs Union, which comprises tries for 1993, 1998, and 2003, respectively. They are Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and calculated from Tables 5-53 to 5-55, below. Swaziland. The source of the data is the International In these tables data posted under South Africa are Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database. IMF for the Southern African Customs Union, which com- staff members have estimated some of these numbers prises Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, in order to have a consistent time series. and Swaziland. NNA refers to the United States and Canada. NNA refers to the United States and Canada. Figure Tables 5-50, 5-51, and 5-52. Direction of trade ma- trix, exports. As with the foregoing, for each ex- The following indicator has been used to derive the porter, these tables show the percentage of the value figures in this chapter. of total exports, f.o.b., that goes to each of its trade partners for 1993, 1998, and 2003, respectively. Figure 5-1. Terms of trade gains or losses These are calculated from Tables 5-53 to 5-55, below. (Table 5-17). 148 External Sector Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 5 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (1) (3) (4) (6) (9) (2) (3) 5-1 x x 5-2 x x 5-3 x x 5-4 x x 5-5 x x 5-6 x x 5-7 x x 5-8 x x 5-9 x x 5-10 x x 5-11 x x 5-12 x x 5-13 x x 5-14 x x 5-15 x x 5-16 x x 5-17 x x 5-18 x x 5-19 x x 5-20 x x 5-21 x x 5-22 x x 5-23 x x 5-24 x x 5-25 x x 5-26 x x 5-27 x x 5-28 x x 5-29 x x 5-30 x x 5-31 x x 5-32 x x 5-33 x x 5-34 x x 5-35 x x 5-36 x x 5-37 x x 5-38 x x 5-39 x x 5-40 x x 5-41 x x 5-42 x x 5-43 x x 5-44 x x 5-45 x x 5-46 x x 5-47 x 5-48 x 5-49 x 5-50 x 5-51 x 5-52 x 5-53 x 5-54 x 5-55 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 6 External Debt and Related Flows T he tables in this chapter provide a consistent DRS data, especially for recent years, on debt not presentation of the structure and terms of ex- guaranteed by debtor governments and on short-term ternal debt and debt servicing. No data are debt. The figures in this chapter are based mostly on presented on debt owed to domestic lenders. The ag- data supplied by debtor countries. Other data series gregates and ratios provide various measures of a on debt, on which the World Bank may base some of country's external debt situation. These measures in- its estimates, are maintained by the Organization for clude the size of debt and its servicing requirements, Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) the amount of debt relative to GDP, the ratio of debt- and the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) from servicing payments to exports, and the interest rate data provided by creditor governments and agencies. and terms of the stock of debt (including grace period, No figures are given for Libya and Namibia, which do maturity, and grant element). not report debt information to the DRS. However, These tables follow the presentation in Global totals do include estimates for these countries. Development Finance 2005 (GDF--formerly World The following definitions apply throughout the Debt Tables) and therefore show IMF purchases, chapter. Long-term loans have an original or ex- repurchases, charges, and net purchases separately tended maturity of more than one year, while the ma- from long- and short-term lending, repayments, inter- turity on short-term loans is one year or less. Official ests, or net lending. While IMF purchases and repur- and private refer to the source of the foreign loans. chases are not strictly lending (they are swaps of Official loans are from multilateral organizations currency), they do add to, or subtract from, the re- (excluding the IMF) and from foreign governments; sources available for consumption or investment and these loans are either made directly to the govern- do impose a liability against future income streams. ment of the borrowing country or guaranteed by it, or For this reason, IMF transactions are included here. its agencies, when made to a third party. Private loans Data on debt and related flows are drawn largely are from the private sector, including foreign parent from the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System companies and their affiliates, suppliers, financial (DRS), to which member countries submit detailed markets (such as commercial banks), and other accounts on the annual status, transactions, and terms sources. These private loans may or may not be guar- of debt and related flows. World Bank and IMF staff anteed by creditor or debtor governments and agen- estimates based on other sources of data supplement cies. Public and publicly guaranteed loans, as 149 150 External Debt and Related Flows defined by the DRS, refer to loans from both official Concessional loans carry a grant element of and private foreign sources that are made to, or guar- 25 percent or more (based on a standard 10 percent anteed by, the debtor government or its agencies. discount rate), which is consistent with the Develop- Almost all loans from foreign official sources are ment Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD def- public or publicly guaranteed. Some loans from for- inition of ODA (see Chapter 12). Nonconcessional eign private sources are made to, or guaranteed by, loans carry a grant element of less than 25 percent. In the debtor government or its agencies (these are la- this chapter, private loans are shown separately from beled private guaranteed by the DRS). Some loans official nonconcessional loans. from foreign private sources are not public or pub- Additional information, definitions, and methodol- licly guaranteed (these are labeled private nonguar- ogy are available in Global Development Finance anteed by the DRS). 2005 (formerly World Debt Tables) (World Bank). External Debt and Related Flows 151 6-1. Gross disbursements: official concessional long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,546 4,877 4,773 4,264 4,008 3,549 3,334 3,395 3,497 4,325 3,859 2,636 4,599 3,893 excluding South Africa 2,546 4,877 4,773 4,264 4,008 3,549 3,334 3,395 3,497 4,325 3,859 2,636 4,599 3,893 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 2,498 4,800 4,674 4,170 3,912 3,404 3,253 3,327 3,478 4,278 3,794 2,611 4,555 3,812 Angola 0 73 63 43 36 80 68 34 15 21 12 0 31 45 Benin 35 101 96 104 49 50 70 30 113 67 60 33 79 73 Botswana 9 37 57 15 13 12 9 23 7 2 8 11 26 17 Burkina Faso 41 111 119 109 76 97 116 94 129 133 126 36 95 109 Burundi 38 52 45 34 19 30 20 36 12 36 41 32 88 29 Cameroon 143 372 118 155 221 162 172 230 119 113 83 118 184 161 Cape Verde 0 28 16 17 20 32 57 29 40 30 25 3 11 30 Central African Republic 19 44 32 27 5 3 6 16 0 1 0 15 67 11 Chad 5 69 58 97 80 43 86 33 39 97 110 16 60 67 Comoros 13 12 10 10 6 4 1 3 12 12 9 11 12 7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 131 1 0 3 0 0 8 0 0 415 161 127 163 53 Congo, Rep. of 49 194 14 2 3 0 0 0 38 2 24 61 72 7 Côte d'Ivoire 42 767 548 395 150 312 141 131 10 211 55 62 259 237 Djibouti 1 26 18 24 12 5 3 8 12 28 30 7 29 14 Equatorial Guinea 4 4 2 2 3 1 4 2 0 2 1 3 13 2 Eritrea 0 27 7 5 32 64 98 50 104 76 89 0 3 54 Ethiopia 70 211 199 223 95 115 206 180 522 604 232 395 334 268 Gabon 16 53 64 27 96 15 21 2 1 14 12 11 40 30 Gambia, The 27 22 23 58 24 16 21 21 23 52 38 13 27 30 Ghana 114 324 407 392 404 416 317 320 323 192 285 66 287 346 Guinea 56 125 123 84 173 118 76 60 91 48 47 57 176 97 Guinea-Bissau 49 26 21 28 30 15 2 14 6 6 20 16 32 15 Kenya 160 197 507 257 146 153 129 295 142 229 163 117 261 232 Lesotho 7 43 28 24 29 28 28 28 24 43 21 11 35 29 Liberia 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 13 0 Madagascar 153 72 88 116 214 102 125 140 132 181 213 95 151 137 Malawi 45 107 211 161 162 147 128 115 117 72 79 44 115 139 Mali 75 120 188 153 127 96 121 99 114 143 197 73 137 130 Mauritania 96 111 101 114 80 53 47 107 78 107 105 82 100 86 Mauritius 16 25 22 12 30 13 19 26 21 22 28 14 42 21 Mozambique 0 221 219 272 239 220 128 123 121 263 206 63 213 198 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 59 70 28 41 85 85 62 71 78 118 119 40 89 71 Nigeria 49 77 99 94 97 145 81 68 20 46 65 25 44 81 Rwanda 27 22 54 62 70 88 82 40 64 85 31 27 71 68 São Tomé and Principe 8 15 13 11 5 7 12 6 7 4 4 4 15 8 Senegal 113 98 160 230 226 202 80 130 186 221 208 88 216 179 Seychelles 6 1 3 4 6 18 8 15 2 4 4 3 7 8 Sierra Leone 33 61 94 73 40 34 14 77 83 66 40 18 33 60 Somalia 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 101 47 0 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sudan 270 10 27 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 313 152 4 Swaziland 7 14 13 5 4 4 11 2 10 10 32 8 8 7 Tanzania 158 230 201 198 245 195 251 203 172 188 495 185 223 207 Togo 35 41 26 99 57 58 38 25 33 13 4 37 61 44 Uganda 13 265 224 211 270 170 171 217 338 155 282 33 198 219 Zambia 243 218 309 205 210 59 194 245 142 167 86 100 158 191 Zimbabwe 1 183 118 66 120 81 110 50 -1 25 12 29 123 71 NORTH AFRICA 2,077 1,643 1,688 1,583 1,197 968 1,133 899 771 711 917 1,746 1,349 1,119 Algeria 79 396 670 401 221 156 359 193 129 107 169 78 178 279 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1,064 463 360 430 389 371 181 154 86 95 78 1,085 608 258 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 731 508 480 589 450 297 303 180 201 214 339 406 344 339 Tunisia 202 277 178 164 138 144 290 372 356 296 332 177 219 242 ALL AFRICA 4,623 6,520 6,461 5,847 5,206 4,516 4,467 4,294 4,269 5,036 4,776 4,382 5,948 5,012 152 External Debt and Related Flows 6-2. Gross disbursements: official nonconcessional long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,691 1,446 1,158 1,055 886 739 493 479 300 308 453 1,434 1,933 677 excluding South Africa 1,691 1,446 1,158 1,055 886 739 455 388 296 301 377 1,434 1,933 660 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,618 925 824 841 668 608 361 302 249 267 262 1,254 1,405 515 Angola .. 0 56 11 0 1 0 0 1 0 4 .. 66 9 Benin 24 4 5 5 1 11 3 0 0 0 0 8 6 3 Botswana 16 22 10 12 8 11 3 1 1 0 6 15 42 6 Burkina Faso 18 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 14 3 1 11 11 3 Burundi 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 5 1 Cameroon 108 68 44 21 25 16 18 17 31 1 50 71 167 21 Cape Verde .. 1 1 1 0 23 7 0 0 0 0 11 2 4 Central African Republic 6 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 Chad 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 9 0 22 2 9 1 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 71 0 Congo, Rep. of 60 137 1 2 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 42 3 Côte d'Ivoire 189 151 121 70 34 77 50 18 2 12 2 178 265 48 Djibouti 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 Eritrea .. 0 0 2 1 3 11 1 0 0 0 .. 0 2 Ethiopia 7 21 33 49 54 17 24 4 10 23 5 11 48 27 Gabon 19 79 157 62 30 22 6 9 4 16 18 36 76 38 Gambia, The 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 Ghana 106 21 21 123 37 22 13 30 39 35 5 38 44 40 Guinea 9 44 47 42 39 24 19 10 4 2 6 12 24 23 Guinea-Bissau 6 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 Kenya 73 46 38 69 14 14 9 12 29 2 0 100 94 23 Lesotho 1 19 27 20 15 8 9 40 4 6 3 3 15 16 Liberia 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 5 0 Madagascar 59 10 1 21 103 0 4 11 8 5 3 49 33 19 Malawi 60 4 4 1 5 9 13 3 0 0 0 26 14 4 Mali 10 1 5 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 5 4 1 Mauritania 16 28 11 16 7 3 2 8 1 6 19 24 30 7 Mauritius 20 11 17 37 45 37 29 22 5 112 4 18 29 38 Mozambique .. 8 11 10 20 3 2 2 13 6 4 0 14 8 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 33 4 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 27 8 1 Nigeria 73 522 334 214 218 131 94 85 47 34 115 180 528 145 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 São Tomé and Principe 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 1 0 0 3 1 1 Senegal 74 34 8 0 8 81 2 7 7 6 12 63 37 15 Seychelles 6 10 14 8 10 9 3 4 6 16 30 4 5 9 Sierra Leone 9 3 1 2 0 13 2 0 0 0 4 4 2 2 Somalia 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 1 0 South Africa .. 0 0 0 0 0 38 91 4 7 76 .. 0 17 Sudan 297 2 24 15 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 138 14 5 Swaziland 20 1 4 23 18 27 22 14 12 3 9 15 6 15 Tanzania 86 18 20 5 7 21 2 0 2 0 5 81 23 7 Togo 12 0 0 2 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 15 3 2 Uganda 5 3 11 14 21 4 3 2 2 2 36 15 32 7 Zambia 68 42 18 19 12 5 7 6 10 3 0 91 54 10 Zimbabwe 77 130 113 171 125 140 98 75 34 1 15 31 116 94 NORTH AFRICA 1,580 2,812 2,694 2,831 2,257 1,573 1,661 1,457 1,439 1,617 2,161 1,551 2,741 1,941 Algeria 487 1,128 926 1,186 988 595 376 602 335 383 429 489 960 674 Egypt, Arab Rep. 840 471 242 220 242 88 50 81 108 183 478 702 631 152 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 135 631 1,093 904 509 578 740 449 341 389 578 229 711 625 Tunisia 119 583 433 521 518 313 494 325 655 663 676 131 439 490 ALL AFRICA 3,272 4,259 3,852 3,886 3,143 2,312 2,154 1,935 1,739 1,926 2,614 2,985 4,674 2,618 External Debt and Related Flows 153 6-3. Gross disbursements: private long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6,290 4,670 5,202 4,306 6,587 3,424 4,251 5,006 5,209 5,146 7,664 4,372 2,741 5,199 excluding South Africa 6,290 1,151 1,653 2,015 1,958 1,378 1,556 1,486 1,610 1,120 2,077 4,372 2,390 1,650 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 4,660 1,151 1,653 2,015 1,958 1,378 1,556 1,486 1,610 1,120 2,075 2,973 1,950 1,650 Angola .. 344 431 723 1,154 709 875 1,011 1,047 801 1,558 .. 472 923 Benin 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 Botswana 3 0 0 0 0 0 11 4 0 0 0 6 5 2 Burkina Faso 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 0 Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 2 0 11 5 1 2 Cameroon 364 8 0 25 14 10 56 39 0 0 12 230 228 17 Cape Verde .. 0 4 5 2 0 0 0 11 4 5 0 0 3 Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 263 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 176 8 3 Congo, Rep. of 412 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 207 212 0 Côte d'Ivoire 1,508 317 75 411 52 56 56 0 0 0 0 791 230 72 Djibouti 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 Eritrea .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Ethiopia 33 4 0 22 30 10 1 2 0 0 0 45 93 7 Gabon 135 2 0 0 20 10 33 21 13 41 0 174 93 15 Gambia, The 22 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 Ghana 0 123 178 384 208 164 67 45 212 21 24 12 76 145 Guinea 57 0 0 17 20 7 0 0 0 0 0 29 8 5 Guinea-Bissau 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 0 Kenya 387 6 132 42 25 152 127 85 5 135 273 224 237 108 Lesotho 5 2 16 33 24 29 15 2 2 0 2 4 6 14 Liberia 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 Madagascar 163 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 5 0 Malawi 48 10 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 29 7 0 Mali 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Mauritania 14 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 24 2 4 Mauritius 61 150 369 91 118 11 97 85 45 43 80 28 62 104 Mozambique .. 4 36 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 201 30 5 Namibia .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Niger 190 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 91 27 0 Nigeria 1,631 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1,399 439 0 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Senegal 141 1 1 0 21 2 1 6 65 13 17 74 18 14 Seychelles 0 9 0 1 3 10 28 108 117 53 22 2 8 38 Sierra Leone 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 1 0 Somalia 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 1 0 South Africa .. 3,518 3,549 2,291 4,630 2,046 2,695 3,520 3,599 4,026 5,588 .. 3,518 3,549 Sudan 145 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 Swaziland 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 14 0 0 3 2 5 Tanzania 122 17 42 6 0 0 7 5 1 0 20 63 36 9 Togo 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 Uganda 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 8 36 37 2 Zambia 289 35 25 13 50 20 50 10 60 0 9 154 48 26 Zimbabwe 55 121 343 219 176 188 131 61 11 0 1 167 181 125 NORTH AFRICA 5,204 4,567 3,804 2,573 2,241 2,070 2,257 2,880 4,011 3,259 3,586 4,921 6,406 2,965 Algeria 2,832 3,266 2,087 1,298 434 399 389 420 572 1,115 1,184 2,743 4,578 878 Egypt, Arab Rep. 776 260 40 33 265 289 353 352 1,722 221 20 780 882 366 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 1,308 769 788 437 549 809 651 1,009 648 845 1,374 956 569 790 Tunisia 288 199 777 648 824 190 639 840 884 1,078 1,009 306 310 766 ALL AFRICA 11,494 9,237 9,006 6,880 8,829 5,493 6,508 7,886 9,220 8,405 11,250 9,293 9,147 8,164 154 External Debt and Related Flows 6-4. Disbursements: long-term loans and IMF purchases Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 11,962 11,628 13,655 10,282 11,255 8,911 9,090 9,897 10,887 12,525 14,069 9,207 10,084 11,175 excluding South Africa 11,772 8,110 10,106 7,991 7,783 6,865 6,358 6,286 7,284 8,492 8,406 9,138 9,665 7,730 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 10,020 7,511 9,673 7,683 7,469 6,589 6,183 6,286 7,284 8,492 8,406 7,535 8,654 7,563 Angola .. 417 550 778 1,190 790 943 1,045 1,063 822 1,574 .. 707 973 Benin 71 130 115 128 57 62 83 39 124 72 69 86 92 83 Botswana 27 52 66 27 21 23 22 28 7 2 13 33 72 23 Burkina Faso 70 132 139 112 114 .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 111 122 Burundi 45 53 45 35 19 31 20 39 14 53 40 44 100 33 Cameroon 626 478 136 273 50 391 376 124 660 630 610 427 596 361 Cape Verde 3 10 19 26 21 46 52 19 22 33 35 10 11 30 Central African Republic 40 59 33 27 6 15 17 16 11 1 0 27 78 14 Chad 5 83 70 123 92 54 98 47 66 115 139 26 75 89 Comoros .. 10 10 7 4 4 0 2 10 15 10 .. 8 7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 603 1 0 3 0 0 8 0 0 959 415 482 306 154 Congo, Rep. of 526 350 15 24 24 10 84 496 391 338 100 310 329 165 Côte d'Ivoire 1,777 1,406 924 1,014 801 1,011 605 622 1,028 1,185 1,231 1,114 819 936 Djibouti 10 26 18 28 14 8 8 12 15 11 8 9 29 14 Equatorial Guinea 38 7 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 17 0 Eritrea .. 27 7 7 33 67 108 51 104 84 72 .. 27 59 Ethiopia 119 256 232 315 179 162 231 185 576 672 252 470 486 311 Gabon 171 198 279 121 168 46 59 47 17 71 71 222 230 98 Gambia, The 56 23 23 58 24 21 26 30 31 56 38 26 34 34 Ghana 249 468 648 940 649 713 457 593 670 284 459 183 506 601 Guinea 129 182 200 143 230 138 147 128 178 109 83 103 218 151 Guinea-Bissau 75 28 24 31 36 18 5 22 6 6 20 24 40 19 Kenya 714 281 677 404 185 318 265 437 176 366 471 515 657 367 Lesotho .. 65 70 76 68 65 53 69 38 57 31 9 59 59 Liberia 109 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 113 19 0 Madagascar 444 .. .. .. 336 102 147 200 .. .. .. 234 223 196 Malawi 190 147 227 183 178 173 151 125 116 94 74 120 151 147 Mali 109 164 238 186 156 111 144 109 137 152 216 95 156 161 Mauritania 156 163 133 176 122 67 70 77 67 76 .. 141 144 99 Mauritius 132 145 297 274 166 126 102 139 101 115 152 81 136 164 Mozambique .. .. 267 300 300 259 161 187 145 823 381 .. .. 314 Namibia .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Niger 290 89 28 56 111 111 62 87 89 140 143 164 135 92 Nigeria 1,752 599 433 308 314 276 175 0 0 .. .. 1,603 1,011 215 Rwanda 34 22 68 62 92 104 125 .. .. .. .. 31 73 90 São Tomé and Principe 10 15 14 12 6 5 10 14 14 .. .. 7 12 11 Senegal 395 201 241 218 271 255 90 148 269 229 223 261 316 216 Seychelles 12 20 17 12 19 37 39 127 125 73 56 12 20 56 Sierra Leone 105 197 114 90 47 62 37 91 83 66 60 62 52 72 Somalia 135 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 158 56 0 South Africa 190 3,518 3,549 2,291 3,472 2,046 2,732 3,611 3,603 4,033 5,664 137 419 3,445 Sudan 921 12 51 17 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 655 166 8 Swaziland 31 16 19 29 25 18 15 16 11 8 107 29 16 28 Tanzania 433 259 258 244 338 264 340 261 226 240 545 353 308 302 Togo 119 56 59 101 72 84 38 25 33 13 4 124 76 48 Uganda 161 320 290 288 351 224 209 231 355 163 331 135 311 271 Zambia 690 294 2,606 236 286 84 264 287 308 341 111 482 272 502 Zimbabwe 190 652 447 496 603 511 513 110 0 17 261 97 456 329 NORTH AFRICA 9,311 9,864 8,661 7,731 6,172 4,954 5,346 5,235 6,722 5,587 6,204 8,661 11,275 6,290 Algeria 3,398 5,631 4,157 3,629 2,107 1,494 1,429 1,215 1,036 1,604 1,782 3,310 5,891 2,050 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,743 1,193 642 683 896 749 584 586 1,915 498 576 2,627 2,156 792 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 2,452 1,908 2,361 1,929 1,508 1,683 1,685 1,638 1,189 1,447 1,830 1,753 1,712 1,697 Tunisia 608 1,059 1,389 1,333 1,480 646 1,423 1,537 1,896 2,037 2,016 616 1,021 1,528 ALL AFRICA 21,274 21,492 22,316 18,013 17,427 13,865 14,437 15,133 17,608 18,112 20,273 17,867 21,359 17,465 Note: In 1995, Zambia was able to clear its arrears to the IMF after completing a three-year Rights Arrangement Program. External Debt and Related Flows 155 6-5. Amortization: official concessional long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 243 717 875 884 1,026 1,717 1,631 1,294 1,309 1,190 1,375 237 594 1,241 excluding South Africa 243 717 875 884 1,026 1,717 1,631 1,294 1,309 1,190 1,375 237 594 1,241 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 229 716 873 883 955 1,397 1,628 1,289 1,291 1,152 1,242 224 572 1,183 Angola 0 9 3 8 8 363 406 217 303 5 24 0 3 164 Benin 1 12 15 14 18 19 22 36 20 20 27 2 7 21 Botswana 0 13 11 15 30 15 18 19 16 20 17 1 7 18 Burkina Faso 4 18 20 23 25 27 31 24 18 20 26 2 10 23 Burundi 1 16 14 6 8 9 12 9 12 12 17 1 13 10 Cameroon 13 12 12 14 50 68 47 60 53 77 114 12 23 48 Cape Verde 0 3 4 3 7 6 4 7 6 9 10 0 2 6 Central African Republic 0 5 2 2 4 10 6 7 9 0 0 1 2 5 Chad 3 6 2 7 6 7 12 12 14 8 13 1 3 8 Comoros 0 2 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 0 1 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 167 21 5 7 21 Congo, Rep. of 11 8 7 22 0 0 0 1 5 3 4 10 3 5 Côte d'Ivoire 18 56 65 81 68 106 216 131 70 95 110 15 55 104 Djibouti 2 9 9 9 5 3 6 8 7 7 10 1 6 7 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 0 0 1 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 Ethiopia 7 19 25 35 26 38 48 37 76 24 24 9 35 39 Gabon 4 8 12 9 39 28 45 16 80 67 71 5 7 37 Gambia, The 0 9 8 9 10 12 9 10 7 8 10 1 7 9 Ghana 14 53 50 54 52 81 96 107 62 34 41 20 35 67 Guinea 44 26 86 44 29 31 43 38 45 62 66 36 37 47 Guinea-Bissau 0 2 4 3 5 6 3 3 6 5 5 0 3 4 Kenya 6 67 69 68 59 61 81 69 79 142 197 8 34 78 Lesotho 0 6 11 11 12 10 11 12 31 14 17 1 4 14 Liberia 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 Madagascar 18 13 10 21 55 39 40 59 26 24 28 19 14 34 Malawi 2 10 16 19 21 19 15 18 16 5 9 2 7 16 Mali 4 39 45 42 38 40 58 46 43 36 35 4 20 43 Mauritania 3 33 37 37 39 41 36 29 26 23 25 3 28 34 Mauritius 2 22 25 27 47 23 23 23 28 31 34 2 16 28 Mozambique 0 17 24 29 33 24 21 23 31 17 20 1 15 25 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Niger 16 6 6 8 18 12 11 12 7 6 7 5 7 10 Nigeria 14 1 2 1 72 321 3 5 17 38 133 13 22 57 Rwanda 0 2 11 8 9 8 10 11 10 8 12 1 7 9 São Tomé and Principe 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 0 1 1 Senegal 7 68 72 64 47 89 89 88 82 80 88 5 37 76 Seychelles 0 3 4 2 2 4 5 2 2 1 1 0 2 3 Sierra Leone 2 9 7 6 6 10 3 6 5 5 5 3 4 6 Somalia 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sudan 14 3 9 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 3 16 26 2 Swaziland 1 7 8 10 8 7 6 8 6 5 5 1 5 7 Tanzania 19 40 38 54 35 48 64 52 50 23 29 14 35 45 Togo 2 4 7 15 13 13 16 10 11 1 0 8 5 11 Uganda 2 23 22 23 37 41 42 18 11 21 22 2 10 27 Zambia 3 21 47 34 33 27 15 40 13 59 79 2 5 34 Zimbabwe 2 37 60 49 53 50 55 15 5 0 2 1 20 36 NORTH AFRICA 294 741 702 782 891 1,110 1,178 1,366 1,492 1,661 1,807 264 470 1,148 Algeria 73 66 55 115 151 184 245 276 292 295 319 72 91 202 Egypt, Arab Rep. 119 68 151 225 289 434 461 580 625 697 787 111 124 433 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 62 341 289 226 239 267 264 287 372 459 449 41 113 300 Tunisia 41 266 207 216 211 225 209 223 204 212 252 39 142 213 ALL AFRICA 537 1,458 1,578 1,666 1,917 2,827 2,809 2,660 2,801 2,851 3,182 501 1,064 2,388 156 External Debt and Related Flows 6-6. Amortization: official nonconcessional long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 423 1,914 2,115 2,431 1,938 1,766 1,830 1,991 2,331 1,385 1,599 336 1,415 1,973 excluding South Africa 423 1,914 2,115 2,431 1,938 1,766 1,830 1,991 2,331 1,382 1,592 336 1,415 1,973 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 392 1,484 1,648 1,704 1,427 1,338 1,374 1,082 817 914 758 301 1,040 1,288 Angola .. 25 21 26 40 71 28 52 35 46 49 .. 44 40 Benin 1 9 10 11 10 10 14 9 3 3 4 2 6 9 Botswana 6 46 47 49 39 34 33 26 21 22 19 3 33 34 Burkina Faso 4 9 9 7 7 6 9 5 4 4 4 2 6 6 Burundi 1 5 3 6 4 4 2 0 0 0 1 0 4 2 Cameroon 16 117 133 178 175 146 111 100 37 66 64 18 73 118 Cape Verde .. 3 2 2 3 8 11 2 2 3 2 1 2 4 Central African Republic 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 Chad 0 2 1 3 7 5 3 3 1 2 7 0 1 3 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 82 34 36 33 10 Congo, Rep. of 10 119 25 104 53 7 0 4 49 7 20 11 27 31 Côte d'Ivoire 37 299 414 429 261 248 268 152 123 227 101 30 160 265 Djibouti 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 Eritrea .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 .. 0 0 Ethiopia 4 13 19 26 18 18 28 25 22 8 7 6 24 21 Gabon 15 55 78 71 104 67 187 144 142 134 82 14 27 116 Gambia, The 0 6 7 5 3 2 2 3 2 2 0 0 3 3 Ghana 22 45 62 45 55 56 54 62 32 17 17 15 29 48 Guinea 20 12 20 14 21 46 23 52 14 17 18 9 19 26 Guinea-Bissau 0 1 4 3 1 1 0 7 8 1 1 0 1 3 Kenya 25 183 201 199 170 190 185 117 123 58 72 22 123 155 Lesotho 0 6 7 5 8 10 10 14 9 28 25 1 5 11 Liberia 2 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 Madagascar 1 14 9 18 43 18 23 14 6 5 6 8 28 17 Malawi 3 23 27 18 15 14 12 11 5 2 2 5 26 13 Mali 0 14 11 5 4 5 6 4 4 4 3 0 4 5 Mauritania 1 24 32 36 22 19 22 16 11 7 5 6 29 20 Mauritius 4 36 36 31 31 30 30 33 33 42 45 4 27 33 Mozambique .. 35 34 25 12 11 10 4 11 6 9 2 12 14 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 3 .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 1 Niger 2 8 1 1 2 0 1 0 6 1 3 5 10 2 Nigeria 31 429 468 727 510 428 456 910 1,513 469 834 34 375 685 Rwanda 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 São Tomé and Principe 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 Senegal 12 47 57 42 44 50 34 37 26 31 27 8 43 40 Seychelles 0 3 4 4 5 6 6 3 1 1 4 0 3 4 Sierra Leone 2 9 22 41 1 4 3 3 5 7 8 2 4 11 Somalia 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 South Africa .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 .. 0 0 Sudan 32 0 6 0 0 1 6 2 1 0 1 24 10 2 Swaziland 4 12 8 10 8 6 11 6 8 6 8 3 13 8 Tanzania 7 45 62 69 34 33 21 25 31 17 11 8 48 36 Togo 8 2 0 6 9 4 7 0 0 0 0 8 18 3 Uganda 9 49 38 25 22 24 18 7 7 5 9 6 30 18 Zambia 34 105 132 83 75 53 36 39 19 55 78 28 71 62 Zimbabwe 3 89 105 105 122 124 160 99 19 1 8 5 48 92 NORTH AFRICA 287 2,949 2,823 2,392 2,940 2,623 2,450 2,160 2,397 2,923 3,544 533 2,364 2,588 Algeria 171 594 616 554 893 793 874 780 989 1,203 1,233 157 882 838 Egypt, Arab Rep. 32 306 391 348 352 274 258 283 279 333 539 54 406 315 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 52 1,128 1,350 1,114 1,303 1,045 874 639 698 882 1,250 57 527 988 Tunisia 32 342 432 376 373 386 444 458 431 505 523 44 233 426 ALL AFRICA 711 4,863 4,938 4,823 4,877 4,389 4,280 4,151 4,727 4,308 5,143 868 3,779 4,562 External Debt and Related Flows 157 6-7. Amortization: private long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,138 4,050 4,199 6,085 5,484 4,347 5,078 5,358 6,033 6,334 5,621 1,796 2,510 5,365 excluding South Africa 2,111 2,056 2,129 3,316 2,504 1,905 2,234 2,749 2,861 2,741 2,677 1,783 2,305 2,555 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,914 1,740 1,681 2,626 2,246 1,881 2,088 2,509 2,508 2,741 2,677 1,243 1,607 2,285 Angola .. 302 457 1,169 783 850 836 1,262 1,000 1,177 1,070 .. 98 942 Benin 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 Botswana 0 2 6 9 5 4 1 7 2 2 2 2 6 4 Burkina Faso 2 0 0 0 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 3 0 Burundi 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 5 1 Cameroon 85 67 65 63 167 29 28 27 22 22 20 76 196 53 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 Comoros .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 19 0 Congo, Rep. of 12 157 50 15 0 0 228 301 361 373 406 62 199 166 Côte d'Ivoire 667 356 60 302 263 283 286 296 496 541 599 350 262 316 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 .. Eritrea .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Ethiopia 7 36 48 231 8 8 13 10 10 4 13 10 60 41 Gabon 260 33 75 51 25 17 24 27 40 25 25 149 38 36 Gambia, The 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 Ghana 42 66 85 105 124 110 118 103 57 44 44 11 58 93 Guinea 11 9 10 17 11 14 14 5 0 0 0 8 10 9 Guinea-Bissau 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Kenya 165 287 295 237 146 153 195 166 149 202 159 161 181 193 Lesotho .. 5 4 3 3 4 7 7 7 8 8 0 5 5 Liberia 12 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. 0 0 0 9 0 0 Madagascar 23 .. .. .. 2 1 1 6 .. .. .. 10 20 2 Malawi 28 14 23 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 17 15 4 Mali 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 Mauritania 13 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 .. 14 3 2 Mauritius 10 35 69 72 54 79 77 200 209 93 88 15 32 107 Mozambique .. .. 0 0 21 38 37 38 71 121 142 .. .. 41 Namibia .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Niger 40 24 24 24 14 24 2 2 6 8 8 40 35 13 Nigeria 197 316 448 690 258 25 146 240 352 .. .. 540 698 308 Rwanda 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. 1 2 0 São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 137 10 27 11 7 17 7 3 17 11 15 46 38 12 Seychelles 0 4 9 5 3 5 6 5 26 70 59 0 5 16 Sierra Leone 30 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. 8 1 5 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 South Africa 28 1,994 2,070 2,769 2,980 2,442 2,844 2,609 3,172 3,593 2,944 25 205 2,810 Sudan 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 1 0 Swaziland 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 Tanzania 23 16 27 18 19 17 24 21 22 22 4 18 17 21 Togo 9 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 5 1 Uganda 21 15 9 7 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 15 25 3 Zambia 175 60 62 39 57 52 8 19 6 12 12 111 52 32 Zimbabwe 28 234 247 244 525 170 170 .. .. .. .. 15 203 271 NORTH AFRICA 3,139 4,185 2,843 2,807 2,137 2,872 3,713 3,496 2,834 2,828 3,382 2,399 5,710 2,941 Algeria 2,284 2,698 1,577 1,297 975 1,727 1,903 1,666 1,542 1,153 1,225 1,646 4,225 1,480 Egypt, Arab Rep. 192 544 352 454 302 255 488 237 207 218 655 238 750 314 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 477 624 630 617 457 457 845 700 586 1,246 1,265 325 353 692 Tunisia 186 320 285 268 241 208 248 629 219 211 238 157 362 289 ALL AFRICA 5,277 8,235 7,042 8,892 7,621 7,219 8,790 8,854 8,867 9,162 9,003 4,195 8,220 8,306 158 External Debt and Related Flows 6-8. Amortization: long-term loans and IMF repurchases Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3,197 8,624 11,095 9,690 10,115 9,630 9,662 8,500 9,347 10,314 9,528 2,660 5,556 9,765 excluding South Africa 3,162 5,106 7,546 7,399 6,643 6,771 6,818 5,891 6,175 6,718 6,577 2,638 5,164 6,726 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 2,920 4,359 6,628 5,982 5,930 6,008 6,223 5,891 6,175 6,718 6,577 2,050 4,069 6,237 Angola .. 331 494 1,316 949 1,285 1,270 1,530 1,338 1,228 1,143 .. 138 1,173 Benin 6 21 26 27 32 35 45 51 32 33 54 7 19 37 Botswana 6 62 65 73 75 53 52 52 39 45 38 6 46 55 Burkina Faso 11 27 29 31 37 .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 20 32 Burundi 4 28 27 21 20 21 21 14 16 17 14 5 25 19 Cameroon 131 204 217 262 689 689 556 504 476 504 529 112 308 492 Cape Verde 0 4 4 8 14 10 36 7 14 12 4 0 4 12 Central African Republic 7 13 10 8 12 25 12 8 9 0 0 6 13 9 Chad 5 10 10 16 24 23 21 16 17 16 34 4 7 20 Comoros .. 9 0 0 6 6 6 7 5 3 4 .. 8 4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 277 5 1 37 0 1 1 0 0 637 248 123 172 103 Congo, Rep. of 41 305 84 140 56 18 391 460 521 535 579 86 234 309 Côte d'Ivoire 722 788 625 860 774 853 826 867 1,086 1,171 1,260 405 596 925 Djibouti 2 9 9 9 5 3 3 13 12 13 13 2 7 9 Equatorial Guinea 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 4 1 Eritrea .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 17 .. 0 2 Ethiopia 17 68 91 292 52 68 98 84 120 48 53 30 135 101 Gabon 279 119 216 137 172 135 281 196 273 240 227 169 85 209 Gambia, The 0 24 22 22 20 20 15 14 10 10 11 4 19 16 Ghana 106 245 304 329 395 387 344 310 216 125 132 57 232 282 Guinea 76 56 195 140 103 139 61 64 128 71 103 56 74 111 Guinea-Bissau 3 4 9 7 6 7 4 10 13 7 11 2 5 8 Kenya 205 552 605 564 442 466 521 393 375 419 447 217 424 470 Lesotho .. 19 25 22 27 29 33 38 51 53 53 1 16 37 Liberia 18 15 0 0 0 .. .. .. 1 26 23 23 10 8 Madagascar 44 .. .. .. 118 72 76 78 .. .. .. 43 102 86 Malawi 35 53 76 56 55 59 49 38 25 19 77 30 69 50 Mali 9 63 62 54 49 55 75 66 62 65 62 8 42 61 Mauritania 26 53 63 75 94 61 105 98 94 103 .. 28 69 87 Mauritius 15 93 128 131 122 145 130 254 267 159 163 26 102 167 Mozambique .. .. 85 92 81 98 99 95 139 204 230 .. .. 125 Namibia .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Niger 58 48 41 44 49 50 20 16 20 17 22 50 66 31 Nigeria 242 747 918 1,417 713 763 596 0 0 0 .. 588 1,095 551 Rwanda 3 2 11 10 13 11 36 .. .. .. .. 3 11 16 São Tomé and Principe 1 1 1 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Senegal 165 154 195 161 158 215 161 143 142 146 167 67 168 165 Seychelles 0 10 16 11 10 14 17 10 29 72 65 1 10 27 Sierra Leone 51 98 59 47 6 11 17 33 75 31 35 18 23 35 Somalia 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 9 10 4 South Africa 34 3,518 3,549 2,291 3,472 2,859 2,844 2,609 3,172 3,596 2,951 44 392 3,038 Sudan 131 3 54 36 42 59 44 59 54 93 93 90 37 59 Swaziland 8 20 16 21 16 14 19 14 16 15 13 6 23 16 Tanzania 81 116 146 168 118 134 137 108 105 67 52 59 116 115 Togo 19 13 18 32 40 29 32 20 22 10 14 33 42 24 Uganda 45 111 97 105 117 121 97 48 33 45 56 35 116 80 Zambia 269 206 2,067 156 165 132 59 98 251 359 437 193 167 414 Zimbabwe 34 401 423 459 763 455 454 72 84 94 64 28 309 319 NORTH AFRICA 3,942 8,244 6,750 6,297 6,387 7,089 7,811 7,184 6,941 7,709 9,172 3,276 8,908 7,260 Algeria 2,528 3,553 2,419 2,102 2,370 3,139 3,382 2,815 2,964 2,948 3,216 1,875 5,266 2,817 Egypt, Arab Rep. 446 939 989 1,112 959 964 1,207 1,100 1,111 1,248 1,980 450 1,324 1,185 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 678 2,244 2,369 2,004 2,003 1,769 1,982 1,626 1,655 2,586 2,963 454 1,215 2,106 Tunisia 290 928 939 907 875 868 951 1,350 886 928 1,013 243 765 969 ALL AFRICA 7,139 16,868 17,845 15,986 16,501 16,719 17,473 15,684 16,288 18,023 18,700 5,936 14,464 17,024 Note: In 1995, Zambia was able to clear its arrears to the IMF after completing a three-year Rights Arrangement Program. External Debt and Related Flows 159 6-9. Interest payments: official concessional long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 237 599 616 796 740 933 763 603 546 690 692 172 517 711 excluding South Africa 237 599 616 796 740 933 763 603 546 690 692 172 517 711 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 229 598 615 794 672 797 758 598 526 681 670 164 418 680 Angola 0 7 7 3 6 4 2 6 3 3 3 0 2 4 Benin 1 9 10 9 11 12 13 11 10 17 13 1 6 12 Botswana 1 3 3 9 7 6 5 5 5 6 5 1 3 6 Burkina Faso 2 7 10 13 15 14 16 12 10 14 16 2 6 13 Burundi 1 10 9 6 7 7 6 5 5 5 6 1 8 6 Cameroon 15 19 54 36 61 62 55 66 36 45 58 13 24 52 Cape Verde 0 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 5 4 0 1 3 Central African Republic 0 6 3 3 2 5 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 3 Chad 0 5 3 7 5 6 6 6 4 8 8 0 3 6 Comoros 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 102 12 11 11 13 Congo, Rep. of 12 93 9 35 1 1 0 1 4 2 4 6 17 7 Côte d'Ivoire 14 32 47 77 75 145 118 57 47 55 55 13 21 78 Djibouti 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 2 Equatorial Guinea 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 5 6 5 0 0 3 Ethiopia 7 16 19 19 21 25 30 31 47 26 32 7 19 27 Gabon 3 15 40 39 36 24 27 9 43 23 14 2 6 30 Gambia, The 0 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 8 0 3 4 Ghana 11 37 28 50 42 63 57 50 34 32 42 13 24 44 Guinea 12 27 29 22 23 24 25 22 20 22 22 10 18 23 Guinea-Bissau 0 2 3 3 3 4 5 2 5 3 4 0 2 4 Kenya 9 47 59 56 46 48 47 30 35 50 66 10 30 46 Lesotho 0 4 5 5 5 5 5 8 6 4 5 0 3 5 Liberia 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 Madagascar 4 11 11 12 42 36 34 17 15 18 19 7 13 23 Malawi 4 13 19 17 18 16 13 15 12 13 15 4 9 15 Mali 2 19 19 57 18 16 19 16 14 20 17 3 15 22 Mauritania 8 22 18 18 19 18 15 13 14 12 11 8 14 16 Mauritius 1 17 18 17 15 15 14 12 11 11 12 1 10 14 Mozambique 0 16 19 25 27 23 32 16 7 13 21 0 16 20 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Niger 2 6 7 5 8 7 7 7 5 7 9 2 7 7 Nigeria 9 2 2 3 68 136 5 6 20 9 21 8 99 31 Rwanda 1 2 8 6 7 6 8 8 5 6 7 1 5 7 São Tomé and Principe 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 0 1 1 Senegal 7 25 22 80 30 38 34 40 35 42 46 4 26 40 Seychelles 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 Sierra Leone 0 4 5 4 4 5 3 4 4 3 5 1 2 4 Somalia 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sudan 28 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 2 13 12 0 Swaziland 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 2 2 Tanzania 15 28 28 55 27 76 51 36 28 26 31 14 21 41 Togo 1 5 5 13 8 8 7 5 6 0 0 1 6 6 Uganda 1 18 23 25 25 20 19 16 10 21 24 1 9 20 Zambia 14 36 32 29 20 23 41 41 23 48 61 5 14 32 Zimbabwe 1 24 26 24 22 21 22 8 3 1 0 2 16 16 NORTH AFRICA 289 784 910 951 780 780 785 717 816 1,099 1,348 237 396 855 Algeria 35 56 90 146 120 125 129 125 118 104 105 32 25 120 Egypt, Arab Rep. 153 469 570 553 416 380 380 372 359 332 334 121 223 420 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 70 154 162 167 166 200 204 150 267 590 825 55 73 238 Tunisia 30 107 89 84 78 75 72 69 72 73 84 29 74 76 ALL AFRICA 526 1,384 1,526 1,747 1,520 1,713 1,549 1,320 1,362 1,789 2,040 409 913 1,566 160 External Debt and Related Flows 6-10. Interest payments: official nonconcessional long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 452 1,421 1,397 1,866 1,342 1,111 1,144 1,204 1,060 737 788 383 1,486 1,233 excluding South Africa 452 1,421 1,397 1,866 1,342 1,111 1,144 1,203 1,049 734 781 383 1,486 1,231 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 398 1,086 1,076 1,354 1,044 872 904 693 437 583 488 324 954 870 Angola .. 3 5 24 15 11 6 30 6 7 11 .. 13 13 Benin 1 10 11 7 7 9 7 4 4 6 4 1 4 7 Botswana 5 26 22 61 18 15 14 9 7 9 6 5 26 19 Burkina Faso 2 8 9 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 7 3 Burundi 0 3 2 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 Cameroon 27 114 98 184 112 97 124 132 69 75 66 22 77 111 Cape Verde .. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 Central African Republic 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 Chad 0 2 1 6 4 5 4 3 1 1 3 0 1 3 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 73 33 48 8 Congo, Rep. of 13 85 11 141 40 6 0 6 22 1 24 8 26 28 Côte d'Ivoire 64 236 206 252 194 224 194 132 66 129 37 48 184 175 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Eritrea .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Ethiopia 8 15 13 19 21 20 21 17 11 9 8 6 10 16 Gabon 17 59 133 180 192 110 194 109 113 129 98 11 55 145 Gambia, The 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 Ghana 13 24 24 27 36 26 23 24 8 11 13 10 23 22 Guinea 9 12 14 21 19 19 19 19 10 10 9 7 13 16 Guinea-Bissau 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 8 4 0 0 0 1 2 Kenya 45 114 108 106 71 61 41 25 18 15 15 37 99 56 Lesotho 0 7 8 7 9 8 7 8 5 5 3 1 4 7 Liberia 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 0 Madagascar 3 7 4 5 51 15 42 11 13 10 9 6 37 19 Malawi 6 10 16 9 7 6 4 3 1 1 1 8 16 6 Mali 1 5 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 Mauritania 1 16 14 11 14 12 11 6 6 3 3 4 16 10 Mauritius 6 18 17 16 14 13 12 11 10 9 10 5 20 13 Mozambique .. 36 52 21 14 5 1 4 1 2 2 0 15 12 Namibia 0 0 0 0 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 1 Niger 5 3 0 1 2 2 3 2 0 0 1 5 11 1 Nigeria 54 335 322 512 297 240 240 510 611 151 294 59 532 360 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 15 36 44 37 45 52 24 18 18 22 24 13 44 32 Seychelles 0 2 3 2 3 4 3 1 0 1 3 0 2 2 Sierra Leone 2 17 16 9 3 6 3 5 5 4 5 2 4 6 Somalia 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 South Africa .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 3 7 .. 0 2 Sudan 16 0 2 0 0 2 7 1 0 0 2 13 5 1 Swaziland 6 4 3 9 5 5 10 9 8 6 8 4 7 7 Tanzania 19 33 49 35 10 25 10 13 10 7 2 15 28 20 Togo 11 1 2 11 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 8 19 3 Uganda 1 14 9 13 13 4 8 5 0 1 1 2 13 7 Zambia 39 75 83 39 33 25 31 35 11 43 45 31 59 37 Zimbabwe 1 85 89 88 82 72 73 43 8 2 1 6 52 57 NORTH AFRICA 401 2,038 2,366 2,648 2,295 2,308 2,033 1,833 1,688 1,653 1,505 420 1,506 2,103 Algeria 124 346 733 1,106 1,006 1,072 1,061 1,006 893 862 770 104 307 967 Egypt, Arab Rep. 68 542 552 427 278 258 250 201 216 235 214 162 468 302 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 66 864 762 722 638 579 465 400 390 336 298 66 528 536 Tunisia 44 256 279 286 261 253 258 226 188 221 223 37 168 246 ALL AFRICA 853 3,459 3,763 4,514 3,636 3,420 3,177 3,037 2,748 2,390 2,293 803 2,993 3,336 External Debt and Related Flows 161 6-11. Interest payments: private long-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,722 1,902 2,037 2,302 2,051 1,846 1,805 1,668 1,860 1,629 1,793 1,244 1,554 1,900 excluding South Africa 1,697 1,285 1,182 1,379 1,269 953 991 927 1,012 772 856 1,234 1,489 1,061 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,231 546 647 851 1,091 657 715 666 735 772 856 825 790 767 Angola .. 0 141 410 322 187 105 114 102 135 175 .. 43 189 Benin 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 Botswana 1 1 3 9 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 3 2 Burkina Faso 3 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 0 Burundi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Cameroon 77 21 21 17 23 .. .. .. 3 4 8 56 69 14 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Comoros .. 5 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 .. 4 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 22 0 Congo, Rep. of 13 50 40 3 0 0 176 185 185 185 187 36 50 97 Côte d'Ivoire 513 159 138 145 481 218 212 218 224 251 286 343 267 236 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 .. Eritrea .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Ethiopia 2 9 29 15 4 3 5 4 3 1 3 4 20 8 Gabon 100 29 44 12 10 8 9 7 10 6 6 52 26 13 Gambia, The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Ghana 7 21 8 31 48 63 57 42 28 31 31 4 17 38 Guinea 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 Guinea-Bissau 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya 110 129 95 79 67 48 45 45 31 31 21 69 90 55 Lesotho .. 1 3 3 6 9 10 7 6 6 7 0 1 6 Liberia 16 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. 0 -14 -21 5 0 -3 Madagascar 19 .. .. .. 0 0 0 1 .. .. .. 12 9 0 Malawi 25 2 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 6 1 Mali 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Mauritania 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 .. 3 1 0 Mauritius 12 9 16 29 36 34 33 30 23 16 14 11 11 27 Mozambique .. .. 2 7 8 8 0 0 99 99 120 .. .. 28 Namibia .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Niger 58 6 6 5 3 2 0 0 1 1 1 30 18 2 Nigeria 466 739 535 528 178 296 276 261 278 .. .. 409 700 336 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 46 2 4 2 1 1 1 0 4 2 2 22 15 2 Seychelles 0 3 2 1 1 2 3 5 8 11 10 0 2 4 Sierra Leone 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 South Africa 25 617 855 923 782 893 814 741 848 857 937 20 64 839 Sudan 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 4 0 Swaziland 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Tanzania 13 1 5 5 2 2 12 3 2 2 1 9 3 4 Togo 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 0 Uganda 1 1 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 4 1 Zambia 63 15 9 8 12 7 5 4 3 3 3 43 21 6 Zimbabwe 25 80 75 65 59 60 32 .. .. .. .. 13 73 58 NORTH AFRICA 2,118 1,678 1,603 1,457 1,268 1,184 1,190 1,091 922 728 713 1,389 2,154 1,180 Algeria 1,280 1,098 918 769 817 682 532 421 322 202 182 837 1,321 583 Egypt, Arab Rep. 129 137 130 97 71 69 54 47 114 162 90 128 240 93 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 515 345 437 447 233 241 402 398 276 152 175 319 464 323 Tunisia 154 99 118 137 140 168 173 194 167 212 266 88 129 164 ALL AFRICA 3,840 3,580 3,640 3,759 3,319 3,030 2,995 2,758 2,782 2,357 2,506 2,632 3,708 3,080 162 External Debt and Related Flows 6-12. Interest payments: long-term loans and IMF charges Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,533 4,096 4,591 5,057 4,610 4,694 5,451 4,876 4,581 5,017 5,117 1,935 3,837 4,860 excluding South Africa 2,496 3,441 3,686 4,094 3,794 3,787 4,636 4,133 3,721 4,158 4,172 1,914 3,742 4,001 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,967 2,366 2,828 3,051 3,251 2,294 2,664 2,095 2,186 2,601 2,553 1,438 2,412 2,621 Angola .. 79 149 421 334 202 114 149 110 145 188 .. 68 203 Benin 3 19 22 17 19 22 21 14 15 23 17 5 14 19 Botswana 7 31 28 78 28 23 21 15 12 15 11 7 33 28 Burkina Faso 6 15 18 16 15 5 .. .. .. .. .. 5 14 13 Burundi 3 13 11 9 9 8 6 5 5 5 5 2 13 7 Cameroon 121 157 176 242 364 .. .. .. 249 226 203 92 175 251 Cape Verde 0 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 3 3 Central African Republic 1 9 5 4 3 7 5 4 4 0 0 3 9 4 Chad 1 8 5 14 11 11 11 9 6 9 12 1 5 9 Comoros .. 2 0 0 0 0 7 2 2 2 3 .. 2 2 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 220 2 16 5 0 0 2 0 0 276 164 118 114 38 Congo, Rep. of 38 232 62 181 41 7 489 412 341 337 337 50 94 234 Côte d'Ivoire 590 437 398 478 950 648 613 592 568 568 571 417 507 602 Djibouti 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 2 Equatorial Guinea 0 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 2 .. Eritrea .. 0 0 0 1 4 3 3 5 6 7 .. 0 3 Ethiopia 19 40 61 54 46 49 56 52 62 36 45 20 52 52 Gabon 120 106 223 236 244 148 235 128 170 160 158 66 93 193 Gambia, The 1 6 5 5 6 6 6 6 4 6 9 2 7 5 Ghana 35 93 69 115 131 154 138 117 71 78 78 30 97 109 Guinea 24 41 44 47 55 55 55 57 39 39 39 20 35 49 Guinea-Bissau 1 4 6 4 3 5 5 10 10 3 4 1 3 6 Kenya 171 292 263 243 185 158 133 100 85 97 102 126 242 158 Lesotho .. 11 16 16 20 22 22 23 18 15 14 0 8 19 Liberia 24 0 2 2 0 .. .. .. 0 -1 -17 17 7 0 Madagascar 28 .. .. .. 93 51 77 1 .. .. .. 29 73 56 Malawi 37 27 40 29 27 23 18 17 12 15 30 28 37 23 Mali 4 25 23 60 21 19 22 18 16 23 21 5 22 25 Mauritania 15 38 33 31 36 41 37 1 1 1 .. 16 33 23 Mauritius 20 44 51 63 67 63 59 54 45 36 36 21 47 55 Mozambique .. .. 76 48 50 36 35 21 108 115 143 .. .. 61 Namibia .. 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 4 5 7 .. 1 4 Niger 65 16 14 11 14 11 11 9 7 9 11 37 39 11 Nigeria 529 1,075 858 1,043 543 1,492 1,972 2,038 1,535 1,557 1,619 476 1,330 1,380 Rwanda 2 2 8 7 8 7 12 .. .. .. .. 1 6 8 São Tomé and Principe 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 0 1 2 Senegal 70 66 72 122 79 91 60 58 57 67 66 45 98 76 Seychelles 0 6 7 5 5 7 8 7 8 12 13 1 5 7 Sierra Leone 9 58 19 11 6 9 5 9 22 20 20 5 12 13 Somalia 2 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 5 6 1 South Africa 36 655 905 963 816 907 815 743 860 859 945 41 96 859 Sudan 63 1 15 12 15 3 13 3 2 62 48 57 30 16 Swaziland 9 6 5 12 7 8 10 8 8 8 8 5 10 8 Tanzania 54 62 83 98 42 104 74 54 41 38 35 41 56 67 Togo 19 6 8 24 14 10 9 5 6 1 0 17 32 10 Uganda 7 35 36 40 40 28 30 22 14 24 26 13 39 29 Zambia 141 167 544 86 71 60 83 85 42 107 122 102 129 135 Zimbabwe 36 202 208 194 184 175 151 10 9 6 2 25 149 117 NORTH AFRICA 2,838 4,570 4,980 5,147 4,445 4,378 4,235 3,870 3,674 3,523 4,132 2,083 4,171 4,282 Algeria 1,440 1,530 1,810 2,097 2,036 1,977 1,799 1,644 1,410 1,211 1,081 972 1,682 1,748 Egypt, Arab Rep. 367 1,157 1,261 1,081 764 707 684 620 688 729 638 422 941 817 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 663 1,375 1,367 1,338 1,037 1,020 1,071 948 933 1,078 1,840 466 1,126 1,099 Tunisia 229 477 503 519 488 503 507 492 429 506 572 155 385 493 ALL AFRICA 5,371 8,665 9,571 10,205 9,056 9,072 9,687 8,746 8,255 8,541 9,248 4,018 8,008 9,141 External Debt and Related Flows 163 6-13. Total external debt service payments: long-term loans and IMF credits Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 5,657 11,134 13,988 14,352 14,793 13,185 12,478 12,250 12,294 12,498 11,797 4,643 9,213 13,230 excluding South Africa 5,657 8,484 11,012 10,620 8,807 9,419 8,819 8,899 8,262 8,043 7,707 4,643 8,948 9,235 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 4,886 6,662 9,235 8,159 7,423 8,125 7,796 7,118 5,743 6,571 6,081 3,580 6,522 7,521 Angola .. 204 411 945 965 1,487 1,384 1,680 1,509 1,372 1,331 .. 225 1,219 Benin 9 40 48 44 51 56 65 71 47 55 59 13 33 55 Botswana 13 92 91 151 102 76 73 67 51 60 49 13 78 84 Burkina Faso 17 42 48 48 50 53 64 50 40 47 50 11 34 50 Burundi 7 40 38 30 29 29 27 19 21 21 28 8 38 27 Cameroon 252 358 391 483 466 464 488 484 301 323 436 203 481 425 Cape Verde .. 9 9 8 14 19 20 16 13 21 21 3 7 15 Central African Republic 8 21 15 12 15 32 17 13 13 1 0 9 22 15 Chad 6 18 15 30 35 34 32 25 23 25 46 5 12 27 Comoros 0 3 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 5 3 1 3 2 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 497 6 18 42 0 1 3 0 0 913 141 241 286 122 Congo, Rep. of 78 515 146 321 96 25 5 13 83 22 60 136 326 89 Côte d'Ivoire 1,312 1,224 1,023 1,338 1,254 1,288 1,379 946 587 805 554 822 1,103 1,078 Djibouti 3 11 11 12 7 5 10 13 11 12 16 3 10 10 Equatorial Guinea 2 2 2 4 5 5 4 5 4 3 6 3 5 4 Eritrea .. 0 0 0 1 4 3 3 6 9 11 .. 0 3 Ethiopia 36 107 153 346 99 117 154 136 182 85 89 51 187 159 Gabon 399 225 439 373 415 283 515 325 443 398 370 235 178 399 Gambia, The 1 30 27 27 26 25 20 20 13 16 20 5 26 22 Ghana 141 339 374 444 526 541 481 427 287 175 461 87 329 407 Guinea 100 94 173 110 145 147 118 140 98 122 128 76 108 132 Guinea-Bissau 4 7 15 11 9 12 9 20 23 11 15 2 8 14 Kenya 376 844 869 807 627 624 654 494 459 516 550 343 666 631 Lesotho 5 30 41 38 48 52 55 61 69 68 67 6 24 54 Liberia 43 15 2 2 0 1 3 1 1 1 0 41 16 1 Madagascar 72 63 55 79 211 123 153 108 64 61 69 72 164 107 Malawi 71 79 116 85 82 83 67 56 38 29 35 58 106 69 Mali 13 87 85 115 70 74 98 85 78 80 75 13 64 86 Mauritania 40 102 112 112 105 102 98 74 68 51 53 51 105 90 Mauritius 44 148 210 179 199 215 163 453 171 221 177 54 150 226 Mozambique .. 123 161 140 107 100 101 79 82 68 85 17 79 105 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 122 64 55 56 62 61 31 24 28 26 33 87 104 43 Nigeria 772 1,822 1,777 2,461 1,383 1,294 1,023 1,781 2,519 1,472 1,626 1,064 2,425 1,714 Rwanda 4 3 20 17 21 19 30 34 18 17 21 4 17 22 São Tomé and Principe 1 3 2 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 6 1 2 3 Senegal 235 220 269 285 239 309 223 207 205 213 239 112 266 244 Seychelles 0 17 23 15 15 21 24 16 37 83 77 2 15 29 Sierra Leone 66 163 82 65 15 25 26 46 95 21 25 39 39 47 Somalia 13 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 14 17 1 South Africa .. 2,650 2,976 3,732 5,987 3,766 3,659 3,352 4,033 4,455 4,090 .. 2,650 3,995 Sudan 194 3 69 48 58 61 57 61 56 24 34 147 67 54 Swaziland 17 26 21 32 23 28 35 31 25 19 27 12 33 27 Tanzania 135 179 229 263 163 240 212 162 147 104 87 100 172 190 Togo 38 19 26 56 54 39 41 25 28 11 14 50 74 35 Uganda 52 146 133 145 157 149 126 70 46 69 83 48 155 112 Zambia 410 374 2,611 242 236 193 141 183 122 287 387 295 296 502 Zimbabwe 50 570 601 593 618 898 583 371 147 101 45 107 483 489 NORTH AFRICA 6,640 12,204 11,655 11,160 10,532 10,947 11,582 10,595 10,077 11,233 12,762 5,037 12,704 10,973 Algeria 3,968 5,083 4,228 4,199 4,406 5,117 5,181 4,459 4,374 4,159 4,297 2,848 6,948 4,515 Egypt, Arab Rep. 813 2,096 2,250 2,193 1,723 1,671 1,890 1,719 1,799 1,976 2,618 871 2,265 1,903 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 1,341 3,620 3,736 3,342 3,039 2,789 3,053 2,575 2,589 3,664 4,262 921 2,341 3,098 Tunisia 518 1,405 1,442 1,426 1,364 1,371 1,458 1,842 1,314 1,434 1,585 398 1,150 1,456 ALL AFRICA 12,297 23,337 25,643 25,512 25,325 24,132 24,060 22,845 22,371 23,731 24,558 9,681 21,917 24,203 Note: In 1995, Zambia was able to clear its arrears to the IMF after completing a three-year Rights Arrangement Program. 164 External Debt and Related Flows 6-14. Interest payments: short-term loans Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,023 631 819 884 1,051 1,155 1,158 1,114 660 485 430 536 631 916 excluding South Africa 1,023 379 404 379 496 533 527 605 338 249 210 536 605 441 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 644 329 348 332 463 496 486 541 314 231 200 300 501 401 Angola .. 55 53 49 46 45 45 26 22 19 7 .. 49 38 Benin 11 1 2 2 4 5 5 5 3 3 2 5 5 3 Botswana 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 Burkina Faso 5 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 3 2 2 2 4 2 Burundi 2 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 Cameroon 28 24 39 24 40 55 59 72 34 25 13 17 43 43 Cape Verde .. 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Central African Republic 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 Chad 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 45 9 8 7 12 18 18 25 18 14 5 18 21 15 Congo, Rep. of 31 20 35 18 16 16 20 30 9 3 2 12 40 19 Côte d'Ivoire 95 20 23 37 105 96 70 74 34 26 18 47 97 58 Djibouti 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 Equatorial Guinea 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 Eritrea .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 .. 0 0 Ethiopia 9 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 6 1 Gabon 33 43 17 11 18 25 23 28 12 10 4 13 38 18 Gambia, The 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 Ghana 18 26 28 36 29 38 38 38 27 17 20 12 16 31 Guinea 9 3 5 3 10 12 11 15 8 3 4 4 4 8 Guinea-Bissau 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 Kenya 58 38 36 30 30 39 40 41 26 20 24 24 47 33 Lesotho 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Liberia 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 Madagascar 29 2 3 4 1 2 6 9 4 4 1 9 4 4 Malawi 16 1 3 4 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 5 4 2 Mali 3 1 2 2 15 8 8 9 3 3 2 2 3 6 Mauritania 7 4 5 4 8 8 7 11 7 4 2 5 7 7 Mauritius 8 10 16 19 23 27 27 32 31 30 58 3 4 26 Mozambique .. 1 1 1 3 4 6 11 10 8 3 0 7 5 Namibia .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Niger 19 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 0 1 7 6 1 Nigeria 379 50 56 48 33 38 41 64 24 18 10 236 105 40 Rwanda 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 1 4 1 São Tomé and Principe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 24 14 14 7 11 15 17 17 8 7 5 13 20 12 Seychelles 37 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 3 2 9 2 2 Sierra Leone 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Africa .. 251 415 504 555 622 631 509 322 236 221 .. 251 474 Sudan 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 22 0 Swaziland 2 0 0 0 8 2 2 5 3 2 1 1 1 3 Tanzania 26 5 4 6 6 7 8 10 6 6 5 12 12 7 Togo 14 4 3 2 2 2 4 5 5 2 2 6 5 3 Uganda 5 3 2 3 4 4 5 4 4 1 1 2 3 3 Zambia 0 2 1 9 10 10 8 3 3 2 2 0 1 6 Zimbabwe 15 28 35 44 44 43 41 48 20 8 6 22 32 35 NORTH AFRICA 869 333 316 321 522 438 445 312 288 159 189 589 624 350 Algeria 116 33 22 13 13 15 10 10 9 7 4 150 118 12 Egypt, Arab Rep. 422 130 132 133 262 227 231 113 150 97 145 246 274 168 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 105 18 24 40 100 106 102 127 70 44 31 57 45 77 Tunisia 26 52 38 39 49 60 77 61 29 11 9 9 33 46 ALL AFRICA 1,893 964 1,135 1,204 1,573 1,593 1,602 1,426 948 644 619 1,125 1,255 1,266 External Debt and Related Flows 165 6-15. Net flows: long- and short-term loans, including IMF Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 8,300 2,797 3,073 520 2,628 -195 -1,140 150 676 1,909 3,329 6,665 4,572 953 excluding South Africa 8,300 2,797 3,073 520 2,628 618 -1,028 -852 245 1,472 616 6,635 4,546 835 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 6,790 2,945 3,558 1,629 3,027 887 1,003 718 1,888 2,739 1,908 5,619 4,630 1,931 Angola .. 86 56 -538 241 -494 -327 -485 -275 -406 431 .. 569 -279 Benin 42 112 105 101 114 -24 74 -61 105 34 -29 82 70 56 Botswana 8 -10 1 -46 -53 -30 -30 -24 -32 -43 -25 28 26 -32 Burkina Faso 59 117 124 81 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 91 102 Burundi 40 25 26 4 3 10 46 17 13 35 .. 39 75 19 Cameroon 495 305 64 -227 73 -13 48 246 115 115 101 316 299 53 Cape Verde 2 6 13 36 16 53 7 24 7 20 31 10 7 22 Central African Republic 31 32 25 14 -4 -13 25 -14 -5 1 3 21 66 4 Chad -8 72 61 109 77 27 78 29 47 100 101 22 69 66 Comoros .. 7 .. .. -1 -1 -6 -5 5 11 6 .. 6 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 278 -140 61 -91 242 -13 13 20 2 244 .. 368 121 60 Congo, Rep. of 541 79 166 -451 96 -66 183 -2 -65 -197 -478 241 112 -42 Côte d'Ivoire 1,054 618 300 801 142 171 -110 354 413 479 597 708 213 319 Djibouti 9 -10 13 18 11 3 3 .. .. .. .. 10 20 10 Equatorial Guinea 41 17 -4 3 0 -7 -7 -7 -4 -3 -2 12 12 -4 Eritrea .. 27 7 7 33 67 103 61 110 93 .. .. 27 60 Ethiopia 94 188 133 21 130 93 134 90 454 629 223 441 347 211 Gabon -122 -18 14 -84 260 -172 -112 -344 -270 -248 .. 72 154 -120 Gambia, The 58 -20 -8 44 -5 4 19 21 21 56 20 26 14 19 Ghana 75 326 414 660 275 369 105 -16 400 235 .. 128 308 305 Guinea 53 126 5 3 128 -1 86 65 50 38 -20 47 144 47 Guinea-Bissau 73 27 13 30 27 7 0 23 -10 -5 7 27 32 10 Kenya 718 -271 72 -160 -258 -148 -255 43 -199 -53 25 318 250 -120 Lesotho .. 48 46 54 41 35 20 31 -12 4 -21 8 44 27 Liberia 95 -14 0 11 -21 .. .. .. .. .. .. 96 9 -3 Madagascar 476 .. .. .. 210 100 165 77 .. .. .. 195 118 138 Malawi 119 94 151 128 123 113 102 88 91 74 -3 86 88 109 Mali 99 92 200 135 293 -33 70 -11 30 184 154 91 110 108 Mauritania 130 .. .. .. 25 -6 -11 68 39 80 .. 114 80 33 Mauritius 110 141 286 211 122 59 11 -116 -166 -45 -11 60 49 45 Mozambique .. .. 210 207 197 123 13 -16 -6 609 139 .. .. 167 Namibia .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Niger 286 27 -9 14 98 33 45 65 55 119 146 115 65 53 Nigeria 1,510 -148 -485 -1,109 -399 -269 -2,031 -1,570 -1,643 -1,267 -1,292 1,015 -84 -1,097 Rwanda 36 -11 53 52 114 79 89 82 78 89 .. 32 60 80 São Tomé and Principe 9 23 39 6 2 3 14 11 10 .. .. 6 11 12 Senegal 246 -29 74 -13 144 100 -35 -156 183 173 -81 210 144 59 Seychelles -390 7 -9 -2 16 46 21 160 109 1 -27 -78 10 43 Sierra Leone 54 103 56 43 41 51 20 58 -13 12 -26 42 29 33 Somalia 138 0 0 0 -7 5 0 -7 2 9 .. 153 44 0 South Africa .. 0 0 0 0 -813 -112 1,002 431 437 2,712 77 27 118 Sudan 839 9 0 -119 -157 -14 -191 -97 -183 -93 .. 640 102 -107 Swaziland .. -4 3 8 9 4 -4 2 -5 -7 -9 .. -7 1 Tanzania 405 142 112 77 220 131 203 153 121 173 493 341 175 149 Togo 108 56 39 72 12 52 87 -43 25 22 -70 94 34 33 Uganda 130 223 189 206 244 106 119 177 324 129 266 100 196 187 Zambia 360 88 435 169 -84 25 85 159 325 70 -31 305 137 148 Zimbabwe .. 250 24 37 -160 56 102 .. .. .. .. 48 147 12 NORTH AFRICA 6,013 1,679 2,261 2,953 1,105 -1,992 -1,590 -3,235 -1,550 -2,185 -2,721 6,095 1,899 -529 Algeria 1,261 2,014 1,361 1,597 -428 -1,622 -1,943 -1,574 -1,951 -1,434 -1,396 1,442 513 -749 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,465 182 92 -453 581 1,056 -588 -702 73 -653 -1,072 2,598 547 -74 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 1,814 -423 -30 1,156 221 -406 -124 -443 -352 -1,123 -1,472 1,395 463 -137 Tunisia 265 448 654 692 568 -721 969 -442 782 1,026 1,218 382 350 441 ALL AFRICA 14,313 4,476 5,335 3,473 3,734 -2,187 -2,730 -3,085 -874 -276 607 12,761 6,471 424 166 External Debt and Related Flows 6-16. Net flows: long-term loans, including IMF Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 8,572 4,910 4,680 870 970 -811 -383 424 339 1,500 3,695 6,707 4,596 948 excluding South Africa 8,572 3,387 3,201 1,348 1,443 2 -234 -490 -92 1,063 983 6,707 4,443 780 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 7,061 3,534 3,687 2,458 1,968 499 196 448 1,556 2,131 2,019 5,691 4,528 1,618 Angola .. 263 218 126 374 -494 -327 -486 -321 -406 431 .. 437 -165 Benin 66 109 89 101 24 27 38 -16 91 39 28 79 73 49 Botswana 21 -2 3 -46 -53 -31 -31 -24 -32 -43 -25 27 27 -32 Burkina Faso 59 111 119 89 62 80 88 67 136 120 98 50 91 95 Burundi 41 25 18 14 -1 9 -1 26 -3 36 44 39 76 12 Cameroon 495 276 -41 -16 23 -23 22 87 -13 -36 -96 315 288 0 Cape Verde .. 23 16 19 11 39 47 18 42 23 18 18 9 27 Central African Republic 33 47 23 19 -5 -11 5 8 2 1 0 21 65 5 Chad 0 74 60 107 68 31 76 31 48 99 105 22 68 65 Comoros 13 12 9 9 4 3 -2 2 10 8 7 11 11 5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 326 -3 -1 -33 0 -1 7 0 0 322 209 359 134 37 Congo, Rep. of 485 63 -69 -116 -32 -8 -4 9 -18 -16 -7 224 97 -32 Côte d'Ivoire 1,055 618 299 154 -602 -57 -585 -333 -357 -223 -374 709 223 -213 Djibouti 8 17 9 19 9 5 1 1 8 27 18 8 22 10 Equatorial Guinea 36 6 1 -1 -2 -3 0 -2 -3 -1 -4 10 13 -1 Eritrea .. 27 7 7 33 67 108 50 103 73 84 .. 27 56 Ethiopia 102 188 141 23 127 94 133 101 456 623 206 440 351 212 Gabon -109 79 62 -16 -4 -87 -221 -147 -255 -167 -211 53 145 -104 Gambia, The 55 -1 1 36 4 1 12 15 22 46 27 22 15 17 Ghana 143 223 343 610 254 327 113 120 425 216 1 126 275 301 Guinea 54 128 71 76 165 77 33 -29 53 -24 -44 47 144 53 Guinea-Bissau 72 25 14 25 30 11 1 13 -8 -1 9 23 35 11 Kenya 509 -271 72 -160 -258 -148 -255 43 -199 -53 23 298 233 -120 Lesotho 12 51 46 54 41 35 20 31 -12 4 -21 15 44 27 Liberia 91 -15 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0 89 9 0 Madagascar 401 39 51 96 218 30 71 121 134 170 194 191 112 112 Malawi 156 94 151 128 123 113 102 88 91 80 70 90 82 109 Mali 100 101 176 132 107 55 69 42 75 94 159 87 114 94 Mauritania 129 100 55 94 37 -13 -12 70 57 97 90 107 74 48 Mauritius 124 83 255 32 57 -93 38 -269 -62 -9 -29 56 36 -7 Mozambique .. 187 182 208 236 194 100 126 72 228 161 822 236 168 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 233 41 -13 12 62 61 42 72 68 123 121 114 69 53 Nigeria 1,510 -148 -486 -1,110 -525 -497 -430 -938 -1,648 -1,068 -1,036 1,015 -84 -838 Rwanda 31 20 56 52 80 93 91 41 64 75 19 28 62 69 São Tomé and Principe 9 14 12 10 3 4 13 9 7 2 1 7 15 7 Senegal 230 47 56 103 144 116 -60 14 140 107 78 195 149 77 Seychelles 12 10 1 2 9 23 22 118 97 1 -9 11 10 34 Sierra Leone 54 102 55 40 40 49 17 56 58 89 49 35 29 50 Somalia 125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 149 46 0 South Africa .. 1,524 1,478 -478 -473 -813 -148 914 431 437 2,713 .. 1,524 168 Sudan 790 9 -3 -18 -38 -59 -44 -59 -54 -22 -30 565 129 -37 Swaziland 22 -5 2 8 39 17 16 1 22 2 28 22 -7 13 Tanzania 351 149 116 80 215 128 203 153 121 173 493 294 193 149 Togo 101 43 41 69 32 56 6 6 11 3 -10 91 34 28 Uganda 116 209 193 183 233 103 112 183 323 118 275 100 195 181 Zambia 421 88 539 80 121 -49 206 190 228 154 -152 289 105 183 Zimbabwe 93 133 254 50 -24 -273 -73 -96 -71 -24 -13 190 132 -32 NORTH AFRICA 5,259 2,127 1,834 1,448 -216 -2,168 -2,391 -1,915 -580 -2,123 -2,509 5,283 2,211 -764 Algeria 869 2,078 1,739 1,527 -263 -1,646 -1,953 -1,600 -1,927 -1,343 -1,434 1,435 625 -683 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,297 254 -346 -430 -63 -215 -622 -513 805 -749 -1,405 2,177 832 -267 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 1,774 -336 -8 -75 -495 -85 -288 12 -466 -1,140 -674 1,299 498 -318 Tunisia 319 131 450 426 605 -222 472 187 1,010 1,109 1,003 372 256 504 ALL AFRICA 13,831 7,037 6,514 2,318 754 -2,979 -2,773 -1,491 -241 -623 1,187 11,990 6,806 185 External Debt and Related Flows 167 6-17. Net transfers: long- and short-term loans, including IMF Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 5,252 -2,059 -2,290 -6,166 -2,774 -4,818 -5,366 -3,964 -3,193 -2,679 -839 4,319 736 -3,906 excluding South Africa 5,168 -1,153 -970 -4,699 -981 -2,893 -3,808 -3,714 -2,442 -2,021 -2,386 4,303 744 -2,691 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 4,567 120 429 -2,499 -6 -1,094 -1,420 -1,852 -884 -446 -757 4,000 2,263 -971 Angola 0 -48 -146 -1,008 -139 -742 -485 -661 -408 -570 237 0 773 -520 Benin 27 92 81 82 91 -45 48 -78 87 9 -47 72 51 35 Botswana 0 -41 -27 -125 -83 -53 -52 -40 -45 -59 -37 20 -7 -60 Burkina Faso 48 100 104 63 -1 -8 -3 -1 -3 -2 -2 43 73 19 Burundi 36 12 15 -5 -6 2 38 9 11 19 -6 36 60 10 Cameroon 346 123 -151 -493 -305 -68 -11 174 -168 -136 -115 207 80 -145 Cape Verde 2 3 9 16 8 48 24 6 3 16 28 9 5 16 Central African Republic 28 21 19 9 -8 -19 13 -19 -19 0 2 17 56 -3 Chad -9 63 55 95 65 4 56 6 25 77 94 21 63 48 Comoros 0 -1 0 0 -2 -1 -13 -9 2 10 3 0 -1 -2 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 13 -151 38 -103 229 -31 -5 -4 -16 -201 -169 232 -13 -12 Congo, Rep. of 473 -174 69 -650 39 -76 -326 -444 -415 -537 -817 180 -21 -293 Côte d'Ivoire 572 161 -122 -361 -374 88 -126 -176 30 43 92 277 -172 -125 Djibouti 7 -13 11 15 9 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 8 15 3 Equatorial Guinea 40 5 -5 -1 -4 -2 -1 0 0 0 -2 11 10 -2 Eritrea .. 27 7 7 33 64 100 58 104 87 -7 .. 27 57 Ethiopia 67 144 70 -35 83 23 101 50 359 560 175 417 289 151 Gabon -275 -167 -226 -331 -2 -343 -369 -530 -463 -428 -162 -7 22 -337 Gambia, The 55 -27 -14 38 -12 2 11 13 17 45 11 23 6 13 Ghana 22 207 317 509 115 176 -94 -208 266 61 -98 86 195 143 Guinea 20 83 -43 -47 63 -91 9 -7 -26 -23 -54 23 105 -21 Guinea-Bissau 71 23 7 26 23 2 -5 12 -20 -4 9 26 27 5 Kenya 489 -665 -221 -518 -221 -337 -478 -92 -493 -41 55 168 -34 -300 Lesotho 1 36 30 38 20 12 -2 8 -40 -20 -41 4 35 6 Liberia 60 -14 -2 10 -21 0 0 0 0 1 17 74 1 -2 Madagascar 419 -15 -18 -1 116 60 75 67 -4 -4 23 157 35 37 Malawi 101 67 108 94 93 90 84 77 74 59 -33 67 41 85 Mali 92 67 175 73 257 -60 58 -21 8 167 131 84 85 82 Mauritania 108 -24 -26 -24 -32 -57 -43 -3 -6 -6 -20 93 23 -24 Mauritius 87 87 220 129 32 -31 -32 -114 -242 -111 -104 35 -3 -19 Mozambique 0 10 105 159 166 146 21 -32 -118 485 -7 0 13 117 Namibia .. -2 -2 -3 -4 -5 -5 -5 -4 -5 -7 .. -1 -4 Niger 202 9 -24 2 83 9 40 44 37 91 116 70 20 35 Nigeria 602 -1,273 -1,399 -2,200 -975 -1,799 -2,388 -1,861 -1,558 -1,575 -1,629 303 -1,519 -1,719 Rwanda 31 -14 44 45 104 52 76 -2 -1 0 0 29 51 40 São Tomé and Principe 9 14 12 7 0 3 7 10 11 11 -3 6 9 8 Senegal 151 -110 -13 -142 54 -7 -111 -234 124 98 -125 151 26 -29 Seychelles -427 0 -17 -8 11 38 12 149 97 -14 -41 -44 3 34 Sierra Leone 45 37 50 34 33 20 9 48 55 55 34 21 32 38 Somalia 135 0 -1 -3 -7 5 -1 -7 2 9 -10 148 38 0 South Africa 84 -906 -1,320 -1,467 -1,794 -1,925 -1,558 -250 -751 -658 1,547 15 -8 -1,215 Sudan 707 9 -15 -131 -173 41 -166 -46 -133 -155 -48 544 51 -97 Swaziland 13 -10 -2 -4 -6 -6 -16 -11 -16 -17 -18 17 -17 -10 Tanzania 325 95 4 41 184 72 150 46 25 82 435 288 105 76 Togo 74 47 28 45 -4 37 84 -45 24 28 -59 70 -4 25 Uganda 118 185 151 163 201 73 50 147 288 82 217 84 154 144 Zambia 219 -81 -111 74 -165 -45 -5 70 140 -194 -394 203 8 -29 Zimbabwe 67 -49 -113 -281 -550 -129 -133 -58 -29 -14 -8 32 -28 -163 NORTH AFRICA 2,305 -3,223 -3,035 -2,514 -3,862 -7,129 -6,270 -7,417 -5,340 -5,569 -6,603 3,423 -2,896 -5,142 Algeria -294 450 -471 -513 -2,477 -3,984 -3,753 -3,228 -3,230 -2,355 -2,043 320 -1,287 -2,501 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1,676 -1,105 -1,301 -1,666 -445 122 -1,503 -1,435 -765 -1,479 -1,854 1,930 -667 -1,059 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 1,046 -1,816 -1,421 -222 -915 -1,533 -1,296 -1,517 -1,355 -2,244 -3,343 872 -708 -1,313 Tunisia 10 -81 113 134 30 -1,234 386 -995 356 509 637 218 -69 -88 ALL AFRICA 7,557 -5,283 -5,326 -8,680 -6,636 -11,947 -11,636 -11,381 -8,533 -8,249 -7,442 7,742 -2,160 -9,048 168 External Debt and Related Flows 6-18. Net transfers: long-term loans, including IMF Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6,169 -1,184 -2,042 -4,609 -3,336 -4,605 -5,649 -3,413 -3,188 -3,167 -1,155 4,595 779 -3,751 excluding South Africa 6,085 -529 -1,137 -3,646 -2,097 -3,302 -4,722 -3,672 -2,759 -2,745 -2,922 4,579 762 -3,010 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 5,104 694 206 -1,494 -1,155 -1,323 -2,330 -1,634 -1,224 -1,188 -1,303 4,040 2,177 -1,268 Angola 0 7 -93 -959 -93 -697 -441 -635 -385 -551 243 0 501 -482 Benin 63 91 67 84 6 11 17 -25 76 17 -1 74 59 32 Botswana 15 -41 -27 -125 -81 -53 -51 -39 -44 -58 -36 20 -7 -60 Burkina Faso 53 90 92 66 1 -5 .. .. .. .. .. 45 77 38 Burundi 38 12 7 5 -10 2 -7 21 -3 22 -5 36 62 5 Cameroon 374 118 -272 -300 -338 .. .. .. -249 -226 -203 224 114 -277 Cape Verde 3 4 13 16 5 33 13 8 4 18 29 9 5 14 Central African Republic 32 38 18 15 -8 -16 -7 4 -13 0 0 18 57 -1 Chad -1 66 55 93 57 9 54 8 27 77 99 21 63 48 Comoros 0 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -13 -8 2 10 3 0 0 -1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 106 -5 -18 -39 0 0 6 0 0 -109 -164 241 20 -20 Congo, Rep. of 448 -188 -131 -296 -73 -2 -797 -375 -471 -534 -815 174 1 -335 Côte d'Ivoire 465 181 -99 -324 -923 -477 -723 -776 -617 -618 -584 292 -284 -570 Djibouti 7 15 7 16 7 0 0 -3 -3 -3 -3 7 20 3 Equatorial Guinea 36 4 -1 -1 -3 .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 11 -2 Eritrea .. 27 7 7 33 64 105 48 98 75 -7 .. 27 55 Ethiopia 83 148 79 -31 81 25 101 62 362 554 152 419 299 154 Gabon -228 -27 -160 -252 -247 -236 -455 -308 -438 -339 -158 -13 52 -305 Gambia, The 54 -7 -4 31 -2 0 5 9 18 36 18 21 8 12 Ghana 108 130 274 496 123 173 -48 -34 318 44 -78 96 177 168 Guinea 29 86 -39 -44 73 -79 20 8 -19 -20 -51 27 109 -12 Guinea-Bissau 71 21 9 21 27 6 -4 3 -17 0 11 22 32 6 Kenya 338 -562 -192 -403 -443 -306 -373 -91 -284 -152 -112 172 -10 -280 Lesotho 2 36 30 38 21 12 -2 8 -40 -20 -41 4 35 6 Liberia 67 -15 -2 -2 0 .. .. .. 0 1 17 72 3 0 Madagascar 373 -12 -15 3 125 -7 -12 76 .. .. 24 162 41 28 Malawi 119 67 111 98 96 91 85 80 75 60 -32 63 45 87 Mali 96 76 153 72 86 36 65 42 56 73 133 82 92 73 Mauritania 115 -20 -20 -20 -24 -48 -35 8 1 -2 -18 97 30 -18 Mauritius 102 8 118 80 -23 -81 -87 -170 -210 -81 -47 33 -13 -57 Mozambique 0 11 106 160 169 149 27 -21 -108 493 -4 0 20 122 Namibia .. -2 -2 -3 -4 -5 -5 -5 -4 -5 -7 .. -1 -4 Niger 168 25 -26 1 49 38 37 54 51 95 91 77 31 37 Nigeria 981 -1,223 -1,343 -2,152 -942 -1,979 -2,393 -2,038 -1,535 -1,557 -1,619 540 -1,414 -1,742 Rwanda 29 19 48 45 72 68 78 .. .. .. .. 27 57 62 São Tomé and Principe 9 13 12 9 0 3 8 11 11 11 -2 6 10 8 Senegal 160 -19 -26 -65 35 -51 -130 -56 76 14 18 150 50 -25 Seychelles 12 3 -6 -3 5 16 15 111 89 -11 -21 5 5 27 Sierra Leone 45 45 37 32 35 26 15 48 59 61 43 21 18 39 Somalia 122 0 -1 -3 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -10 144 40 -1 South Africa 84 -655 -905 -963 -1,239 -1,303 -927 259 -429 -422 1,768 15 17 -741 Sudan 727 9 -18 -31 -53 -4 -19 -7 -3 -155 -48 509 99 -36 Swaziland 15 -10 -2 -4 2 -4 -14 -6 -13 -15 -17 17 -17 -7 Tanzania 298 80 29 -21 178 69 158 56 31 88 440 253 136 74 Togo 81 37 33 45 18 42 7 10 16 12 3 74 2 23 Uganda 109 174 157 143 193 74 48 156 290 72 227 87 156 142 Zambia 280 -80 -6 -6 50 -109 123 103 46 -120 -391 187 -24 10 Zimbabwe 84 44 -95 -140 -375 -86 -92 -10 -9 -6 -2 57 -8 -102 NORTH AFRICA 2,531 -2,949 -3,070 -3,712 -4,659 -6,834 -6,700 -5,819 -4,221 -5,348 -6,661 3,302 -1,803 -5,045 Algeria -570 548 -71 -570 -2,298 -3,993 -3,752 -3,245 -3,197 -2,257 -2,076 463 -1,057 -2,423 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1,930 -903 -1,608 -1,509 -827 -922 -1,306 -1,133 116 -1,478 -2,043 1,755 -108 -1,083 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 1,111 -1,712 -1,375 -1,413 -1,531 -1,106 -1,368 -935 -1,399 -2,216 -2,973 833 -628 -1,418 Tunisia 90 -346 -53 -93 116 -676 -35 -305 613 604 431 218 -129 21 ALL AFRICA 8,700 -4,133 -5,111 -8,321 -7,995 -11,439 -12,349 -9,232 -7,409 -8,515 -7,815 7,896 -1,024 -8,796 External Debt and Related Flows 169 6-19. Long-term debt: official concessional Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 16,563 72,463 81,246 83,057 82,840 87,230 84,478 84,207 77,212 80,462 73,919 16,365 52,944 82,591 excluding South Africa 16,563 72,463 81,246 83,057 82,840 87,230 84,478 84,206 77,212 80,461 73,919 16,365 52,944 82,591 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 16,125 71,174 79,869 81,704 81,519 85,638 82,735 80,080 75,876 79,016 58,627 15,997 52,251 80,804 Angola .. 1,619 2,205 2,317 2,594 2,386 2,004 1,791 1,581 1,658 1,726 .. 1,310 2,067 Benin 166 1,270 1,253 1,293 1,265 1,333 1,359 1,345 1,415 1,587 1,639 166 828 1,356 Botswana 59 293 344 326 293 311 297 289 268 288 296 86 185 302 Burkina Faso 221 905 1,001 1,084 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 177 643 1,042 Burundi 104 1,012 1,047 1,041 989 1,048 1,023 1,003 950 1,062 .. 107 731 1,020 Cameroon 817 4,847 4,254 4,334 4,070 3,785 3,738 3,651 3,616 3,205 2,743 642 2,633 3,832 Cape Verde .. 120 150 172 190 199 252 263 306 312 343 32 93 230 Central African Republic 59 723 765 768 724 745 741 714 678 745 832 64 492 735 Chad 171 679 697 764 807 876 931 907 899 1,055 1,248 141 382 867 Comoros .. 179 183 184 255 277 233 216 219 239 272 .. 170 226 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 862 3,453 3,563 3,412 3,175 3,471 3,311 3,139 3,014 4,927 .. 829 2,648 3,502 Congo, Rep. of 404 1,884 1,984 2,002 1,854 1,886 2,704 3,185 3,577 1,474 1,385 373 1,331 2,333 Côte d'Ivoire 438 3,883 4,563 4,806 4,503 4,944 4,419 4,126 3,880 4,526 4,981 411 2,643 4,471 Djibouti 15 253 267 278 252 263 252 .. .. .. .. 19 167 262 Equatorial Guinea 32 199 167 188 110 108 107 107 106 105 105 31 125 125 Eritrea .. 29 37 42 73 140 236 281 379 480 .. .. 29 208 Ethiopia 562 8,483 8,715 8,693 8,632 8,810 4,798 4,811 5,056 5,812 6,443 1,352 6,930 6,916 Gabon 113 579 708 748 898 953 825 1,366 1,282 1,312 .. 87 349 1,011 Gambia, The 68 336 361 394 388 417 418 421 421 492 549 59 239 414 Ghana 775 3,290 3,693 3,966 4,043 4,584 4,784 4,714 4,631 5,175 .. 683 2,018 4,449 Guinea 678 2,327 2,445 2,433 2,474 2,596 2,577 2,500 2,485 2,615 2,415 734 1,622 2,516 Guinea-Bissau 87 534 565 675 666 698 668 607 569 607 667 63 344 632 Kenya 684 3,390 3,855 3,933 3,751 4,098 4,139 4,122 4,141 4,618 5,016 650 2,305 4,082 Lesotho .. 438 470 468 435 448 454 448 430 490 536 24 273 455 Liberia 211 622 635 609 585 .. 1,795 1,808 1,823 1,955 1,986 221 568 1,316 Madagascar 467 .. .. .. 2,681 2,913 2,918 2,876 .. .. .. 499 1,536 2,847 Malawi 259 1,681 1,898 1,946 1,973 2,183 2,475 2,453 2,407 2,606 2,554 272 1,049 2,243 Mali 613 2,464 2,660 2,688 2,636 2,654 2,645 2,507 2,482 2,485 2,876 592 2,074 2,595 Mauritania 529 1,574 1,655 1,724 1,691 1,708 1,505 1,592 1,711 1,674 .. 509 1,280 1,657 Mauritius 50 405 434 427 376 340 337 320 304 220 320 55 277 345 Mozambique .. .. 4,585 4,987 3,185 4,065 3,515 3,480 2,170 2,533 2,816 .. .. 3,565 Namibia .. 0 0 -21 -41 -40 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 -26 Niger 155 971 1,010 1,024 1,042 1,156 1,211 1,220 1,225 1,440 1,664 173 755 1,166 Nigeria 439 1,290 1,377 1,353 1,322 1,592 1,743 4,127 1,336 1,446 15,292 368 692 1,787 Rwanda 141 903 961 977 985 1,114 1,380 .. .. .. .. 126 636 1,083 São Tomé and Principe 20 183 228 226 228 238 246 268 270 .. .. 20 106 243 Senegal 400 2,087 2,251 2,306 2,406 2,724 2,647 2,560 2,580 2,907 3,289 412 1,817 2,548 Seychelles 19 89 93 91 86 105 101 107 105 125 138 22 75 101 Sierra Leone 175 527 633 677 682 732 737 778 876 804 703 157 324 740 Somalia 546 1,576 1,596 1,557 1,503 1,531 1,516 1,487 1,461 1,513 .. 564 1,432 1,520 South Africa .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Sudan 1,730 4,775 4,838 4,750 4,636 4,704 4,654 4,569 4,505 3,770 .. 1,697 4,173 4,553 Swaziland 86 154 167 154 140 129 105 108 105 79 51 62 136 123 Tanzania 2,693 4,383 4,461 4,481 5,087 5,526 5,860 5,263 5,269 5,706 5,869 2,558 3,454 5,207 Togo 318 892 912 971 961 1,052 1,046 1,005 987 1,090 1,202 228 626 1,003 Uganda 254 2,456 2,773 2,883 2,979 3,144 2,830 2,916 3,058 3,415 3,964 222 1,343 3,000 Zambia 797 3,087 3,294 3,502 3,488 3,648 3,532 3,578 3,557 3,911 .. 672 2,055 3,564 Zimbabwe 348 1,621 1,496 1,423 1,767 1,637 1,412 1,180 1,076 .. .. 251 886 1,427 NORTH AFRICA 13,486 30,940 33,156 37,264 35,171 36,331 35,237 33,050 31,217 32,765 34,371 11,995 24,590 34,274 Algeria 1,269 2,062 3,109 3,329 3,170 3,333 3,449 3,141 2,755 2,839 3,006 1,031 926 3,141 Egypt, Arab Rep. 8,116 19,643 20,414 24,109 22,669 23,550 22,623 21,204 20,094 21,174 22,550 7,117 15,009 21,980 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 2,717 6,153 6,596 6,991 6,794 6,955 6,584 6,117 5,776 5,811 5,481 2,597 6,051 6,453 Tunisia 1,384 3,081 3,038 2,835 2,538 2,493 2,581 2,588 2,592 2,940 3,335 1,250 2,604 2,700 ALL AFRICA 30,049 103,403 114,402 120,321 118,011 123,562 119,715 117,257 108,429 113,226 108,290 28,360 77,534 116,865 170 External Debt and Related Flows 6-20. Long-term debt: official nonconcessional Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 9,282 54,905 56,590 52,570 47,515 48,487 43,679 51,735 48,198 46,841 38,199 8,289 42,926 49,452 excluding South Africa 9,282 54,905 56,590 52,570 47,515 48,487 43,648 51,591 48,076 46,712 37,988 8,289 42,926 49,399 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 8,728 36,384 37,475 35,280 31,826 32,400 28,722 26,473 23,481 22,646 24,102 7,556 29,617 29,788 Angola .. 688 736 716 658 1,016 976 912 860 1,235 1,407 .. 631 889 Benin 50 213 226 150 128 135 111 98 92 103 75 30 145 130 Botswana 64 334 308 250 205 190 155 120 92 160 160 69 323 185 Burkina Faso 39 130 131 71 59 64 51 47 58 55 49 34 126 67 Burundi 6 48 47 40 33 30 25 24 23 30 34 9 55 31 Cameroon 364 2,774 2,996 3,018 2,935 3,142 2,968 2,846 2,574 2,576 2,570 298 1,691 2,882 Cape Verde .. 31 32 30 26 38 42 39 22 19 19 29 32 31 Central African Republic 40 62 71 68 64 63 52 49 46 201 51 37 93 77 Chad 34 78 137 134 115 115 101 91 83 84 109 24 57 108 Comoros 0 8 8 9 8 9 9 9 8 9 10 2 11 8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1,747 4,981 5,195 5,002 4,620 4,845 4,447 4,245 4,084 2,314 2,591 1,327 4,316 4,344 Congo, Rep. of 200 1,949 2,059 1,797 1,598 1,551 1,422 1,346 1,251 1,385 1,544 158 1,110 1,551 Côte d'Ivoire 809 4,760 4,654 3,981 3,403 3,359 2,837 2,543 2,331 2,226 2,354 694 3,997 3,167 Djibouti 7 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 7 4 4 2 Equatorial Guinea 14 62 65 61 56 58 52 50 48 52 58 13 64 55 Eritrea .. 0 0 2 3 7 17 17 16 16 17 .. 0 10 Ethiopia 76 436 468 441 446 460 441 403 409 402 528 82 303 434 Gabon 203 2,848 3,069 3,081 2,637 2,755 2,337 1,964 1,664 1,766 2,163 173 1,486 2,409 Gambia, The 5 32 24 18 13 17 13 15 12 11 11 5 35 15 Ghana 259 427 400 442 395 375 327 275 454 422 414 181 374 386 Guinea 183 460 448 458 454 448 414 375 330 330 340 149 410 407 Guinea-Bissau 10 200 202 180 172 176 165 108 58 55 46 15 180 140 Kenya 523 1,445 1,358 1,150 965 848 668 478 309 288 252 490 1,283 758 Lesotho 2 116 137 134 131 120 116 133 91 79 69 5 58 118 Liberia 148 306 319 301 285 295 275 276 266 287 309 131 307 288 Madagascar 105 1,333 1,380 1,344 1,149 1,152 1,411 1,382 958 979 1,011 251 1,397 1,219 Malawi 184 170 157 126 106 106 102 85 67 72 90 132 230 103 Mali 15 79 77 75 66 179 169 164 161 33 34 13 61 115 Mauritania 57 415 426 401 349 306 339 302 202 154 116 74 381 310 Mauritius 89 233 223 212 209 228 225 201 166 298 284 74 253 220 Mozambique .. 1,888 2,227 2,127 2,008 1,893 1,117 1,054 149 147 160 359 1,250 1,340 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 101 282 305 291 266 281 241 239 183 164 236 90 290 246 Nigeria 554 18,521 19,115 17,291 15,689 16,087 14,926 25,117 24,595 24,066 13,886 733 13,309 19,611 Rwanda 1 1 7 6 7 4 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 3 São Tomé and Principe 3 23 11 8 7 7 6 16 17 19 21 6 22 11 Senegal 253 855 884 829 716 569 523 454 396 407 432 272 866 597 Seychelles 6 46 58 57 56 63 58 54 56 77 112 11 32 60 Sierra Leone 71 296 265 218 201 220 198 185 179 194 211 51 208 207 Somalia 21 323 329 325 315 320 310 305 302 313 327 60 312 315 South Africa .. 0 0 0 0 0 31 145 122 129 212 .. 0 53 Sudan 1,564 2,990 3,083 3,026 2,886 2,962 2,851 2,760 2,698 2,861 3,052 1,201 2,754 2,891 Swaziland 79 56 56 66 70 94 100 99 96 115 134 57 91 87 Tanzania 348 1,360 1,345 1,228 692 673 618 520 431 427 268 341 1,482 741 Togo 236 287 322 289 253 274 239 225 216 247 287 180 359 258 Uganda 37 320 212 196 317 176 138 111 214 130 164 63 332 187 Zambia 688 1,854 1,793 1,697 1,600 1,572 946 839 807 796 772 621 1,782 1,256 Zimbabwe 86 1,185 1,230 1,226 1,146 1,210 1,106 1,016 1,003 1,104 1,206 86 675 1,130 NORTH AFRICA 8,111 31,062 35,816 32,629 30,957 32,155 29,368 27,294 26,280 27,152 28,984 8,064 26,748 30,206 Algeria 2,226 8,868 12,577 14,869 15,114 16,133 15,054 14,339 13,442 13,523 13,805 1,739 4,955 14,381 Egypt, Arab Rep. 4,507 8,234 8,543 3,581 3,234 3,370 3,088 2,766 3,261 3,483 3,823 4,824 11,744 3,916 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 802 10,155 10,336 9,535 8,161 8,091 7,405 6,743 6,042 5,932 6,304 983 7,653 7,781 Tunisia 575 3,804 4,361 4,644 4,447 4,560 3,821 3,446 3,535 4,214 5,053 518 2,396 4,128 ALL AFRICA 17,393 85,967 92,406 85,200 78,472 80,642 73,047 79,029 74,478 73,993 67,183 16,353 69,674 79,658 External Debt and Related Flows 171 6-21. Long-term debt: private Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 20,521 44,500 46,845 42,735 41,190 39,967 38,085 36,802 36,571 37,459 37,807 16,910 37,003 39,957 excluding South Africa 20,329 31,465 32,073 28,401 27,311 26,658 25,024 21,639 20,998 19,948 17,570 16,830 35,666 25,257 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 15,953 23,010 24,124 21,314 21,396 20,597 19,021 17,933 17,532 16,670 15,185 12,334 23,289 19,823 Angola .. 7,299 6,460 5,277 5,989 5,700 5,734 5,383 5,390 5,145 5,443 .. 5,012 5,635 Benin 118 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 142 151 3 Botswana 8 50 47 36 28 24 32 28 19 17 15 15 38 29 Burkina Faso 20 4 5 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 23 4 Burundi 8 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 5 4 .. 10 13 2 Cameroon 1,003 897 770 637 551 445 508 355 859 1,396 1,949 693 888 690 Cape Verde 0 2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 Central African Republic 48 18 18 14 14 33 33 33 33 34 34 40 22 26 Chad 54 6 2 17 17 17 16 15 14 13 13 42 19 14 Comoros .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1,462 860 878 861 834 899 504 496 488 150 .. 1,393 870 639 Congo, Rep. of 652 941 913 866 832 814 555 555 555 555 1,350 546 1,213 706 Côte d'Ivoire 5,091 5,210 5,345 4,429 4,592 4,330 4,040 3,876 3,764 3,617 3,504 3,507 6,058 4,249 Djibouti 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. 3 2 0 Equatorial Guinea 7 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 1 Eritrea .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0 0 Ethiopia 49 648 590 350 347 344 123 113 96 94 72 103 628 257 Gabon 955 268 199 143 131 125 129 118 88 153 .. 766 713 136 Gambia, The 24 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 16 17 1 Ghana 131 419 525 799 851 919 840 755 811 786 .. 132 313 786 Guinea 159 98 82 90 81 86 72 66 30 30 30 133 117 67 Guinea-Bissau 36 28 32 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 17 37 4 Kenya 1,286 1,207 1,089 866 701 846 757 657 418 364 449 898 1,505 712 Lesotho .. 17 35 61 76 92 91 76 58 63 70 2 23 69 Liberia 156 209 208 200 192 .. .. .. 13 -73 -119 115 192 108 Madagascar 346 .. .. .. 45 41 40 40 .. .. .. 256 202 42 Malawi 192 49 28 24 20 20 19 18 10 10 10 128 67 19 Mali 36 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 22 0 Mauritania 131 9 8 25 24 22 22 22 22 22 .. 118 93 21 Mauritius 141 361 600 767 785 744 717 593 432 365 351 89 216 625 Mozambique .. .. 1,769 1,846 1,912 1,757 1,794 1,725 1,550 1,512 1,484 .. .. 1,733 Namibia .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Niger 432 157 133 110 96 72 70 68 62 54 46 267 298 83 Nigeria 4,376 8,455 7,949 7,087 5,915 6,061 6,003 3,706 3,466 3,278 2,385 4,496 12,377 5,433 Rwanda 8 2 2 2 1 1 16 .. .. .. .. 7 6 4 São Tomé and Principe 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 1 2 0 Senegal 461 150 124 50 63 30 20 18 58 43 51 301 242 51 Seychelles 0 43 36 30 29 34 55 150 241 225 189 4 29 100 Sierra Leone 111 26 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 91 70 7 Somalia 28 36 37 36 34 35 34 33 32 34 .. 86 47 34 South Africa 192 13,035 14,772 14,334 13,879 13,309 13,061 15,163 15,573 17,511 20,237 161 1,337 14,700 Sudan 854 2,131 2,355 2,090 1,973 2,055 1,843 1,813 1,782 1,782 .. 872 1,893 1,961 Swaziland 24 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 102 14 10 0 Tanzania 339 397 442 428 287 288 271 234 115 96 112 259 449 270 Togo 415 51 52 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 247 57 13 Uganda 244 93 87 81 80 66 26 24 33 30 17 149 261 53 Zambia 726 259 224 193 183 141 106 96 149 139 .. 671 460 154 Zimbabwe 192 1,054 1,011 908 619 603 545 558 395 .. .. 146 1,015 663 NORTH AFRICA 22,372 27,883 26,461 23,110 20,913 20,321 20,096 17,554 17,555 17,080 18,706 17,349 31,892 20,386 Algeria 13,545 17,507 15,618 13,087 10,428 9,016 7,393 5,851 4,673 5,076 5,442 9,882 18,166 8,893 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,070 2,520 2,066 1,484 1,206 1,258 1,039 1,112 2,605 1,876 1,209 2,132 5,426 1,581 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 4,969 6,300 6,646 6,313 6,458 6,851 6,991 6,318 5,690 4,957 5,782 3,841 6,403 6,278 Tunisia 1,429 1,319 1,817 2,086 2,531 2,621 3,853 3,638 4,063 5,172 6,273 1,069 1,647 3,223 ALL AFRICA 42,893 72,382 73,306 65,845 62,104 60,288 58,181 54,357 54,126 54,540 56,513 34,259 68,894 60,343 172 External Debt and Related Flows 6-22. Total external debt Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 61,316 204,239 218,849 213,917 207,774 223,626 210,997 208,129 199,488 204,181 217,966 54,186 158,109 210,870 excluding South Africa 60,495 190,307 203,164 198,699 193,480 198,873 187,090 183,268 175,438 179,140 190,159 53,761 156,230 189,894 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 51,574 157,215 169,072 167,292 165,025 168,579 157,962 151,913 144,396 148,664 155,196 45,246 127,290 159,113 Angola .. 11,568 10,613 9,521 10,452 10,786 10,300 9,410 9,296 9,247 9,698 .. 7,494 9,953 Benin 424 1,589 1,614 1,593 1,627 1,651 1,687 1,602 1,672 1,847 1,827 408 1,243 1,662 Botswana 136 689 709 618 566 532 504 453 400 480 487 175 552 533 Burkina Faso 330 1,129 1,302 1,286 1,275 1,358 1,452 1,523 1,332 1,676 1,778 269 863 1,401 Burundi 166 1,123 1,158 1,127 1,066 1,119 1,131 1,103 1,070 1,141 1,218 153 856 1,114 Cameroon 2,513 9,637 7,757 8,107 7,611 7,641 8,142 7,037 6,575 6,570 6,614 1,890 5,936 7,430 Cape Verde 21 151 182 202 216 237 295 302 328 331 362 33 131 262 Central African Republic 195 888 946 933 883 919 909 858 822 1,065 1,328 181 686 917 Chad 284 833 905 999 1,027 1,096 1,145 1,119 1,108 1,285 1,499 227 512 1,085 Comoros .. 198 218 200 .. .. .. .. 227 248 282 .. 190 223 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 4,773 12,322 13,239 12,830 12,337 13,203 12,048 12,609 13,280 10,434 8,728 4,319 9,563 12,498 Congo, Rep. of 1,526 5,413 6,004 5,241 4,980 5,410 5,141 5,308 5,388 7,419 8,574 1,227 4,429 5,611 Côte d'Ivoire 7,462 17,395 18,899 19,524 15,609 14,852 13,170 12,138 11,618 11,791 12,180 5,644 15,454 14,700 Djibouti 32 263 282 296 274 288 280 .. .. .. .. 33 201 284 Equatorial Guinea 76 261 233 254 246 209 201 195 190 187 186 71 209 215 Eritrea .. 29 37 44 76 151 253 311 414 528 629 .. 29 227 Ethiopia 824 10,063 10,308 10,078 10,077 10,347 5,544 5,483 5,727 6,515 7,287 1,656 8,111 8,010 Gabon 1,514 4,171 4,360 4,310 4,278 4,425 3,979 3,912 3,413 3,533 .. 1,231 3,205 4,026 Gambia, The 137 423 426 452 425 460 465 483 487 573 629 116 351 471 Ghana 1,402 5,416 5,888 6,402 6,313 6,933 6,979 6,625 6,734 7,338 6,976 1,313 3,762 6,652 Guinea 1,134 3,110 3,242 3,240 3,519 3,546 3,522 3,388 3,254 3,400 3,196 1,119 2,343 3,389 Guinea-Bissau 140 852 898 937 921 966 934 804 668 699 745 110 617 853 Kenya 3,387 7,124 7,309 6,814 6,465 6,824 6,473 6,181 5,573 6,112 6,755 2,646 6,191 6,469 Lesotho .. 619 684 701 673 688 682 672 598 658 706 28 375 670 Liberia 686 2,056 2,154 2,107 2,012 .. .. .. 1,811 1,251 1,182 620 1,746 1,867 Madagascar 1,248 .. .. .. 4,109 4,394 4,755 4,702 .. .. .. 1,187 3,518 4,490 Malawi 831 2,025 2,243 2,315 2,228 2,444 2,751 2,716 2,604 2,912 2,868 656 1,510 2,527 Mali 727 2,695 2,958 3,007 3,152 3,205 3,196 2,980 2,917 2,834 3,229 699 2,296 3,031 Mauritania 843 2,223 2,349 2,412 2,077 2,049 2,148 2,142 1,945 1,944 .. 807 1,967 2,133 Mauritius 420 1,195 1,570 1,787 1,828 1,847 1,852 1,784 1,722 1,766 1,847 334 889 1,769 Mozambique .. .. 7,458 7,566 7,632 8,289 6,977 7,046 4,564 4,766 5,011 .. .. 6,787 Namibia .. 77 109 141 97 84 88 85 84 336 647 .. 69 128 Niger 863 1,510 1,572 1,522 1,556 1,650 1,668 1,686 1,590 1,798 2,116 640 1,519 1,630 Nigeria 8,921 33,092 34,092 31,407 28,455 30,294 29,128 31,355 31,042 30,476 34,963 8,515 28,940 30,781 Rwanda 190 952 1,028 1,043 1,138 1,159 1,256 1,300 1,336 1,401 1,433 158 694 1,208 São Tomé and Principe 24 228 252 266 267 293 296 300 303 309 .. 22 144 286 Senegal 1,473 3,654 3,865 3,693 3,691 3,889 3,771 3,434 3,485 3,904 4,167 1,269 3,537 3,716 Seychelles 84 201 200 187 189 245 254 395 502 535 548 59 170 313 Sierra Leone 469 1,492 1,178 1,179 1,144 1,180 1,183 1,176 1,174 1,263 1,293 442 1,120 1,184 Somalia 660 2,616 2,678 2,643 2,561 2,635 2,606 2,561 2,563 2,688 .. 785 2,208 2,617 South Africa 821 13,932 15,685 15,218 14,294 24,753 23,907 24,861 24,050 25,041 27,807 850 1,879 20,976 Sudan 5,177 16,918 17,603 16,972 16,326 16,843 16,132 15,741 15,348 14,224 24,183 4,807 13,292 16,149 Swaziland 210 220 235 222 368 251 258 259 254 247 362 149 251 262 Tanzania 5,322 7,235 7,406 7,362 7,129 7,650 8,081 7,185 6,768 7,339 7,517 4,881 6,507 7,365 Togo 1,122 1,456 1,476 1,488 1,346 1,472 1,521 1,432 1,406 1,587 1,707 757 1,237 1,466 Uganda 687 3,371 3,582 3,684 3,884 3,917 3,498 3,497 3,731 3,991 4,529 610 2,335 3,723 Zambia 3,244 6,816 6,966 7,068 6,668 6,879 5,868 5,731 5,671 5,969 6,425 2,954 6,380 6,353 Zimbabwe 821 5,007 4,976 4,919 4,707 4,566 4,566 4,244 4,444 4,525 4,448 603 3,185 4,618 NORTH AFRICA 53,978 98,725 104,749 104,199 99,473 101,267 98,716 90,425 87,079 84,203 89,062 46,726 96,425 96,264 Algeria 19,365 30,233 33,042 33,645 30,892 30,678 27,997 25,272 22,586 22,876 23,386 14,323 25,913 28,373 Egypt, Arab Rep. 19,131 32,523 33,499 31,538 30,102 32,440 31,045 29,187 29,333 30,001 31,383 18,167 37,207 30,893 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 9,722 22,978 23,828 24,275 23,574 23,739 23,006 20,750 19,195 18,403 18,820 8,641 21,368 22,096 Tunisia 3,524 9,613 10,818 11,378 11,228 10,845 11,868 10,612 10,871 12,923 15,473 3,001 7,420 11,318 ALL AFRICA 115,294 302,963 323,598 318,116 307,248 324,893 309,713 298,554 286,567 288,384 307,028 100,912 254,535 307,134 External Debt and Related Flows 173 6-23. Structure of external debt Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Bilateral Multilateral Private Short-term IMF Concessional Nonconcessional Concessional Nonconcessional 1980 2003 1980 2003 1980 2003 1980 2003 1980 2003 1980 2003 1980 2003 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12,488 34,254 5,683 29,608 4,075 39,665 3,599 8,591 20,521 37,807 11,331 15,372 3,167 3,103 excluding South Africa 12,488 34,254 5,683 29,608 4,075 39,665 3,599 8,379 20,329 17,570 11,215 8,013 3,087 3,103 excluding South Africa & Nigeria 12,087 19,909 5,663 17,759 4,038 38,718 3,066 6,342 15,953 15,185 7,661 8,013 3,087 3,103 Angola .. 1,404 .. 1,381 .. 322 .. 27 .. 5,443 .. 0 .. .. Benin 82 369 31 52 84 1,271 20 23 118 4 73 36 16 73 Botswana 28 137 12 0 32 159 53 160 8 15 4 16 0 0 Burkina Faso 89 .. 30 15 133 .. 9 33 20 .. 35 .. 15 .. Burundi 49 .. 1 4 55 .. 5 30 8 .. 12 .. 36 .. Cameroon 617 1,416 142 2,208 200 1,327 222 362 1,003 1,949 271 1,260 59 0 Cape Verde .. 74 .. 12 .. 269 .. 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic 17 178 28 40 42 654 12 12 48 34 25 374 24 36 Chad 97 81 34 51 75 1,167 0 58 54 13 12 23 14 106 Congo, Rep. of .. 56 0 0 .. 216 0 10 .. 0 .. 0 .. 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 667 .. 1,620 1,975 194 .. 127 616 1,462 .. 329 .. 373 .. Congo, Rep. of 355 1,031 132 1,230 49 354 69 314 652 1,350 247 0 22 38 Côte d'Ivoire 369 2,841 355 1,211 69 2,140 454 1,143 5,091 3,504 1,059 917 65 425 Djibouti 14 .. 5 1 1 .. 1 6 5 .. 6 .. 0 .. Equatorial Guinea 30 .. 13 49 2 105 1 9 7 0 7 .. 16 1 Eritrea .. .. .. 10 .. .. .. 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 281 2,247 18 331 282 4,196 58 196 49 72 57 87 79 157 Gabon 103 .. 173 1,799 10 .. 30 364 955 .. 228 .. 15 .. Gambia, The 33 105 0 4 36 444 5 6 24 1 23 33 16 35 Ghana 637 .. 119 306 139 .. 140 108 131 .. 131 593 105 343 Guinea 615 870 116 182 63 1,544 67 159 159 30 80 289 35 123 Guinea-Bissau 58 238 5 38 29 429 5 7 36 0 5 12 1 21 Kenya 414 1,907 159 122 270 3,109 364 131 1,286 449 640 926 254 112 Lesotho .. 60 2 18 .. 477 0 52 .. 70 .. 4 .. 27 Liberia 179 703 50 79 33 1,283 98 230 156 -119 81 694 89 0 Madagascar 319 .. 71 945 148 .. 34 66 346 .. 244 .. 87 .. Malawi 112 372 112 6 147 2,183 72 83 192 10 116 130 80 85 Mali 451 820 6 20 163 2,056 9 14 36 0 24 150 39 169 Mauritania 423 .. 38 35 106 .. 18 81 131 .. 65 .. 62 .. Mauritius 32 247 37 78 18 73 53 206 141 351 57 892 83 0 Mozambique .. 1,051 .. 121 .. 1,765 .. 39 .. 1,484 .. 0 .. 230 Namibia .. .. 0 .. .. .. 0 .. .. 0 .. 0 .. 0 Niger 42 244 70 220 112 1,420 30 15 432 46 159 40 16 131 Nigeria 401 14,345 21 11,849 37 947 533 2,037 4,376 2,385 3,553 .. 0 .. Rwanda 51 .. 1 0 91 .. 0 0 8 .. 26 .. 14 .. São Tomé and Principe 9 .. 4 16 11 .. 0 5 0 .. 0 33 0 .. Senegal 221 919 169 288 179 2,369 84 143 461 51 219 156 140 240 Seychelles 16 110 4 68 3 28 2 44 0 189 59 109 0 0 Sierra Leone 137 151 47 179 39 552 23 32 111 6 53 30 59 35 Somalia 400 .. 9 307 147 .. 13 20 28 .. 47 .. 18 .. South Africa .. 0 .. 0 .. 0 .. 212 192 20,237 116 7,359 80 0 Sudan 1,361 .. 1,298 2,848 368 .. 266 205 854 .. 598 .. 431 .. Swaziland 69 20 34 21 17 32 45 112 24 102 15 53 6 0 Tanzania 2,387 1,630 89 244 307 4,239 259 25 339 112 1,770 831 171 437 Togo 228 314 210 266 90 888 26 21 415 0 120 176 33 42 Uganda 191 315 21 55 63 3,650 16 109 244 17 63 148 89 236 Zambia 778 .. 314 642 19 .. 374 130 726 .. 586 .. 447 .. Zimbabwe 131 .. 83 282 216 .. 3 924 192 .. 116 .. 80 .. NORTH AFRICA 11,433 29,704 7,177 14,281 2,053 4,668 2,013 14,703 22,372 18,706 8,063 6,012 868 988 Algeria 1,255 2,508 1,956 10,187 14 498 270 3,618 13,545 5,442 2,325 146 0 988 Egypt, Arab Rep. 6,231 20,159 3,767 2,099 1,885 2,390 741 1,723 2,070 1,209 4,027 3,801 411 0 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 2,638 4,438 158 1,502 79 1,043 644 4,802 4,969 5,782 778 1,253 457 0 Tunisia 1,309 2,598 218 494 75 737 357 4,559 1,429 6,273 136 812 0 0 ALL AFRICA 23,921 63,957 12,860 43,889 6,128 44,333 5,612 23,294 42,893 56,513 19,394 21,384 4,034 4,091 174 External Debt and Related Flows 6-24. Structure of external debt service payments Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Bilateral Multilateral Private Short-term IMF Concessional Nonconcessional Concessional Nonconcessional 1980 2003 1980 2003 1980 2003 1980 2003 1980 2003 1980 2003 1980 2003 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 428 1,498 451 1,189 59 1,151 425 1,199 3,860 6,568 1,023 430 492 664 excluding South Africa 428 1,498 451 1,189 59 1,151 425 1,184 3,807 2,686 1,023 210 489 664 excluding South Africa & Nigeria 406 1,729 436 523 58 917 354 723 3,144 2,357 644 200 489 664 Angola .. 420 .. 57 .. .. .. 3 .. 457 .. 7 .. .. Benin 1 30 1 5 1 22 1 3 4 0 11 2 0 10 Botswana 1 13 1 0 0 8 10 25 1 2 2 1 0 0 Burkina Faso 3 24 4 2 3 40 2 3 5 .. 5 2 0 11 Burundi 1 .. 0 0 0 .. 1 1 4 .. 2 1 1 .. Cameroon 25 -55 18 55 4 .. 24 75 162 .. 28 13 19 4 Cape Verde .. 1 .. 1 .. 2 .. 1 0 0 .. 1 0 0 Central African Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 7 0 Chad 1 7 0 6 2 15 0 5 0 0 0 0 3 14 Congo, Rep. of .. 1 0 0 .. 5 0 0 .. 0 0 0 .. 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 48 .. 136 40 2 -66 22 66 189 .. 45 5 101 .. Congo, Rep. of 22 286 13 4 1 14 11 40 25 594 31 2 8 24 Côte d'Ivoire 29 480 55 17 3 221 46 121 1,180 885 95 18 0 107 Djibouti 2 .. 1 0 0 .. 0 1 0 .. 1 0 0 .. Equatorial Guinea 0 .. 1 0 0 .. 0 1 0 .. 1 2 0 .. Eritrea .. .. .. 0 .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. 1 .. .. Ethiopia 11 19 1 1 2 37 10 15 9 16 9 1 2 9 Gabon 6 .. 28 80 0 .. 4 100 359 .. 33 4 1 .. Gambia, The 0 10 0 0 0 8 0 1 0 0 3 0 1 0 Ghana 24 17 22 13 1 66 13 17 48 .. 18 20 33 23 Guinea 55 40 7 3 0 59 21 24 14 0 9 4 2 16 Guinea-Bissau 0 7 0 0 0 2 0 1 4 0 1 0 0 5 Kenya 13 181 22 25 2 82 47 62 274 179 58 24 17 20 Lesotho .. 7 0 3 .. 14 0 25 .. 15 1 0 .. 3 Liberia 3 .. 0 0 0 .. 7 0 27 .. 11 0 5 .. Madagascar 21 .. 2 9 1 .. 3 7 42 .. 29 1 3 .. Malawi 4 34 7 0 2 59 3 3 53 0 16 1 3 11 Mali 4 15 0 0 1 45 0 3 3 0 3 2 4 19 Mauritania 8 .. 0 0 3 .. 2 8 17 .. 7 2 11 .. Mauritius 2 35 4 22 -1 7 6 33 22 102 8 58 2 0 Mozambique .. 21 .. 5 .. .. .. 6 .. .. .. 3 .. 21 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 .. 0 .. 0 Niger 3 3 5 1 16 13 2 2 98 9 19 1 0 6 Nigeria 22 .. 15 666 1 233 70 462 663 329 379 10 0 .. Rwanda 0 10 0 0 1 32 0 0 3 .. 3 0 0 .. São Tomé and Principe 0 5 1 1 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 13 67 19 40 1 64 8 12 183 17 24 5 12 33 Seychelles 0 2 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 69 37 2 0 0 Sierra Leone 2 24 2 11 0 17 2 2 35 6 0 0 19 51 Somalia 3 .. 0 0 1 .. 5 0 0 .. 0 0 4 .. South Africa .. 0 .. 0 .. 0 .. 15 53 3,881 .. 221 3 0 Sudan 37 .. 30 0 5 .. 18 2 12 .. 70 0 92 .. Swaziland 2 5 6 0 0 0 4 16 5 0 2 1 0 0 Tanzania 32 21 2 5 2 39 23 8 36 5 26 5 39 9 Togo 2 0 17 0 1 0 2 0 16 0 14 2 0 14 Uganda 3 5 8 2 1 41 2 9 22 1 5 1 16 26 Zambia 16 -3 21 104 0 67 51 20 238 1 0 2 84 227 Zimbabwe 10 .. 0 7 1 .. 3 2 53 .. 15 6 3 .. NORTH AFRICA 571 2,698 328 1,815 11 1,000 261 3,233 5,256 4,095 869 189 253 463 Algeria 107 352 226 1,287 2 73 69 715 3,564 1,407 116 4 0 463 Egypt, Arab Rep. 265 990 50 236 7 131 51 517 320 744 422 145 121 0 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 130 1,091 24 189 1 725 94 1,359 992 1,439 105 31 100 0 Tunisia 70 264 28 103 1 72 47 642 340 504 26 9 33 0 ALL AFRICA 1,000 4,195 779 3,004 70 2,151 685 4,432 9,117 10,662 1,893 619 745 1,127 Note: In 1995, Zambia was able to clear its arrears to the IMF after completing a three-year Rights Arrangement Program. External Debt and Related Flows 175 6-25. Average terms of new commitments in 2003 Structure of financing Concessional terms Nonconcessional terms (percentage of total) Grace Grant Grace Grant Con- Noncon- Interest period Maturity element Interest period Maturity element cessional cessional (percent) (years) (years) (percent) (percent) (years) (years) (percent) loans loans SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1.1 9.0 35.9 72.7 3.9 1.5 9.5 20.7 98.5 1.5 excluding South Africa 1.1 9.0 35.9 72.7 3.9 1.5 9.5 20.7 98.5 1.5 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 1.1 9.0 35.8 72.9 3.9 1.5 9.5 20.7 98.5 1.5 Angola 0.8 10.1 49.6 83.0 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Benin 1.0 9.6 39.6 77.4 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Botswana 0.0 10.3 19.2 74.6 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Burkina Faso 1.4 8.2 33.9 70.3 3.0 0.3 7.8 21.5 98.6 1.4 Burundi 0.8 10.3 39.8 80.6 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Cameroon 0.9 8.9 33.2 73.8 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Cape Verde 0.9 10.3 42.9 80.2 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad 0.8 9.7 38.5 78.3 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Democratic Rep. of 0.8 10.3 39.8 80.7 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Congo, Republic of 0.8 9.8 39.3 80.1 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Côte d'Ivoire 0.8 9.9 42.1 80.9 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea 1.0 9.1 36.6 75.7 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Ethiopia 1.1 9.9 39.6 76.8 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Gabon 4.3 4.3 10.4 27.1 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Gambia, The 1.9 8.3 31.0 64.8 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Ghana 0.8 10.3 49.8 83.2 1.4 1.2 5.7 23.3 90.3 9.7 Guinea 0.8 10.3 47.7 82.7 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Guinea-Bissau 0.8 10.1 41.4 80.9 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Kenya 0.9 8.0 31.1 69.8 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Lesotho 1.0 9.4 45.0 77.8 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 0.8 10.2 40.6 80.7 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Malawi 0.8 9.7 47.8 81.8 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Mali 0.9 8.5 39.2 75.5 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Mauritania 1.8 7.3 26.5 61.9 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Mauritius 2.6 3.5 11.8 34.6 4.5 0.5 10.0 20.0 93.0 7.0 Mozambique 0.9 9.2 35.8 76.0 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 1.3 8.2 33.7 70.0 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Nigeria 1.2 8.2 38.0 67.7 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Rwanda 0.8 10.3 39.8 80.6 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. São Tomé and Principe 0.9 7.8 20.8 63.6 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Senegal 1.6 10.0 36.1 71.2 6.0 3.1 12.1 19.1 95.5 4.5 Seychelles 2.6 5.4 22.5 52.0 5.0 3.0 12.0 24.1 78.2 21.8 Sierra Leone 1.1 8.1 38.2 74.1 6.0 1.7 15.2 20.0 91.8 8.2 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 0.6 9.8 38.8 80.0 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda 0.7 9.7 39.2 78.9 1.6 0.9 3.9 16.9 98.3 1.7 Zambia 0.8 10.0 39.5 80.3 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. Zimbabwe 2.1 9.5 27.7 63.4 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. NORTH AFRICA 2.7 5.0 17.0 44.2 5.1 1.6 8.5 13.5 84.7 15.3 Algeria 2.7 7.0 17.5 48.3 7.0 0.2 6.9 7.8 95.6 4.4 Egypt, Arab Republic 2.2 4.0 14.8 43.2 2.3 1.5 2.2 12.2 62.8 37.2 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 2.8 4.8 19.0 45.5 6.0 3.0 16.5 20.5 80.5 19.5 Tunisia 3.2 4.3 16.7 39.8 .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. ALL AFRICA 1.3 8.6 34.0 69.9 4.3 1.5 9.2 18.5 97.2 2.8 Note: No data indicates no commitment for the year 2003. Commitments are for offical long-term loans, only. 176 External Debt and Related Flows 6-26. External debt and debt service ratios, 2003 Debt-GDP ratio Total external Percentage Debt-export ratio Present value Debt service- Non- debt per capita of debt Non- of debt-export export ratio Concessional concessional (U. S. dollars) disbursed Concessional concessional ratio, 2003 (Ex post) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 21 35 324 88 57 102 123 10 excluding South Africa .. 47 303 88 .. 124 154 9 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. 50 316 87 .. 147 167 11 Angola 12 10 717 95 17 80 95 13 Benin 47 2 272 81 266 31 130 12 Botswana 4 2 283 92 8 5 12 1 Burkina Faso .. 1 147 76 0 383 142 15 Burundi .. 6 169 88 0 2,111 1,623 83 Cameroon 22 21 411 87 85 120 157 13 Cape Verde 43 2 772 66 89 5 86 5 Central African Republic 69 4 342 92 497 297 987 0 Chad 48 4 175 77 226 45 161 8 Comoros 85 3 469 125 348 13 269 7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. 46 164 96 0 583 505 .. Congo, Rep. of 39 43 2,282 95 50 258 301 17 Côte d'Ivoire 36 17 723 92 75 109 154 13 Djibouti .. 0 .. 84 .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 4 2 376 51 4 3 11 .. Eritrea .. 2 143 21 0 280 173 10 Ethiopia 97 8 106 91 534 70 128 8 Gabon .. 36 .. 90 0 0 107 .. Gambia, The 150 3 443 85 319 46 194 12 Ghana .. 6 338 83 0 241 82 7 Guinea 67 9 404 85 302 98 238 18 Guinea-Bissau 279 19 500 91 705 83 525 16 Kenya 35 2 212 83 133 46 142 15 Lesotho 50 6 394 78 65 21 61 8 Liberia 449 70 350 99 1,355 -549 1,876 .. Madagascar .. 18 .. 89 0 0 115 .. Malawi 150 5 262 81 546 67 399 22 Mali 66 1 277 82 218 27 104 6 Mauritania .. 10 .. 89 .. .. .. .. Mauritius 6 5 1,512 78 10 46 76 7 Mozambique 65 4 267 82 201 157 96 25 Namibia .. .. 321 .. 0 40 .. 0 Niger 61 9 180 80 381 104 132 8 Nigeria 27 24 256 94 55 70 121 11 Rwanda .. 0 171 80 0 983 667 .. São Tomé and Principe .. 35 .. 87 0 0 652 .. Senegal 51 7 407 81 112 30 65 8 Seychelles 20 16 6,551 94 22 65 89 13 Sierra Leone 85 26 242 84 313 263 393 49 Somalia .. .. .. 89 .. .. .. .. South Africa 0 0 607 87 0 58 59 8 Sudan .. 17 721 94 0 922 653 .. Swaziland 3 7 327 67 3 17 21 2 Tanzania 57 3 209 83 330 93 122 5 Togo 68 16 351 86 152 64 169 2 Uganda 63 3 179 87 497 71 237 11 Zambia .. 18 618 92 0 502 353 15 Zimbabwe .. 14 339 80 0 314 312 .. NORTH AFRICA 16 25 639 89 47 75 116 16 Algeria 5 22 735 82 14 92 103 19 Egypt, Arab Rep. 27 5 465 94 93 37 116 11 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 12 14 625 89 38 93 122 34 Tunisia 13 19 1,564 73 28 102 132 13 ALL AFRICA 19 31 378 88 54 93 120 13 External Debt and Related Flows 177 Figure 6-1. Debt service ratio (ex post), 2003 Percentage of exports of goods and services 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 Burundi Congo, Dem. Rep. of Sierra Leone Morocco São Tomé and Principe Mozambique Malawi Algeria Guinea Congo, Rep. of Guinea-Bissau Mauritania Rwanda Kenya Burkina Faso Zambia Tunisia Angola Cameroon Côte d'Ivoire Seychelles Gabon Benin Gambia, The Egypt, Arab Rep. Nigeria Uganda Eritrea Madagascar Chad Ethiopia Senegal South Africa Lesotho Niger Ghana Comoros Mauritius Mali Cape Verde Tanzania Djibouti Zimbabwe Togo 178 External Debt and Related Flows Figure 6-2. Debt to GDP ratio, 2003* Percentage 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 Liberia Guinea-Bissau Burundi Mauritania Malawi Gambia, The Zambia Ethiopia Congo, Dem. Rep. of Comoros Sierra Leone Ghana Eritrea Madagascar Rwanda Central African Republic Togo Guinea Mali Concessional Mozambique Uganda Niger Nonconcessional Tanzania Senegal Lesotho Chad Djibouti Benin Cape Verde Congo, Rep. of Côte d'Ivoire Kenya Egypt, Arab Rep. Nigeria Gabon Sudan Cameroon Seychelles Tunisia Angola Morocco Zimbabwe Mauritius Algeria Botswana Equatorial Guinea Swaziland South Africa Namibia * Sorted by concessional debt. External Debt and Related Flows 179 Technical notes Tables Table 6-13. Total external debt service payments: long-term loans and IMF credit. Total external debt Tables 6-1, 6-2, and 6-3. Gross disbursements: service payments include the sum of amortization on official concessional, official nonconcessional, and long-term loans and IMF credit and interest pay- private long-term loans. Gross disbursements are ments on long-term loans and IMF credit (World from commitments of long-term external loans by Bank, DRS). official concessional, official nonconcessional, and private sources, respectively (World Bank, DRS). Table 6-14. Interest payments: short-term loans. These are estimated for the respective year based on Table 6-4. Disbursements: long-term loans and the estimated year-end stock of short-term debt IMF purchases. This is the sum of Tables 6-1 (which may include interest arrears on long-term through 6-3, plus IMF purchases. debt) and the annual average six-month London in- terbank offered rate (LIBOR) on notes denominated Tables 6-5, 6-6, and 6-7. Amortization: official in U.S. dollars as reported in the IFS (with no adjust- concessional, official nonconcessional, and private ment for spreads). Actual payments may be different long-term loans. Amortization is the actual repay- because the LIBOR only approximates actual interest ment of principal made in foreign currencies, goods, rates on short-term loans, and because not all interest or services on outstanding long-term official conces- due on short-term loans is actually paid (World Bank, sional, official nonconcessional, and private long- DRS). term loans as described above (World Bank, DRS). Table 6-15. Net flows: long- and short-term loans, Table 6-8. Amortization: long-term loans and IMF including IMF. These flows represent all disburse- repurchases. This is the sum of Tables 6-5 to 6-7, ments of long- and short-term loans net of all repay- plus repurchases of drawings from the IMF. ments of principal on long- and short-term loans and IMF credit (World Bank, DRS). Tables 6-9, 6-10, and 6-11. Interest payments: offi- cial concessional, official nonconcessional, and pri- Table 6-16. Net flows: long-term loans, including vate long-term loans. These are actual payments IMF. Net flows of long-term loans are as defined made in foreign currencies, goods, and services to var- above for Table 6-15, but excluding short-term loans ious lenders described above on interest obligations, (World Bank, DRS). including IMF charges on drawings due on disbursed debt and on commitment charges due on undisbursed Table 6-17. Net transfers: long- and short-term debt (where information is available), that is, on long- loans, including IMF. Net transfers are net flows term official concessional, official nonconcessional, (Table 6-15) less interest payments (Tables 6-12 and and private loans (World Bank, DRS). 6-14). Table 6-12. Interest payments: long-term loans Table 6-18. Net transfers: long-term loans, includ- and IMF charges. This is the sum of Tables 6-9 ing IMF. Net transfers include long-term loans and through 6-11, plus IMF charges on drawings. IMF credit only (Table 6-16 less Table 6-12). 180 External Debt and Related Flows Tables 6-19, 6-20, and 6-21. Long-term debt: offi- sional long-term loans (excluding private financing); cial concessional, official nonconcessional, and short-term loans are excluded (World Bank, DRS). private. This series reflects the total debt outstanding Grant elements are calculated using a standard and disbursed of official concessional, official non- 10 percent discount rate. The indicators are weighted concessional, and private loans (World Bank, DRS). averages (based on amount of commitments) across The time series reflects changes in the valuation of all loans in each category. year-end debt stocks (because of U.S. dollar exchange rate fluctuation) and debt cancellation, as well as net Table 6-26. External debt and debt service ratios, disbursements. Therefore, changes in debt stocks 2003. This table includes the ratio of debt outstand- from year to year cannot be used as a measure of net ing and disbursed to GDP; per capita debt; the ratio borrowing or vice versa. of debt outstanding and disbursed to debt outstand- ing, including undisbursed; the ratio of debt out- Table 6-22. Total external debt. When Tables 6-19 standing and disbursed and the ratio of the present to 6-21 are supplemented with IMF credit and esti- value of debt to exports of goods and all services, mates of total short-term debt (which includes inter- including receipts of workers' remittances; and the est in arrears on public and publicly guaranteed long- ratio of total debt service paid to exports of goods and term loans), they sum up to total external debt (World all services, more commonly called the debt service Bank, DRS). ratio (World Bank, DRS). Ratios are shown sepa- rately for concessional debt and for all nonconces- Table 6-23. Structure of external debt. This table sional (including private) debt. Both the stock of summarizes debt structure for 1980 and 2003 (World external debt and debt service payments include Bank, DRS). The columns cover the type of creditor short- and long-term loans and IMF credit, except for and concessionality. The private debt shown includes the ratio of debt outstanding to debt outstanding in- both the private guaranteed (by an entity of the debtor cluding undisbursed, which is calculated for public government) and the private nonguaranteed debt. For and publicly guaranteed debt only. The data for ex- each year, all components shown add up to the totals ports of goods and all services, plus receipts of work- in Table 6-22. ers' remittances, are taken from balance of payments data in Chapter 5. The present value of debt is the Table 6-24. Structure of external debt service pay- sum of all future payments discounted to the present ments. This summary table compares debt service (usually with a commercial discount rate similar to payments for all types of creditors in 1980 and 2003 LIBOR). The debt service ratio is shown for the ex (World Bank, DRS). Debt service payments on post category, showing the amount paid after debt short-term loans are excluded, to be consistent with relief and/or arrears. Table 6-13. Debt service payments are actual repay- ments of principal (amortization) and actual pay- Figures ments of interest. The column headings have the same definitions as given above for Table 6-23. The following indicators have been used to derive the figures in this chapter. Table 6-25. Average terms of new commitments, 2003. This table presents the average interest rates, Figure 6-1. Debt service ratio (Table 6-26). grace periods, maturities, and grant elements shown separately for official concessional and nonconces- Figure 6-2. Debt to GDP ratio (Table 6-26). External Debt and Related Flows 181 Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 6 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (1) (2) (6) (1) 6-1 x x 6-2 x x 6-3 x x 6-4 x x 6-5 x x 6-6 x x 6-7 x x 6-8 x x 6-9 x x 6-10 x x 6-11 x x 6-12 x x 6-13 x x 6-14 x x 6-15 x x 6-16 x x 6-17 x x 6-18 x x 6-19 x x 6-20 x x 6-21 x x 6-22 x 6-23 x 6-24 x 6-25 x 6-26 x Note : Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 7 Government Finance T he data in this chapter pertain to consolidated Measures of fiscal deficit or surplus are among the government (except when not available) single most important indicators of government fiscal instead of to central government operations, performance. The measure is usually calculated as which were reported in previous volumes. the difference between total revenue (including Definitions have been taken from the IMF's Gov- grants) and total expenditure (including lending ernment Finance Statistics (GFS). For this volume, minus repayments). As such, it measures government data are taken from country desks. When not available net financing requirements. GFS methodology rec- from country desks, data are taken from GFS and sup- ommends grouping grants receipts with revenue plemented with data from IMF and World Bank staff because they can be spent without incurring an obli- reports, or from other national government sources. gation for future payments but lists them separately Data from various sources have been harmonized to because grants can sometimes be treated as financing produce a consistent and comparable time series. items. Financing includes all government borrowing The focus of this chapter is on the principal finan- from others (at home and abroad) minus amortization cial transactions of government--taxing, borrowing, (government repayment of its borrowing from others spending, and lending--rather than on the production and changes in cash balances). Other measures of fis- and consumption of goods and services, the use of cal balance include the fiscal deficit or surplus with- labor, or other government activities. Spending cov- out capital grants, which measures the government's ers both current and capital transactions. ability to operate without foreign capital transfers, The data comprise major government finance indi- and the fiscal deficit or surplus, excluding interest cators--fiscal deficit or surplus, expenditure and payments from expenditure, referred to as the pri- lending minus repayments, revenue, grants, and do- mary deficit or surplus. mestic and foreign financing--expressed as a percent- Revenue is divided between taxes--unrequited age of GDP. The chapter also includes information on compulsory payments to government--and nontax the major components of revenue and expenditure by revenue. It includes only non-repayable receipts other economic category, shown as percentages of total rev- than grants. Tax revenue is also classified according enue and as a percentage of expenditure and lending to the base upon which the tax is levied (for example, minus repayments, respectively. income and profits). 182 Government Finance 183 Expenditure is classified by economic category further discussion, see World Bank 1988b, box 2.1, (such as wages, purchases, and interest payments). p. 45.) Indicators calculated as ratios to GDP use Lending minus repayments--government lending GDP at purchaser values or market prices (see tech- less repayment of past government lending--is nical notes to Chapter 1). Because GDP at purchaser grouped with expenditure, except in certain cases values includes import duties (and GDP at market (see the technical notes at the end of this chapter). prices includes indirect taxes), ratios for revenues The economic classification of expenditures (for tend to understate tax burdens, especially where such example, on wages) is presented as a percentage of taxes are an important source of government revenue. total expenditure and lending minus repayments, be- Fiscal year data are compared with the calendar year cause lending minus repayments is itself a separate GDP data that correspond either to the second half of economic classification. the fiscal year or to the calendar year in which most of No attempt was made to reconcile GFS data in this the fiscal year falls. Fiscal years do not correspond to chapter with the System of National Accounts (SNA). calendar years in Botswana, Cameroon, Egypt, The fundamental difference between the two systems Ethiopia, The Gambia, and Ghana (before 1982), and is that GFS focuses on government financial transac- Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritius, Niger, tions, whereas the SNA considers government trans- Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Swaziland, actions as part of total demand and value added. (For Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe (after 1985). 184 Government Finance 7-1. Government deficit/surplus (including grants) Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. -4.7 -3.3 -2.9 -3.2 -3.6 -3.5 -1.9 -2.3 -2.7 -2.3 -4.5 -4.7 -2.8 excluding South Africa .. -3.6 -1.8 -1.1 -2.2 -4.3 -4.5 -1.9 -2.8 -3.9 -2.5 .. -4.3 -2.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. -4.9 -4.5 -3.4 -2.9 -3.2 -3.8 -3.8 -2.7 -3.5 -2.7 .. -4.4 -3.4 Angola .. -20.1 -37.5 -16.1 -22.0 -7.9 -16.2 -6.1 0.6 -6.4 -6.4 .. -20.3 -13.1 Benin .. -4.4 -4.6 -0.4 0.3 2.1 1.9 -1.8 -1.5 -2.2 -2.1 .. -5.9 -0.9 Botswana .. 6.6 3.0 4.7 5.4 2.1 -2.8 6.8 5.7 -3.2 -2.8 10.4 10.0 2.1 Burkina Faso .. -3.1 -3.5 -0.5 -2.9 -2.9 -3.6 -3.9 -3.9 -4.6 -3.0 .. -3.4 -3.2 Burundi -7.4 -2.2 -2.2 -7.4 -4.4 -5.3 -6.3 -2.9 -5.0 -1.4 -6.3 -9.3 -4.6 -4.6 Cameroon 0.4 -9.2 -3.2 -1.7 -1.2 -1.7 -3.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 2.0 0.5 -6.4 -0.5 Cape Verde .. -14.0 -19.1 -17.2 -6.0 0.1 -9.9 -19.8 -4.8 -2.7 -3.5 -7.2 -6.7 -9.2 Central African Republic .. -10.0 -5.1 -3.4 -2.3 -0.8 -1.9 -2.0 -0.2 0.3 4.1 .. -8.8 -1.2 Chad .. -4.7 -4.4 -5.1 -3.9 -2.6 -6.0 -2.0 -0.9 -6.2 -6.1 .. -6.1 -4.1 Comoros .. -13.8 -6.2 -5.2 -2.1 -3.5 -0.8 -1.5 -3.6 -5.1 -4.1 0.0 -5.8 -3.6 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. -4.2 -5.8 -6.2 -5.0 -6.0 -1.6 -2.3 -3.9 .. .. -4.4 Congo, Rep. of .. -13.2 -8.2 -10.5 -8.9 -20.0 -5.9 1.1 -0.7 -8.1 0.4 7.1 -9.9 -6.8 Côte d'Ivoire .. -5.9 -3.1 -1.4 -1.4 -1.5 -2.3 -0.8 1.4 -1.0 -2.0 .. -9.4 -1.3 Djibouti .. -8.4 -8.0 -3.9 -4.3 0.9 -2.2 -1.8 .. .. .. .. -11.0 -3.2 Equatorial Guinea .. -5.7 -6.3 -6.3 1.5 -5.7 -0.2 9.1 22.6 22.9 13.9 .. -5.7 5.7 Eritrea .. -12.6 -23.7 -24.2 1.0 -38.3 -54.5 -41.9 -36.3 -32.1 -16.9 .. -7.3 -29.6 Ethiopia .. -7.7 -3.9 -5.6 -1.4 -3.1 -7.1 -11.6 -4.2 -9.2 -8.4 -5.9 -6.6 -6.1 Gabon .. -1.6 3.2 2.7 2.5 -14.4 -1.4 0.6 2.2 3.6 7.4 -36.9 -5.4 0.7 Gambia, The .. -1.1 -6.3 -10.0 -7.8 -0.5 -3.5 -1.4 -13.9 -4.6 -4.7 -14.7 2.1 -5.9 Ghana .. -8.9 -6.4 -9.5 -9.4 -6.5 -7.2 -6.6 -6.0 -3.1 -0.6 -2.3 -2.9 -6.2 Guinea .. -3.6 -2.7 -3.0 -2.8 -0.3 -3.0 0.3 -5.3 -2.9 -3.8 .. -3.8 -2.6 Guinea-Bissau .. -8.4 -1.4 -12.2 -9.7 -19.5 -9.0 -10.7 -10.2 -11.6 -12.3 -41.3 -13.9 -10.7 Kenya -7.0 0.2 -1.5 0.2 -2.3 -1.4 0.0 -3.2 -5.2 -6.5 -3.6 -5.9 -3.8 -2.6 Lesotho .. 4.3 5.0 4.5 2.3 -1.8 -5.4 -3.4 -1.5 -3.9 -0.6 -5.4 -8.1 -0.5 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. -8.7 -5.3 -8.1 -2.4 -5.8 -2.8 -2.8 -4.3 -5.5 -4.1 1.7 -2.4 -4.6 Malawi -11.6 -17.4 -4.8 -4.0 -5.3 -6.5 -4.6 -4.8 -7.5 -10.2 -9.6 -8.3 -7.1 -6.4 Mali -14.9 -4.7 -1.9 -0.9 -0.4 -3.3 -3.5 -3.3 -4.7 -3.7 -1.3 -11.9 -4.6 -2.6 Mauritania .. -0.5 1.2 7.4 5.1 3.6 4.7 3.6 -0.8 9.8 .. .. -7.4 4.3 Mauritius -10.9 -2.4 -3.6 -7.2 -7.4 -3.9 -3.4 -3.8 -5.7 -6.1 -6.2 -10.5 -2.5 -5.3 Mozambique -4.8 -4.9 -3.1 -3.1 -2.9 -2.2 -1.0 -6.0 -6.5 -8.2 -4.5 -8.7 -6.3 -4.2 Namibia .. -2.0 -3.2 -5.2 -3.8 -3.7 -3.4 -1.9 -3.9 -3.7 -6.9 -5.3 -0.6 -4.0 Niger .. -6.7 -2.7 -0.2 -2.7 -4.2 -5.1 -2.7 -2.4 -6.5 -5.2 -4.9 -5.0 -3.5 Nigeria .. 1.9 9.9 9.1 1.0 -9.3 -7.5 6.8 -3.3 -5.3 -1.4 .. 1.9 0.0 Rwanda .. -11.5 -2.4 -5.8 -2.5 -3.0 -4.0 0.7 -1.3 -1.9 -2.5 .. -7.6 -2.5 São Tomé and Principe .. -43.0 -37.6 -32.3 -26.7 -24.9 -30.2 -21.1 -14.7 -12.4 -6.1 .. -19.6 -22.9 Senegal -4.6 -1.9 0.0 -0.1 0.5 -0.3 -1.4 0.1 -2.5 -0.1 -1.4 -6.8 -1.8 -0.6 Seychelles .. 3.4 1.8 -19.0 -15.7 -27.0 -6.9 -12.8 -10.7 -19.4 -1.8 0.0 -3.7 -12.4 Sierra Leone .. -5.5 -9.2 -4.9 -6.8 -10.4 -9.5 -9.3 -11.3 -9.8 -8.0 .. -14.3 -8.8 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa -18.0 -6.2 -5.2 -5.4 -4.5 -2.6 -2.0 -1.9 -1.5 -1.2 -2.1 -6.5 -5.1 -2.9 Sudan .. -0.9 -0.9 -1.1 -0.6 -0.5 -0.7 -0.5 -0.8 -0.6 0.9 .. 13.5 -0.5 Swaziland .. -5.2 -1.7 -1.2 1.8 1.0 -1.0 -1.4 -2.7 -4.2 -3.2 .. -1.5 -1.4 Tanzania .. 1.6 -3.4 -1.9 1.0 -0.6 -1.4 -2.9 -1.5 -1.4 -2.1 -9.4 -1.0 -1.6 Togo .. -11.5 -6.4 -4.5 0.8 -4.6 -3.1 -4.7 -0.4 -0.5 1.4 -2.1 -6.0 -2.4 Uganda .. -3.9 -2.6 -1.9 -1.4 -0.5 -1.3 -9.6 -3.0 -5.3 -5.8 -2.1 -4.1 -3.5 Zambia .. -6.5 -4.3 -0.5 -1.1 -5.2 -3.6 -5.9 -7.1 -5.6 -5.8 .. -8.4 -4.3 Zimbabwe 7.6 -6.7 -10.1 -7.7 -7.6 -2.5 -9.3 -21.1 -10.0 -4.8 -0.2 8.0 -7.1 -8.1 NORTH AFRICA .. -2.3 -1.9 -0.7 -0.5 -1.9 -2.9 -0.5 -1.0 -1.6 -1.6 .. -6.3 -1.4 Algeria -8.4 -4.4 -1.4 2.9 2.4 -3.9 -0.5 9.9 6.4 5.3 4.2 -9.5 -5.5 2.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. -0.9 -0.3 -0.7 -0.3 -0.5 -3.6 -3.3 -4.5 -4.3 -4.1 .. -9.1 -2.4 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco -10.9 -3.8 -5.4 -3.5 -3.4 -2.7 -4.7 -6.2 -0.8 -3.4 -2.5 -0.8 -3.9 -3.6 Tunisia 0.9 -2.1 -4.2 -4.9 -3.9 -2.5 -2.2 -2.9 -2.7 -2.5 -2.1 -1.7 -2.7 -3.1 ALL AFRICA .. -3.8 -2.7 -2.1 -2.2 -3.0 -3.3 -1.4 -1.8 -2.3 -2.0 .. -5.5 -2.3 Note: 2003 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over-valued. Government Finance 185 7-2. Government deficit/surplus (excluding grants) Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. -6.2 -4.5 -4.1 -4.3 -4.8 -5.0 -3.2 -3.8 -4.0 -3.9 -5.5 -6.0 -4.2 excluding South Africa .. -6.3 -4.0 -3.1 -4.2 -6.4 -7.1 -4.0 -5.5 -6.1 -5.1 .. -7.1 -5.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. -8.1 -7.2 -5.8 -5.3 -5.7 -7.0 -6.4 -6.0 -6.2 -6.0 .. -7.0 -6.2 Angola .. -20.1 -37.5 -19.3 -24.4 -11.3 -35.4 -8.4 -4.0 -9.3 -7.2 .. -20.3 -17.4 Benin .. -7.0 -7.3 -4.3 -4.2 -1.0 -1.6 -3.5 -4.2 -3.3 -4.6 .. -10.9 -3.8 Botswana .. 5.2 2.5 4.4 4.9 1.5 -3.4 6.4 5.5 -3.4 -3.2 7.8 8.4 1.7 Burkina Faso .. -9.9 -9.8 -8.2 -9.3 -9.2 -11.7 -11.1 -11.1 -9.9 -8.5 .. -8.1 -9.9 Burundi -11.1 -4.7 -5.8 -9.7 -5.6 -6.3 -9.2 -6.1 -6.9 -5.7 -14.1 -13.4 -9.1 -7.7 Cameroon 0.4 -9.4 -3.3 -1.7 -1.2 -2.0 -3.4 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.4 0.5 -6.4 -0.7 Cape Verde .. -29.2 -27.8 -22.2 -16.1 -14.3 -14.8 -25.9 -10.9 -11.5 -9.1 -45.0 -22.2 -16.9 Central African Republic .. -15.0 -11.4 -5.0 -6.3 -8.6 -8.7 -9.3 -7.9 -7.8 -4.5 .. -13.7 -7.7 Chad .. -14.2 -11.9 -11.2 -10.3 -7.5 -10.7 -7.6 -6.2 -12.8 -14.8 .. -14.1 -10.3 Comoros .. -23.8 -17.9 -14.1 -11.1 -10.7 -7.4 -5.7 -8.0 -9.3 -6.3 -19.1 -20.4 -10.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. -4.2 -5.8 -6.2 -5.0 -6.0 -1.6 -2.4 -5.9 .. .. -4.6 Congo, Rep. of .. -14.3 -9.2 -10.9 -9.0 -20.3 -6.3 0.8 -0.9 -8.3 -0.1 6.2 -10.2 -7.1 Côte d'Ivoire .. -6.5 -4.4 -2.7 -2.7 -2.8 -3.3 -1.7 0.4 -2.0 -3.2 .. -9.6 -2.5 Djibouti .. -13.4 -10.0 -5.7 -8.1 -7.9 -9.6 -10.4 .. .. .. .. -19.8 -8.6 Equatorial Guinea .. -9.9 -8.9 -7.2 0.8 -6.4 -0.4 8.9 22.4 22.7 13.8 .. -9.9 5.1 Eritrea .. -50.8 -48.4 -41.2 -17.3 -57.2 -71.1 -79.6 -71.3 -52.7 -52.8 .. -39.4 -54.6 Ethiopia .. -11.1 -7.3 -8.5 -5.1 -5.6 -10.5 -13.8 -9.0 -13.9 -16.4 -8.0 -9.7 -10.0 Gabon .. -2.0 3.2 2.7 2.5 -14.4 -1.4 0.6 2.2 3.6 7.4 -37.3 -5.8 0.7 Gambia, The .. -4.2 -8.7 -12.2 -7.8 -2.4 -4.9 -3.6 -16.0 -9.1 -7.2 -14.7 -7.3 -8.0 Ghana .. -12.4 -10.0 -12.1 -11.7 -10.3 -9.8 -10.0 -14.6 -8.1 -6.8 -3.1 -6.4 -10.4 Guinea .. -7.2 -6.7 -6.2 -5.9 -3.2 -5.3 -2.0 -8.8 -4.7 -6.5 .. -7.3 -5.5 Guinea-Bissau .. -23.1 -17.7 -21.2 -17.8 -19.5 -14.0 -24.9 -24.7 -17.7 -19.9 -50.5 -34.0 -19.7 Kenya -9.5 -2.6 -2.7 -0.9 -3.2 -2.2 -0.7 -3.7 -7.9 -7.2 -5.0 -7.6 -6.1 -3.7 Lesotho .. 0.7 0.3 -0.3 -1.6 -4.5 -7.7 -5.6 -4.2 -7.6 -3.2 -8.9 -8.5 -3.8 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. -11.7 -8.2 -12.3 -7.7 -9.3 -6.4 -6.4 -8.2 -7.7 -9.2 1.0 -4.7 -8.4 Malawi -15.9 -29.5 -13.0 -8.8 -8.6 -12.7 -11.2 -13.9 -14.5 -17.1 -19.7 -11.1 -11.4 -13.3 Mali -35.4 -14.7 -9.4 -8.1 -6.2 -9.2 -8.8 -8.5 -9.0 -7.4 -5.7 -38.2 -10.9 -8.0 Mauritania .. -3.4 -2.0 4.5 3.7 1.4 1.7 0.4 -4.8 7.5 .. .. -12.1 1.5 Mauritius -10.9 -2.6 -4.0 -7.5 -7.4 -4.1 -3.5 -4.0 -5.9 -6.3 -6.4 -10.8 -3.0 -5.5 Mozambique -6.7 -18.8 -12.9 -10.1 -12.2 -10.3 -12.7 -14.0 -21.2 -19.9 -15.1 -10.6 -15.0 -14.3 Namibia .. -2.4 -3.5 -5.6 -4.0 -3.9 -3.7 -2.1 -4.1 -3.8 -7.0 -18.2 -5.9 -4.2 Niger .. -12.5 -7.4 -5.1 -7.3 -8.6 -9.0 -7.5 -7.1 -7.8 -7.5 -8.3 -9.8 -7.5 Nigeria .. 1.9 9.9 9.1 1.0 -9.3 -7.5 6.8 -3.3 -5.3 -1.4 .. 1.9 0.0 Rwanda .. -12.4 -13.7 -13.2 -9.2 -8.3 -9.8 -8.9 -9.5 -9.1 -10.5 .. -12.7 -10.2 São Tomé and Principe .. -60.5 -60.9 -55.8 -54.5 -34.6 -54.8 -43.7 -45.8 -42.9 -33.2 .. -37.0 -47.4 Senegal -5.3 -6.1 -3.2 -4.4 -2.0 -3.3 -3.5 -2.0 -4.3 -1.9 -3.5 -7.7 -3.4 -3.1 Seychelles .. 2.7 1.3 -19.5 -16.0 -27.5 -7.6 -13.7 -11.1 -20.0 -1.8 0.0 -5.1 -12.9 Sierra Leone .. -5.5 -9.2 -6.6 -7.4 -12.8 -14.9 -17.3 -17.7 -19.7 -17.2 .. -14.7 -13.6 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa -18.0 -6.2 -5.2 -5.4 -4.5 -2.7 -2.0 -1.9 -1.5 -1.2 -2.1 -6.5 -5.2 -3.0 Sudan .. -2.2 -1.9 -1.5 -0.8 -0.6 -0.8 -0.7 -0.9 -0.8 0.9 .. 10.7 -0.8 Swaziland .. -5.9 -1.9 -1.5 1.6 0.5 -2.2 -2.6 -3.8 -5.5 -4.1 .. -2.4 -2.2 Tanzania .. -1.7 -5.2 -3.9 -2.3 -3.4 -5.2 -7.2 -4.9 -5.4 -8.0 -12.2 -3.9 -5.0 Togo .. -12.9 -7.7 -5.1 -0.6 -5.8 -4.6 -5.1 -0.9 -0.8 0.8 -5.6 -8.3 -3.3 Uganda .. -10.7 -7.1 -6.1 -5.9 -5.7 -6.3 -15.4 -10.8 -12.3 -12.8 -2.7 -7.4 -9.2 Zambia .. -11.8 -9.5 -6.6 -6.2 -11.8 -11.6 -11.6 -12.8 -13.9 -12.7 .. -12.7 -10.7 Zimbabwe 6.9 -8.6 -11.9 -9.0 -8.6 -4.2 -10.3 -22.2 -10.6 -4.8 -0.3 7.0 -8.4 -9.1 NORTH AFRICA .. -3.0 -2.3 -1.0 -0.9 -2.2 -3.3 -0.7 -1.2 -1.8 -1.8 .. -7.4 -1.7 Algeria -8.4 -4.4 -1.4 2.9 2.4 -3.9 -0.6 9.9 6.0 5.0 3.9 -9.5 -5.5 2.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. -2.1 -1.2 -1.3 -0.9 -1.0 -4.2 -3.6 -4.6 -4.5 -4.4 .. -11.2 -2.9 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco -11.3 -4.0 -5.4 -3.5 -3.4 -2.7 -4.7 -6.2 -0.8 -3.4 -2.5 -2.6 -4.7 -3.6 Tunisia 0.9 -2.5 -4.5 -5.1 -4.2 -2.8 -2.6 -3.3 -3.0 -2.8 -2.3 -1.7 -2.7 -3.4 ALL AFRICA .. -5.0 -3.7 -2.9 -3.0 -3.8 -4.3 -2.2 -2.8 -3.2 -3.1 .. -6.8 -3.2 Note: 2003 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over-valued. 186 Government Finance 7-3. Government primary deficit/surplus (-/+) Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. 0.8 2.3 2.5 0.9 -1.1 -0.1 1.9 0.6 -0.4 0.6 .. -1.7 0.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. -0.9 -0.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 -0.3 -0.7 0.0 -0.8 -0.1 .. -1.9 -0.2 Angola .. -7.4 -26.6 -4.5 -16.5 -1.0 -7.2 -0.7 5.6 -3.1 -4.3 .. -14.9 -6.5 Benin .. -1.2 -1.8 2.1 2.0 3.1 2.8 -0.9 -0.6 -1.4 -1.2 .. -2.9 0.4 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. -1.7 -2.1 0.3 -2.1 -2.1 -2.8 -3.0 -3.1 -3.9 -2.3 .. -2.1 -2.3 Burundi -7.2 -0.7 -0.4 -5.6 -2.4 -2.9 -3.1 0.2 -1.8 1.8 -2.0 -8.7 -2.8 -1.8 Cameroon 0.7 -2.2 3.2 5.0 4.9 4.0 2.0 5.7 5.0 4.5 4.4 1.6 -3.4 4.3 Cape Verde .. -13.0 -15.9 -13.6 -2.1 3.7 -8.6 -17.6 -2.6 0.1 -0.9 -7.2 -4.4 -6.4 Central African Republic .. -7.6 -2.8 -1.5 -0.9 0.5 -0.5 -0.1 1.2 1.7 .. .. -6.9 -0.3 Chad .. -3.5 -3.4 -4.0 -2.9 -1.7 -5.1 -1.0 -0.2 -5.3 -5.5 .. -5.5 -3.2 Comoros .. -12.6 -5.2 -4.3 -1.1 -2.4 0.2 -0.5 -2.5 -4.0 -3.1 -22.0 -6.5 -2.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. -1.2 -3.3 -2.4 -2.9 -3.9 -0.3 0.9 -0.5 .. .. -1.7 Congo, Rep. of .. -1.1 5.9 2.1 4.2 -6.1 5.7 8.1 6.7 0.3 6.0 7.1 -2.9 3.7 Côte d'Ivoire .. -1.2 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.7 3.3 3.9 4.6 2.5 2.5 .. -2.1 3.0 Djibouti .. -8.1 -7.4 -3.2 -3.8 1.3 -1.8 -1.0 .. .. .. .. -10.6 -2.7 Equatorial Guinea .. 1.4 -0.4 -2.4 2.9 -4.1 1.2 9.3 22.8 23.1 14.2 .. 1.4 7.4 Eritrea .. -12.5 -23.3 -23.3 2.0 -37.1 -52.6 -39.0 -32.8 -28.1 -13.2 .. -7.3 -27.5 Ethiopia .. -4.3 -1.4 -3.2 0.8 -1.1 -5.1 -9.3 -2.2 -7.2 -6.2 -5.0 -5.0 -3.9 Gabon .. 5.1 11.3 8.6 8.3 -7.1 5.8 6.1 7.2 7.8 11.2 -34.5 0.1 6.6 Gambia, The .. 2.6 -2.5 -5.6 -2.6 4.9 1.5 3.2 -9.4 0.4 1.4 .. 6.1 -1.0 Ghana .. -4.4 -2.1 -4.4 -3.1 -1.4 -1.6 0.8 1.8 3.1 5.9 -1.1 -0.9 -0.1 Guinea .. -2.0 -1.3 -1.7 -1.2 1.1 -1.5 2.0 -3.4 -1.3 -1.7 .. -1.5 -1.0 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 -3.0 5.2 -5.6 -4.2 -12.7 -2.6 -5.0 -1.8 -7.0 -7.6 -3.2 -9.4 -4.6 Kenya -3.5 11.5 5.4 7.2 3.3 4.1 5.4 0.7 -2.1 -3.3 -0.3 -2.1 3.9 2.2 Lesotho .. 6.2 6.7 6.1 4.1 0.6 -2.4 0.7 1.8 -1.0 2.1 .. -4.5 2.1 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 -0.2 1.6 .. .. 0.5 Madagascar .. -3.3 -0.2 -3.4 0.6 -3.1 -0.7 -0.5 -2.4 -3.3 -1.9 3.2 0.1 -1.6 Malawi -8.3 -12.4 1.7 1.7 -2.0 -2.7 -1.1 -0.4 -2.1 -4.0 -0.3 -5.2 -2.2 -1.0 Mali -10.5 -2.3 -0.5 0.2 0.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.3 -3.9 -2.9 -0.5 -7.7 -2.8 -1.6 Mauritania .. 2.4 4.4 10.6 8.0 7.1 8.3 6.7 2.3 12.8 .. .. -4.3 7.5 Mauritius .. 0.3 -0.6 -4.1 -3.9 -0.1 0.1 -0.4 -1.3 -2.7 -1.9 -4.6 1.8 -1.7 Mozambique -4.8 -3.8 -1.5 -1.6 -1.6 -1.2 -0.4 -5.8 -5.8 -6.7 -3.2 -8.7 -4.9 -3.1 Namibia .. -1.1 -2.1 -3.8 -1.9 -1.3 -0.9 0.3 -1.8 -1.2 -4.2 -2.4 1.2 -1.9 Niger .. -4.4 -0.4 1.4 -1.2 -2.6 -3.6 -1.0 -0.6 -5.0 -4.1 -2.8 -2.6 -1.9 Nigeria .. 7.5 13.6 11.4 3.5 -6.3 0.8 13.4 2.8 1.1 3.3 .. 7.5 4.8 Rwanda .. -7.0 0.0 -4.1 -1.2 -2.0 -3.2 1.6 -0.4 -0.9 -1.3 .. -5.4 -1.3 São Tomé and Principe .. -32.0 -25.5 -22.3 -15.4 -12.5 -18.9 -14.5 -6.8 -5.2 -0.2 .. -10.9 -13.5 Senegal -2.5 1.6 2.9 2.3 2.8 1.0 0.0 1.6 -1.6 1.0 -0.2 -4.3 1.1 1.1 Seychelles .. 11.8 12.3 -8.8 -5.7 -16.8 2.2 -5.4 -3.4 -10.8 6.5 .. 4.3 -3.3 Sierra Leone .. -3.0 -7.3 -2.8 -4.7 -5.6 -3.6 -3.0 -6.4 -3.5 -2.1 .. -8.5 -4.3 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. 0.2 0.1 0.7 .. 0.7 2.5 .. .. 0.8 Swaziland .. -4.6 -1.1 -0.5 2.5 1.7 -0.2 -0.8 -1.9 -3.0 -2.0 .. -0.8 -0.6 Tanzania .. 0.5 -0.4 1.1 3.3 1.5 0.1 -1.2 0.1 -0.1 -1.2 -7.0 -0.2 0.3 Togo .. -6.0 -2.8 -1.8 3.1 -2.3 -0.8 -2.7 1.5 1.3 3.0 4.0 -1.6 -0.2 Uganda .. -2.4 -1.6 -0.9 -0.5 0.5 -0.4 -8.6 -1.9 -3.9 -4.3 -0.1 -2.8 -2.4 Zambia .. 5.2 3.8 4.2 5.2 -1.8 -0.8 -2.9 -4.5 -1.6 -1.9 .. 1.3 0.0 Zimbabwe -2.2 0.0 -0.7 0.7 -0.4 7.4 1.0 -4.5 0.5 0.3 0.9 -3.2 -1.9 0.6 NORTH AFRICA .. 4.2 3.8 4.9 4.6 2.8 .. 4.3 3.7 2.8 2.7 .. 0.2 3.7 Algeria .. -1.6 1.7 6.4 6.3 0.1 .. 14.0 10.6 8.6 7.1 .. 0.3 6.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 8.6 6.9 6.2 5.7 4.8 1.8 2.0 0.9 1.1 1.2 -22.6 -6.8 3.4 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco -8.5 1.9 0.6 1.9 2.1 2.4 0.8 -1.0 4.0 1.3 2.2 2.3 2.0 1.6 Tunisia 2.5 1.6 -0.2 -0.6 -0.4 0.6 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.2 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. 3.8 2.9 1.0 .. 3.2 2.3 1.3 1.7 .. .. 2.3 Note: 2003 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over-valued. Government Finance 187 7-4. Government expenditure and lending minus repayments Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 28.8 27.4 26.6 27.1 25.4 27.2 26.7 27.4 26.6 26.8 26.6 28.8 26.8 excluding South Africa .. 24.9 23.3 21.8 23.2 24.5 28.0 28.0 29.1 28.2 27.6 .. 27.2 26.0 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 26.8 25.8 24.3 24.1 24.2 25.7 25.7 25.1 25.3 25.2 25.5 27.4 25.0 Angola .. 62.1 67.6 64.1 64.7 42.8 81.7 58.6 49.0 49.8 44.7 .. 52.5 58.1 Benin .. 19.8 22.1 19.5 18.6 16.3 17.6 20.1 20.3 20.2 21.6 .. 19.6 19.6 Botswana .. 37.3 33.9 33.6 33.9 37.5 40.5 40.0 39.9 41.5 43.3 35.8 36.2 38.2 Burkina Faso .. 20.3 20.1 19.5 21.3 22.2 25.4 23.0 22.2 21.6 20.9 .. 19.0 21.8 Burundi 25.5 24.7 25.9 27.4 22.2 24.2 28.6 25.4 26.2 25.9 35.3 27.6 26.7 26.8 Cameroon 16.0 19.3 16.2 16.0 16.3 17.9 18.9 17.4 18.8 17.9 16.8 10.6 22.6 17.3 Cape Verde .. 52.6 51.7 42.9 40.4 36.6 41.1 46.7 32.7 34.5 31.6 67.4 41.2 39.8 Central African Republic .. 22.4 20.6 11.0 14.0 17.7 17.9 18.9 18.7 19.7 12.2 .. 22.5 16.8 Chad .. 19.1 18.1 18.5 18.1 14.9 19.0 20.5 18.0 19.9 22.8 .. 20.2 18.9 Comoros .. 38.3 31.1 26.5 24.9 22.1 19.2 15.8 22.0 26.0 22.4 36.8 34.1 23.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 9.6 10.9 12.1 9.5 11.1 7.9 10.3 13.6 .. .. 10.6 Congo, Rep. of .. 36.7 32.8 38.4 37.5 42.9 32.8 25.5 31.6 35.5 29.3 28.4 35.3 34.0 Côte d'Ivoire .. 24.9 24.5 22.5 22.1 21.2 19.8 18.1 16.6 19.5 19.8 .. 33.1 20.5 Djibouti .. 43.0 38.7 34.7 35.4 33.3 33.1 32.7 .. .. .. .. 48.0 34.6 Equatorial Guinea .. 27.1 24.6 24.9 16.6 30.0 16.0 8.6 5.4 5.3 20.1 .. 43.8 16.8 Eritrea .. 62.0 72.4 61.8 52.4 78.5 94.8 95.3 80.0 70.4 71.1 .. 53.1 75.2 Ethiopia .. 25.0 24.7 26.9 24.2 24.3 30.1 32.6 28.6 34.1 35.9 25.4 26.5 29.0 Gabon .. 25.5 26.3 23.0 28.8 46.2 27.0 21.5 23.0 20.8 22.4 36.9 32.1 26.6 Gambia, The .. 25.1 27.2 31.1 26.9 23.2 22.7 22.1 31.1 25.4 22.9 35.9 28.9 25.8 Ghana 18.7 31.2 30.4 29.7 29.0 28.6 26.2 27.7 32.7 26.1 29.3 13.1 21.4 28.9 Guinea .. 17.6 17.7 16.5 17.4 14.4 16.1 12.9 20.1 16.7 17.0 .. 21.0 16.5 Guinea-Bissau .. 35.5 30.4 33.7 33.1 25.0 31.3 44.1 41.5 33.0 35.5 54.2 47.2 34.2 Kenya 34.3 31.1 29.3 28.2 26.9 28.0 26.6 26.5 30.5 28.3 24.4 27.2 30.3 27.6 Lesotho .. 46.4 47.6 48.3 48.1 49.1 48.7 48.3 46.0 47.9 44.2 37.6 44.4 47.6 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 20.4 16.9 21.7 17.4 19.9 17.8 18.1 18.4 15.7 19.5 13.4 16.8 18.4 Malawi 35.7 49.0 31.7 24.9 23.0 29.3 29.7 30.9 32.8 36.3 42.2 29.2 32.2 31.2 Mali 108.2 27.2 23.5 23.5 23.6 25.0 26.1 22.3 23.7 21.9 21.0 106.8 25.8 23.4 Mauritania .. 27.7 24.8 24.0 22.7 25.0 25.8 25.1 25.1 31.4 .. .. 35.5 25.5 Mauritius 32.9 23.5 23.3 24.6 27.0 23.6 24.0 24.6 23.9 24.5 26.5 32.5 25.1 24.7 Mozambique 20.1 30.5 24.2 20.7 23.9 21.6 24.7 27.3 34.6 34.1 29.4 26.7 27.0 26.7 Namibia .. 32.4 34.4 35.3 35.9 35.9 37.2 35.8 35.7 35.7 37.6 41.6 37.0 35.9 Niger .. 18.6 14.7 12.9 15.7 17.8 17.8 16.7 16.7 18.4 17.4 19.2 19.2 16.5 Nigeria .. 16.6 12.7 10.6 19.0 25.5 38.2 38.6 47.0 41.5 38.3 .. 16.6 30.2 Rwanda .. 16.0 20.5 22.5 19.6 18.9 19.6 18.7 20.9 21.3 24.1 .. 21.4 20.7 São Tomé and Principe .. 73.8 77.5 69.3 70.1 59.6 69.8 61.5 61.5 58.5 49.3 .. 57.2 64.1 Senegal 27.4 21.0 19.6 21.0 19.0 20.1 20.9 20.0 22.1 20.8 22.6 26.8 20.7 20.7 Seychelles .. 50.6 47.1 61.7 57.7 64.7 48.4 49.5 46.0 56.6 48.0 0.0 53.3 53.3 Sierra Leone .. 17.3 18.0 16.9 13.0 20.1 22.0 28.7 31.7 34.2 32.0 .. 25.4 24.1 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 24.1 34.0 33.0 33.3 32.6 26.7 26.0 24.8 25.1 24.4 25.7 26.4 30.6 28.0 Sudan .. 14.3 10.6 7.4 7.2 7.4 8.4 11.2 11.4 12.4 15.1 26.5 21.2 10.1 Swaziland .. 32.9 29.7 30.1 27.7 28.8 31.4 30.3 30.7 30.9 29.4 .. 31.1 29.9 Tanzania .. 15.6 16.2 15.8 14.4 14.5 15.9 17.8 16.2 16.5 19.3 30.9 17.9 16.3 Togo 40.5 25.1 22.6 20.0 18.0 20.2 17.6 17.4 15.7 13.1 14.4 34.9 29.0 17.7 Uganda .. 19.3 17.2 16.6 17.2 16.3 17.9 26.7 21.6 24.4 24.9 13.7 14.4 20.3 Zambia .. 31.9 29.3 27.3 26.1 30.6 29.3 31.0 32.1 31.8 30.6 .. 32.0 29.8 Zimbabwe 4.2 33.1 38.6 34.5 37.4 35.7 38.1 49.6 37.9 36.0 23.8 11.4 34.9 36.8 NORTH AFRICA .. 32.0 30.0 29.0 28.6 28.3 29.8 29.1 30.7 30.2 30.2 .. 34.4 29.6 Algeria 46.2 33.5 31.6 29.2 31.2 31.7 30.5 29.4 35.4 35.9 37.4 47.8 35.5 32.5 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 32.2 28.6 27.8 26.1 25.3 28.4 27.2 27.8 27.5 27.2 .. 38.1 27.3 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 32.2 28.2 29.3 28.1 29.8 30.0 31.9 32.4 31.4 29.2 28.1 24.6 27.7 30.0 Tunisia 27.9 33.8 34.5 35.5 32.6 32.0 31.5 31.9 32.0 31.2 30.8 32.3 31.5 32.4 ALL AFRICA .. 30.0 28.5 27.5 27.7 26.5 28.2 27.6 28.7 28.0 28.1 .. 31.1 27.9 Note: 2003 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over-valued. 188 Government Finance 7-5. Government interest payments Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. 5.3 4.5 3.9 3.5 3.4 4.4 4.0 3.7 3.4 2.9 3.3 4.9 3.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 5.2 4.7 4.3 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.2 2.7 2.5 3.1 4.0 3.5 Angola .. 12.7 10.9 11.6 5.6 6.9 9.0 5.4 5.0 3.3 2.2 .. 5.4 6.7 Benin .. 3.2 2.8 2.4 1.7 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 .. 2.5 1.4 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. 1.4 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.9 Burundi 0.2 1.5 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.2 4.3 0.7 1.8 2.8 Cameroon 0.3 7.0 6.4 6.7 6.1 5.7 5.2 4.4 3.6 2.9 2.5 0.6 3.0 4.8 Cape Verde .. 1.0 3.2 3.6 3.9 3.6 1.3 2.2 2.2 2.8 2.6 0.0 1.1 2.8 Central African Republic .. 2.4 2.3 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.9 1.4 1.4 .. .. 1.8 1.6 Chad .. 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.6 .. 0.6 0.9 Comoros .. 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.7 1.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 3.0 2.6 3.8 2.2 2.1 1.3 3.2 3.4 .. .. 2.7 Congo, Rep. of .. 12.1 14.1 12.6 13.1 13.9 11.6 6.9 7.4 8.4 5.7 0.0 7.0 10.4 Côte d'Ivoire 0.0 7.2 6.3 5.2 4.4 3.8 3.9 4.1 3.3 3.3 2.7 1.6 8.7 4.1 Djibouti .. 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 .. .. .. .. 0.4 0.5 Equatorial Guinea .. 7.1 5.9 3.9 1.4 1.7 1.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 .. 6.5 1.7 Eritrea .. 0.1 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.9 2.9 3.5 4.0 3.7 .. 0.0 2.2 Ethiopia .. 3.4 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.0 1.9 2.1 0.9 1.6 2.2 Gabon .. 6.7 8.1 5.9 5.8 7.3 7.2 5.5 5.0 4.3 3.8 2.4 5.6 5.9 Gambia, The .. 3.7 3.8 4.4 5.1 5.3 5.0 4.6 4.5 5.0 6.1 .. 4.0 4.9 Ghana .. 4.4 4.2 5.1 6.3 5.1 5.6 7.5 7.8 6.1 6.5 1.3 2.1 6.0 Guinea .. 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.7 2.1 .. 2.3 1.6 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 5.4 6.7 6.6 5.5 6.8 6.4 5.7 8.4 4.6 4.7 0.1 4.4 6.1 Kenya 3.5 11.2 6.8 7.0 5.6 5.5 5.4 3.9 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.7 7.8 4.9 Lesotho .. 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.8 2.4 3.0 4.2 3.4 2.9 2.7 .. 3.6 2.6 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.7 0.9 1.1 .. .. 0.9 Madagascar .. 5.4 5.1 4.7 3.0 2.7 2.1 2.3 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.5 2.5 2.9 Malawi 3.2 5.1 6.5 5.7 3.2 3.8 3.5 4.4 5.4 6.2 9.4 4.2 4.8 5.3 Mali 4.4 2.4 1.4 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 5.9 1.8 0.9 Mauritania .. 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.5 3.6 3.1 3.2 3.1 .. .. 3.1 3.2 Mauritius .. 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.4 4.4 3.3 4.3 5.8 4.3 3.6 Mozambique 0.0 1.1 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.7 1.5 1.3 0.0 1.4 1.1 Namibia .. 0.9 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.8 1.8 2.1 Niger .. 2.3 2.3 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.1 2.1 2.4 1.6 Nigeria 1.4 5.6 3.7 2.3 2.4 3.1 8.3 6.5 6.1 6.4 4.7 1.7 8.5 4.8 Rwanda 0.2 4.5 2.3 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.4 1.6 1.2 São Tomé and Principe .. 11.0 12.0 10.0 11.3 12.4 11.3 6.7 7.9 7.2 5.8 .. 8.7 9.4 Senegal 2.0 3.5 2.9 2.4 2.3 1.3 1.5 1.5 0.9 1.1 1.2 2.5 2.9 1.7 Seychelles .. 8.3 10.5 10.2 10.0 10.2 9.1 7.4 7.3 8.6 8.2 .. 8.0 9.1 Sierra Leone 2.0 2.4 1.9 2.1 2.1 4.8 5.8 6.3 4.9 6.4 5.9 2.3 5.9 4.5 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. 0.7 0.8 1.2 .. 1.3 1.6 .. .. 1.1 Swaziland .. 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.2 .. 0.7 0.8 Tanzania .. 2.2 3.0 3.0 2.4 2.1 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.3 0.9 2.4 2.2 1.9 Togo .. 5.5 3.5 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.6 7.2 4.4 2.3 Uganda .. 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.5 2.0 1.3 1.1 Zambia .. 11.6 8.1 4.8 6.3 3.4 2.8 3.0 2.5 4.1 3.9 .. 9.6 4.3 Zimbabwe 1.2 6.7 9.4 8.5 7.1 9.9 10.3 16.6 10.6 5.1 1.2 2.6 5.2 8.7 NORTH AFRICA .. 6.6 5.7 5.6 5.2 4.7 .. 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.3 .. 5.0 4.9 Algeria .. 2.8 3.1 3.5 4.0 4.0 .. 4.0 4.2 3.3 2.9 .. 2.1 3.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 9.4 7.3 7.0 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.4 0.0 5.0 5.8 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 2.4 5.7 6.0 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.5 5.3 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.1 5.9 5.2 Tunisia 1.6 3.7 4.0 4.3 3.4 3.1 3.4 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.4 1.8 3.0 3.3 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. 4.8 4.4 4.1 .. 4.4 4.3 4.0 3.7 .. .. 4.2 Note: 2003 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over-valued. Government Finance 189 7-6. Government revenue (excluding grants) Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 22.5 22.9 22.6 22.8 20.6 22.2 23.5 23.6 22.6 22.9 21.2 22.3 22.6 excluding South Africa .. 18.6 19.3 18.7 19.0 18.1 20.9 24.0 23.6 22.2 22.4 .. 19.9 20.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 18.7 18.5 18.5 18.7 18.5 18.7 19.2 19.1 19.0 19.1 19.3 20.3 18.8 Angola .. 42.1 30.1 44.8 40.3 31.6 46.4 50.2 45.1 40.5 37.5 .. 32.2 40.7 Benin .. 12.8 14.8 15.2 14.5 15.3 16.0 16.6 16.2 16.9 17.0 14.2 8.7 15.8 Botswana .. 42.5 36.4 38.0 38.8 39.0 37.1 46.3 45.3 38.1 40.1 43.5 44.7 39.9 Burkina Faso .. 10.3 10.3 11.3 11.9 13.1 13.7 11.8 11.1 11.6 12.4 8.6 10.1 11.9 Burundi 14.4 20.1 20.1 17.7 16.6 17.9 19.5 19.3 19.3 20.3 21.1 14.2 17.6 19.1 Cameroon 16.3 9.9 12.9 14.3 15.1 15.9 15.5 18.8 19.8 19.2 18.2 11.1 16.2 16.6 Cape Verde .. 23.4 23.9 20.7 24.3 22.4 26.4 20.8 21.9 23.1 22.5 22.4 18.0 22.9 Central African Republic .. 7.5 9.2 6.1 7.7 9.1 9.2 9.7 10.8 12.0 7.7 .. 8.8 9.0 Chad .. 4.9 6.2 7.3 7.8 7.4 8.3 12.9 11.9 7.1 8.1 3.6 5.8 8.6 Comoros .. 14.5 13.2 12.3 13.8 11.4 11.7 10.1 14.0 16.7 16.1 17.6 13.7 13.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 5.4 5.0 5.9 4.5 5.1 6.2 7.9 7.7 .. .. 6.0 Congo, Rep. of .. 22.4 23.6 27.5 28.5 22.6 26.5 26.3 30.7 27.2 29.1 34.6 25.1 26.9 Côte d'Ivoire .. 18.3 20.1 19.8 19.4 18.4 16.4 16.4 17.0 17.5 16.7 30.0 23.4 18.0 Djibouti .. 29.5 28.7 28.9 27.3 25.3 23.5 22.3 .. .. .. .. 28.3 26.0 Equatorial Guinea .. 17.3 15.7 17.7 17.4 23.6 15.5 17.6 27.8 28.0 33.8 .. 17.3 21.9 Eritrea .. 11.1 24.0 20.6 35.1 21.3 23.8 15.7 8.7 17.7 18.3 .. 13.7 20.6 Ethiopia .. 13.9 17.4 18.4 19.0 18.7 19.6 18.8 19.6 20.2 19.5 17.4 16.8 19.0 Gabon .. 23.5 29.5 25.7 31.3 31.8 25.6 22.1 25.2 24.4 29.8 -0.3 26.3 27.3 Gambia, The .. 20.9 18.5 18.8 19.1 20.8 17.9 18.5 15.1 16.3 15.7 21.2 21.6 17.9 Ghana .. 18.7 20.4 17.6 17.3 18.3 16.4 17.7 18.1 18.0 22.5 8.0 14.9 18.5 Guinea .. 10.4 11.0 10.3 11.5 11.2 10.8 10.9 11.3 12.0 10.5 .. 13.7 11.0 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 12.4 12.7 12.5 15.3 5.4 17.3 19.2 16.8 15.3 15.6 0.7 13.2 14.4 Kenya 24.8 28.5 26.6 27.3 23.7 25.8 25.9 22.8 22.6 21.2 19.4 19.6 24.2 23.9 Lesotho .. 47.0 48.0 48.0 46.5 44.6 40.9 42.7 41.9 40.3 41.0 31.7 35.9 43.8 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12.1 10.2 8.3 .. .. 10.2 Madagascar .. 8.8 8.8 9.4 9.7 10.6 11.4 11.7 10.1 8.0 10.3 14.4 12.2 10.0 Malawi 19.8 19.5 18.7 16.1 14.4 16.6 18.4 17.1 18.3 19.2 22.6 18.1 20.8 17.9 Mali 72.8 12.5 14.1 15.4 17.4 15.8 17.3 13.8 14.7 14.5 15.2 68.6 14.9 15.4 Mauritania .. 24.3 22.8 28.5 26.4 26.4 27.4 25.5 20.3 38.9 .. .. 23.3 27.0 Mauritius 22.0 20.8 19.3 17.1 19.6 19.5 20.5 20.7 18.0 18.2 20.1 21.8 22.1 19.2 Mozambique 13.4 11.8 11.3 10.6 11.6 11.3 12.0 13.2 13.3 14.2 14.3 16.1 12.0 12.4 Namibia 0.0 30.0 30.9 29.8 31.9 32.0 33.6 33.7 31.6 31.9 30.6 14.0 31.2 31.8 Niger .. 6.0 7.2 7.8 8.4 9.1 8.8 9.3 9.6 10.6 9.9 11.0 9.4 9.0 Nigeria .. 18.5 22.6 19.7 20.0 16.2 30.7 45.4 43.7 36.2 37.0 .. 18.6 30.2 Rwanda .. 3.6 6.8 9.3 10.4 10.6 9.9 9.7 11.5 12.2 13.5 9.0 9.6 10.4 São Tomé and Principe .. 13.3 16.5 13.4 15.6 25.0 14.9 17.8 15.7 15.5 16.0 .. 20.2 16.7 Senegal 22.1 14.9 16.4 16.6 16.9 16.8 17.3 18.1 17.8 18.9 19.1 19.1 17.2 17.6 Seychelles .. 53.3 48.4 42.2 41.6 37.2 40.8 35.7 34.9 36.5 46.2 0.0 48.2 40.4 Sierra Leone .. 11.8 8.9 10.3 5.6 7.4 7.1 11.4 14.1 14.5 14.8 .. 10.7 10.5 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 6.0 27.8 27.8 27.9 28.1 24.1 24.0 22.9 23.5 23.3 23.6 19.9 25.3 25.0 Sudan .. 12.0 8.7 6.0 6.4 6.7 7.6 10.4 10.5 11.6 16.0 .. 30.0 9.3 Swaziland .. 27.0 27.7 28.6 29.3 29.3 29.2 27.7 26.9 25.4 25.3 .. 28.7 27.7 Tanzania .. 13.9 11.0 11.9 12.2 11.1 10.7 10.6 11.2 11.0 11.4 18.6 14.0 11.2 Togo .. 12.2 14.9 14.9 17.4 14.4 13.0 12.3 14.8 12.3 15.2 28.1 20.7 14.4 Uganda .. 8.6 10.1 10.5 11.3 10.6 11.6 11.3 10.8 12.2 12.1 11.1 6.9 11.2 Zambia .. 20.1 19.8 20.7 19.9 18.8 17.7 19.4 19.3 17.9 17.9 .. 19.4 19.0 Zimbabwe 11.1 24.5 26.7 25.5 28.7 31.4 27.8 27.4 27.3 31.1 23.5 18.5 26.6 27.7 NORTH AFRICA .. 28.9 27.7 28.0 27.7 26.1 26.6 28.4 29.5 28.4 28.3 .. 27.0 27.8 Algeria 37.9 29.1 30.2 32.2 33.5 27.8 29.9 39.3 41.3 40.9 41.2 38.3 30.0 35.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 30.0 27.3 26.5 25.2 24.3 24.2 23.6 23.2 23.0 22.8 .. 26.9 24.4 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 20.9 24.2 23.9 24.6 26.4 27.3 27.2 26.2 30.6 25.8 25.6 22.0 22.9 26.4 Tunisia 28.8 31.3 30.0 30.3 28.4 29.1 28.9 28.6 29.0 28.5 28.5 30.6 28.8 29.0 ALL AFRICA .. 25.0 24.8 24.6 24.7 22.7 23.9 25.4 25.8 24.8 25.0 .. 24.1 24.6 Note: 2003 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over-valued. 190 Government Finance 7-7. Grants to government Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 0.4 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.6 0.5 1.2 1.3 excluding South Africa 0.7 2.6 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.6 2.1 2.7 2.2 2.7 0.9 2.0 2.3 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 0.9 3.2 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.5 3.2 2.6 3.3 2.7 3.3 1.1 2.5 2.8 Angola .. 0.0 0.0 3.2 2.4 3.3 19.1 2.2 4.6 2.9 0.8 .. 0.0 4.3 Benin 0.0 2.6 2.7 3.9 4.5 3.1 3.5 1.7 2.6 1.1 2.5 1.1 4.5 2.8 Botswana 0.0 1.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 1.6 0.4 Burkina Faso 0.0 6.9 6.4 7.7 6.4 6.3 8.2 7.3 7.2 5.3 5.5 0.7 4.8 6.7 Burundi 3.7 2.4 3.6 2.2 1.2 0.9 2.8 3.3 1.9 4.3 7.9 2.0 4.5 3.1 Cameroon 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 Cape Verde 0.0 15.2 8.7 5.0 10.1 14.4 4.9 6.1 6.1 8.8 5.6 3.8 16.2 7.7 Central African Republic 0.0 4.9 6.3 1.5 4.0 7.8 6.8 7.3 7.8 8.1 8.6 0.0 2.5 6.5 Chad 0.0 9.5 7.5 6.2 6.4 5.0 4.7 5.6 5.2 6.6 8.6 0.8 8.1 6.2 Comoros 0.0 10.0 11.7 8.9 9.0 7.3 6.6 4.2 4.4 4.2 2.3 3.8 14.6 6.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Congo, Rep. of 0.0 1.1 1.0 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.4 Côte d'Ivoire 0.0 0.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.0 0.2 1.2 Djibouti .. 5.0 2.0 1.8 3.8 8.8 7.4 8.6 .. .. .. .. 2.9 5.4 Equatorial Guinea .. 4.2 2.6 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 12.2 0.6 Eritrea .. 38.2 24.7 17.0 18.4 18.9 16.5 37.7 35.0 20.6 35.9 .. 32.1 25.0 Ethiopia .. 3.5 3.3 2.9 3.7 2.5 3.4 2.3 4.8 4.7 8.0 2.1 3.1 4.0 Gabon 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 Gambia, The 0.0 3.1 2.4 2.2 0.0 2.0 1.3 2.3 2.1 4.4 2.5 0.0 9.4 2.1 Ghana 0.1 3.5 3.6 2.6 2.3 3.8 2.6 3.4 8.6 5.0 6.2 0.1 3.5 4.2 Guinea .. 3.6 4.0 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.3 2.3 3.4 1.8 2.8 .. 3.5 2.9 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 14.7 16.3 9.0 8.1 0.0 5.0 14.2 14.5 6.1 7.6 1.8 20.1 9.0 Kenya 2.5 2.8 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 2.7 0.7 1.4 1.1 2.3 1.1 Lesotho 0.0 3.6 4.7 4.8 3.9 2.7 2.3 2.1 2.6 3.7 2.5 1.0 0.4 3.3 Liberia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 Madagascar 0.0 3.0 2.9 4.2 5.3 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.9 2.2 5.1 0.1 2.3 3.8 Malawi 4.3 12.1 8.2 4.8 3.3 6.1 6.6 9.1 7.0 6.9 10.0 2.2 4.3 6.9 Mali 20.5 10.0 7.5 7.2 5.8 5.9 5.3 5.2 4.3 3.7 4.4 26.3 6.3 5.5 Mauritania 0.0 2.9 3.2 2.9 1.4 2.2 3.1 3.2 4.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 4.7 2.5 Mauritius 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 Mozambique 1.8 13.8 9.8 7.0 9.3 8.1 11.7 8.0 14.8 11.8 10.6 1.9 8.7 10.1 Namibia 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 7.8 5.3 0.2 Niger 0.0 5.8 4.7 4.9 4.6 4.4 3.9 4.8 4.7 1.2 2.3 0.3 4.9 3.9 Nigeria 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rwanda 0.0 0.9 11.3 7.4 6.8 5.3 5.8 9.7 8.2 7.2 8.1 1.6 4.3 7.7 São Tomé and Principe 0.0 17.5 23.4 23.5 27.8 9.7 24.6 22.6 31.1 30.5 27.2 0.0 15.6 24.5 Senegal 0.7 4.2 3.3 4.3 2.6 3.0 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.8 2.1 0.5 1.6 2.5 Seychelles 0.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.5 Sierra Leone 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.6 2.4 5.4 8.0 6.4 9.8 9.2 0.4 0.4 4.8 Somalia 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 0.0 .. South Africa 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Sudan 0.0 1.3 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.2 Swaziland 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.8 Tanzania .. 3.3 1.8 2.0 3.2 2.8 3.7 4.2 3.5 4.1 5.8 2.8 3.0 3.5 Togo 1.5 1.4 1.4 0.5 1.4 1.2 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.6 1.4 2.4 0.9 Uganda 0.0 6.8 4.5 4.2 4.5 5.3 5.0 5.8 7.9 7.0 7.0 0.1 3.3 5.7 Zambia 0.0 5.3 5.2 6.1 5.1 6.6 8.0 5.7 5.7 8.3 6.9 0.0 4.3 6.4 Zimbabwe 0.7 1.9 1.8 1.3 1.1 1.7 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.5 1.3 1.0 NORTH AFRICA 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.3 Algeria 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.0 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.6 0.5 Libya 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 0.0 .. Morocco 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.8 0.0 Tunisia 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 ALL AFRICA 0.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.4 1.1 0.9 Note: 2003 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over-valued. Government Finance 191 7-8. Foreign financing Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1.0 2.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 1.3 1.1 0.5 1.1 1.3 0.7 excluding South Africa .. 3.3 1.4 1.6 1.5 0.3 -0.5 -0.2 0.5 0.8 0.6 1.5 2.4 0.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 4.9 2.5 2.4 1.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 1.4 1.6 1.3 2.0 3.3 1.4 Angola .. 7.3 17.0 -8.8 7.0 -12.8 2.0 -4.7 -5.2 -5.1 2.3 .. 0.8 -0.9 Benin .. 10.3 8.3 7.6 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.6 3.3 1.9 1.7 .. 12.3 3.0 Botswana .. 0.2 -0.2 -0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 -0.3 -0.6 -0.6 -0.7 .. 0.2 -0.2 Burkina Faso .. 9.4 11.6 10.0 8.5 -2.6 -3.7 -5.2 -1.5 -1.6 -3.2 2.6 4.2 1.4 Burundi 3.3 7.4 2.9 3.0 1.6 2.6 1.7 0.5 -2.1 -1.2 -1.3 5.6 8.9 0.9 Cameroon 2.2 20.5 0.1 8.2 -4.0 9.0 3.3 1.3 2.0 5.8 0.4 1.6 5.1 2.9 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. 2.0 6.5 8.2 3.8 3.1 1.6 2.6 11.5 3.5 4.0 Central African Republic .. 2.3 0.6 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6 -1.9 -1.9 -1.7 -1.8 -1.5 .. 1.2 -1.4 Chad .. 2.6 2.8 6.7 5.6 2.6 5.4 3.3 3.7 4.9 4.5 0.5 3.7 4.4 Comoros .. 4.8 4.1 3.5 2.7 1.8 1.5 -4.2 3.8 4.8 2.4 0.0 1.3 2.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 3.3 .. .. 0.9 Congo, Rep. of 11.2 5.4 -14.1 32.2 11.0 -13.3 -12.2 -10.4 -4.2 -0.7 -7.1 5.7 8.8 -2.1 Côte d'Ivoire 7.9 10.1 3.8 2.7 0.9 0.6 0.2 2.2 0.7 1.1 1.6 6.8 8.0 1.5 Djibouti .. 2.5 1.6 3.4 1.4 0.7 2.0 3.7 .. .. .. .. 2.5 2.1 Equatorial Guinea .. -8.5 -8.0 -0.4 -0.7 -0.9 -0.6 -0.1 -0.1 -0.3 -0.2 .. -1.9 -1.3 Eritrea .. 4.7 1.2 1.2 4.2 3.8 7.8 6.9 11.5 6.5 7.6 .. 1.6 5.6 Ethiopia .. 6.0 3.7 3.8 1.6 1.3 3.6 2.0 4.3 9.5 6.8 2.6 2.9 4.1 Gabon .. -3.2 -5.7 -3.1 -4.9 -6.2 -6.9 -2.7 -0.9 -1.5 -2.0 .. 1.6 -3.8 Gambia, The .. 0.7 2.9 6.6 4.1 1.2 0.6 -0.8 -0.4 2.0 0.7 4.7 4.3 1.9 Ghana 0.9 4.5 4.3 3.7 4.6 3.1 2.2 0.5 3.8 -1.6 0.0 0.7 3.6 2.3 Guinea .. -0.3 1.7 1.2 4.1 1.8 2.4 1.5 4.1 1.6 0.8 .. 3.0 2.1 Guinea-Bissau 0.0 9.9 3.3 9.0 11.2 -3.6 -7.7 -1.5 -8.8 -9.6 -6.1 0.0 8.0 -1.5 Kenya 0.3 -0.5 -0.9 0.0 -1.1 -1.0 -1.2 -2.4 1.4 -1.2 -0.9 0.2 1.1 -0.8 Lesotho .. 8.1 9.4 11.6 11.3 6.8 4.8 7.3 7.2 6.6 5.1 -0.5 8.7 7.8 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 1.7 1.9 5.0 3.8 1.9 1.2 2.7 2.1 3.6 2.8 2.2 3.0 2.8 Malawi 4.0 12.9 1.9 5.2 3.2 8.9 3.2 4.2 3.5 -0.1 -0.4 4.8 4.8 3.3 Mali 15.2 7.8 5.7 6.1 2.3 3.8 3.8 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.2 20.5 6.8 4.0 Mauritania .. 6.8 2.7 3.4 0.1 -3.2 -2.0 -0.1 -1.2 -13.7 .. 0.0 6.4 -1.8 Mauritius 5.7 -0.2 -0.6 3.2 0.2 -0.3 -1.1 -0.5 -2.9 0.8 0.1 3.0 -0.5 -0.1 Mozambique 2.1 5.9 3.8 4.2 5.8 4.6 1.8 3.5 3.9 6.3 4.6 3.7 4.1 4.3 Namibia .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 Niger .. 12.5 -0.6 4.1 3.5 4.3 .. .. .. .. .. 5.4 4.2 2.8 Nigeria 0.5 -3.7 -2.9 -2.1 1.4 -1.4 -5.9 -3.7 -3.4 -2.8 -2.3 0.6 -1.4 -2.6 Rwanda -0.3 -1.4 2.2 2.5 2.1 6.3 3.3 1.6 5.4 3.7 2.4 0.9 3.0 3.3 São Tomé and Principe .. 29.8 29.6 24.9 26.7 5.3 16.9 45.6 -30.0 -5.5 -9.8 .. 18.0 11.5 Senegal 2.7 9.2 3.4 1.7 1.8 1.8 0.8 0.5 1.6 1.9 1.6 4.0 3.0 1.7 Seychelles .. -1.5 -1.8 1.8 0.0 3.1 -6.4 1.0 -0.2 -1.0 -0.3 .. -0.2 -0.4 Sierra Leone 7.8 4.9 6.9 3.7 1.4 1.4 -1.2 6.1 42.0 8.7 3.4 5.0 1.0 8.1 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa -0.1 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.8 0.4 2.5 1.6 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.7 Sudan .. 1.3 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 -0.3 .. 7.2 0.3 Swaziland .. -0.9 0.0 0.3 0.5 2.1 -0.4 -0.5 0.7 1.5 0.8 .. -0.6 0.6 Tanzania .. 2.1 0.8 -1.1 -0.4 0.9 0.4 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.9 1.5 1.0 0.7 Togo .. 4.9 11.7 5.9 5.4 3.9 1.8 1.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 .. 4.4 3.7 Uganda .. 5.7 4.6 3.5 3.3 2.8 3.3 3.2 4.3 5.4 5.2 0.4 3.3 3.9 Zambia .. 4.9 3.6 1.6 2.0 0.8 3.0 5.3 3.6 4.3 1.5 .. 1.9 2.8 Zimbabwe 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 -2.6 -1.1 0.8 0.1 -0.2 0.0 1.8 1.9 -0.2 NORTH AFRICA .. 1.4 1.5 0.5 -0.1 -0.8 -1.3 -1.6 -0.4 -0.7 -0.4 1.7 1.3 -0.4 Algeria -0.1 8.3 7.6 4.1 2.3 -0.3 -2.3 -2.4 -1.3 -1.4 0.2 -0.1 1.1 0.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. -1.0 -1.1 -1.2 -1.2 -1.0 -1.2 -1.2 -0.9 -1.0 -1.0 3.7 2.7 -1.1 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 4.8 -1.8 -0.8 -1.5 -1.9 -1.7 -2.0 -1.8 -1.4 -1.7 -1.6 4.0 -2.9 -1.6 Tunisia .. 1.4 2.9 2.8 2.4 0.0 1.4 .. 5.9 4.2 3.1 2.4 2.2 2.8 ALL AFRICA .. 1.8 1.2 0.8 0.6 -0.2 -0.5 -0.5 0.7 0.4 0.2 1.2 1.3 0.3 Note: 2003 data are preliminary. Nigeria: from 1992 accounts are for consolidated budget; since 1994, ratios are distorted as off. exch. rate used by the Gov. for oil exports oil value added is significantly over-valued. 192 Government Finance 7-9. Taxes on income and profits Percentage of total revenue Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 32.6 33.1 33.6 35.4 40.8 39.9 40.9 41.2 41.0 40.7 40.5 34.9 38.5 excluding South Africa .. 22.3 23.1 23.3 25.1 27.9 26.3 28.2 28.3 27.9 28.2 .. 20.9 26.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 27.4 28.4 28.5 28.5 28.8 28.7 29.5 29.3 29.7 29.2 23.2 26.0 29.0 Angola .. 72.9 91.7 93.3 90.6 84.0 92.5 93.4 87.8 85.7 85.0 .. 55.3 89.3 Benin .. 30.9 28.5 26.9 23.5 23.6 21.1 20.7 22.5 24.0 22.4 26.3 29.8 23.7 Botswana .. 54.8 58.3 53.4 59.2 60.6 56.5 64.3 66.4 66.1 65.4 12.1 35.8 61.1 Burkina Faso .. 18.7 23.4 24.7 21.9 20.2 22.7 28.0 24.6 23.8 22.3 19.7 19.7 23.5 Burundi 23.8 18.3 19.1 22.3 21.6 26.3 24.4 21.2 25.9 24.8 23.8 26.7 20.4 23.3 Cameroon 21.7 12.6 10.9 10.0 13.5 15.7 20.8 16.7 19.3 21.0 15.8 26.9 35.2 16.0 Cape Verde .. 25.1 24.4 29.4 24.8 25.7 24.6 29.5 35.5 35.5 28.9 29.5 22.8 28.7 Central African Republic .. 24.4 20.6 24.3 19.4 14.0 19.9 21.2 21.1 21.3 26.1 .. 23.6 20.9 Chad .. 28.7 38.9 37.6 32.7 30.5 32.2 19.0 20.7 45.8 44.6 7.6 21.6 33.5 Comoros .. 12.4 12.2 9.6 11.2 14.7 17.3 18.9 18.4 18.0 18.9 0.0 12.7 15.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 17.2 25.0 29.9 17.5 26.0 23.6 26.6 27.7 .. .. 24.2 Congo, Rep. of .. 67.7 49.1 61.0 78.7 53.6 72.1 78.0 70.5 70.9 62.8 15.1 43.2 66.3 Côte d'Ivoire .. 14.9 18.3 20.5 22.9 23.6 25.3 27.0 24.4 23.3 21.3 15.8 19.0 23.0 Djibouti .. 38.5 37.2 41.0 39.2 39.2 37.4 39.8 38.6 37.5 37.0 .. 38.7 38.5 Equatorial Guinea .. 19.6 20.5 52.9 61.7 76.6 78.6 83.4 57.4 68.8 39.8 .. 19.6 60.0 Eritrea .. 86.5 38.2 41.9 25.8 43.8 36.9 49.4 87.2 35.4 52.3 .. 51.2 45.7 Ethiopia 24.3 24.0 22.2 25.2 24.1 22.3 21.1 23.6 25.9 29.8 27.0 24.8 28.2 24.6 Gabon .. 10.7 10.5 10.6 10.1 13.0 17.0 13.7 14.1 14.0 11.7 .. 15.9 12.7 Gambia, The .. 17.7 19.4 19.9 21.1 20.1 23.0 22.5 25.3 26.5 28.0 14.2 14.4 22.9 Ghana .. 17.5 17.4 21.7 24.8 24.0 27.3 29.3 30.8 31.7 27.6 18.7 19.9 26.1 Guinea .. 8.8 9.1 10.9 9.7 9.7 11.2 9.8 11.6 12.4 13.6 .. 3.9 10.9 Guinea-Bissau .. 6.7 7.9 7.8 8.3 15.2 3.8 3.5 7.3 9.2 10.2 21.9 8.3 8.1 Kenya 27.8 35.2 34.9 33.3 32.4 31.3 28.7 30.0 28.1 29.0 33.3 27.0 30.6 31.2 Lesotho .. 15.3 16.3 15.1 15.0 17.1 18.1 17.9 20.1 21.6 24.1 14.2 14.5 18.4 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 18.8 14.2 16.9 18.9 15.7 14.9 15.2 19.6 23.1 14.2 15.3 12.8 17.0 Malawi 83.8 32.3 31.7 40.3 38.0 40.7 40.0 41.5 42.1 39.4 37.4 83.4 57.0 39.0 Mali 15.2 15.4 16.8 18.5 16.6 21.0 16.0 16.9 16.3 15.4 19.0 17.4 13.2 17.4 Mauritania .. 24.9 26.6 17.7 19.7 19.0 18.6 18.6 22.1 11.6 .. .. 27.9 19.2 Mauritius 19.2 17.7 20.3 22.7 19.9 19.2 18.4 17.5 19.4 19.2 18.0 25.4 17.7 19.4 Mozambique 12.4 17.3 16.6 18.2 19.0 18.1 14.0 13.7 16.0 17.5 22.0 15.5 18.9 17.2 Namibia .. 29.9 28.5 27.6 32.6 32.4 31.1 29.6 34.0 39.9 37.6 18.1 20.2 32.6 Niger .. 30.0 30.5 25.4 21.1 21.8 24.0 20.0 23.0 22.5 18.6 22.0 27.9 23.0 Nigeria .. .. .. .. 10.0 23.9 15.6 22.5 24.0 19.7 23.9 .. .. 19.9 Rwanda .. 25.8 12.5 26.2 25.1 27.7 24.8 27.0 28.3 29.9 28.7 26.0 24.7 25.6 São Tomé and Principe .. 10.7 14.1 21.1 29.3 16.4 23.9 24.8 27.7 29.1 25.8 .. 9.7 23.6 Senegal 26.2 21.1 21.9 21.6 21.8 23.3 21.2 22.9 21.7 21.4 21.3 25.7 23.5 21.9 Seychelles .. 29.6 27.2 18.6 17.8 18.9 22.1 25.7 26.3 25.9 31.6 .. 23.5 23.8 Sierra Leone .. 21.4 15.9 16.2 12.7 17.2 25.8 26.1 25.9 26.3 26.3 .. 24.4 21.4 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. 46.6 46.5 48.0 49.8 58.8 58.7 58.5 59.2 59.2 57.9 74.2 52.8 55.2 Sudan .. 26.4 28.7 28.3 20.4 19.9 17.6 11.5 11.2 8.8 7.0 .. 17.6 17.0 Swaziland .. 32.1 28.1 28.5 26.8 26.1 27.2 25.6 24.5 24.7 25.2 .. 33.0 26.3 Tanzania .. 31.2 41.1 37.4 34.7 39.6 34.3 37.8 29.6 30.7 31.8 33.6 29.6 35.2 Togo .. 40.1 41.4 30.5 22.6 22.3 25.6 22.8 26.7 21.3 28.8 35.0 33.5 26.9 Uganda .. 14.6 14.7 13.2 14.0 15.6 17.9 18.0 20.7 22.6 24.4 6.7 10.1 17.9 Zambia .. 28.7 28.9 30.0 32.0 35.2 36.4 32.5 38.6 42.7 44.1 .. 27.8 35.6 Zimbabwe 0.0 47.7 45.9 45.7 47.6 48.0 50.7 59.5 54.3 52.1 53.4 8.6 46.1 50.8 NORTH AFRICA .. 20.5 20.2 20.8 21.4 22.8 21.0 22.2 21.5 21.8 21.8 .. 19.3 21.5 Algeria 11.0 9.9 8.9 8.2 8.8 11.4 7.6 5.2 4.7 4.9 5.3 12.0 15.1 7.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 22.9 21.8 22.5 22.6 22.5 21.2 24.6 25.4 24.9 24.5 .. 20.7 23.4 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 22.8 22.5 24.0 25.5 25.8 30.5 28.6 28.9 23.3 26.7 27.2 22.7 23.8 26.7 Tunisia 16.1 31.0 33.3 35.1 38.1 38.9 38.7 40.5 40.4 39.4 39.5 15.6 16.4 38.2 ALL AFRICA .. 27.9 28.1 28.7 30.0 33.9 32.6 33.7 33.6 33.6 33.4 .. 29.2 31.9 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Total revenue does not include grants. Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. Government Finance 193 7-10. Taxes on international trade and transactions Percentage of total revenue Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 13.4 14.4 15.0 15.7 16.1 15.3 14.1 14.7 14.6 13.8 9.2 11.8 14.9 excluding South Africa .. 21.1 22.6 23.3 24.5 25.2 23.9 21.5 22.7 22.6 21.7 .. 17.8 23.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 26.0 27.8 28.4 27.4 27.7 27.2 25.0 25.9 25.4 24.7 17.0 22.1 26.6 Angola .. 4.6 4.9 4.3 4.8 7.0 2.8 2.7 4.9 5.5 5.9 .. 4.2 4.8 Benin .. 39.6 40.6 40.9 45.5 43.3 45.5 47.6 47.4 45.8 49.2 52.7 59.2 45.1 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22.3 13.3 .. Burkina Faso .. 54.0 48.4 28.2 27.6 25.7 23.4 17.4 17.2 16.3 14.6 35.3 42.7 24.3 Burundi 38.3 26.6 25.4 15.5 15.9 26.0 21.7 24.2 19.7 19.6 21.7 28.7 25.6 21.1 Cameroon .. 18.3 19.5 19.3 17.0 17.1 16.5 12.9 13.0 12.5 13.3 .. 17.0 15.7 Cape Verde .. 40.5 41.6 45.7 36.2 41.1 34.7 47.9 36.0 36.8 38.5 .. 43.5 39.8 Central African Republic .. 32.5 42.5 38.7 38.1 44.7 38.0 38.4 35.8 36.2 .. .. 35.5 39.0 Chad .. 19.4 27.1 31.1 30.3 36.0 29.5 17.0 18.8 32.3 26.1 .. 20.8 27.6 Comoros .. 36.0 32.3 35.2 43.1 33.2 31.7 57.8 56.1 54.9 57.5 .. 38.9 44.6 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 24.6 23.2 25.0 16.9 32.8 34.4 35.9 41.0 .. .. 29.2 Congo, Rep. of .. 13.9 19.2 16.3 9.1 13.4 5.6 5.2 6.9 6.7 9.1 0.0 11.0 10.2 Côte d'Ivoire .. 39.0 38.9 39.6 36.5 34.4 38.4 31.5 33.8 37.7 39.6 .. 31.9 36.7 Djibouti .. 24.7 24.7 22.2 21.3 37.6 40.7 39.7 38.9 37.5 36.1 .. 22.1 33.2 Equatorial Guinea .. 26.9 30.8 19.0 18.8 8.0 8.3 5.3 2.5 2.5 2.1 .. 26.9 10.8 Eritrea .. 51.3 25.3 29.8 17.2 22.8 18.7 28.3 62.3 39.5 28.5 .. 45.6 30.3 Ethiopia 34.7 32.9 27.4 26.0 27.4 26.7 24.2 25.5 31.4 31.6 31.9 33.5 19.6 28.0 Gabon .. 16.0 17.6 19.6 17.7 19.6 25.6 20.1 20.8 24.1 20.5 .. 19.4 20.6 Gambia, The .. 37.6 49.4 61.8 0.0 0.0 56.3 57.6 53.5 49.7 46.6 .. 50.1 41.7 Ghana .. 28.2 22.7 27.3 25.8 27.5 23.3 20.5 22.7 22.7 21.5 .. 29.7 23.8 Guinea .. 15.7 14.4 14.1 15.5 14.5 15.6 20.0 17.0 18.2 19.8 .. 9.9 16.6 Guinea-Bissau .. 12.7 19.5 14.1 36.7 34.8 29.3 23.4 31.8 41.5 48.1 0.0 9.1 31.0 Kenya 16.0 14.6 30.6 30.3 30.8 30.0 29.7 31.4 28.7 26.3 25.6 18.0 8.8 29.3 Lesotho .. 58.6 54.8 50.4 51.6 48.8 50.3 44.8 49.5 49.2 42.9 57.9 51.5 49.1 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 41.9 53.7 49.3 54.3 55.3 55.5 51.9 47.9 43.4 49.0 26.9 39.2 51.1 Malawi 0.0 19.9 25.3 22.9 21.9 16.1 14.1 12.9 10.7 10.1 11.0 0.0 19.4 16.1 Mali 51.6 45.0 42.0 45.8 44.7 52.9 49.3 55.1 49.8 37.8 35.5 46.8 33.7 45.9 Mauritania .. 32.9 23.7 17.0 12.3 11.2 9.8 9.6 12.0 6.0 .. .. 34.3 12.7 Mauritius 52.0 41.8 38.8 38.8 33.9 33.7 28.2 29.7 28.2 23.6 21.8 46.2 49.8 30.8 Mozambique 18.5 21.8 24.0 19.9 17.6 17.6 16.9 17.0 15.6 15.4 15.1 11.7 18.2 17.7 Namibia .. 26.0 27.9 29.1 28.2 29.0 30.7 34.1 30.9 25.9 29.6 .. 32.0 29.5 Niger .. 41.5 43.2 46.7 47.7 50.9 46.8 49.3 48.6 48.3 54.4 36.9 37.0 48.4 Nigeria .. .. .. .. 11.6 14.0 9.3 5.9 8.4 9.9 8.5 .. .. 9.7 Rwanda .. 35.8 38.5 29.2 31.8 23.9 17.3 16.9 16.2 16.6 18.1 54.7 37.8 23.2 São Tomé and Principe .. 30.8 24.1 25.5 21.0 18.6 40.1 33.2 39.4 40.2 34.1 .. 15.8 30.7 Senegal .. 26.3 26.5 29.4 25.2 24.1 21.0 12.9 17.8 17.6 17.5 .. 27.0 21.3 Seychelles .. 30.5 41.6 43.8 44.6 48.3 42.5 25.0 24.6 25.7 18.9 .. 44.9 35.0 Sierra Leone .. 38.1 45.7 46.3 38.1 52.8 47.6 48.1 44.9 41.5 35.7 .. 42.7 44.5 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 12.9 3.0 3.2 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.5 2.9 5.8 4.1 3.4 Sudan .. 26.3 29.0 43.9 39.1 44.2 41.0 21.3 19.5 23.6 14.0 .. 14.6 30.6 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. 15.7 27.6 27.0 30.4 29.2 31.7 28.5 39.1 38.6 37.6 17.4 18.7 32.2 Togo .. 40.8 37.4 40.7 37.4 42.6 41.9 42.0 37.8 46.8 40.8 35.2 36.2 40.8 Uganda .. 53.0 48.6 50.6 51.4 47.7 44.1 42.9 43.0 38.2 36.5 58.1 54.4 44.8 Zambia .. 30.8 27.4 29.7 28.2 25.2 25.4 30.6 32.7 28.8 28.5 .. 31.5 28.5 Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.5 9.7 12.8 8.9 6.8 .. .. 10.6 NORTH AFRICA .. 12.9 13.7 12.8 11.8 12.2 12.7 10.4 10.2 10.5 11.1 .. 12.9 11.7 Algeria 4.8 11.0 12.2 10.2 7.9 9.7 8.5 5.5 7.5 8.6 11.9 6.0 7.4 9.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 11.6 12.6 13.0 12.6 13.1 15.1 11.8 12.0 11.7 11.4 .. 12.8 12.6 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 22.8 17.7 17.6 15.2 14.9 13.6 13.5 13.8 10.8 11.9 11.4 27.4 18.1 13.6 Tunisia 10.2 15.6 16.0 13.5 12.4 11.4 10.2 9.9 6.8 6.9 6.9 12.9 15.6 10.4 ALL AFRICA .. 13.2 14.1 14.1 14.2 14.6 14.3 12.7 13.0 13.0 12.8 .. 12.1 13.6 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Total revenue does not include grants. Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. 194 Government Finance 7-11. Indirect taxes Percentage of total revenue Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 43.0 42.2 42.0 44.4 46.5 44.9 43.4 44.4 44.3 44.4 45.1 41.5 44.1 excluding South Africa .. 45.5 44.5 44.8 49.4 51.8 49.1 46.2 48.2 47.9 47.7 .. 43.9 47.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 56.0 54.8 54.7 56.6 56.7 56.4 54.2 55.9 55.1 55.3 56.6 54.8 55.5 Angola .. 25.5 7.3 6.2 8.6 14.7 6.9 6.2 11.5 13.2 13.7 .. 24.5 9.8 Benin .. 55.6 54.3 56.0 63.8 63.1 64.4 67.2 65.5 64.8 67.9 67.4 77.1 63.0 Botswana .. 22.4 19.2 17.7 16.8 19.1 21.5 20.1 18.9 18.4 20.7 70.8 41.3 19.1 Burkina Faso .. 71.2 66.8 65.6 67.4 69.7 68.3 61.9 66.2 66.5 63.5 61.9 62.6 66.2 Burundi 67.7 64.4 63.3 50.4 55.3 61.9 64.9 73.8 67.8 63.7 64.8 64.1 60.3 62.9 Cameroon 61.6 59.5 61.0 58.9 79.1 76.4 72.9 77.8 76.4 75.4 77.5 40.4 45.6 72.8 Cape Verde .. 45.9 46.6 51.8 40.4 46.6 38.5 59.3 52.1 52.6 59.4 45.4 49.0 49.7 Central African Republic .. 66.4 75.1 74.8 74.8 75.2 68.1 68.9 65.9 67.0 38.2 .. 69.6 67.5 Chad .. 67.5 49.7 49.7 55.0 54.9 49.7 34.3 33.4 53.9 45.7 71.0 66.3 47.4 Comoros .. 76.3 74.0 78.1 82.1 70.7 69.7 69.3 67.2 65.8 69.0 62.7 69.8 71.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 45.5 45.5 51.6 39.3 48.6 49.2 56.6 61.6 .. .. 49.7 Congo, Rep. of .. 30.7 41.7 35.7 20.1 43.5 25.5 20.5 27.1 27.4 34.2 13.8 38.4 30.6 Côte d'Ivoire .. 65.2 63.0 64.0 60.9 58.6 65.0 60.1 63.0 64.8 66.7 48.6 60.0 62.9 Djibouti .. 56.6 55.7 51.5 50.5 48.3 54.8 54.5 53.2 51.4 49.8 .. 56.0 52.2 Equatorial Guinea .. 61.2 62.4 35.1 32.2 19.4 18.4 11.2 5.4 5.2 3.8 .. 61.2 21.5 Eritrea .. 90.4 42.3 49.7 29.5 39.7 35.6 53.1 .. 63.1 54.7 .. 82.8 46.0 Ethiopia 58.6 54.1 43.4 42.6 43.8 40.8 36.8 39.9 44.4 45.9 46.9 54.0 42.2 42.7 Gabon .. 26.7 26.1 25.3 24.2 27.5 37.2 30.1 30.2 30.6 26.1 .. 45.3 28.6 Gambia, The .. 70.7 70.6 71.2 68.3 61.5 65.1 64.9 60.9 60.1 59.7 75.9 77.2 64.7 Ghana .. 68.7 54.5 63.9 59.9 62.2 63.5 62.5 64.2 65.4 63.2 63.8 63.7 62.1 Guinea .. 84.1 84.6 82.6 83.5 83.7 82.5 81.2 78.9 78.2 79.9 .. 89.4 81.7 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. 43.8 53.0 49.8 55.8 53.0 45.6 48.5 .. .. 49.9 Kenya 56.3 53.5 50.3 50.0 50.8 49.4 50.1 54.0 54.0 51.3 52.1 57.9 54.8 51.3 Lesotho .. 72.7 68.6 62.9 64.0 61.4 62.7 57.8 62.5 63.4 60.0 63.6 70.7 62.6 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 68.9 80.8 73.3 75.4 74.3 80.3 80.3 76.3 72.8 80.7 50.6 62.1 77.1 Malawi 0.0 55.5 56.5 52.2 54.5 50.2 46.9 50.2 49.2 47.4 48.4 0.0 26.1 50.6 Mali 71.7 69.0 68.5 65.3 70.1 74.7 74.1 78.0 79.8 75.4 71.8 67.3 55.5 73.1 Mauritania .. 48.9 48.2 42.4 39.8 40.4 38.9 38.4 47.7 24.6 .. .. 50.7 40.0 Mauritius 69.2 71.2 65.7 68.3 65.4 66.6 66.0 70.8 70.3 67.0 68.5 63.4 72.5 67.6 Mozambique 65.7 71.3 74.7 73.6 72.6 74.7 78.4 77.4 72.7 70.6 70.6 53.8 64.9 73.9 Namibia .. 58.8 61.6 60.5 56.8 56.3 58.8 59.9 56.0 48.7 51.0 72.2 56.7 56.6 Niger .. 59.1 60.9 61.4 64.9 64.9 67.8 66.7 68.0 67.4 78.5 65.3 54.6 66.7 Nigeria .. .. .. .. 17.0 30.0 16.6 10.2 13.6 15.2 13.5 .. .. 16.6 Rwanda .. 73.5 81.4 65.8 69.5 67.1 70.1 68.2 63.5 63.6 65.0 86.9 75.1 68.3 São Tomé and Principe .. 64.5 45.1 46.0 38.6 35.7 84.3 64.0 74.8 77.4 67.1 .. 49.2 59.2 Senegal 67.7 67.8 68.3 72.1 71.0 72.1 75.7 72.7 74.0 73.2 72.7 67.8 61.7 72.4 Seychelles .. 48.7 44.0 46.7 48.9 53.1 46.3 49.4 50.4 49.0 47.6 .. 56.0 48.4 Sierra Leone .. 70.7 76.9 71.1 70.7 70.3 62.6 62.7 65.9 67.2 66.8 .. 73.9 68.3 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. 39.5 39.1 38.1 37.4 39.1 38.9 39.6 39.2 39.2 39.9 31.8 38.3 38.9 Sudan .. 45.3 48.1 56.3 64.5 60.7 57.0 31.8 39.8 36.6 29.3 .. 37.6 47.1 Swaziland .. 63.8 68.9 68.0 67.1 65.8 65.8 68.9 69.2 70.1 71.5 .. 59.7 68.4 Tanzania .. 37.8 49.5 48.2 55.2 51.9 55.1 51.8 59.4 59.3 59.0 59.6 51.9 54.4 Togo .. 50.4 50.0 57.2 53.4 63.3 65.7 66.3 58.1 70.0 62.4 43.4 48.3 60.7 Uganda .. 78.5 77.7 80.7 80.1 78.5 75.5 73.9 74.4 69.5 68.9 86.8 81.4 75.5 Zambia .. 64.4 62.7 62.1 62.6 61.5 61.0 56.6 58.1 55.1 52.3 .. 66.1 59.1 Zimbabwe 0.0 40.3 42.7 44.6 44.2 44.6 44.2 34.2 40.3 41.5 43.0 9.2 42.4 42.1 NORTH AFRICA .. 40.8 43.0 41.3 41.0 42.5 42.7 39.1 55.8 57.7 57.6 .. 41.3 46.7 Algeria 25.3 27.7 29.9 27.0 25.1 31.2 25.6 16.9 90.3 90.1 89.1 29.6 32.0 47.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 36.8 39.7 40.3 40.2 42.2 44.4 41.1 43.0 43.1 43.4 .. 34.1 41.9 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 66.8 65.4 66.5 60.9 60.5 54.4 57.2 57.8 46.6 56.9 56.6 63.7 67.0 57.5 Tunisia 42.3 49.1 50.2 47.4 49.9 50.5 50.7 50.5 50.0 51.0 50.9 42.6 54.7 50.1 ALL AFRICA .. 42.1 42.5 41.7 43.1 44.9 44.0 41.7 48.8 49.5 49.5 .. 41.7 45.1 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Total revenue does not include grants. Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. Government Finance 195 7-12. Nontax revenue (excluding grants) Percentage of total revenue Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 12.5 14.0 13.4 20.6 12.8 15.4 16.3 14.9 15.4 15.4 13.5 11.4 15.4 excluding South Africa .. 11.8 14.1 13.2 26.5 20.4 24.8 26.8 24.3 25.2 25.0 .. 13.6 22.2 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 14.5 17.3 16.1 16.1 14.7 15.2 18.0 16.7 16.4 16.6 19.1 17.0 16.3 Angola .. 1.6 1.0 0.5 0.8 1.4 0.6 0.4 0.8 1.1 1.3 .. 20.1 0.9 Benin .. 13.7 17.6 17.0 12.7 13.4 14.5 12.1 12.1 11.2 9.7 6.3 27.2 13.4 Botswana .. 22.8 22.5 29.0 23.9 20.3 22.1 15.6 14.7 15.5 13.9 17.0 22.9 19.7 Burkina Faso .. 8.3 8.4 6.9 7.7 7.2 6.7 7.5 6.4 7.2 10.3 19.9 16.3 7.6 Burundi 8.5 9.4 11.6 14.7 15.6 8.5 4.7 5.0 6.4 11.5 11.4 10.8 20.0 9.9 Cameroon 16.7 7.5 8.2 9.3 7.4 7.9 6.3 5.6 4.4 3.6 5.1 32.7 14.6 6.4 Cape Verde .. 60.6 37.5 27.6 8.8 26.9 11.9 11.2 12.3 11.9 11.7 25.1 83.5 17.8 Central African Republic .. 9.2 4.3 0.9 5.7 10.7 12.0 9.9 12.9 11.7 15.6 .. 6.8 9.3 Chad .. 59.4 43.7 39.8 21.9 31.4 19.7 9.3 9.0 11.7 9.2 21.4 26.3 21.7 Comoros .. 11.3 13.7 12.3 6.7 14.6 13.0 11.7 14.4 16.2 12.1 0.0 19.6 12.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 37.3 29.5 18.5 43.2 25.4 27.2 7.7 1.2 .. .. 23.7 Congo, Rep. of .. 6.3 9.2 3.2 1.2 2.9 2.4 1.4 2.4 1.8 3.0 68.5 18.5 3.1 Côte d'Ivoire .. 19.9 21.8 18.8 19.5 21.4 12.8 15.6 15.6 14.7 15.6 33.6 20.4 17.3 Djibouti .. 5.0 7.2 7.5 10.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.4 8.3 Equatorial Guinea .. 19.2 21.4 12.0 6.0 4.1 5.6 5.8 3.3 3.9 2.8 .. 19.2 7.2 Eritrea .. 91.4 70.9 61.2 61.3 60.9 62.3 .. .. 59.3 91.1 .. 83.6 66.7 Ethiopia 17.2 21.9 34.4 32.2 27.6 33.1 33.7 29.9 25.9 23.7 26.0 21.2 29.7 29.6 Gabon .. 3.1 2.9 4.6 4.3 6.7 4.6 56.1 55.7 52.8 42.6 .. 4.4 25.6 Gambia, The .. 16.4 9.8 8.9 10.6 18.4 19.4 24.8 27.5 40.6 27.9 9.5 29.1 20.9 Ghana .. 13.8 28.2 14.4 15.2 13.8 9.2 8.2 5.0 2.9 2.7 17.5 16.4 11.1 Guinea .. 7.1 6.3 6.5 6.8 6.6 6.3 9.0 9.4 9.3 6.5 .. 6.7 7.4 Guinea-Bissau .. 50.6 98.5 53.7 55.2 31.8 54.2 83.4 73.5 54.0 46.4 248.0 105.7 61.2 Kenya 15.3 11.4 14.8 16.7 16.9 19.3 21.1 14.1 14.1 16.8 14.2 14.7 14.1 16.4 Lesotho .. 12.0 15.2 22.0 20.9 21.5 19.2 24.3 17.4 15.0 15.8 21.9 14.8 19.0 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.3 3.3 6.2 .. .. 5.3 Madagascar .. 15.5 7.5 17.2 49.0 15.6 17.6 16.4 18.2 14.5 27.5 13.4 17.5 20.4 Malawi 16.2 12.2 11.7 7.5 7.5 9.0 13.1 8.2 8.7 13.2 14.2 16.6 17.0 10.4 Mali 12.9 15.6 14.7 16.1 13.3 4.3 9.9 18.7 13.6 14.2 22.6 15.0 31.3 14.1 Mauritania .. 26.3 25.3 39.9 40.5 40.6 42.5 43.1 30.2 59.6 .. .. 21.4 40.2 Mauritius 11.5 9.9 11.5 5.4 14.7 14.2 13.2 9.5 10.3 13.8 13.5 11.2 9.7 11.8 Mozambique 21.8 11.4 8.7 8.2 8.4 7.1 7.6 8.9 11.3 11.8 7.4 30.7 16.2 8.8 Namibia .. 12.2 11.0 10.7 9.1 10.1 8.9 8.2 8.4 11.1 11.4 9.7 12.2 9.9 Niger .. 46.3 30.1 41.2 34.0 37.1 19.2 24.9 24.0 21.6 26.3 12.7 28.8 28.7 Nigeria .. .. .. .. 73.0 46.1 67.8 66.3 58.7 65.1 62.6 .. .. 62.8 Rwanda .. 25.7 .. 87.7 70.5 55.1 63.4 .. 79.7 65.2 66.0 12.5 35.0 69.7 São Tomé and Principe .. 31.2 63.9 43.7 38.6 25.4 21.1 31.1 36.4 24.8 21.5 .. 76.4 34.1 Senegal 6.0 11.2 9.8 6.3 7.2 4.6 3.1 4.4 4.3 5.3 6.0 6.5 14.9 5.7 Seychelles .. 21.7 28.7 34.6 33.3 27.9 31.6 24.9 23.2 25.1 20.8 .. 12.1 27.8 Sierra Leone .. 7.9 7.2 27.4 23.3 44.7 87.4 80.9 52.5 73.8 69.1 .. 1.7 51.8 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 44.3 13.6 13.9 13.6 12.6 2.1 2.4 1.9 1.7 1.6 2.2 14.7 8.6 5.8 Sudan .. 25.6 21.0 15.4 24.2 19.4 26.0 51.8 48.4 54.7 63.6 .. 25.2 36.0 Swaziland .. 4.1 3.0 3.5 6.1 8.0 7.0 5.5 6.3 5.2 3.3 .. 7.3 5.3 Tanzania .. 6.9 9.5 14.4 10.1 8.6 10.6 10.4 11.0 10.0 9.2 6.8 8.2 10.4 Togo .. 8.3 7.7 11.0 8.4 9.1 8.5 10.9 15.1 8.7 8.8 22.2 17.8 9.8 Uganda .. 6.9 7.7 6.1 5.9 5.9 6.6 8.1 4.9 7.8 6.7 6.6 8.5 6.6 Zambia .. 6.8 8.4 8.0 5.4 3.4 2.6 1.1 2.4 2.1 3.6 .. 6.1 4.1 Zimbabwe 0.0 12.0 11.4 9.7 8.2 7.4 5.1 6.3 5.4 6.4 3.6 2.2 11.5 7.1 NORTH AFRICA .. 21.4 19.8 20.0 19.3 18.4 17.2 15.6 16.1 16.3 16.5 .. 19.9 17.7 Algeria 2.6 3.1 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.4 4.6 1.0 4.4 4.4 5.0 6.0 7.5 3.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 34.3 33.5 32.0 31.4 29.3 26.1 25.2 26.0 26.6 26.8 .. 30.0 28.5 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 10.4 12.1 9.5 13.6 13.7 15.1 14.2 13.3 9.1 8.5 8.6 11.6 9.2 11.7 Tunisia 24.8 19.8 16.4 17.2 11.8 10.5 10.5 8.9 8.5 8.8 8.8 25.8 23.9 11.3 ALL AFRICA .. 16.0 16.3 15.9 20.1 14.9 16.1 16.1 15.3 15.7 15.9 .. 14.3 16.3 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. 196 Government Finance 7-13. Government expenditure: wages and salaries Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 26.5 26.9 26.8 27.4 30.7 30.7 30.3 29.5 30.5 29.6 20.4 21.2 29.1 excluding South Africa .. 21.1 21.8 22.3 23.1 23.2 23.7 23.7 23.0 25.2 24.4 .. 23.5 23.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 23.5 24.0 24.2 26.4 26.7 26.4 25.3 25.6 27.3 27.0 19.5 23.7 25.9 Angola .. 8.7 11.1 10.8 15.6 21.0 5.0 9.6 15.4 21.9 27.1 .. 38.1 15.3 Benin .. 27.8 24.3 26.4 26.5 28.7 25.6 23.2 22.9 23.7 22.0 .. 34.7 24.8 Botswana .. 23.6 25.2 23.6 22.6 23.1 23.6 23.4 25.2 27.7 24.8 .. 23.6 24.3 Burkina Faso .. 26.2 24.9 23.4 20.9 19.7 18.8 20.8 21.5 21.4 22.2 .. 31.3 21.5 Burundi 23.0 30.0 28.0 28.7 32.2 28.6 26.0 78.8 29.5 25.5 23.7 22.6 24.0 33.4 Cameroon 31.4 31.4 29.1 25.8 26.5 27.7 26.9 28.9 29.5 32.9 34.5 24.8 34.0 29.1 Cape Verde .. 19.2 20.2 24.1 23.8 25.2 24.1 21.6 29.7 28.4 38.0 0.0 20.1 26.1 Central African Republic .. 24.2 22.5 41.8 32.6 24.2 23.3 21.1 20.4 19.2 40.4 .. 27.0 27.3 Chad .. 28.0 28.6 20.3 19.4 20.6 19.0 18.9 20.1 17.6 16.3 .. 20.7 20.1 Comoros .. 23.2 28.6 35.4 37.0 34.1 32.6 35.4 36.2 32.0 36.9 0.0 17.3 34.2 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 6.8 35.6 43.8 42.1 22.2 20.4 19.8 18.3 .. .. 26.1 Congo, Rep. of .. 36.3 32.1 21.2 20.5 20.8 21.2 18.3 18.3 16.1 19.8 0.0 37.3 20.9 Côte d'Ivoire .. 28.6 25.8 27.9 27.0 26.0 27.8 32.8 37.0 32.9 33.5 .. 30.9 30.1 Djibouti .. 56.4 61.6 60.3 62.2 49.3 47.1 46.1 44.3 43.3 42.6 .. 50.3 50.8 Equatorial Guinea .. 16.4 17.9 17.3 15.3 11.3 17.6 15.6 21.9 21.5 73.6 .. 13.7 23.6 Eritrea .. 22.7 24.3 29.3 27.3 19.9 17.5 22.5 19.2 23.7 27.8 .. 18.8 23.5 Ethiopia 26.1 24.8 22.6 20.6 22.2 21.3 19.7 20.4 23.2 21.5 19.5 25.8 25.3 21.2 Gabon .. 27.9 27.4 27.3 21.4 16.1 29.8 25.8 26.4 27.3 29.0 16.2 28.7 25.6 Gambia, The .. 23.3 21.8 20.3 24.0 27.5 27.0 28.6 16.8 21.1 19.7 .. 20.1 23.0 Ghana .. 18.3 18.3 18.2 18.4 19.4 21.5 18.9 18.6 32.5 29.1 17.6 23.7 21.6 Guinea .. 25.1 23.9 27.1 23.9 28.4 25.2 15.7 18.1 22.3 21.1 .. 19.3 22.9 Guinea-Bissau .. 7.5 9.2 9.5 9.4 18.8 15.9 15.5 18.2 22.5 22.2 10.4 10.9 15.7 Kenya 16.8 25.8 31.4 30.7 28.7 32.0 32.0 31.2 25.4 28.7 32.0 19.2 23.6 30.2 Lesotho .. 31.4 31.2 29.8 30.5 33.5 30.9 31.3 32.3 30.0 31.0 32.1 34.8 31.2 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 16.4 18.8 14.5 21.3 20.4 24.0 21.9 24.4 29.3 27.7 40.5 27.5 22.5 Malawi 14.3 18.3 22.7 19.6 23.5 17.4 16.7 15.9 17.4 19.4 16.6 16.4 17.5 18.8 Mali 16.5 16.7 16.6 16.1 16.6 15.9 15.8 19.0 18.7 18.4 20.1 19.8 23.1 17.5 Mauritania .. 19.0 20.3 20.3 21.2 19.3 18.6 19.5 19.4 62.2 .. .. 17.6 25.1 Mauritius 28.1 31.7 32.2 29.1 26.1 29.4 30.0 27.9 27.4 26.4 23.4 29.0 29.5 28.0 Mozambique 22.2 8.0 9.6 10.7 15.2 20.7 23.4 24.6 20.1 21.4 25.6 18.7 11.0 19.0 Namibia .. 45.8 45.8 47.3 46.4 45.7 45.5 45.8 42.8 41.0 41.3 .. 33.4 44.6 Niger .. 29.4 36.1 25.5 26.1 20.7 22.8 24.2 21.1 19.9 20.7 18.8 27.0 24.1 Nigeria .. 10.8 12.2 13.7 8.2 7.8 11.1 16.9 11.4 15.8 12.9 .. 10.8 12.2 Rwanda .. 25.0 19.5 20.1 26.2 24.6 27.2 27.8 24.6 23.1 20.2 .. 24.6 23.7 São Tomé and Principe .. 7.0 4.3 6.0 8.4 11.3 10.8 12.7 12.1 12.5 12.5 .. 10.8 10.1 Senegal 39.7 35.1 35.9 32.7 33.1 29.0 27.3 28.2 23.7 27.3 24.0 38.8 41.3 29.0 Seychelles .. 26.9 31.5 25.4 24.9 23.2 29.8 28.6 30.6 24.1 30.1 .. 25.2 27.6 Sierra Leone .. 20.9 17.3 20.2 25.4 23.8 27.5 23.4 23.7 25.4 25.7 .. 10.8 23.6 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 17.2 33.7 33.8 33.1 33.4 41.0 40.4 39.5 38.6 37.8 36.7 17.7 27.4 37.1 Sudan .. 14.5 13.5 28.1 31.2 33.5 35.4 27.6 32.8 32.8 27.3 .. 8.8 29.1 Swaziland .. .. .. .. 42.6 38.5 38.5 22.1 22.6 22.5 23.1 .. .. 30.0 Tanzania .. 21.7 22.8 26.2 29.4 27.1 21.6 22.1 23.0 22.0 19.2 20.9 20.8 23.7 Togo .. 36.0 35.5 35.8 36.2 31.1 34.5 34.0 36.2 38.3 35.4 27.1 30.9 35.2 Uganda .. 10.3 15.1 16.9 20.3 20.7 23.3 15.6 20.0 21.8 20.7 10.9 10.3 19.4 Zambia .. 16.1 20.2 20.5 24.2 17.8 18.3 17.2 21.1 25.2 27.5 .. 20.8 21.3 Zimbabwe 103.4 29.1 29.2 32.0 35.5 35.5 35.5 37.5 34.1 35.3 37.9 75.2 30.0 34.7 NORTH AFRICA .. 26.1 27.0 27.1 28.0 29.0 28.4 27.5 30.6 31.2 31.4 .. 25.6 28.9 Algeria 15.5 29.1 28.5 28.4 27.3 29.3 28.8 23.9 33.7 34.5 34.2 15.3 28.5 29.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 19.7 21.5 22.0 23.0 24.1 22.7 24.0 24.3 24.8 25.3 .. 17.3 23.5 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 33.1 37.5 38.1 38.1 39.7 39.1 38.7 37.0 40.2 41.2 40.8 32.0 36.5 39.2 Tunisia 34.7 30.1 30.3 29.1 34.1 35.1 37.4 36.8 36.5 37.2 37.9 31.4 33.9 34.9 ALL AFRICA .. 26.3 26.9 26.9 27.6 30.0 29.8 29.2 29.9 30.8 30.3 .. 23.0 29.1 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. Government Finance 197 7-14. Government expenditure: trends in real wages and salaries Index 1987 = 100 Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 123 119 96 110 110 111 140 98 100 122 .. 116 112 excluding South Africa .. 122 114 91 98 106 102 135 96 96 122 .. 113 107 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 120 106 89 85 95 91 127 92 93 118 .. 108 100 Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. 106 105 103 106 107 124 134 141 145 155 .. 112 124 Burundi .. 117 102 96 82 83 88 231 96 89 106 99 111 108 Cameroon .. 56 48 45 48 57 60 65 74 83 .. 71 96 60 Cape Verde .. 163 175 179 174 180 211 232 231 244 .. .. 119 203 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. 212 207 152 144 131 152 166 170 178 209 .. 152 168 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Democratic Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Republic of .. 108 84 73 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 119 .. Côte d'Ivoire .. 66 61 67 68 66 67 69 71 75 74 0 92 69 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. 113 118 176 220 266 414 332 363 401 5,716 .. 113 890 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 74 90 88 103 107 108 125 152 169 175 157 81 95 132 Gabon .. 137 134 138 141 144 156 140 .. .. .. .. 122 142 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana .. 181 164 159 153 170 183 180 220 342 364 .. 114 215 Guinea .. 246 248 269 262 263 270 143 265 283 274 .. 207 253 Guinea-Bissau .. 85 93 110 103 112 139 194 197 187 198 .. 105 148 Kenya .. 78 102 100 95 114 110 104 102 115 114 80 87 106 Lesotho .. 154 164 174 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 120 .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 80 75 74 93 108 119 111 133 118 159 .. 94 110 Malawi .. 157 142 114 145 131 127 129 144 181 190 92 103 145 Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. 97 95 97 100 105 107 117 125 518 .. .. 100 158 Mauritius 110 167 172 170 178 184 197 197 196 199 200 91 128 188 Mozambique .. 158 154 152 282 403 560 633 752 808 888 .. 144 515 Namibia .. 205 218 253 258 268 281 285 285 278 282 .. 151 268 Niger .. 149 141 90 116 113 130 129 121 129 136 .. 129 123 Nigeria .. 229 183 189 196 218 506 899 814 931 817 .. 190 528 Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 .. São Tomé and Principe .. 78 65 91 154 165 189 195 189 188 177 .. 76 157 Senegal .. 97 95 96 93 92 95 99 97 107 109 115 108 98 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. 231 191 209 169 228 247 305 374 493 514 415 152 303 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. 51 37 59 68 89 108 122 157 .. .. .. 52 91 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. 148 164 190 209 204 190 233 239 254 282 136 121 218 Togo .. 103 94 92 90 92 92 86 82 74 75 98 105 86 Uganda .. 486 719 828 1,051 1,184 1,485 1,583 1,801 2,284 2,359 .. 237 1,477 Zambia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe .. 108 113 126 152 147 154 206 126 101 .. 83 113 141 NORTH AFRICA .. 125 124 131 141 147 158 160 180 182 186 .. 111 157 Algeria 56 113 107 108 112 117 123 124 221 239 258 57 104 157 Egypt, Arab Republic .. 109 107 112 117 124 138 151 163 174 184 .. 101 141 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 36 134 134 141 154 161 169 165 189 187 187 61 117 165 Tunisia .. 125 130 139 158 167 188 195 206 217 232 96 111 181 ALL AFRICA .. 158 140 118 128 135 140 167 127 129 156 .. 138 138 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. 198 Government Finance 7-15. Government expenditure: other goods and services Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 25.0 22.8 22.9 24.0 16.7 16.6 19.9 18.1 18.6 19.9 -3.7 3.9 19.9 excluding South Africa .. 25.0 20.6 18.9 20.4 20.0 19.3 24.4 21.6 22.2 24.1 .. 20.1 21.3 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 19.7 21.3 19.7 19.8 19.8 19.5 18.8 19.9 19.8 20.6 18.3 19.6 19.9 Angola .. 41.0 55.0 9.2 27.6 41.7 33.0 44.2 35.9 40.4 36.4 .. 26.4 35.9 Benin .. 6.3 5.2 7.6 6.9 7.5 7.1 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.5 .. 7.5 6.4 Botswana .. 22.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22.9 .. Burkina Faso .. 12.0 10.8 9.8 8.7 9.4 8.6 9.4 8.9 13.0 11.6 .. 9.2 10.0 Burundi 13.1 21.3 24.0 20.9 33.2 26.4 30.1 .. 26.8 30.3 20.8 10.5 15.8 26.6 Cameroon 22.9 7.5 15.8 16.0 16.1 14.5 16.3 18.9 20.7 24.4 26.3 20.3 12.7 18.8 Cape Verde .. 1.6 1.5 1.6 3.3 1.8 2.6 1.6 2.6 2.4 5.4 23.4 5.0 2.5 Central African Republic .. 13.9 10.0 12.6 15.7 10.3 11.4 10.5 11.3 12.0 .. .. 12.3 11.7 Chad .. 14.4 11.7 22.1 19.2 22.3 25.2 18.5 22.1 20.9 18.7 .. 22.3 20.1 Comoros .. 20.3 22.6 17.7 14.3 14.8 23.5 29.1 35.3 27.6 23.5 0.0 12.9 23.2 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 43.8 36.1 23.7 22.6 11.6 15.1 5.9 0.7 .. .. 19.9 Congo, Rep. of .. 8.1 7.7 6.2 30.3 29.2 19.2 0.8 .. 5.5 .. 24.5 9.8 14.1 Côte d'Ivoire .. 21.7 22.4 23.5 23.5 21.3 25.7 22.5 26.7 25.1 26.7 .. 27.3 24.2 Djibouti .. 24.2 22.0 19.0 14.9 21.4 32.6 31.1 31.5 31.4 31.5 .. 27.5 26.2 Equatorial Guinea .. 20.3 25.2 23.8 30.6 16.0 23.9 43.1 22.7 22.2 19.4 .. 15.6 25.2 Eritrea .. 21.1 31.5 26.4 20.1 39.0 33.5 26.4 23.2 24.1 18.2 .. 33.2 26.9 Ethiopia 31.8 14.8 16.7 15.2 15.9 27.3 36.3 43.1 25.3 23.3 23.2 31.9 21.4 25.1 Gabon .. 19.2 17.3 21.1 24.5 36.8 21.9 20.9 21.6 22.3 17.7 13.8 20.6 22.7 Gambia, The .. 25.1 18.9 19.7 17.9 16.0 18.5 19.5 19.8 17.9 18.5 .. 21.9 18.5 Ghana .. 10.5 8.1 7.2 6.9 7.5 9.0 9.3 5.6 11.4 10.7 34.5 13.6 8.4 Guinea .. 13.2 11.3 11.7 11.7 14.0 11.6 13.9 16.0 22.7 22.9 .. 20.8 15.1 Guinea-Bissau .. 12.6 11.9 10.0 11.8 18.4 18.5 16.1 8.6 16.4 14.3 0.0 12.9 14.0 Kenya 27.6 10.8 5.8 3.1 6.8 6.6 5.0 5.1 12.9 8.6 8.4 30.1 24.1 6.9 Lesotho .. 22.9 23.3 15.3 13.6 19.0 33.1 32.5 25.4 27.3 27.3 19.9 16.9 24.1 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 15.8 6.4 30.5 23.6 18.9 16.4 15.7 21.0 22.7 19.4 -11.5 3.7 19.4 Malawi 0.0 41.4 29.1 31.6 36.6 23.7 28.0 24.4 21.1 30.1 26.5 0.0 22.4 27.9 Mali 13.0 10.6 12.2 11.7 13.2 6.5 6.2 19.6 20.0 21.4 20.3 15.8 6.5 14.6 Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius 8.3 9.6 9.4 9.5 9.4 8.7 8.8 8.5 9.2 8.7 8.3 7.6 8.7 8.9 Mozambique 38.2 37.9 29.7 28.0 16.3 18.1 15.0 13.4 11.0 10.9 13.4 38.8 37.9 17.3 Namibia .. 25.4 24.2 21.4 20.2 19.6 19.8 19.2 19.1 18.1 17.5 .. 23.9 19.9 Niger .. 18.8 17.9 21.3 22.9 24.3 25.3 22.1 22.5 19.3 17.4 13.8 16.0 21.4 Nigeria .. 48.1 17.7 15.1 23.1 20.9 18.5 49.6 29.4 33.1 39.6 .. 48.1 27.5 Rwanda .. 26.4 25.0 26.3 20.3 26.7 27.5 26.7 29.8 30.9 39.5 .. 26.8 28.1 São Tomé and Principe .. 5.0 4.6 5.0 5.0 5.5 5.5 5.7 6.0 6.2 6.3 .. 9.6 5.5 Senegal 22.9 13.7 14.7 13.0 11.5 14.3 15.2 17.7 17.4 13.8 16.5 17.9 14.9 14.9 Seychelles .. 30.6 19.6 13.6 17.1 11.5 13.4 11.4 13.5 15.0 21.3 .. 29.7 15.1 Sierra Leone .. 35.4 51.6 36.2 44.1 21.4 20.2 22.4 30.9 27.5 30.9 .. 36.5 31.7 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. 25.1 25.7 28.5 28.9 12.2 12.8 13.7 13.2 13.7 14.0 .. 25.1 18.1 Sudan .. 21.2 53.7 44.8 47.8 38.4 33.1 30.6 30.2 27.0 35.5 .. 20.4 37.9 Swaziland .. .. .. .. 22.5 21.3 19.8 36.7 34.0 34.9 37.9 .. .. 29.6 Tanzania .. 30.4 28.9 24.2 22.3 19.9 23.0 21.1 28.4 31.4 33.1 30.5 32.3 25.8 Togo .. 16.3 18.9 22.9 21.1 22.6 20.9 24.4 28.0 25.9 33.0 -27.1 -3.7 24.2 Uganda .. 29.7 33.9 33.1 33.8 32.2 31.0 21.3 26.7 29.1 32.4 35.0 39.0 30.4 Zambia .. 22.3 22.5 21.2 12.7 25.4 20.1 20.1 23.9 15.2 17.0 .. 20.3 19.8 Zimbabwe .. 18.1 16.9 16.5 14.1 13.2 15.1 12.8 18.7 26.2 28.4 -5.1 16.9 18.0 NORTH AFRICA .. 11.5 11.9 12.0 12.4 12.5 11.1 11.6 12.4 12.1 12.2 .. 11.4 12.0 Algeria 2.9 3.6 4.7 4.6 5.1 5.4 5.5 4.6 6.5 6.8 6.6 2.9 2.8 5.5 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 15.5 16.1 15.9 16.3 16.3 13.8 15.0 15.2 15.5 15.9 .. 14.5 15.6 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 17.6 14.3 13.7 14.5 15.7 16.0 15.2 14.6 16.7 13.1 12.8 40.9 14.7 14.7 Tunisia 13.1 6.5 6.1 6.9 5.9 5.7 5.0 6.3 6.1 6.6 6.7 11.7 11.1 6.1 ALL AFRICA .. 19.8 18.5 18.7 19.5 15.1 14.5 16.7 15.9 16.1 16.9 .. 7.2 16.9 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. Government Finance 199 7-16. Government expenditure: interest payments Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 11.6 10.9 10.3 8.3 7.9 8.7 8.1 6.9 7.0 6.1 4.7 7.3 8.3 excluding South Africa .. 20.3 19.0 17.7 14.3 13.7 14.9 14.0 11.9 12.0 10.6 .. 14.0 14.2 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 17.1 16.7 16.8 14.6 14.0 13.4 13.3 11.7 11.3 10.2 10.7 13.7 13.6 Angola .. 20.4 16.1 18.2 8.6 16.2 11.1 9.3 10.2 6.6 4.8 .. 9.7 11.2 Benin .. 15.9 12.6 12.4 9.0 6.2 5.2 4.4 4.3 4.1 3.9 .. 15.5 6.9 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. 6.9 6.6 4.2 3.6 3.5 3.1 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.3 .. 6.6 3.9 Burundi 0.9 6.0 6.9 6.7 8.9 10.0 11.2 12.1 12.3 12.3 12.1 2.3 6.8 10.3 Cameroon 2.0 36.5 39.5 41.8 37.2 32.0 27.6 25.1 18.9 16.3 14.8 2.9 14.0 28.1 Cape Verde .. 1.9 6.2 8.4 9.6 9.8 3.2 4.7 6.8 8.0 8.1 0.0 3.1 7.2 Central African Republic .. 10.8 11.1 17.2 9.6 7.6 7.8 10.2 7.4 7.1 .. .. 8.1 9.7 Chad .. 6.1 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.5 4.8 5.1 4.2 4.3 2.8 .. 3.1 4.8 Comoros .. 3.1 3.0 3.6 4.1 4.9 5.2 6.5 5.0 4.0 4.6 0.0 2.2 4.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 31.1 23.5 31.1 22.6 18.7 17.0 30.8 25.3 .. .. 25.0 Congo, Rep. of .. 33.0 43.0 33.0 35.0 32.4 35.4 27.2 23.5 23.7 19.4 0.0 19.2 30.3 Côte d'Ivoire .. 29.1 25.6 23.1 20.0 17.9 19.5 22.5 19.9 16.7 13.5 .. 26.7 19.9 Djibouti .. 0.8 1.5 2.0 1.4 1.0 0.9 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.8 .. 0.9 1.9 Equatorial Guinea .. 26.0 24.0 15.6 8.7 5.5 8.5 3.4 4.1 3.5 1.2 .. 16.9 8.3 Eritrea .. 0.2 0.6 1.3 1.9 1.6 2.0 3.0 4.4 5.7 5.2 .. 0.1 2.8 Ethiopia 3.0 13.5 10.0 9.0 9.2 8.0 6.8 7.0 7.0 5.7 5.9 3.2 6.4 7.6 Gabon .. 26.4 30.9 25.6 20.1 15.9 26.8 25.4 21.7 20.5 16.9 6.6 19.0 22.6 Gambia, The .. 14.8 14.1 14.2 19.1 23.0 22.2 20.8 14.4 19.8 26.5 .. 13.8 19.3 Ghana .. 14.2 13.9 17.2 21.7 17.9 21.3 27.0 24.0 23.5 22.0 11.4 9.4 21.0 Guinea .. 9.0 8.1 8.1 9.4 10.0 9.6 12.8 9.5 9.9 12.5 .. 10.7 10.0 Guinea-Bissau .. 15.2 21.9 19.7 16.6 27.3 20.3 13.0 20.2 13.8 13.1 1.1 9.8 18.4 Kenya 10.1 36.2 23.3 24.9 20.7 19.6 20.3 14.5 10.0 11.1 13.5 13.9 25.1 17.6 Lesotho .. 4.2 3.6 3.3 3.7 4.9 6.3 8.6 7.3 6.1 6.0 .. 8.6 5.5 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 26.4 30.1 21.6 17.5 13.7 11.8 12.9 10.8 14.0 11.4 11.2 14.5 16.0 Malawi 9.1 10.3 20.5 22.9 14.1 12.9 11.7 14.1 16.3 17.2 22.2 12.9 14.9 16.9 Mali 4.1 9.0 6.1 4.8 4.2 3.1 3.7 4.2 3.2 3.6 3.6 4.8 7.2 4.0 Mauritania .. 10.4 13.0 13.4 13.0 14.0 13.9 12.4 12.6 9.8 .. .. 9.0 12.8 Mauritius .. 11.7 13.0 12.8 12.7 15.8 14.6 13.9 18.5 13.5 16.2 18.0 16.9 14.6 Mozambique 0.0 3.7 6.7 7.0 5.6 4.6 2.5 0.7 1.9 4.4 4.4 0.1 5.0 4.2 Namibia .. 2.8 3.2 4.2 5.4 6.7 6.6 6.0 5.9 6.8 7.0 6.8 4.7 5.8 Niger .. 12.3 16.0 12.8 9.7 8.8 8.9 10.1 10.6 8.1 6.3 11.1 12.2 10.2 Nigeria .. 33.9 28.9 21.8 12.8 12.0 21.7 16.9 13.0 15.5 12.2 .. 33.9 17.2 Rwanda .. 27.9 11.3 7.2 6.2 4.9 4.3 4.9 3.9 4.7 4.8 .. 11.5 5.8 São Tomé and Principe .. 14.9 15.6 14.4 16.1 20.8 16.2 10.8 12.8 12.3 11.9 .. 18.6 14.5 Senegal 7.5 16.8 14.7 11.2 12.1 6.3 7.0 7.3 4.1 5.4 5.2 9.4 14.1 8.1 Seychelles .. 16.5 22.3 16.5 17.4 15.8 18.8 15.0 15.9 15.2 17.2 .. 15.2 17.1 Sierra Leone .. 14.0 10.5 12.5 16.3 23.9 26.4 21.9 15.4 18.6 18.5 .. 23.7 18.2 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. 9.1 9.8 10.9 .. 10.2 10.4 .. .. 10.1 Swaziland .. 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.8 3.9 4.1 .. 2.3 2.7 Tanzania .. 14.4 18.4 18.9 16.4 14.3 9.4 9.8 9.6 7.8 4.8 8.0 12.7 12.2 Togo .. 22.0 15.6 13.8 12.6 11.6 13.0 11.0 11.9 13.2 11.4 20.9 15.0 12.7 Uganda .. 7.8 5.9 6.0 5.6 6.1 5.1 4.0 5.2 5.6 5.9 14.4 8.6 5.5 Zambia .. 36.5 27.7 17.4 24.3 11.0 9.7 9.8 7.9 12.8 12.6 .. 29.7 14.8 Zimbabwe 27.7 20.4 24.2 24.5 19.1 27.8 27.0 33.5 27.9 14.1 5.0 24.8 14.9 22.6 NORTH AFRICA .. 20.8 19.4 19.6 18.5 17.2 13.3 16.6 15.8 15.3 15.1 .. 13.5 16.7 Algeria .. 8.2 9.9 11.9 12.7 12.6 .. 13.8 11.9 9.3 7.7 .. 6.6 11.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 29.3 25.4 25.1 23.1 21.1 19.1 19.4 19.4 19.5 19.8 .. 15.8 21.3 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 7.4 20.1 20.3 19.3 18.2 17.2 17.1 16.2 15.3 15.9 16.6 20.2 21.5 17.3 Tunisia 5.8 11.0 11.7 12.2 10.6 9.6 10.7 10.2 9.0 8.5 7.9 5.5 9.6 10.0 ALL AFRICA .. 15.2 14.2 13.9 12.2 11.5 10.4 11.4 10.4 10.2 9.6 .. 9.7 11.5 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. 200 Government Finance 7-17. Government expenditure: subsidies and current transfers Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 2.6 2.2 2.0 2.1 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.3 1.6 excluding South Africa .. 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.5 2.1 1.9 2.3 3.1 2.2 2.7 .. 2.3 2.0 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.9 2.6 2.4 2.8 3.8 2.7 3.3 2.3 2.3 2.5 Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.9 7.4 .. 10.7 .. 6.1 6.7 Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. 0.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.9 .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi 5.1 7.5 6.7 5.9 7.6 7.5 7.0 8.0 10.6 10.8 7.0 4.6 5.7 7.9 Cameroon 11.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 4.8 5.4 5.7 7.2 5.2 5.2 8.6 0.0 4.2 Cape Verde .. 9.8 11.2 9.4 3.4 5.3 20.5 22.4 2.2 3.1 3.3 1.2 3.9 9.0 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.3 6.9 4.3 3.4 6.4 .. .. 2.8 Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.3 .. Côte d'Ivoire .. 3.7 3.9 2.9 3.6 3.5 3.9 6.5 5.0 4.7 6.5 .. 3.8 4.5 Djibouti .. 3.6 -9.2 -1.2 -1.7 -2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 .. 3.6 -0.1 Equatorial Guinea .. 4.4 4.4 4.0 4.1 9.0 4.7 6.7 9.4 9.3 1.0 .. 4.9 5.8 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.4 2.3 .. 1.7 .. .. 1.5 Ethiopia 5.8 1.2 1.8 1.7 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 1.3 0.5 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.2 .. Ghana .. 0.0 7.9 5.6 4.9 9.3 5.3 5.9 6.3 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 5.0 Guinea .. 4.3 6.2 6.0 7.5 8.3 9.1 2.3 20.7 21.1 21.5 .. 5.4 11.4 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.3 0.1 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi 0.0 9.8 3.1 2.0 1.5 12.9 3.0 2.6 5.2 3.5 3.6 0.0 1.5 4.2 Mali 6.0 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.3 5.7 5.6 2.6 7.3 7.1 6.1 3.7 1.9 4.3 Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius 0.0 1.7 1.5 2.7 3.7 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.4 2.0 0.0 1.4 2.7 Mozambique 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 7.1 8.2 0.7 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. 6.6 4.4 6.0 7.6 5.2 5.1 11.2 11.8 10.9 13.7 9.4 7.4 8.4 Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. 3.8 4.8 3.3 5.7 7.9 9.1 8.4 9.6 11.6 10.2 .. 8.5 7.8 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 13.9 9.2 6.6 5.7 8.6 6.4 7.8 12.3 23.0 18.2 16.0 12.1 10.1 11.6 Seychelles .. 6.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 .. .. 5.9 0.1 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.4 .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. 4.5 3.5 3.2 3.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.5 3.3 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. 5.1 3.3 2.5 3.4 0.0 0.0 .. .. 2.4 Swaziland .. 2.6 6.6 18.0 15.6 15.0 17.4 18.4 15.5 14.0 13.7 .. 2.7 14.9 Tanzania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. 9.0 6.6 5.4 7.0 6.4 9.4 9.8 11.2 8.8 11.1 2.3 3.2 8.4 Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. .. .. .. 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.3 .. .. .. .. 9.4 0.5 Zimbabwe 29.3 1.4 0.5 0.3 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 23.2 7.1 0.3 NORTH AFRICA .. 6.4 5.8 6.0 5.2 4.9 4.6 5.1 9.0 8.9 9.1 .. 8.2 6.5 Algeria .. 9.4 6.2 4.4 2.1 2.2 2.0 1.9 21.8 21.5 22.6 .. 4.9 9.4 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 5.8 6.6 6.8 6.2 5.9 5.2 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.1 .. 10.2 6.1 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 6.0 4.1 3.3 6.0 6.4 6.0 7.4 8.2 3.4 3.3 2.4 7.5 3.2 5.2 Tunisia 15.1 6.0 5.9 6.2 5.6 4.8 3.0 3.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 20.3 15.9 4.0 ALL AFRICA .. 4.1 3.6 3.6 3.3 2.6 2.5 2.8 4.6 4.2 4.5 .. 4.1 3.5 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. Government Finance 201 7-18. Government expenditure: capital and net lending Percentage of total expenditure and lending minus repayments Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 20.5 20.6 21.3 21.4 22.0 20.2 16.4 17.8 15.8 15.3 21.0 18.5 19.0 excluding South Africa .. 28.6 29.1 30.5 31.2 32.8 30.5 24.2 25.1 23.2 23.0 .. 26.2 27.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 25.7 26.3 26.3 25.7 26.9 26.5 25.9 24.8 24.5 24.8 28.9 25.9 25.7 Angola .. 5.7 10.3 20.3 7.2 13.8 15.6 10.5 12.9 14.3 17.1 .. 13.8 13.6 Benin .. 32.9 36.6 32.9 36.3 36.3 37.7 38.1 38.4 31.8 36.7 .. 27.1 36.1 Botswana .. 37.4 30.5 33.1 33.6 32.7 31.3 31.0 27.3 27.0 24.7 43.3 44.7 30.2 Burkina Faso .. 40.8 45.9 51.3 56.5 56.2 58.9 54.3 52.2 47.3 48.8 .. 38.2 52.4 Burundi 53.2 32.6 30.3 35.8 18.0 26.9 27.1 25.0 23.4 22.0 37.4 54.0 45.5 27.3 Cameroon 32.6 17.3 7.1 5.9 10.8 16.8 19.5 15.4 18.0 14.6 13.6 40.3 31.1 13.5 Cape Verde .. 60.9 52.4 47.8 44.7 43.4 35.4 26.7 33.0 37.5 31.2 67.8 52.6 39.1 Central African Republic .. 46.0 50.2 21.9 37.5 54.2 50.9 52.4 55.3 56.4 22.8 .. 42.2 44.6 Chad .. 47.5 50.4 49.1 53.8 51.1 50.8 50.8 50.2 50.4 57.5 .. 50.9 51.6 Comoros .. 32.1 20.5 21.8 24.0 35.0 28.0 23.9 20.1 22.5 24.3 0.0 41.1 24.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.1 1.5 9.3 19.8 .. .. 8.7 Congo, Rep. of .. 7.6 9.1 33.6 9.2 11.1 18.7 27.3 31.8 24.6 22.4 61.7 16.1 20.9 Côte d'Ivoire .. 17.0 20.9 21.8 24.6 28.5 22.5 16.0 11.7 17.0 13.8 .. 11.4 19.6 Djibouti .. 12.9 9.4 11.3 12.1 20.0 9.4 9.9 11.2 12.3 13.2 .. 15.9 12.1 Equatorial Guinea .. 32.9 18.0 9.6 20.9 36.4 43.8 31.3 41.9 43.5 4.8 .. 43.7 27.8 Eritrea .. 52.4 28.4 38.5 45.5 35.5 42.7 42.1 45.9 38.5 45.4 .. 44.7 40.3 Ethiopia 20.9 38.0 37.7 45.2 42.6 34.0 28.2 21.0 32.6 40.2 34.0 24.5 31.2 35.1 Gabon .. 22.1 20.9 22.8 31.7 29.2 8.9 24.9 17.8 26.4 16.5 58.1 27.1 22.1 Gambia, The .. 27.4 35.4 36.9 29.3 22.2 20.7 17.3 39.3 29.5 25.5 36.5 31.6 28.5 Ghana 17.8 42.7 46.1 44.8 42.9 39.6 37.3 33.1 39.1 23.4 29.7 14.5 39.5 37.3 Guinea .. 46.3 48.6 45.1 47.6 39.3 44.5 55.3 35.7 24.0 22.1 .. 43.0 40.2 Guinea-Bissau .. 59.1 49.6 53.0 53.8 24.7 34.4 23.3 35.8 29.2 31.0 32.0 62.6 37.2 Kenya 29.5 10.8 21.1 18.8 15.7 17.0 18.2 8.9 12.2 9.2 16.4 23.5 16.3 15.3 Lesotho .. 31.4 32.8 40.6 38.3 24.4 17.9 16.5 22.4 23.0 19.0 37.9 34.7 26.1 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. 32.2 36.2 32.5 37.5 47.1 47.7 49.4 43.8 34.1 41.6 39.9 39.8 41.1 Malawi 48.8 17.2 21.4 19.9 19.3 26.9 32.9 35.8 26.4 20.9 23.1 38.0 24.1 25.2 Mali 53.0 50.4 53.5 56.2 50.7 56.4 54.2 47.9 38.9 39.4 40.2 47.9 56.9 48.6 Mauritania .. 35.2 27.6 27.8 25.8 29.2 29.3 30.0 32.4 37.8 .. .. 30.7 30.0 Mauritius 27.2 18.2 15.9 18.7 22.1 12.9 12.1 15.9 10.3 16.9 20.2 21.8 19.0 16.1 Mozambique 37.9 51.7 57.6 54.6 55.0 48.1 50.6 50.7 57.9 53.6 45.9 39.0 42.9 52.7 Namibia .. 12.3 13.2 13.1 14.5 12.7 13.1 12.6 15.0 17.5 16.4 21.2 16.2 14.2 Niger .. 28.6 27.1 29.6 30.6 31.9 30.6 29.5 34.0 41.8 41.8 46.9 34.6 33.0 Nigeria .. 41.1 41.3 49.4 55.8 59.4 48.6 16.6 26.5 17.7 14.9 .. 41.1 36.7 Rwanda .. 16.6 39.4 41.3 41.6 36.0 32.3 31.9 31.6 23.1 23.5 .. 27.9 33.4 São Tomé and Principe .. 57.9 69.1 60.7 60.3 51.8 61.1 62.0 60.6 60.1 60.5 .. 50.5 60.7 Senegal 17.6 25.0 27.8 37.2 34.4 43.7 42.4 34.0 30.9 34.5 37.7 16.4 16.4 35.9 Seychelles .. 11.0 10.7 18.9 19.5 27.9 22.3 24.6 14.1 18.5 4.8 .. 19.9 17.9 Sierra Leone .. 21.8 13.4 19.6 11.3 24.6 11.2 21.1 15.9 15.6 18.1 .. 22.8 16.8 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 25.8 9.6 9.2 8.4 7.8 6.9 6.0 5.6 7.6 5.4 4.7 23.6 10.3 6.8 Sudan .. 17.6 15.1 7.2 7.7 9.1 14.2 21.3 19.6 23.6 19.3 27.8 14.8 15.2 Swaziland .. 24.7 23.8 18.1 17.1 23.0 21.7 20.5 25.1 24.7 21.3 .. 26.1 21.7 Tanzania .. 20.8 17.6 20.4 16.3 24.4 24.3 27.8 21.4 18.7 24.2 26.2 19.8 21.7 Togo .. 9.1 15.5 13.9 11.2 19.2 17.7 15.2 8.9 10.7 8.2 .. 17.2 13.4 Uganda .. 52.2 45.1 44.1 40.2 41.0 40.5 53.0 42.1 39.1 39.2 39.7 42.1 42.7 Zambia .. 12.5 17.5 32.0 29.1 36.9 42.9 45.5 38.8 38.9 37.2 .. 8.1 35.4 Zimbabwe 43.1 17.6 14.5 12.7 12.3 6.7 11.2 3.5 6.5 8.7 11.6 42.7 16.9 9.7 NORTH AFRICA .. 21.6 21.3 20.3 20.6 21.3 23.7 24.5 22.0 22.2 21.9 .. 29.5 22.0 Algeria 63.3 31.0 29.4 26.6 25.2 24.8 19.9 27.3 23.6 25.5 26.5 61.6 38.3 25.4 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 18.1 18.2 18.7 20.0 21.3 28.9 25.2 21.8 21.0 20.0 .. 32.3 21.7 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 33.4 18.4 18.8 16.0 14.5 16.2 15.9 18.4 18.6 19.3 19.5 65.0 19.1 17.5 Tunisia 28.9 21.1 20.9 20.7 22.4 21.9 21.4 24.5 24.4 24.4 23.9 27.7 23.2 22.7 ALL AFRICA .. 20.9 20.9 20.9 21.1 21.7 21.6 19.5 19.4 18.2 17.8 .. 23.1 20.1 Note: 2003 data are preliminary (see page 2). Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. 202 Government Finance 7-19. Government expenditure: trends in real defense spending Index 1980 = 100 Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 100.0 136.5 38.7 43.1 46.0 71.1 124.3 182.5 113.2 97.4 84.9 88.4 99.6 89.0 excluding South Africa 100.0 136.5 38.7 43.1 46.0 71.1 124.3 182.5 113.2 97.4 84.9 88.4 99.6 89.0 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 100.0 136.5 38.7 43.1 46.0 71.1 124.3 182.5 113.2 97.4 84.9 88.4 99.6 89.0 Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso 100.0 293.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 192.6 .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 100.0 37.0 37.4 41.3 45.2 99.6 204.7 319.7 168.8 131.2 99.9 97.5 101.7 127.5 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 100.0 36.2 39.9 45.0 46.8 42.6 43.9 45.3 57.7 63.7 69.8 77.5 71.1 50.5 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 100.0 187.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 168.7 .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 100.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 80.2 .. Tanzania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo 100.0 136.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 138.9 .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA 100.0 181.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 136.0 .. Algeria 100.0 267.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 175.4 .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 100.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 85.1 .. Libya 100.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 231.8 .. Morocco 100.0 95.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 88.0 .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 100.0 136.5 38.7 43.1 46.0 71.1 124.3 182.5 113.2 97.4 84.9 88.4 100.1 89.0 Note: Nigeria's fiscal data are for federal level only. Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. Government Finance 203 7-20. Government expenditure: real per capita education spending Constant 2000 U.S. dollars Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. 17.3 26.4 18.9 11.1 13.6 24.4 24.4 25.2 .. .. 20.2 Benin .. .. .. 10.6 8.8 8.7 9.2 10.3 13.5 16.6 17.3 10.1 .. 11.9 Botswana .. 198.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 168.6 .. Burkina Faso 3.0 .. 7.5 8.3 8.3 9.4 .. .. .. .. .. 3.0 4.5 8.4 Burundi .. 2.2 1.7 1.3 0.8 1.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.5 1.2 Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 101.4 105.0 104.5 105.8 .. .. 104.2 Central African Republic .. 5.3 6.7 4.5 5.5 5.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.2 5.5 Chad .. 3.1 2.7 2.7 3.1 2.9 3.3 3.4 4.0 3.7 3.8 .. 3.4 3.3 Comoros .. .. .. 14.8 14.4 12.1 7.9 8.0 7.9 8.1 8.3 .. .. 10.2 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. 29.7 27.7 27.4 28.1 28.4 28.3 26.4 24.1 26.5 27.1 .. 46.3 27.1 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 3.1 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.1 4.3 5.2 5.9 2.6 2.5 3.9 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. 10.9 9.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.3 Ghana .. 9.1 8.8 9.5 8.6 9.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. 9.1 4.0 Guinea .. 8.4 8.8 10.9 9.8 7.4 8.1 7.8 8.0 7.8 7.3 .. 8.4 8.4 Guinea-Bissau .. 4.0 5.8 5.8 5.8 2.1 5.5 3.5 3.2 4.7 4.9 0.0 2.4 4.6 Kenya 20.6 21.8 23.2 22.5 23.2 24.4 22.9 20.8 19.5 19.4 20.4 16.4 22.8 21.8 Lesotho .. 49.4 55.6 56.0 56.8 62.4 60.4 49.9 54.2 68.5 58.9 .. 33.1 58.1 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. 5.4 6.1 7.3 7.5 .. .. .. .. .. 6.6 Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.7 8.7 6.8 7.6 .. .. 5.1 4.9 6.8 Mauritania .. .. .. 1.7 17.2 16.7 17.7 19.1 18.8 19.2 .. .. .. 15.8 Mauritius .. 108.7 120.8 117.1 134.0 130.4 135.1 131.7 137.0 141.1 177.9 .. 84.0 136.1 Mozambique .. 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.6 7.6 7.3 11.5 15.8 12.0 13.1 3.5 2.9 8.6 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 9.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.0 .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. 3.5 3.6 3.9 6.1 6.6 7.3 8.6 8.6 .. .. 6.0 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. 22.3 14.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18.2 Senegal .. 15.3 15.6 15.4 14.9 15.1 15.8 16.6 16.6 15.9 15.1 .. 16.1 15.7 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.0 2.9 4.4 .. .. .. 3.1 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 22.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27.8 37.4 .. Tanzania .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.5 6.7 8.4 7.9 10.0 .. .. 7.7 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17.4 16.1 .. Uganda .. 3.9 4.8 4.5 6.3 6.6 8.3 9.2 9.7 12.0 11.7 .. 3.9 8.1 Zambia .. 6.9 4.9 8.8 7.6 11.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.5 8.1 Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA 45.8 64.0 63.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 47.7 56.4 63.8 Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 37.6 60.7 60.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40.9 52.4 60.7 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 54.1 61.1 58.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 52.5 55.8 58.5 Tunisia 72.7 93.8 99.5 106.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76.4 84.0 102.9 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: Nigeria's fiscal data are for consolidated government starting from 1992. 204 Government Finance Figure 7-1. Government deficit as percentage of GDP, 1994­2003* Percentage 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 Eritrea São Tomé and Principe Guinea-Bissau Cape Verde Angola Malawi Mozambique Sierra Leone Comoros Seychelles Zambia Chad Ghana Rwanda Ethiopia Burkina Faso Djibouti Uganda Zimbabwe Mali Madagascar Central African Republic Niger Congo, Rep. of Gambia, The Burundi Guinea Mauritius Tanzania Congo. Dem. Rep. of Togo Benin Namibia Morocco Kenya Senegal Lesotho Tunisia South Africa Côte d'Ivoire Egypt, Arab Rep. Swaziland Cameroon Sudan Nigeria Deficit, excl. grants Gabon Grants Mauritania Algeria Botswana Equatorial Guinea * Or most recent year available. Government Finance 205 Technical notes Tables represents the government's total outlays for current or capital purposes. Expenditure includes all nonre- Table 7-1. Government deficit/surplus (including payable payments by the government. Lending minus grants). Overall surplus/deficit is the difference be- repayments comprises government transactions in tween total revenue plus grants (as defined in GFS, debt and equity claims upon others, acquired for pur- line A-I) and total expenditures and lending minus poses of public policy rather than for managing gov- repayments (as defined in GFS, line C-I). It repre- ernment liquidity or earning a return. It consists of sents the net financing requirement of the consoli- gross lending and acquisition of financial equity dated government. This indicator is shown as a minus repayments of past government lending and percentage of current GDP in national currency government sales of equities. (This definition differs (World Bank country desks). from the concept of lending minus repayments adopted in the SNA, which is gross government lend- Table 7-2. Government deficit/surplus (excluding ing minus repayments of past government lending grants). This is calculated as above, except that cap- minus net government borrowing.) In determining a ital grants are excluded from receipts (as defined in government's deficit or surplus, lending minus repay- GFS, line A-II less line C-I). It is a measure of the ments is grouped with expenditures rather than with ability of a government to fund its activities from its financing. This indicator is shown as a percentage of own resources. Because some budgetary grants may current GDP in national currency (World Bank coun- be tied to certain expenditures that would not other- try desks). wise be incurred, excluding grants may overstate the deficit or understate the surplus if no account is taken Table 7-5. Government interest payments. Govern- of the expenditures dependent on these grants. This ment interest payments (as defined in GFS, line C2) indicator is shown as a percentage of current GDP in include interest on all borrowings, both domestic and national currency (World Bank country desks). foreign, but exclude commission charges paid for as- sistance in placement of debt (which would be classi- Table 7-3. Government primary deficit/surplus fied as expenditure for the payment of goods and ( / ). The primary deficit or surplus is the govern- services). This indicator is shown as a percentage of ment deficit or surplus including grants (as presented current GDP in national currency (World Bank coun- in Table 7-1) and excluding interest expenditures on try desks). both domestic and foreign debt (Table 7-5). In coun- tries with large government interest payments, this Table 7-6. Government revenue (excluding ratio may provide a more reliable indicator for mon- grants). Government revenue less grants (as defined itoring fiscal stabilization efforts. This indicator is in GFS, line A-II) refers to current revenues (tax and shown as a percentage of current GDP in national nontax) and capital revenues, such as proceeds from currency (World Bank country desks). the sale of real assets, including land. It does not include grant receipts from other governments or Table 7-4. Government expenditure and lending international organizations. This indicator is shown minus repayments. Total expenditure and lending as a percentage of current GDP in national currency minus repayments (as defined in GFS, line C-I) (World Bank country desks). 206 Government Finance Table 7-7. Grants to government. These are unre- Table 7-12. Nontax revenues (excluding grants). quited, nonrepayable, noncompulsory government This is all nonrepayable government receipts, other receipts from other governments or international in- than compulsory unrequited receipts (taxes) and rev- stitutions (as defined in GFS, line A-II). Grants of enue from capital sales or government grants, plus all goods and services in kind are excluded. This indica- fines and penalties other than for noncompliance with tor is shown as a percentage of current GDP in na- taxes (as defined in GFS, lineA-V). For some mineral- tional currency (World Bank country desks). exporting countries in Africa, this category is quite large, since royalties on the extraction of minerals, Table 7-8. Foreign financing. This includes all gov- such as petroleum in Egypt and Nigeria and bauxite ernment financing transactions except grants (as in Guinea, make up significant portions of total gov- defined in GFS, line D-III) with nonresident individ- ernment revenues. This indicator is shown as a per- uals, enterprises, governments, international organi- centage of total revenue (as defined in GFS, line A-II) zations, and other entities. It may be affected by (World Bank country desks). trading in outstanding government securities between residents and nonresidents. The data also reflect Table 7-13. Government expenditure: wages and changes resulting from transactions, but not revalua- salaries. These expenditures are payments in cash, tions, in government holdings of foreign exchange, but not in kind, to employees in return for services, deposits in nonresident financial institutions, and before withholding taxes and employee contributions securities issued by nonresident entities held by gov- to social security and pension funds are deducted (as ernment for liquidity purposes (reserves). This indi- defined in GFS line C1.1). Included are basic wages cator is shown as a percentage of current GDP in and salaries; pay for overtime, weekends, and nights; national currency (World Bank country desks). cost of living allowances; local allowances and expa- triation allowances; and similar compensation. Reim- Table 7-9. Taxes on income and profits. These taxes bursement to employees for expenses incurred as part (as defined in GFS, line A1) are levied on the actual of their employment are excluded. This indicator is or presumptive net income of individuals and profits shown as a percentage of total expenditure and lend- of enterprises. Also included are taxes levied on cap- ing minus repayments (as defined in GFS line C-I) ital gains that are realized on land sales, securities, (World Bank country desks). and other assets. This indicator is shown as a per- centage of total revenue (as defined in GFS, line A-II) Table 7-14. Government expenditure: trends in (World Bank country desks). real wages and salaries. This includes expenditures on wages and salaries as discussed above (as defined Table 7-10. Taxes on international trade and in GFS, line C1.1), deflated by the CPI. For most transactions. These taxes include import duties, ex- countries the trend is shown in index numbers begin- port duties, profits of export or import monopolies ning with 100 in 1987 (World Bank country desks). remitted to government, and monopoly profits of monetary authorities made in foreign exchange trans- Table 7-15. Government expenditure: other goods actions, as well as taxes levied on the sale of foreign and services. These expenditures include disburse- exchange (as defined in GFS, line A6). This indicator ments for all goods and services (except fixed capital is shown as a percentage of total revenue (as defined assets and wages and salaries) bought on the market, in GFS, line A-II) (World Bank country desks). goods and services to be used to produce fixed capi- tal assets, strategic or emergency stocks, stocks held Table 7-11. Indirect taxes. These are sales and ex- by market regulatory organizations, and land and in- cise taxes and duties (as defined in GFS, line A-IV tangible assets. This category encompasses purchases less A1). This indicator is shown as a percentage of of materials, office supplies, fuel and lighting, travel total revenue (as defined in GFS, line A-II) (World services, and payment of rent, as well as payments Bank country desks). in kind to certain civil servants (as defined in GFS, Government Finance 207 line C1.3). This indicator is presented as a percentage production, including transfers for capital assets as of total expenditure and lending minus repayments well as net lending (as defined in GFS, line C-IV plus (as defined in GFS, line C-I) (World Bank country C-V). This indicator is presented as a percentage of desks). total expenditure and lending minus repayments (as defined in GFS, line C-I) (World Bank country desks). Table 7-16. Government expenditure: interest payments. These are payments for the use of all bor- Table 7-19. Government expenditure: trends in rowed money, excluding commission charges paid real defense spending. Real defense spending has for assistance in placing debt, which would be classi- been calculated by deflating defense spending in cur- fied as expenditures for payment of other goods and rent prices national currency (IMF, as defined in services (as defined in GFS, line C2). This indicator GFS, line B2) by the national GDP deflator is presented as a percentage of total expenditure and (Table 3-1). The results are presented in the form of lending minus repayments (as defined in GFS, line 1980 base indexes. C-I) (World Bank country desks). Table 7-20. Government expenditure: real per Table 7-17. Government expenditure: subsidies capita education spending. This table presents edu- and current transfers. These expenditures are all cation spending (IMF, as defined in GFS, line B4) unrequited, nonrepayable government payments for deflated by the national GDP deflator (Table 3-1) and current purposes (as defined in GFS, line C3). Trans- divided by total population (Table 1-2). The result is fers for capital purposes (that is, to permit the recipi- converted into 2000 U.S. dollars by using the 2000 ent to acquire capital assets) and transfers in kind are local currency/U.S. dollar conversion factor excluded. This indicator is presented as a percentage (Table 3-6). of total expenditure and lending minus repayments (as defined in GFS, line C-I) (World Bank country Figure desks). The following indicators have been used to derive the Table 7-18. Government expenditure: capital and figure in this chapter. net lending. This represents payments for acquiring land, buildings, and other nonfinancial assets to be Figure 7-1. Government deficit/surplus (Tables 7-1 used for more than one year in the process of and 7-2). 208 Government Finance Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 7 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (6) (7) (1) 7-1 x x 7-2 x x 7-3 x x 7-4 x x 7-5 x x 7-6 x x 7-7 x x 7-8 x x 7-9 x x 7-10 x x 7-11 x x 7-12 x x 7-13 x x 7-14 x x 7-15 x x 7-16 x x 7-17 x x 7-18 x x 7-19 x x 7-20 x x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. For aggregation purposes, all data used in this chapter were converted to U.S. dollars, using the conversion factors shown in Table 3-6. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 8 Agriculture A griculture is one of Africa's most important The data presented in this chapter are estimates sectors. African agriculture has two major based on a variety of sources whose quality and reli- components: food production and export ability vary from country to country and from year to commodities. Food production, including meat, is the year. Furthermore, production and export data are livelihood for most Africans. Export crops provide probably underestimated for two reasons. First, it is many African countries with their main source of for- difficult to estimate production levels of staple food eign exchange and thus the capacity to import, invest, crops, especially roots and tubers, when much of the and develop. The information in this chapter provides output is consumed directly by farmers, rather than a basis for assessing recent trends in producer prices, marketed. Second, parallel market activity, including aggregate agricultural production and trade, cereal trade, may not be fully accounted for. imports, and food aid in Africa. 209 210 Agriculture 8-1. Nominal producer prices Local currency per kilogram Category 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 ALGERIA Wheat (hard) F1 1.2 2.2 2.2 2.7 3.7 4.6 5.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Citrus (oranges) F2 0.8 1.6 1.7 2.3 2.8 4.2 5.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Dates F3 4.5 11.3 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 15.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Barley NT1 0.8 1.4 1.7 1.7 2.3 2.3 2.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Potatoes NT2 1.3 2.6 2.8 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ANGOLA Coffee X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 4.5 10 10 11.5 11.5 11.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F2 4 10 10 10 10 10 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wheat F3 4.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 2.1 5 5 7.7 7.7 7.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sweet potatoes NT2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. BENIN Cotton (seed cotton) X1 65.0 110.0 100.0 105.0 95.0 100.0 100.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Palm kernels X2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 40.0 65.0 68.0 64.0 55.0 85.0 58.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F2 46.0 65.0 72.0 67.0 60.0 60.0 63.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 30.0 15.0 20.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 17.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Yams NT2 32.0 50.0 58.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. BOTSWANA Groundnuts (in shell) X1 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. BURKINA FASO Cotton (seed cotton) X1 55.0 97.2 89.7 94.4 94.6 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 110.8 110.8 110.8 Groundnuts (in shell) X2 54.0 50.0 60.0 55.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 103.2 83.2 78.2 111.5 156.4 159.7 193.0 179.0 155.0 169.0 Sesame seed X3 70.0 80.0 55.0 65.0 85.0 80.0 80.0 199.0 199.0 199.0 199.0 199.0 199.0 199.0 274.0 288.0 217.0 Sorghum F1 45.0 40.0 45.0 40.0 45.0 60.0 60.0 62.0 50.0 47.0 67.0 94.0 96.0 116.0 91.0 69.0 108.0 Millet F2 45.0 40.0 45.0 40.0 45.0 60.0 60.0 65.0 56.0 55.0 76.0 110.0 106.0 129.0 99.0 75.0 120.0 Maize F3 45.0 45.0 55.0 45.0 50.0 65.0 60.0 62.0 52.0 48.0 74.0 96.0 97.0 105.0 80.0 66.0 100.0 BURUNDI Coffee (green) X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 437.5 450.0 450.0 600.0 725.0 825.0 1050.0 1125.0 1125.0 1125.0 Tea X2 100.0 145.0 150.0 156.2 162.2 167.9 173.2 26.0 26.0 26.0 33.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 65.0 75.0 75.0 Cotton (seed cotton) X3 36.1 51.9 52.6 55.3 57.8 60.2 62.4 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 75.0 85.0 95.0 100.0 120.0 135.0 Maize F1 25.0 37.6 39.4 42.3 45.1 47.7 50.2 50.0 60.0 50.0 52.0 80.0 150.0 160.0 135.9 182.3 182.5 Sorghum F2 20.0 26.2 27.0 28.1 29.3 30.6 32.0 43.0 49.0 79.0 82.0 150.0 200.0 140.0 199.9 270.0 244.7 Rice F3 25.0 32.1 33.6 35.1 36.7 38.3 40.0 44.0 50.0 60.0 68.0 78.0 100.0 135.0 135.0 200.0 200.0 Millet F4 20.0 26.4 27.3 28.4 29.6 31.0 32.4 33.1 39.7 33.1 34.4 52.9 99.2 105.8 89.9 120.5 120.7 Bananas NT1 6.0 7.6 7.8 8.1 8.4 8.7 9.0 46.0 51.0 89.4 100.8 93.7 129.5 121.1 156.0 274.3 288.0 Cassava NT1 10.9 9.3 9.7 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.7 30.0 50.0 70.0 52.0 100.0 155.0 200.0 133.9 208.0 193.8 CAMEROON Coffee (Arabica) X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 125.0 125.0 400.0 450.0 450.0 425.0 425.0 425.0 350.0 380.9 Cocoa (grade 1, superior) X2 300.0 420.0 420.0 42.0 250.0 220.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 225.0 480.0 320.0 350.0 650.0 575.0 450.0 489.7 Cotton (seed cotton) X3 70.0 130.0 130.0 140.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 85.0 130.0 135.0 160.0 160.0 175.0 175.0 170.0 185.0 Maize F1 60.0 83.2 76.8 82.4 57.0 51.7 55.0 75.0 68.3 61.6 76.0 95.0 100.0 101.0 120.0 116.6 126.9 Sorghum F2 40.0 38.9 60.6 47.2 43.0 77.9 80.0 73.0 66.5 60.0 80.0 60.0 90.0 120.0 230.0 223.4 243.1 Millet F3 40.0 38.9 60.6 47.2 43.0 77.9 80.0 116.8 106.4 96.0 128.0 96.0 144.0 192.0 368.0 357.5 389.0 Rice F4 105.0 91.0 64.7 77.5 82.7 53.5 60.0 54.0 54.0 57.0 68.0 95.0 98.0 98.0 106.0 103.0 112.1 Cassava NT1 19.0 48.0 46.6 41.7 41.0 41.0 41.0 50.0 45.2 24.0 36.0 37.0 43.5 45.0 45.0 42.6 46.3 Plantains NT2 25.0 45.3 46.7 47.3 50.0 54.0 58.0 58.0 58.0 65.3 52.0 55.0 50.0 53.0 53.0 41.5 45.1 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Coffee (Robusta, cherries) X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (seed cotton) X2 60.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 68.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F1 30.0 103.5 128.3 107.7 92.5 95.0 97.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F2 40.0 65.3 67.7 104.3 111.6 94.9 99.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Groundnuts (unshelled) F3 70.0 150.0 165.0 171.7 175.0 180.0 185.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 30.0 76.2 89.5 57.5 103.7 105.0 107.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Yams NT2 25.0 107.1 91.0 124.5 86.6 90.0 120.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. CHAD Cotton (seed cotton) X1 80.0 99.0 99.0 97.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F2 31.0 31.0 31.0 48.0 47.0 52.0 62.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Groundnuts F3 64.9 57.0 46.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 70.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. (Table continues on the following page) Agriculture 211 8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued) Local currency per kilogram Category 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 COMOROS Vanilla X1 1150.0 1100.0 1110.0 1137.6 1149.1 1156.2 1168.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cloves X2 1250.0 1505.0 1506.0 1582.8 1626.7 1645.4 1659.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize X3 30.2 34.1 343.0 34.8 35.2 35.5 35.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cocoa beans X4 233.0 273.6 273.9 283.5 288.6 291.4 293.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Bananas F1 50.0 73.8 74.0 76.9 79.1 80.5 81.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 40.0 48.5 48.7 49.7 50.5 51.1 51.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. CONGO, DEM. REP. OF Coffee (Arabica, green beans) X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Palm oil X2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rubber (natural) X3 2.1 75.8 102.3 260.9 407.0 1074.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cocoa (beans) X4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 1.2 7.5 10.1 25.8 40.3 106.4 280.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy) F2 2.0 11.5 17.0 28.7 45.2 119.4 315.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 1.3 3.0 3.9 8.4 13.2 34.7 1090.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Plantains NT2 2.9 8.3 11.2 28.5 44.4 117.2 309.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. CONGO, REPUBLIC OF Coffee X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 115.0 115.0 115.0 115.0 115.0 115.0 200.0 839.6 215.0 210.0 Cocoa X2 134.8 190.0 240.0 108.0 108.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 100.0 102.0 150.0 787.3 190.0 195.0 Maize F1 43.0 73.0 85.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 125.0 125.0 160.0 179.7 187.0 170.6 Cassava NT1 100.0 180.0 200.0 200.0 250.0 250.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 355.0 410.0 579.2 539.0 492.4 Plantains NT2 67.5 180.0 250.0 250.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 90.3 90.3 90.3 86.0 90.0 100.0 110.0 115.8 110.0 103.6 COTE D'IVOIRE Coffee (Robusta, green) X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 232.0 200.0 530.0 700.0 700.0 560.0 560.0 470.0 380.0 421.0 Cocoa (beans) X2 300.0 400.0 400.0 400.0 400.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 315.0 320.0 320.0 430.0 430.0 397.0 364.0 691.0 Palm oil X3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 190.0 190.0 225.0 225.0 160.7 164.6 128.6 123.2 160.7 160.7 Rice (paddy) F1 50.0 84.0 84.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 75.0 75.0 110.0 110.0 150.0 166.7 166.7 170.8 175.0 Maize F2 68.0 76.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 62.0 62.0 75.0 68.0 68.0 80.0 88.9 88.9 91.1 93.3 Cassava NT1 49.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 53.7 81.8 86.9 92.0 102.2 102.2 104.8 107.3 Yams NT2 59.0 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.7 177.8 188.9 200.0 222.2 222.2 227.8 233.3 EGYPT, ARAB REP. Cotton X1 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.7 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.6 2.6 2.6 Rice (96% humidity) X2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 Wheat (94% humidity) F1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Sugarcane F2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Broadbeans NT1 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 EQUATORIAL GUINEA Cocoa (first grade dried beans) X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 250.0 250.0 320.0 325.0 400.0 500.0 450.0 500.0 500.0 400.0 500.0 Coffee (Robusta, cherry) X2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 150.0 150.0 150.0 125.0 600.0 600.0 500.0 400.0 350.0 350.0 300.0 Cassava NT1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 29.7 29.7 38.0 38.6 47.5 59.4 53.4 59.4 59.4 47.5 59.4 Plantains NT2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 36.9 36.9 47.3 48.0 59.1 73.9 66.5 73.9 73.9 59.1 73.9 ETHIOPIA Coffee (Arabica, beans) X1 2.7 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.1 3.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sesame seed X2 .. 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum (mixed) F1 .. 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F2 .. 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Barley (non-white mixed) NT1 .. 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. GABON Cocoa (first quality) X1 320.0 430.0 430.0 370.0 210.0 224.0 224.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Coffee (merchant, processed) X2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 54.5 77.9 77.9 67.0 67.0 71.7 71.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 139.5 171.4 171.4 147.4 147.4 157.7 157.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Yams NT3 124.5 145.6 145.6 125.3 125.3 134.0 134.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. GAMBIA, THE Groundnuts (unshelled) X1 0.5 1.8 1.5 1.1 1.5 1.8 1.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (seed cotton) X2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Palm kernels X3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F1 0.5 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.9 1.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy) F2 0.8 1.7 2.1 2.1 3.4 2.8 2.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F3 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 2.1 1.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F4 0.3 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. (Table continues on the following page.) 212 Agriculture 8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued) Local currency per kilogram Category 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 GHANA Cocoa X1 4.0 80.3 101.3 153.8 160.0 230.0 250.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 4.1 25.0 42.0 48.0 35.8 86.9 69.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F2 5.3 24.2 36.0 83.3 89.7 77.9 113.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Groundnuts F3 8.4 92.0 160.0 202.0 389.0 400.0 493.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 1.5 8.8 10.8 12.9 10.0 10.0 15.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Plantains NT2 1.9 15.0 18.6 43.0 45.9 27.8 26.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. GUINEA Coffee (Robusta) X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Palm kernels X2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy) F1 9.0 85.7 100.0 130.0 150.0 166.0 166.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F2 7.0 74.3 74.3 83.6 83.6 144.0 144.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Groundnuts (unshelled) F3 11.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 213.0 217.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 5.0 40.0 40.0 45.0 45.0 77.0 81.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Plantains NT2 4.5 80.0 80.0 110.0 170.0 200.0 200.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. GUINEA-BISSAU Cashew nuts X1 8.0 38.5 125.0 230.0 350.0 450.0 550.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Groundnuts (unshelled, grade 1) X2 7.5 32.5 40.0 80.0 140.0 225.0 275.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Palm kernels X3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy, grade 1) F1 8.5 37.5 50.0 85.0 180.0 225.0 400.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F2 6.0 32.8 43.7 74.3 157.4 284.3 350.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize (grade 1) F3 4.3 32.8 43.7 74.3 157.4 284.3 350.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. KENYA Coffee (Arabica, washed bean, grade 1-6) X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tea X2 15.9 33.8 25.0 26.8 27.2 35.2 38.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sugar (cane) X3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sisal X4 4.2 7.4 7.1 7.4 8.9 9.2 9.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 1.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.7 2.6 3.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wheat F2 1.6 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.4 4.5 5.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. LESOTHO Wheat X1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Beans X2 0.5 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Peas X3 0.4 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize X4 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. LIBERIA Rubber (nonspec. coagul.) X1 0.8 990.0 990.0 1000.0 1500.0 1500.0 1600.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Coffee (Robusta) X2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cocoa (fair average quality) X3 2.1 2300.0 2300.0 2.4 3.0 3.1 3.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice F1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. LIBYA Wheat F1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Olives F2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Oranges F3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Barley NT1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MADAGASCAR Coffee (Robusta) X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 500.0 500.0 8200.0 6000.0 4570.0 5000.0 6500.0 5500.0 2650.0 2793.1 Vanilla (green) X2 600.0 1100.0 1200.0 1700.0 2000.0 2000.0 2000.0 5000.0 5000.0 8450.0 10000.0 5150.0 10500.0 10500.0 25000.0 66250.0 69827.5 Cloves X3 395.0 525.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 766.0 900.0 1800.0 1850.0 1900.0 1550.0 9000.0 23000.0 24875.0 26218.2 Rice (paddy) F1 42.5 100.0 127.5 180.0 250.0 250.0 274.0 350.0 470.0 648.0 725.0 728.0 858.0 1070.0 1100.0 1290.0 1359.7 Cassava NT1 7.0 55.0 55.0 70.0 80.0 100.0 124.0 210.0 200.0 410.0 594.0 586.0 537.0 995.0 525.0 536.0 565.0 Sweet potatoes NT2 30.0 50.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 100.0 116.0 267.0 347.0 463.0 547.0 751.0 875.0 1171.0 890.0 908.7 957.8 MALAWI Tobacco (flue-cured) X1 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.7 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.4 4.5 8.7 13.7 14.9 24.8 32.3 55.6 Tobacco (Northen division dark-fired, G2) X1 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.7 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.4 4.5 8.7 13.7 14.9 24.8 32.3 55.6 Tea (dry leaves) X2 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 5.0 9.7 15.3 16.7 27.8 36.1 62.3 Groundnuts (in shell) X3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.6 2.5 4.9 7.6 8.3 13.9 18.1 31.1 Cotton (seed cotton) X4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 2.5 4.9 7.6 8.3 13.9 18.1 31.1 Maize F1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.4 2.2 2.4 4.0 5.2 9.0 Sorghum F2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.1 2.1 3.4 3.7 6.1 7.9 13.7 Rice (paddy, grade 1) F3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.5 1.8 3.5 5.5 6.0 10.0 13.0 22.4 Cassava NT1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.8 2.4 4.1 (Table continues on the following page.) Agriculture 213 8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued) Local currency per kilogram Category 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 MALI Cotton (seed cotton) X1 55.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 95.0 85.0 97.5 130.0 155.0 155.0 170.0 185.0 150.0 170.0 Groundnuts (unshelled) X2 40.0 70.0 60.0 62.0 63.0 64.0 65.0 179.0 179.0 162.0 180.0 249.0 223.2 249.2 268.8 172.1 229.9 Millet F1 35.0 55.0 55.0 58.0 60.0 77.0 41.5 45.0 45.0 51.0 97.0 77.0 93.9 124.2 88.4 60.6 80.9 Rice (paddy) F2 37.5 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 66.0 85.0 87.0 118.0 105.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 Sorghum F3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 45.0 38.0 59.0 99.0 77.0 94.1 126.4 86.2 62.2 55.0 Maize F4 35.0 55.0 55.0 58.0 60.0 54.0 35.0 38.0 33.0 55.0 83.0 69.0 107.0 141.3 115.3 76.7 102.4 MAURITANIA Sorghum F1 11.0 15.4 15.4 16.0 16.0 16.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F2 11.0 15.4 15.4 16.0 16.0 16.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy) F3 10.0 14.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F4 15.0 15.0 15.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MAURITIUS Sugarcane X1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tea X2 11.0 9.2 7.4 10.3 10.4 13.5 13.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize (12% moisture) F1 2.0 4.3 4.3 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy, 14% moisture) F2 1.4 4.9 4.9 5.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Potatoes NT1 2.2 1.9 2.5 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Onions NT2 4.2 4.2 4.8 5.8 5.7 7.1 7.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MOROCCO Citrus (oranges) X1 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.7 2.3 2.2 2.9 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.5 1.4 Cotton X3 3.2 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 5.7 5.7 6.2 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Wheat (hard) F1 1.5 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.9 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.5 Sugarbeet (16.5% sugar) F2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Barley NT1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.2 2.0 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.2 MOZAMBIQUE Cashew nuts X1 7.5 13.2 86.0 232.0 325.0 358.0 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (seed, prime grade) X2 11.0 16.0 65.0 175.0 246.0 270.0 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tea X3 25.6 45.0 140.0 378.0 529.0 582.0 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 3.2 10.0 30.0 81.0 113.4 124.7 124.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice F2 6.2 16.0 48.0 130.0 181.4 199.6 199.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 2.0 6.0 15.0 40.0 56.0 62.0 62.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NAMIBIA Wheat F1 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize (white) F2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NIGER Cowpeas X1 45.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (unginned, top grade) X2 62.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 130.0 110.0 70.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Groundnuts (in shell) X3 50.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 132.0 133.0 134.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F1 50.0 80.0 87.6 93.5 98.3 100.7 102.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum (red) F2 50.0 80.0 87.2 93.5 99.5 103.1 106.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NIGERIA Cocoa (bean) X1 1.3 3.5 7.5 11.0 10.1 8.5 10.2 12.7 25.3 61.2 73.4 80.2 89.7 79.6 85.8 83.8 107.3 Palm kernels X2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.7 10.6 14.4 31.7 22.2 16.6 21.0 19.1 20.0 25.6 Cotton (seed cotton) X3 0.4 1.0 4.0 4.5 2.4 2.6 4.2 3.8 5.0 45.0 45.2 37.8 35.8 33.0 40.2 35.0 44.8 Groundnuts (in shell) X4 0.4 1.0 2.3 2.3 4.8 4.3 6.3 6.8 15.2 13.5 20.1 24.1 17.8 21.5 28.1 28.0 35.8 Sorghum F1 0.2 0.6 0.8 1.6 2.0 1.7 3.6 4.7 7.0 5.3 18.6 14.8 19.2 22.6 18.4 19.4 24.8 Millet F2 0.2 0.6 0.6 1.3 2.1 1.7 3.4 5.7 6.6 6.2 9.1 15.7 19.7 25.4 17.9 18.8 24.0 Maize F3 0.2 0.5 0.6 1.6 2.7 2.1 3.3 5.5 7.5 5.6 14.5 17.6 23.3 26.3 19.2 20.2 25.8 Rice (paddy) F4 0.3 1.0 2.3 3.8 6.3 6.3 7.5 12.6 18.8 12.3 14.3 25.8 25.3 32.0 27.0 28.4 36.4 Yams NT1 0.4 1.0 0.9 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.6 5.9 11.7 14.4 18.7 23.7 26.7 28.5 30.3 31.8 40.8 Cassava (gari) NT2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 4.6 4.5 6.6 10.6 11.9 11.5 13.6 14.3 18.3 RWANDA Coffee X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tea X2 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Beans (dry) F1 20.3 22.3 28.6 30.5 38.4 37.9 40.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F2 12.7 20.2 20.2 19.3 23.3 24.5 29.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F3 11.9 15.6 15.4 13.6 24.7 26.9 32.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Bananas NT1 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.6 10.7 12.7 15.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sweet potatoes NT2 5.7 6.1 6.2 5.5 9.4 9.8 9.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. SÃO TOMÉ AND PRINCIPE Cocoa X1 16.5 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 1.9 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 2.1 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. (Table continues on the following page.) 214 Agriculture 8-1. Nominal producer prices (continued) Local currency per kilogram Category 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 SENEGAL Groundnuts (in shell) X1 50.0 90.0 90.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (seed cotton, first quality) X2 60.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F1 40.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy) F2 41.5 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F3 37.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F4 40.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. SIERRA LEONE Cocoa X1 2.1 17.8 30.2 30.2 40.0 51.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Coffee (Robusta) X2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Palm kernels X3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy) F1 0.4 2.8 7.4 22.2 29.0 37.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 0.3 4.9 4.9 14.5 19.0 24.0 29.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. SOMALIA Bananas X1 1.1 6.9 7.7 8.5 9.1 9.5 10.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 5.5 21.4 34.5 30.0 32.1 33.4 35.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F2 5.8 18.9 22.7 25.0 26.7 37.0 39.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sesame (seed) NT1 25.2 61.6 76.4 84.0 89.7 93.5 99.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. SOUTH AFRICA Maize X1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wheat X2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sugar cane X3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Barley F2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. SUDAN Cotton (seed cotton, long-staple, grade 1) X1 0.4 1.8 2.5 4.3 4.8 6.7 14.1 37.2 84.9 12.6 39.2 53.0 82.9 127.0 166.3 154.7 121.7 Groundnuts (El-Obeid, in shell) X2 0.2 1.1 1.2 1.8 4.4 23.5 21.1 2.3 3.5 5.2 12.1 102.1 31.0 41.9 40.0 87.0 56.2 Sesame (El-Obeid, mixed) X3 0.3 1.3 1.6 5.0 6.5 12.7 30.9 4.2 5.5 10.5 37.3 56.7 59.9 91.9 120.3 111.9 88.0 Gum arabic (El-Obeid) X4 0.0 6.8 9.0 9.4 10.2 10.3 18.9 3.5 19.3 44.6 72.6 60.9 55.6 92.0 106.6 116.7 106.9 Sorghum F1 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.9 1.9 11.4 6.6 1.2 1.1 3.7 5.4 12.0 30.7 22.8 21.4 42.6 49.7 Wheat F2 0.2 0.7 1.0 2.3 2.9 5.7 8.3 0.9 1.3 6.7 8.3 25.0 33.3 55.1 63.9 69.9 64.1 SWAZILAND Sugarcane (sucrose) X1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Citrus X2 156.0 383.0 231.0 401.0 408.0 0.5 0.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Pineapple X3 46.0 280.0 200.0 210.0 300.0 400.0 450.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (seed cotton) X4 0.5 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. TANZANIA Coffee (Arabica) (parchment) X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (seed cotton, AR) X2 3.2 16.9 19.5 22.4 28.0 41.0 45.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tea (green leaves) X3 1.5 7.6 9.9 13.4 17.0 20.4 24.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 1.0 6.3 8.2 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F2 1.0 4.8 6.0 6.2 7.8 9.4 11.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice (paddy) F3 1.8 9.6 14.4 17.3 19.0 26.0 31.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F4 1.5 4.8 6.0 6.6 7.3 8.7 10.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava (grade 1, Makopa) NT1 0.7 3.6 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.5 8.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. TOGO Coffee (Robusta) X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 185.0 140.0 350.0 650.0 750.0 891.6 1033.1 1067.9 1003.3 1298.2 Cocoa X2 220.0 330.0 360.0 300.0 225.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 225.0 300.0 550.0 450.0 534.9 619.9 640.7 602.0 682.6 Cotton (seed cotton) X3 52.0 105.0 105.0 95.0 95.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.0 110.0 145.0 180.0 214.0 247.9 256.3 240.8 267.6 Maize F1 68.4 73.0 72.0 79.0 60.0 61.0 58.0 73.0 43.0 62.0 95.0 112.0 132.0 102.0 83.0 86.0 93.7 Sorghum F2 68.0 76.0 66.0 98.0 69.0 68.0 67.0 92.0 64.0 68.0 123.0 160.0 146.0 145.0 148.0 100.0 109.4 Millet F3 66.7 59.0 61.0 87.0 72.0 58.0 75.0 87.0 61.0 52.0 119.0 153.0 147.5 142.0 122.0 87.0 94.6 Cassava NT1 20.3 30.0 32.0 26.0 30.0 23.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 36.0 37.0 53.0 64.0 49.0 47.0 50.4 Yams NT2 48.5 61.0 63.0 63.0 68.0 68.0 66.0 66.0 63.0 59.0 69.0 94.0 105.0 105.0 91.0 93.0 97.4 TUNISIA Olives X1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Citrus (oranges) X2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wheat F1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Barley NT1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. (Table continues on the following page.) Agriculture 215 8-1. Nominal producer prices Local currency per kilogram Category 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 UGANDA Coffee X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (seed cotton) X2 0.2 4.0 19.0 56.0 105.0 175.0 286.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tea (green leaf) X3 0.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 35.0 38.3 45.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet F1 0.2 7.4 17.6 30.7 109.6 134.8 142.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F2 0.1 4.6 11.3 26.0 82.9 72.0 80.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum F3 0.1 5.4 18.3 30.5 84.6 104.0 115.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 0.1 2.3 9.3 22.5 35.5 39.5 76.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Plantains NT2 0.1 3.9 7.5 13.6 46.9 51.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ZAMBIA Cotton (seed cotton) X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tobacco (Virginia) X2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sunflower (seeds) X3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize F1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wheat F2 0.1 0.6 0.9 0.9 1.2 3.2 5.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava NT1 0.2 0.7 1.0 1.4 2.1 4.1 8.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ZIMBABWE Tobacco X1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cotton (seed cotton) X2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sugarcane X3 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize X4 0.8 3.1 2.2 3.9 4.0 6.5 11.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wheat F1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Notes: The categories of crops are defined in the technical notes. Categories are mutually exclusive, and ordering is intended to reflect relative importance of these crops as of 1986-88. In many cases official markets operate simultaneously with parallel or open market activites. Where a large majority of marketed production is believed to pass through the official channels, the official price is also reported as the farmgate price. In most cases, only very rough estimates of the share of marketed production passing through each channel is available. The CPI is based in 1987 rescaled from price index based in 1980. For each country one to four export crops (X1, ..., X4) are presented in order of importance, in terms of value of total production. Similarly, up to three traded food crops (F1, ..., F3) and two nontraded staples (NT1,NT2) are included. 216 Agriculture 8-2. Food price index Average annual Index (average 2000 = 100) percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 13 72 76 83 91 96 98 100 105 112 115 .. 10.0 5.2 excluding South Africa 19 73 77 84 91 96 98 100 105 112 114 .. 7.9 5.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 25 73 78 83 92 96 98 100 105 112 113 .. 6.4 4.9 Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. 66 78 89 92 99 99 100 102 108 105 .. -0.3 4.6 Botswana .. 61 67 76 84 89 95 100 103 112 125 .. 11.4 7.6 Burkina Faso 59 77 86 99 106 113 106 100 109 112 109 .. -0.6 3.3 Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.6 .. Cameroon .. 78 85 88 94 97 98 100 107 112 111 .. .. 3.9 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. 78 96 101 102 99 96 100 105 107 112 .. -1.0 2.5 Chad .. 79 83 95 103 106 93 100 119 126 124 .. -2.9 5.0 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 31 71 76 81 90 101 105 100 98 103 97 .. 0.4 3.9 Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 32 84 94 90 91 93 101 100 85 80 92 .. 8.0 -0.1 Gabon 44 84 91 91 97 100 99 100 105 105 107 .. 0.5 2.5 Gambia, The 13 83 90 91 93 96 100 100 99 .. .. .. 14.6 2.5 Ghana 0 26 41 56 68 82 89 100 123 146 182 .. 23.3 21.1 Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 9 75 73 79 92 95 97 100 102 104 .. .. 16.1 4.8 Lesotho 10 63 71 79 83 88 93 100 105 141 .. .. 14.2 8.6 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 4 39 59 71 74 78 88 100 102 117 113 .. 13.9 10.9 Malawi 1 15 29 42 46 58 84 100 120 139 146 .. 20.3 26.9 Mali 52 82 93 104 104 105 105 100 108 116 111 .. -0.4 2.6 Mauritania .. 71 76 82 85 93 96 100 .. .. .. .. 2.1 6.0 Mauritius 25 73 78 82 86 93 99 100 104 177 182 .. 7.1 10.0 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. 67 75 80 86 89 94 100 111 133 144 .. 13.8 8.2 Niger 56 69 76 84 92 102 97 100 100 105 100 .. -2.5 4.0 Nigeria 1 37 64 84 91 97 98 100 128 142 153 .. 28.7 13.4 Rwanda .. 54 65 80 97 116 99 100 106 105 119 .. 7.3 7.4 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 41 87 95 97 99 101 101 100 105 110 109 .. 1.0 2.2 Seychelles 73 98 98 95 97 100 99 100 105 106 .. .. 1.9 1.0 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 9 66 72 76 83 88 93 100 105 122 132 .. 16.7 7.6 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 9 57 69 78 89 94 110 100 107 130 146 .. 13.6 9.4 Tanzania 1 40 53 64 75 86 94 100 106 110 115 .. 30.5 11.6 Togo 45 76 86 91 104 101 101 100 100 100 95 .. 0.2 2.1 Uganda .. 72 75 80 86 93 99 100 97 92 .. .. .. 4.0 Zambia 0 23 30 44 53 66 82 100 119 151 184 .. 96.7 25.3 Zimbabwe 1 15 19 24 29 40 67 100 164 408 2,238 .. 21.1 62.6 NORTH AFRICA 28 75 81 89 93 96 98 100 101 106 110 .. 8.7 3.8 Algeria 8 58 74 90 95 101 102 100 104 106 111 .. 16.0 5.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 71 79 85 88 92 98 100 101 105 110 .. 16.8 4.5 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 34 90 97 97 96 99 99 100 99 103 105 .. 5.1 1.2 Tunisia 28 78 84 87 91 94 96 100 102 106 110 .. 6.7 3.6 ALL AFRICA 19 72 78 84 91 96 98 100 105 110 112 .. 9.2 4.9 Agriculture 217 8-3. Food production index Average annual Index (average 1999-01 = 100) percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 59 85 85 92 91 95 98 99 102 103 105 0.9 3.1 2.5 excluding South Africa 57 84 86 91 91 95 98 99 103 102 105 0.9 3.3 2.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 64 85 86 92 91 95 98 99 103 102 105 1.0 2.2 2.4 Angola 57 77 77 80 80 92 88 100 112 112 114 -0.7 2.2 5.3 Benin 39 71 76 81 88 91 96 102 102 108 134 3.2 4.3 6.1 Botswana 83 107 125 121 110 105 94 99 108 108 107 0.7 0.8 -1.2 Burkina Faso 39 78 83 91 82 98 101 85 114 112 121 2.4 4.8 4.6 Burundi 83 96 103 103 104 98 100 96 105 107 107 0.5 1.8 0.7 Cameroon 50 78 83 88 88 93 98 100 102 102 103 0.8 3.8 3.2 Cape Verde 42 62 78 77 78 86 106 97 97 91 93 1.0 5.3 4.2 Central African Republic 57 79 81 90 89 91 93 101 106 106 108 1.9 3.1 3.7 Chad 56 78 81 83 93 108 98 93 109 108 111 1.2 4.0 4.0 Comoros 65 89 89 92 91 96 98 100 102 103 103 0.4 3.7 1.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 86 125 107 106 102 104 102 100 99 98 98 2.4 2.7 -2.0 Congo, Rep. of 67 86 90 93 94 93 99 100 101 105 106 2.3 0.8 2.2 Côte d'Ivoire 51 77 87 93 93 94 99 102 99 96 97 3.6 2.7 2.1 Djibouti 58 90 92 94 95 97 101 100 100 100 107 11.4 0.6 1.6 Equatorial Guinea 58 90 94 96 97 94 102 100 98 92 93 0.0 5.2 0.3 Eritrea .. 96 88 84 82 122 110 91 100 75 85 .. .. -0.8 Ethiopia .. 72 80 93 93 87 92 99 109 107 107 .. .. 4.2 Gabon 70 88 89 94 95 98 98 101 101 101 101 3.4 2.1 1.6 Gambia, The 51 64 62 50 64 62 90 101 109 65 72 -1.0 -2.0 4.3 Ghana 39 70 80 86 84 92 98 99 103 113 116 -1.7 4.9 5.3 Guinea 63 83 85 88 92 95 99 98 103 107 108 1.0 3.5 3.1 Guinea-Bissau 47 77 80 83 89 91 96 100 104 101 102 3.3 2.5 3.5 Kenya 50 84 83 87 87 93 100 98 102 99 99 2.3 3.8 2.4 Lesotho 89 105 84 108 105 94 96 100 105 98 105 0.9 0.0 0.5 Liberia 90 72 69 76 89 96 97 103 100 96 97 2.2 -4.5 4.3 Madagascar 75 91 95 96 98 97 100 99 102 100 103 1.2 1.4 1.1 Malawi 47 47 56 66 62 78 89 103 109 78 88 1.8 -0.2 7.5 Mali 58 88 86 89 89 96 105 94 101 100 105 3.0 3.4 2.1 Mauritania 74 83 88 94 95 98 98 102 100 105 107 2.8 1.8 2.5 Mauritius 77 95 102 103 112 108 81 101 117 102 107 -0.3 0.7 0.6 Mozambique 78 68 81 92 98 105 106 95 100 101 104 -1.4 -0.7 3.5 Namibia 109 111 105 116 84 95 100 106 94 98 98 -2.6 3.1 -1.2 Niger 70 86 78 88 72 112 100 92 108 112 120 2.7 5.2 4.4 Nigeria 37 83 85 89 92 97 100 100 100 103 105 0.4 8.3 2.6 Rwanda 81 58 68 76 80 89 97 104 99 125 113 3.8 -1.3 7.9 São Tomé and Principe 66 78 74 81 91 93 97 101 102 102 102 -2.8 2.1 3.8 Senegal 45 78 87 80 75 75 103 101 95 72 79 -3.8 2.6 0.6 Seychelles 100 86 108 105 107 96 101 100 99 99 99 -0.5 -3.0 0.1 Sierra Leone 103 119 111 117 123 114 102 94 103 108 110 0.8 0.4 -1.5 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 79 93 79 95 97 90 95 105 100 106 106 0.6 1.7 2.4 Sudan 60 84 86 95 95 99 97 98 105 102 113 1.3 3.2 2.7 Swaziland 89 106 101 106 100 98 105 98 96 101 102 3.8 0.4 -0.5 Tanzania 67 87 94 95 84 97 98 101 102 105 103 3.5 0.8 1.9 Togo 61 84 85 99 103 99 105 98 97 104 104 1.0 3.1 1.9 Uganda 53 83 87 82 85 92 96 99 105 108 109 -2.5 3.5 3.5 Zambia 67 95 86 104 96 91 104 100 96 96 107 -1.3 2.8 1.0 Zimbabwe 69 90 67 92 96 86 94 105 100 83 86 -1.7 -0.2 1.1 NORTH AFRICA 51 81 80 100 90 98 101 98 101 104 113 1.6 4.0 3.2 Algeria 55 77 91 107 85 98 101 95 104 105 120 0.1 3.5 3.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. 44 73 80 87 91 91 97 102 101 105 108 2.1 4.2 4.1 Libya 62 83 91 95 100 104 109 97 94 99 101 4.9 2.2 1.4 Morocco 57 106 72 113 96 111 103 94 103 112 121 2.0 4.2 2.3 Tunisia 62 70 68 122 82 105 115 98 87 82 105 0.4 3.8 2.4 ALL AFRICA 57 84 85 93 91 96 99 99 102 103 106 1.0 3.3 2.6 218 Agriculture 8-4. Nonfood production index Average annual Index (average 1999-01 = 100) percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 79 90 94 105 100 100 99 99 101 101 98 0.1 0.4 0.6 excluding South Africa 77 88 94 106 100 100 99 99 101 101 98 0.5 0.7 0.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 79 90 95 106 100 100 99 99 101 101 98 0.1 0.2 0.6 Angola 257 97 101 99 105 104 98 103 99 89 89 -20.3 -4.1 -1.0 Benin 5 74 94 120 112 108 89 110 102 125 107 8.0 13.0 2.6 Botswana 113 113 113 113 91 84 87 107 107 91 91 0.0 0.0 -1.9 Burkina Faso 22 59 56 77 126 119 105 95 100 140 142 8.9 4.9 9.3 Burundi 91 162 112 107 82 83 122 89 89 139 94 5.5 1.3 -2.2 Cameroon 64 78 89 106 82 99 101 99 100 88 88 3.8 0.0 0.8 Cape Verde 440 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 -2.8 -16.9 0.0 Central African Republic 114 118 114 170 163 135 92 105 104 103 86 -0.6 -4.5 -4.6 Chad 47 91 91 127 153 95 110 86 104 105 73 -4.3 4.0 -2.1 Comoros 82 95 95 97 97 99 99 101 101 101 103 0.6 1.1 0.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 189 160 154 140 137 118 108 100 92 86 96 0.7 -3.1 -6.9 Congo, Rep. of 191 112 114 109 94 75 98 100 102 105 106 -0.9 -3.4 -0.6 Côte d'Ivoire 55 62 63 63 86 104 108 112 80 79 76 0.9 2.9 3.3 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 171 143 129 114 97 94 100 100 100 100 100 2.2 -3.2 -3.3 Eritrea .. 102 99 100 99 99 99 97 104 98 98 .. .. -0.2 Ethiopia .. 94 101 108 102 101 97 101 103 99 99 .. .. 0.0 Gabon 9 40 46 68 93 100 100 100 99 101 100 19.5 6.0 10.2 Gambia, The 587 1,440 900 840 548 173 144 84 72 156 180 22.5 8.8 -25.7 Ghana 41 87 91 117 123 152 115 106 79 66 71 -5.6 16.3 -4.0 Guinea 24 63 60 52 59 73 86 107 108 71 71 1.1 15.5 4.8 Guinea-Bissau 79 46 77 77 69 69 92 92 115 115 115 67.6 -10.6 9.0 Kenya 52 84 99 103 90 102 95 99 106 103 108 6.6 2.3 1.8 Lesotho 97 197 201 130 138 95 95 103 103 103 103 2.0 5.4 -7.4 Liberia 93 13 16 32 66 73 96 101 103 104 104 1.1 -17.5 26.6 Madagascar 117 116 106 109 100 102 106 95 99 96 97 -0.5 -1.5 -1.7 Malawi 62 102 134 148 158 128 99 109 92 83 86 6.8 4.7 -5.1 Mali 23 72 94 105 121 122 110 56 134 101 146 5.1 7.9 3.5 Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius 249 269 217 157 119 105 104 93 104 90 92 5.5 -3.4 -10.7 Mozambique 108 62 61 62 81 97 97 84 118 121 121 -7.0 5.3 9.0 Namibia 151 71 69 70 77 82 100 100 100 106 100 -6.7 -2.4 5.6 Niger 19 40 62 46 51 43 124 110 66 76 21 -4.9 1.1 0.4 Nigeria 32 66 77 89 94 96 99 100 101 103 98 -8.2 13.3 3.9 Rwanda 74 32 81 77 88 92 96 95 109 103 93 6.7 -6.0 8.4 São Tomé and Principe 184 67 52 64 138 110 178 55 67 61 61 1.1 -3.6 -1.1 Senegal 75 126 138 169 170 48 50 92 157 149 230 1.0 2.2 2.3 Seychelles 18 104 95 94 114 105 99 104 97 93 95 7.6 11.6 -0.7 Sierra Leone 71 184 166 166 195 166 97 97 107 107 107 14.2 2.3 -7.5 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 157 100 93 99 90 101 109 92 99 81 76 0.8 -3.5 -1.9 Sudan 122 90 119 133 110 97 92 94 114 103 118 -1.9 -9.2 0.1 Swaziland 163 78 47 104 166 122 152 84 65 44 44 -3.5 -2.5 -5.7 Tanzania 86 82 112 121 113 101 92 91 117 100 95 -1.6 2.1 -0.2 Togo 25 95 82 107 117 132 99 95 106 132 129 6.0 10.0 3.2 Uganda 46 80 75 113 91 93 114 86 100 111 110 -6.2 1.1 3.1 Zambia 27 50 27 46 67 64 153 73 75 76 73 4.2 2.7 9.0 Zimbabwe 55 76 75 92 98 110 92 109 99 80 83 2.1 2.3 1.0 NORTH AFRICA 96 96 93 99 106 101 93 102 105 104 99 3.0 0.1 0.7 Algeria 96 112 108 105 115 115 93 102 106 104 104 5.4 -0.4 -0.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 195 96 93 129 128 88 90 87 124 107 77 0.6 -2.9 -1.4 Libya 90 82 88 94 96 88 100 100 101 101 101 -0.1 0.2 2.0 Morocco 58 90 90 96 106 112 93 102 105 105 99 1.8 0.2 1.2 Tunisia 97 101 105 99 97 101 94 104 102 100 94 4.0 0.8 -0.5 ALL AFRICA 84 91 94 104 100 100 99 100 101 101 98 1.3 -0.2 0.6 Agriculture 219 8-5. Food production per capita index Average annual Index (average 1999-01 = 100) percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 115 99 97 102 100 100 101 100 99 98 98 -1.8 -0.2 -0.1 excluding South Africa 112 99 97 102 100 100 101 100 99 98 97 -1.7 -0.2 -0.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 115 99 97 102 100 100 101 100 99 98 98 -1.9 -0.3 -0.1 Angola 101 91 88 89 86 98 91 101 109 106 104 -3.5 -0.5 2.4 Benin 69 83 87 90 95 95 99 102 100 103 124 0.4 1.1 3.4 Botswana 144 122 139 131 116 109 95 99 106 105 104 -2.7 -2.1 -3.1 Burkina Faso 69 92 96 102 89 104 104 85 111 106 111 0.1 1.8 1.6 Burundi 126 101 107 107 108 101 102 96 103 102 99 -2.1 -0.6 -0.7 Cameroon 86 91 93 96 94 97 100 100 100 98 97 -2.0 0.9 0.8 Cape Verde 63 71 87 84 83 90 108 97 95 88 88 -0.1 3.1 2.0 Central African Republic 92 89 90 97 94 95 95 101 104 103 104 -0.6 0.7 1.8 Chad 98 94 95 94 102 115 101 93 106 101 102 -0.8 1.1 0.8 Comoros 118 106 103 104 100 101 101 100 99 97 95 -3.2 0.8 -1.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 150 141 117 113 108 108 104 100 96 93 90 -0.7 -0.6 -4.0 Congo, Rep. of 128 104 106 106 103 99 101 100 98 100 98 -0.9 -2.5 -0.8 Côte d'Ivoire 95 86 96 100 98 97 100 102 98 93 92 -0.9 -0.7 0.2 Djibouti 117 107 108 107 105 103 103 99 97 96 101 4.7 -3.9 -1.2 Equatorial Guinea 120 105 107 106 104 99 104 100 96 87 86 -2.2 2.6 -2.3 Eritrea .. 113 102 96 91 130 113 91 96 70 76 .. .. -3.8 Ethiopia .. 85 91 103 101 92 95 99 106 102 100 .. .. 1.4 Gabon 127 103 101 103 102 103 101 100 99 97 96 0.4 -1.1 -0.8 Gambia, The 102 79 74 57 71 66 93 101 106 62 66 -4.2 -5.5 1.1 Ghana 70 80 90 94 90 96 100 99 100 108 109 -4.3 2.0 2.9 Guinea 109 95 94 95 97 99 100 98 102 104 104 -1.7 0.4 1.2 Guinea-Bissau 81 92 92 93 97 96 99 101 101 95 94 -0.1 -0.4 0.6 Kenya 93 96 93 94 92 96 102 98 100 96 94 -1.5 0.3 0.4 Lesotho 125 113 89 112 108 95 96 100 104 97 104 -1.4 -1.6 -0.5 Liberia 142 102 95 99 109 109 103 102 95 87 85 -1.0 -3.9 -1.6 Madagascar 132 109 109 108 107 103 103 99 99 95 94 -1.6 -1.4 -1.8 Malawi 87 54 64 73 68 82 91 103 106 75 82 -1.3 -3.9 5.1 Mali 98 104 99 100 97 101 108 94 98 94 96 0.6 0.8 -0.7 Mauritania 122 98 101 106 103 104 101 102 97 99 98 0.3 -0.6 -0.4 Mauritius 95 102 108 108 116 110 82 102 116 100 104 -1.7 -0.2 -0.4 Mozambique 115 78 91 100 104 109 108 95 98 98 99 -3.8 -2.2 1.3 Namibia 202 132 121 129 90 100 102 106 92 94 93 -4.5 -0.7 -3.6 Niger 134 106 93 102 80 120 104 92 104 104 108 -0.5 1.8 0.8 Nigeria 65 98 98 100 100 102 103 100 97 98 97 -2.6 5.1 -0.1 Rwanda 121 84 102 108 104 104 103 103 94 116 104 0.8 -0.6 1.2 São Tomé and Principe 104 91 84 90 98 98 100 101 99 97 94 -5.2 -0.3 1.2 Senegal 75 90 98 88 81 78 106 101 93 68 74 -6.5 -0.2 -1.8 Seychelles 123 92 113 109 110 99 102 100 97 98 97 -1.9 -4.1 -0.8 Sierra Leone 141 129 121 127 131 120 106 94 100 100 98 -1.1 -1.2 -3.6 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 119 102 85 100 100 92 96 105 99 105 104 -1.8 -0.5 1.1 Sudan 98 97 97 104 102 103 99 98 103 98 106 -1.7 1.0 0.4 Swaziland 156 120 112 116 106 102 107 98 95 99 99 0.7 -2.7 -2.3 Tanzania 125 101 106 105 90 101 100 101 100 101 97 0.3 -2.5 -0.4 Togo 110 102 100 113 113 106 108 97 94 99 97 -1.6 0.4 -1.2 Uganda 100 99 101 93 93 98 99 100 101 102 99 -5.3 0.1 0.4 Zambia 117 108 96 113 102 95 105 100 95 94 103 -4.5 -0.1 -0.9 Zimbabwe 120 99 72 97 100 88 95 105 99 81 84 -5.0 -3.3 -0.2 NORTH AFRICA 89 86 88 115 96 107 104 97 99 101 102 -2.0 0.6 1.1 Algeria 89 86 99 115 89 101 102 95 103 101 114 -3.0 0.9 1.5 Egypt, Arab Rep. 68 82 88 94 96 95 99 102 99 101 102 -0.2 2.0 2.1 Libya 107 93 100 103 106 108 111 97 92 95 95 0.3 -0.2 -0.6 Morocco 85 117 78 121 101 115 104 94 102 109 115 -0.4 2.1 0.6 Tunisia 90 75 73 127 85 107 116 98 86 81 102 -2.2 1.7 1.2 ALL AFRICA 108 98 96 103 100 101 102 100 99 98 98 -1.6 0.0 0.0 220 Agriculture 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop Average annual* Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 75-84 85-89 90-MR ALGERIA Wheat 1,511 750 714 1,500 2,983 662 2,280 1,470 760 2,039 1,502 2,965 2,600 0.1 0.4 0.3 Citrus 422 281 376 323 334 351 418 454 433 470 520 515 515 -0.3 0.1 0.2 Dates 201 206 317 285 361 303 387 428 366 437 418 492 450 0.6 0.5 0.3 Barley 794 833 234 585 1,800 191 700 510 163 575 416 1,222 1,200 0.5 -0.1 0.0 Potatoes 591 809 716 1,200 1,150 948 1,100 996 1,208 967 1,333 1,880 1,800 0.0 0.4 0.2 ANGOLA Maize 360 180 201 211 398 370 505 428 395 429 426 545 510 -0.3 0.0 0.3 Millet 57 63 60 61 102 62 89 102 105 148 119 97 96 -0.3 0.4 0.3 Cassava 1,150 1,600 2,379 2,550 2,500 2,326 3,211 3,130 4,433 5,394 5,620 5,699 5,600 -0.1 0.1 0.5 Sweet potatoes 165 165 180 185 188 189 190 182 224 353 423 439 430 0.0 0.0 0.3 BENIN Palm oil* 25 20 9 13 15 9 15 15 15 15 15 .. .. -0.6 -0.3 -0.7 Maize 271 410 492 576 556 701 662 783 750 686 622 938 800 0.5 -0.9 0.2 Sorghum 56 99 113 117 110 120 138 126 155 165 195 187 190 -0.3 0.2 0.2 Cassava 583 937 1,146 1,238 1,457 1,918 1,989 2,113 2,350 2,703 2,452 3,675 4,000 0.0 -0.6 0.5 Yam 694 1,046 1,250 1,286 1,346 1,408 1,584 1,647 1,742 1,701 1,875 2,409 2,500 0.2 0.0 0.3 BOTSWANA Livestock (1,000 heads) 149 317 238 337 349 409 393 369 370 370 430 400 400 -0.4 0.3 0.1 Onions, dry 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 -5.2 0.0 -0.2 Sorghum 29 38 37 38 78 17 9 13 11 15 15 32 32 -1.9 -0.4 -0.2 Maize 12 12 11 2 25 23 2 4 9 10 10 10 10 -2.2 1.0 0.0 Millet 3 2 4 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1.2 -4.2 -0.1 BURKINA FASO Groundnuts 54 134 203 181 221 152 215 283 169 301 324 321 321 0.1 -0.8 0.4 Sorghum 547 751 973 1,266 1,254 943 1,203 1,178 1,016 1,372 1,373 1,519 1,600 0.1 -0.3 0.1 Millet 351 449 831 734 811 604 973 945 726 1,009 995 1,214 1,250 0.2 -0.3 0.2 Maize 105 258 350 212 294 366 378 469 423 606 653 738 739 0.6 -0.4 0.4 Rice 40 48 61 84 112 90 89 94 103 110 89 97 97 0.1 -1.6 0.3 BURUNDI Maize 9 13 11 14 11 17 11 10 9 10 11 11 11 0.0 0.1 -0.1 Sorghum 52 64 45 66 66 68 67 60 61 69 73 74 74 1.0 0.1 0.0 Rice 10 40 38 27 42 65 41 59 52 61 63 63 65 0.3 0.8 0.2 Millet 9 13 11 14 11 17 11 10 9 10 11 11 11 0.0 0.1 -0.1 Bananas 1,100 1,547 1,487 1,421 1,544 1,543 1,399 1,511 1,514 1,549 1,603 1,600 1,600 -0.1 0.1 0.0 Cassava 400 569 527 501 549 603 622 617 657 713 750 750 710 0.1 0.1 0.1 CAMEROON Maize 414 369 524 618 750 760 793 785 741 739 750 750 750 -0.1 0.2 0.2 Sorghum 331 329 350 460 439 400 500 272 420 505 525 550 550 0.3 -2.0 0.1 Millets 100 63 50 66 71 70 65 60 52 50 50 50 50 0.2 -2.5 -0.1 Rice 46 55 36 35 36 37 53 67 61 62 62 62 62 0.3 -0.8 0.2 Cassava 980 1,588 1,715 1,780 1,848 1,918 1,966 1,889 1,918 1,947 1,950 1,950 1,950 0.2 -0.2 0.1 Plantains 1,020 870 1,211 1,250 1,290 1,326 1,359 1,157 1,164 1,187 1,200 1,200 1,200 0.3 -0.5 0.1 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Sorghum 36 20 21 22 26 28 29 36 33 40 113 119 119 0.2 -1.2 0.6 Maize 41 51 63 71 76 83 88 95 101 107 113 119 119 0.2 -0.6 0.3 Groundnuts 123 80 79 86 91 98 102 110 105 122 128 134 134 0.0 -0.2 0.3 Cassava 920 547 518 492 526 579 608 559 560 562 563 563 563 0.0 -0.3 0.0 Yam 150 230 280 320 340 340 360 360 380 380 350 350 350 -0.1 0.0 0.2 CHAD Sorghum 250 280 481 437 353 427 514 457 392 497 481 560 560 -0.5 -0.5 0.2 Millet 200 168 320 228 258 248 357 361 259 398 357 430 430 -0.4 -1.0 0.3 Groundnuts 99 108 207 293 305 352 471 372 359 448 450 450 450 0.0 0.0 0.4 COMOROS Bananas 32 48 57 56 57 53 57 58 59 60 61 60 60 0.1 0.6 0.1 Cassava 33 41 48 49 50 51 52 53 53 54 55 55 55 -0.2 1.1 0.1 CONGO, DEM. REP. OF Palm oil* 170 178 182 171 196 186 168 169 168 168 167 170 .. .. .. 0.0 Maize 594 1,008 1,184 1,008 1,101 1,167 1,215 1,199 1,184 1,169 1,155 1,155 1,155 0.2 0.2 0.1 Rice 234 392 426 366 348 322 363 350 338 326 314 315 315 0.1 0.2 -0.1 Cassava 13,087 18,715 19,102 16,870 16,887 16,402 17,060 16,500 15,959 15,436 14,929 14,945 14,951 0.1 0.1 -0.1 Plantains 1,563 2,097 2,262 1,394 1,349 1,145 1,143 1,154 1,178 1,216 1,250 1,250 1,250 0.1 0.0 -0.2 CONGO, REP. OF Maize 9 5 5 8 8 9 10 6 6 7 7 7 7 -0.7 0.0 0.1 Cassava 628 700 723 747 772 780 739 812 828 845 862 880 880 0.2 0.1 0.1 Plantains 56 68 78 77 76 76 71 68 70 71 71 71 71 0 0.2 0.0 (Table continues on the following page.) Agriculture 221 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop (continued) Average annual* Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 75-84 85-89 90-MR COTE D'IVOIRE Palm oil* 131 193 276 268 297 249 269 264 278 205 276 .. .. .. .. 0.1 Rice 420 660 701 764 1,139 1,287 1,197 1,208 1,231 1,212 818 820 820 0.0 0.1 0.2 Maize 380 497 536 552 569 574 573 815 693 573 550 625 625 0.4 0.0 0.1 Cassava 1,010 1,393 1,564 1,608 1,653 1,699 1,692 1,681 1,691 1,688 1,700 1,700 1,700 0.1 0.1 0.1 Yams 2,040 2,528 2,824 2,869 2,924 2,987 2,921 2,944 2,950 2,938 3,000 3,000 3,000 0.1 0.0 0.0 EGYPT, ARAB REP. Rice 2,382 3,167 4,583 4,788 4,895 5,480 4,474 5,817 6,000 5,227 6,105 6,174 6,000 0.1 0.2 0.2 Wheat 1,736 4,268 4,437 5,722 5,735 5,849 6,093 6,347 6,564 6,255 6,625 6,845 7,178 0.1 1.0 0.2 Sugarcane 8,618 11,095 13,822 14,105 13,958 13,726 14,353 15,254 15,706 15,572 16,016 16,335 16,335 0.0 -0.6 0.1 Dry broadbeans 213 451 357 392 442 476 523 307 354 439 401 400 400 -0.2 0.5 0.0 EQUATORIAL GUINEA Cassava 32 45 47 47 48 45 43 45 45 45 45 45 45 0.0 0.1 0.0 Sweet potatoes 21 30 35 35 36 35 34 36 36 36 36 36 36 0.1 0.1 0.0 ETHIOPIA Sorghum 0 0 703 1,141 1,808 2,040 1,083 1,334 1,188 1,541 1,566 1,600 1,400 .. .. 0.2 Maize 0 0 1,396 1,990 3,164 2,987 2,344 2,832 2,683 3,298 2,968 3,000 2,800 .. .. 0.3 Barley 0 0 875 986 1,125 953 983 962 804 1,017 1,093 850 850 .. .. 0.0 Sugarcane 0 0 1,200 1,200 1,582 1,490 1,650 2,086 2,177 2,232 2,232 2,235 2,235 .. .. 0.3 GABON Oil palm* 2 3 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 .. .. .. .. 0.2 Maize 10 23 30 29 28 28 25 25 26 33 31 31 31 0.3 0.5 0.1 Cassava 250 210 197 202 214 221 227 224 228 230 230 230 230 0.2 0.2 0.0 Yam 79 110 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 155 155 155 155 0.3 0.2 0.1 Plantains 175 220 244 237 258 263 274 265 270 270 270 270 270 0.3 -0.1 0.0 GAMBIA,THE Groundnuts 60 75 81 75 46 78 73 123 138 151 72 76 73 -0.2 0.7 0.1 Palm oil* 67 130 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 .. .. .. .. -1.2 Millet 15 47 53 54 61 66 65 81 95 105 85 100 90 0.7 -0.1 0.3 Rice 43 21 20 19 18 13 19 32 34 33 20 21 22 0.9 -0.7 0.1 Maize 6 14 13 14 10 8 13 20 22 29 19 25 25 0.6 -0.6 0.2 Sorghum 5 8 9 12 14 13 10 18 25 33 15 25 25 0.6 -0.6 0.4 GHANA Maize 382 553 940 1,034 1,008 996 1,035 1,014 1,013 938 1,400 1,289 1,125 0.3 0.1 0.2 Millet 82 75 168 201 193 144 172 160 169 134 159 176 190 -0.2 1.4 0.1 Groundnuts 142 113 176 168 162 154 212 193 209 258 520 439 439 0.3 0.1 0.6 Cassava 1,858 2,717 6,025 6,611 7,111 7,000 7,172 7,845 8,107 8,966 9,731 10,239 9,828 0.1 0.0 0.3 Plantains 734 799 1,475 1,638 1,823 1,818 1,913 2,046 1,933 2,074 2,279 2,329 2,380 -0.4 -0.3 0.3 GUINEA Palm oil* 40 40 50 50 55 55 50 50 50 50 50 .. .. .. .. 0.1 Rice 480 424 544 631 673 716 764 816 739 789 843 845 845 0.0 -0.1 0.2 Maize 90 74 83 79 82 85 89 92 95 99 103 90 90 0.3 -0.5 0.1 Groundnuts 84 78 126 132 145 158 174 191 206 226 248 252 252 0.0 -0.1 0.4 Cassava 480 372 525 601 667 776 812 900 925 1,026 1,138 1,150 1,150 -0.3 -0.6 0.4 Plantains 350 385 420 425 435 430 429 429 430 430 430 430 430 0.2 0.0 0.0 GUINEA-BISSAU Groundnuts 30 18 18 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 -0.1 -0.7 0.1 Palm kernels* 10 10 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 .. .. .. .. 0.0 Rice 42 123 131 133 120 100 87 80 106 85 88 97 97 -0.2 0.0 -0.2 Sorghum 18 11 14 16 22 12 11 15 21 15 15 15 15 0.9 -1.2 0.1 Maize 12 14 14 15 9 15 15 25 26 28 22 20 20 0.4 0.2 0.3 KENYA Sugarcane 4,532 4,750 3,800 4,550 4,650 4,450 4,661 4,416 3,942 3,551 4,502 4,500 4,500 0.7 0.2 0.0 Maize 1,620 2,290 3,060 2,699 2,160 2,214 2,400 2,322 2,160 2,776 2,340 2,300 2,300 -0.4 -0.4 0.0 Wheat 216 190 297 313 290 227 263 212 204 252 234 210 210 0.2 -0.4 0.1 LESOTHO Sorghum 59 36 61 7 36 29 23 33 21 45 38 46 46 0.2 -1.0 0.3 LIBERIA Rice 243 180 50 56 94 168 209 196 183 145 110 110 110 0.0 0.1 0.1 Cassava 300 380 250 175 213 282 307 361 441 480 480 480 480 0.1 0.4 0.2 LIBYA Wheat 141 129 120 117 124 156 140 130 125 130 125 125 125 0.8 0.0 0.0 Wheat 28 33 12 11 31 34 27 15 51 37 45 51 51 -1.0 1.4 0.5 Dry beans 4 8 3 5 7 14 8 9 14 8 7 8 8 -1.3 0.1 0.4 Dry peas 5 3 1 1 4 3 5 3 6 4 3 3 3 -0.4 -1.1 0.4 Maize 106 172 149 63 188 142 119 125 107 158 108 150 150 0 0.0 0.2 Olives 161 68 140 168 186 190 200 275 165 150 150 148 148 0.8 -1.8 0.3 MADAGASCAR Rice, paddy 2,109 2,420 2,357 2,450 2,500 2,558 2,447 2,570 2,480 2,662 2,604 2,800 2,800 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cassava 1,683 2,292 2,360 2,400 2,353 2,418 2,412 2,461 2,463 2,510 2,366 2,367 2,367 0.2 -0.2 0.0 Sweet potatoes 373 486 560 450 500 510 510 520 513 525 493 509 509 -0.2 0.1 0.0 (Table continues on the following page.) 222 Agriculture 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop (continued) Average annual* Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 75-84 85-89 90-MR MALAWI Groundnuts 177 37 31 32 40 69 97 125 117 148 158 190 161 0.0 -0.5 0.6 Maize 1,186 1,343 1,040 1,661 1,793 1,226 1,772 2,479 2,501 1,589 1,557 1,983 1,733 0.1 -0.2 0.2 Sorghum 20 15 17 45 55 40 41 41 37 37 39 45 45 -2.2 -1.1 0.5 Cassava 292 145 250 328 535 714 830 895 2,757 3,313 1,540 1,735 2,559 0.1 -0.5 1.1 MALI Groundnuts 144 180 215 157 134 144 152 278 193 140 121 156 156 -0.7 -0.2 0.0 Millet 407 737 898 707 739 641 814 819 759 793 795 815 815 0.1 -0.6 0.0 Rice 132 282 469 476 627 576 718 727 743 941 710 693 693 -0.3 0.3 0.3 Sorghum 356 531 746 712 541 560 600 689 565 518 642 650 650 0.2 0.3 0.0 Maize 45 197 322 266 294 343 393 620 215 302 364 365 365 -0.3 -0.2 0.2 MAURITANIA Sorghum 28 45 147 157 145 58 73 95 85 53 29 68 68 0.2 0.3 0.0 Millet 3 3 7 8 8 3 3 6 4 5 77 77 77 0.3 0.8 1.0 Rice 11 52 45 53 67 81 102 86 76 59 77 77 77 1.4 1.5 0.2 Maize 5 2 6 4 14 12 11 5 14 6 5 6 6 0.1 -3.2 0.3 MAURITIUS Sugarcane 4,564 5,548 4,813 5,159 5,260 5,787 5,781 3,883 5,110 5,792 4,874 5,199 5,199 -0.1 0.1 0.0 Potatoes 12 18 18 16 11 18 15 15 14 16 13 12 12 0.1 0.1 -0.1 Dry onions 2 3 5 6 6 5 7 9 11 11 7 4 4 0.8 -0.7 0.3 MOROCCO Citrus 1,084 1,039 1,320 999 1,394 1,231 1,599 1,316 1,426 988 1,152 1,325 1,139 0.3 -0.3 0.0 Wheat 1,811 3,614 5,523 1,091 5,916 2,316 4,378 2,154 1,381 3,316 3,359 5,147 5,540 0.1 -0.9 0.2 Sugarbeet 2,241 2,984 3,144 2,717 2,750 2,613 2,823 3,236 2,883 2,836 2,987 3,429 4,560 0.3 0.2 0.1 Barley 2,210 2,138 3,720 608 3,831 1,324 1,970 1,474 467 1,155 1,669 2,620 2,760 0.1 -2.1 0.1 MOZAMBIQUE Cashew nuts 71 23 23 33 67 43 52 59 58 58 58 58 58 -0.6 0.6 0.3 Maize 380 453 489 734 947 1,042 1,124 1,246 1,019 934 1,236 1,248 1,248 -0.2 -1.2 0.5 Rice 75 96 101 113 139 180 191 186 151 168 168 200 200 0.3 0.0 0.5 Cassava 3,600 4,590 3,352 4,178 4,734 5,337 5,639 5,353 5,362 5,988 5,925 6,150 6,150 0.1 0.1 0.2 NAMIBIA Wheat 2 4 6 6 6 6 5 4 3 6 10 8 8 0.8 -0.2 0.1 Maize 32 29 41 18 19 49 18 19 32 28 28 33 33 0.1 -2.2 0.0 NIGER Cowpeas 266 217 525 184 295 199 787 436 269 350 400 549 549 0.3 -0.3 0.3 Groundnuts 126 18 67 103 196 88 112 104 113 129 100 209 209 0.2 -0.2 0.7 Sorghum 368 281 393 266 408 290 503 476 371 656 700 720 580 0.1 -0.2 0.3 Millet 1,364 1,766 1,968 1,769 1,761 1,352 2,391 2,296 1,679 2,414 2,500 2,500 2,500 0.2 -1.2 0.2 NIGERIA Groundnuts 471 1,166 1,453 1,579 2,278 2,531 2,534 2,894 2,901 2,683 2,699 2,700 2,700 -0.1 -0.5 0.3 Palm oil* 650 700 837 860 776 810 845 896 899 903 905 .. .. .. .. 0.1 Sorghum 3,690 4,185 6,197 6,997 7,084 7,297 7,516 7,520 7,711 7,081 7,704 8,100 8,100 0.0 0.0 0.2 Millet 2,354 5,136 4,757 5,563 5,681 5,902 5,956 5,960 6,105 5,530 6,100 6,100 6,100 -0.1 0.1 0.1 Maize 612 5,768 6,902 6,931 5,667 5,254 5,127 5,476 4,107 4,620 4,934 5,150 5,150 -0.3 1.0 -0.1 Rice 1,090 2,500 2,427 2,920 3,122 3,268 3,275 3,277 3,298 2,752 3,192 4,952 4,952 1.4 0.9 0.1 Yam 5,248 13,624 23,153 22,818 23,201 23,972 24,768 25,873 26,201 26,374 26,849 27,000 27,000 -0.2 -0.1 0.2 Cassava 11,500 19,043 31,005 31,404 31,418 32,050 32,695 32,697 32,010 32,586 34,476 33,379 33,379 0.1 0.4 0.1 RWANDA Sorghum 179 143 55 77 102 122 121 108 155 176 184 172 164 0.2 -0.1 0.1 Maize 85 101 67 56 67 83 59 55 63 81 92 79 88 0.2 -0.4 -0.1 Plantains 2,063 2,777 1,489 2,002 2,105 2,248 2,625 2,897 2,212 1,784 2,785 2,408 2,470 0.2 0.2 0.0 Sweet potatoes 871 818 739 551 665 742 751 863 1,033 1,156 1,292 868 908 0.3 -0.1 0.0 SENEGAL Groundnuts 523 703 678 791 646 545 579 1,014 1,062 944 501 375 465 0.1 0.7 -0.1 Millet 451 505 548 667 601 426 428 675 600 470 415 628 628 0.4 0.8 0.0 Rice 65 181 162 155 149 174 124 240 202 244 172 232 232 0.3 0.0 0.1 Palm kernels* 33 33 32 29 31 32 26 22 22 23 23 .. .. .. .. -0.2 Rice 513 504 405 356 392 411 328 247 199 230 250 250 250 -0.2 -0.1 -0.3 Cassava 95 123 244 219 281 310 289 240 241 300 340 377 390 0.1 0.1 0.4 SOMALIA* Bananas 72 105 55 43 50 55 55 48 50 55 60 60 .. .. .. -0.1 Maize 108 299 79 150 146 142 128 150 143 155 145 201 .. .. .. -0.1 Maize 57 133 108 107 89 60 44 66 79 106 80 401 401 0.2 0.0 0.2 Sorghum 102 157 123 127 133 118 120 147 144 140 117 190 190 0.4 -0.5 0.2 SIERRA LEONE Palm oil* 45 49 50 45 48 51 40 36 36 36 36 .. .. .. .. -0.2 Sorghum 140 334 80 252 136 145 153 79 130 160 110 173 .. .. .. -0.3 Sesame 41 50 22 22 25 23 24 21 22 23 25 25 .. .. .. -0.2 (Table continues on the following page.) Agriculture 223 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crop Average annual* Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 75-84 85-89 90-MR SOUTH AFRICA Maize 11,040 9,180 13,275 4,866 10,171 10,136 7,693 7,946 11,431 7,772 10,076 9,705 8,311 0.1 0.2 0.1 Wheat 1,472 1,709 1,840 1,977 2,712 2,429 1,892 1,733 2,428 2,504 2,293 1,511 2,050 0.0 0.5 0.0 Sugarcane 14,062 18,083 15,683 16,714 20,951 22,155 22,930 21,223 23,876 21,157 23,013 20,419 19,292 -0.1 0.3 0.1 Sorghum 711 341 520 291 536 433 358 224 473 206 265 264 365 0.3 0.5 0.0 Barley 60 262 275 300 176 182 204 92 116 157 180 238 208 0.2 1.5 -0.1 SUDAN Groundnuts 712 123 714 738 815 1,104 776 1,047 947 990 1,267 1,200 1,200 -0.4 -0.4 0.7 Sesame 221 80 170 313 416 281 262 329 282 296 122 325 325 -0.3 0.2 0.3 Sorghum 2,084 1,180 3,648 2,450 4,179 2,870 4,284 2,347 2,488 4,394 2,825 5,188 5,188 -0.2 -3.3 0.2 Wheat 231 409 475 448 527 642 585 172 214 303 247 332 332 -0.5 0.2 -0.3 SWAZILAND Sugarcane 2,782 3,842 3,786 3,440 3,846 3,694 3,887 4,323 3,885 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 0.4 0.0 0.0 Citrus (oranges) 45 35 48 29 33 33 31 35 36 36 36 36 36 0.0 -0.8 0.0 Maize 97 104 84 149 119 138 118 124 91 74 76 70 70 -0.1 -0.7 -0.1 TANZANIA Maize 1,726 2,445 2,159 2,874 2,648 1,831 2,685 2,452 2,551 2,698 2,705 2,430 2,430 0.1 0.4 0.0 Sorghum 510 464 478 839 872 499 563 561 664 736 834 630 650 0.7 0.4 0.1 Rice 291 740 614 623 807 550 849 778 782 514 640 640 647 -0.2 0.7 0.0 Millet 340 200 218 342 585 347 236 194 219 207 300 270 270 0.6 0.1 0.0 Cassava 4,828 7,792 7,209 5,969 5,994 5,704 7,033 7,182 7,120 6,884 6,888 6,890 6,890 0.1 -0.5 0.0 TOGO Maize 138 285 348 290 388 452 350 494 482 464 510 516 516 0.4 0.4 0.2 Sorghum 95 115 110 172 156 152 137 142 151 142 169 177 177 -0.4 -0.4 0.1 Millet 43 58 58 74 55 49 41 39 37 41 52 50 50 -1.2 0.2 -0.1 Cassava 408 593 532 602 548 596 579 694 701 652 728 724 724 0.2 -0.5 0.1 Yam 484 392 484 531 605 683 696 666 563 549 575 569 569 0.2 -0.2 0.2 TUNISIA Olive oil* 85 130 70 60 310 90 180 225 110 95 30 .. .. .. .. 0.0 Citrus 160 282 255 235 260 261 279 261 276 306 312 313 313 0.2 0.3 0.0 Wheat 869 1,122 503 531 2,018 885 1,354 1,390 842 1,118 422 1,984 1,300 0.3 2.8 0.0 Barley 296 478 145 80 835 160 303 408 241 233 90 290 395 0.9 3.9 -0.2 UGANDA Millet 459 560 610 632 440 502 642 606 534 584 590 584 584 -0.3 0.4 0.0 Maize 286 602 850 913 759 740 924 1,053 1,096 1,174 1,217 1,200 1,200 -0.5 0.5 0.3 Sorghum 299 360 390 399 298 294 420 413 361 423 427 395 395 -0.2 0.2 0.0 Cassava 2,072 3,420 2,080 2,224 2,245 2,291 3,204 4,875 4,966 5,265 5,373 5,400 5,400 -0.4 0.3 0.3 Plantains 5,699 7,842 8,500 9,012 9,144 9,303 9,318 8,949 9,428 9,732 9,888 10,000 10,000 -0.3 0.2 0.1 ZAMBIA Sunflower seeds 28 20 10 14 26 7 6 6 19 9 602 1,161 1,161 0.4 -1.9 1.3 Maize 937 1,093 1,021 738 1,409 960 638 822 882 602 602 1,161 1,161 -0.7 -0.4 -0.1 Wheat 10 55 61 38 58 71 64 69 75 80 75 100 100 0.9 1.3 0.2 Cassava 315 640 744 744 744 702 817 971 815 950 950 950 950 0.3 0.4 0.2 ZIMBABWE Sugarcane 2,528 3,093 3,420 3,773 2,826 4,651 4,811 4,657 4,228 4,700 4,200 4,000 4,000 0.1 -0.3 0.5 Maize 1,511 1,972 2,326 840 2,609 2,192 1,418 1,520 2,108 1,467 499 803 1,000 -0.1 -2.3 -0.1 Wheat 191 326 239 83 280 300 280 320 250 250 150 90 80 0.2 -0.2 -0.1 Notes: Crops shown represent same major food crops as in Table 8-1, Nominal producer prices, excluding beverages (coffee, tea, cocoa), cotton, and tobacco. The following commodities are in their least-processed form unless otherwise indicated: Groundnuts, unshelled Rice, paddy Sunflower, seeds Citrus, total for country Sesame, seeds Livestock = combined total head of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, asses, and mules Chickens/rabbits = combined total Somalia*: Data as of 2003 has been produced for Somalia since FAO's database does not have any data for Somalia this year. 224 Agriculture 8-7. Value of agricultural exports Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) percentage growth 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12,212 10,099 10,711 10,358 9,563 9,258 9,317 11,506 13,108 14,312 13,368 1.8 0.3 5.5 excluding South Africa 9,695 8,582 8,699 8,440 7,725 7,467 7,738 9,389 10,823 11,823 10,904 2.0 -0.6 5.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 9,249 8,141 8,444 8,210 7,511 7,277 7,462 9,062 10,420 11,281 10,383 2.4 -0.5 5.0 Angola 172 22 16 6 5 5 3 1 5 6 6 -12.8 -34.7 61.6 Benin 55 44 79 84 86 93 83 115 201 188 198 3.0 3.8 16.9 Botswana 51 74 79 79 90 91 96 97 132 115 115 5.2 3.5 3.8 Burkina Faso 80 87 66 116 94 86 93 80 141 123 119 5.3 4.4 11.2 Burundi 64 127 73 69 88 67 53 113 96 32 82 8.8 -4.2 -18.8 Cameroon 699 510 661 563 341 364 245 393 565 624 504 2.6 -5.2 8.9 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17.7 0.0 -3.0 Central African Republic 60 54 69 45 46 33 36 37 51 28 33 6.8 -4.8 -8.5 Chad 115 112 114 134 136 127 84 118 145 127 135 13.2 -1.3 2.8 Comoros 7 18 13 11 20 16 18 8 7 4 4 8.6 3.0 -23.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 235 165 182 141 78 83 53 93 135 102 95 -1.7 -14.7 -2.1 Congo, Rep. of 13 10 7 15 14 17 9 7 11 16 15 -1.7 -3.5 28.8 Côte d'Ivoire 2,009 1,735 1,807 1,615 1,532 1,434 1,605 1,557 2,216 2,421 2,001 7.0 -3.8 8.8 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 96.6 -1.9 5.6 Equatorial Guinea 12 12 8 8 6 6 3 4 4 7 4 -4.0 -15.4 9.6 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 4 2 2 2 .. .. -11.0 Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. 193 362 409 426 526 .. .. 12.3 Gabon 14 8 7 3 6 7 4 5 8 10 10 13.3 -6.1 27.9 Gambia, The 28 13 10 14 12 11 15 15 16 16 12 -5.0 -5.3 -7.7 Ghana 744 482 426 413 369 319 302 358 393 638 616 -5.1 -3.4 23.5 Guinea 33 32 31 27 23 31 43 45 61 43 48 5.3 7.0 -1.2 Guinea-Bissau 6 13 10 13 16 4 14 32 21 22 22 9.0 5.7 -11.0 Kenya 693 735 669 687 641 812 975 1,044 1,153 1,165 1,157 6.5 2.4 3.2 Lesotho 16 25 21 13 12 13 12 13 12 9 9 7.0 -2.4 -15.3 Liberia 151 119 135 23 27 23 32 24 13 13 20 5.7 -18.7 -6.1 Madagascar 334 180 206 176 157 143 133 237 200 138 92 2.6 -4.7 -27.6 Malawi 251 274 249 376 462 371 286 288 389 383 359 9.2 3.4 6.7 Mali 192 208 240 251 267 266 251 239 270 312 271 12.3 3.7 5.3 Mauritania 39 33 34 44 47 48 49 31 38 40 40 7.3 3.0 9.4 Mauritius 302 356 346 379 365 402 367 367 420 501 405 -1.1 5.8 4.8 Mozambique 157 47 44 41 45 53 26 64 67 50 50 -8.0 0.5 -10.0 Namibia 188 161 170 147 180 200 185 201 199 202 201 -8.0 9.5 0.0 Niger 86 50 54 62 65 55 48 48 45 45 45 8.4 -2.3 -1.8 Nigeria 446 440 255 230 214 189 275 327 403 542 522 -4.4 -3.5 18.6 Rwanda 66 99 113 95 85 60 52 14 42 39 38 5.5 -11.6 34.3 São Tomé and Principe 19 6 5 4 4 4 4 5 2 3 3 0.1 -7.0 -10.8 Senegal 115 153 204 219 135 126 91 126 115 87 58 -5.6 -0.4 -23.0 Seychelles 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 -1.8 -2.3 10.3 Sierra Leone 59 31 21 18 24 11 9 21 15 16 14 -0.3 -13.4 -10.6 Somalia 125 76 75 74 41 62 60 68 75 76 76 4.9 -3.3 3.6 South Africa 2,517 1,517 2,012 1,918 1,838 1,792 1,580 2,118 2,284 2,489 2,464 0.6 5.4 5.5 Sudan 553 507 662 550 381 367 455 471 501 565 556 1.9 -0.4 6.3 Swaziland 211 272 253 347 339 306 265 283 291 311 300 6.7 9.9 2.4 Tanzania 406 289 299 279 243 281 303 379 431 496 400 -0.2 0.8 3.1 Togo 77 100 92 120 101 125 75 76 127 133 128 5.4 0.7 17.7 Uganda 344 284 280 173 167 134 180 425 469 491 405 1.1 -6.7 -1.0 Zambia 13 13 20 24 29 36 27 16 32 46 50 -8.1 7.7 46.7 Zimbabwe 453 608 592 750 731 584 617 1,177 895 1,207 1,157 4.4 5.9 2.5 NORTH AFRICA 1,544 1,310 1,296 1,406 1,591 1,396 1,313 1,708 1,892 1,876 1,895 -2.1 2.2 3.1 Algeria 120 30 35 50 54 76 97 35 108 137 91 -12.7 4.9 36.5 Egypt, Arab Rep. 677 514 532 427 391 401 360 553 536 521 442 -1.9 -6.0 -6.7 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -58.1 66.1 20.6 Morocco 606 572 520 647 670 581 509 598 780 896 832 0.4 5.8 11.9 Tunisia 140 193 208 282 477 338 347 523 468 322 530 -2.7 13.7 -3.2 ALL AFRICA 13,756 11,408 12,007 11,764 11,154 10,654 10,630 13,214 15,000 16,188 15,263 1.2 0.5 5.2 Agriculture 225 8-8. Cereal production Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 52,149 87,625 79,279 93,198 88,350 88,265 89,055 90,982 90,620 91,389 94,997 -0.1 3.3 0.9 excluding South Africa 38,776 71,658 71,788 79,550 75,120 78,074 79,021 76,485 79,914 78,500 83,229 0.6 3.5 1.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 30,988 51,285 49,276 57,885 53,267 56,034 56,616 55,115 59,800 56,410 58,772 0.4 2.5 1.6 Angola 435 285 296 525 457 621 550 520 597 566 663 -6.0 -0.2 8.7 Benin 346 645 734 714 877 867 974 993 943 926 1,232 3.0 3.2 5.1 Botswana 44 52 42 111 42 13 18 22 27 27 44 -20.5 12.9 -12.7 Burkina Faso 1,048 2,232 2,308 2,482 2,014 2,657 2,700 2,286 3,109 3,119 3,582 0.3 6.3 4.0 Burundi 217 225 269 273 305 261 265 245 273 282 283 3.9 1.1 1.0 Cameroon 892 961 1,180 1,296 1,267 1,412 1,185 1,275 1,356 1,388 1,412 -1.6 2.8 3.0 Cape Verde 9 8 8 10 5 5 36 24 20 5 10 2.1 11.4 7.7 Central African Republic 100 101 113 126 138 148 161 166 183 193 202 1.4 -3.4 8.2 Chad 573 1,175 907 878 986 1,312 1,231 930 1,321 1,212 1,423 -5.2 6.8 2.7 Comoros 18 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 1.4 2.7 0.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 889 1,708 1,475 1,557 1,584 1,675 1,648 1,623 1,600 1,574 1,569 3.9 4.8 0.1 Congo, Rep. of 12 7 9 10 10 11 7 8 8 8 8 -6.2 -12.3 -0.8 Côte d'Ivoire 860 1,331 1,409 1,793 1,961 1,873 2,121 2,039 1,898 1,477 1,560 2.6 2.3 2.8 Djibouti .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. 6.1 0.0 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. 259 123 83 95 458 319 121 208 63 105 .. .. -3.4 Ethiopia .. 5,245 6,740 9,379 9,473 7,197 8,379 8,005 9,578 9,112 8,966 .. .. 4.8 Gabon 11 31 29 29 28 26 26 27 34 32 32 5.7 7.0 0.6 Gambia, The 70 95 98 103 100 106 151 176 200 139 171 7.0 -0.1 8.9 Ghana 674 1,594 1,797 1,770 1,669 1,788 1,686 1,711 1,627 2,155 2,041 -0.6 5.3 1.4 Guinea 725 718 825 876 927 982 1,042 973 1,031 1,094 1,087 1.2 0.8 4.6 Guinea-Bissau 93 190 201 175 140 139 145 178 160 150 156 8.3 1.8 -2.5 Kenya 2,233 3,663 3,275 2,714 2,711 2,962 2,802 2,591 3,285 2,790 2,766 -2.3 2.3 -1.9 Lesotho 194 223 81 257 206 169 174 179 242 191 248 -4.8 -0.2 3.0 Liberia 243 50 56 94 168 209 196 183 145 110 110 2.2 -17.0 13.3 Madagascar 2,238 2,517 2,642 2,685 2,742 2,610 2,756 2,660 2,853 2,787 2,992 0.5 1.5 1.0 Malawi 1,252 1,109 1,778 1,943 1,349 1,904 2,636 2,631 1,742 1,711 2,142 0.6 -1.1 5.0 Mali 968 2,457 2,189 2,219 2,138 2,548 2,894 2,310 2,584 2,532 2,543 0.5 5.3 1.7 Mauritania 47 207 222 234 154 189 194 180 124 113 153 1.8 6.5 -7.2 Mauritius 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -0.9 -14.3 -4.7 Mozambique 663 791 1,127 1,379 1,531 1,688 1,822 1,473 1,477 1,768 1,811 -1.0 -2.3 7.5 Namibia 74 116 66 89 185 70 74 121 107 100 97 3.7 0.4 0.9 Niger 1,775 2,430 2,096 2,232 1,719 2,973 2,853 2,127 3,161 3,289 3,309 3.2 5.6 4.9 Nigeria 7,788 20,373 22,513 21,665 21,853 22,040 22,405 21,370 20,114 22,090 24,457 1.3 6.2 0.0 Rwanda 273 131 143 183 223 194 179 240 285 308 298 4.4 -5.3 10.2 São Tomé and Principe 0 4 4 5 4 1 1 2 3 3 3 1.5 23.4 -9.5 Senegal 676 943 1,059 976 781 717 1,131 1,026 962 785 1,452 -1.6 0.6 -0.9 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 551 466 408 444 467 373 280 222 259 294 283 -1.0 -0.5 -8.1 Somalia 2,673 4,052 2,850 2,900 2,840 2,318 2,758 3,729 3,049 3,049 .. 8.2 -8.9 -0.8 South Africa 13,373 15,967 7,491 13,648 13,230 10,191 10,035 14,498 10,707 12,888 11,768 -3.3 1.3 0.1 Sudan 2,701 5,146 3,305 5,202 4,209 5,583 3,066 3,259 5,339 3,721 6,380 -3.5 6.7 -1.8 Swaziland 105 86 152 121 139 119 125 92 75 77 71 -4.2 -6.6 -5.2 Tanzania 2,961 3,534 4,759 5,001 3,309 4,450 4,073 4,312 4,247 4,560 4,046 5.8 0.6 1.0 Togo 296 572 591 687 748 624 759 737 715 804 816 4.1 4.5 3.5 Uganda 1,078 1,936 2,030 1,588 1,625 2,085 2,178 2,112 2,309 2,368 2,311 -4.5 7.2 3.5 Zambia 984 1,188 870 1,573 1,137 798 1,003 1,050 750 745 1,329 -6.3 0.1 -5.3 Zimbabwe 1,989 2,780 987 3,146 2,784 1,878 1,996 2,537 1,896 761 1,049 -4.1 -2.7 -6.4 NORTH AFRICA 16,445 26,447 20,798 34,592 24,311 29,512 27,296 24,351 27,406 27,401 34,531 -0.3 4.5 0.6 Algeria 2,419 965 2,140 4,902 870 3,026 2,021 935 2,659 1,953 4,266 -2.5 -2.0 1.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. 8,100 15,012 16,097 16,542 18,071 17,964 19,401 20,106 18,561 19,425 19,796 1.0 7.2 3.3 Libya 215 165 146 160 207 213 214 218 220 214 215 4.2 -4.1 5.0 Morocco 4,515 9,639 1,783 10,104 4,098 6,632 3,846 2,002 4,607 5,293 7,972 -2.2 0.4 -4.6 Tunisia 1,197 667 631 2,884 1,065 1,676 1,814 1,091 1,359 516 2,282 0.5 3.2 -0.2 ALL AFRICA 68,594 114,072 100,077 127,790 112,661 117,777 116,351 115,334 118,026 118,790 129,528 -0.2 3.6 0.8 226 Agriculture 8-9. Crop production index Average annual Index (average 1999-01 = 100) percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 59 81 85 85 94 93 96 99 99 102 101 0.0 3.1 2.4 excluding South Africa 56 81 84 86 93 92 97 99 98 103 101 0.0 3.3 2.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 63 82 85 86 94 92 97 99 97 104 101 0.2 1.9 2.4 Angola 60 63 77 75 77 73 89 83 100 117 118 -5.5 2.2 6.4 Benin 28 69 69 79 87 91 93 95 104 102 112 3.2 6.8 5.2 Botswana 90 97 106 95 137 102 87 94 99 107 106 -4.4 3.4 -0.6 Burkina Faso 35 83 73 77 89 85 104 103 82 115 120 2.4 4.8 5.5 Burundi 81 112 96 102 103 103 96 101 95 104 109 1.0 1.6 0.6 Cameroon 51 71 76 83 90 87 94 98 100 101 100 0.6 3.3 3.5 Cape Verde 72 67 62 61 81 71 74 107 97 96 86 1.8 0.1 6.0 Central African Republic 75 74 81 86 94 97 99 97 100 103 103 0.0 0.8 2.8 Chad 46 56 78 80 87 99 110 98 90 112 109 -1.1 4.3 4.1 Comoros 61 86 88 88 92 91 95 97 100 102 101 0.8 4.2 2.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 89 126 128 108 107 103 104 102 100 98 97 2.4 2.5 -2.5 Congo, Rep. of 70 82 88 93 96 96 92 98 100 101 104 1.9 0.4 1.8 Côte d'Ivoire 51 72 74 83 89 92 96 100 104 96 92 3.1 2.6 2.8 Djibouti 55 87 89 90 92 95 96 99 100 100 100 29.2 2.5 1.7 Equatorial Guinea 69 96 96 98 98 97 94 102 100 98 93 0.5 3.5 0.0 Eritrea .. 70 115 97 78 75 151 122 81 97 58 .. .. -3.6 Ethiopia .. 69 70 81 96 96 87 93 98 109 107 .. .. 4.4 Gabon 64 84 86 87 92 95 98 98 101 102 102 5.0 2.4 2.2 Gambia, The 45 58 61 58 44 59 57 89 101 111 61 -0.9 -2.5 7.0 Ghana 37 73 68 80 86 84 93 99 99 102 113 -2.4 5.5 5.5 Guinea 62 80 83 84 86 90 94 98 98 103 104 1.0 3.8 3.2 Guinea-Bissau 44 73 74 78 80 87 89 95 100 104 101 3.8 2.1 4.5 Kenya 49 75 84 86 91 86 98 102 94 104 97 1.7 4.1 2.3 Lesotho 73 71 96 58 108 104 88 90 101 109 96 -3.7 1.7 2.7 Liberia 91 59 50 50 61 82 90 98 103 100 97 1.8 -7.8 10.3 Madagascar 79 99 94 96 98 99 97 100 98 102 99 0.5 1.1 0.7 Malawi 48 69 53 67 77 77 85 90 103 107 77 2.4 1.1 6.2 Mali 37 71 84 86 92 96 104 111 80 109 95 0.3 6.0 1.8 Mauritania 44 87 105 116 121 113 114 110 105 86 89 2.8 5.0 -3.1 Mauritius 87 109 99 107 106 116 114 80 103 117 98 0.0 -0.4 -0.4 Mozambique 76 64 63 77 89 97 106 106 94 100 103 -2.3 -0.6 5.1 Namibia 63 70 84 74 85 114 84 91 104 105 109 2.0 0.8 3.8 Niger 61 60 86 70 86 63 118 102 88 109 112 2.2 6.0 5.1 Nigeria 33 80 82 85 89 93 97 100 101 99 103 -0.7 9.7 2.8 Rwanda 83 83 55 69 77 81 90 97 104 99 126 4.0 -1.7 9.1 São Tomé and Principe 68 75 79 73 81 91 94 98 101 101 102 -3.1 1.8 4.3 Senegal 46 76 74 86 77 69 66 104 101 94 63 -4.9 1.2 1.0 Seychelles 208 98 117 134 141 131 122 114 92 94 97 -3.0 -6.6 -4.6 Sierra Leone 107 120 128 118 125 132 120 103 94 103 108 1.0 0.3 -3.1 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 83 85 95 76 100 99 91 98 106 96 104 -0.1 1.1 2.0 Sudan 69 67 89 88 107 101 102 95 94 111 100 -2.3 0.9 1.4 Swaziland 84 92 95 89 97 103 100 111 95 95 94 4.1 -0.7 0.3 Tanzania 75 89 86 94 101 86 100 98 100 102 103 3.1 0.0 1.8 Togo 54 85 87 86 103 108 107 105 97 98 110 1.5 4.0 2.0 Uganda 53 83 84 88 86 86 93 97 99 104 107 -3.5 3.3 3.2 Zambia 62 111 91 77 105 94 85 113 97 90 91 -2.3 2.1 0.8 Zimbabwe 61 81 85 65 96 103 99 93 109 98 72 -0.3 0.4 1.2 NORTH AFRICA 58 82 83 79 109 90 101 102 97 101 105 0.8 3.2 2.6 Algeria 65 86 72 89 119 81 100 105 89 106 108 -1.8 2.0 3.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. 50 76 73 81 89 90 89 97 102 100 104 2.2 3.8 4.1 Libya 63 81 85 91 95 101 101 108 98 93 95 4.1 1.8 1.1 Morocco 65 83 121 69 135 100 124 104 91 105 116 0.8 3.2 0.6 Tunisia 72 108 69 66 139 82 110 123 97 81 80 0.4 3.5 1.5 ALL AFRICA 59 82 85 84 96 92 97 100 98 102 102 0.2 3.1 2.4 Agriculture 227 8-10. Fertilizer use Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,973 2,169 1,957 1,834 2,100 2,006 2,008 2,056 1,971 1,994 2,344 4.4 0.8 1.5 excluding South Africa 909 1,326 1,204 1,067 1,296 1,245 1,225 1,279 1,231 1,232 1,379 5.4 2.7 1.5 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 735 865 908 884 1,122 1,108 1,062 1,111 1,043 1,011 1,212 2.5 1.3 2.4 Angola 17 8 10 8 6 2 3 3 1 0 0 -0.5 -3.7 -25.3 Benin 1 17 17 36 31 39 38 57 35 31 48 7.5 7.3 7.5 Botswana 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 -5.7 2.9 16.3 Burkina Faso 4 21 23 24 24 43 50 43 34 2 2 23.4 6.6 -25.6 Burundi 1 4 3 3 3 1 4 4 4 4 3 11.4 5.2 2.5 Cameroon 32 22 30 30 34 39 40 50 46 53 35 12.5 -9.0 5.3 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.6 .. 17.8 Central African Republic 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 -11.1 -7.3 12.2 Chad 1 5 7 9 12 8 17 18 18 18 18 -4.9 2.3 13.1 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 8 4 10 9 6 0 3 1 1 2 11 0.1 -1.2 -15.8 Congo, Rep. of 1 2 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 0 4.0 -5.1 -8.2 Côte d'Ivoire 53 54 65 66 71 110 90 71 67 69 109 1.8 5.0 2.8 Djibouti 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -44.2 .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 .. .. Eritrea .. 1 1 2 5 6 7 11 11 5 4 .. .. 18.1 Ethiopia .. 76 116 134 178 132 164 168 157 135 150 .. .. 1.8 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28.5 -19.7 -1.3 Gambia, The 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 7.9 -15.4 -0.7 Ghana 12 8 8 10 17 21 15 15 12 31 31 -0.9 -2.0 14.2 Guinea 0 2 4 5 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 -15.8 22.5 -3.7 Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 9.8 -9.7 38.2 Kenya 62 100 130 78 161 134 127 148 146 150 143 5.5 2.0 3.8 Lesotho 5 6 5 6 6 6 6 5 8 11 11 18.1 4.5 9.5 Liberia 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -11.1 -6.7 .. Madagascar 9 11 11 13 17 10 9 8 9 9 9 3.1 2.8 -5.2 Malawi 33 74 21 44 58 57 50 50 50 27 193 12.4 2.5 12.4 Mali 14 25 25 27 27 48 46 50 40 42 42 14.3 -0.6 7.2 Mauritania 1 5 4 4 5 2 2 2 0 3 3 -9.6 22.8 -5.3 Mauritius 27 26 29 32 38 33 33 35 38 29 25 0.7 -0.1 -1.5 Mozambique 28 3 6 8 8 7 8 8 14 25 25 6.2 1.1 18.8 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 24.6 Niger 3 2 6 10 9 1 1 4 5 5 5 23.0 -2.5 -4.1 Nigeria 174 461 296 183 174 138 163 168 188 221 166 23.6 6.1 -2.3 Rwanda 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 11.8 -1.7 49.3 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 19 24 26 16 22 23 26 38 38 30 33 -10.2 1.4 7.8 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 2 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 -3.5 1.4 -34.7 Somalia 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7.3 8.1 0.0 South Africa 1,064 843 752 767 804 761 783 777 740 763 965 3.6 -1.6 1.4 Sudan 81 53 58 52 95 77 38 39 41 84 69 2.1 -3.3 -0.4 Swaziland 20 12 5 5 4 5 6 6 6 7 7 4.0 -1.7 5.2 Tanzania 36 36 36 27 31 40 31 21 22 8 7 -0.2 0.0 -17.4 Togo 3 10 11 16 18 17 17 17 20 19 17 8.6 2.6 4.1 Uganda 1 2 2 1 1 1 4 4 7 6 9 -16.2 18.7 34.2 Zambia 79 85 59 55 51 57 37 34 31 36 65 2.3 -0.4 -3.8 Zimbabwe 173 159 171 145 168 175 175 185 165 152 110 1.6 0.4 -2.6 NORTH AFRICA 1,221 1,660 1,421 1,621 1,645 1,661 1,768 1,836 1,886 1,947 1,930 5.7 -0.7 3.6 Algeria 236 131 119 46 38 97 108 93 92 105 98 1.6 -9.4 5.8 Egypt, Arab Rep. 664 988 843 1,126 1,158 1,079 1,171 1,180 1,260 1,308 1,269 6.5 0.2 4.0 Libya 53 111 75 89 62 62 51 87 55 73 62 12.9 1.3 -2.0 Morocco 207 334 295 282 290 327 325 365 367 360 399 4.5 1.1 4.3 Tunisia 62 95 89 77 97 97 114 112 111 100 102 6.6 -0.3 3.0 ALL AFRICA 3,194 3,829 3,378 3,455 3,744 3,667 3,776 3,892 3,857 3,941 4,273 5.0 0.1 2.5 228 Agriculture 8-11. Fertilizer imports Average annual Thousands of metric tons percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 971 1,273 1,218 1,005 1,429 1,424 1,407 1,448 1,691 1,687 2,061 6.1 1.8 6.9 excluding South Africa 742 1,074 1,019 820 1,207 1,155 1,123 1,139 1,178 1,269 1,403 7.1 1.7 4.3 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 565 793 729 797 1,130 1,064 995 1,041 991 1,048 1,237 4.2 1.4 4.5 Angola 17 8 10 8 6 2 5 2 1 0 0 -0.2 -4.3 -26.7 Benin 1 18 17 36 30 39 38 57 35 31 48 6.7 7.2 7.6 Botswana 1 1 1 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 -5.7 2.9 15.5 Burkina Faso 5 21 23 24 31 44 50 43 34 2 2 23.7 6.2 -26.4 Burundi 1 5 3 3 3 1 4 4 4 4 3 11.9 6.4 2.9 Cameroon 32 22 47 32 34 39 40 50 46 53 35 13.1 -8.1 1.9 Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.6 .. 10.1 Central African Republic 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 -11.1 -7.3 12.2 Chad 1 5 8 8 24 8 17 18 18 18 18 -4.9 2.9 9.9 Comoros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 8 4 10 9 6 0 3 1 1 2 11 0.1 -1.2 -15.8 Congo, Rep. of 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 0 34.9 -0.7 -12.6 Côte d'Ivoire 45 52 79 87 75 181 135 107 103 90 167 6.9 1.9 5.5 Djibouti 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -44.2 .. .. Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 .. .. Eritrea .. 1 2 2 6 6 7 11 11 4 4 .. .. 12.5 Ethiopia .. 115 35 149 251 93 166 168 157 207 191 .. .. 13.1 Gabon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27.6 -19.7 -1.3 Gambia, The 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 7.9 -15.8 -0.7 Ghana 12 7 8 10 17 22 15 15 12 31 31 -0.3 -2.7 14.1 Guinea 0 2 4 5 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 -16.0 22.5 -3.7 Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 9.8 -9.7 38.2 Kenya 62 100 131 78 161 134 127 149 153 162 135 4.9 2.1 3.9 Lesotho 5 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 8 11 11 18.1 4.6 9.0 Liberia 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -11.1 -6.7 .. Madagascar 9 11 11 13 17 10 9 8 9 9 9 3.1 2.8 -5.2 Malawi 33 74 21 44 58 57 50 50 50 27 193 13.9 1.2 12.4 Mali 14 25 25 27 27 48 46 50 44 42 42 14.3 -0.7 7.6 Mauritania 1 7 4 4 5 2 2 2 0 3 3 -9.6 26.6 -5.3 Mauritius 17 22 24 24 38 36 24 23 27 31 32 -0.3 0.1 1.5 Mozambique 20 3 6 9 8 7 8 8 16 27 27 23.8 -2.3 19.3 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 24.6 Niger 3 2 5 8 9 1 1 4 5 5 5 23.0 -3.6 -0.5 Nigeria 177 281 290 24 77 92 128 98 188 221 166 22.7 2.5 11.1 Rwanda 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 11.8 -4.8 49.3 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 16 35 14 18 16 34 26 36 31 35 37 -8.2 6.3 13.0 Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Sierra Leone 2 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 -4.1 2.1 -34.7 Somalia 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.9 16.9 0.0 South Africa 229 198 199 185 222 269 284 310 513 418 658 2.6 2.4 16.3 Sudan 81 53 60 50 95 77 38 57 52 84 69 2.4 -3.2 1.1 Swaziland 18 12 5 5 4 5 6 6 6 7 7 1.2 -1.9 5.5 Tanzania 20 42 31 27 35 39 31 21 22 12 9 3.7 2.2 -13.6 Togo 3 13 13 14 22 17 17 17 20 19 17 7.6 3.0 3.2 Uganda 1 2 2 1 1 1 4 4 7 7 9 -13.1 18.7 35.2 Zambia 69 68 53 52 47 53 34 31 31 40 66 1.6 1.4 -2.0 Zimbabwe 56 49 63 34 81 87 70 77 71 70 28 5.4 2.6 -2.5 NORTH AFRICA 588 332 312 381 287 434 473 466 453 470 522 -2.7 -4.3 6.3 Algeria 189 26 52 19 51 90 90 93 102 105 101 -1.8 -14.9 16.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. 182 59 13 76 33 87 131 101 70 85 88 -11.8 -13.3 17.4 Libya 53 107 73 102 62 62 42 60 32 73 62 11.7 2.0 -4.9 Morocco 133 136 167 177 137 189 195 207 242 200 262 2.9 0.2 5.8 Tunisia 30 4 7 7 4 7 15 5 8 7 10 -8.3 4.2 3.9 ALL AFRICA 1,559 1,605 1,530 1,386 1,716 1,858 1,880 1,914 2,144 2,158 2,584 3.0 0.1 6.7 Agriculture 229 8-12. Area under permanent crops Average annual Thousands of hectares percentage growth 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 123,664 150,054 151,033 153,755 154,607 155,276 156,215 156,831 157,437 159,535 161,308 0.7 1.6 0.7 excluding South Africa 111,224 135,744 136,433 138,840 139,732 140,466 141,424 142,078 142,684 144,782 146,555 0.9 1.5 0.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 83,374 105,700 106,268 108,469 111,032 112,266 113,224 113,878 114,484 116,282 116,355 1.0 1.8 1.1 Angola 2,900 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 0.0 0.4 0.0 Benin 1,500 1,650 1,700 1,790 1,950 2,100 2,250 2,300 2,380 2,450 2,550 1.7 0.6 5.2 Botswana 402 407 397 343 343 377 377 377 370 370 370 0.1 0.1 0.2 Burkina Faso 2,745 3,450 3,381 3,400 3,500 3,600 3,750 3,900 4,050 4,198 4,348 1.8 1.9 3.4 Burundi 930 930 930 940 940 950 950 960 960 975 986 0.0 0.0 0.7 Cameroon 5,910 5,960 5,960 5,960 5,960 5,960 5,960 5,960 5,960 5,960 5,960 0.8 0.1 0.0 Cape Verde 38 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 0.0 1.0 0.2 Central African Republic 1,870 1,930 1,930 1,930 1,930 1,930 1,930 1,930 1,930 1,930 1,930 0.5 0.1 0.0 Chad 3,137 3,370 3,390 3,420 3,470 3,500 3,520 3,520 3,520 3,600 3,600 0.5 0.9 0.7 Comoros 75 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 80 80 80 0.0 0.3 0.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 6,620 6,700 6,700 6,700 6,700 6,700 6,700 6,700 6,700 6,700 6,700 0.2 0.0 0.0 Congo, Rep. of 138 160 163 165 167 170 173 175 180 185 190 1.5 1.1 1.9 Côte d'Ivoire 1,955 2,902 2,905 2,920 2,930 2,950 2,950 3,050 3,100 3,100 3,100 1.9 2.1 1.0 Djibouti 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equatorial Guinea 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eritrea .. 498 437 438 369 391 498 498 500 500 500 .. .. 3.0 Ethiopia .. 10,000 9,878 9,890 9,870 9,900 9,950 10,000 10,000 10,712 9,936 .. .. 0.5 Gabon 290 295 295 325 325 325 325 325 325 325 325 2.5 0.2 0.6 Gambia, The 155 156 175 180 185 195 205 220 230 250 250 1.0 -0.1 5.1 Ghana 1,900 2,800 2,800 3,000 3,200 3,600 3,800 3,850 3,950 4,060 4,181 2.5 2.1 5.1 Guinea 702 785 820 883 885 885 885 885 885 890 900 0.4 1.0 0.7 Guinea-Bissau 255 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 1.0 0.4 0.0 Kenya 3,800 4,200 4,300 4,300 4,300 4,400 4,400 4,500 4,500 4,600 4,600 0.4 1.0 1.0 Lesotho 292 330 325 320 322 325 325 325 330 330 330 -2.3 1.0 0.3 Liberia 371 370 370 370 370 370 380 380 380 380 380 0.4 -0.2 0.4 Madagascar 2,540 2,800 2,800 2,800 2,800 2,820 2,850 2,900 2,900 2,950 2,950 1.8 0.7 0.8 Malawi 1,518 1,837 1,845 1,875 1,900 1,950 2,000 2,050 2,100 2,200 2,300 3.0 0.5 2.7 Mali 2,010 3,060 3,160 3,379 4,610 4,610 4,610 4,610 4,634 4,660 4,660 1.0 3.8 4.3 Mauritania 210 431 470 498 488 488 488 488 488 488 488 4.0 5.0 0.1 Mauritius 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mozambique 2,870 3,520 3,570 3,650 3,750 3,900 4,000 3,950 3,900 4,000 4,200 0.7 1.4 1.7 Namibia 655 698 747 816 816 816 816 816 816 816 816 0.1 0.8 0.6 Niger 3,544 4,188 4,188 4,388 4,387 4,387 4,487 4,487 4,487 4,487 4,487 4.3 1.9 0.7 Nigeria 27,850 30,044 30,165 30,371 28,700 28,200 28,200 28,200 28,200 28,500 30,200 0.3 0.6 -0.4 Rwanda 760 850 700 700 750 800 820 866 900 1,000 1,116 2.0 -0.4 5.8 São Tomé and Principe 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 0.0 5.1 9.8 Senegal 2,341 2,318 2,331 2,230 2,250 2,254 2,263 2,313 2,355 2,460 2,460 0.0 -0.1 1.1 Seychelles 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sierra Leone 450 486 485 485 485 484 484 484 490 500 535 1.1 0.3 0.8 Somalia 984 1,024 1,030 1,035 1,039 1,043 1,043 1,043 1,043 1,045 1,045 0.5 0.2 0.2 South Africa 12,440 14,310 14,600 14,915 14,875 14,810 14,791 14,753 14,753 14,753 14,753 -0.2 1.8 0.0 Sudan 12,360 14,618 15,000 16,157 16,672 16,600 16,500 16,380 16,233 16,233 16,233 0.4 1.5 0.4 Swaziland 185 178 178 178 178 178 178 178 178 178 178 -0.9 1.4 0.0 Tanzania 3,100 3,650 3,700 3,748 3,750 3,750 3,750 3,750 4,000 4,000 4,000 4.8 1.1 1.1 Togo 1,950 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,300 2,330 2,410 2,510 2,510 2,510 2,510 1.2 1.0 2.0 Uganda 4,080 5,040 5,060 5,060 5,060 5,060 5,060 5,060 5,060 5,100 5,100 1.5 0.4 0.1 Zambia 5,094 5,252 5,252 5,260 5,260 5,260 5,260 5,260 5,260 5,260 5,260 0.4 0.2 0.0 Zimbabwe 2,505 3,004 3,042 3,080 3,165 3,251 3,220 3,220 3,220 3,220 3,220 0.8 1.4 0.6 NORTH AFRICA 21,635 23,951 23,996 23,969 24,310 24,337 24,222 24,049 23,929 23,597 23,547 -0.1 1.0 -0.3 Algeria 6,875 7,533 7,477 7,519 7,521 7,650 7,661 7,673 7,662 7,665 7,665 0.0 0.9 0.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,286 2,617 2,740 2,817 2,820 2,834 2,834 2,834 2,821 2,858 2,900 -1.8 1.4 0.5 Libya 1,753 1,815 1,825 1,870 2,028 2,028 1,815 1,815 1,815 1,815 1,815 0.2 0.2 -0.7 Morocco 7,530 8,999 9,124 8,921 9,096 8,980 9,033 8,818 8,767 8,485 8,396 0.8 1.7 -1.0 Tunisia 3,191 2,987 2,830 2,842 2,845 2,845 2,879 2,909 2,864 2,774 2,771 -1.1 -0.7 -0.2 ALL AFRICA 145,299 174,005 175,029 177,724 178,917 179,613 180,437 180,880 181,366 183,132 184,855 0.6 1.5 0.6 230 Agriculture 8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop Average annual Thousands of hectograms per hectare percentage growth 1980 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 75-84 85-89 90-MR ALGERIA Wheat 7.3 9.9 8.1 8.0 8.9 13.1 8.0 8.8 10.7 9.2 11.1 10.7 14.5 14.4 -0.2 1.0 15.5 Citrus 262.9 92.5 87.1 91.4 80.2 86.1 87.2 101.8 111.3 104.6 96.7 98.7 99.2 99.2 -4.4 -11.9 5.6 Dates 30.0 31.2 31.0 37.2 32.8 37.3 31.4 39.5 42.7 36.5 36.4 31.0 36.5 33.3 0.5 -0.9 9.7 Barley 8.4 9.0 6.3 6.5 7.1 14.0 7.2 7.5 10.9 7.6 11.1 10.4 15.6 13.0 0.1 0.9 10.2 Potatoes 77.7 107.9 111.2 95.1 136.8 134.6 141.0 160.3 153.5 166.1 147.0 183.7 212.0 200.0 -0.9 5.0 20.5 ANGOLA Coffee (green) 2.2 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 -17.2 -7.7 -18.3 Maize 6.0 3.8 2.6 2.5 3.5 7.0 6.0 7.4 6.4 5.7 6.1 5.2 5.5 5.2 -5.9 -10.8 20.8 Millet 7.1 4.8 2.7 5.4 5.1 4.8 3.8 5.0 5.3 5.3 6.3 4.0 3.5 3.6 -2.8 -3.0 -7.6 Wheat 5.8 8.0 8.6 10.0 16.7 16.7 16.7 17.1 17.4 17.4 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 -6.5 5.8 27.6 Cassava 33.8 42.3 42.3 58.6 51.0 48.1 44.2 55.7 59.8 83.0 94.1 94.8 88.5 87.5 -0.8 3.0 17.4 Sweet potatoes 91.7 90.0 88.1 85.7 88.1 85.5 85.9 86.4 82.9 34.9 44.5 42.2 37.6 37.4 0.3 -0.4 -11.7 BENIN Seed cotton 6.6 12.0 17.9 13.9 13.3 12.0 10.1 9.7 10.1 10.6 11.0 11.7 11.2 11.0 6.5 -4.6 1.0 Maize 7.4 9.8 9.8 10.2 11.7 10.8 12.0 11.1 12.5 11.5 11.0 8.8 12.4 10.7 -0.6 0.6 6.7 Sorghum 6.3 7.7 7.6 7.8 8.2 7.6 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.8 9.1 10.1 9.0 9.5 -2.3 0.2 3.9 Cassava 65.9 83.8 84.9 81.5 78.4 87.2 103.3 105.0 104.5 107.1 112.6 92.7 123.6 133.3 -0.5 2.6 8.0 Yams 97.2 106.0 107.7 108.4 109.7 103.0 107.9 109.5 113.3 111.8 109.2 107.1 130.6 135.1 -1.5 1.9 1.5 BOTSWANA Sorghum 2.2 2.9 2.9 2.2 2.1 2.6 2.5 3.1 1.9 1.1 1.9 1.9 3.6 3.4 -16.0 19.9 -1.0 Maize 2.5 1.9 1.4 1.7 1.2 2.5 2.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 -8.9 18.0 -24.0 Millet 2.1 1.3 1.5 3.6 1.4 9.0 1.7 2.6 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 -16.0 15.6 21.6 BURKINA FASO Seed cotton 8.3 10.0 9.6 8.9 10.3 10.1 12.4 9.7 12.1 10.2 11.4 10.7 9.8 10.5 6.9 -5.9 0.1 Groundnuts 5.1 6.2 9.5 8.4 6.6 10.4 6.5 10.0 10.4 7.1 9.1 9.4 9.3 9.3 3.4 -1.3 10.6 Sorghum 5.7 9.4 11.0 7.8 8.8 9.1 6.8 8.5 8.9 8.3 9.3 9.3 9.5 10.0 0.6 2.7 8.7 Millet 4.9 6.5 7.0 6.3 7.2 7.5 5.2 7.8 7.4 6.4 7.6 7.2 8.1 8.3 1.9 0.1 13.8 Maize 9.0 15.2 13.7 16.0 11.4 15.5 15.2 13.9 16.2 17.5 18.1 17.4 17.0 17.0 0.4 6.4 3.5 BURUNDI Coffee 6.3 9.3 8.2 9.4 7.3 7.9 7.0 6.1 9.7 7.4 8.8 12.0 6.7 6.7 2.6 -0.8 -4.6 Tea 4.0 10.7 9.0 10.4 9.8 7.5 5.6 8.9 9.2 8.4 9.9 7.4 7.4 7.4 0.5 1.5 -0.8 Maize 10.8 14.2 14.3 12.3 12.8 13.1 12.6 11.5 11.2 10.5 10.8 10.9 10.9 10.6 0.1 3.9 -4.9 Sorghum 10.0 11.5 11.3 9.9 13.2 13.2 12.4 12.5 12.0 12.2 12.6 12.9 12.9 13.0 0.3 0.1 4.7 Rice, paddy 23.5 31.1 30.9 29.4 26.8 27.9 32.6 29.9 32.6 30.4 32.1 32.6 32.3 33.1 3.3 -1.3 -3.2 Millet 10.0 11.0 10.3 11.1 14.4 11.3 16.7 11.1 11.2 10.5 10.0 11.6 11.6 11.6 1.5 1.5 3.4 Bananas .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava 90.9 92.0 89.9 87.9 83.5 85.8 86.2 88.8 88.2 90.0 89.1 91.5 91.5 86.5 0.1 -1.5 -0.6 CAMEROON Coffee 3.0 2.6 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.9 2.1 3.8 3.3 2.9 2.4 2.9 3.0 3.0 0.9 0.4 -3.7 Cocoa 2.6 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.8 -0.3 1.5 6.2 Seed cotton 12.9 12.7 12.3 10.8 10.3 11.7 11.2 11.3 10.9 10.3 9.9 10.0 9.5 9.5 7.6 2.7 -5.6 Maize 8.3 14.0 11.3 11.6 15.5 18.8 20.3 18.9 25.9 24.6 24.4 25.0 25.0 25.0 3.4 1.8 1.9 Sorghum 8.7 7.6 7.6 7.3 8.7 8.3 8.9 11.1 11.2 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 -3.6 2.4 8.4 Millet 7.6 10.0 10.3 10.0 10.2 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.0 10.1 10.0 10.0 -2.8 6.7 -1.8 Rice 23.4 35.0 29.0 36.2 35.3 31.4 33.6 35.5 33.1 30.1 30.2 31.0 31.0 31.0 12.3 7.2 -12.4 Cassava 59.0 136.3 131.8 127.0 118.7 115.5 106.6 90.0 136.6 133.0 134.3 134.5 134.5 134.5 7.2 -1.0 -8.2 Plantains .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Coffee 3.6 5.0 4.1 8.2 4.7 7.2 6.0 4.8 4.5 5.2 4.9 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.5 2.3 -0.9 Seed cotton 3.4 6.0 6.6 6.6 7.6 7.3 7.3 7.0 3.9 5.5 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.6 7.9 -2.0 6.4 Sorghum 6.5 12.6 11.6 8.0 7.3 7.8 8.4 8.8 7.7 7.0 8.0 8.5 8.5 8.5 4.6 3.9 -9.0 Maize 3.8 9.0 9.0 8.5 8.5 8.5 9.2 9.8 10.6 10.6 10.7 9.8 10.3 10.3 1.4 8.7 3.0 Groundnuts 10.1 9.8 9.8 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.8 10.2 11.0 10.5 11.1 11.0 11.1 11.1 -0.7 5.1 0.0 Cassava 30.7 34.5 34.5 31.0 28.9 29.2 30.5 30.4 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.6 29.6 29.6 2.5 -4.5 -1.8 Yams 60.0 68.4 65.0 66.7 66.7 68.0 68.0 67.9 67.9 67.9 67.9 60.3 60.3 60.3 1.5 0.1 -1.0 CHAD Seed cotton 5.1 6.3 6.1 7.7 7.6 7.9 6.8 5.4 5.9 6.4 6.3 7.1 5.2 7.4 4.9 3.1 1.0 Sorghum 5.1 7.4 4.9 7.8 6.5 6.0 5.8 7.2 7.1 6.0 6.3 6.9 7.0 7.0 0.5 -0.3 4.1 Millet 4.7 5.2 4.2 4.9 3.6 4.1 3.8 4.5 4.6 3.3 4.7 5.1 6.0 6.0 -0.8 -1.4 9.2 Groundnuts 5.7 8.1 7.1 7.5 9.2 9.6 8.8 11.2 9.7 8.2 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 0.9 8.6 1.7 COMOROS Bananas .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cassava 48.5 56.6 57.9 53.6 53.3 54.0 53.9 54.1 54.8 59.3 54.1 54.9 55.0 55.0 -1.3 5.3 3.1 (Table continues on the following page.) Agriculture 231 8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop (continued) Average annual Thousands of hectograms per hectare percentage growth 1980 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 75-84 85-89 90-MR CONGO, DEM. REP. OF Coffee (green) 3.7 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.2 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.0 3.3 -1.1 0.9 0.3 Palm oil .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize 8.0 8.1 8.3 8.3 7.9 8.0 8.2 8.3 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 1.9 -0.3 -0.7 Rice 8.0 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 1.2 -1.2 -2.1 Cassava 70.0 80.0 78.1 77.2 81.4 81.1 81.1 81.1 81.1 81.1 81.1 81.1 78.7 78.7 0.4 1.7 -0.3 Plantains .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. CONGO, REP. OF Coffee 8.0 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.2 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 5.4 -9.6 -2.9 Cocoa beans 5.6 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 -3.9 -6.5 -5.3 Maize 8.1 7.1 7.3 7.6 8.0 8.5 8.9 9.8 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.1 7.8 7.8 2.4 3.4 4.9 Cassava 68.8 73.9 65.6 76.1 78.6 81.3 82.1 77.7 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 91.7 91.7 3.5 -1.7 8.5 Plantains .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. COTE D'IVOIRE Coffee 2.4 3.2 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.1 3.4 3.9 3.8 4.1 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.2 -6.6 12.1 2.7 Cocoa 5.0 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.9 6.5 5.9 6.3 7.1 7.8 7.5 7.2 7.2 5.9 0.1 1.0 3.5 Oil Palm, fruit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice 11.7 10.2 13.4 11.2 11.8 23.6 26.7 24.8 23.7 24.1 23.8 16.0 16.1 16.1 -0.9 -1.1 14.4 Maize 8.1 7.8 7.8 7.9 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.2 11.6 9.9 8.2 9.2 9.1 9.1 5.8 -5.0 5.7 Cassava 52.3 50.1 49.5 50.5 51.9 55.6 53.1 56.4 56.0 52.8 52.8 53.1 53.1 53.1 1.8 0.7 -0.5 Yams 90.7 89.0 88.0 89.6 91.1 92.8 94.8 94.2 95.0 95.2 94.6 85.7 85.7 85.7 1.8 -0.5 -2.1 EGYPT, ARAB REP. Seed cotton 26.9 27.6 29.2 22.4 21.4 24.8 25.5 18.9 22.8 25.4 27.1 25.8 20.4 27.8 4.0 -5.9 6.4 Rice, paddy 58.3 76.5 77.2 79.1 81.4 82.9 84.2 86.4 88.8 91.0 92.8 99.7 98.0 95.2 1.0 2.8 8.0 Wheat 31.2 52.5 53.0 50.0 54.2 56.4 56.0 59.9 63.5 63.4 63.6 64.3 62.2 65.3 0.7 7.1 5.7 Sugarcane 812.5 1,029.1 1,061.7 1,093.4 1,095.3 1,107.4 1,122.5 1,172.0 1,181.7 1,172.2 1,188.1 1,179.2 1,210.0 1,210.0 .. 0.5 5.0 Dry Broadbeans 20.7 21.4 35.1 22.7 31.7 32.0 31.9 32.3 22.9 31.1 31.4 31.5 31.5 31.5 -0.7 6.4 0.8 EQUATORIAL GUINEA Cocoa 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.6 1.1 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 -3.0 1.9 -9.7 Coffee (green) 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 0.4 0.0 -0.6 Cassava 24.6 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 25.3 25.0 25.3 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 0.9 0.6 -2.0 ETHIOPIA Coffee(green) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Barley .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. GABON Coffee (green) 2.4 3.9 4.3 4.3 2.7 3.7 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.0 3.6 4.0 4.0 8.6 7.9 -5.7 Sugarcane 497.5 488.9 542.0 568.6 569.5 528.6 519.9 546.8 506.8 591.2 587.5 587.5 587.5 587.5 15.4 0.5 3.3 Maize 16.6 17.6 17.9 18.6 19.1 19.0 17.8 16.1 16.4 16.2 16.7 16.3 16.3 16.3 2.8 -2.3 4.7 Cassava 50.0 51.1 49.3 45.8 47.0 49.8 49.1 50.4 49.8 50.7 51.1 51.1 51.1 51.1 0.0 0.0 -0.9 Taro (cocoyam) 58.8 57.6 60.4 61.7 59.6 60.0 60.5 61.1 61.6 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.1 0.5 -0.5 2.3 Yams 56.4 66.7 64.7 69.4 68.4 67.5 70.0 72.5 75.0 70.5 70.5 70.5 70.5 70.5 1.1 1.5 2.7 GAMBIA,THE Groundnuts 8.7 8.5 12.1 10.8 9.6 7.1 11.1 10.4 12.4 11.7 12.6 7.9 8.0 7.0 -1.0 1.8 -11.8 Seed cotton 6.9 7.5 9.4 5.9 4.2 4.7 4.4 3.0 7.3 5.1 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.8 .. 1.7 -13.3 Oil Palm, fruit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Millet 8.7 11.2 10.3 10.6 9.8 11.0 9.0 9.6 11.2 11.0 11.3 9.2 10.2 10.0 2.8 -2.8 1.9 Rice, paddy 19.7 17.3 14.6 15.4 12.3 10.7 10.2 13.4 21.7 22.1 23.3 20.5 20.5 13.8 7.9 -9.6 -6.5 Maize 10.7 15.1 16.3 12.6 12.9 12.2 11.7 14.3 15.9 16.1 18.2 11.6 13.2 13.2 3.1 -3.0 -0.2 Sorghum 8.0 9.5 11.0 10.6 8.5 10.8 9.6 8.1 11.1 12.7 16.6 9.5 13.2 12.5 4.6 -1.6 7.2 GHANA Cocoa 2.3 4.3 3.6 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.0 3.0 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.3 4.9 -2.8 15.1 2.4 Maize 8.7 12.0 15.1 14.9 15.0 15.2 15.3 14.9 14.6 14.6 13.2 14.9 16.3 16.1 -4.6 6.6 7.0 Millet 5.9 6.4 9.7 8.8 9.8 10.2 8.4 9.5 8.6 8.1 7.0 8.0 8.5 10.3 0.4 3.1 17.2 Groundnuts 17.0 7.7 8.8 9.4 9.3 9.0 8.7 10.9 10.4 9.6 10.2 13.5 9.4 9.3 -1.6 5.5 -1.1 Cassava 80.8 102.6 112.3 115.8 119.9 120.4 118.8 113.9 122.5 122.8 123.4 122.5 126.9 120.0 2.7 -3.1 12.7 Plantains .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. GUINEA Coffee (green) 3.2 5.3 5.2 5.5 5.1 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 -1.2 7.9 -4.8 Oil Palm, fruit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice, paddy 9.0 13.3 13.8 13.8 14.4 14.7 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.1 16.1 -1.8 8.6 11.0 Maize 10.0 10.7 10.4 10.3 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.1 11.3 10.0 10.0 -1.5 -2.7 -0.5 Groundnuts 6.6 10.1 8.8 9.2 9.1 9.5 9.8 10.3 10.7 11.2 11.7 12.2 12.0 12.0 -0.6 0.7 11.5 Cassava 70.0 71.7 75.5 71.9 63.0 61.2 63.3 58.0 56.3 53.8 52.2 50.7 51.1 51.1 0.0 3.0 -10.0 GUINEA-BISSAU Groundnuts 3.5 10.1 10.0 11.7 11.0 11.0 11.6 11.3 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 -3.3 21.1 8.2 Rice, paddy 7.0 19.0 19.7 20.1 19.1 18.4 16.7 14.5 11.8 14.2 12.3 12.9 14.9 14.9 0.8 11.3 -5.5 Sorghum 6.4 8.6 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.1 8.3 7.5 9.7 7.8 8.0 9.5 7.5 7.5 0.0 11.0 -1.5 Millet 7.2 8.6 8.6 7.7 9.1 8.6 3.2 8.0 7.8 7.8 8.3 6.5 7.3 7.3 4.3 7.0 -5.9 Maize 10.0 9.5 9.3 9.3 10.0 9.4 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.3 9.7 14.9 13.3 13.3 -0.1 13.8 2.1 (Table continues on the following page.) 232 Agriculture 8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop (continued) Average annual Thousands of hectograms per hectare percentage growth 1980 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 75-84 85-89 90-MR KENYA Coffee (green) 8.9 5.5 4.7 5.0 5.9 5.5 3.9 3.0 4.0 5.9 3.0 2.8 3.8 3.8 0.8 1.8 -11.4 Tea 11.7 18.5 20.1 19.0 21.7 22.6 19.4 24.8 20.0 18.2 21.9 20.5 20.7 20.7 4.0 6.7 1.8 Sugarcane 1,211.8 877.7 841.3 662.1 810.4 815.8 794.6 930.2 851.9 688.6 742.9 834.9 818.2 818.2 5.4 4.0 -10.7 Sisal 9.9 11.4 11.7 11.3 13.2 13.4 13.4 9.0 7.0 7.5 7.5 10.3 10.0 10.0 1.8 -4.4 1.3 Maize 12.0 17.3 16.0 20.4 19.6 14.5 14.7 16.0 14.8 14.4 16.9 15.6 15.3 15.3 1.9 4.0 -1.5 Wheat 21.6 12.6 9.7 19.2 19.6 18.5 14.5 17.7 16.5 15.5 19.4 17.7 16.8 16.8 2.0 -0.6 2.6 LESOTHO Wheat 9.7 8.6 7.3 4.2 6.2 14.1 16.3 12.8 12.3 17.2 18.7 39.7 16.7 16.7 -4.8 4.8 27.6 Dry eas 7.8 5.6 5.4 3.1 2.9 9.2 7.5 8.8 7.8 5.9 5.8 8.5 7.7 7.7 -4.6 11.6 20.6 Dry eans 5.2 2.9 3.5 3.2 12.4 6.6 10.4 11.2 8.0 11.6 3.9 6.1 6.7 6.7 -6.8 18.5 1.4 Maize 9.6 5.8 8.9 8.6 8.1 12.5 9.9 13.2 9.4 6.8 8.9 7.4 8.3 8.3 -1.9 7.7 2.5 Sorghum 9.7 6.1 12.7 8.8 8.0 8.6 8.1 17.2 11.2 8.2 8.6 13.0 8.7 8.7 -3.8 1.8 4.2 LIBERIA Rubber 7.6 10.7 10.0 6.7 9.3 10.0 9.9 9.4 10.0 10.0 9.7 9.4 9.4 9.4 0.7 2.9 -3.5 Coffee (green) 4.6 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 6.1 -17.7 8.1 Cocoa 2.3 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 -2.1 -8.1 -3.3 Rice, paddy 12.3 9.2 10.8 11.1 11.2 12.5 12.5 12.9 12.8 12.8 11.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 0.6 -1.2 0.9 Cassava 66.7 66.7 61.3 62.5 60.3 65.0 65.2 65.3 65.1 65.7 66.2 66.2 66.2 66.2 0.1 7.1 -0.8 LIBYA Wheat 5.2 11.9 8.4 7.7 7.3 7.3 10.1 8.8 7.9 7.6 7.9 7.6 7.6 7.6 -0.5 4.6 -11.2 MADAGASCAR Coffee 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.2 3.5 3.5 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.0 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 -0.9 1.1 -2.7 Vanilla 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 -11.9 3.3 -4.6 Cloves 1.7 1.4 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 -8.4 -15.4 17.2 Rice 17.6 20.9 20.8 20.7 21.3 21.9 21.7 20.3 21.3 20.5 22.0 21.4 23.0 23.0 -0.7 2.5 2.3 Cassava 60.8 67.1 67.7 67.4 68.9 67.4 67.5 67.0 70.0 70.0 71.3 67.2 67.1 67.1 -1.0 2.0 0.5 Sweet potatoes 48.6 53.1 51.1 53.8 59.1 58.1 56.0 54.3 56.5 56.3 57.6 52.2 48.2 48.2 -0.8 2.0 0.7 MALAWI Tobacco leaves 8.6 9.7 10.0 12.5 12.2 12.4 13.8 10.9 7.3 8.3 7.2 5.7 5.7 5.7 3.5 3.4 -2.6 Tea 17.1 15.4 21.3 18.7 18.2 19.8 23.4 21.5 22.3 24.6 24.5 26.1 25.0 25.0 3.1 -0.6 0.9 Groundnuts 7.1 4.0 9.0 3.2 3.6 5.6 6.9 6.9 7.3 6.9 8.1 7.7 8.6 7.7 0.3 -7.8 -2.3 Seed cotton 7.2 2.3 8.4 4.5 9.0 10.4 6.4 8.1 9.9 9.0 7.8 8.6 8.5 8.5 2.1 0.6 11.1 Maize 12.2 4.8 15.3 9.2 13.5 14.4 9.9 13.7 18.1 17.4 11.0 10.5 12.8 11.2 0.6 -0.3 6.8 Sorghum 6.7 1.4 4.9 3.1 7.3 7.2 4.7 6.1 7.0 6.7 6.8 7.2 7.5 7.5 -5.8 -0.2 10.0 Cassava 58.4 20.1 28.8 34.7 34.7 45.9 56.7 54.6 53.9 152.5 166.9 149.6 168.5 170.6 -7.0 -7.4 51.7 MALI Seed cotton 10.6 13.0 12.0 10.9 12.1 10.8 10.5 10.3 9.5 10.7 10.7 9.8 11.5 11.1 2.3 1.0 -4.7 Groundnuts 8.9 7.5 7.8 8.4 9.4 9.8 9.5 11.4 11.1 9.7 7.1 5.9 7.4 7.4 -2.8 7.1 -2.6 Millet 6.2 5.5 5.3 6.4 5.5 7.9 7.3 8.9 8.8 7.0 6.9 5.1 6.5 6.5 -0.4 2.7 -2.1 Rice, paddy 9.7 17.6 17.4 16.5 15.5 19.1 17.6 22.0 22.4 21.1 20.1 19.7 17.3 17.3 -3.8 13.4 4.6 Sorghum 8.0 6.4 7.5 7.6 8.3 10.0 9.8 9.7 9.4 8.4 7.4 7.0 6.5 6.5 2.3 -1.4 -2.1 Maize 11.1 10.1 11.0 11.3 12.8 15.8 17.0 16.4 14.5 13.3 11.6 11.5 10.0 10.0 1.5 2.9 -0.4 MAURITANIA Sorghum 3.2 5.0 5.9 5.8 6.4 6.9 4.1 4.7 5.4 5.2 3.3 3.6 5.0 5.0 -4.9 19.2 0.2 Rice 32.0 39.9 32.9 27.4 39.4 38.3 37.2 40.6 39.7 42.4 45.3 45.6 45.6 45.6 6.0 -2.9 4.4 Millet 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.9 3.6 3.4 1.4 1.6 3.5 3.0 3.2 1.1 0.8 0.8 13.7 -8.0 -19.4 Maize 6.5 7.7 12.3 5.0 8.0 5.9 8.6 8.4 7.6 9.1 10.0 5.6 9.7 9.7 4.1 9.2 4.4 MAURITIUS Sugarcane 576.8 770.0 729.7 659.2 716.6 732.6 794.9 781.2 535.5 699.4 791.3 674.5 725.9 725.9 -0.2 1.5 -0.3 Potatoes 165.6 192.1 200.9 175.7 198.5 195.9 215.8 176.0 239.8 222.6 209.9 220.1 291.7 291.7 4.6 -5.5 5.2 Onions 107.6 151.4 164.6 176.0 184.4 177.9 171.3 220.6 287.8 359.2 328.8 299.0 277.3 277.3 1.7 0.1 19.0 MOROCCO Wheat 10.6 7.0 6.8 18.1 5.5 18.4 9.3 14.2 8.0 4.8 12.3 12.8 17.2 10.4 0.8 6.4 -6.7 Sugarbeet 353.5 528.6 490.6 499.8 467.7 487.1 415.4 577.2 533.2 533.0 537.1 502.0 527.5 774.2 3.3 0.9 8.7 Barley 10.3 4.8 4.8 14.4 3.9 15.8 6.6 8.1 7.1 2.1 5.4 8.3 11.6 12.0 -4.7 9.6 0.3 MOZAMBIQUE Seed cotton 4.9 5.8 6.1 6.6 6.0 6.8 4.4 4.6 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.3 4.3 4.3 -4.4 0.6 16.7 Tea 10.3 5.1 8.4 10.0 4.9 8.4 7.5 7.5 8.0 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 -0.5 -14.9 22.1 Maize 5.4 1.6 6.3 5.2 6.8 9.4 9.0 9.0 10.8 9.4 7.8 9.7 9.6 9.6 -4.1 -8.0 38.7 Rice, paddy 8.3 3.0 6.2 8.3 8.7 9.7 10.9 10.6 10.0 9.8 10.8 9.7 11.2 11.2 -3.5 0.4 12.8 Cassava 41.4 33.3 41.7 36.9 42.4 47.7 53.8 55.6 55.9 57.9 71.8 58.1 58.8 58.8 0.1 0.1 6.3 NAMIBIA Wheat 25.0 51.9 43.8 52.5 55.2 43.8 46.4 49.3 36.4 34.3 61.2 63.7 88.9 88.9 5.4 7.3 8.4 Maize 12.3 2.4 7.8 11.5 8.8 6.8 15.7 6.6 5.3 7.2 13.3 13.2 14.3 14.3 0.0 1.5 -3.1 (Table continues on the following page.) Agriculture 233 8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop (continued) Average annual Thousands of hectograms per hectare percentage growth 1980 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 75-84 85-89 90-MR NIGER Cowpeas 2.4 1.0 0.5 1.8 0.5 1.0 0.6 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.6 -3.9 7.7 -2.5 Groundnuts 6.7 3.3 2.3 4.5 3.8 4.7 3.8 4.9 4.1 3.1 8.2 4.3 8.1 8.1 0.9 -0.6 18.0 Millet 4.4 3.6 3.5 4.0 3.4 3.5 3.0 4.5 4.3 3.3 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.8 -1.0 5.7 1.5 Sorghum 4.8 1.5 1.3 2.0 1.4 1.9 1.5 2.2 2.3 1.7 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.5 -4.4 4.7 1.9 NIGERIA Cocoa 2.2 4.0 4.2 4.3 2.6 4.4 4.3 5.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.5 -3.4 11.0 -0.3 Oil Palm, fruit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seed cotton 1.8 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.8 6.7 8.1 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 6.6 6.6 6.6 -8.1 42.6 8.2 Groundnuts 8.4 12.4 11.8 9.2 8.9 10.1 11.2 9.7 10.9 10.9 9.8 9.7 9.6 9.6 3.9 7.8 -11.7 Sorghum 11.2 10.8 10.8 10.8 11.5 11.4 11.1 11.3 11.3 11.2 10.2 10.9 11.4 11.4 5.9 -0.3 5.0 Millet 8.3 10.3 9.5 9.5 10.9 10.6 10.8 10.6 10.6 10.5 9.4 9.9 10.0 10.0 8.3 -6.8 -1.3 Maize 13.2 11.2 11.8 12.7 12.7 13.3 12.5 13.2 13.8 10.3 11.4 11.0 11.0 11.0 1.0 6.1 -0.5 Rice, paddy 19.8 19.6 19.6 14.2 16.3 17.5 16.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 12.5 10.2 10.1 10.1 2.2 -0.1 -13.1 Yams 105.4 113.5 113.5 114.0 107.7 106.8 110.5 94.4 95.5 95.6 90.5 89.0 90.0 90.0 -7.9 14.9 -1.8 Cassava 95.8 105.9 105.9 105.9 106.7 106.6 118.8 107.5 106.4 105.6 95.0 99.8 95.4 95.4 -0.9 1.8 -2.1 RWANDA Coffee (green) 6.9 6.8 5.2 5.1 5.9 6.1 6.7 6.8 7.0 7.0 7.1 6.9 6.9 7.1 5.0 -10.1 2.9 Tea 7.4 10.9 11.2 4.6 6.0 8.2 12.7 13.5 12.9 11.8 13.9 11.9 12.4 12.4 -5.1 7.7 -8.0 Sorghum 12.4 7.5 12.8 6.9 11.5 13.6 11.2 10.5 8.3 8.9 9.5 10.7 9.5 9.5 0.6 -1.0 -0.7 Maize 11.8 12.3 17.4 16.8 11.2 11.1 10.9 8.2 7.6 7.0 7.7 8.8 7.7 7.7 1.9 4.1 -4.4 Plantains .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sweet potatoes 76.3 50.2 49.9 50.0 50.0 51.1 49.7 50.5 47.9 59.1 60.0 66.1 59.0 60.6 -0.4 -5.3 4.5 SENEGAL Groundnuts 4.9 6.0 8.5 7.6 9.4 7.0 6.9 10.4 11.1 9.7 9.6 6.0 6.6 7.3 -4.2 7.6 -4.8 Seed cotton 6.9 10.6 8.9 8.4 9.0 7.6 7.5 2.4 6.8 9.2 10.9 11.1 11.9 11.9 1.2 6.3 -5.9 Millet 4.7 5.8 6.7 5.9 7.5 6.2 5.2 5.6 6.7 7.1 5.9 5.1 7.3 7.3 -2.7 5.6 2.7 Rice, paddy 9.6 24.1 24.8 20.9 22.5 20.2 23.3 27.2 25.0 23.5 27.7 22.7 26.4 26.4 4.6 0.1 0.1 Maize 7.3 10.9 12.7 10.1 10.9 10.4 9.7 8.3 9.4 11.1 12.0 7.4 22.8 22.8 1.0 0.2 5.5 Sorghum 7.7 8.9 7.8 8.7 8.6 8.9 7.7 5.9 6.4 8.7 8.0 5.9 9.1 9.1 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 SIERRA LEONE Cocoa 4.0 2.7 2.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 -0.1 1.8 -3.0 Coffee (green) 12.7 23.0 23.0 18.5 17.9 17.9 21.9 18.6 11.0 11.0 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 12.3 5.2 -16.0 Palm oil .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rice, paddy 12.5 13.5 12.7 12.3 13.0 13.5 13.0 11.5 11.6 10.9 12.4 12.5 12.5 12.5 -0.8 -3.4 -0.4 Cassava 38.0 53.3 45.8 58.7 58.5 58.6 49.9 51.6 51.8 51.8 54.5 55.7 50.9 52.0 -4.3 5.0 -1.4 SOMALIA Bananas .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maize .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sorghum .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sesame .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. SOUTH AFRICA Maize 24.2 7.9 22.8 28.5 13.8 27.0 25.2 21.6 22.3 30.0 24.1 30.1 29.0 26.0 -4.8 14.3 2.0 Wheat 9.0 17.7 18.5 17.6 14.5 21.0 17.6 25.3 24.1 28.4 26.1 24.4 16.8 22.8 2.2 6.3 18.9 Sugarcane 661.4 471.6 422.9 582.4 612.0 699.2 747.0 724.8 672.1 741.7 657.0 708.1 628.3 632.5 -3.3 -1.3 -2.0 Sorghum 26.9 6.2 21.6 22.9 16.1 30.8 26.9 27.3 22.6 33.2 22.8 35.2 35.2 36.5 -2.3 7.5 18.4 Barley 8.8 19.2 19.8 22.9 24.0 13.9 13.8 18.2 9.1 16.1 19.8 25.0 28.0 24.5 8.5 2.5 -3.4 SUDAN Seed cotton 8.2 14.6 11.4 12.1 14.1 12.4 10.2 13.4 12.3 8.6 13.7 12.0 13.3 13.3 0.6 0.2 -3.2 Groundnuts 8.0 7.0 5.5 8.0 6.8 8.6 7.2 5.6 6.9 6.5 6.5 9.4 6.3 6.3 -6.4 -2.0 11.4 Sesame 2.6 2.0 1.4 1.3 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.9 1.0 3.8 3.8 -1.6 -1.7 19.7 Sorghum 7.1 6.5 5.1 5.7 4.9 6.4 4.4 6.8 5.2 5.9 7.7 5.6 7.3 7.3 -6.3 3.4 10.1 Wheat 12.1 22.1 13.8 13.3 16.1 17.7 19.5 22.9 12.1 23.3 25.2 21.4 22.1 22.1 1.6 2.0 5.7 SWAZILAND Sugarcane 1,077.2 971.2 911.8 946.5 908.4 986.0 953.9 1,009.7 1,080.8 1,064.3 1,081.1 1,081.1 1,081.1 1,081.1 -0.5 0.0 -0.9 Seed cotton 10.2 4.5 9.5 8.8 8.8 13.3 7.9 7.3 6.6 4.4 5.3 5.0 4.6 4.6 -3.5 -3.7 -10.9 Maize 13.6 15.4 13.8 12.7 22.1 17.8 19.2 19.2 16.5 14.3 10.0 10.2 11.7 11.7 -3.1 -11.6 11.3 TANZANIA Coffee 4.2 4.2 4.4 2.8 3.5 4.2 4.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.5 4.1 4.5 4.8 -0.1 -3.9 0.6 Seed cotton 4.5 7.1 3.1 3.8 6.8 5.8 4.7 4.6 5.4 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.2 7.9 -5.3 5.0 18.3 Tea 10.9 11.8 12.0 13.2 13.1 13.0 13.4 11.8 13.2 12.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 6.8 -3.7 -1.6 Maize 12.3 11.7 12.5 13.4 16.3 16.2 11.7 12.9 13.9 14.6 17.1 17.0 15.4 15.4 4.2 2.1 2.8 Rice 11.9 12.8 18.1 17.4 15.8 15.7 12.5 13.0 16.4 15.1 12.8 19.6 19.6 19.6 -1.3 4.8 -0.8 Sorghum 6.9 8.6 11.2 7.2 12.2 13.1 8.0 9.5 8.5 10.4 11.9 12.0 10.3 10.5 8.2 -2.3 0.7 Millet 7.6 8.5 6.5 6.4 11.3 12.4 9.8 8.8 9.9 8.7 10.3 12.0 10.8 10.8 5.7 -4.4 3.8 Cassava 107.3 104.0 104.0 104.0 102.1 101.9 86.0 94.4 109.5 87.9 104.2 104.3 104.4 104.4 6.3 -3.3 -2.4 (Table continues on the following page.) 234 Agriculture 8-13. Agricultural yields by major crop Average annual Thousands of hectograms per hectare percentage growth 1980 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 75-84 85-89 90-MR TOGO Coffee (green) 4.9 1.6 2.8 2.4 2.5 4.6 2.2 4.1 3.5 3.2 1.5 3.7 2.8 2.8 -6.2 29.8 -17.0 Cocoa 4.5 2.0 2.3 1.8 2.8 6.6 2.7 5.7 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.1 -3.6 -8.2 25.3 Seed cotton 7.7 12.5 12.4 13.9 10.6 13.6 9.7 8.9 8.7 8.3 9.7 10.6 9.2 9.3 14.6 2.8 -1.5 Maize 9.2 10.1 11.6 9.3 8.6 9.4 10.7 8.7 12.0 12.0 11.4 11.5 11.5 11.5 -3.4 4.4 0.0 Sorghum 7.5 7.8 6.4 5.4 8.7 6.3 7.3 6.7 8.0 8.3 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 .. 0.4 -0.3 Millet 2.6 5.6 5.0 3.7 6.7 4.7 5.2 4.5 4.7 4.7 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.3 2.6 -14.4 -1.0 Cassava 103.3 68.9 68.6 58.8 59.2 56.9 62.3 62.2 60.6 56.5 59.8 60.6 60.3 60.3 -16.6 3.0 -8.1 Yams 86.6 83.3 103.4 98.2 85.8 87.2 109.9 99.1 109.2 110.0 101.8 104.5 103.4 103.4 -2.1 -1.1 -0.5 TUNISIA Wheat 10.2 17.0 13.7 10.7 12.8 16.2 11.1 14.2 14.2 11.7 20.0 14.1 22.0 14.4 0.8 -4.1 8.5 Barley 7.7 12.0 9.3 5.9 6.6 11.9 5.2 11.6 8.8 6.5 11.7 9.2 9.1 7.2 -0.3 -6.7 0.8 UGANDA Coffee (green) 6.0 4.2 5.5 7.5 6.9 10.3 8.1 7.7 9.2 4.8 7.5 8.7 7.0 7.0 -2.8 1.8 12.5 Seed cotton 0.4 1.3 3.0 3.3 3.3 4.5 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 -3.6 -9.7 23.2 Millet 16.5 16.0 15.1 14.8 16.0 11.0 12.7 16.0 16.1 13.9 15.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 1.0 7.4 -4.0 Maize 11.1 15.0 16.0 15.1 16.0 13.0 12.4 15.0 17.3 17.4 18.0 18.0 17.9 17.9 0.0 6.7 2.7 Sorghum 17.9 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 11.0 10.7 15.0 15.0 12.9 15.0 15.0 15.2 15.2 3.6 2.8 -3.0 Cassava 68.6 80.0 85.1 65.0 67.0 67.0 67.0 90.0 130.0 123.8 135.0 135.0 135.0 135.0 7.3 3.4 1.1 Plantains .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ZAMBIA Seed cotton 5.0 4.3 6.3 6.5 4.7 5.6 14.3 13.2 13.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 0.3 -4.3 10.5 Tobacco leaves 10.4 4.4 5.1 9.6 12.4 10.5 10.8 10.9 10.7 10.0 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 2.2 -7.9 8.3 Sunflower 9.2 0.5 3.9 6.3 4.2 5.5 3.6 3.6 4.6 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.6 1.6 -14.5 23.8 Maize 16.9 7.3 25.2 15.0 14.2 20.9 14.8 12.5 13.8 15.0 14.6 14.0 15.5 15.5 3.6 3.1 3.1 Wheat 40.7 41.0 50.7 52.7 48.7 55.8 66.2 56.7 69.8 62.1 66.7 62.5 64.5 64.5 1.2 4.2 9.0 Cassava 61.8 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0 57.1 49.4 57.6 57.6 57.6 57.6 0.0 0.0 -1.0 ZIMBABWE Tobacco leaves 19.5 24.3 21.9 24.6 24.2 24.2 22.0 26.3 21.2 25.1 24.6 22.2 22.2 22.2 5.8 -0.5 0.6 Seed cotton 17.5 2.7 8.6 7.8 4.6 9.2 10.2 9.2 9.2 8.8 8.5 4.9 5.6 8.0 0.8 -5.5 -2.6 Sugarcane 1,031.2 89.3 597.8 1,072.5 1,109.7 905.1 1,081.6 962.2 1,083.0 983.1 1,119.0 1,050.0 1,025.6 1,025.6 0.0 -0.7 8.3 Maize 13.4 4.1 16.3 16.6 6.0 17.0 13.4 11.6 10.5 14.9 12.0 3.8 5.8 7.1 -8.1 6.8 -13.0 Wheat 49.7 48.3 70.3 56.1 20.8 54.9 51.7 53.8 56.1 53.9 56.2 40.0 30.0 40.0 4.8 -0.1 -11.5 Notes: The following commodities are in their least-processed form unless otherwise indicated: Cotton, seed cotton Groundnuts, unshelled Coffee, green or roasted Rice, paddy Cloves, whole Cocoa, beans Tobacco, leaves Sunflower, seeds 1 hectogram = 100 grams = 3.527 oz. Countries excluded from listing: Cape Verde, Djibouti, São Tomé and Principe, and Seychelles. For livestock "yield," see Table 8.6. Food output by major crops. Agriculture 235 8-14. Incidence of drought D = Significant shortage of rain 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. D .. .. D .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. D .. .. D .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. D D D .. .. .. .. Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. D D .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. D D .. .. D D D D D D D .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. D .. D D D .. D D .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. D .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. D D .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. D D .. D D D D D D Ethiopia D D .. D .. .. D .. D D D D D D Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. D .. D .. .. .. .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya .. D D .. .. .. D D D D D D D D Lesotho .. D .. .. D .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. D Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. D D D D D D Malawi .. D .. D D .. D D .. .. .. D .. D Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. D D D D Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. D .. .. D .. .. D .. .. D D D Namibia .. D .. .. D .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. D D D .. .. D .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. D D .. D D D .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. D .. .. D D D D South Africa .. D .. .. D .. D .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. D .. D .. .. D D D D D Swaziland .. D .. .. D .. .. .. .. .. D D D D Tanzania .. D .. .. .. .. D D D D .. D D D Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. D .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. D .. D D D D D .. Zambia .. D .. D D .. D D .. .. D D D .. Zimbabwe .. D .. D D .. .. .. .. .. D D D .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. .. D D D .. D .. D D .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. D .. D .. D D .. .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. D .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 236 Agriculture Figure 8-1. Food price index, 2003* Index, average 2000 = 100 0 50 100 150 Namibia Lesotho South Africa Cape Verde Botswana Chad Rwanda Tanzania Madagascar Central African Republic Cameroon Mali Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. Tunisia Senegal Burkina Faso Gabon Seychelles Benin Morocco Kenya Mauritania Niger Gambia, The Congo, Rep. of Togo Uganda Ethiopia * Or most recent year available. Agriculture 237 Figure 8-2. Food production per capita index, 2003* Index, average 1999­01 = 100 0 25 50 75 100 125 Benin Morocco Algeria Burkina Faso Ghana Niger Sudan Lesotho Angola South Africa Guinea Central African Republic Botswana Mauritius Rwanda Zambia Egypt, Arab Rep. Tunisia Chad Djibouti Ethiopia Uganda Swaziland Burundi Mozambique Congo, Rep. of Mauritania Sierra Leone Cameroon Tanzania Nigeria Seychelles Togo Mali Gabon Libya Comoros São Tomé and Principe Kenya Madagascar Guinea-Bissau Namibia Côte d'Ivoire Congo, Dem. Rep. of Cape Verde Equatorial Guinea Zimbabwe Malawi Eritrea Senegal Gambia, The * Or most recent year available. 238 Agriculture Figure 8-3. Food and nonfood production index, 2003* Food** Nonfood (Index, average 1999­01 = 100) (Index, average 1999­01 = 100) 150 100 50 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 Benin Morocco Burkina Faso Niger Algeria Ghana Angola Rwanda Sudan Chad Sierra Leone Uganda Egypt, Arab Rep. Guinea Central African Republic Burundi Mauritania Botswana Ethiopia Djibouti Zambia Mauritius South Africa Congo Lesotho Tunisia Mali Nigeria Mozambique Togo Cameroon Tanzania Comoros Madagascar Guinea-Bissau Swaziland São Tomé and Principe Gabon Libya Seychelles Kenya Namibia Congo, Dem. Rep. of Liberia Côte d'Ivoire Equatorial Guinea Cape Verde Malawi Zimbabwe Eritrea Senegal * Or most recent year available. ** Sorted by food production. Agriculture 239 Figure 8-4. Agriculture exports, 1997* Millions of U.S. dollars 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 South Africa Côte d'Ivoire Zimbabwe Kenya Morocco Ghana Sudan Tunisia Ethiopia Nigeria Cameroon Egypt, Arab Rep. Uganda Mauritius Tanzania Malawi Swaziland Mali Namibia Benin Chad Togo Burkina Faso Botswana Congo, Dem. Rep. of Madagascar Algeria Burundi Somalia Senegal Zambia Mozambique Guinea Niger Mauritania Rwanda Central African Republic Guinea-Bissau Liberia Congo, Rep. of Sierra Leone Gambia The Gabon Lesotho Angola Equatorial Guinea Comoros São Tomé and Principe Eritrea Seychelles * Or most recent year available. 240 Agriculture Figure 8-5. Drought, 1980­2004 Number of years in period 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ethiopia Cape Verde Zambia Sudan Kenya Tanzania Zimbabwe Niger Chad Botswana Algeria Malawi Mozambique Swaziland Eritrea Rwanda Burundi Uganda Ghana Somalia Mauritania Madagascar Morocco Lesotho Tunisia Burkina Faso Senegal South Africa Mali Cameroon Central African Republic Namibia São Tomé and Principe Djibouti Togo Côte d'Ivoire Mauritius Agriculture 241 Technical notes Tables Where commodities may be marketed in several different forms, the form is generally specified (for Table 8-1. Nominal producer prices. Data on nom- instance, shelled or unshelled groundnuts). When not inal producer prices are compiled from FAO. In gen- specified, the form of the commodity is the most eral, the figures reflect the average annual price re- common (for instance, shelled and dried maize). ceived by farmers in the most important producing Where commodities are graded, an average grade has regions. But given the wide regional and seasonal been used unless otherwise specified. variation and the lack of precision in recording specifics about prices quoted, the data should be in- Table 8-2. Food price index. This is a subindex of terpreted only as a rough indication of price levels for the consumer price index. It reflects the cost to the an entire country during an entire year. average consumer of acquiring a fixed basket of food The data do not differentiate between official pro- (IMF, IFS). ducer prices and farmgate prices. In most cases they are the same. Table 8-3. Food production index. This index is Crop years for most countries span parts of two based on 169 commodities that provide calories when calendar years; planting takes place in the first calen- consumed (FAO data). Some of these (such as cot- dar year, while harvesting and marketing take place at tonseed, cocoa, and vanilla) are not, however, a sig- the end of the first year and beginning of the second nificant part of African diets, but are produced year. For consistency, producer prices are listed cor- primarily for export. responding to the calendar year during which plant- ing decisions are made. For example, producer prices Table 8-4. Nonfood production index. Data in this for the crop year 1987/88 are listed as 1987. table are derived from 29 products that are not con- For each country, up to four export crops and five sidered nutritious, including coffee, rubber, cotton food crops are included, which represent the most lint, and tobacco leaves (FAO data). important commodities for that country in terms of value of total production during the early 1980s. The Table 8-5. Food production per capita index. food crops include up to three cereals of "traded" These data are derived as the ratio of the food pro- grains (those commonly imported or exported) and duction index (Table 8-3) to estimated total midyear up to two "nontraded" staples--generally roots and population figures (Table 1-2). tubers--which are not normally imported or exported by African countries. In the table, these categories of Table 8-6. Volume of food output, by major food crops are designated by the following symbols: X1 crop. The table covers, with only a few differences, through X4 for export crops; Fl through F3 for traded the same major food crops as presented in Table 8-1, food crops; and NT1 and NT2 for nontraded staple excluding beverages (coffee, tea, cocoa), cotton, and food crops. The categorization is consistent across tobacco. Also included are figures for livestock, countries, but the numbering of crops within cate- which represent the combined total number of cattle, gories in each country depends on which crops are sheep, goats, pigs, horses, asses, mules, and rabbits most important. (FAO data). 242 Agriculture Table 8-7. Value of agricultural exports. The value not harm agricultural production if it did not ad- of agricultural exports is expressed in current U.S. versely affect the regions where the main crops are dollars at f.o.b. prices (FAO data). produced, whereas an average rainfall level might be associated with difficulties in the producing Table 8-8. Cereal production. This refers to crops regions--due to delay, for example. Therefore, sim- harvested for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested ply presenting the annual rainfall levels would not for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage necessarily enrich the agricultural data. and those used for grazing are excluded (FAO data). For each country, a binary classification was thus created. A "D" was assigned to a country if a signifi- Table 8-9. Crop production index. This table shows cant shortage of rain unfavorably affected its agricul- agricultural production for each year relative to the tural production. For normal or average rainfall, the base period 1999­2001. It includes all crops except standard sign was given, as in the cases of insufficient fodder crops (FAO data). information or "not applicable." (Specialists who work on the relevant countries were surveyed, as well Tables 8-10 and 8-11. Fertilizer use and imports. as World Bank agricultural and environmental ex- Figures are in metric tons and represent the aggregate perts. In addition, the Famine Early Warning System of nitrogenous, phosphate, and potash fertilizers Project of the U.S. Agency for International Develop- (FAO database for the Fertilizer Yearbook). ment provided information for 1993­94 for about half of the countries listed.). FAO's Global Informa- Table 8-12. Area under permanent crops. Data in tion and Early Warning System on Food and Agricul- this table reflect land under permanent crops as de- ture provided information for 1999­2004. fined and reported by FAO. Figures Table 8-13. Agricultural yields, by major crop. This table closely follows the selection of commodi- The following indicators have been used to derive the ties in Table 8-1. Units are in thousands of hec- figures in this chapter. tograms (which are equivalent to hundreds of kilo- grams) per hectare. Most of the data come from the Figure 8-1. Food price index (Table 8-2). database for the FAO's Production Yearbook, with additional information from World Bank agricultural Figure 8-2. Food production per capita index sector reports. (Table 8-5). Table 8-14. Incidence of drought. This is the only Figure 8-3. Food production index (Table 8-3); non- indicator in this chapter based on subjective consid- food production index (Table 8-4). erations. Data on rainfall levels from other sources are usually presented to suit different purposes, with- Figure 8-4. Agriculture exports (Table 8-7). out considering seasonal and regional characteristics of the producing regions. A low rainfall level might Figure 8-5. Drought (Table 8-14). Agriculture 243 Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 8 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (1) (6) (7) (8) (2) 8-1 x 8-2 x x 8-3 x x 8-4 x 8-5 x x 8-6 x x 8-7 x x 8-8 x x 8-9 x x 8-10 x x 8-11 x x 8-12 x x 8-13 x x 8-14 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 9 Power, Communications, and Transportation A n adequate and reliable supply of power is a the Internet was added. Data on telecommunications vital ingredient for the economic develop- are from the International Telecommunication Union's ment of African countries. This chapter pro- (ITU'S) World Telecommunication Indicators Data- vides data on the power, communications, and trans- base (www.itu.int). The data on Internet hosts are from portation sectors of the economy. Data are from the the Internet Software Consortium (www.isc.com). International Energy Agency's (IEA's) Energy Statis- In addition to power and communications, coun- tics and Balances of Non-OECD Countries, and from tries must have a solid transportation sector to under- the United Nations Statistics Division's Energy pin expansion of their economies and ensure support Statistics Yearbook. to the activities of households, producers, and gov- Telecommunications, computers, and the Internet ernment. This chapter presents data on vehicle use, are also essential ingredients of a modern economy. roads, and railway traffic. Data are from World Bank In this chapter, telephone main lines represent the databases, the International World Road Federation's supply side of the system, which in Africa is well World Road Statistics, and Eurostat (europa.eu.int/ short of demand. In fact, waiting time for telephone comm/eurostat). The air transport data are from the lines is longer in Africa than in any other world re- International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO's) gion. Because of the growing importance of comput- Civil Aviation Statistics of the World and ICAO staff ers for development, a new table on computers and estimates. 244 Power, Communications, and Transportation 245 9-1. Electric power consumption per capita kWh Annual average 1980 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 423.8 430.8 419.5 430.4 434.6 434.8 438.2 434.4 431.3 449.9 457.1 403.4 436.7 438.8 excluding South Africa 131.2 122.8 117.7 119.4 120.4 115.7 107.2 110.7 112.1 121.2 124.4 125.8 125.1 116.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 155.4 133.1 128.6 132.4 136.0 131.1 .. .. .. .. .. 150.1 139.9 133.2 Angola 67.0 62.1 60.7 59.3 61.8 84.5 90.0 88.8 93.6 101.0 108.6 72.9 63.8 85.9 Benin 29.8 41.7 42.2 45.2 48.1 52.0 49.1 57.1 64.1 68.1 76.0 29.5 37.6 57.5 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 153.8 193.2 169.4 162.3 168.2 178.4 175.7 181.3 179.9 170.3 160.9 177.8 201.5 172.1 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 142.5 65.8 46.7 46.6 44.5 43.4 42.8 44.4 50.3 46.6 43.2 134.9 96.1 45.2 Congo, Rep. of 77.1 121.4 114.7 114.4 114.8 92.6 71.4 44.6 75.4 75.1 82.3 75.2 133.9 83.8 Côte d'Ivoire 191.6 139.6 140.3 170.5 174.3 181.3 .. .. .. .. .. 166.4 149.3 175.4 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 16.2 20.1 20.8 21.7 22.3 22.2 22.2 21.4 22.1 22.0 25.3 16.3 18.4 22.4 Gabon 614.4 746.6 681.2 683.5 752.6 761.2 822.2 810.8 786.2 790.5 804.3 601.6 853.8 776.4 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 411.8 323.8 298.8 330.7 356.0 275.0 194.9 241.7 309.0 340.7 297.2 328.1 278.6 293.2 Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 92.5 121.3 123.2 125.1 128.1 126.2 127.4 118.0 105.9 116.8 120.3 90.1 112.9 121.0 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 34.0 46.2 41.3 44.1 40.7 46.8 54.1 59.5 57.3 266.1 341.2 42.4 38.1 113.7 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 66.1 95.3 88.8 84.8 79.1 75.1 70.5 69.2 68.5 69.5 68.2 60.3 85.5 73.1 Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 96.4 101.0 107.1 106.5 108.1 114.6 119.0 114.5 120.6 132.7 135.1 92.7 99.8 118.9 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 3,212.9 3,581.3 3,530.7 3,659.8 3,715.0 3,776.4 3,786.4 3,703.6 3,643.1 3,774.5 3,860.1 3,037.2 3,563.1 3,739.9 Sudan 34.1 46.9 48.5 47.8 48.5 45.5 44.3 66.1 65.5 67.0 74.2 35.9 48.0 57.4 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 36.8 51.4 50.7 55.0 60.0 55.9 59.5 54.9 56.8 58.5 62.1 35.4 46.9 57.8 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 1,015.7 726.7 717.8 698.8 678.3 631.4 578.6 585.7 559.7 537.0 583.0 1,058.2 811.5 606.6 Zimbabwe 973.2 751.9 788.8 814.7 858.8 871.9 850.2 882.1 843.6 810.0 831.4 939.3 853.3 845.3 NORTH AFRICA 342.7 642.3 660.9 670.3 683.9 714.1 750.8 786.3 835.8 868.5 899.5 331.4 574.3 776.1 Algeria 265.3 507.9 509.0 516.9 526.3 523.2 550.0 584.6 611.9 637.7 662.2 259.8 452.3 576.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 379.9 726.3 742.7 762.0 781.2 819.9 860.3 914.9 978.4 1,024.2 1,072.5 377.8 660.6 901.7 Libya 1,004.3 1,823.1 1,908.3 1,812.7 1,834.9 2,024.0 2,150.5 2,271.6 2,334.0 2,300.0 2,250.3 917.5 1,538.9 2,122.2 Morocco 222.8 377.1 398.1 403.7 408.4 422.7 443.0 402.2 447.2 461.2 475.2 212.1 334.7 432.9 Tunisia 379.2 674.1 718.3 734.4 744.8 783.0 824.0 910.9 938.9 992.8 1,018.9 322.7 590.9 868.5 ALL AFRICA 404.9 478.2 473.2 483.4 489.3 495.7 507.7 512.3 520.6 541.8 553.9 386.5 467.7 513.1 246 Power, Communications, and Transportation 9-2. Energy production and use Energy production Commercial energy use Electric power transmission (KT oil equivalent) (KT oil equivalent) and distribution losses (% of output) 1980 2001 1980 2000 1980 2001 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 320,483 558,653 206,013 338,377 .. .. excluding South Africa 247,314 414,773 140,596 229,523 .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 98,835 204,887 87,750 139,047 .. .. Angola 11,301 43,560 4,688 8,075 25 15 Benin 1,212 1,491 1,363 2,012 .. 70 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 6,707 12,517 3,708 6,368 7 26 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 8,582 15,773 8,590 14,607 8 4 Congo, Rep. of 4,024 13,668 862 867 9 65 Côte d'Ivoire 2,419 6,083 3,662 6,617 7 .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 10,575 18,014 11,145 18,719 8 10 Gabon 9,441 13,894 1,397 1,538 1 18 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 3,305 5,995 4,063 7,888 5 15 Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 7,891 12,644 9,791 15,492 16 21 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 7,413 7,560 8,074 7,177 39 3 Namibia .. 294 .. 1,031 .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 148,479 209,886 52,846 90,476 36 38 Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 1,046 1,765 1,919 3,085 10 19 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 73,169 143,880 65,417 108,854 8 8 Sudan 7,089 22,908 8,406 14,136 14 15 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 7,296 13,001 8,074 13,450 14 25 Togo 562 1,056 715 1,529 .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 4,179 6,133 4,723 6,237 7 3 Zimbabwe 5,793 8,531 6,570 10,219 9 21 NORTH AFRICA 205,685 283,458 43,896 112,022 .. .. Algeria 67,103 143,778 12,185 29,135 11 16 Egypt, Arab Rep. 34,168 58,485 15,970 46,583 13 12 Libya 96,550 73,725 7,193 18,407 36 20 Morocco 877 584 4,778 9,972 10 7 Tunisia 6,987 6,886 3,770 7,925 12 11 ALL AFRICA 526,168 842,111 249,909 450,399 .. .. Power, Communications, and Transportation 247 9-3. Telephone, radio, and television availability, 1996­03 Telephones Radios Television Main lines Waiting list Average cost of call Mobile phones sets (per 1,000 people) (thousands) US$ per three minutes (per 1,000 people) (per 1,000 people) (per 1,000 people) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 15 192 .. 37 198 69 excluding South Africa 8 190 .. 18 188 62 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 9 200 .. 20 185 51 Angola 6 17 0.09 9 78 52 Benin 9 4 0.09 32 445 12 Botswana 87 13 0.02 241 150 44 Burkina Faso 5 1 0.10 8 433 79 Burundi 3 1 0.08 7 220 31 Cameroon 7 3 0.06 43 161 75 Cape Verde 160 4 0.04 98 181 101 Central African Republic 2 0 0.43 3 80 6 Chad 2 0 0.11 4 233 2 Comoros 13 4 0.14 0 174 4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0 .. .. 11 385 2 Congo, Rep. of 7 .. .. 67 109 13 Côte d'Ivoire 20 1 0.09 62 185 61 Djibouti 15 0 0.20 23 83 78 Equatorial Guinea 17 4 0.05 63 425 116 Eritrea 9 10 0.03 0 464 50 Ethiopia 5 2 0.02 1 189 6 Gabon 25 9 0.22 215 488 308 Gambia, The 28 8 0.03 73 394 15 Ghana 13 7 0.03 21 695 53 Guinea 3 0 0.08 12 52 47 Guinea-Bissau 9 4 0.15 0 178 36 Kenya 10 4 0.09 42 221 26 Lesotho 13 10 0.11 42 61 35 Liberia 2 1 .. 1 274 25 Madagascar 4 0 0.07 10 216 25 Malawi 7 2 0.06 8 499 4 Mali 5 .. 0.07 5 180 33 Mauritania 12 19 0.13 92 148 99 Mauritius 270 11 0.04 289 379 299 Mozambique 5 1 0.08 14 44 14 Namibia 65 1 0.03 80 134 269 Niger 2 .. 0.10 1 122 10 Nigeria 6 0 0.11 13 200 103 Rwanda 3 1 0.09 14 85 0 São Tomé and Principe 41 4 0.17 13 318 93 Senegal 22 1 0.17 55 126 78 Seychelles 269 22 0.15 553 543 202 Sierra Leone 5 5 0.03 13 259 13 Somalia 10 .. .. 3 60 14 South Africa 107 1 0.09 304 336 177 Sudan 21 14 0.03 6 461 386 Swaziland 34 15 0.04 61 162 34 Tanzania 5 0 0.12 19 406 45 Togo 10 6 0.10 35 263 123 Uganda 2 0 0.21 16 122 18 Zambia 8 1 0.09 13 179 51 Zimbabwe 25 14 0.01 30 362 56 NORTH AFRICA 84 44 .. 81 282 188 Algeria 61 24 0.04 13 244 114 Egypt, Arab Rep. 8 1 0.09 13 179 229 Libya 25 14 0.01 30 362 137 Morocco 61 24 0.04 13 244 167 Tunisia 110 3 0.02 67 339 207 ALL AFRICA 26 268 .. 45 213 89 248 Power, Communications, and Transportation 9-4. Personal computers and Internet use Personal computers Internet hosts Internet users (per 1,000 people) (per 10,000 people) (thousands) 2001 2002 1999 2000 2001 2003 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 10.25 11.90 2.32 3.10 4,491 2,957 excluding South Africa 5.43 7.02 0.15 0.32 1,601 2,957 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 4.99 6.99 0.18 0.40 1,486 2,207 Angola 1.26 1.94 0.00 0.01 20 .. Benin 1.67 2.21 0.04 0.04 25 70 Botswana 38.67 40.70 5.79 13.99 50 .. Burkina Faso 1.46 1.59 0.19 0.19 19 48 Burundi 0.66 0.72 0.00 0.00 7 14 Cameroon 3.89 5.69 0.00 0.01 45 .. Cape Verde 68.65 79.73 0.02 0.05 12 20 Central African Republic 1.85 2.02 0.00 0.02 3 6 Chad 1.57 1.65 0.00 0.01 4 .. Comoros 5.50 5.51 0.57 0.72 3 5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. 0.00 0.00 6 .. Congo, Rep. of 3.86 3.94 0.00 0.01 1 15 Côte d'Ivoire 7.20 9.34 0.24 0.38 70 240 Djibouti 10.87 15.24 0.00 0.62 3 7 Equatorial Guinea 5.32 6.93 0.00 0.00 1 .. Eritrea 1.83 2.51 0.01 0.02 6 30 Ethiopia 1.15 1.48 0.01 0.01 25 75 Gabon 15.85 19.25 0.02 0.21 17 35 Gambia, The 12.72 13.85 0.02 0.11 18 .. Ghana 3.34 3.78 0.06 0.06 40 .. Guinea 4.22 5.48 0.00 0.00 15 40 Guinea-Bissau .. .. 0.11 0.10 4 19 Kenya 5.59 6.39 0.19 0.32 200 .. Lesotho .. .. 0.10 0.49 5 30 Liberia .. .. 0.00 0.00 1 .. Madagascar 2.58 4.40 0.12 0.36 35 71 Malawi 1.25 1.34 0.00 0.00 20 36 Mali 1.35 1.41 0.01 0.05 20 .. Mauritania 10.33 10.81 0.00 0.20 7 12 Mauritius 108.32 116.48 4.55 27.68 106 150 Mozambique 3.96 4.50 0.09 0.10 30 .. Namibia 54.74 70.93 10.87 18.16 45 65 Niger 0.53 0.60 0.03 0.12 12 .. Nigeria 6.84 7.10 0.00 0.01 115 750 Rwanda .. .. 0.00 0.47 20 .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. 17.32 45.00 9 15 Senegal 18.36 19.85 0.28 0.51 100 225 Seychelles 146.52 160.85 0.12 0.49 9 .. Sierra Leone .. .. 0.14 0.16 7 .. Somalia .. .. 0.00 0.00 1 .. South Africa 69.57 72.60 32.73 41.94 2,890 .. Sudan 3.62 6.15 0.00 0.00 56 300 Swaziland 15.69 24.22 6.28 7.07 14 27 Tanzania 3.57 4.18 0.05 0.16 60 250 Togo 25.26 30.78 0.18 0.35 150 210 Uganda 2.94 3.32 0.06 0.07 60 125 Zambia 7.09 7.48 0.49 0.88 25 68 Zimbabwe 17.38 51.57 1.14 2.50 100 .. NORTH AFRICA 13.98 17.35 0.19 0.47 1,630 4,790 Algeria 7.13 7.73 0.01 0.01 200 .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 15.49 16.64 0.28 0.85 600 3,000 Libya .. 23.40 0.00 0.02 20 160 Morocco 13.71 23.61 0.28 0.33 400 1,000 Tunisia 26.39 30.67 0.06 0.10 410 630 ALL AFRICA 10.94 12.93 1.95 2.64 6,121 7,747 Power, Communications, and Transportation 249 9-5. Vehicle ownership Units per 1,000 people Annual average 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. 21 23 23 24 22 23 23 .. .. .. .. .. 23 excluding South Africa .. 9 14 14 15 14 15 15 .. .. .. .. .. 15 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. 9 10 10 11 12 12 12 .. .. .. .. .. 12 Angola .. 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 .. .. .. .. .. 20 Benin .. 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 .. .. .. .. .. 7 Botswana 27 18 23 28 32 35 62 48 51 59 68 27 .. 58 Burkina Faso .. 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 .. .. .. .. .. 5 Burundi .. 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 8 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 .. .. .. 8 .. 12 Cape Verde .. 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 .. .. .. .. .. 10 Central African Republic 8 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 .. .. 8 .. 0 Chad .. 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 .. .. .. .. .. 4 Comoros .. 13 15 17 18 23 24 28 .. .. .. .. .. 26 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. 22 25 28 28 29 30 31 .. .. .. .. .. 30 Congo, Rep. of .. 18 19 19 20 19 20 20 .. .. .. .. .. 20 Côte d'Ivoire 24 24 24 25 27 29 30 32 .. .. .. 24 .. 31 Djibouti .. 15 16 16 16 17 18 19 .. .. .. .. .. 18 Equatorial Guinea .. 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 .. .. .. .. .. 5 Eritrea .. 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 .. .. .. .. .. 2 Ethiopia 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .. 2 1 1 Gabon .. 32 33 35 36 35 37 37 .. .. .. .. .. 37 Gambia, The .. 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 .. .. .. .. .. 15 Ghana .. .. .. .. .. 8 8 8 .. .. .. .. .. 8 Guinea .. 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 .. .. .. .. .. 5 Guinea-Bissau .. 7 7 7 8 10 10 12 .. .. .. .. .. 11 Kenya 8 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 .. .. .. 8 12 13 Lesotho 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 20 .. .. .. 10 .. 19 Liberia 1 14 14 14 14 15 14 15 .. .. .. 1 .. 14 Madagascar .. 6 5 5 5 7 7 8 .. .. .. .. .. 8 Malawi 5 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 .. .. .. 5 .. 6 Mali .. 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 .. .. .. .. .. 4 Mauritania .. 10 10 10 10 12 12 13 .. .. .. .. .. 12 Mauritius 44 59 63 68 71 75 79 83 88 93 98 44 54 88 Mozambique .. 4 5 5 5 3 2 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 Namibia .. 71 83 73 78 81 81 84 .. .. .. .. .. 83 Niger 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 .. .. .. 6 5 6 Nigeria 4 .. 30 29 29 22 25 24 .. .. .. 4 .. 24 Rwanda 2 2 3 3 3 5 5 5 .. .. .. 2 1 5 São Tomé and Principe .. 36 37 37 38 40 40 41 .. .. .. .. .. 41 Senegal 19 11 11 12 13 13 13 14 .. .. .. 19 .. 14 Seychelles .. 104 104 105 107 116 114 119 118 .. .. .. .. 117 Sierra Leone .. 10 10 11 10 11 9 6 .. .. .. .. 10 7 Somalia .. 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 South Africa 133 139 140 139 136 141 139 142 .. .. 143 133 160 142 Sudan .. 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 .. .. .. .. .. 11 Swaziland 52 66 71 68 65 62 66 68 67 70 .. 52 63 68 Tanzania 3 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 .. .. .. 3 .. 5 Togo .. 24 25 26 26 26 28 28 .. .. .. .. 1 28 Uganda 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 1 .. 5 Zambia .. 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 .. .. .. .. .. 25 Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. 32 32 31 30 .. .. .. .. .. 31 NORTH AFRICA .. 33 34 34 35 46 49 49 .. .. .. .. 38 49 Algeria .. .. .. .. .. 55 54 53 .. .. .. .. 54 53 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 29 29 29 28 29 29 30 .. .. .. .. 26 30 Libya .. .. .. .. .. 165 240 241 .. .. .. .. .. 240 Morocco .. 37 38 41 43 47 48 48 49 51 52 .. .. 50 Tunisia 38 48 49 51 52 59 59 64 .. .. .. 38 62 62 ALL AFRICA .. 23 25 25 25 27 28 28 .. .. .. .. .. 28 250 Power, Communications, and Transportation 9-6. Road-to-population ratio Road 1,000 km/1 million people Annual average 1980 1985 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3.3 3.0 .. 2.5 .. .. 2.5 2.4 2.9 2.4 .. 3.3 2.6 2.6 excluding South Africa 3.1 2.8 .. 2.2 .. .. 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.4 .. 3.1 2.5 2.4 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 3.5 3.2 .. 2.5 .. .. 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 .. 3.5 2.8 2.6 Angola 10.3 8.7 .. 7.8 .. 7.3 7.1 6.9 6.7 6.5 6.3 11.0 7.5 6.5 Benin 2.1 1.9 1.3 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 .. 2.1 1.4 1.2 Botswana 9.1 7.6 .. 7.0 .. .. 13.1 12.6 12.2 12.0 .. 11.7 10.5 12.1 Burkina Faso 1.1 1.1 .. .. .. 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.2 .. 1.7 1.2 1.2 Burundi 1.2 0.6 .. 1.2 .. 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 .. 1.8 1.8 2.3 Cameroon 7.1 6.4 .. 6.0 .. .. 2.7 2.6 2.6 .. .. 6.5 4.6 2.6 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 .. .. 3.0 2.8 Central African Republic 9.8 7.6 8.2 8.0 7.9 7.7 7.5 7.3 7.1 7.0 .. 9.7 7.7 7.0 Chad 6.0 5.3 .. 4.6 .. .. 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.8 .. 6.6 4.9 4.8 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 .. 2.3 1.8 1.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 5.2 4.5 .. .. 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.4 .. 5.3 3.8 3.5 Congo, Rep. of 4.7 4.1 .. .. 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.2 .. 5.1 4.6 4.3 Côte d'Ivoire 5.0 4.8 .. 4.2 .. .. 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 .. 5.6 4.1 3.6 Djibouti .. 8.2 6.5 5.9 5.7 .. 5.3 5.1 5.0 4.8 .. 8.2 6.4 4.9 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.0 .. 5.2 7.1 7.0 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 .. .. 1.1 1.1 Ethiopia 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.5 .. 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 .. 0.9 0.6 0.5 Gabon 10.2 9.4 .. .. 7.6 7.4 7.2 7.1 6.9 6.7 .. 10.9 7.7 6.8 Gambia, The 3.4 4.1 .. 2.6 .. .. 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 .. 3.0 2.9 2.4 Ghana 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.5 .. .. 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 .. 2.8 2.4 2.1 Guinea 5.4 5.8 .. .. .. 2.6 0.0 4.7 4.6 4.5 .. 4.2 3.3 4.6 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 .. 4.7 3.8 3.6 Kenya 3.1 3.3 2.7 2.6 2.6 .. 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 .. 3.2 2.7 2.4 Lesotho 3.1 2.8 .. .. .. 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 .. 2.8 3.2 3.0 Liberia 2.9 2.4 .. 2.4 .. .. 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 .. 3.9 3.3 3.8 Madagascar 5.7 4.9 1.3 .. 2.9 2.8 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.6 .. 4.8 3.7 3.7 Malawi 1.7 1.6 1.4 3.2 .. .. 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.6 Mali 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 .. 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 .. 2.1 1.7 1.5 Mauritania 4.5 4.0 .. 3.6 .. .. 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.2 .. 4.5 3.6 3.3 Mauritius 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 .. 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.2 1.7 1.7 Mozambique 2.9 2.6 1.9 2.5 .. .. 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 .. 3.3 2.0 1.9 Namibia .. .. .. 27.5 .. .. 39.9 39.4 38.4 37.5 36.5 .. 35.6 37.5 Niger 2.8 2.8 .. 1.5 .. .. 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 .. 2.4 2.1 1.1 Nigeria 1.5 1.3 .. 1.2 .. .. 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 .. 1.5 1.4 1.7 Rwanda 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.9 .. .. 1.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 .. 1.7 2.0 2.6 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.4 .. .. 2.4 2.4 Senegal 2.5 2.2 .. 2.0 .. .. 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 .. 2.4 2.0 1.7 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.7 .. .. 3.5 3.6 Sierra Leone 2.4 2.3 .. .. .. 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.4 Somalia 2.6 3.2 .. 3.0 .. .. 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.9 .. 3.3 3.0 3.0 South Africa 6.7 5.9 5.3 5.3 5.1 .. .. .. 8.5 .. .. 7.1 5.4 8.5 Sudan 0.5 0.4 .. 0.4 .. .. 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 .. 0.7 0.4 0.4 Swaziland 5.8 5.1 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.3 4.1 4.1 .. 5.1 3.8 4.1 Tanzania 2.5 3.8 .. .. 2.1 2.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 .. 2.5 2.8 2.9 Togo 2.8 2.4 .. 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 .. 2.8 2.2 1.9 Uganda 2.1 1.9 .. 1.7 .. 1.6 .. .. .. .. .. 2.1 1.7 .. Zambia 6.3 5.6 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.4 7.5 7.4 7.2 6.4 4.9 7.4 Zimbabwe 11.8 9.0 .. .. .. 8.4 8.3 1.7 1.6 1.6 .. 11.8 6.9 1.6 NORTH AFRICA 2.1 2.0 1.6 .. 1.9 1.6 2.5 .. .. .. .. 2.1 1.8 .. Algeria 3.9 3.6 .. .. 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6 .. 4.1 3.6 3.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 .. .. .. .. 0.7 0.8 .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. 17.2 17.2 17.2 5.1 .. .. 17.2 11.1 Morocco 3.0 2.7 2.5 .. 2.4 1.1 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.9 2.3 2.2 Tunisia 3.7 3.6 3.7 .. .. .. 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 .. 3.4 3.3 2.5 ALL AFRICA 3.1 2.9 .. 2.3 .. .. 2.5 2.6 3.0 2.5 .. 3.1 2.6 2.7 Power, Communications, and Transportation 251 9-7. Paved primary roads Percentage in Percentage of roads good condition 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1989 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 18.0 16.2 16.0 16.3 16.3 14.8 16.2 15.6 12.8 39 excluding South Africa 18.0 16.0 15.7 16.0 16.0 13.6 12.1 15.6 12.4 39 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 17.1 15.8 15.3 15.7 15.0 13.5 12.1 15.6 12.4 41 Angola 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 10.4 .. 10.4 .. .. Benin 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 .. .. .. 13 Botswana 22.2 48.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 55.0 .. .. .. 94 Burkina Faso 18.7 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 .. .. .. 70 Burundi .. .. .. .. 71.0 71.0 .. .. .. 75 Cameroon 12.1 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 .. .. .. 25 Cape Verde 78.0 78.0 78.0 78.0 78.0 78.0 .. .. .. 14 Central African Republic 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.7 .. .. .. .. 30 Chad 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 .. .. .. .. Comoros 75.0 76.5 .. .. 76.5 76.5 .. .. .. 43 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 Congo, Rep. of 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 .. .. .. 50 Côte d'Ivoire 9.4 9.6 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 .. .. .. 75 Djibouti 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 .. .. .. 51 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 Eritrea 21.0 21.4 21.8 21.8 21.8 21.8 .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 15.0 15.5 15.3 15.3 14.0 13.3 12.0 12.0 12.0 47 Gabon 8.2 8.2 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 .. .. 30 Gambia, The 34.6 35.3 35.4 35.4 35.4 35.4 .. .. .. 22 Ghana 24.4 24.9 24.1 .. .. 29.6 .. 18.4 .. 28 Guinea 16.1 16.4 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 .. .. .. 50 Guinea-Bissau 9.8 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 .. .. .. 39 Kenya 13.6 13.8 12.1 12.1 12.1 12.1 12.1 .. .. 32 Lesotho 15.0 17.9 17.9 16.8 17.3 18.3 .. .. .. 53 Liberia 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 .. .. .. 85 Madagascar 18.7 11.5 11.6 .. .. 11.6 .. .. .. 56 Malawi 18.0 20.0 20.0 19.0 .. 18.5 .. .. .. 56 Mali 11.8 12.0 12.1 12.1 12.1 12.1 .. .. .. 70 Mauritania 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 .. .. .. 58 Mauritius 93.0 93.0 95.0 95.0 96.0 96.0 97.0 98.0 98.0 95 Mozambique 18.2 18.6 18.7 18.7 18.7 18.7 .. .. .. 19 Namibia 7.9 7.9 11.4 13.2 13.5 13.6 .. 12.9 12.8 .. Niger 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 .. .. .. 67 Nigeria 21.3 18.8 18.8 30.9 30.9 30.9 .. .. .. 34 Rwanda 9.7 9.9 9.1 .. .. 8.3 .. .. .. 41 São Tomé and Principe 66.7 68.0 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 .. .. .. .. Senegal 28.4 28.5 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 .. .. 28 Seychelles 61.5 62.8 80.3 84.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 11.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.9 .. .. 8.0 62 Somalia 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 .. .. .. 52 South Africa .. 41.5 19.7 19.7 19.7 20.3 20.3 .. 20.9 .. Sudan 35.4 36.2 36.3 36.3 36.3 36.3 .. .. .. 27 Swaziland 28.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 35 Tanzania 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 .. .. .. 39 Togo 31.6 31.6 31.6 31.6 31.6 31.6 .. .. .. 75 Uganda .. .. .. .. .. 6.7 .. .. .. 10 Zambia 18.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 22.0 .. 40 Zimbabwe 54.9 48.0 47.4 47.4 47.4 47.4 .. .. .. 70 NORTH AFRICA 68.0 68.9 73.5 73.5 66.3 63.8 60.6 60.9 56.4 .. Algeria 68.0 68.9 68.9 68.9 68.9 68.9 .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 75.0 78.0 78.1 78.1 78.1 78.1 .. .. .. .. Libya 56.0 57.1 .. .. .. 57.2 .. .. .. .. Morocco 50.2 50.2 50.2 52.3 52.3 56.3 56.4 56.4 56.4 .. Tunisia 77.4 78.8 78.9 78.9 63.7 63.8 64.8 65.4 .. .. ALL AFRICA 18.5 18.6 17.9 17.8 18.0 18.3 24.8 20.2 16.8 39 252 Power, Communications, and Transportation 9-8. Rail goods traffic-to-$PPP GDP ratio Ton-km per million of $PPP GDP Annual average 1980 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 54,331 32,433 35,268 30,332 38,633 39,400 27,557 36,737 .. 23,315 .. 53,734 37,549 31,752 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 61,667 .. .. .. 4,577 .. .. .. 11,296 10,121 .. 53,250 33,073 10,709 Congo, Rep. of .. 264,256 162,307 120,890 106,803 .. .. .. .. .. .. 324,606 247,629 .. Côte d'Ivoire 62,581 15,390 14,788 9,108 9,542 15,599 .. 21,993 .. .. .. 50,006 21,687 18,796 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. 1,941 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7,471 3,518 .. Gabon 9,721 .. 55,278 62,236 59,510 76,626 .. 66,510 .. 221,003 .. 18,784 52,036 121,380 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 11,214 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8,463 6,857 .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 244,531 78,287 62,732 52,335 51,545 .. .. 46,195 .. 37,292 .. 194,666 89,227 41,744 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi 116,102 18,902 14,755 12,122 12,134 12,931 11,748 9,249 12,285 12,814 14,193 84,418 22,426 12,203 Mali 45,401 55,697 51,016 .. .. .. .. 36,360 .. 29,342 .. 44,780 58,347 32,851 Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. 164,836 148,666 146,011 131,836 134,083 .. .. .. .. .. .. 167,582 134,083 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 21,154 .. 637 .. .. .. .. 5,057 .. 523 .. 28,450 5,751 2,790 Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 75,870 56,188 53,234 45,034 40,482 .. .. 38,371 .. 33,086 .. 63,762 61,951 35,729 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 596,833 322,424 307,400 304,246 296,233 287,144 .. .. .. .. .. 480,105 344,265 287,144 Sudan 160,868 23,073 .. .. .. 39,572 .. 35,807 .. 31,793 .. 96,450 35,861 35,724 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. 83,706 78,939 102,906 87,482 102,106 86,660 75,074 61,510 72,993 .. .. 84,580 79,668 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. 10,219 8,208 8,527 12,095 12,107 .. 4,511 4,605 7,465 .. 10,598 9,254 7,172 Zambia 389,374 166,943 158,422 156,228 102,521 70,170 78,617 66,607 65,906 75,919 .. 332,536 200,202 71,444 Zimbabwe 725,682 218,011 242,741 227,954 160,994 172,383 163,375 149,422 .. .. .. 537,619 283,162 161,727 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 44,527 23,483 21,080 19,345 18,869 .. .. .. .. 12,924 .. 38,601 25,767 12,924 Egypt, Arab Rep. 43,751 25,040 21,708 24,997 27,133 .. 23,014 21,498 20,571 16,416 .. 37,459 26,215 20,375 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 129,978 59,200 68,281 58,964 55,799 58,359 .. 53,705 49,993 49,056 .. 115,377 75,545 52,778 Tunisia 121,683 55,669 55,167 51,874 54,672 54,926 .. 47,385 45,218 42,346 .. 98,703 68,892 47,469 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Power, Communications, and Transportation 253 9-9. Rail load-to-locomotive ratio Million rail ton-km/locomotive Annual average 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. 17.8 15.9 .. 18.0 .. .. .. 14.3 15.8 .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19.9 .. .. 19.9 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18.0 24.9 .. .. 21.4 Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 10.9 6.5 9.0 10.1 8.9 9.6 8.6 12.4 13.3 10.0 14.2 9.8 9.2 12.5 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 11.7 10.9 .. 11.2 .. .. .. 1.0 .. .. 1.7 12.0 9.7 1.7 Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. 14.8 9.4 .. 5.8 .. .. 3.0 11.3 9.7 3.0 Côte d'Ivoire 12.8 .. .. 8.0 6.7 6.8 4.5 4.5 5.7 .. 17.4 12.3 8.4 11.5 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. 6.1 .. 2.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.2 .. Gabon 2.1 7.4 6.1 .. .. 4.8 5.2 5.3 7.6 .. 30.8 4.2 6.0 19.2 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana .. .. .. 3.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.4 .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 6.9 .. 9.2 8.8 9.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.2 8.7 .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1 .. .. 3.5 1.5 1.1 Mali .. 6.7 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.9 .. .. .. .. 11.2 6.6 8.6 11.2 Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.9 .. .. 5.9 Namibia .. .. .. 27.7 21.4 22.3 19.9 20.3 21.6 .. .. .. 22.3 21.6 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 3.8 .. .. .. .. 0.3 .. 0.0 .. .. .. 5.0 1.6 .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 13.3 18.4 16.7 20.9 18.0 16.4 14.6 16.1 .. .. .. 14.3 17.6 .. Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.8 15.4 .. .. 13.1 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. 19.9 23.2 25.4 23.6 22.6 25.8 26.4 26.9 .. .. 18.2 22.6 26.9 Sudan 8.0 .. .. .. 4.5 .. .. .. 11.1 14.2 12.3 7.0 4.7 12.5 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. .. 8.4 .. 11.7 11.4 13.9 12.2 14.9 .. 17.4 7.7 10.9 16.1 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. 2.1 1.9 3.1 2.7 2.0 2.3 3.5 4.1 .. 8.3 .. 2.1 6.2 Zambia 16.1 23.0 22.7 7.5 15.4 14.6 15.1 9.9 6.8 .. 7.2 17.2 16.8 7.0 Zimbabwe 21.7 19.3 .. 13.6 14.0 16.0 17.5 27.9 27.5 .. .. 20.7 18.8 27.5 NORTH AFRICA 9.0 .. .. 9.2 9.9 8.8 9.5 9.6 .. .. 9.5 9.0 9.4 9.5 Algeria 9.8 15.6 13.3 12.2 12.5 10.7 11.1 10.8 .. .. 7.7 10.9 12.5 7.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. 3.9 .. .. 3.7 6.1 3.6 4.9 4.9 .. .. 5.1 3.7 4.4 5.1 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 19.5 24.2 18.7 20.4 17.3 19.6 17.4 19.2 19.8 .. 22.3 19.1 19.5 21.0 Tunisia 13.9 10.8 10.5 9.3 9.3 10.3 14.0 12.7 13.4 .. 13.5 12.7 10.7 13.4 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. 14.7 14.0 12.6 15.1 14.1 .. .. .. 11.8 13.5 .. 254 Power, Communications, and Transportation 9-10. Air transport Aircraft departures Passengers carried Air freight (thousands) (thousands) (million tons per km) 2002 2003 2002 2003 2002 2003 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 328 348 16,821 18,174 .. .. excluding South Africa 206 201 8,654 8,693 .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 195 192 8,142 8,172 .. .. Angola 4 5 190 198 51.3 56.5 Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana 7 8 179 183 0.3 0.3 Burkina Faso 1 1 53 55 0.0 0.0 Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 10 10 322 315 20.8 20.3 Cape Verde 9 9 237 253 0.4 0.4 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 5 5 47 52 0.0 0.0 Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 28 27 1,103 1,147 83.5 93.5 Gabon 8 8 366 386 49.3 54.3 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 4 3 256 241 18.9 16.6 Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 26 27 1,600 1,678 118.4 141.5 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 9 9 391 404 8.7 9.6 Malawi 5 5 105 109 1.2 1.2 Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania 2 2 106 116 0.1 0.1 Mauritius 13 15 1,006 1,035 182.3 194.5 Mozambique 8 8 282 281 7.1 6.6 Namibia 5 6 222 266 21.1 45.7 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 11 9 512 520 8.7 10.0 Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 1 1 35 36 0.1 0.1 Senegal 7 2 231 130 0.0 0.0 Seychelles 22 19 518 413 28.2 21.3 Sierra Leone 0 0 14 14 6.1 6.7 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 122 147 8,167 9,481 782.5 891.3 Sudan 8 8 409 421 32.8 36.3 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 4 6 135 150 2.3 1.8 Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda 0 0 41 40 21.3 23.4 Zambia 5 5 47 51 0.0 0.0 Zimbabwe 5 4 251 201 25.8 18.5 NORTH AFRICA 150 146 13,024 12,376 .. .. Algeria 46 44 3,002 3,293 17.9 19.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. 42 42 4,527 4,172 249.2 228.5 Libya 6 6 559 627 0.2 0.3 Morocco 38 35 3,146 2,565 51.3 50.7 Tunisia 19 19 1,789 1,720 19.2 19.2 ALL AFRICA 478 495 29,844 30,550 .. .. Power, Communications, and Transportation 255 Technical notes Tables exchange area using the subscriber's equipment (that is, not from a public phone) (ITU). Mobile phones Table 9-1. Electric power consumption per capita. refer to users of portable telephones who subscribe to This table refers to per capita electricity consump- an automatic public mobile telephone service using tion, which means the production of power plants and cellular technology that provides access to the pub- combined heat and power plants, less distribution lic switched telephone network, per 1,000 people losses, and own use by heat and power plants (IEA (Table 1.2) (ITU). Radios are the estimated number and UN Energy Statistics Yearbook). of radio receivers in use for broadcast to the general public, per 1,000 people (Table 1.2) (UNESCO Sta- Table 9-2. Energy production and use. This table tistical Yearbook). Television sets are the estimated presents three indicators. Energy production refers to number of television sets in use, per 1,000 people commercial forms of primary energy--petroleum (Table 1.2) (ITU). (crude oil, natural gas liquids, and oil from noncon- Table 9-4. Personal computers and Internet use. ventional sources), natural gas, solid fuels, and pri- Personal computers are self-contained computers mary electricity--all converted into oil equivalent designed to be used by a single individual. Internet (IEA and UN Energy Statistics Yearbook). Commer- hosts are computers with active Internet Protocol (IP) cial energy use is indigenous production plus imports addresses connected to the Internet. All hosts without and stock changes, minus exports and international a country code identification are assumed to be lo- marine bunkers (IEA and UN Energy Statistics Year- cated in the United States. Internet users are people book). Electric power transmission and distribution with access to the worldwide network. The data on losses include losses in transmission between sources personal computers and Internet users are from the of supply and points of distribution and in the distri- ITU. They are reported in the ITU's World Telecom- bution to consumers, including pilferage. Production munication Development Report (2003), and the less transmission and distribution losses, own use, World Telecommunication Indicators Database and transformation losses is equal to end-use elec- (2003b). The data on Internet hosts are from the Inter- tricity consumption (IEA and UN Energy Statistics net Software Consortium (www.isc.org). Yearbook). Table 9-5. Vehicle ownership. Vehicles (Interna- Table 9-3. Telephone, radio, and television avail- tional Road Federation) include all forms of road ability, 1996­2003. This table presents data for six transportation, except buses. They are expressed as communication indicators. Telephone main lines the number of vehicles per 1,000 people (Table 1.2). (ITU) refer to telephone lines connecting a cus- tomer's equipment to the public switched telephone Table 9-6. Road-to-population ratio. This table network, where a main line is normally identified by presents the ratio of 1,000 kilometers of paved or a unique number. Main lines are presented for every unpaved road (International Road Federation) per 1,000 people (Table 1.2). Waiting list shows the num- 1 million people (Table 1.2). ber of applications (in thousands) for a connection to a main line that have been held up by a lack of tech- Table 9-7. Paved primary roads. This table presents nical capacity (ITU). Average cost of call is the aver- paved primary roads, that is, those that have been age cost of a three-minute call within the same sealed with asphalt or similar road-bonding material 256 Power, Communications, and Transportation (International Road Federation) as a ratio to total roads Table 9-10. Air transport. Aircraft departures are and then shows the percentage that is in good condition the number of domestic and international takeoffs of (World Bank data). air carriers registered in the country. Passengers car- ried include both domestic and international aircraft Table 9-8. Rail goods traffic-to-$PPP GDP ratio. passengers of air carriers registered in the country. This is a measure of the tonnage of goods times Air freight is the sum of the metric tons of freight, kilometers traveled per million dollars of GDP meas- express, and diplomatic bags carried on each flight ured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms (World stage (the operation of an aircraft from takeoff to its Bank data). next landing) multiplied by the stage distance for air carriers registered in the country. The air transport Table 9-9. Rail load-to-locomotive ratio. This is the data are from the International Civil Aviation Organi- volume of rail-transported goods (measured in zation's (ICAO's) Civil Aviation Statistics of the World millions of metric tons per kilometers traveled) per and ICAO staff estimates. single locomotive (World Bank data). Power, Communications, and Transportation 257 Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 9 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (1) (6) (7) (8) (1) 9-1 x x 9-2 Columns 1-4 x Columns 5-6 x 9-3 Columns 1-2, 4-6 x Column 3 x 9-4 Columns 1-2 x Column 3 x 9-5 x x x 9-6 x x x 9-7 Columns 1-8 x Column 9 x 9-8 x x 9-9 x x x 9-10 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap- filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 10 Doing Business D ata is drawn from the annual report of Doing 40 percent of the economy is informal. Women, Business in 2005, which is a co-publication young, and low-skilled workers are hurt the most. of the World Bank and International Finance The payoffs from reform appear large. A hypothetical Corporation (IFC). improvement to the top quartile of countries on the The indicators in this chapter are used to analyze ease of doing business is associated with up to 2 per- economic and social outcomes, such as productivity, centage points more annual economic growth. investment, informality, corruption, unemployment, Economic growth is only one benefit of better busi- and poverty, and identify what reforms have worked, ness regulation and property protection. Human de- where and why. Among them, the formal cost re- velopment indicators are higher as well. Govern- quired for business start-up and time required for ments can use revenues to improve their health and business startup are benchmarked by the Interna- education systems, rather than support an overblown tional Development Association (IDA)14, as two of bureaucracy. The gains come from two sources. First, the 14 country outcome indicators for monitoring businesses spend less time and money on dealing over the course of IDA14. with regulations and chasing after scarce sources of Businesses in African countries face much larger finance. Instead, they spend their energies on produc- regulatory burdens than those in rich countries. It ing and marketing their goods. Second, the govern- takes 153 days to start a business in Maputo but two ment spends fewer resources regulating and more days in Toronto. It takes 21 procedures to register providing basic social services. commercial property in Abuja, but three procedures Fewer than one third of poor countries continued in Helsinki. If a debtor becomes insolvent and enters reforms, and reformers concentrated on simplifying bankruptcy, creditors would get 13 cents on the dol- business entry and establishing or improving credit lar in Mumbai but more than 90 cents in Tokyo. These information systems. Almost no reforms took place differences persist across the world: the countries that in making it easier to hire and fire workers or in most need entrepreneurs to create jobs and boost closing down unviable businesses. Across regions, growth--poor countries--put the most obstacles in African countries reformed the least. Many of the re- their way. forms in poor countries were spurred by the desire of Heavy regulation and weak property rights exclude governments and donors to quantify the impact of aid the poor from doing business. In poor countries programs. 258 Doing Business 259 The Doing Business indicators measure govern- respondents, to clarify potential misinterpretations ment regulations and their effect on businesses, espe- of questions. Standard templates/questionnaires have cially on small- and medium-size domestic firms. been developed for all topics. The data for all sets of The Doing Business data are based on research of indicators are benchmarked to January 2004 and in laws and regulations, with input and verification from most cases refer to each country's most populous more than 3,000 local government officials, lawyers, city. business consultants, and other professionals who For more details about the approach to each topic, routinely administer or advise on legal and regulatory the definition of the indicators, and the source of requirements. This approach uses factual information data, please go to the Doing Business database: http:// and allows for multiple interactions with local www.doingbusiness.org 260 Doing Business 10-1. Cost of starting & closing a business; and registering property, 2004 Starting a business Closing a business Registering property Cost (% of Number of Cost (% of Recovery rate Number of property per procedures Duration (days) Cost (US$) Time (years) estate) (%) Procedures Time (days) capita) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 11 60 804 3.5 20.5 17.1 7 114 13.1 excluding South Africa 11 64 844 3.6 20.6 16.7 7 117 13.2 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 11 65 864 3.6 20.7 16.1 7 112 12.7 Angola 14 146 6,621 4.7 18 1.2 8 335 11.0 Benin 8 32 1,137 3.1 18 8.8 3 50 15.1 Botswana 11 108 418 2.2 18 50.9 4 69 5.0 Burkina Faso 13 45 490 4.0 8 6.4 8 107 16.2 Burundi 11 43 178 4.0 18 16.4 5 94 18.1 Cameroon 12 37 1,258 3.2 18 21.4 5 93 18.8 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 10 14 585 4.8 76 0.0 3 69 17.4 Chad 19 75 911 10.0 76 0.0 6 44 13.3 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 13 155 603 5.2 18 1.9 8 106 10.1 Congo, Rep. of 8 67 2,076 3.0 38 10.4 6 103 22.5 Côte d'Ivoire 11 58 961 2.2 18 14.8 7 340 10.2 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 7 32 74 2.4 8 40.0 15 56 11.0 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 12 85 331 1.9 18 28.2 7 382 4.1 Guinea 13 49 952 3.8 8 22.2 6 104 15.7 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 12 47 223 4.5 18 14.7 7 39 4.0 Lesotho 9 92 497 2.6 8 33.0 6 101 9.1 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 13 44 205 no practice no practice 0.0 .. .. .. Malawi 10 35 190 2.6 8 17.6 6 118 3.5 Mali 13 42 748 3.6 18 6.3 5 44 20.6 Mauritania 11 82 618 8.0 8 6.1 4 49 8.5 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 14 153 208 5.0 8 12.3 7 33 11.9 Namibia 10 85 528 1.0 4 53.7 9 28 9.7 Niger 11 27 1,025 5.0 18 2.6 5 49 12.5 Nigeria 10 44 294 1.5 18 33.2 21 274 27.2 Rwanda 9 21 601 no practice no practice 0.0 5 354 9.5 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 9 57 804 3.0 8 18.8 6 114 34.0 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 9 26 1,663 2.5 38 12.1 8 58 16.5 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 9 38 358 2.0 18 31.8 6 20 11.3 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 13 35 514 3.0 23 21.3 12 61 12.6 Togo 13 53 909 3.0 18 14.6 6 212 7.8 Uganda 17 36 306 2.1 38 35.5 8 48 5.5 Zambia 6 35 92 2.7 8 19.4 6 70 9.2 Zimbabwe 10 96 140 2.2 18 9.2 4 30 18.1 NORTH AFRICA 10 24 476 2.7 12.0 35.1 8 96 7.1 Algeria 14 26 574 3.5 4 37.1 16 52 9.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 13 43 858 4.2 18 18.4 7 193 7.0 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 5 11 195 1.8 18 34.8 3 82 6.1 Tunisia 9 14 277 1.3 8 50.1 5 57 6.1 ALL AFRICA 11 59 787 3.4 19.5 19.1 7 112 12.5 Doing Business 261 10-2. Details of contract enforcement, 2004 Judgment Enforcement Total time Cost Number of Filing period period period (days) (% debt) Procedures (days) (days) (days) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 35 51 213 170 434 42.9 excluding South Africa 35 53 214 172 439 43.9 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 36 47 211 172 430 44.1 Angola 47 86 485 440 1011 9.2 Benin 49 90 390 90 570 29.6 Botswana 26 14 90 50 154 24.8 Burkina Faso 41 60 196 202 458 92.5 Burundi 51 52 255 205 512 35 Cameroon 58 45 180 360 585 36.4 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 45 15 280 365 660 72.2 Chad 52 35 103 388 526 54.9 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 51 270 459 180 909 256.8 Congo, Rep. of 47 48 242 270 560 43 Côte d'Ivoire 25 75 330 120 525 47.6 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 30 60 240 120 420 14.8 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 23 20 92 88 200 14.4 Guinea 44 21 105 180 306 27.6 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 25 30 270 60 360 41.3 Lesotho 49 10 150 125 285 23.9 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 29 20 160 100 280 22.8 Malawi 16 7 180 90 277 136.5 Mali 28 30 175 135 340 34.6 Mauritania 28 40 190 180 410 29.3 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 38 30 280 270 580 16 Namibia 31 10 210 50 270 28.3 Niger 33 30 150 150 330 42 Nigeria 23 245 303 182 730 37.2 Rwanda 29 125 120 150 395 49.5 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 36 35 150 300 485 23.8 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 58 30 180 95 305 31 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 26 10 187 80 277 11.5 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 21 7 180 55 242 35.3 Togo 37 100 315 120 535 24.3 Uganda 15 14 90 105 209 22.3 Zambia 16 14 120 140 274 28.7 Zimbabwe 33 21 180 149 350 19.1 NORTH AFRICA 34 14 171 86 271 19 Algeria 49 20 277 110 407 28.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. 55 20 240 150 410 18.4 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 17 15 160 65 240 17.7 Tunisia 14 1 6 20 27 12 ALL AFRICA 35 47 209 161 417 40 262 Doing Business 10-3. Investor protection, 2004 Disclosure Family Indirect Beneficial Shareholder Internal Internal Public Index ownership ownership ownership voting audit audit availability disclosure disclosure disclosure agreements of of of ownership disclosure financials financials and financial information SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2.1 excluding South Africa 2.0 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 1.8 Angola 2 No Yes No No Yes No No Benin 1 No No No No No Yes No Botswana 5 No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Burkina Faso 1 No No No No No Yes No Burundi 1 No No No No Yes No No Cameroon 1 No No No No No Yes No Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 1 No No No No No Yes No Chad 1 No No No No No Yes No Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1 No No No No Yes No No Congo, Rep. of 3 Yes Yes No No No Yes No Côte d'Ivoire 2 No Yes No No No Yes No Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 2 No No No No Yes Yes No Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 2 No Yes No No No Yes No Guinea 4 Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 2 No No No No Yes Yes No Lesotho 4 No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 1 No No No No No Yes No Malawi 2 No No Yes No No Yes No Mali 1 No No No No No Yes No Mauritania 1 No No No No No Yes No Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 2 No No No No Yes Yes No Namibia 1 No No No No No Yes No Niger 1 No No No No No Yes No Nigeria 6 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Rwanda 1 No No No No No Yes No São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 1 No No No No No Yes No Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 1 No No Yes No No No No Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 6 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 1 No No No No No Yes No Togo 2 No No No Yes No Yes No Uganda 2 No No No No No Yes Yes Zambia 1 No No No No No Yes No Zimbabwe 6 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NORTH AFRICA 3.5 Algeria 2 No No No No Yes Yes No Egypt, Arab Rep. 2 No No Yes No No Yes No Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 4 No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Tunisia 6 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes ALL AFRICA 2.2 Doing Business 263 Technical notes Tables Closing a Business: Recent economic crises in emerging markets, from Table 10-1. Cost of starting and closing business; East Asia to Latin America, Russia, and Turkey, have and registering property, 2004. The dataset for raised concerns about the design of bankruptcy sys- these indicators is benchmarked to January 2004. tems and the ability of such systems to help reorganize viable companies and close down unviable ones. In Starting a Business: countries where bankruptcy is inefficient, unviable When an entrepreneur draws up a business plan and businesses linger around for years, preventing assets tries to get it under way, the bureaucratic and legal and human capital from being allocated to more pro- procedures to incorporate and register the new firm ductive uses. Most often, the bottlenecks in bankruptcy are the first hurdles that must be overcome. are associated with the inefficient judicial process, and Economies differ significantly in the way they regu- hence the unwillingness of banks and other lenders to late the entry of new businesses. Some have a push for a formal insolvency resolution. straightforward and affordable process. Others have Doing Business identifies weaknesses in existing procedures that are so burdensome that entrepreneurs bankruptcy law and the main procedural and admin- have to bribe officials to speed up the process or they istrative bottlenecks in the bankruptcy process. The opt to run their business informally. examination of bankruptcy is done through a survey The Doing Business survey examines the start-up of bankruptcy lawyers, accountants, and judges. The of commercial or industrial firms with up to 50 em- survey covers the step-by-step procedures on filing ployees and start-up capital of 10 times the econ- for bankruptcy proceedings, initiation of bankruptcy, omy's per-capita gross national income (GNI). It the petition hearing, the court's decision, the appoint- counts all procedures (defined as a legal requirement ment of an insolvency practitioner, the assessment of that involves a separate interaction between the firm claims and their ordering by priority, and the sale of and an outside entity--such as officials or notaries) assets. To measure the efficiency of foreclosure or required to register a firm. Data also include screen- bankruptcy procedures, Doing Business calculates ing procedures by overseeing government entities, the recovery rate--how many cents on the dollar tax- and labor-related registration procedures, health claimants recover from an insolvent firm. and safety procedures, and environment-related Three indicators are developed: procedures. · Time (in years) The database covers the following indicators: · Cost (as a percentage of the estate) · Number of procedures · Recovery rate (cents on the dollar). · Average time spent during each procedure (in calendar days) In many developing countries, the bankruptcy · Official cost of each procedure (as a percent- process is so inefficient that creditors hardly ever use age of income per capita) it. In such countries, policy reform would best focus · Paid-in minimum capital (as a percentage of on improving contract enforcement outside of income per capita). bankruptcy. 264 Doing Business Registering Property lawsuit in court until the moment of actual payment; Property registries were first developed to help raise the associated time, in calendar days; and the associ- tax revenue. Defining and publicizing property rights ated cost, in court fees, attorney fees, and other pay- through registries has proven good for entrepreneurs ments to accountants, assessors, etc. as well. Land and buildings account for between half Three indicators are developed: and three-quarters of country wealth in most · Number of procedures economies. Securing rights to this property strength- · Time (in calendar days) ens incentives to invest and facilitates trade. With for- · Official costs (as a percentage of the debt mal property titles, entrepreneurs can obtain mort- value). gages on their homes or land, and start businesses. Doing Business measures the ease of registering Table 10-3. Investor protection, 2004. Good corpo- property, assuming a standardized case of an entre- rate governance is just as relevant for entrepreneurs preneur who wants to purchase land and building in in poor countries that seek equity from business part- the largest business city--already registered and free ners. Preventing expropriation and exposing it when of title dispute. More complex procedures to register it occurs, requires legal protection of shareholders, property are associated with less perceived security enforcement capabilities, and disclosure of owner- of property rights, more informality and more ship and financial information. corruption. Investors benefit greatly from such legal protec- The database covers the following indicators: tion. So do entrepreneurs. If expropriation remains · Number of procedures unpunished, few would dare invest in business part- · Time (in calendar days) nerships or publicly listed companies. The result: · Official costs (as a percentage of the property businesses would not reach efficient size for lack of value) financing, and economic growth would be held back. Four types of ownership disclosure reduce expro- Table 10-2. Details of contract enforcement, 2004. priation: information on family, indirect ownership, The ability to enforce a contract is critical for busi- beneficial ownership, and voting agreements between nesses to engage with new borrowers or customers. shareholders. Two types of financial disclosure that In the absence of good contract enforcement, trade help investors are an audit committee that reviews and credit are restricted to a small community of peo- and certifies financial data and a legal requirement ple that has developed informal relations through kin- that an external auditor be appointed. Finally, disclo- ship, repeated dealings with each other, or the secu- sure is most effective when ownership and financial rity of available assets. The courts enforce contracts information is available to current and potential in- between debtors and creditors, suppliers and cus- vestors. The Doing Business database presents an tomers. In many countries, courts are slow, ineffi- index of disclosure based on these seven measures. cient, and even corrupt. For more details about the approach to each topic, To measure the differences in contract enforce- the definition of the indicators, and the source of ment, Doing Business follows the step-by-step evolu- data, please go to the Doing Business database: tion of a payment dispute. It counts the number of http://www.doingbusiness.org. procedures from the moment the plaintiff files the Doing Business 265 Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 10 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (9) (1) 10-1 x 10-2 x 10-3 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 11 Labor Force and Employment T his chapter presents data on the level and National Accounts (SNA). The labor force is mea- structure of the labor force. The distribution of sured by dividing economically active persons into the labor force into various industrial activities two categories: employed and unemployed. Caution is also given, as well as the participation rates of the in the use of the data is necessary because, as pointed population in economic activities. Information is also out in the ILO's World Labour Report 1 (1987), many presented on average wages in different sectors. persons do not clearly come within either of these The treatment of statistics on public sector employ- categories. Many are visibly underemployed in that ment is not consistent among countries. The scope they work less than full time. Others work full time covered often varies. While some countries include but earn less than a subsistence income. Some of the the education and health sectors, others leave them unemployed may even be voluntarily idle. out. Staff of local, regional, and state or provincial The comparability of the data is further hampered governments is likewise treated differently. by the fact that practices vary among countries as re- The stipulations on wages take different forms gards the treatment of such groups as armed forces, among African countries. While some countries have inmates of institutions, persons living on reserva- a minimum wage per hour worked, others stipulate tions, persons seeking their first job, seasonal work- a minimum monthly wage for a worker. To permit ers, and persons engaged in part-time economic ac- some measure of comparability, we have computed tivities. In some countries, all or part of these groups and reported the monthly average earnings per wage are included among the economically active, while in earner. These earnings are further converted to U.S. others they are treated as inactive. In addition, the ex- dollars at the Atlas exchange rate. These data should tent to which family workers, particularly females, be used with caution because some countries have who assist in family enterprises are included among more than one minimum wage rate based on the in- the enumerated economically active population dustry and the occupation within the industry as well varies considerably from country to country. Further, as on the region of the country concerned. in some countries the statistics of the economically The definition of labor force or economically active active relate only to employed and unemployed per- population is that used by the International Labour sons above a specified age, while in others there is no Organization (ILO), which follows the UN System of such age provision. 266 Labor Force and Employment 267 The reference period is also an important factor of usual position of each person, generally without ref- difference, especially in regard to the classification of erence to any given period of time. the labor force according to industry. In some coun- The sources for the tables in this chapter are vari- tries, such classification refers to the actual position ous issues of the ILO's Yearbook of Labour Statistics, of each individual on the day of the census or survey and electronic ILO files kept in World Bank SIMA. date, while in others the data recorded refer to the 268 Labor Force and Employment 11-1. Number and gender structure of the labor force Total labor force (thousands) Percentage of total labor force that is female 1980 1990 2003 1980 1990 2003 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 172,518 225,619 312,307 42.2 42.0 42.3 excluding South Africa 162,356 211,888 293,168 42.6 42.3 42.6 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 133,043 173,888 238,706 44.2 44.0 43.9 Angola 3,485 4,375 6,072 47.0 46.5 46.2 Benin 1,657 2,125 3,058 47.0 48.2 48.1 Botswana 395 541 756 50.0 47.4 44.4 Burkina Faso 3,732 4,509 5,671 49.7 48.8 47.9 Burundi 2,269 2,952 3,834 50.2 49.0 48.6 Cameroon 3,670 4,662 6,673 36.8 36.9 38.3 Cape Verde 94 126 197 34.3 39.5 38.7 Central African Republic 1,215 1,431 1,820 48.2 47.1 46.4 Chad 2,150 2,736 3,913 43.6 44.2 45.1 Comoros 151 194 283 43.9 43.6 43.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 12,420 15,905 21,464 44.5 43.9 43.3 Congo, Rep. of 760 1,045 1,527 42.5 43.2 43.2 Côte d'Ivoire 3,332 4,587 6,932 31.7 31.4 33.2 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 97 150 203 35.6 35.3 35.8 Eritrea 1,218 1,582 2,200 47.4 47.5 47.4 Ethiopia 17,354 23,098 30,141 42.1 42.0 41.4 Gabon 364 464 597 44.8 44.2 44.5 Gambia, The 330 472 731 44.8 44.7 45.0 Ghana 5,150 7,127 10,346 50.9 50.9 50.1 Guinea 2,312 2,875 3,920 47.2 47.4 47.1 Guinea-Bissau 386 479 677 40.0 40.2 40.7 Kenya 7,852 11,095 16,614 46.3 46.3 46.2 Lesotho 543 654 763 37.5 36.2 38.2 Liberia 790 889 1,315 38.3 39.5 39.5 Madagascar 4,404 5,657 8,093 44.8 44.7 44.5 Malawi 3,112 4,192 5,256 50.6 49.5 48.7 Mali 3,393 4,310 5,639 46.7 46.4 46.0 Mauritania 774 910 1,252 45.1 44.3 43.8 Mauritius 343 432 539 25.7 30.3 33.4 Mozambique 6,607 7,545 9,834 49.0 48.4 49.0 Namibia 421 574 800 41.2 41.6 41.7 Niger 2,686 3,605 5,389 43.9 43.3 43.4 Nigeria 29,313 38,000 54,462 35.5 34.6 36.5 Rwanda 2,639 3,647 4,568 49.1 48.9 50.2 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 2,542 3,269 4,566 42.2 42.4 43.2 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 1,249 1,498 1,970 35.6 35.5 37.2 Somalia 2,933 3,128 4,079 43.4 43.3 43.4 South Africa 10,162 13,732 19,139 35.3 37.5 38.4 Sudan 7,168 9,395 13,402 27.0 27.1 30.3 Swaziland 202 273 410 33.8 34.0 36.4 Tanzania 9,508 13,081 18,582 49.8 49.7 48.9 Togo 1,077 1,447 2,068 39.3 39.9 40.0 Uganda 6,620 8,844 12,251 47.6 47.6 47.1 Zambia 2,473 3,367 4,404 44.1 43.7 43.0 Zimbabwe 3,168 4,639 5,899 44.3 44.0 44.0 NORTH AFRICA 29,266 38,360 56,666 27.3 27.6 31.8 Algeria 4,848 7,041 11,738 21.4 21.1 29.9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 14,319 18,281 26,681 26.5 27.1 31.4 Libya 943 1,276 1,925 18.6 18.4 24.7 Morocco 6,968 8,903 12,169 33.5 34.5 35.2 Tunisia 2,188 2,859 4,153 28.9 29.1 32.7 ALL AFRICA 201,784 263,980 368,973 40.0 39.9 40.7 Labor Force and Employment 269 11-2. Children under 14 working in the labor force As percentage of population age 10 to 14 1970 1980 1990 1995-2003* SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 36.1 34.4 32.1 29.8 excluding South Africa 38.9 36.9 34.3 31.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 40.9 38.9 36.0 33.4 Angola 31.4 29.7 28.1 25.6 Benin 34.4 30.3 28.6 25.9 Botswana 32.3 25.9 19.4 13.1 Burkina Faso 75.1 70.9 58.7 38.9 Burundi 50.8 50.0 49.4 48.2 Cameroon 38.9 33.9 27.5 21.6 Cape Verde 17.3 16.0 14.7 13.2 Central African Republic 45.0 39.4 33.8 27.0 Chad 41.9 41.6 40.0 35.6 Comoros 45.8 44.7 40.9 36.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 36.5 33.2 30.5 28.1 Congo, Rep. of 28.3 27.5 26.6 25.0 Côte d'Ivoire 34.6 28.4 22.3 17.7 Djibouti .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 42.7 40.4 35.8 30.9 Eritrea 46.1 43.8 40.8 37.7 Ethiopia 48.5 46.3 43.4 40.4 Gabon 35.6 29.1 22.7 11.5 Gambia, The 45.9 44.4 40.2 32.1 Ghana 16.3 16.2 14.6 11.2 Guinea 43.3 41.2 37.0 29.3 Guinea-Bissau 45.2 43.4 40.4 35.6 Kenya 44.9 45.0 43.4 37.9 Lesotho 31.0 27.6 23.5 19.9 Liberia 31.1 25.7 21.8 13.4 Madagascar 41.7 40.2 37.6 33.1 Malawi 50.7 45.2 38.9 29.3 Mali 62.5 61.2 57.9 49.1 Mauritania 33.3 29.6 25.8 21.0 Mauritius 5.8 4.8 4.0 1.4 Mozambique 40.7 39.5 35.2 31.6 Namibia 40.1 33.5 26.0 14.8 Niger 48.9 47.9 46.9 42.6 Nigeria 30.9 29.4 27.8 22.9 Rwanda 43.3 42.5 42.1 41.1 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. Senegal 46.9 42.9 35.4 24.9 Seychelles .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 21.7 19.4 17.1 13.1 Somalia 39.9 37.7 34.5 30.4 South Africa 2.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 Sudan 34.1 33.3 31.4 26.3 Swaziland 19.1 17.2 15.3 11.3 Tanzania 45.6 42.8 42.1 35.3 Togo 40.4 36.1 30.4 25.9 Uganda 50.4 48.9 46.8 42.9 Zambia 21.1 19.0 16.9 15.3 Zimbabwe 41.1 36.7 31.9 25.7 NORTH AFRICA 12.7 15.1 8.9 5.8 Algeria 11.4 7.1 3.3 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 23.6 18.3 13.2 7.8 Libya 12.8 8.7 0.5 0.0 Morocco 21.5 20.9 10.6 0.4 Tunisia 12.2 5.8 0.0 0.0 ALL AFRICA 31.3 30.7 27.9 25.8 270 Labor Force and Employment 11-3. Unpaid family workers as share of active workers Percentage of unpaid family workers in economically active workers (most recent year available between 1980-2001) Female Male Total SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. Botswana 41.8 36.0 77.7 Burkina Faso .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. Cameroon 32.7 9.2 41.9 Cape Verde .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. Ghana .. .. .. Guinea .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. Kenya .. .. .. Lesotho .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. Malawi .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. Mozambique .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. Nigeria 14.9 8.6 23.5 Rwanda .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. Seychelles 0.4 0.2 0.6 Sierra Leone .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. Swaziland .. .. .. Tanzania .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. Zambia .. .. .. Zimbabwe .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA .. 6.9 13.4 Algeria .. 5.6 6.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1.9 15.0 16.9 Libya .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. Tunisia 18.5 5.1 23.6 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. Labor Force and Employment 271 11-4. Industrial structure of the labor force Percentage of labor force working in Agriculture Industry Services 1980 1990 1995-2000 1980 1990 1995-2000 1980 1990 1995-2000 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 69 64 .. 11 12 .. 20 24 .. Angola 76 75 .. 8 8 .. 16 17 .. Benin 67 64 .. 7 8 .. 26 28 .. Botswana .. .. 20 .. .. 21 .. .. 58 Burkina Faso 92 92 .. 3 2 .. 5 6 .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 73 70 .. 8 9 .. 19 22 .. Cape Verde 36 31 .. 31 29 .. 33 40 .. Central African Republic 85 80 .. 3 4 .. 12 16 .. Chad 88 83 .. 3 4 .. 9 13 .. Comoros 81 77 .. 8 9 .. 12 13 .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 72 68 .. 12 13 .. 16 19 .. Congo, Rep. of 58 49 .. 13 15 .. 29 37 .. Côte d'Ivoire 65 60 .. 8 10 .. 27 31 .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 78 75 .. 5 5 .. 17 20 .. Eritrea 83 81 .. 5 5 .. 12 15 .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon 66 52 .. 12 16 .. 22 33 .. Gambia, The 84 82 .. 7 8 .. 9 11 .. Ghana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea 91 87 .. 1 2 .. 8 11 .. Guinea-Bissau 87 85 .. 2 2 .. 11 13 .. Kenya 23 19 19 22 20 20 55 61 62 Lesotho 40 40 .. 34 28 .. 26 32 .. Liberia 77 72 .. 6 6 .. 18 22 .. Madagascar 82 78 .. 6 7 .. 13 15 .. Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali 89 86 .. 2 2 .. 9 12 .. Mauritania 71 55 .. 7 10 .. 22 34 .. Mauritius 29 16 15 25 44 40 43 38 46 Mozambique 84 83 .. 8 8 .. 8 9 .. Namibia 47 53 31 16 18 12 37 29 56 Niger 6 8 .. 67 49 .. 26 44 .. Nigeria .. .. 3 .. .. 22 .. .. 75 Rwanda 93 92 .. 3 3 .. 4 5 .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 81 77 .. 6 8 .. 13 16 .. Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 70 67 .. 14 15 .. 16 17 .. Somalia 78 75 .. 7 8 .. 15 16 .. South Africa .. .. 11 .. .. 25 .. .. 61 Sudan 72 70 .. 8 9 .. 20 22 .. Swaziland 40 24 .. 26 26 .. 35 50 .. Tanzania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo 69 66 .. 10 10 .. 22 24 .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 76 75 .. 8 8 .. 16 17 .. Zimbabwe 32 24 .. 27 28 .. 40 48 .. NORTH AFRICA 40 27 21 23 27 26 36 46 52 Algeria 36 26 .. 27 31 .. 37 43 .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 42 39 30 20 21 21 36 40 49 Libya 25 11 .. 24 23 .. 51 66 .. Morocco .. 4 6 .. 36 33 .. 60 61 Tunisia 39 .. .. 30 .. .. 31 .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. ` .. .. .. .. Note: Figures may not add up to 100% because of rounding. 272 Labor Force and Employment 11-5. Industrial structure of economically active population Percentage of population economically active Agriculture Industry Services Male Female Male Female Male Female 1980 1990-02* 1980 1990-02* 1980 1990-02* 1980 1990-02* 1980 1990-02* 1980 1990-02* SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 67 65 87 86 13 14 1 2 20 21 11 13 Benin 66 62 69 65 10 12 4 4 24 27 27 30 Botswana .. 22 .. 17 .. 26 .. 14 .. 51 .. 67 Burkina Faso 92 91 93 94 3 2 2 2 5 7 5 5 Burundi 88 86 98 98 4 4 1 1 9 10 1 1 Cameroon 65 62 87 83 11 12 2 3 24 26 11 14 Cape Verde 34 30 39 33 38 38 18 16 28 33 42 51 Central African Republic 79 74 90 87 5 6 1 0 15 20 9 13 Chad 82 77 95 91 6 7 0 1 12 16 4 8 Comoros 70 68 93 90 12 13 3 5 17 20 4 5 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 62 58 84 81 18 20 4 5 20 23 12 14 Congo, Rep. of 42 33 81 69 20 23 2 4 38 44 17 27 Côte d'Ivoire 60 54 75 72 10 12 5 6 30 34 20 22 Djibouti .. 3 .. 0 .. 11 .. 1 .. 78 .. 88 Equatorial Guinea 71 66 91 91 7 7 3 2 23 27 6 8 Eritrea 79 77 88 85 7 8 2 2 14 16 11 13 Ethiopia .. 94 .. 91 .. 3 .. 3 .. 3 .. 6 Gabon 59 46 74 59 18 21 6 10 24 33 21 32 Gambia, The 78 74 93 92 10 12 3 2 13 14 5 6 Ghana .. 66 .. 59 .. 10 .. 10 .. 23 .. 32 Guinea 86 83 97 92 2 3 1 1 12 15 3 7 Guinea-Bissau 81 78 98 96 3 3 0 1 17 19 3 3 Kenya 23 20 25 16 24 23 9 10 53 57 65 75 Lesotho 26 29 64 59 52 41 5 5 22 30 31 36 Liberia 69 65 89 84 9 9 1 1 22 26 10 16 Madagascar 73 70 93 88 9 10 2 3 19 20 5 9 Malawi .. 50 .. 73 .. 25 .. 7 .. 25 .. 20 Mali 86 83 92 89 2 2 1 2 12 15 7 9 Mauritania 65 49 79 63 11 16 2 4 25 35 19 34 Mauritius 29 15 30 13 19 39 40 43 47 46 31 45 Mozambique 72 70 97 96 14 15 1 1 14 15 2 3 Namibia 52 33 42 29 22 17 10 7 27 49 47 63 Niger 7 8 6 5 69 51 29 24 25 41 66 71 Nigeria .. 4 .. 2 .. 30 .. 11 .. 67 .. 87 Rwanda 88 86 98 98 5 6 1 1 7 8 1 2 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 74 70 90 86 9 10 2 4 17 20 8 11 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 63 60 82 81 20 22 4 4 17 18 14 16 Somalia 69 66 90 87 12 13 2 2 19 21 8 11 South Africa .. 12 .. 9 .. 33 .. 14 .. 50 .. 75 Sudan 66 64 88 84 9 10 4 5 24 26 8 11 Swaziland 40 .. 38 .. 29 .. 14 .. 30 .. 48 .. Tanzania .. 78 .. 90 .. 7 .. 1 .. 15 .. 8 Togo 70 66 67 65 12 12 7 7 19 22 26 29 Uganda .. 91 .. 91 .. 4 .. 6 .. 5 .. 3 Zambia 69 68 85 83 13 13 3 3 19 19 13 14 Zimbabwe 29 23 50 38 31 32 8 10 40 46 42 52 NORTH AFRICA .. .. 27 23 .. .. 13 21 .. .. 54 56 Algeria 27 18 69 57 33 38 6 7 40 45 25 36 Egypt, Arab Rep. 45 27 10 39 21 25 13 7 33 48 69 54 Libya 16 7 63 28 29 27 3 5 55 66 34 68 Morocco .. 6 .. 6 .. 32 .. 40 .. 63 .. 54 Tunisia 33 .. 53 .. 30 .. 32 .. 37 .. 16 .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. * Or most recent available data. Labor Force and Employment 273 11-6. Wages in agriculture Monthly earnings in current U.S. dollars 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. 87 86 83 92 73 95 .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 120 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 59 .. .. .. 39 .. .. .. .. .. .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi 20 7 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. 235 252 260 266 313 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. 37 39 .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. 456 513 479 508 544 566 533 529 595 .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. 550 482 496 700 .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 61 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 112 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe 60 35 34 40 44 30 27 33 60 .. .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. 85 84 104 113 110 79 101 .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia 89 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 274 Labor Force and Employment 11-7. Wages in manufacturing Monthly earnings in current U.S. dollars 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. 164 164 170 153 153 140 191 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. 75 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. 109 .. .. .. 91 .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 201 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. 133 131 152 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 169 88 121 88 94 .. .. .. .. .. .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi 75 21 13 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. 204 211 201 205 239 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. 90 92 .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. 479 528 532 543 542 554 537 552 602 .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. 758 822 733 740 688 658 623 546 493 .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 571 524 588 555 640 .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 83 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 228 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe 327 171 196 206 216 138 123 165 233 .. .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. 255 220 225 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. 118 131 136 153 155 147 140 .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Labor Force and Employment 275 11-8. Wages in mining and quarrying Monthly earnings in current U.S. dollars 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. 486 528 486 540 547 502 679 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. 63 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 223 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 157 65 83 86 96 .. .. .. .. .. .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi 36 30 18 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. 144 148 160 172 207 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. 477 522 504 461 482 514 492 492 525 .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. 517 576 558 607 611 610 628 596 499 .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 822 387 522 332 340 .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 111 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 358 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe 228 144 165 180 207 147 128 160 221 .. .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. 229 266 324 332 521 382 264 .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 276 Labor Force and Employment 11-9. Wages in construction Monthly earnings in current U.S. dollars 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. 181 178 168 175 166 155 212 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. 98 .. .. .. 162 .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 129 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. 132 177 174 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 133 75 101 113 79 .. .. .. .. .. .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi 60 22 17 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. 311 333 308 310 364 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. 66 69 .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 57 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. 419 454 438 438 434 452 435 372 348 .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 525 333 227 246 260 .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 83 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 172 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe 239 82 106 115 140 93 74 134 159 .. .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. 270 235 242 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. 127 118 96 144 238 170 158 .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Labor Force and Employment 277 11-10. Wages in transport, storage, and communications Monthly earnings in current U.S. dollars 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. 460 503 501 524 475 574 727 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. 116 .. .. .. 194 .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 194 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. 119 121 124 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 237 125 168 186 131 .. .. .. .. .. .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi 99 37 25 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. 398 438 411 426 492 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. 113 115 .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. 739 838 827 844 835 823 796 787 905 .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. 1,140 1,288 1,138 1,140 1,042 872 812 714 682 .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 520 480 539 455 591 .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 138 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 280 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe 537 223 243 249 273 192 185 280 323 .. .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. 260 232 231 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. 142 128 185 167 171 206 188 .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 278 Labor Force and Employment 11-11. Wages in community, social, and personal services Monthly earnings in current U.S. dollars 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. .. .. .. 404 383 376 417 404 404 473 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. 86 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. 128 .. .. .. 125 .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 201 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 89 78 99 108 75 .. .. .. .. .. .. Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. 23 12 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. 378 387 365 357 406 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. 117 114 .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. 585 645 644 657 642 667 639 629 678 .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. 1,092 1,069 1,011 1,056 916 922 875 777 705 .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. 455 352 352 388 .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe .. 119 130 178 233 150 135 237 267 .. .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. 269 208 227 190 205 .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. 116 93 97 109 121 98 90 .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Labor Force and Employment 279 Technical notes Tables Table 11-3. Unpaid family workers as share of ac- tive workers. This table (ILO data) shows the per- Table 11-1. Number and gender structure of the centage of family members--male and female--who labor force. The data presented here (ILO data) pro- are active workers but receive no compensation for vide the total number of persons in the labor force their services. and the percentage that is female. Labor force refers to economically active persons, including the armed Table 11-4. Industrial structure of the labor force. forces and the unemployed but excluding housewives The industrial structure of the labor force can often and students. The economically active population indicate the relative level of development of the econ- comprises all persons who furnish the labor to pro- omy. This table (ILO data) shows the distribution of duce economic goods and services, as defined by the the labor force among the various sectors of eco- SNA, during a specified period. The production of nomic activities. The agriculture sector includes economic goods and services should include all pro- farming, animal husbandry, hunting, forestry, and duction and processing of primary products, whether fishing. The industry sector includes mining and for the market, for barter, or for own consumption; quarrying, manufacturing, construction and public the production of all other goods and services for the works, electricity, water, and gas. All other branches market; and, for households that produce such goods of activity are included in services. and services for the markets, the corresponding pro- duction for own consumption. Table 11-5. Industrial structure of economically active population. This is the percentage of the eco- Table 11-2. Children under 14 working in the nomically active population working in agriculture, labor force. This table (ILO data) shows the percent- industry, or services. Data are shown for males and age of children between the ages of 10 to 14 who par- females (ILO data). ticipate in the labor force. 280 Labor Force and Employment Information on the data used in Tables 11-6 to 11-11. Country Source Labor type Frequency ISIC Revision Algeria Survey Employees Monthly 3 Botswana Survey Employees Monthly 3 Egypt Census Wage earners Weekly 3 Eritrea Survey Employees Monthly 3 Gambia Census Employees Monthly 3 Ghana Census Employees Monthly 2 Guinea Admin. records Employees Monthly 2 Kenya Census Employees Monthly 2 Malawi Census Employees Monthly 2 Mauritius Census Employees Monthly 3 Namibia Census Employees Monthly 2 Rwanda Admin. records Employees Monthly 2 Seychelles Insurance records Employees Monthly 3 Sierra Leone Unspecified Unspecified Weekly 2 South Africa Survey Employees Monthly 2 Sudan Census Salaried employees Monthly 2 Swaziland Census Skilled males Monthly 2 Tanzania Unspecified Male employees Monthly 2 Tunisia Unspecified Wage earners Daily 2 Zambia Unspecified Employees Monthly 2 Zimbabwe Survey Employees Monthly 2 Note: conversion from weekly to monthly frequency involves multiplying the weekly value by 4.3. Conversion from daily to monthly frequency involves multiplication of the daily rate by 22. Data for Mauritius reflects citizens only. Data for Egypt is for establishments with 10 or more people employed. Data for The Gambia reflects establishments with five or more people employed. Data for Kenya includes the value of payments received in kind. Data for Malawi includes forestry and fishing in agriculture. Data for Rwanda is for December 1996 and June 1997. Data for the Seychelles excludes hunting from agriculture, includes construction in manufacturing, and before 1992 included electricity and water in manufacturing. Data for Sierra Leone reflect the mean of observations for adults in May and November of each year. Data for Swaziland reflect the private sector only. Data for Zambia are for nationals only, exclude domestic employees, and are for the fourth quarter prior to 1980 and the sec- ond quarter thereafter. Data for Zimbabwe include agriculture and forestry in agriculture. Prior to 1990, employers' contributions to pension, provi- dent, and other funds were included in earnings. Table 11-6. Wages in agriculture. Data are from such as for annual vacation, other paid leave or holi- ILO, Yearbook of Labour Statistics (1988, 1993, days, bonuses and gratuities, and housing and family 1994, 1995, 1998, and 2005) and show the monthly allowances paid by the employer to the employee. earnings at the average wage converted to U.S. dol- They exclude employers contributions to social secu- lars at the official exchange rates in the countries rity and pension schemes and the benefits received by concerned. Earnings here are limited to wages and employees under these schemes, as well as severance salaries of employees only unless otherwise speci- and termination pay. fied. They include remuneration for time not worked, Labor Force and Employment 281 It should be remembered that these earnings do not Table 11-9. Wages in construction. Data are from reflect worker's disposable or net earnings since they ILO, Yearbook of Labour Statistics (1988, 1993, include gross wages before deductions, such as taxes 1994, 1995, 1998, and 2004). Refer to the definitions or social security contributions. in Table 11-6. International comparisons of wages in agriculture should be interpreted with caution because they entail Table 11-10. Wages in transport, storage, and wide coverage variations mainly as a result of the communications. Data are from ILO, Yearbook of form of remuneration, the nature of the work, and the Labour Statistics (1988, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, and length of the working day. 2004). Refer to the definitions in Table 11-6. Table 11-7. Wages in manufacturing. Data are from Table 11-11. Wages in community, social, and per- ILO, Yearbook of Labour Statistics (1988, 1993, sonal services. Data are from ILO Yearbook of 1994, 1995, 1998, and 2004). Refer to the definitions Labour Statistics (2004). Refer to the definitions in in Table 11-6. Table 11-6. This sector comprises public administra- tion and defense; sanitary and similar services; edu- Table 11-8. Wages in mining and quarrying. Data cational services; research and scientific institutes; are from ILO, Yearbook of Labour Statistics (1988, medical, dental, and other health services; welfare in- 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, and 2004). Refer to the def- stitutions; business, professional, and labor associa- initions in Table 11-6. tions; and other social and community services. 282 Labor Force and Employment Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 11 Aggregations a Table (1) (6) (8) 11-1 Columns 1-3 x Columns 4-6 x 11-2 x 11-3 x 11-4 x 11-5 x 11-6 x 11-7 x 11-8 x 11-9 x 11-10 x 11-11 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. 12 Aid Flows O fficial development assistance (ODA) con- expenditures and disbursements of concessional sists of concessional financial flows that aim loans. However, because of different sources and def- to promote economic development and wel- initions of data, ODA flows shown in this chapter fare. ODA disbursements from bilateral and multilat- will not necessarily equal those that could be calcu- eral sources became increasingly important to Africa lated by adding net disbursements of official conces- in the second half of the 1980s. For many countries, the sional long-term loans (Table 6-1 less Table 6-4) and foreign savings made available through ODA flows are net official transfers (Tables 5-6 and 5-9). For exam- equivalent to a sizable share of GDP and to the bulk of ple, one of the reasons for differences is that the their domestic investment. Thus, monitoring aid flows flows shown here include "off-shore" disbursements is of special importance because of their significance of grants, primarily for technical cooperation, which to the economic performance of the region. are generally excluded from transfers as recorded in The tables in this chapter show data on net ODA the balance of payments (Tables 5-6 and 5-9). Other flows and their relative importance to key economic reasons include possible differences in the timing of and demographic indicators in recipient countries, the recording of disbursements and in the recording real growth in net ODA flows to Sub-Saharan Africa of multilateral ODA. from major donors or donor groups, and the share of The data on net ODA disbursements are taken from each donor's worldwide aid portfolio allocated to the most recent electronic version of the OECD's Geo- Sub-Saharan Africa. graphic Distribution of Aid Flows to Developing These flows are concessional in character and con- Countries. The tables include only those flows for tain a grant element of at least 25 percent (based on a which the recipient is specified in creditor reports. standard 10 percent discount rate). Net ODA disburse- To determine growth rates (based on constant price ments equal gross ODA disbursements less principal series), import price deflators (from the World Bank) repayments (amortization) of previous ODA loans. have been used to deflate the current price series, re- ODA includes both grants (inflows of unrequited gardless of the type of donor, to indicate the volume transfers from official sources) for current and capital of imports that aid can finance over time. 283 284 Aid Flows 12-1. Net aid from all donors, nominal Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 7,758 19,437 18,877 16,519 14,958 14,504 13,226 13,388 14,150 18,764 24,058 6,230 15,708 15,548 excluding South Africa 7,395 17,850 17,563 14,770 12,910 12,872 11,793 11,775 12,564 16,821 21,692 5,845 14,625 13,883 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 7,723 18,952 18,276 15,965 14,261 13,787 12,532 12,716 13,537 17,944 23,115 6,186 15,462 14,877 Angola 53 449 418 473 355 335 388 307 289 421 499 51 232 373 Benin 90 256 280 288 221 205 211 239 274 216 294 72 214 242 Botswana 106 86 90 75 122 106 61 31 29 38 30 83 127 69 Burkina Faso 212 434 491 420 368 400 398 336 392 473 451 165 340 410 Burundi 117 312 288 111 56 67 74 93 137 172 224 96 230 125 Cameroon 265 731 444 412 499 499 435 380 487 609 884 187 426 471 Cape Verde 64 122 117 117 111 130 137 94 77 92 144 42 102 109 Central African Republic 111 168 169 170 91 120 118 75 67 60 50 80 176 109 Chad 35 213 236 296 228 168 188 131 187 229 247 79 232 208 Comoros 43 39 42 39 27 35 21 19 27 32 24 30 49 30 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 428 246 196 166 158 125 132 184 263 1,169 5,381 317 475 299 Congo, Rep. of 92 362 125 429 270 66 142 33 75 57 70 82 145 150 Côte d'Ivoire 210 1,594 1,213 965 446 967 448 352 170 1,069 252 136 579 704 Djibouti 73 129 105 97 85 81 75 71 58 78 78 60 115 81 Equatorial Guinea 9 30 34 31 24 22 20 21 13 20 21 7 46 23 Eritrea .. 157 149 159 123 167 149 176 281 230 307 .. 112 179 Ethiopia 212 1,071 883 818 579 660 643 693 1,116 1,307 1,504 208 915 837 Gabon 56 181 144 127 39 45 48 12 9 72 -11 50 109 62 Gambia, The 55 70 47 37 39 39 34 49 54 61 60 38 91 45 Ghana 192 548 651 651 494 702 609 600 644 650 907 136 549 625 Guinea 90 359 417 299 381 359 238 153 282 250 238 68 302 297 Guinea-Bissau 59 175 119 181 124 96 52 80 59 59 145 49 108 96 Kenya 397 678 734 597 448 415 310 512 463 394 483 319 791 484 Lesotho 94 116 114 104 92 61 31 37 56 76 79 72 121 71 Liberia 98 64 124 173 76 72 94 68 39 52 107 77 97 87 Madagascar 230 289 301 357 834 481 359 322 374 373 539 148 334 425 Malawi 143 471 435 492 344 435 447 446 404 377 498 115 400 422 Mali 267 441 541 491 429 347 355 360 354 467 528 194 416 418 Mauritania 176 267 230 272 238 165 219 212 268 345 243 177 232 244 Mauritius 33 14 23 20 43 42 42 20 22 24 -15 36 50 29 Mozambique 169 1,200 1,064 888 948 1,040 805 877 933 2,054 1,033 141 904 1,076 Namibia .. 138 192 188 166 181 179 153 110 135 146 0 86 163 Niger 170 377 274 255 333 292 187 211 257 298 453 165 352 263 Nigeria 35 190 212 190 200 204 152 185 185 314 318 44 189 205 Rwanda 155 716 702 467 230 350 373 322 299 355 332 131 319 387 São Tomé and Principe 4 50 84 47 33 28 28 35 38 26 38 7 37 40 Senegal 263 640 666 580 423 501 535 423 413 445 450 254 611 498 Seychelles 22 13 13 19 17 24 13 18 14 8 9 16 23 16 Sierra Leone 91 276 206 184 119 106 74 182 345 353 297 51 121 196 Somalia 433 537 189 88 81 80 115 104 150 194 175 283 507 125 South Africa .. 295 389 364 496 514 541 488 428 505 625 .. 285 466 Sudan 621 412 242 220 139 209 243 225 185 351 621 540 778 227 Swaziland 50 58 58 33 28 35 29 13 29 22 27 33 45 31 Tanzania 679 966 877 877 945 1,000 990 1,022 1,271 1,233 1,669 513 949 1,027 Togo 91 125 192 157 125 128 71 70 44 51 45 81 172 105 Uganda 114 752 835 676 813 647 590 819 793 638 959 85 494 727 Zambia 318 718 2,034 610 610 349 624 795 349 641 560 204 604 751 Zimbabwe 164 560 492 371 336 261 245 178 164 201 186 114 388 281 NORTH AFRICA 2,726 3,765 2,961 3,347 2,922 3,084 2,723 2,207 2,395 2,349 2,067 2,697 3,939 2,749 Algeria 182 294 298 308 250 421 138 201 224 329 232 141 202 271 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1,383 2,682 2,016 2,200 1,985 1,955 1,582 1,328 1,257 1,239 894 1,776 2,732 1,695 Libya 17 4 6 8 7 7 7 .. .. .. .. 9 10 7 Morocco 899 631 495 650 464 530 679 419 519 487 523 537 704 530 Tunisia 242 105 75 127 194 150 253 223 378 265 306 224 271 208 ALL AFRICA 10,483 23,202 21,838 19,867 17,879 17,589 15,949 15,595 16,546 21,112 26,124 8,927 19,647 18,297 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Thus, the sum of countries may not add up to the regional totals. Aid Flows 285 12-2. Net aid from DAC donors, nominal Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4,642 11,338 10,707 10,052 9,277 9,133 8,380 8,583 8,327 11,587 17,437 3,695 9,778 10,387 excluding South Africa 4,354 10,119 9,614 8,786 7,721 7,772 7,252 7,422 7,139 10,066 15,483 3,439 8,960 9,028 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 4,625 11,077 10,316 9,693 8,810 8,678 7,941 8,145 7,906 10,996 16,760 3,668 9,627 9,916 Angola 36 223 242 294 227 214 252 189 179 286 372 30 136 251 Benin 36 142 177 165 148 144 119 191 144 140 196 36 119 158 Botswana 83 57 54 68 56 73 41 24 24 37 27 63 97 45 Burkina Faso 151 265 252 269 218 227 232 228 221 230 266 112 221 238 Burundi 60 108 108 68 38 44 52 41 55 85 121 50 109 68 Cameroon 171 397 346 280 330 303 254 213 357 436 756 130 324 364 Cape Verde 39 82 77 77 68 85 89 70 49 43 90 28 70 72 Central African Republic 75 94 122 121 61 57 59 53 48 40 32 52 98 66 Chad 20 104 127 122 96 75 64 53 73 67 96 44 131 86 Comoros 13 18 22 22 15 19 13 11 10 11 11 11 27 15 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 317 97 118 106 105 80 87 103 143 351 5,009 221 302 678 Congo, Rep. of 55 253 105 395 260 60 121 23 30 41 34 49 123 119 Côte d'Ivoire 152 820 727 449 233 490 366 250 159 831 281 105 398 421 Djibouti 32 94 80 71 62 62 55 42 28 37 37 35 76 53 Equatorial Guinea 1 17 22 23 18 18 15 18 13 14 18 4 27 18 Eritrea .. 96 95 128 81 98 80 112 151 121 185 .. 72 117 Ethiopia 91 567 526 448 374 365 325 379 367 489 1,033 86 448 479 Gabon 49 161 136 113 30 37 34 -12 -8 49 -41 42 99 38 Gambia, The 17 38 25 17 17 13 13 15 13 18 20 16 50 17 Ghana 107 332 359 349 292 375 356 376 387 406 479 75 263 375 Guinea 33 186 220 135 126 148 111 93 122 126 135 20 154 135 Guinea-Bissau 34 124 77 125 59 65 32 42 30 26 98 29 60 61 Kenya 277 401 459 346 301 276 254 293 270 288 320 244 508 312 Lesotho 64 45 62 49 45 33 26 22 29 30 33 44 66 36 Liberia 60 35 31 112 31 31 45 24 16 27 70 53 46 43 Madagascar 91 190 195 230 549 334 192 139 146 126 225 77 202 237 Malawi 76 251 221 264 174 204 228 269 196 225 314 63 171 233 Mali 131 243 285 298 257 236 237 300 209 257 272 104 253 261 Mauritania 54 128 126 99 97 64 89 82 81 147 136 45 124 102 Mauritius 25 8 11 -1 3 20 5 12 8 4 -18 23 42 5 Mozambique 115 733 698 552 622 713 593 624 720 1,661 697 104 645 764 Namibia .. 113 148 136 123 129 117 97 77 85 110 0 55 114 Niger 105 261 194 163 181 145 120 106 114 114 245 97 234 153 Nigeria 17 47 73 47 52 34 53 84 108 215 200 27 111 96 Rwanda 97 487 339 252 179 209 181 175 149 199 213 83 193 211 São Tomé and Principe 1 26 62 29 21 18 19 18 22 19 25 2 18 26 Senegal 182 475 399 392 292 289 416 288 224 243 314 157 408 318 Seychelles 18 7 11 8 6 17 5 3 8 4 5 14 16 7 Sierra Leone 57 54 60 67 41 53 60 116 167 225 208 28 59 111 Somalia 139 438 119 40 46 42 76 56 88 102 114 93 350 76 South Africa .. 214 319 312 415 421 386 354 313 375 477 .. 199 375 Sudan 272 174 131 118 86 150 159 90 108 232 332 211 381 156 Swaziland 33 27 38 21 16 17 15 3 4 7 13 22 26 15 Tanzania 524 570 587 605 569 769 613 779 944 903 966 383 673 748 Togo 52 63 118 97 76 66 47 52 28 39 46 46 102 63 Uganda 42 344 423 370 439 384 357 578 386 466 587 31 203 443 Zambia 234 434 439 354 367 257 340 486 274 360 592 156 427 385 Zimbabwe 112 280 348 281 222 216 219 193 149 178 161 86 291 218 NORTH AFRICA 1,663 2,949 2,397 2,650 1,990 1,994 1,837 1,668 1,698 1,637 1,536 1,437 3,005 1,934 Algeria 118 248 275 267 193 148 86 66 63 123 169 116 153 154 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1,187 2,302 1,691 1,934 1,497 1,472 1,298 1,139 1,090 1,124 775 959 2,209 1,336 Libya 10 2 3 2 2 4 3 .. .. .. .. 4 4 3 Morocco 188 318 347 391 215 251 333 293 342 217 336 189 445 303 Tunisia 158 71 56 44 70 102 102 150 184 145 208 160 186 118 ALL AFRICA 6,305 14,287 13,104 12,702 11,267 11,127 10,217 10,251 10,025 13,223 18,973 5,132 12,783 12,321 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Thus, the sum of countries may not add up to the regional totals. 286 Aid Flows 12-3. Net aid from non-DAC bilateral donors, nominal Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 686 47 45 74 117 81 126 177 127 348 69 619 263 137 excluding South Africa 686 46 42 68 116 80 125 175 126 347 68 619 263 135 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 686 46 43 69 117 81 122 174 127 349 69 619 260 135 Angola 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 -1 -1 1 1 2 1 Benin 2 4 7 6 0 -1 -2 -1 1 2 0 1 1 2 Botswana .. 1 0 -2 -3 -3 -1 -1 1 -2 .. 8 1 -1 Burkina Faso 0 1 8 6 3 6 9 4 14 45 1 2 5 12 Burundi 4 -3 -3 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 -1 Cameroon 23 0 2 -2 -2 -2 -3 -3 -3 1 1 7 0 -1 Cape Verde 2 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 1 1 0 Central African Republic 2 2 3 5 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 Chad .. 1 1 3 5 5 7 1 0 2 0 4 1 3 Comoros 16 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 2 5 0 7 1 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 5 0 0 3 9 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 16 2 Congo, Rep. of 15 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire .. 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Djibouti 33 12 3 5 5 2 1 10 0 2 2 24 18 3 Equatorial Guinea .. .. 0 0 0 0 .. 0 -1 0 .. 1 1 0 Eritrea .. 12 5 3 17 32 19 9 3 13 0 .. 6 12 Ethiopia .. 0 1 1 7 13 15 15 28 34 31 14 10 14 Gabon .. 0 -1 -2 -3 -1 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 -1 Gambia, The 7 -2 -1 -2 -2 1 1 2 2 3 0 5 -1 1 Ghana 25 -4 -6 -1 13 3 4 2 3 5 13 7 1 3 Guinea 0 -2 6 20 34 24 18 3 -1 6 0 11 5 14 Guinea-Bissau 1 3 3 4 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 3 4 1 Kenya .. -3 5 3 2 1 3 5 5 10 0 7 3 4 Lesotho 0 1 0 4 7 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 1 1 1 Liberia 9 1 1 2 1 0 0 .. 0 0 0 5 1 1 Madagascar 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 15 -1 0 Malawi .. 4 3 0 -1 1 5 6 11 10 2 0 4 4 Mali 33 -11 -14 -8 -6 -5 0 -1 13 54 -1 17 9 4 Mauritania 86 -10 -16 -11 -13 -7 5 0 -1 -2 1 83 13 -6 Mauritius .. -1 -1 -1 10 -1 0 1 7 1 0 2 1 2 Mozambique 20 3 2 3 -1 -2 -2 0 4 2 1 5 3 1 Namibia .. 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 .. 1 1 Niger 2 5 1 1 10 1 1 0 1 3 0 17 4 2 Nigeria -1 0 0 -1 0 -1 3 0 -1 -2 -1 0 3 0 Rwanda 1 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 São Tomé and Principe .. 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0 0 0 .. 0 0 Senegal 2 2 13 11 9 1 4 -5 -1 11 1 21 19 5 Seychelles .. 0 0 3 5 1 2 7 0 0 1 1 0 2 Sierra Leone 4 0 1 4 1 3 0 0 2 3 0 3 2 2 Somalia 128 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 14 44 0 81 14 8 South Africa .. 1 3 6 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 .. 1 2 Sudan 157 3 4 1 0 1 26 99 10 51 8 182 79 24 Swaziland .. 2 3 3 2 4 0 0 3 4 0 .. 2 2 Tanzania 27 6 5 -2 3 3 1 -3 -5 -4 1 12 2 0 Togo 0 0 0 -2 -1 1 3 1 4 3 0 2 2 1 Uganda 1 13 12 9 3 0 1 6 2 5 1 6 16 5 Zambia 23 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 1 2 1 22 0 0 Zimbabwe 5 -3 -3 -3 -3 -1 0 -1 -4 0 0 10 -1 -2 NORTH AFRICA 756 112 102 49 124 233 125 133 163 389 64 861 564 165 Algeria 47 2 -12 7 12 19 31 71 54 143 -5 11 15 41 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 95 117 54 100 214 73 54 61 31 33 455 366 88 Libya .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 Morocco 645 29 20 26 32 30 29 -4 34 135 31 300 148 38 Tunisia 59 -15 -22 -38 -20 -31 -11 1 1 43 3 36 17 -10 ALL AFRICA 1,442 158 147 123 240 314 251 310 290 737 133 1,480 827 302 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Thus, sum of countries may not add up to the regional totals. Aid Flows 287 12-4. Net aid from multilateral donors, nominal Millions of U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,430 8,052 8,125 6,394 5,564 5,291 4,720 4,629 5,696 6,829 6,552 1,916 5,667 5,906 excluding South Africa 2,359 7,686 7,907 5,917 5,073 5,021 4,418 4,188 5,311 6,444 6,141 1,847 5,420 5,535 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 2,412 7,829 7,918 6,204 5,335 5,029 4,470 4,396 5,503 6,599 6,287 1,899 5,575 5,682 Angola 16 226 176 179 128 121 136 112 110 136 126 20 95 137 Benin 53 111 96 118 73 63 93 49 128 74 97 34 94 87 Botswana 23 28 35 8 69 36 21 8 4 3 3 17 30 23 Burkina Faso 61 168 231 144 147 167 157 104 158 198 185 52 115 163 Burundi 54 207 182 44 18 24 22 52 83 87 103 42 118 64 Cameroon 71 334 97 134 171 198 184 169 132 172 128 51 102 157 Cape Verde 23 40 40 36 43 45 48 25 29 50 53 13 31 40 Central African Republic 34 72 43 45 30 63 59 22 19 20 17 27 76 38 Chad 15 109 109 171 126 88 116 77 114 160 151 33 100 120 Comoros 13 21 20 17 12 16 8 8 16 17 13 12 21 14 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 106 148 78 57 44 43 45 81 119 818 371 93 166 161 Congo, Rep. of 22 109 20 35 10 6 20 10 46 16 36 23 23 20 Côte d'Ivoire 58 773 486 515 213 477 81 101 11 237 -29 31 181 265 Djibouti 9 23 22 21 19 17 19 20 30 39 38 9 21 23 Equatorial Guinea 8 13 12 8 6 4 6 3 1 7 4 4 19 6 Eritrea .. 49 49 29 26 38 50 55 127 97 122 .. 34 59 Ethiopia 120 504 357 369 198 282 303 298 721 784 440 111 457 414 Gabon 7 20 9 15 11 9 13 23 17 22 30 5 8 15 Gambia, The 31 34 23 22 23 25 19 32 38 40 40 17 41 28 Ghana 59 220 298 303 189 325 250 222 254 238 415 55 285 260 Guinea 57 174 191 143 222 187 109 58 160 118 103 36 143 148 Guinea-Bissau 24 48 39 52 66 31 20 39 29 34 48 18 44 39 Kenya 120 280 270 248 145 138 53 214 188 95 163 71 281 169 Lesotho 31 70 52 51 40 30 7 16 28 48 46 27 54 34 Liberia 29 28 91 58 44 41 49 44 24 26 37 21 51 47 Madagascar 91 99 106 127 284 148 166 185 229 248 314 59 134 187 Malawi 68 216 211 228 171 230 214 171 198 142 182 52 224 196 Mali 103 209 270 201 178 117 117 61 132 156 257 73 154 154 Mauritania 36 150 120 185 154 108 125 129 188 200 106 49 95 151 Mauritius 8 7 14 22 30 23 37 7 6 20 3 12 7 20 Mozambique 34 464 364 333 328 330 213 253 208 391 335 34 256 302 Namibia .. 25 44 51 42 51 60 55 31 48 34 .. 31 48 Niger 64 111 80 91 141 146 66 105 142 181 209 50 114 119 Nigeria 18 143 140 143 149 170 96 100 79 101 118 17 75 122 Rwanda 57 226 363 213 50 141 193 146 150 156 118 46 121 177 São Tomé and Principe 3 24 23 19 12 10 8 17 16 7 12 5 19 14 Senegal 79 164 254 177 122 211 115 140 189 192 135 78 184 175 Seychelles 3 6 2 8 6 6 6 8 5 4 3 2 6 6 Sierra Leone 30 222 146 113 76 51 13 67 176 125 89 21 59 96 Somalia 166 99 70 49 34 38 39 47 47 47 62 109 143 46 South Africa .. 80 67 46 81 92 153 132 114 129 147 .. 86 102 Sudan 192 235 108 101 52 59 58 36 68 68 282 147 318 69 Swaziland 17 28 18 10 10 14 14 10 22 12 14 12 17 14 Tanzania 128 389 286 274 373 228 376 246 333 333 703 118 274 306 Togo 39 62 74 62 51 61 21 16 12 9 -2 34 68 38 Uganda 70 394 400 297 371 263 232 236 405 167 371 49 275 296 Zambia 62 284 1,594 255 243 93 283 309 74 279 -32 37 178 391 Zimbabwe 47 283 147 93 116 46 25 -14 19 22 25 28 97 57 NORTH AFRICA 311 705 462 648 808 857 762 416 547 360 468 459 387 608 Algeria 17 44 34 35 45 253 21 64 107 63 68 15 33 78 Egypt, Arab Rep. 196 285 208 212 389 268 211 136 105 84 86 363 158 202 Libya 7 2 3 6 5 3 4 .. .. .. .. 6 6 4 Morocco 66 285 128 233 217 249 316 130 142 136 156 48 111 194 Tunisia 25 49 41 121 144 78 161 72 193 78 95 28 69 111 ALL AFRICA 2,741 8,757 8,587 7,042 6,372 6,149 5,482 5,044 6,243 7,189 7,019 2,374 6,055 6,513 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Thus, the sum of countries may not add up to the regional totals. 288 Aid Flows 12-5. Net aid from all donors, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (constant 2002 prices) percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12,342 18,404 16,001 14,286 14,109 13,872 12,679 13,715 14,880 18,764 20,977 7.5 1.4 -0.5 excluding South Africa 11,778 16,818 14,814 12,727 12,111 12,272 11,258 12,043 13,215 16,821 18,881 7.3 1.7 -0.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 12,287 17,922 15,459 13,786 13,442 13,179 12,010 13,020 14,233 17,944 20,146 7.7 1.1 -0.8 Angola 79 437 369 413 338 325 377 316 305 421 444 40.6 9.2 -1.9 Benin 142 235 228 243 206 192 200 248 288 216 252 3.1 6.1 0.6 Botswana 168 84 80 65 114 101 57 31 30 38 28 5.4 -6.1 -12.9 Burkina Faso 330 399 404 350 342 374 376 348 413 473 381 4.6 2.1 1.4 Burundi 182 290 244 95 53 65 73 96 147 172 196 10.7 0.1 -5.3 Cameroon 403 664 355 338 456 467 408 391 512 609 738 2.3 9.3 1.6 Cape Verde 101 114 98 100 105 123 130 97 82 92 122 14.8 -1.5 -2.0 Central African Republic 162 153 131 140 82 110 109 74 69 60 42 7.3 -3.5 -10.5 Chad 57 196 194 248 210 156 178 135 198 229 212 -3.7 -1.9 -1.1 Comoros 68 35 34 32 25 32 20 20 29 32 21 4.0 -6.9 -3.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 650 226 157 138 146 119 126 191 278 1,169 4,665 2.8 -11.0 15.8 Congo, Rep. of 136 327 101 358 240 60 135 35 79 57 60 3.7 1.3 -19.4 Côte d'Ivoire 305 1,456 982 815 411 918 418 362 184 1,069 216 0.4 18.7 -12.3 Djibouti 114 116 83 79 77 75 70 71 61 78 68 6.3 -3.8 -4.6 Equatorial Guinea 15 28 28 26 23 21 20 23 14 20 17 18.4 3.5 -6.2 Eritrea .. 152 129 141 117 163 144 183 296 230 276 .. .. 8.5 Ethiopia 338 1,026 774 716 550 632 622 710 1,164 1,307 1,362 5.7 2.4 3.9 Gabon 78 161 117 101 35 40 45 13 9 72 -8 3.3 -1.0 -21.9 Gambia, The 91 65 41 34 37 37 32 50 56 61 53 14.2 -3.5 2.1 Ghana 316 506 546 566 467 680 579 597 676 650 795 6.6 4.5 3.3 Guinea 147 333 342 257 357 341 225 154 293 250 209 16.9 6.5 -5.1 Guinea-Bissau 89 172 99 157 118 92 50 86 64 59 121 17.7 1.7 -11.9 Kenya 644 626 602 515 419 398 295 512 486 394 430 9.9 1.1 -4.7 Lesotho 154 112 101 91 86 59 30 39 59 76 68 11.4 -2.3 -9.3 Liberia 176 64 108 147 73 69 94 70 41 52 95 17.9 -5.4 -7.9 Madagascar 373 264 250 305 769 452 338 325 390 373 466 8.9 -0.7 3.4 Malawi 240 442 386 448 326 420 429 453 425 377 439 5.5 7.4 -0.1 Mali 428 411 449 415 402 330 339 371 371 467 455 5.1 -4.6 -0.8 Mauritania 287 239 183 227 218 153 204 215 281 345 211 0.7 -3.6 4.4 Mauritius 50 13 20 17 40 38 39 21 23 24 -12 0.9 -10.9 5.7 Mozambique 262 1,158 925 782 909 1,001 776 916 991 2,054 898 42.0 9.9 4.5 Namibia .. 130 156 161 156 170 170 159 117 135 126 .. 35.8 -1.1 Niger 263 341 230 213 308 273 176 214 270 298 387 -0.3 -2.2 -1.0 Nigeria 55 183 179 170 191 197 146 187 193 314 288 -11.5 17.7 3.9 Rwanda 240 719 628 407 216 335 360 333 315 355 289 6.1 4.8 -7.7 São Tomé and Principe 6 47 73 41 32 27 27 37 41 26 32 15.6 12.0 -7.2 Senegal 408 577 541 494 391 466 502 431 433 445 387 7.3 -1.9 -2.8 Seychelles 34 12 10 16 16 23 12 19 14 8 8 -1.0 -8.6 -1.3 Sierra Leone 157 259 178 166 114 104 74 189 365 353 263 15.4 5.7 5.5 Somalia 732 582 176 76 77 78 113 110 159 194 153 10.7 -1.7 -5.8 South Africa .. 299 362 331 476 496 523 508 454 505 543 .. .. 6.4 Sudan 1,028 397 207 193 133 205 242 232 197 351 545 10.7 -12.6 0.5 Swaziland 85 55 52 29 27 35 27 12 31 22 23 0.9 2.0 -10.8 Tanzania 1,067 910 733 765 888 958 949 1,020 1,327 1,233 1,450 8.6 0.3 6.2 Togo 142 115 157 130 115 120 66 71 46 51 38 5.0 -5.1 -13.5 Uganda 188 721 725 600 772 628 571 850 835 638 844 20.3 10.6 0.6 Zambia 512 683 1,729 540 590 338 595 817 367 641 474 10.3 5.5 -6.5 Zimbabwe 271 539 422 321 316 254 231 174 171 201 165 62.6 3.1 -12.8 NORTH AFRICA 4,668 3,605 2,557 2,927 2,734 2,955 2,610 2,254 2,500 2,349 1,795 -5.3 1.6 -3.8 Algeria 271 271 238 248 226 382 130 210 239 329 192 -6.0 -1.7 -0.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,542 2,616 1,801 2,002 1,893 1,928 1,553 1,365 1,299 1,239 813 -8.1 2.9 -7.9 Libya 28 4 5 7 7 7 7 .. .. .. .. -9.2 -7.5 11.0 Morocco 1,458 577 400 528 417 486 628 421 545 487 438 7.5 0.6 0.3 Tunisia 365 92 56 96 172 132 232 220 397 265 259 -4.0 -6.6 22.2 ALL AFRICA 17,009 22,010 18,557 17,214 16,843 16,826 15,289 15,969 17,380 21,112 22,772 3.2 1.5 -1.0 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Thus, the sum of countries may not add up to the regional totals. Aid Flows 289 12-6. Net aid from DAC donors, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (constant 2002 prices) percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 7,125 10,842 9,160 8,697 8,812 8,773 8,080 8,841 8,767 11,587 15,289 7.9 1.3 2.9 excluding South Africa 6,688 9,597 8,158 7,540 7,262 7,422 6,947 7,634 7,522 10,066 13,540 8.2 1.0 2.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 7,100 10,568 8,794 8,366 8,359 8,330 7,651 8,389 8,324 10,996 14,683 8.3 1.1 2.7 Angola 51 226 223 261 220 212 248 196 190 286 337 42.7 6.0 2.2 Benin 51 128 141 136 138 134 113 200 152 140 169 2.9 6.6 2.4 Botswana 130 57 51 59 54 71 39 23 25 37 25 3.7 -5.6 -9.8 Burkina Faso 228 242 204 220 202 210 218 237 234 230 223 7.1 1.1 0.5 Burundi 85 99 94 57 36 42 52 43 59 85 108 11.4 -1.1 0.6 Cameroon 246 353 274 224 297 279 236 222 376 436 629 5.1 7.2 6.2 Cape Verde 58 77 64 66 65 81 85 73 53 43 76 28.1 -0.5 -2.2 Central African Republic 102 84 92 97 55 52 54 51 49 40 27 9.9 -3.4 -11.3 Chad 31 93 102 97 87 67 60 56 78 67 80 -2.8 -1.6 -4.0 Comoros 18 16 17 17 14 17 12 11 10 11 9 0.8 -5.8 -6.7 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 464 87 92 87 96 75 83 108 152 351 4,342 1.8 -13.9 33.6 Congo, Rep. of 75 225 84 328 231 54 116 24 31 41 29 4.0 2.3 -22.1 Côte d'Ivoire 207 732 573 366 211 458 339 260 170 831 242 3.6 15.0 -6.4 Djibouti 45 83 61 56 55 57 51 42 30 37 32 0.5 -0.3 -9.4 Equatorial Guinea 2 15 18 19 17 18 14 20 14 14 14 123.3 4.8 -2.4 Eritrea .. 94 84 113 77 95 79 118 161 121 170 .. .. 6.7 Ethiopia 137 555 475 393 358 353 319 393 383 489 955 0.0 -0.3 3.2 Gabon 67 143 110 90 28 34 32 -12 -9 49 -33 4.8 0.4 -14.7 Gambia, The 27 36 23 16 17 13 13 15 14 18 18 13.9 -4.7 -5.5 Ghana 175 304 301 304 277 365 337 372 408 406 421 2.6 8.8 4.5 Guinea 51 172 178 116 117 140 105 93 126 126 121 18.5 7.0 -3.7 Guinea-Bissau 47 125 64 108 57 63 31 46 33 26 80 41.1 4.8 -10.1 Kenya 444 367 372 297 283 266 242 292 282 288 287 8.7 -3.2 -2.6 Lesotho 103 46 57 44 43 32 25 23 31 30 28 12.2 -5.3 -7.4 Liberia 112 38 30 95 32 31 47 25 16 27 64 23.3 -14.6 -3.1 Madagascar 140 171 161 195 504 313 180 141 152 126 194 13.1 0.1 -3.7 Malawi 126 237 208 250 167 201 221 273 206 225 281 -1.8 7.0 1.7 Mali 200 226 235 248 241 224 227 310 220 257 236 7.1 -5.8 0.7 Mauritania 82 109 96 80 87 60 81 81 84 147 119 12.3 -1.8 2.5 Mauritius 37 7 9 0 3 18 5 13 9 4 -14 3.6 -11.5 -2.2 Mozambique 171 721 619 489 603 689 575 657 767 1,661 606 44.9 8.4 4.8 Namibia .. 106 120 117 116 122 111 100 82 85 96 .. 40.2 -3.4 Niger 154 233 163 135 166 134 112 109 120 114 206 0.5 -0.6 -3.4 Nigeria 25 50 62 43 51 32 52 87 113 215 185 -16.6 11.1 18.1 Rwanda 142 504 322 221 169 200 177 184 158 199 188 6.2 5.6 -8.1 São Tomé and Principe 2 25 54 25 20 17 19 19 24 19 21 36.8 19.9 -5.3 Senegal 272 423 318 331 268 266 389 294 235 243 270 9.8 -0.2 -4.1 Seychelles 28 7 9 7 6 16 4 3 8 4 4 -2.8 -11.6 -7.2 Sierra Leone 100 51 55 64 42 53 61 121 178 225 186 17.1 3.1 19.9 Somalia 240 490 118 35 45 41 76 61 95 102 101 29.7 2.0 -5.1 South Africa .. 224 304 287 402 411 377 365 330 375 422 .. .. 4.6 Sudan 444 174 113 105 84 149 162 96 115 232 306 23.4 -15.5 6.9 Swaziland 56 27 35 18 16 18 14 2 4 7 11 -0.5 -0.2 -18.8 Tanzania 808 540 490 528 536 737 591 775 983 903 840 7.2 -2.0 7.7 Togo 77 57 95 78 68 60 43 53 30 39 39 4.5 -3.1 -9.0 Uganda 68 340 381 333 421 376 350 607 410 466 521 27.3 16.7 4.5 Zambia 371 417 387 316 361 250 326 507 288 360 508 7.8 3.2 1.3 Zimbabwe 184 277 303 245 210 211 206 188 155 178 143 56.9 -0.9 -7.2 NORTH AFRICA 2,889 2,846 2,089 2,341 1,875 1,946 1,775 1,693 1,756 1,637 1,353 8.7 0.1 -6.0 Algeria 164 228 220 213 173 134 80 71 68 123 139 -3.6 -2.0 -10.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,214 2,262 1,529 1,773 1,439 1,473 1,284 1,171 1,124 1,124 712 17.7 1.0 -9.0 Libya 16 2 2 2 2 3 3 .. .. .. .. -11.4 -13.4 12.7 Morocco 267 286 278 313 189 230 303 286 356 217 282 2.7 -1.3 0.2 Tunisia 223 61 41 30 60 90 90 143 188 145 179 -2.6 -8.5 20.1 ALL AFRICA 10,014 13,688 11,249 11,038 10,687 10,718 9,855 10,534 10,523 13,223 16,642 8.0 1.1 1.5 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Thus, the sum of countries may not add up to the regional totals. 290 Aid Flows 12-7. Net aid from non-DAC bilateral donors, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (constant 2002 prices) percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1,148 42 36 63 109 79 121 176 133 348 61 5.8 -28.8 16.2 excluding South Africa 1,141 41 34 57 108 77 117 164 119 310 60 2.1 -25.5 15.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 1,149 42 34 58 109 79 116 173 133 349 61 5.8 -29.2 16.8 Angola 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 -1 -1 0 .. -13.7 31.1 Benin 3 4 6 5 0 -1 -1 -1 1 2 0 3.0 -23.5 -17.8 Botswana .. 1 0 -2 -3 -3 -1 -1 1 -2 .. .. -15.3 .. Burkina Faso 0 1 7 6 3 6 9 4 14 45 1 9.0 -22.4 7.7 Burundi 6 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 28.1 -44.1 .. Cameroon 38 0 1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -3 -3 1 1 4.7 .. .. Cape Verde 3 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 -2.6 -19.7 .. Central African Republic 4 2 3 4 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 -16.7 7.8 -43.3 Chad .. 1 1 3 5 5 7 1 0 2 0 -27.6 25.4 -22.1 Comoros 28 0 0 0 0 0 .. 0 2 5 0 7.7 -34.8 34.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 8 0 0 2 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 -63.1 14.9 -13.7 Congo, Rep. of 25 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.8 .. 1.7 Côte d'Ivoire .. 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 .. 19.6 -1.7 Djibouti 54 11 3 4 4 2 1 10 0 2 2 -12.3 -14.9 -10.3 Equatorial Guinea .. .. 0 0 0 0 .. 0 -1 0 .. .. 70.2 .. Eritrea .. 11 4 3 16 31 18 9 3 13 0 .. .. 2.8 Ethiopia .. 0 0 0 7 13 14 15 29 34 28 6.9 -20.6 75.7 Gabon .. 0 -1 -2 -2 -1 0 0 0 0 0 -21.5 -35.6 -19.9 Gambia, The 12 -2 -1 -1 -1 0 1 2 3 3 0 -2.7 .. -21.5 Ghana 42 -4 -5 -1 12 2 4 2 3 5 12 98.3 -15.9 5.1 Guinea 0 -2 5 18 32 23 17 3 -1 6 0 10.5 -10.4 -39.9 Guinea-Bissau 2 3 3 4 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 -6.5 -7.0 -49.1 Kenya .. -3 4 2 1 1 3 5 6 10 0 166.3 -31.1 -0.5 Lesotho 0 1 0 3 7 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 84.7 .. .. Liberia 15 1 1 2 1 0 0 .. 0 0 0 -69.8 28.8 -45.4 Madagascar 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 57.7 .. -3.4 Malawi .. 4 2 0 -1 1 5 6 11 10 2 .. 71.2 8.0 Mali 54 -10 -11 -7 -5 -5 0 -1 14 54 -1 3.7 -24.2 .. Mauritania 145 -10 -13 -10 -12 -7 5 0 -2 -2 1 -5.8 -42.4 .. Mauritius .. -1 -1 -1 10 -1 0 1 7 1 0 .. -28.5 .. Mozambique 34 2 2 2 -1 -2 -2 0 4 2 1 51.1 -16.3 -1.6 Namibia .. 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 .. .. 24.2 Niger 3 5 1 1 10 1 1 0 1 3 0 16.4 -18.9 -23.8 Nigeria -1 0 0 0 0 -1 3 0 -1 -2 -1 .. 26.2 .. Rwanda 2 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.5 -20.8 -30.4 São Tomé and Principe .. 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0 0 0 .. .. -5.9 Senegal 3 1 11 10 9 1 4 -5 -1 11 0 18.2 -26.9 -10.7 Seychelles .. 0 0 3 4 1 2 7 0 0 1 .. -26.5 -25.6 Sierra Leone 7 0 1 4 1 3 0 0 2 3 0 4.1 -39.8 -3.5 Somalia 214 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 15 44 0 -12.2 -24.1 91.1 South Africa .. 1 3 5 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 .. .. -4.7 Sudan 263 2 3 0 0 1 25 99 10 51 7 0.8 -41.4 48.9 Swaziland .. 2 2 2 2 4 0 0 3 4 0 .. 15.4 -18.6 Tanzania 46 6 4 -2 2 3 1 -3 -6 -4 1 46.1 -13.3 -20.1 Togo 0 0 0 -2 -1 1 3 1 4 3 0 -7.2 -33.5 13.2 Uganda 2 12 9 8 3 0 1 6 2 5 1 -19.5 24.3 -17.7 Zambia 38 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 1 2 0 19.2 .. 32.9 Zimbabwe 8 -2 -3 -2 -2 -1 0 -1 -4 0 0 16.4 .. .. NORTH AFRICA 1,258 104 86 43 116 226 118 122 157 352 56 -28.7 6.3 6.4 Algeria 79 2 -10 6 11 18 30 71 56 143 -4 -23.8 -33.3 67.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0 89 98 48 94 208 70 54 64 31 29 -73.9 12.1 -11.2 Libya .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. -3.6 Morocco 1,080 27 17 23 30 29 28 -4 36 135 28 16.4 -15.4 11.4 Tunisia 99 -14 -19 -33 -19 -29 -10 0 1 43 3 -10.6 0.1 .. ALL AFRICA 2,407 146 122 106 225 305 239 298 289 700 117 -11.1 -13.9 10.1 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Thus, the sum of countries may not add up to the regional totals. Aid Flows 291 12-8. Net aid from multilateral donors, real Average annual Millions of U.S. dollars (constant 2002 prices) percentage growth 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4,068 7,520 6,804 5,527 5,188 5,020 4,479 4,698 5,980 6,829 5,627 7.3 4.0 -1.6 excluding South Africa 3,948 7,180 6,622 5,130 4,740 4,772 4,194 4,245 5,574 6,444 5,281 7.2 4.4 -1.8 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 4,037 7,313 6,631 5,361 4,974 4,771 4,242 4,458 5,776 6,599 5,402 7.4 3.7 -1.7 Angola 27 211 147 152 118 113 129 114 117 136 107 42.9 14.4 -4.7 Benin 89 104 81 102 68 59 89 49 135 74 83 3.0 5.6 -1.1 Botswana 38 26 29 7 63 33 19 8 4 3 3 6.5 -6.3 -25.3 Burkina Faso 102 156 193 124 136 158 149 107 165 198 158 0.6 4.9 0.6 Burundi 90 193 153 39 17 23 21 52 88 87 88 8.9 2.8 -2.2 Cameroon 119 311 80 115 161 190 175 171 139 172 109 -4.0 11.9 -1.8 Cape Verde 39 37 34 31 40 42 46 25 30 50 46 3.6 -2.8 1.9 Central African Republic 57 67 36 38 27 58 56 23 20 20 15 3.8 -3.8 -12.1 Chad 25 101 91 149 118 83 111 78 120 160 131 -2.4 -2.6 2.6 Comoros 22 20 17 15 11 15 8 8 17 17 12 23.4 -6.3 -3.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 177 139 65 49 42 41 43 83 125 818 323 5.4 -7.4 21.5 Congo, Rep. of 36 102 17 30 9 6 19 10 47 16 31 -2.3 -2.3 -4.3 Côte d'Ivoire 98 723 408 449 200 460 77 101 14 237 -26 -10.8 32.4 -26.5 Djibouti 14 21 19 18 17 16 18 20 31 39 33 36.6 -5.3 7.7 Equatorial Guinea 14 12 10 7 6 3 5 3 1 7 3 29.1 1.7 -15.2 Eritrea .. 46 41 25 24 37 47 55 133 97 106 .. .. 16.1 Ethiopia 202 470 299 323 185 266 288 303 752 784 379 9.3 5.2 6.6 Gabon 11 18 8 13 10 8 12 25 18 22 25 4.3 -8.4 9.8 Gambia, The 52 31 19 19 22 23 18 32 39 40 35 14.3 -1.1 6.8 Ghana 99 206 250 263 178 313 238 223 264 238 362 13.1 0.6 3.2 Guinea 95 163 159 123 208 178 103 59 167 118 88 29.8 9.6 -6.1 Guinea-Bissau 40 45 32 45 61 29 19 40 31 34 41 19.8 -1.9 -2.5 Kenya 200 262 226 216 136 131 51 215 198 95 143 12.0 13.7 -6.7 Lesotho 51 65 43 44 37 28 6 17 29 48 39 9.5 1.6 -5.8 Liberia 48 26 76 51 41 38 47 45 25 26 31 8.0 5.8 -5.3 Madagascar 153 93 89 110 266 139 158 185 240 248 272 3.7 -2.6 12.8 Malawi 113 202 176 199 160 218 203 174 208 142 156 16.8 7.5 -2.0 Mali 173 195 225 174 166 111 112 62 138 156 220 2.2 -0.2 -3.3 Mauritania 60 140 100 157 143 100 118 134 199 200 90 1.8 3.1 1.3 Mauritius 13 7 11 18 28 21 35 8 7 20 2 -6.3 -0.1 -8.5 Mozambique 57 434 305 291 307 314 202 259 219 391 290 38.4 14.3 -2.5 Namibia .. 23 36 43 38 47 57 58 33 48 29 .. 31.6 2.6 Niger 106 103 66 78 132 138 63 106 149 181 181 -5.2 -4.8 8.8 Nigeria 31 133 118 127 141 165 92 99 82 101 103 -0.8 22.8 -4.3 Rwanda 96 211 306 185 46 135 183 150 157 156 101 6.7 3.9 -4.9 São Tomé and Principe 5 22 19 16 11 10 8 18 17 7 11 12.9 7.0 -7.3 Senegal 132 152 212 154 113 198 109 142 198 192 117 2.0 -0.6 -1.1 Seychelles 6 5 2 7 6 6 6 9 6 4 3 25.7 -0.8 -0.4 Sierra Leone 50 207 122 98 71 48 13 68 184 125 77 10.8 9.7 -4.2 Somalia 278 93 58 42 31 36 37 49 50 47 52 12.1 -9.5 -2.7 South Africa .. 74 55 39 74 84 144 141 122 129 121 .. .. 11.9 Sudan 322 220 91 88 49 56 55 37 71 68 233 8.8 -3.9 -2.1 Swaziland 29 27 15 8 10 13 13 11 23 12 12 4.4 4.4 -1.7 Tanzania 214 364 240 239 350 219 357 248 349 333 609 12.0 6.6 5.2 Togo 65 58 62 54 48 59 20 17 12 9 -2 5.9 -7.3 -22.8 Uganda 117 369 334 259 349 252 221 238 423 167 322 24.7 6.3 -2.9 Zambia 103 266 1,342 223 228 89 269 310 79 279 -34 19.6 10.6 -11.7 Zimbabwe 79 264 123 79 109 43 24 -14 20 22 21 129.0 14.2 -24.1 NORTH AFRICA 521 655 382 543 743 783 718 439 587 360 386 -3.9 9.5 -3.8 Algeria 28 40 29 30 42 230 20 68 115 63 57 -11.0 5.7 9.1 Egypt, Arab Rep. 328 265 173 181 360 248 199 141 112 84 72 -2.8 4.3 -12.6 Libya 11 2 3 5 5 3 4 .. .. .. .. -3.9 -3.0 10.7 Morocco 110 264 105 193 198 226 297 139 153 136 128 7.3 27.0 -4.0 Tunisia 43 45 34 100 131 71 152 77 208 78 78 -3.9 3.1 8.5 ALL AFRICA 4,589 8,175 7,186 6,070 5,931 5,804 5,196 5,137 6,567 7,189 6,013 5.0 4.3 -1.7 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Thus, the sum of countries may not add up to the regional totals. 292 Aid Flows 12-9. Net aid from all donors as share of recipient GDP Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 4.1 6.8 5.9 5.0 4.3 4.5 4.1 4.0 4.3 5.5 5.6 4.3 8.3 4.7 excluding South Africa 3.8 12.1 10.6 7.9 6.6 6.8 6.2 5.9 5.9 7.3 8.2 4.0 8.7 7.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 6.6 15.4 13.3 10.5 9.0 8.7 8.1 8.2 8.3 9.7 11.2 6.2 10.9 9.5 Angola .. 11.1 8.3 6.3 4.6 5.2 6.3 3.4 3.2 3.9 3.6 .. 3.6 5.1 Benin 6.4 17.1 14.0 13.1 10.2 8.8 8.8 10.6 11.5 8.0 8.4 7.0 13.2 10.6 Botswana 10.0 2.0 1.9 1.6 2.3 2.2 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.4 10.8 5.0 1.4 Burkina Faso 11.0 22.0 19.9 15.1 14.1 14.3 14.2 12.9 13.9 14.8 10.8 11.0 14.3 14.9 Burundi 12.8 33.7 28.8 12.3 5.9 7.7 10.4 13.7 19.9 27.4 37.6 11.9 21.4 15.8 Cameroon 3.9 9.3 5.6 4.5 5.5 5.7 4.7 4.3 5.7 6.2 7.1 3.6 4.0 5.3 Cape Verde 60.3 29.6 23.9 23.2 22.0 24.1 23.4 17.7 14.0 15.0 18.0 47.2 36.5 20.4 Central African Republic 13.9 19.7 15.0 15.9 9.1 11.5 11.2 7.9 6.9 5.7 4.1 12.8 14.5 10.4 Chad 3.4 18.1 16.4 18.4 15.1 9.6 12.2 9.4 11.2 11.4 9.5 8.6 16.4 13.0 Comoros 35.1 20.9 18.0 17.1 12.9 16.3 9.6 9.2 12.5 13.2 7.7 36.9 24.3 13.6 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 3.0 4.2 3.5 2.9 2.6 2.0 2.8 4.3 5.4 21.1 94.9 2.6 5.7 5.6 Congo, Rep. of 5.4 20.5 5.9 16.9 11.6 3.4 6.0 1.0 2.7 1.9 2.0 6.4 6.7 6.2 Côte d'Ivoire 2.1 19.2 11.0 7.9 3.8 7.6 3.6 3.3 1.6 9.1 1.8 1.9 5.9 6.0 Djibouti .. 26.4 21.1 19.6 17.0 15.7 14.0 12.9 .. .. .. .. 27.0 16.7 Equatorial Guinea .. 23.7 20.5 11.9 4.9 4.8 2.3 1.6 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.1 36.8 6.0 Eritrea .. 29.6 25.8 23.0 18.0 22.4 20.5 27.8 41.8 36.5 40.9 .. 21.9 27.0 Ethiopia .. 19.3 15.3 13.6 9.1 10.1 9.9 10.6 17.1 21.6 22.6 5.1 12.2 13.4 Gabon 1.3 4.3 2.9 2.2 0.7 1.0 1.1 0.2 0.2 1.4 -0.2 1.6 2.5 1.2 Gambia, The 22.6 19.2 12.2 9.5 9.5 9.3 7.8 11.7 12.8 16.4 15.1 19.6 32.9 11.1 Ghana 4.3 10.1 10.1 9.4 7.2 9.4 7.9 12.1 12.1 10.5 12.1 3.6 9.7 9.8 Guinea .. 10.6 11.3 7.7 10.1 10.0 6.9 4.9 9.3 7.8 6.5 .. 11.8 8.5 Guinea-Bissau 53.7 74.2 46.7 66.9 46.3 46.4 23.4 37.3 29.9 29.2 60.8 37.3 53.6 40.7 Kenya 5.5 9.5 8.1 6.4 4.2 3.6 2.9 4.9 4.1 3.2 3.4 5.5 10.7 4.7 Lesotho 21.9 13.9 12.2 11.0 9.0 6.9 3.4 4.3 7.4 10.9 7.3 22.5 22.3 8.1 Liberia 10.3 48.5 91.6 108.3 25.6 20.0 21.3 12.5 7.3 9.3 24.2 8.7 29.6 37.0 Madagascar 5.7 9.7 9.5 8.9 23.5 12.9 9.6 8.3 8.3 8.5 9.9 4.6 11.8 11.2 Malawi 11.6 39.8 31.1 21.6 12.9 24.8 25.2 25.6 23.7 20.2 29.3 11.1 25.2 23.1 Mali 15.0 25.0 22.0 18.8 17.3 13.4 13.8 14.8 13.4 14.0 12.1 15.0 20.6 15.9 Mauritania 21.6 26.0 21.6 24.4 21.7 16.4 22.8 22.6 27.2 34.8 21.5 24.2 24.5 24.0 Mauritius 2.9 0.4 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 -0.3 3.7 2.5 0.7 Mozambique 4.8 55.1 46.1 31.3 27.9 26.9 20.2 23.8 27.1 57.1 23.9 5.8 40.0 32.5 Namibia .. 4.2 5.5 5.4 4.6 5.3 5.3 4.5 3.4 4.5 3.4 0.0 3.3 4.8 Niger 6.8 24.1 14.6 12.8 18.0 14.0 9.3 11.7 13.2 13.8 16.6 9.9 17.7 13.4 Nigeria 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.8 0.6 Rwanda 13.4 95.0 54.3 33.8 12.4 17.6 19.3 17.8 17.5 20.5 19.7 12.5 21.3 24.1 São Tomé and Principe 8.4 101.0 185.2 105.7 76.0 68.8 58.7 75.2 81.6 51.8 63.2 15.9 73.1 87.9 Senegal 8.8 17.6 14.9 12.5 9.7 10.8 11.3 9.7 8.9 8.8 6.9 10.5 13.2 10.8 Seychelles 14.7 2.6 2.6 3.8 3.0 4.0 2.1 3.0 2.2 1.1 1.3 14.5 7.7 2.7 Sierra Leone 8.3 27.7 22.2 19.6 14.0 15.8 11.1 28.8 46.1 45.1 35.9 5.0 15.4 25.3 Somalia 71.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 42.1 48.0 .. South Africa .. 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 .. 0.2 0.4 Sudan 8.2 5.0 3.4 2.6 1.3 1.8 2.3 1.8 1.4 2.3 3.5 6.6 6.4 2.1 Swaziland 9.2 5.1 4.3 2.5 2.0 2.6 2.1 0.9 2.3 1.9 1.5 7.9 6.0 2.3 Tanzania .. 21.4 16.7 13.5 12.3 11.9 11.5 11.3 13.5 12.6 16.2 11.4 21.6 12.9 Togo 8.0 12.8 14.7 10.7 8.3 8.1 4.5 5.3 3.3 3.5 2.5 10.0 13.2 7.3 Uganda 9.1 19.6 14.9 11.5 13.2 9.8 9.8 13.8 14.0 10.9 15.2 4.3 13.1 12.2 Zambia 8.2 21.5 58.5 18.6 15.6 10.8 19.9 24.6 9.6 17.3 12.9 6.3 20.4 21.9 Zimbabwe 2.5 8.1 6.9 4.3 4.0 4.6 4.5 2.5 1.8 1.1 2.2 1.6 5.5 3.7 NORTH AFRICA 2.1 2.7 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 3.1 2.8 1.5 Algeria 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 6.0 5.2 3.4 3.3 2.6 2.4 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.1 10.3 6.7 2.2 Libya 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 0.0 .. Morocco 4.8 2.1 1.5 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.1 3.8 3.1 1.5 Tunisia 2.8 0.7 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.1 1.9 1.2 1.1 3.5 2.4 1.0 ALL AFRICA 3.2 5.4 4.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.8 4.0 3.7 5.8 3.5 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Aid Flows 293 12-10. Net aid from DAC donors as share of recipient GDP Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2.4 3.9 3.4 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.5 3.4 4.0 2.5 5.1 2.9 excluding South Africa 2.2 6.8 5.8 4.7 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.4 4.4 5.9 2.3 5.3 4.2 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 3.9 8.9 7.5 6.4 5.5 5.5 5.1 5.2 4.9 6.0 8.1 3.7 6.8 5.8 Angola .. 5.5 4.8 3.9 3.0 3.3 4.1 2.1 2.0 2.6 2.7 .. 2.1 3.2 Benin 2.5 9.5 8.8 7.5 6.9 6.2 5.0 8.4 6.1 5.2 5.6 3.6 7.3 6.8 Botswana 7.9 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.5 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.4 8.3 3.7 0.9 Burkina Faso 7.8 13.4 10.2 9.7 8.4 8.1 8.3 8.8 7.9 7.2 6.4 7.4 9.2 8.6 Burundi 6.5 11.7 10.8 7.5 4.0 5.1 7.3 6.0 7.9 13.5 20.4 6.3 10.1 7.8 Cameroon 2.5 5.0 4.3 3.1 3.6 3.5 2.8 2.4 4.2 4.4 6.1 2.5 3.0 3.5 Cape Verde 36.5 19.8 15.7 15.4 13.4 15.8 15.2 13.1 8.9 7.0 11.3 30.6 24.7 13.1 Central African Republic 9.4 11.0 10.9 11.3 6.1 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.0 3.8 2.7 8.2 8.1 6.7 Chad 2.0 8.8 8.8 7.6 6.4 4.3 4.2 3.8 4.4 3.3 3.7 4.7 9.3 5.4 Comoros 10.9 9.6 9.4 9.5 7.2 8.6 5.9 5.3 4.4 4.5 3.5 14.0 13.0 6.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2.2 1.7 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.8 2.4 2.9 6.3 88.3 1.8 3.5 2.6 Congo, Rep. of 3.2 14.3 5.0 15.5 11.2 3.1 5.2 0.7 1.1 1.4 0.9 3.8 5.6 5.4 Côte d'Ivoire 1.5 9.9 6.6 3.7 2.0 3.8 2.9 2.4 1.5 7.1 2.0 1.5 4.0 3.7 Djibouti .. 19.3 16.0 14.3 12.4 12.1 10.3 7.6 .. .. .. .. 17.9 12.1 Equatorial Guinea .. 13.1 13.2 9.0 3.6 4.0 1.7 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.6 .. 21.3 4.3 Eritrea .. 18.0 16.4 18.4 11.8 13.1 11.1 17.7 22.5 19.1 24.7 .. 14.1 16.3 Ethiopia .. 10.2 9.1 7.5 5.9 5.6 5.0 5.8 5.6 8.1 15.5 1.9 6.0 6.6 Gabon 1.1 3.8 2.7 2.0 0.6 0.8 0.8 -0.2 -0.2 1.0 -0.7 1.3 2.3 0.9 Gambia, The 6.8 10.5 6.6 4.4 4.2 3.2 3.1 3.5 3.2 4.7 5.0 8.7 18.3 4.1 Ghana 2.4 6.1 5.6 5.0 4.2 5.0 4.6 7.6 7.3 6.6 6.4 2.0 4.6 5.7 Guinea .. 5.5 6.0 3.5 3.3 4.1 3.2 3.0 4.0 3.9 3.7 .. 6.1 3.9 Guinea-Bissau 31.1 52.4 30.3 46.1 21.8 31.4 14.3 19.3 15.3 12.7 40.9 21.9 29.4 23.9 Kenya 3.8 5.6 5.1 3.7 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.2 4.3 6.8 3.0 Lesotho 14.8 5.4 6.6 5.2 4.4 3.7 2.8 2.5 3.9 4.3 3.1 13.7 12.5 4.2 Liberia 6.3 26.8 23.1 70.5 10.5 8.7 10.1 4.4 2.9 4.8 15.9 6.0 11.0 16.9 Madagascar 2.2 6.4 6.2 5.8 15.5 8.9 5.2 3.6 3.2 2.9 4.1 2.4 7.1 6.4 Malawi 6.1 21.2 15.8 11.6 6.5 11.6 12.8 15.4 11.5 12.1 18.4 6.3 11.2 12.2 Mali 7.3 13.8 11.6 11.4 10.4 9.1 9.2 12.4 7.9 7.7 6.3 8.0 12.6 9.9 Mauritania 6.6 12.5 11.8 8.9 8.8 6.3 9.3 8.8 8.3 14.8 12.1 5.8 13.0 9.6 Mauritius 2.2 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 -0.3 2.4 2.1 0.2 Mozambique 3.3 33.7 30.2 19.4 18.3 18.4 14.9 16.9 21.0 46.2 16.1 4.3 28.5 23.2 Namibia .. 3.5 4.2 3.9 3.4 3.8 3.5 2.8 2.4 2.8 2.6 0.0 2.1 3.4 Niger 4.2 16.7 10.3 8.2 9.8 7.0 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.3 9.0 5.9 11.9 7.3 Nigeria 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.2 Rwanda 8.3 64.7 26.2 18.2 9.6 10.5 9.3 9.7 8.7 11.5 12.7 7.9 13.3 13.0 São Tomé and Principe 2.6 53.2 135.2 64.3 48.2 44.4 40.7 38.1 46.7 38.3 42.7 4.6 35.7 57.0 Senegal 6.1 13.0 8.9 8.5 6.7 6.2 8.8 6.6 4.9 4.8 4.8 6.5 8.8 6.9 Seychelles 12.4 1.5 2.2 1.6 1.1 2.8 0.8 0.5 1.3 0.5 0.7 13.0 5.6 1.4 Sierra Leone 5.2 5.4 6.4 7.1 4.9 7.9 9.0 18.2 22.3 28.8 25.2 2.7 7.8 13.1 Somalia 23.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.4 30.0 .. South Africa .. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 .. 0.1 0.3 Sudan 3.6 2.1 1.8 1.4 0.8 1.3 1.5 0.7 0.8 1.5 1.9 2.5 3.0 1.2 Swaziland 6.0 2.4 2.8 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.7 5.2 3.7 1.1 Tanzania .. 12.6 11.2 9.3 7.4 9.2 7.1 8.6 10.0 9.2 9.4 8.1 15.4 9.0 Togo 4.6 6.5 9.0 6.6 5.0 4.2 3.0 3.9 2.1 2.7 2.6 5.7 7.8 4.6 Uganda 3.4 9.0 7.6 6.3 7.1 5.8 6.0 9.8 6.8 8.0 9.3 1.7 5.4 7.2 Zambia 6.0 13.0 12.6 10.8 9.4 7.9 10.9 15.0 7.5 9.7 13.6 4.8 14.5 10.5 Zimbabwe 1.7 4.1 4.9 3.3 2.6 3.8 4.0 2.7 1.6 1.0 1.9 1.2 4.1 3.0 NORTH AFRICA 1.3 2.1 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.4 2.2 1.1 Algeria 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 5.2 4.4 2.8 2.9 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.9 4.6 5.5 1.8 Libya 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 0.0 .. Morocco 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.7 1.4 1.9 0.9 Tunisia 1.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.8 2.5 1.6 0.5 ALL AFRICA 1.9 3.3 2.8 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.4 2.9 2.0 3.8 2.2 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. 294 Aid Flows 12-11. Net aid from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDP Percentage of GDP Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1.3 2.8 2.6 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.7 2.0 1.5 1.3 3.0 1.8 excluding South Africa 1.2 5.3 4.8 3.1 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.5 2.8 2.3 1.3 3.3 2.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 2.1 6.5 5.8 4.1 3.3 3.2 2.9 2.8 3.4 3.6 3.0 1.9 4.0 3.6 Angola .. 5.6 3.5 2.4 1.7 1.9 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 0.9 .. 1.6 1.9 Benin 3.8 7.4 4.8 5.3 3.4 2.7 3.9 2.2 5.4 2.7 2.8 3.3 5.8 3.8 Botswana 2.1 0.6 0.7 0.2 1.3 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.2 1.2 0.5 Burkina Faso 3.2 8.5 9.4 5.2 5.6 6.0 5.6 4.0 5.6 6.2 4.4 3.5 4.9 5.9 Burundi 5.9 22.3 18.2 4.9 1.9 2.7 3.1 7.6 12.0 13.9 17.3 5.2 11.1 8.0 Cameroon 1.1 4.2 1.2 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.5 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 Cape Verde 22.0 9.6 8.2 7.3 8.5 8.3 8.3 4.7 5.2 8.2 6.7 15.6 11.3 7.3 Central African Republic 4.2 8.4 3.8 4.2 3.0 6.1 5.6 2.4 1.9 1.9 1.5 4.4 6.2 3.6 Chad 1.5 9.2 7.6 10.7 8.4 5.1 7.6 5.5 6.8 8.0 5.8 3.6 7.1 7.4 Comoros 10.8 11.3 8.6 7.5 5.6 7.6 3.7 3.8 7.4 6.7 4.2 14.1 10.7 6.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0.7 2.5 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.9 2.4 14.7 6.5 0.8 2.0 3.0 Congo, Rep. of 1.3 6.2 1.0 1.4 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.3 1.6 0.5 1.0 1.9 1.1 0.8 Côte d'Ivoire 0.6 9.3 4.4 4.2 1.8 3.7 0.6 1.0 0.1 2.0 -0.2 0.5 1.9 2.2 Djibouti .. 4.7 4.5 4.3 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.6 .. .. .. .. 4.9 3.8 Equatorial Guinea .. 10.6 7.3 2.9 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.7 14.9 1.7 Eritrea .. 9.3 8.5 4.1 3.7 5.1 6.9 8.7 18.9 15.4 16.2 .. 6.6 8.9 Ethiopia .. 9.1 6.2 6.1 3.1 4.3 4.7 4.6 11.1 12.9 6.6 2.8 6.0 6.6 Gabon 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 Gambia, The 12.8 9.2 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.9 4.4 7.6 9.0 10.9 10.1 8.5 14.9 6.9 Ghana 1.3 4.0 4.6 4.4 2.7 4.3 3.2 4.5 4.8 3.9 5.5 1.4 5.0 4.1 Guinea .. 5.2 5.2 3.7 5.9 5.2 3.1 1.9 5.3 3.7 2.8 .. 5.5 4.2 Guinea-Bissau 21.4 20.5 15.2 19.1 24.4 15.0 9.1 18.0 14.6 16.5 20.0 13.1 22.0 16.5 Kenya 1.6 3.9 3.0 2.7 1.4 1.2 0.5 2.1 1.7 0.8 1.1 1.2 3.9 1.7 Lesotho 7.1 8.4 5.6 5.4 3.9 3.4 0.7 1.9 3.7 6.8 4.3 8.7 9.6 3.9 Liberia 3.0 20.9 67.6 36.6 14.8 11.3 11.2 8.1 4.4 4.5 8.3 2.4 18.3 19.8 Madagascar 2.3 3.3 3.4 3.2 8.0 3.9 4.5 4.8 5.1 5.6 5.7 1.9 4.7 4.8 Malawi 5.5 18.2 15.1 10.0 6.4 13.1 12.1 9.8 11.6 7.6 10.7 4.8 13.8 10.7 Mali 5.8 11.8 10.9 7.7 7.2 4.5 4.6 2.5 5.0 4.7 5.9 5.6 7.5 5.9 Mauritania 4.4 14.6 11.3 16.6 14.1 10.8 13.0 13.8 19.1 20.2 9.4 6.6 9.7 14.8 Mauritius 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.0 1.2 0.3 0.5 Mozambique 1.0 21.3 15.7 11.7 9.6 8.5 5.4 6.9 6.1 10.9 7.8 1.3 11.5 9.3 Namibia .. 0.8 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.0 1.6 0.8 .. 1.3 1.4 Niger 2.5 7.1 4.2 4.6 7.7 7.0 3.3 5.8 7.3 8.3 7.6 3.1 5.7 6.0 Nigeria 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.3 Rwanda 4.9 29.9 28.1 15.4 2.7 7.1 10.0 8.1 8.8 9.0 7.0 4.3 7.7 11.1 São Tomé and Principe 5.8 47.8 49.9 41.4 27.7 24.3 18.0 37.2 34.8 13.5 20.4 11.3 37.5 30.8 Senegal 2.6 4.5 5.7 3.8 2.8 4.5 2.4 3.2 4.1 3.8 2.1 3.2 3.9 3.8 Seychelles 2.3 1.2 0.5 1.6 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.3 2.0 1.0 Sierra Leone 2.7 22.3 15.7 12.0 9.0 7.5 2.0 10.5 23.5 16.0 10.7 2.1 7.3 12.0 Somalia 27.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15.9 15.9 .. South Africa .. 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 .. 0.1 0.1 Sudan 2.5 2.9 1.5 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 1.6 1.8 2.8 0.7 Swaziland 3.2 2.5 1.3 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.7 1.0 0.8 2.7 2.2 1.0 Tanzania .. 8.6 5.4 4.2 4.9 2.7 4.4 2.7 3.5 3.4 6.8 2.9 6.2 3.9 Togo 3.4 6.3 5.7 4.2 3.4 3.8 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.6 -0.1 4.2 5.3 2.6 Uganda 5.6 10.3 7.1 5.0 6.0 4.0 3.9 4.0 7.1 2.8 5.9 2.4 7.2 5.0 Zambia 1.6 8.5 45.8 7.8 6.2 2.9 9.1 9.5 2.0 7.5 -0.7 1.1 5.9 11.4 Zimbabwe 0.7 4.1 2.1 1.1 1.4 0.8 0.5 -0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.4 1.4 0.7 NORTH AFRICA 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 Algeria 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.2 0.4 0.3 Libya 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 0.0 .. Morocco 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 Tunisia 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 ALL AFRICA 0.8 2.1 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.8 1.3 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Aid Flows 295 12-12. Net aid from all donors as share of recipient GDI Percentage of GDI Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 20.4 37.9 32.6 26.9 24.4 23.4 22.1 23.7 23.9 30.1 29.9 21.9 50.0 25.9 excluding South Africa 19.3 65.7 58.7 40.8 35.4 33.1 31.2 33.5 30.7 37.9 41.9 20.2 51.8 37.7 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 35.5 85.6 72.7 51.4 47.5 44.4 42.5 46.1 45.5 56.1 60.4 33.1 67.0 50.8 Angola .. 66.6 29.5 18.1 18.2 14.6 23.2 26.4 24.1 29.3 28.2 .. 38.4 22.9 Benin 42.4 108.6 71.2 76.3 55.7 51.7 50.5 55.9 60.2 45.0 44.3 40.9 97.5 58.3 Botswana 25.0 7.5 7.7 6.2 8.3 6.4 4.3 2.9 2.4 2.5 1.5 29.9 20.9 5.1 Burkina Faso 72.9 113.6 87.3 61.8 56.5 52.7 59.6 57.0 73.7 82.8 57.6 64.1 75.8 66.4 Burundi 91.9 319.4 300.1 102.3 72.9 87.5 114.1 150.2 288.1 303.8 246.1 89.3 150.6 177.4 Cameroon 18.7 60.5 38.4 29.5 33.9 32.7 25.3 26.0 31.9 33.7 41.7 15.0 23.6 31.4 Cape Verde 116.9 68.3 56.3 96.4 99.9 121.7 112.1 89.9 76.7 71.6 89.2 95.0 114.8 90.6 Central African Republic 198.7 168.5 111.3 369.9 92.6 84.6 78.0 72.9 49.0 38.6 69.0 129.1 121.5 112.1 Chad .. 108.5 159.4 123.7 102.0 47.7 121.6 42.0 26.0 18.2 17.2 159.7 201.3 80.1 Comoros 105.7 101.1 92.6 88.1 81.1 90.7 64.4 70.2 106.0 107.4 65.3 114.1 117.3 87.6 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 29.8 53.4 37.0 10.3 103.1 112.0 91.0 123.5 99.5 289.3 695.0 23.1 63.1 108.2 Congo, Rep. of 15.1 65.5 16.2 62.7 52.0 12.6 21.7 4.9 10.2 8.2 8.6 19.5 28.9 23.6 Côte d'Ivoire 7.8 139.8 70.7 65.6 26.4 56.7 27.2 31.3 14.4 87.6 18.7 8.9 61.2 47.5 Djibouti .. .. 250.3 216.2 180.3 103.1 157.4 100.3 .. .. .. .. .. 167.9 Equatorial Guinea .. 32.0 26.8 10.5 7.4 5.3 4.2 3.9 1.3 3.3 2.8 7.8 142.9 7.8 Eritrea .. 117.7 114.4 83.2 57.5 69.4 60.0 87.0 145.9 137.1 182.5 .. 100.9 94.3 Ethiopia .. 127.6 93.0 80.6 53.3 59.1 58.4 67.0 96.3 105.2 110.6 37.2 94.2 76.6 Gabon 4.7 19.8 12.3 9.4 2.4 2.6 3.9 0.9 0.7 5.1 -0.7 4.1 9.4 4.7 Gambia, The 84.7 106.0 60.5 44.1 55.1 50.4 43.6 68.6 73.7 77.2 78.7 100.5 177.0 59.2 Ghana 76.7 42.1 50.3 44.3 28.9 40.7 37.6 50.3 45.6 53.5 52.4 60.7 70.6 43.9 Guinea .. 67.9 68.2 33.4 42.7 47.7 31.1 22.4 52.6 59.3 66.0 .. 69.2 44.7 Guinea-Bissau 190.7 340.7 209.2 290.0 192.9 409.5 139.0 330.3 199.1 291.8 490.7 158.2 169.6 257.7 Kenya 22.3 57.7 46.3 38.4 27.5 20.8 18.1 31.8 28.4 24.0 26.0 26.8 58.0 29.4 Lesotho 76.6 25.1 20.2 18.9 16.6 14.6 7.0 10.1 18.4 25.8 16.5 84.5 54.0 16.4 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 145.9 197.9 278.0 .. .. 171.9 Madagascar 38.1 89.1 87.1 76.7 183.5 87.1 64.7 55.2 44.6 59.4 55.1 47.1 108.1 82.3 Malawi 46.8 136.9 179.0 174.9 111.3 184.4 171.7 188.7 170.6 186.3 260.6 49.5 125.6 170.8 Mali 96.7 91.5 95.9 81.9 84.1 64.0 65.1 60.4 43.4 75.0 50.9 103.7 97.7 71.2 Mauritania 94.3 125.6 111.9 131.3 123.5 86.7 128.4 73.7 84.1 113.2 52.3 106.9 109.0 106.6 Mauritius 11.3 1.4 2.1 1.9 3.6 3.6 3.8 1.8 2.1 2.5 -1.3 15.5 9.4 2.7 Mozambique 62.8 217.5 155.4 143.2 135.6 110.9 84.6 113.0 110.5 228.4 88.9 55.6 196.8 135.2 Namibia .. 19.6 25.2 23.3 22.6 20.7 22.7 22.9 14.6 26.3 15.0 0.0 17.4 22.3 Niger 24.1 232.2 199.4 132.7 166.1 124.7 90.7 102.6 109.1 97.0 117.0 84.2 183.9 127.8 Nigeria 0.3 4.1 4.6 3.8 3.2 2.6 1.9 2.5 1.7 2.6 2.4 0.6 4.0 2.9 Rwanda 82.8 952.2 404.8 234.9 89.8 118.8 112.2 101.4 95.2 121.1 106.9 85.9 172.5 159.8 São Tomé and Principe 49.8 242.9 271.9 188.3 154.7 192.1 150.4 173.0 272.8 194.7 210.0 115.6 313.1 199.7 Senegal 75.1 95.2 89.0 67.5 54.2 54.5 54.6 52.3 49.4 47.8 34.6 81.6 101.9 58.7 Seychelles 38.5 9.8 8.4 9.6 9.5 11.5 4.9 10.9 5.3 3.7 14.6 43.6 33.2 8.0 Sierra Leone 51.0 355.5 423.2 147.3 322.1 .. 101.8 201.5 556.3 369.4 250.1 43.0 181.7 524.7 Somalia 169.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 156.0 196.4 .. South Africa .. 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.8 2.2 .. 1.3 2.1 Sudan 55.6 .. .. 12.1 6.4 10.6 13.9 10.4 7.8 12.5 19.2 44.2 55.1 10.5 Swaziland 24.6 23.5 21.3 7.8 9.6 11.6 11.2 5.1 13.6 10.7 7.6 25.1 28.5 11.4 Tanzania .. 86.8 84.4 81.2 82.5 86.2 73.8 63.9 79.2 66.0 87.0 .. 102.1 77.1 Togo 28.1 84.8 91.1 57.1 51.3 49.2 33.9 29.5 16.2 18.7 13.5 39.6 81.8 43.4 Uganda 148.3 127.0 116.9 55.5 71.4 59.8 50.3 69.3 75.2 55.2 73.7 63.4 96.8 69.2 Zambia 35.2 260.3 367.3 145.1 107.0 65.7 113.4 131.5 47.9 75.4 49.4 34.1 159.4 131.7 Zimbabwe 14.5 34.3 35.2 23.4 22.0 26.6 27.6 19.6 23.2 13.7 19.4 9.3 28.4 23.9 NORTH AFRICA 7.2 11.7 8.5 9.5 7.3 6.4 5.4 4.4 4.7 4.4 3.5 9.4 11.2 6.3 Algeria 1.1 2.2 2.2 2.6 2.2 3.1 1.0 1.6 1.5 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 2.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 21.9 31.2 19.5 19.6 12.1 9.2 7.0 5.6 5.7 5.9 4.5 34.0 29.7 10.6 Libya 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.2 .. .. Morocco 19.7 9.7 7.2 9.1 6.7 6.7 8.2 5.2 6.2 5.2 4.5 14.5 13.2 6.8 Tunisia 9.4 2.7 1.7 2.6 3.9 2.8 4.5 4.2 6.7 4.2 3.9 11.4 8.8 3.8 ALL AFRICA 13.3 27.4 23.4 20.5 17.6 15.9 14.5 14.6 15.0 18.2 18.7 14.3 28.3 17.5 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. 296 Aid Flows 12-13. Net aid from DAC donors as share of recipient GDI Percentage of GDI Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 12.1 22.0 18.6 16.4 15.1 14.8 14.0 15.2 14.1 18.6 21.7 12.7 31.3 15.9 excluding South Africa 11.2 36.9 32.2 24.3 21.2 20.0 19.2 21.2 17.4 22.7 30.0 11.7 31.8 22.3 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 21.0 49.7 41.2 31.2 29.4 28.0 27.0 29.6 26.6 34.5 43.9 19.3 41.7 30.9 Angola .. 33.1 17.1 11.3 11.6 9.4 15.1 16.3 15.0 19.9 21.1 .. 21.8 14.5 Benin 16.8 60.2 45.0 43.6 37.3 36.3 28.5 44.6 31.7 29.1 29.6 21.0 53.9 37.0 Botswana 19.6 4.9 4.6 5.7 3.8 4.4 2.9 2.2 2.0 2.4 1.3 23.0 15.7 3.5 Burkina Faso 51.9 69.4 44.9 39.6 33.5 29.8 34.7 38.6 41.5 40.3 34.0 43.3 48.8 37.9 Burundi 46.8 111.0 113.1 62.5 49.5 57.7 79.9 66.3 114.7 149.4 133.0 48.1 70.0 86.6 Cameroon 12.1 32.9 29.9 20.0 22.4 19.9 14.8 14.6 23.4 24.2 35.6 10.1 17.4 21.1 Cape Verde 70.7 45.8 36.9 64.0 61.0 79.7 72.8 66.6 48.7 33.6 56.0 58.6 79.1 57.9 Central African Republic 134.5 94.4 80.8 262.7 62.4 39.9 39.1 51.3 35.3 25.5 44.8 84.4 68.1 74.6 Chad .. 52.7 85.7 50.9 43.2 21.2 41.8 17.1 10.1 5.3 6.7 86.5 113.9 34.4 Comoros 32.8 46.2 48.1 49.1 45.4 48.1 39.6 40.4 37.0 36.5 29.6 43.0 63.8 43.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 22.1 21.2 22.2 6.6 68.4 71.1 59.8 69.1 54.3 86.9 647.0 16.1 39.2 54.8 Congo, Rep. of 9.1 45.8 13.6 57.6 50.1 11.5 18.6 3.4 4.0 5.9 4.2 11.8 24.6 20.6 Côte d'Ivoire 5.6 71.9 42.3 30.6 13.8 28.7 22.2 22.3 13.5 68.1 20.8 7.0 42.5 30.2 Djibouti .. .. 189.5 157.9 131.2 79.4 116.1 59.2 .. .. .. .. .. 122.2 Equatorial Guinea .. 17.7 17.3 7.9 5.5 4.4 3.1 3.3 1.3 2.2 2.3 .. 88.0 5.6 Eritrea .. 71.6 72.6 66.7 37.7 40.5 32.5 55.3 78.6 71.8 110.1 .. 66.1 57.0 Ethiopia .. 67.5 55.3 44.2 34.5 32.7 29.5 36.7 31.7 39.4 75.9 13.6 45.8 38.0 Gabon 4.2 17.6 11.6 8.5 1.9 2.2 2.8 -0.9 -0.6 3.5 -2.8 3.4 8.6 3.6 Gambia, The 25.6 58.1 32.6 20.3 24.7 17.6 17.2 20.4 18.4 22.4 25.9 46.6 98.8 21.7 Ghana 42.8 25.5 27.7 23.8 17.1 21.7 22.0 31.5 27.4 33.5 27.7 32.8 32.4 25.6 Guinea .. 35.2 36.0 15.1 14.0 19.7 14.5 13.6 22.8 29.8 37.4 .. 35.9 20.7 Guinea-Bissau 110.3 240.8 135.7 200.1 90.8 276.7 85.1 170.8 101.8 126.7 329.7 92.8 95.8 148.5 Kenya 15.6 34.1 28.9 22.3 18.5 13.9 14.9 18.2 16.6 17.6 17.2 20.7 36.3 18.8 Lesotho 51.7 9.8 10.9 8.9 8.1 7.8 5.8 6.0 9.6 10.0 6.9 50.7 31.0 8.4 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 58.2 101.6 182.8 .. .. 79.9 Madagascar 15.0 58.5 56.4 49.4 120.8 60.4 34.7 23.8 17.4 20.1 23.0 25.0 64.6 47.9 Malawi 24.7 73.0 90.9 93.9 56.4 86.4 87.5 113.8 82.7 111.1 164.2 26.2 55.2 90.3 Mali 47.5 50.4 50.5 49.6 50.3 43.5 43.5 50.4 25.6 41.3 26.2 55.7 60.1 44.3 Mauritania 28.7 60.1 61.2 47.6 50.1 33.4 52.0 28.7 25.6 48.1 29.3 25.5 58.3 43.3 Mauritius 8.6 0.7 1.0 -0.1 0.2 1.7 0.5 1.1 0.8 0.4 -1.5 10.3 7.9 0.7 Mozambique 42.7 132.8 102.0 89.0 88.9 76.0 62.4 80.3 85.3 184.7 60.0 41.1 141.4 96.1 Namibia .. 15.9 19.4 16.9 16.7 14.7 14.9 14.5 10.3 16.5 11.4 0.0 11.0 15.5 Niger 14.9 160.9 140.9 85.0 90.4 61.8 58.3 51.5 48.2 37.2 63.1 51.1 124.9 71.7 Nigeria 0.1 1.0 1.6 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.8 1.5 0.4 2.4 1.0 Rwanda 51.5 647.8 195.6 126.9 69.9 70.9 54.3 55.3 47.5 67.9 68.8 54.3 109.9 86.0 São Tomé and Principe 15.4 127.9 198.6 114.5 98.1 124.1 104.2 87.6 156.3 143.9 142.0 30.6 145.6 128.4 Senegal 51.9 70.7 53.4 45.6 37.4 31.4 42.4 35.6 26.8 26.1 24.2 50.5 67.3 37.3 Seychelles 32.4 5.5 7.1 4.0 3.5 8.2 1.8 1.9 3.2 1.7 7.8 38.5 24.0 3.9 Sierra Leone 31.8 69.4 122.2 53.6 112.5 .. 82.8 127.7 269.0 235.5 175.2 24.2 90.7 255.2 Somalia 54.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 49.5 121.3 .. South Africa .. 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 2.1 1.7 .. 0.9 1.7 Sudan 24.4 .. .. 6.5 4.0 7.6 9.0 4.1 4.5 8.3 10.3 17.0 29.8 6.3 Swaziland 16.1 11.1 13.8 4.9 5.5 5.6 5.8 1.1 1.9 3.1 3.6 16.1 17.5 5.2 Tanzania .. 51.3 56.4 56.0 49.7 66.3 45.7 48.7 58.8 48.3 50.3 .. 71.2 53.7 Togo 16.1 42.9 55.8 35.4 31.0 25.3 22.4 21.9 10.5 14.3 13.9 21.5 49.2 27.1 Uganda 55.2 58.2 59.2 30.3 38.5 35.5 30.5 48.9 36.6 40.3 45.1 25.5 39.4 40.0 Zambia 25.9 157.3 79.4 84.3 64.4 48.3 61.8 80.4 37.6 42.3 52.2 26.1 111.8 62.3 Zimbabwe 9.9 17.1 24.9 17.7 14.6 22.0 24.8 21.2 21.0 12.1 16.8 7.2 21.7 19.8 NORTH AFRICA 4.4 9.2 6.9 7.5 5.0 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.1 2.6 4.5 8.6 4.6 Algeria 0.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 1.7 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. 18.8 26.8 16.3 17.2 9.1 7.0 5.7 4.8 4.9 5.4 3.9 15.3 24.3 8.8 Libya 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.1 .. .. Morocco 4.1 4.9 5.1 5.5 3.1 3.2 4.0 3.6 4.1 2.3 2.9 5.5 8.3 3.9 Tunisia 6.1 1.9 1.3 0.9 1.4 1.9 1.8 2.8 3.3 2.3 2.7 8.0 6.1 2.0 ALL AFRICA 7.9 16.8 14.1 13.1 11.1 10.1 9.3 9.6 9.1 11.4 13.6 7.9 18.5 11.0 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Aid Flows 297 12-14. Net aid from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDI Percentage of GDI Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6.4 15.9 14.0 10.4 9.0 8.5 7.9 8.1 9.6 11.0 8.1 6.8 17.7 9.8 excluding South Africa 6.2 28.7 26.4 16.3 13.9 12.9 11.7 11.8 13.0 14.6 11.8 6.5 19.2 15.1 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 11.1 35.8 31.4 20.0 17.7 16.1 15.1 15.8 18.5 20.7 16.3 10.3 24.2 19.4 Angola .. 33.5 12.4 6.8 6.5 5.3 8.1 9.6 9.2 9.5 7.1 .. 16.5 8.4 Benin 24.8 46.8 24.5 31.1 18.4 15.8 22.3 11.5 28.1 15.4 14.7 19.5 42.7 20.9 Botswana 5.3 2.4 3.0 0.7 4.7 2.2 1.5 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 6.2 5.0 1.7 Burkina Faso 21.0 43.9 41.1 21.2 22.5 22.0 23.5 17.7 29.6 34.7 23.6 20.0 26.0 26.5 Burundi 42.2 211.4 189.9 41.0 23.8 30.6 34.1 83.8 173.3 154.3 113.0 39.0 79.3 91.3 Cameroon 5.0 27.7 8.4 9.6 11.6 13.0 10.7 11.6 8.7 9.6 6.0 4.3 6.2 10.4 Cape Verde 42.5 22.2 19.3 30.1 38.8 41.9 39.6 23.6 28.4 39.1 33.2 34.3 34.7 32.6 Central African Republic 60.5 72.1 28.2 96.7 30.2 44.7 39.0 21.7 13.7 13.0 24.2 42.9 51.6 35.9 Chad .. 55.3 73.4 71.5 56.6 25.1 75.4 24.6 15.8 12.7 10.6 69.7 86.8 44.4 Comoros 32.7 54.7 44.3 38.8 35.6 42.3 24.8 29.1 62.9 55.0 35.5 43.1 51.5 41.6 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 7.4 32.2 14.7 3.5 29.1 38.6 31.1 54.3 45.1 202.4 48.0 6.8 22.9 52.4 Congo, Rep. of 3.6 19.8 2.6 5.1 1.9 1.1 3.1 1.5 6.2 2.3 4.4 5.7 4.3 3.0 Côte d'Ivoire 2.2 67.8 28.3 35.0 12.6 28.0 4.9 9.0 0.9 19.4 -2.2 1.9 18.6 17.3 Djibouti .. .. 53.1 47.3 39.4 21.5 39.3 27.7 .. .. .. .. .. 38.0 Equatorial Guinea .. 14.3 9.5 2.6 2.0 0.9 1.2 0.6 0.1 1.1 0.5 5.3 53.0 2.2 Eritrea .. 36.9 37.7 15.0 12.0 15.8 20.1 27.1 65.9 57.6 72.3 .. 29.7 31.4 Ethiopia .. 60.0 37.6 36.4 18.2 25.3 27.5 28.8 62.2 63.1 32.3 20.4 47.4 37.4 Gabon 0.6 2.1 0.8 1.1 0.7 0.5 1.1 1.8 1.3 1.6 2.1 0.5 0.7 1.1 Gambia, The 48.0 50.9 29.9 25.8 32.6 32.2 24.8 44.7 52.0 51.5 52.7 43.2 79.4 36.7 Ghana 23.7 16.9 23.1 20.6 11.1 18.8 15.4 18.6 18.0 19.6 24.0 24.9 38.1 18.2 Guinea .. 33.0 31.2 16.0 24.8 24.9 14.2 8.4 30.0 28.1 28.6 .. 31.9 22.2 Guinea-Bissau 75.9 94.0 68.1 83.0 101.7 132.6 53.9 159.4 97.2 164.9 161.0 54.6 67.7 107.6 Kenya 6.7 23.8 17.0 15.9 8.9 7.0 3.1 13.3 11.5 5.8 8.8 5.7 21.4 10.3 Lesotho 24.8 15.1 9.2 9.3 7.2 7.2 1.5 4.4 9.1 16.2 9.6 33.1 22.8 8.0 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 87.7 96.3 95.1 .. .. 92.0 Madagascar 15.1 30.6 30.7 27.3 62.6 26.7 30.0 31.6 27.4 39.5 32.1 19.9 43.9 34.5 Malawi 22.1 62.7 87.0 81.1 55.3 97.6 82.4 72.2 83.4 70.3 95.4 23.3 69.3 78.7 Mali 37.4 43.3 47.8 33.6 34.9 21.5 21.6 10.3 16.2 25.1 24.8 38.7 34.7 26.4 Mauritania 19.3 70.2 58.4 89.1 80.1 56.9 73.3 45.0 59.0 65.6 22.8 30.4 44.6 65.9 Mauritius 2.7 0.7 1.3 2.1 2.5 2.0 3.4 0.6 0.6 2.0 0.2 4.7 1.3 1.8 Mozambique 12.7 84.2 53.1 53.8 46.9 35.1 22.4 32.7 24.7 43.4 28.8 12.4 54.4 39.0 Namibia .. 3.5 5.8 6.4 5.7 5.9 7.7 8.2 4.1 9.4 3.5 .. 6.3 6.6 Niger 9.0 68.1 57.8 47.3 70.5 62.4 32.1 51.1 60.4 58.8 53.9 26.4 57.2 55.0 Nigeria 0.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.4 2.2 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.2 1.5 1.8 Rwanda 30.6 300.0 209.4 107.4 19.7 47.9 57.9 46.1 47.7 53.2 38.1 29.7 60.9 73.6 São Tomé and Principe 34.4 114.9 73.3 73.7 56.4 67.9 46.2 85.5 116.4 50.7 67.9 85.0 167.5 71.3 Senegal 22.6 24.3 33.9 20.6 15.6 22.9 11.7 17.3 22.7 20.6 10.3 25.0 30.5 20.7 Seychelles 6.1 4.4 1.6 4.1 3.4 2.9 2.3 5.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 4.4 8.4 2.9 Sierra Leone 16.7 285.9 299.7 90.3 206.8 986.1 18.5 73.8 283.8 131.2 74.8 16.3 87.5 261.3 Somalia 65.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 58.5 63.5 .. South Africa .. 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 .. 0.4 0.5 Sudan 17.2 .. .. 5.6 2.4 3.0 3.3 1.6 2.8 2.4 8.7 12.0 14.3 3.0 Swaziland 8.6 11.5 6.5 2.3 3.5 4.5 5.5 4.0 10.2 5.7 4.0 9.0 10.4 5.3 Tanzania .. 35.0 27.5 25.4 32.6 19.7 28.0 15.4 20.7 17.8 36.6 .. 30.9 23.4 Togo 12.0 41.7 35.1 22.5 20.7 23.4 10.1 6.9 4.3 3.3 -0.5 17.2 31.5 15.8 Uganda 91.3 66.6 56.0 24.4 32.6 24.3 19.8 19.9 38.4 14.4 28.5 34.7 54.4 28.7 Zambia 6.8 102.9 287.9 60.8 42.6 17.6 51.5 51.0 10.2 32.8 -2.8 6.2 47.6 69.3 Zimbabwe 4.2 17.3 10.5 5.9 7.6 4.7 2.9 -1.5 2.7 1.5 2.6 2.1 6.8 4.3 NORTH AFRICA 0.8 2.2 1.3 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.5 0.8 1.1 0.7 0.8 1.6 1.1 1.4 Algeria 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.9 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 3.1 3.3 2.0 1.9 2.4 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 7.2 1.8 1.2 Libya 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.1 .. .. Morocco 1.4 4.4 1.9 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.8 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.9 2.5 Tunisia 1.0 1.3 0.9 2.5 2.9 1.5 2.9 1.3 3.4 1.2 1.2 1.4 2.1 2.1 ALL AFRICA 3.4 10.4 9.1 7.3 6.3 5.5 5.0 4.7 5.6 6.2 5.0 3.7 8.5 6.2 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. 298 Aid Flows 12-15. Net aid per capita from all donors U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 22 34 32 28 24 23 21 20 21 27 34 18 33 25 excluding South Africa 21 34 32 27 23 22 20 19 20 26 33 16 31 24 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 27 45 42 36 31 30 26 26 27 35 44 22 41 32 Angola 7 42 38 42 31 29 32 25 23 32 37 7 24 32 Benin 26 48 51 51 38 35 35 38 43 33 44 21 45 41 Botswana 117 59 60 48 77 66 37 18 17 22 17 91 102 43 Burkina Faso 30 44 49 41 35 37 36 30 34 40 37 24 38 38 Burundi 28 52 47 18 9 10 11 14 20 24 31 23 42 19 Cameroon 30 56 33 30 35 35 29 25 32 39 55 22 36 32 Cape Verde 223 326 307 298 277 315 323 216 173 201 306 144 298 264 Central African Republic 48 52 50 49 26 33 32 20 18 16 13 34 60 31 Chad 8 33 35 43 32 23 25 17 23 27 29 18 40 28 Comoros 129 81 85 78 53 66 39 34 48 55 41 119 115 57 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 15 6 4 4 3 3 3 4 5 23 101 11 13 6 Congo, Rep. of 51 127 43 142 86 20 42 10 21 16 19 46 58 47 Côte d'Ivoire 26 118 87 67 30 64 29 22 10 65 15 17 47 47 Djibouti 244 229 181 162 139 128 115 107 85 112 110 206 251 129 Equatorial Guinea 42 76 84 75 57 51 45 47 27 42 43 26 131 53 Eritrea .. 45 42 43 33 43 37 43 67 54 70 .. 32 45 Ethiopia 6 20 16 14 10 11 10 11 17 19 22 5 18 13 Gabon 80 168 130 111 33 37 39 9 7 55 -8 73 114 53 Gambia, The 85 65 42 32 33 32 26 37 40 44 42 58 101 36 Ghana 17 32 37 36 27 37 32 31 32 32 44 12 36 33 Guinea 20 56 63 44 55 51 33 21 37 32 30 15 52 42 Guinea-Bissau 75 151 100 148 99 74 39 59 42 41 98 63 105 75 Kenya 24 26 28 22 16 14 11 17 15 13 15 19 34 17 Lesotho 74 71 69 62 54 36 18 21 32 43 44 55 77 42 Liberia 52 24 45 62 26 24 31 22 12 16 32 40 40 30 Madagascar 26 22 23 26 59 33 24 21 23 23 32 16 29 29 Malawi 23 52 47 52 36 44 44 43 38 35 45 19 47 42 Mali 41 47 56 50 43 34 33 33 32 41 45 29 50 40 Mauritania 109 119 100 115 98 66 85 80 98 124 85 111 115 96 Mauritius 34 13 21 17 38 36 36 17 18 20 -12 37 48 25 Mozambique 14 78 67 55 57 61 47 50 52 111 55 11 63 62 Namibia .. 86 117 111 96 102 98 81 57 68 73 0 58 91 Niger 30 43 30 27 34 29 18 20 23 26 39 30 47 26 Nigeria 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 Rwanda 30 136 123 82 32 48 50 42 38 43 39 26 49 57 São Tomé and Principe 44 389 638 351 241 198 190 236 253 169 239 72 318 285 Senegal 47 79 80 68 48 55 58 44 42 44 44 45 85 55 Seychelles 337 174 172 248 221 308 163 225 166 95 110 242 324 200 Sierra Leone 28 63 46 40 25 22 15 36 67 67 56 16 30 40 Somalia 67 70 26 12 10 10 14 12 17 21 18 46 72 15 South Africa .. 8 10 9 12 12 13 11 10 11 14 .. 8 11 Sudan 32 15 9 8 5 7 8 7 6 11 19 28 32 7 Swaziland 89 66 65 36 29 35 28 13 27 21 24 60 58 32 Tanzania 37 34 30 29 30 31 30 30 37 35 47 28 37 32 Togo 36 33 50 40 31 30 16 15 9 11 9 32 51 25 Uganda 9 38 41 33 38 29 26 35 33 26 38 6 28 33 Zambia 55 83 229 67 66 37 64 80 35 63 54 35 77 80 Zimbabwe 23 50 43 32 28 21 20 14 13 15 14 15 38 23 NORTH AFRICA 31 30 23 26 22 23 20 17 18 17 15 31 35 21 Algeria 10 11 11 11 9 14 5 7 7 10 7 8 8 9 Egypt, Arab Rep. 34 47 35 37 33 32 25 21 19 19 13 45 52 28 Libya 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 .. .. .. .. 3 2 1 Morocco 46 24 19 24 17 19 24 15 18 16 17 28 29 19 Tunisia 38 12 8 14 21 16 27 23 39 27 31 36 34 22 ALL AFRICA 24 34 31 27 24 23 20 20 20 26 31 20 33 24 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Aid Flows 299 12-16. Net aid per capita from DAC donors U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 13 20 18 17 15 15 13 13 12 17 25 10 20 15 excluding South Africa 12 19 18 16 13 13 12 12 11 16 23 10 19 14 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 16 26 24 22 19 19 17 17 16 22 32 13 26 19 Angola 5 21 22 26 20 18 21 15 14 22 28 4 14 20 Benin 10 27 32 29 26 24 20 31 23 21 29 11 25 26 Botswana 92 39 36 44 35 45 25 14 14 21 16 69 78 29 Burkina Faso 22 27 25 26 21 21 21 20 19 19 22 16 25 22 Burundi 14 18 18 11 6 7 8 6 8 12 17 12 20 9 Cameroon 20 30 26 20 23 21 17 14 23 28 47 15 27 22 Cape Verde 135 219 201 198 169 207 210 160 110 94 192 95 206 169 Central African Republic 32 29 36 35 17 16 16 14 13 10 8 22 33 20 Chad 5 16 19 18 13 10 8 7 9 8 11 10 23 12 Comoros 40 37 44 44 30 35 24 19 17 19 19 45 63 29 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 11 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 7 94 8 8 3 Congo, Rep. of 31 89 36 130 83 18 36 7 8 11 9 27 49 41 Côte d'Ivoire 19 61 52 31 16 32 24 16 10 50 17 13 33 29 Djibouti 107 167 137 118 101 98 85 63 41 53 52 122 164 87 Equatorial Guinea 5 42 54 57 42 42 33 40 28 28 36 14 76 40 Eritrea .. 27 26 35 21 25 20 27 36 28 42 .. 21 27 Ethiopia 2 10 9 8 6 6 5 6 6 7 15 2 9 7 Gabon 71 150 122 99 26 31 28 -9 -6 38 -31 61 104 41 Gambia, The 26 35 23 15 15 11 10 11 10 13 14 25 56 13 Ghana 10 20 20 19 16 20 18 19 19 20 23 7 17 19 Guinea 7 29 33 20 18 21 15 13 16 16 17 4 27 19 Guinea-Bissau 43 107 65 102 46 50 24 30 22 18 66 37 58 45 Kenya 17 15 17 13 11 10 9 10 9 9 10 15 22 11 Lesotho 50 28 37 29 26 19 15 12 17 17 18 34 43 22 Liberia 32 13 11 40 11 11 15 8 5 8 21 27 19 14 Madagascar 10 15 15 17 39 23 13 9 9 8 13 8 18 16 Malawi 12 28 24 28 18 21 23 26 19 21 29 10 20 22 Mali 20 26 30 30 25 23 22 28 19 23 23 16 30 25 Mauritania 33 57 55 42 40 25 35 31 30 53 48 28 61 39 Mauritius 26 7 10 -1 2 17 4 10 7 3 -14 24 40 7 Mozambique 9 48 44 34 37 42 34 35 40 90 37 8 45 45 Namibia .. 70 90 81 71 72 64 51 40 43 55 0 37 64 Niger 19 30 21 17 19 14 12 10 10 10 21 18 31 14 Nigeria 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 Rwanda 19 92 60 44 25 29 24 23 19 24 25 16 30 31 São Tomé and Principe 14 205 466 213 153 128 132 120 145 125 162 22 154 185 Senegal 33 59 48 46 33 32 45 30 23 24 31 28 56 35 Seychelles 284 98 145 102 82 218 60 40 101 45 59 213 235 99 Sierra Leone 18 12 13 14 9 11 12 23 32 43 39 8 15 20 Somalia 21 57 16 5 6 5 9 6 10 11 12 15 49 9 South Africa .. 6 8 8 10 10 9 8 7 8 10 .. 5 9 Sudan 14 6 5 4 3 5 5 3 3 7 10 11 16 4 Swaziland 58 31 42 22 17 17 15 3 4 6 11 39 34 16 Tanzania 28 20 20 20 18 24 19 23 27 26 27 21 27 22 Togo 21 17 30 24 19 16 11 11 6 8 10 18 30 16 Uganda 3 17 21 18 21 17 16 25 16 19 23 2 11 19 Zambia 41 50 49 39 40 27 35 49 27 35 57 27 55 38 Zimbabwe 16 25 30 24 19 18 18 15 12 14 12 11 29 19 NORTH AFRICA 19 24 19 21 15 15 14 13 13 12 11 16 26 15 Algeria 6 9 10 9 7 5 3 2 2 4 5 6 6 5 Egypt, Arab Rep. 29 40 29 33 25 24 21 18 17 17 11 23 42 23 Libya 3 0 1 0 0 1 1 .. .. .. .. 1 1 1 Morocco 10 12 13 15 8 9 12 10 12 7 11 10 19 11 Tunisia 25 8 6 5 8 11 11 16 19 15 21 25 23 11 ALL AFRICA 14 21 19 18 15 15 13 13 12 16 22 12 22 15 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. 300 Aid Flows 12-17. Net aid per capita from multilateral donors U.S. dollars (current prices) Annual average 1980 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 75-84 85-94 95-MR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 7 14 14 11 9 8 7 7 8 10 9 5 12 9 excluding South Africa 7 15 15 11 9 9 7 7 8 10 9 5 11 9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 9 19 18 14 12 11 9 9 11 13 12 7 15 12 Angola 2 21 16 16 11 10 11 9 9 10 9 3 10 12 Benin 15 21 18 21 13 11 15 8 20 11 15 10 20 15 Botswana 25 19 24 5 44 22 13 5 2 1 2 19 24 15 Burkina Faso 9 17 23 14 14 16 14 9 14 17 15 7 13 15 Burundi 13 34 30 7 3 4 3 8 12 12 14 10 22 10 Cameroon 8 26 7 10 12 14 12 11 9 11 8 6 8 11 Cape Verde 81 106 105 93 108 109 114 57 64 110 114 46 90 95 Central African Republic 15 22 13 13 8 18 16 6 5 5 5 12 26 10 Chad 3 17 16 25 18 12 15 10 14 19 18 7 17 16 Comoros 40 44 41 34 23 31 15 14 29 28 22 45 50 27 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 16 7 3 5 3 Congo, Rep. of 12 38 7 11 3 2 6 3 13 4 10 13 9 6 Côte d'Ivoire 7 57 35 36 14 32 5 6 1 14 -2 4 15 18 Djibouti 29 41 38 35 30 27 29 30 44 56 54 30 46 36 Equatorial Guinea 37 34 30 18 15 8 12 7 1 14 7 17 53 13 Eritrea .. 14 14 8 7 10 12 13 30 23 28 .. 10 15 Ethiopia 3 9 6 6 3 5 5 5 11 12 6 3 9 7 Gabon 10 18 8 13 10 7 11 19 13 17 23 8 8 12 Gambia, The 48 31 21 19 19 20 15 24 28 29 28 26 45 22 Ghana 5 13 17 17 10 17 13 11 13 12 20 5 19 14 Guinea 13 27 29 21 32 26 15 8 21 15 13 8 24 21 Guinea-Bissau 30 42 32 42 52 24 15 28 21 23 32 22 43 30 Kenya 7 11 10 9 5 5 2 7 6 3 5 4 12 6 Lesotho 24 43 31 31 24 18 4 9 16 27 26 21 34 20 Liberia 15 10 33 21 15 14 16 14 7 8 11 11 21 16 Madagascar 10 8 8 9 20 10 11 12 14 15 19 7 12 12 Malawi 11 24 23 24 18 23 21 17 19 13 17 8 26 20 Mali 16 22 28 20 18 11 11 6 12 14 22 11 18 15 Mauritania 22 67 52 78 64 43 49 49 69 72 37 30 46 59 Mauritius 8 7 12 20 26 20 31 6 5 16 2 12 7 17 Mozambique 3 30 23 21 20 19 12 14 12 21 18 3 18 18 Namibia .. 15 27 31 24 29 33 29 16 24 17 .. 21 27 Niger 11 13 9 10 15 15 6 10 13 16 18 9 15 12 Nigeria 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Rwanda 11 43 64 37 7 19 26 19 19 19 14 9 19 26 São Tomé and Principe 30 184 172 137 88 70 58 117 108 44 77 50 164 99 Senegal 14 20 31 21 14 23 12 15 19 19 13 14 26 19 Seychelles 53 78 33 107 79 77 77 104 64 51 38 25 83 74 Sierra Leone 9 50 32 24 16 10 3 13 34 24 17 7 14 20 Somalia 26 13 9 6 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 18 21 6 South Africa .. 2 2 1 2 2 4 3 3 3 3 .. 2 2 Sudan 10 9 4 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 8 8 13 2 Swaziland 31 33 20 11 11 14 14 10 21 11 13 21 22 14 Tanzania 7 14 10 9 12 7 11 7 10 9 20 6 11 9 Togo 15 16 19 16 12 14 5 4 3 2 0 13 20 9 Uganda 5 20 20 14 17 12 10 10 17 7 15 4 16 13 Zambia 11 33 180 28 26 10 29 31 7 27 -3 6 22 42 Zimbabwe 7 25 13 8 10 4 2 -1 1 2 2 4 9 5 NORTH AFRICA 4 6 4 5 6 6 6 3 4 3 3 5 3 5 Algeria 1 2 1 1 2 9 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 5 5 4 4 6 4 3 2 2 1 1 9 3 3 Libya 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 .. .. .. .. 2 2 1 Morocco 3 11 5 9 8 9 11 5 5 5 5 2 4 7 Tunisia 4 6 5 13 16 8 17 8 20 8 10 4 8 12 ALL AFRICA 6 13 12 10 9 8 7 6 8 9 8 5 10 9 Note: Regional aggregates for aid include data for economies not specified elsewhere. Aid Flows 301 Figure 12-1. Total net aid as a share of recipient GDP, 2003* Percentage 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Congo, Dem. Rep. of São Tomé and Principe Guinea-Bissau Eritrea Burundi Sierra Leone Malawi Liberia Mozambique Ethiopia Mauritania Rwanda Cape Verde Niger Gambia, The Tanzania Uganda Zambia Djibouti Mali Ghana Burkina Faso Madagascar Chad Benin Comoros Lesotho Cameroon Senegal Guinea Central African Republic Angola Sudan Namibia Kenya Togo Zimbabwe Congo, Rep. of Côte d'Ivoire Swaziland Seychelles Tunisia Morocco Egypt, Arab Rep. Equatorial Guinea Nigeria Botswana South Africa Algeria Gabon Mauritius * Or most recent year available. 302 Aid Flows Figure 12-2. Total net aid per capita, 2003* U.S. dollars 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 Cape Verde São Tomé and Principe Djibouti Seychelles Congo, Dem. Rep. of Guinea-Bissau Mauritania Namibia Eritrea Sierra Leone Mozambique Cameroon Zambia Tanzania Malawi Mali Lesotho Senegal Ghana Benin Equatorial Guinea Gambia, The Comoros Rwanda Niger Uganda Burkina Faso Angola Madagascar Liberia Burundi Tunisia Guinea Chad Swaziland Ethiopia Congo, Rep. of Sudan Somalia Botswana Morocco Kenya Côte d'Ivoire Zimbabwe South Africa Egypt, Arab Rep. Central African Republic Togo Algeria Nigeria Libya Gabon Mauritius * Or most recent year available. Aid Flows 303 Technical notes Tables Commissioner for Refugees, the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the World Food Programme. Table 12-1. Net aid from all donors, nominal. This Arab/OPEC-financed multilateral agencies include table represents the total of Tables 12-2 through 12-4. the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development Table 12-2. Net aid from DAC donors, nominal. (AFESD), the Islamic Development Bank, the OPEC This table shows net aid from OECD's Development Fund for International Development, the Arab Au- Assistance Committee (DAC) donors, which include thority for Agricultural Investment and Development, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, the Arab Fund for Technical Assistance to African Finland, France, the Federal Republic of Germany and Arab Countries, and the Islamic Solidarity Fund. before reunification, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Aid flows from the IMF Trust Fund and Structural Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Adjustment Facility (SAF) are also included. and the United States (OECD data). (Ireland and New Zealand have been excluded in this compilation be- Tables 12-5, 12-6, 12-7, and 12-8. Net aid from all cause their aid to Africa is negligible.) donors, from DAC donors, from non-DAC bilat- eral donors, and from multilateral donors (OECD Table 12-3. Net aid from non-DAC bilateral data). donors, nominal. This is net aid from the Organiza- tion of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the Tables 12-9, 12-10, and 12-11. Net aid from all former Council for Mutual Economic Assistance donors, from DAC donors, and from multilateral (CMEA) countries, and China (OECD data). OPEC donors as a share of recipient GDP. These tables countries are Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, show the relative importance of these aid flows to re- Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab cipients' economies. They are obtained by dividing Emirates, and Venezuela. The former CMEA coun- figures in Tables 12-1, 12-2, and 12-4 by GDP data tries are Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the former from Table 2-5, which reflect current prices and ex- German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, change rates. For a given level of aid flows, devalua- Romania, and the former Soviet Union. tion of a recipient's currency may inflate the ratios shown in the table. Thus, trends for a given country Table 12-4. Net aid from multilateral donors, and comparisons across countries that have imple- nominal. This includes net aid, most notably from mented different exchange rate policies should be in- the African Development Fund, the European Devel- terpreted carefully. opment Fund for the Commission of the European Communities, the International Development Associ- Tables 12-12, 12-13, and 12-14. Net aid from all ation (IDA), the International Fund for Agricultural donors, from DAC donors, and from multilateral Development, Arab/OPEC-financed multilateral donors as a share of recipient GDI. These tables are agencies, and UN programs and agencies (OECD obtained by dividing figures in Tables 12-1, 12-2, and data). The UN programs and agencies include mainly 12-4 by GDI (World Bank country desks). These data the UN Technical Assistance Programme, the UN highlight the relative importance of the indicated aid Development Programme (UNDP), the UN High flows in maintaining and increasing investment in 304 Aid Flows these economies. The same caveats mentioned above in mind that exchange rate fluctuations, the actual apply to their interpretation. Furthermore, aid flows rise of aid flows, and other factors vary across coun- do not exclusively finance investment (for example, tries and over time. food aid finances consumption), and the share of aid going to investment varies across countries. Figures Tables 12-15, 12-16, and 12-17. Net aid per capita from all donors, from DAC donors, and from mul- The following indicators have been used to derive the tilateral donors. These data are calculated by divid- figures in this chapter. ing figures in Tables 12-1, 12-2, and 12-4 by midyear population (Table 1-2). These ratios offer some indi- Figure 12-1. Total net aid as a share of recipient GDP cation of the importance of aid flows in sustaining (Table 12-9). per capita income and consumption levels (shown in Tables 2-19 and 2-20, respectively), although bearing Figure 12-2. Total net aid per capita (Table 12-15). Aid Flows 305 Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 12 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (1) (2) (1) (2) 12-1 x x 12-2 x x 12-3 x x 12-4 x x 12-5 x x 12-6 x x 12-7 x x 12-8 x x 12-9 x x 12-10 x x 12-11 x x 12-12 x x 12-13 x x 12-14 x x 12-15 x x 12-16 x x 12-17 x x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 13 Social Indicators T his chapter provides indicators in the areas of Even when data are available, comparison among demography, health, education, and gender is- countries is limited because of varied practices in sues in development. These indicators can be data gathering and reporting. Often the countries re- useful in evaluating and monitoring the social impact port survey data that cover different portions of the of development progress, aid flows, and structural ad- nation. Sometimes surveys are limited to only the justment policies. urban areas--the largest cities--or the capital city The chapter presents such indicators as depend- alone. This is especially true of the health indicators. ency ratio, urbanization, crude death rate, life ex- Such indicators as immunization rates for children pectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, child mortal- age 12­23 months, percentage of births attended by ity rate, immunization rates for children, maternal health personnel, infant mortality rate, child mortal- death rate, and number of people per physician. ity rate, and maternal death rate are often based on These indicators are an indirect measure of the phys- surveys of a handful of hospitals in the urban areas. ical well-being of the population. In the same vein, Another source of limitation is the definition of such indicators as literacy rate among adults, school terms, which may differ from country to country. enrollment ratios by gender, and pupil-teacher ratio Some countries, for example, consider an institution give some picture of the progress being made in edu- as a "private school" only if it receives no form of fi- cation and training. Social indicators refer to phe- nancial support from the government, while others nomena that are inherently more qualitative than classify as "private" all schools not run by the gov- macroeconomic variables and thus need to be inter- ernment, whether or not they receive financial sup- preted cautiously. Further caution is called for be- port from the government. In like manner, some cause of the particular limitations of the data. One of countries include personnel other than doctors and these limitations is the paucity--or even nonexis- trained nurses under "medical personnel." tence--of data on certain indicators in many of the Cultural norms may also affect the reported data. countries covered. This is especially true of indica- This is especially true for gender issues. In some tors dealing with gender issues. Many countries have countries, it is assumed that no woman can be the no data showing the gender breakdown of several head of any household that also contains an adult social indicators. male. In population censuses, therefore, enumerators 306 Social Indicators 307 and respondents simply take such assumptions for UNICEF, UNESCO, the World Health Organization granted, reporting a male rather than a female as head (WHO), the UNDP, the Joint United Nations Pro- of the household or family (see United Nations, The gramme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), and the Eco- World's Women: Trends and Statistics (1970­90). nomic Commission for Africa (ECA). Other sources This distorts the true picture of the percentage of of data also include reports and publications on chil- households headed by women. dren, health, human development, education, and The main source for this chapter is the World population from various agencies, including the Development Indicators in the World Bank Statistical World Bank. Information Management Analysis Database In this chapter, columns headed by a period (for ex- (SIMA), which contains electronic information as re- ample, 1994­2002) show data for the latest available ported by a number of institutions and agencies in the year within the period. socioeconomic field, such as the United Nations, 308 Social Indicators 13-1. Age and gender structure of the population Females as percentage Age groups as percentage of total population Age dependency of total population 1980 2003 ratio 1980 2003 0-14 15-64 65+ 0-14 15-64 65+ 1980 2003 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 50.3 50.3 45.3 51.7 2.9 43.7 53.3 2.9 0.9 0.9 excluding South Africa 50.3 50.3 45.9 51.2 2.9 44.5 52.6 2.9 1.0 0.9 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 50.4 50.2 46.0 51.0 2.9 44.7 52.4 2.9 1.0 0.9 Angola 50.7 50.6 46.9 50.2 2.9 47.6 49.4 2.9 1.0 1.0 Benin 50.8 50.8 48.3 48.5 3.2 45.0 52.4 2.7 1.1 0.9 Botswana 51.7 50.2 45.8 52.1 2.3 41.5 56.2 2.3 0.9 0.8 Burkina Faso 51.6 50.4 47.5 49.8 2.7 46.9 50.4 2.7 1.1 1.0 Burundi 51.2 50.9 45.6 51.2 3.2 45.3 52.1 2.5 0.9 0.9 Cameroon 50.4 50.3 44.7 51.6 3.6 41.1 55.2 3.7 0.9 0.8 Cape Verde 54.2 51.5 43.4 52.2 4.7 41.6 54.8 3.6 0.9 0.8 Central African Republic 51.7 51.3 43.3 52.7 4.0 41.8 54.7 3.5 0.9 0.8 Chad 50.7 50.6 45.4 51.0 3.5 48.0 49.2 2.8 1.0 1.0 Comoros 50.1 50.1 47.1 50.5 2.7 41.9 55.4 2.6 1.0 0.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 50.7 50.4 47.3 49.9 2.9 47.9 49.5 2.6 1.0 1.0 Congo, Rep. of 51.2 50.6 45.5 51.1 3.3 46.9 50.1 3.1 0.9 1.0 Côte d'Ivoire 48.5 49.0 47.5 49.8 2.7 41.5 55.9 2.6 1.0 0.8 Djibouti 53.5 50.1 42.9 54.2 2.7 42.8 54.2 3.0 0.8 0.8 Equatorial Guinea 50.8 50.6 42.3 53.7 4.0 43.6 52.8 3.7 0.9 0.9 Eritrea 50.4 50.4 44.2 53.1 2.7 44.3 53.0 2.7 0.9 0.9 Ethiopia 50.4 49.8 45.5 51.6 2.9 45.4 51.8 2.8 0.9 0.9 Gabon 50.7 50.3 36.9 57.0 6.0 40.4 54.0 5.5 0.8 0.9 Gambia, The 50.6 50.5 42.0 55.2 2.8 40.5 56.2 3.2 0.8 0.8 Ghana 50.3 50.2 45.3 51.7 2.9 41.9 53.7 4.4 0.9 0.9 Guinea 49.8 49.7 46.7 50.7 2.6 43.6 53.8 2.5 0.9 0.9 Guinea-Bissau 50.8 50.6 41.7 54.2 4.1 44.4 52.1 3.4 0.9 0.9 Kenya 50.3 49.8 49.1 47.9 3.0 42.1 55.2 2.7 1.1 0.8 Lesotho 50.8 52.6 41.4 54.7 4.0 41.4 53.4 5.1 0.8 0.9 Liberia 49.6 49.7 46.6 50.4 2.9 44.1 53.1 2.8 1.2 0.9 Madagascar 50.3 50.1 42.0 54.8 3.2 44.0 52.9 3.0 0.9 0.9 Malawi 50.9 50.7 47.3 50.0 2.7 44.9 51.8 3.4 1.0 0.9 Mali 50.8 50.9 47.2 49.7 3.1 47.2 50.1 2.8 1.0 1.0 Mauritania 50.6 50.7 44.9 51.9 3.3 42.6 54.3 3.1 0.9 0.8 Mauritius 50.1 50.5 29.7 64.9 5.2 25.0 68.6 6.4 0.5 0.5 Mozambique 50.7 51.3 44.3 52.5 3.2 42.3 54.1 3.6 0.9 0.8 Namibia 51.1 50.9 42.9 53.6 3.6 41.9 54.3 3.8 0.9 0.8 Niger 49.9 49.7 47.7 49.8 2.5 48.9 48.8 2.3 1.1 1.0 Nigeria 49.8 50.6 45.5 51.7 2.8 44.0 53.3 2.6 1.0 0.9 Rwanda 50.6 52.4 47.6 49.9 2.5 45.7 51.3 3.0 1.0 0.9 São Tomé and Principe .. 50.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 38.6 54.9 6.4 .. 0.8 Senegal 50.0 50.3 45.5 51.7 2.9 43.6 53.7 2.7 0.9 0.9 Seychelles .. 49.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.9 65.1 6.9 .. 0.5 Sierra Leone 50.9 50.9 43.9 53.1 3.1 43.6 53.8 2.6 0.9 0.9 Somalia 50.5 50.4 47.9 49.5 2.7 47.8 49.8 2.4 1.0 1.0 South Africa 50.6 50.8 37.4 59.3 3.3 32.0 63.6 4.4 0.7 0.6 Sudan 49.8 49.7 43.3 53.9 2.8 39.5 56.9 3.6 0.8 0.8 Swaziland 50.8 51.6 45.6 51.1 2.8 42.1 55.1 2.8 0.9 0.8 Tanzania 50.6 50.3 46.5 51.0 2.5 44.7 52.8 2.4 1.0 0.9 Togo 50.5 50.4 45.5 51.2 3.2 43.2 53.6 3.2 0.9 0.9 Uganda 50.3 50.0 48.4 49.1 2.5 49.8 48.4 1.8 1.0 1.0 Zambia 50.2 49.9 49.2 48.4 2.4 46.8 50.5 2.7 1.0 0.9 Zimbabwe 50.2 50.3 44.3 52.9 2.8 43.4 53.5 3.1 1.0 0.9 NORTH AFRICA 49.4 49.3 40.2 56.1 3.7 33.0 62.6 4.4 0.8 0.6 Algeria 49.4 49.4 42.0 54.4 3.6 33.9 62.0 4.0 0.8 0.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 49.2 49.1 39.9 56.3 3.8 33.5 62.2 4.3 0.8 0.6 Libya 47.7 48.4 45.0 52.5 2.5 32.5 63.8 3.7 0.9 0.6 Morocco 50.0 50.0 38.9 57.4 3.8 32.9 62.7 4.4 0.8 0.6 Tunisia 49.4 49.5 37.6 58.2 4.2 27.5 66.5 6.1 0.7 0.5 ALL AFRICA 50.1 50.2 44.4 52.5 3.1 41.9 54.9 3.2 0.9 0.8 Note: Some age groups may not add up to 100% on account of rounding up error. Social Indicators 309 13-2. Poverty Percentage of National poverty % of the population below Percentage GDP per capita, population living headcount as % 2/3 of national mean per Gini coefficients, of household based on PPP, under US$ 1 a day, of population, capita income, 1991-1999* 1991-1997* income spent on 2003 1994-2002* 1984-2002* Urban Rural Urban Rural food, 1991-1999* SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. 22 37 .. .. 64 excluding South Africa .. .. .. 22 37 .. .. 64 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. 22 37 .. .. 64 Angola 2,344 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin 1,115 .. 29 .. .. .. .. .. Botswana 8,714 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso 1,174 45 45 13 65 38 46 57 Burundi 648 55 36 .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 2,118 17 40 .. .. .. .. 55 Cape Verde 5,214 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 1,089 .. .. 33 77 51 63 60 Chad 1,210 .. 64 .. .. .. .. .. Comoros 1,714 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 697 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 965 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 1,476 11 37 29 51 39 33 48 Djibouti 2,086 .. .. 38 84 38 39 43 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea 849 .. 53 .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 711 23 44 21 50 56 40 72 Gabon 6,397 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The 1,859 .. 58 21 73 43 35 60 Ghana 2,238 45 40 22 37 34 36 39 Guinea 2,097 .. 40 18 57 .. .. 56 Guinea-Bissau 711 .. 49 30 65 55 56 .. Kenya 1,037 23 52 14 53 51 52 71 Lesotho 2,561 36 49 .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 809 61 71 21 57 .. .. 70 Malawi 605 42 65 .. .. .. 57 .. Mali 994 72 64 8 64 53 55 75 Mauritania 1,766 26 46 18 56 34 33 70 Mauritius 11,287 .. 11 .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 1,117 38 69 .. .. .. .. .. Namibia 6,180 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 835 61 63 14 55 39 31 60 Nigeria 1,050 70 34 32 52 44 46 67 Rwanda 1,268 52 60 .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 1,648 22 33 14 66 .. .. 61 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 548 .. 83 .. .. .. 50 .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 10,346 11 .. 40 86 .. .. 56 Sudan 1,910 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 4,726 8 40 36 70 .. .. 65 Tanzania 621 .. 36 20 51 .. .. 70 Togo 1,696 .. 32 .. .. .. .. .. Uganda 1,457 85 44 16 46 35 44 63 Zambia 877 64 73 28 70 40 46 64 Zimbabwe .. 56 35 .. .. .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 6,107 2 12 .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 3,950 3 17 .. .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 4,004 2 19 .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia 7,161 2 8 .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. 22 37 .. .. 64 * Most recent year available. 310 Social Indicators 13-3. Income distribution Share of income held by population groups Richest 10% Richest 20% Poorest 10% Poorest 20% 1989-02* 1989-02* 1989-02* 1989-02* SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. .. Botswana 56.6 70.3 0.7 2.2 Burkina Faso 46.3 60.7 1.8 4.5 Burundi 32.8 48.0 1.7 5.1 Cameroon 35.4 50.9 2.3 5.6 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 47.7 65.0 0.7 2.0 Chad .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 34.0 50.7 2.0 5.2 Djibouti 29.9 45.4 2.3 6.3 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 25.5 39.4 3.9 9.1 Gabon .. .. .. .. Gambia, The 37.0 53.4 1.8 4.8 Ghana 30.0 46.6 2.1 5.6 Guinea 32.0 47.2 2.6 6.4 Guinea-Bissau 39.3 53.4 2.1 5.2 Kenya 33.9 49.1 2.5 6.0 Lesotho 48.3 66.5 0.5 1.5 Liberia .. .. .. .. Madagascar 36.6 53.5 1.9 4.9 Malawi 42.2 56.1 1.9 4.9 Mali 40.4 56.2 1.8 4.6 Mauritania 29.5 45.7 2.5 6.2 Mauritius .. .. .. .. Mozambique 31.7 46.5 2.5 6.5 Namibia 64.5 78.7 0.5 1.4 Niger 35.4 53.3 0.8 2.6 Nigeria 40.8 55.7 1.6 4.4 Rwanda .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. Senegal 33.5 48.2 2.6 6.4 Seychelles .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 43.6 63.4 0.5 1.1 Somalia .. .. .. .. South Africa 44.7 62.2 1.4 3.5 Sudan .. .. .. .. Swaziland 50.2 64.4 1.0 2.7 Tanzania 30.0 45.5 2.8 6.8 Togo .. .. .. .. Uganda 34.9 49.7 2.3 5.9 Zambia 41.0 56.6 1.0 3.3 Zimbabwe 40.3 55.7 1.8 4.6 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. Algeria 26.8 42.6 2.8 7.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 29.5 43.6 3.7 8.6 Libya .. .. .. .. Morocco 30.9 46.6 2.6 6.5 Tunisia 31.5 47.3 2.3 6.0 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. * Most recent year available. Social Indicators 311 13-4. Urbanization Total population Average annual percentage Urban population as per- Average annual percentage (millions) growth of total population centage of total population growth of urban population 1980 1990 2003 1975-1979 1980-1989 1990-2003 1980 1990 2003 1975-1979 1980-1989 1990-2003 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 383.5 510.9 705.2 2.9 2.9 2.5 23.1 27.9 36.2 3.9 3.9 4.2 excluding South Africa 356.0 475.7 659.4 3.0 2.9 2.6 21.1 26.3 34.6 4.1 4.0 4.3 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 284.8 379.5 522.9 3.0 2.9 2.5 19.7 24.1 31.4 3.8 3.7 4.1 Angola 7.0 9.3 13.5 2.5 3.1 2.8 20.9 27.6 36.2 5.9 6.1 5.0 Benin 3.5 4.7 6.7 2.5 3.1 2.8 27.3 34.5 44.5 7.3 5.6 4.8 Botswana 0.9 1.3 1.7 3.6 3.5 2.5 18.5 42.3 50.3 11.8 12.6 4.0 Burkina Faso 7.0 8.9 12.1 2.3 2.5 2.4 8.5 13.6 17.6 7.9 7.7 4.5 Burundi 4.1 5.5 7.2 2.1 2.8 2.2 4.3 6.3 9.9 8.5 6.8 5.9 Cameroon 8.8 11.7 16.1 3.0 2.9 2.5 31.4 40.3 51.2 6.6 5.5 4.5 Cape Verde 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.6 2.5 23.5 44.2 65.7 2.6 8.1 5.8 Central African Republic 2.3 2.9 3.9 2.3 2.6 2.3 35.1 37.5 42.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 Chad 4.5 5.8 8.6 2.0 2.7 3.1 18.8 21.0 25.0 6.2 3.9 4.4 Comoros 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.6 2.6 23.2 27.9 35.0 0.0 0.6 4.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 27.9 37.4 53.2 3.2 2.9 2.7 28.7 28.0 31.8 2.7 2.6 3.6 Congo, Rep. of 1.8 2.5 3.8 3.2 3.3 3.2 42.0 55.7 67.3 6.7 6.4 4.8 Côte d'Ivoire 8.2 11.8 16.8 4.0 3.8 2.8 34.7 39.8 44.9 5.9 5.2 3.8 Djibouti 0.3 0.5 0.7 7.9 4.1 3.1 74.2 81.0 84.6 9.7 5.1 3.5 Equatorial Guinea 0.2 0.4 0.5 -2.7 5.6 2.6 27.4 35.7 51.4 -2.5 8.1 5.6 Eritrea 2.4 3.1 4.4 2.7 2.7 2.7 13.8 15.8 20.0 4.3 4.2 4.5 Ethiopia 37.7 51.2 68.6 2.7 3.0 2.3 10.5 12.7 16.6 4.8 5.0 4.4 Gabon 0.7 1.0 1.3 3.3 3.2 2.7 49.6 68.1 83.6 8.0 6.7 4.4 Gambia, The 0.6 0.9 1.4 3.2 3.6 3.4 19.6 24.9 32.6 6.2 6.1 5.6 Ghana 11.0 15.3 20.7 2.1 3.5 2.4 31.2 33.5 37.1 2.8 4.2 3.2 Guinea 4.5 5.8 7.9 1.3 2.5 2.5 19.1 23.4 28.9 4.7 4.7 4.2 Guinea-Bissau 0.8 1.0 1.5 4.1 2.8 2.9 17.3 23.8 33.9 5.6 6.0 5.8 Kenya 16.6 23.4 31.9 3.8 3.5 2.5 16.1 24.0 36.3 8.5 7.8 5.8 Lesotho 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.3 2.2 1.0 13.4 20.1 30.3 6.8 6.5 4.3 Liberia 1.9 2.4 3.4 3.1 2.8 2.6 35.0 42.0 46.7 6.1 4.9 3.4 Madagascar 8.9 11.6 16.9 2.6 2.7 3.0 18.5 23.6 31.4 5.3 5.2 5.3 Malawi 6.2 8.5 11.0 3.3 3.3 2.0 9.1 11.6 15.9 7.1 5.8 4.5 Mali 6.6 8.5 11.7 2.2 2.5 2.5 18.5 23.8 32.3 4.9 5.1 4.9 Mauritania 1.6 2.0 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.7 27.7 44.0 61.7 9.4 7.4 5.4 Mauritius 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.6 0.9 1.1 42.4 40.5 42.3 1.3 0.5 1.4 Mozambique 12.1 14.2 18.8 2.8 1.8 2.2 13.1 21.1 35.6 11.8 6.9 6.5 Namibia 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.1 3.0 2.9 22.8 26.6 32.4 4.2 4.6 4.4 Niger 5.6 7.7 11.8 3.1 3.2 3.4 12.6 16.1 22.1 6.8 5.8 6.0 Nigeria 71.1 96.2 136.5 3.0 3.1 2.8 26.9 35.0 46.6 6.0 5.9 5.1 Rwanda 5.2 6.9 8.4 3.3 3.2 1.4 4.7 5.3 6.6 6.9 4.5 3.0 São Tomé and Principe 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.2 2.5 2.5 30.8 39.1 49.0 4.0 5.0 4.3 Senegal 5.5 7.3 10.2 2.9 2.8 2.7 35.7 40.0 49.6 3.7 4.0 4.4 Seychelles 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.7 0.8 1.4 40.8 53.5 66.0 6.1 3.7 3.1 Sierra Leone 3.2 4.0 5.3 2.0 2.1 2.3 24.1 30.0 38.7 4.6 4.4 4.3 Somalia 6.5 7.2 9.6 10.1 0.1 2.2 22.2 24.2 28.9 11.1 1.0 3.5 South Africa 27.6 35.2 45.8 2.2 2.5 2.2 48.1 48.8 59.2 2.2 2.7 3.7 Sudan 19.4 24.9 33.5 2.9 2.7 2.3 20.0 26.6 38.9 4.3 5.5 5.4 Swaziland 0.6 0.8 1.1 3.2 3.1 3.0 17.8 23.8 27.4 8.7 6.5 4.1 Tanzania 18.6 25.5 35.9 3.1 3.2 2.7 14.8 21.7 35.4 11.6 7.4 6.7 Togo 2.5 3.5 4.9 1.8 3.4 2.7 22.9 28.5 35.1 8.8 6.0 4.4 Uganda 12.8 17.4 25.3 2.7 2.9 2.9 8.8 11.2 15.3 3.8 5.3 5.4 Zambia 5.7 7.8 10.4 3.4 3.1 2.3 39.8 39.4 40.3 6.3 3.1 2.4 Zimbabwe 7.1 10.2 13.1 3.1 3.8 2.0 22.3 28.4 37.5 5.9 6.3 4.2 NORTH AFRICA 88.4 114.0 145.0 2.6 2.6 1.9 44.6 48.8 52.8 3.6 3.6 2.5 Algeria 18.7 25.0 31.8 3.1 3.1 1.9 43.5 51.4 58.8 4.5 4.8 3.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 40.9 52.4 67.6 2.3 2.6 2.0 43.8 43.6 42.8 2.5 2.5 1.8 Libya 3.0 4.3 5.6 4.4 4.0 2.0 69.3 81.8 88.5 7.6 5.8 2.6 Morocco 19.4 24.0 30.1 2.3 2.2 1.8 41.3 48.4 57.4 4.1 3.9 3.1 Tunisia 6.4 8.2 9.9 2.5 2.6 1.5 51.5 57.9 67.4 3.4 3.7 2.7 ALL AFRICA 471.9 624.9 850.2 2.9 2.9 2.4 27.1 31.7 39.0 3.8 3.8 3.9 312 Social Indicators 13-5. Components of population change Total fertility rate Crude birth rate Crude death rate 1980 1990 2003 1980 1990 2003 1980 1990 2003 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 6.6 6.1 5.2 46.8 43.8 39.1 17.6 15.4 17.8 excluding South Africa 6.8 6.3 5.4 47.6 44.7 40.1 18.0 15.9 17.7 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 6.8 6.4 5.4 47.1 45.0 39.4 18.1 16.2 17.6 Angola 6.9 7.2 7.0 50.4 51.0 50.3 23.4 20.0 19.4 Benin 7.0 6.6 5.2 49.3 45.5 37.9 18.7 15.5 12.7 Botswana 6.1 5.1 3.7 45.1 38.2 29.3 10.2 7.9 22.9 Burkina Faso 7.5 7.0 6.2 47.0 47.4 42.6 20.5 18.4 19.3 Burundi 6.8 6.8 5.7 45.6 46.4 38.1 18.3 20.1 19.6 Cameroon 6.4 6.0 4.6 44.5 41.1 35.2 16.5 13.2 15.8 Cape Verde 6.5 5.5 3.5 37.2 36.4 29.8 10.8 8.5 5.2 Central African Republic 5.8 5.5 4.6 43.1 40.6 35.4 19.4 17.6 19.8 Chad 6.9 7.1 6.2 44.2 46.6 44.8 22.1 18.8 16.3 Comoros 7.2 5.8 4.0 .. 40.3 31.8 .. 12.4 7.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 6.6 6.7 6.7 47.9 47.9 45.0 15.7 15.0 17.8 Congo, Rep. of 6.3 6.3 6.3 44.7 44.5 44.2 16.3 14.9 14.4 Côte d'Ivoire 7.4 6.2 4.5 50.7 41.6 36.5 16.6 14.9 17.1 Djibouti 6.6 6.0 5.2 44.8 40.4 35.8 19.7 16.7 19.8 Equatorial Guinea 5.7 5.9 5.4 43.1 43.6 40.1 21.7 18.6 14.5 Eritrea .. 6.5 4.8 .. .. 37.3 .. .. 13.3 Ethiopia 6.6 6.9 5.6 48.4 50.5 40.0 22.1 19.6 19.8 Gabon 4.5 5.1 4.0 33.0 36.2 34.8 18.5 16.5 15.2 Gambia, The 6.5 5.9 4.8 48.4 44.7 36.3 23.8 19.8 13.8 Ghana 6.5 5.5 4.4 45.0 39.2 30.9 13.7 10.9 12.8 Guinea 6.1 5.9 5.0 46.5 46.4 37.5 24.3 20.0 16.7 Guinea-Bissau 7.1 7.1 6.6 49.1 49.8 48.6 25.4 22.2 19.8 Kenya 7.8 5.6 4.8 51.3 38.5 33.8 13.5 10.1 16.5 Lesotho 5.5 5.1 4.3 40.1 36.9 33.0 14.9 11.7 23.7 Liberia 6.8 6.8 5.8 47.2 47.6 42.9 17.3 21.2 19.7 Madagascar 6.6 6.2 5.2 46.7 46.0 38.3 16.0 13.5 11.9 Malawi 7.6 7.0 6.0 55.0 50.9 44.4 22.6 21.5 24.6 Mali 7.1 6.9 6.4 49.2 50.7 47.5 22.3 19.0 22.6 Mauritania 6.4 6.0 4.6 43.3 44.1 34.3 19.1 16.5 14.9 Mauritius 2.7 2.2 2.0 24.0 19.7 16.4 6.1 6.6 6.8 Mozambique 6.5 6.3 5.0 45.6 45.2 40.1 20.4 18.8 21.2 Namibia 5.9 5.4 4.8 40.9 38.7 35.4 14.1 11.9 20.9 Niger 8.0 7.6 7.1 56.7 55.5 48.2 24.6 22.6 19.5 Nigeria 6.9 6.0 5.6 49.8 43.8 42.6 17.7 14.6 18.0 Rwanda 8.3 7.1 5.7 51.4 42.0 43.3 19.2 22.6 21.6 São Tomé and Principe .. 5.1 4.3 38.5 40.4 30.6 10.2 9.1 9.0 Senegal 6.8 6.2 4.9 48.0 43.0 34.5 20.4 16.0 12.8 Seychelles 3.8 2.8 2.0 28.9 23.7 19.2 7.0 7.3 6.6 Sierra Leone 6.5 6.5 5.6 48.9 49.1 43.7 28.7 28.7 24.9 Somalia 7.3 7.3 6.9 51.8 51.9 50.0 22.4 23.2 18.2 South Africa 4.6 3.3 2.8 36.2 31.9 24.9 11.6 9.2 20.0 Sudan 6.1 5.4 4.4 42.4 38.3 32.8 16.6 13.9 10.3 Swaziland 6.2 5.3 4.2 44.3 41.0 34.6 14.6 11.5 18.6 Tanzania 6.7 6.3 5.0 46.9 43.8 38.0 15.4 13.6 18.3 Togo 6.8 6.6 4.9 45.1 42.7 35.4 16.4 15.3 14.6 Uganda 7.2 7.0 6.0 49.1 50.3 44.0 17.7 18.0 17.6 Zambia 7.0 6.3 5.0 50.0 45.7 38.2 15.5 14.7 23.3 Zimbabwe 6.4 4.8 3.6 43.5 37.5 28.9 12.3 10.9 21.7 NORTH AFRICA 5.6 4.1 2.8 39.5 30.7 18.0 12.3 8.2 4.5 Algeria 6.7 4.5 2.7 42.4 31.1 21.6 11.8 6.9 5.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 5.1 4.0 3.1 39.0 31.1 23.7 13.3 9.5 6.0 Libya 7.3 4.7 3.3 46.3 30.0 26.8 11.6 4.9 4.4 Morocco 5.4 4.0 2.7 38.1 31.2 .. 12.0 8.4 .. Tunisia 5.2 3.5 2.0 34.8 25.2 16.6 9.0 5.6 5.8 ALL AFRICA 6.4 5.7 4.8 45.4 41.4 35.5 16.6 14.1 15.6 Social Indicators 313 13-6. Survival prospects Life expectancy Infant mortality Mortality of children under Maternal mortality at birth (years) (per thousand) five years (per thousand) (per 100,000 live births) 1990 2003 1990 2003 2003 2000* SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 50 46 110 101 171 870 excluding South Africa 49 46 113 103 176 924 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 49 46 113 105 169 958 Angola 45 47 154 154 260 1700 Benin 52 53 111 91 154 850 Botswana 57 38 45 82 112 100 Burkina Faso 45 43 118 107 207 1000 Burundi 44 42 114 114 190 1000 Cameroon 54 48 85 95 166 730 Cape Verde 65 69 45 26 35 150 Central African Republic 48 42 115 115 180 1100 Chad 46 48 117 117 200 1100 Comoros 56 62 88 54 73 480 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 52 45 129 129 205 990 Congo, Rep. of 51 52 83 81 108 510 Côte d'Ivoire 50 45 103 117 192 690 Djibouti 48 43 119 97 138 730 Equatorial Guinea 47 52 122 97 146 880 Eritrea 49 51 85 45 85 630 Ethiopia 45 42 131 112 169 850 Gabon 52 53 60 60 91 420 Gambia, The 49 53 103 90 123 540 Ghana 57 54 78 59 95 540 Guinea 44 46 145 104 160 740 Guinea-Bissau 42 46 153 126 204 1100 Kenya 57 45 63 79 123 1000 Lesotho 58 37 74 79 110 550 Liberia 45 47 157 157 235 760 Madagascar 53 56 103 78 126 550 Malawi 45 38 146 112 178 1800 Mali 45 41 140 122 220 1200 Mauritania 49 51 112 77 107 1000 Mauritius 69 72 21 16 18 24 Mozambique 43 41 146 101 147 1000 Namibia 58 40 60 48 65 300 Niger 42 46 191 154 262 1600 Nigeria 49 45 115 98 198 800 Rwanda 40 40 103 118 203 1400 São Tomé and Principe 62 66 75 75 118 .. Senegal 50 52 90 78 137 690 Seychelles 70 73 17 11 15 .. Sierra Leone 35 37 175 166 284 2000 Somalia 42 47 133 133 225 1100 South Africa 62 46 45 53 66 230 Sudan 52 59 74 63 93 590 Swaziland 57 43 78 105 153 370 Tanzania 50 43 102 104 165 1500 Togo 50 50 88 78 140 570 Uganda 47 43 93 81 140 880 Zambia 49 36 101 102 182 750 Zimbabwe 56 39 53 78 126 1100 NORTH AFRICA 65 70 65 31 37 129 Algeria 67 71 54 35 41 140 Egypt, Arab Rep. 63 69 76 33 39 84 Libya 68 73 34 13 16 97 Morocco 63 69 66 36 39 220 Tunisia 70 73 41 19 24 120 ALL AFRICA 53 50 104 95 160 731 * Modeled estimate. 314 Social Indicators 13-7. HIV/AIDS estimates and data, end 2003 Estimated number of people living with HIV/AIDS AIDS deaths AIDS Orphans Adult rate (15-49) (%) Orphans Adults and Adults [low estimate - Women Children Adults and (0-17), children (15-49) high estimate] (15-49) (0-14) children currently living SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 25,000,000 23,100,000 7.5 [6.9 - 8.3] 13,100,000 1,900,000 2,200,000 12,100,000 excluding South Africa 19,700,000 18,000,000 6.1 .. 10,200,000 1,670,000 1,830,000 11,000,000 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 16,100,000 14,700,000 6.1 .. 8,300,000 1,380,000 1,520,000 9,200,000 Angola 240,000 220,000 3.9 [1.6 - 9.4] 130,000 23,000 21,000 110,000 Benin 68,000 62,000 1.9 [1.1 - 3.3] 35,000 5,700 5,800 34,000 Botswana 350,000 330,000 37.3 [35.5 - 39.1] 190,000 25,000 33,000 120,000 Burkina Faso 300,000 270,000 4.2 [2.7 - 6.5] 150,000 31,000 29,000 260,000 Burundi 250,000 220,000 6.0 [4.1 - 8.8] 130,000 27,000 25,000 200,000 Cameroon 560,000 520,000 6.9 [4.8 - 9.8] 290,000 43,000 49,000 240,000 Cape Verde ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Central African Republic 260,000 240,000 13.5 [8.3 - 21.2] 130,000 21,000 23,000 110,000 Chad 200,000 180,000 4.8 [3.1 - 7.2] 100,000 18,000 18,000 96,000 Comoros ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Congo, Dem. Republic of 1,100,000 1,000,000 4.2 [1.7 - 9.9] 570,000 110,000 100,000 770,000 Congo, Rep. of 90,000 80,000 4.9 [2.1 - 11.0] 45,000 10,000 9,700 97,000 Côte d'Ivoire 570,000 530,000 7.0 [4.9 - 10.0] 300,000 40,000 47,000 310,000 Djibouti 9,100 8,400 2.9 [0.7 - 7.5] 4,700 680 690 5,000 Equatorial Guinea ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Eritrea 60,000 55,000 2.7 [0.9 - 7.3] 31,000 5,600 6,300 39,000 Ethiopia 1,500,000 1,400,000 4.4 [2.8 - 6.7] 770,000 120,000 120,000 720,000 Gabon 48,000 45,000 8.1 [4.1 - 15.3] 26,000 2,500 3,000 14,000 Gambia, The 6,800 6,300 1.2 [0.3 - 4.2] 3,600 500 600 2,000 Ghana 350,000 320,000 3.1 [1.9 - 5.0] 180,000 24,000 30,000 170,000 Guinea 140,000 130,000 3.2 [1.2 - 8.2] 72,000 9,200 9,000 35,000 Guinea-Bissau ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Kenya 1,200,000 1,100,000 6.7 [4.7 - 9.6] 720,000 100,000 150,000 650,000 Lesotho 320,000 300,000 28.9 [26.3 - 31.7] 170,000 22,000 29,000 100,000 Liberia 100,000 96,000 5.9 [2.7 - 12.4] 54,000 8,000 7,200 36,000 Madagascar 140,000 130,000 1.7 [0.8 - 2.7] 76,000 8,600 7,500 30,000 Malawi 900,000 810,000 14.2 [11.3 - 17.7] 460,000 83,000 84,000 500,000 Mali 140,000 120,000 1.9 [0.6 - 5.9] 71,000 13,000 12,000 75,000 Mauritania 9,500 8,900 0.6 [0.3 - 1.1] 5,100 ... <500 2,000 Mauritius ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Mozambique 1,300,000 1,200,000 12.2 [9.4 - 15.7] 670,000 99,000 110,000 470,000 Namibia 210,000 200,000 21.3 [18.2 - 24.7] 110,000 15,000 16,000 57,000 Niger 70,000 64,000 1.2 [0.7 - 2.3] 36,000 5,900 4,800 24,000 Nigeria 3,600,000 3,300,000 5.4 [3.6 - 8.0] 1,900,000 290,000 310,000 1,800,000 Rwanda 250,000 230,000 5.1 [3.4 - 7.6] 130,000 22,000 22,000 160,000 São Tomé and Principe Senegal 44,000 41,000 0.8 [0.4 - 1.7] 23,000 3,100 3,500 17,000 Seychelles ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Sierra Leone ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... South Africa 5,300,000 5,100,000 21.5 [18.5 - 24.9] 2,900,000 230,000 370,000 1,100,000 Sudan 400,000 380,000 2.3 [0.7 - 7.2] 220,000 21,000 23,000 ... Swaziland 220,000 200,000 38.8 [37.2 - 40.4] 110,000 16,000 17,000 65,000 Tanzania 1,600,000 1,500,000 8.8 [6.4 - 11.9] 840,000 140,000 160,000 980,000 Togo 110,000 96,000 4.1 [2.7 - 6.4] 54,000 9,300 10,000 54,000 Uganda 530,000 450,000 4.1 [2.8 - 6.6] 270,000 84,000 78,000 940,000 Zambia 920,000 830,000 16.5 [13.5 - 20.0] 470,000 85,000 89,000 630,000 Zimbabwe 1,800,000 1,600,000 24.6 [21.7 - 27.8] 930,000 120,000 170,000 980,000 North Africa 47,100 47,000 .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 9,100 9,000 0.1 [<0.2] 1,400 ... <500 ... Egypt, Arab Rep. 12,000 12,000 <0.1 [<0.2] 1,600 ... 700 ... Libya 10,000 10,000 0.3 [0.1 - 0.6] ... ... ... ... Morocco 15,000 15,000 0.1 [0.0 - 0.2] ... ... ... ... Tunisia 1,000 1,000 <0.1 [<0.2] <500 ... <200 ... ALL AFRICA 25,047,100 23,147,000 .. .. 13,100,000 1,900,000 2,200,000 12,100,000 Social Indicators 315 13-8. Immunization and ORT use Percentage of children (12 ­23 months) immunized against ORT use among children DPT Measles under five (percentage) 1991 1996 1997-2003* 1991 1996 1997-2003* 1998-2002* SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 49 50 48 53 54 53 .. excluding South Africa 47 49 46 52 53 52 .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 49 55 51 50 57 55 .. Angola 26 28 46 39 62 62 .. Benin 69 66 88 60 60 83 23 Botswana 93 96 97 88 89 90 49 Burkina Faso 53 37 84 69 40 76 .. Burundi 83 73 74 74 79 75 .. Cameroon 42 46 73 48 39 61 22 Cape Verde 87 73 78 76 66 68 .. Central African Republic 66 53 40 62 46 35 .. Chad 18 20 47 28 22 61 16 Comoros 52 60 75 40 43 63 19 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 16 18 49 17 21 54 .. Congo, Rep. of 74 37 50 64 42 50 .. Côte d'Ivoire 39 55 54 57 65 56 16 Djibouti 53 41 68 53 41 66 .. Equatorial Guinea 77 80 33 85 81 51 .. Eritrea .. 66 83 .. 66 84 .. Ethiopia 21 55 56 17 54 52 13 Gabon 72 62 38 71 57 55 25 Gambia, The 85 96 90 87 94 90 33 Ghana 60 71 80 63 71 80 29 Guinea 36 48 45 42 61 52 35 Guinea-Bissau 63 53 77 52 49 61 39 Kenya 86 87 73 81 81 72 37 Lesotho 78 87 79 80 82 70 .. Liberia .. .. 38 .. .. 53 .. Madagascar 53 49 55 54 46 55 22 Malawi 87 90 84 85 90 77 48 Mali 34 53 69 42 57 68 12 Mauritania 29 50 76 32 66 71 23 Mauritius 91 89 92 88 61 94 .. Mozambique 46 60 72 55 58 77 .. Namibia 69 70 82 76 61 70 .. Niger 19 23 52 28 38 64 14 Nigeria 39 26 25 57 38 35 34 Rwanda 91 89 96 89 76 90 14 São Tomé and Principe 87 68 94 77 57 87 .. Senegal 51 70 73 54 70 60 .. Seychelles 98 99 99 89 98 99 .. Sierra Leone .. .. 70 .. 79 73 42 Somalia 20 21 40 30 33 40 30 South Africa 81 73 94 85 76 83 51 Sudan 62 56 50 57 59 57 .. Swaziland 79 82 95 80 82 94 .. Tanzania 81 82 95 79 78 97 55 Togo 73 50 64 69 48 58 17 Uganda 49 57 81 54 55 82 34 Zambia 79 84 80 80 86 84 53 Zimbabwe 87 90 80 87 88 80 .. NORTH AFRICA 81 91 91 87 92 95 .. Algeria 89 88 87 85 90 84 18 Egypt, Arab Rep. 76 90 98 89 92 98 34 Libya 87 96 93 87 93 91 .. Morocco 81 95 91 80 93 90 .. Tunisia 93 95 95 94 92 90 32 ALL AFRICA 54 56 53 58 59 59 .. Notes: ORT = Oral rehydration therapy; DPT = diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus; * Or most recent available data. 316 Social Indicators 13-9. Child malnutrition Percentage of children (1990-2000)* Exclusively Breastfed, plus Still Percentage of infants Percentage of under-five (1990-2003)* breastfed, other food, breastfeeding, with low birth weight suffering from moderate to severe (0­3 months) (6­9 months) (20­23 months) 1988 1995­2002* Underweight Wasting Stunting SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 30 63 47 .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa 30 63 47 .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 37 67 49 .. .. .. .. .. Angola 12 70 49 .. 12 31 6 53 Benin 15 97 65 8 16 23 14 25 Botswana 39 82 23 8 10 13 11 29 Burkina Faso 12 44 81 .. 19 38 13 29 Burundi 89 66 73 .. 16 45 9 43 Cameroon 7 77 35 .. 11 22 6 29 Cape Verde 18 .. .. .. 13 14 6 16 Central African Republic 23 93 52 15 14 23 7 34 Chad 2 81 62 .. 17 28 .. 40 Comoros 5 87 45 .. 25 25 8 34 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 32 40 64 .. 12 31 10 45 Congo, Rep. of 43 95 27 .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 3 65 45 .. 17 21 8 24 Djibouti .. .. .. 11 .. 18 13 26 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. 13 .. .. .. Eritrea 66 45 60 .. 21 40 16 38 Ethiopia 63 77 75 .. 15 47 10 51 Gabon 57 .. .. .. 14 12 .. .. Gambia, The .. 8 58 .. 17 17 6 14 Ghana 19 63 48 17 11 22 11 26 Guinea 52 .. 15 25 12 23 12 29 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. 22 25 5 .. Kenya 17 90 54 .. 11 20 6 34 Lesotho 54 47 52 .. 14 18 5 44 Liberia 15 17 25 .. .. 27 .. .. Madagascar 61 93 49 10 14 33 7 48 Malawi 11 78 68 20 16 25 7 48 Mali 13 33 60 17 23 33 23 30 Mauritania 90 64 59 .. 9 32 7 44 Mauritius 16 29 .. 9 13 15 14 10 Mozambique 37 .. .. 20 14 26 8 36 Namibia 22 65 23 .. 14 24 9 29 Niger 1 67 52 .. 17 40 21 41 Nigeria 2 52 43 20 .. 29 9 43 Rwanda 90 68 85 .. 9 24 4 42 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. 13 .. 26 Senegal 16 69 50 .. 18 23 7 23 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. 94 41 17 .. 27 9 35 Somalia .. .. .. .. 16 26 .. 30 South Africa .. .. .. .. 15 12 3 23 Sudan 14 45 44 15 31 41 17 36 Swaziland 37 51 20 .. 9 10 .. .. Tanzania 41 93 53 13 13 29 7 43 Togo 15 25 99 20 15 25 .. 34 Uganda 70 64 40 .. 12 23 5 38 Zambia 27 88 43 .. 12 28 4 42 Zimbabwe 16 93 26 .. 11 13 6 21 NORTH AFRICA 45 34 .. .. .. 14 .. .. Algeria 48 29 21 9 7 6 9 18 Egypt, Arab Rep. 53 37 .. .. 12 9 5 30 Libya .. .. .. .. 7 5 3 15 Morocco 31 33 20 .. 4 9 2 24 Tunisia 12 53 16 8 7 4 4 23 ALL AFRICA 32 59 45 .. .. .. .. .. * Most recent year available. Social Indicators 317 13-10. Access to sanitation facilities Percentage of population with access to improved sanitation facilities 1990 2002 Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 32 54 31 36 50 27 excluding South Africa 30 52 30 34 48 26 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 27 52 29 33 48 25 Angola 30 62 19 30 56 16 Benin 11 31 1 32 58 12 Botswana 38 61 21 41 57 25 Burkina Faso 13 47 8 12 45 5 Burundi 44 42 44 36 47 35 Cameroon 21 43 7 48 63 33 Cape Verde .. .. .. 42 61 19 Central African Republic 23 32 18 27 47 12 Chad 6 27 1 8 30 0 Comoros 23 41 16 23 38 15 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 18 56 3 29 43 23 Congo, Rep. of .. .. 2 9 14 2 Côte d'Ivoire 31 52 16 40 61 23 Djibouti 48 55 27 50 55 27 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. 53 60 46 Eritrea 8 46 0 9 34 3 Ethiopia 4 14 2 6 19 4 Gabon .. .. .. 36 37 30 Gambia, The .. .. .. 53 72 46 Ghana 43 54 37 58 74 46 Guinea 17 27 13 13 25 6 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. 34 57 23 Kenya 42 49 40 48 56 43 Lesotho 37 61 32 37 61 32 Liberia 38 59 24 26 49 7 Madagascar 12 25 8 33 49 27 Malawi 36 52 34 46 66 42 Mali 36 50 32 45 59 38 Mauritania 28 31 26 42 64 9 Mauritius 99 100 99 99 100 99 Mozambique .. .. 14 27 51 14 Namibia 24 68 8 30 66 14 Niger 7 35 2 12 43 4 Nigeria 39 50 33 38 48 30 Rwanda 37 49 36 41 56 38 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. 24 32 20 Senegal 35 52 23 52 70 34 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. 39 53 30 Somalia .. .. .. 25 47 14 South Africa 63 85 42 67 86 44 Sudan 33 53 26 34 50 24 Swaziland .. .. .. 52 78 44 Tanzania 47 51 45 46 54 41 Togo 37 71 24 34 71 15 Uganda 43 54 41 41 53 39 Zambia 41 64 26 45 68 32 Zimbabwe 49 69 40 57 69 51 NORTH AFRICA 65 84 47 74 89 57 Algeria 88 99 76 92 99 82 Egypt, Arab Rep. 54 70 42 68 84 56 Libya 97 97 96 97 97 96 Morocco 57 87 28 61 83 31 Tunisia 75 95 47 80 90 62 ALL AFRICA 39 60 34 43 56 33 318 Social Indicators 13-11. Access to safe water Percentage of population with access to an improved water source 1990 2002* Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 49 86 40 58 82 53 excluding South Africa 46 85 38 56 81 52 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 45 86 40 55 83 52 Angola 32 11 40 50 70 40 Benin 60 71 54 68 79 60 Botswana 93 100 88 95 100 90 Burkina Faso 39 63 35 51 82 44 Burundi 69 96 67 79 90 78 Cameroon 50 77 32 63 84 41 Cape Verde .. .. .. 80 86 73 Central African Republic 48 70 35 75 93 61 Chad 20 45 13 34 40 32 Comoros 89 99 85 94 90 96 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 43 92 24 46 83 29 Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. 46 72 17 Côte d'Ivoire 69 74 66 84 98 74 Djibouti 78 82 67 80 82 67 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. 44 45 42 Eritrea 40 60 36 57 72 54 Ethiopia 25 80 16 22 81 11 Gabon .. 95 .. 87 95 47 Gambia, The .. 95 .. 82 95 77 Ghana 54 85 36 79 93 68 Guinea 42 70 32 51 78 38 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. 59 79 49 Kenya 45 91 30 62 89 46 Lesotho .. .. .. 76 88 74 Liberia 56 85 34 62 72 52 Madagascar 40 82 27 45 75 34 Malawi 41 90 34 67 96 62 Mali 34 50 29 48 76 35 Mauritania 41 19 57 56 63 45 Mauritius 100 100 100 100 100 100 Mozambique .. .. .. 42 76 24 Namibia 58 99 43 80 98 72 Niger 40 62 35 46 80 36 Nigeria 49 78 33 60 72 49 Rwanda 58 88 57 73 92 69 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. 79 89 73 Senegal 66 90 50 72 90 54 Seychelles .. 100 .. 87 100 75 Sierra Leone .. .. .. 57 75 46 Somalia .. .. .. 29 32 27 South Africa 83 99 67 87 98 73 Sudan 64 85 57 69 78 64 Swaziland .. .. .. 52 87 42 Tanzania 38 79 27 73 92 62 Togo 49 81 37 51 80 36 Uganda 44 79 40 56 87 52 Zambia 50 86 27 55 90 36 Zimbabwe 77 99 69 83 100 74 NORTH AFRICA 88 95 82 90 96 84 Algeria 95 99 92 87 92 80 Egypt, Arab Rep. 94 97 92 98 100 97 Libya 71 72 68 72 72 68 Morocco 75 94 58 80 99 56 Tunisia 77 93 57 82 94 60 ALL AFRICA 56 88 48 64 84 59 * Or most recent year available. Social Indicators 319 13-12. Health expenditure Public expenditure Private expenditure Total expenditure as % of GDP, as % of GDP, as % of GDP, per capita, US$, per capita PPP, international $, 1995­2002* 1995­2002* 1995­2002* 1995­2002* 1995­2000* SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2.6 3.8 6.4 32 90 excluding South Africa 2.1 3.1 5.2 19 40 excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 2.3 3.0 5.4 20 46 Angola 2.1 2.9 5.0 38 .. Benin 2.1 2.6 4.7 20 29 Botswana 3.7 2.3 6.0 171 267 Burkina Faso 2.0 2.3 4.3 11 36 Burundi 0.6 2.4 3.0 3 21 Cameroon 1.2 3.4 4.6 31 77 Cape Verde 3.8 1.2 5.0 69 119 Central African Republic 1.6 2.3 3.9 11 33 Chad 2.7 3.8 6.5 14 25 Comoros 1.7 1.2 2.9 10 69 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1.1 2.9 4.0 4 .. Congo, Rep. of 1.5 0.7 2.2 18 46 Côte d'Ivoire 1.4 4.8 6.2 44 62 Djibouti 3.3 3.0 6.3 54 .. Equatorial Guinea 1.3 0.5 1.8 83 163 Eritrea 3.2 1.9 5.1 8 .. Ethiopia 2.6 3.1 5.7 5 25 Gabon 1.8 2.5 4.3 159 198 Gambia, The 3.3 4.0 7.3 18 56 Ghana 2.3 3.3 5.6 17 85 Guinea 0.9 4.9 5.8 22 68 Guinea-Bissau 3.0 3.3 6.3 9 .. Kenya 2.2 2.7 4.9 19 79 Lesotho 5.3 0.9 6.2 25 .. Liberia 1.4 0.7 2.1 4 .. Madagascar 1.2 0.9 2.1 5 16 Malawi 4.0 5.8 9.8 14 36 Mali 2.3 2.2 4.5 12 30 Mauritania 2.9 1.0 3.9 14 74 Mauritius 2.2 0.7 2.9 113 302 Mozambique 4.1 1.7 5.8 11 28 Namibia 4.7 2.0 6.7 99 417 Niger 2.0 2.0 4.0 7 20 Nigeria 1.2 3.5 4.7 19 23 Rwanda 3.1 2.4 5.5 11 34 São Tomé and Principe 9.7 1.4 11.1 36 .. Senegal 2.3 2.8 5.1 27 61 Seychelles 3.9 1.3 5.2 425 .. Sierra Leone 1.7 1.2 2.9 6 27 Somalia 1.2 1.4 2.6 6 .. South Africa 3.5 5.2 8.7 206 623 Sudan 1.0 3.9 4.9 19 48 Swaziland 3.6 2.4 6.0 66 148 Tanzania 2.7 2.2 4.9 13 15 Togo 5.1 1.8 6.9 91 36 Uganda 2.1 5.3 7.4 18 65 Zambia 3.1 2.7 5.8 20 52 Zimbabwe 4.4 4.1 8.5 118 186 NORTH AFRICA 2.2 2.5 4.8 69 140 Algeria 3.2 1.1 4.3 77 216 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1.8 3.1 4.9 59 119 Libya 1.6 1.7 3.3 121 .. Morocco 1.5 3.1 4.6 55 134 Tunisia 2.9 2.9 5.8 126 287 ALL AFRICA 2.5 3.3 5.8 38 95 * Most recent year available. 320 Social Indicators 13-13. Health care Population Population Percentage of births attended Percentage of population per physician per hospital bed by trained health personnel with access to health services 1990 1991-2004* 1990 1991-2002* 1990-2003* 1990-2000* SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. 1,304 .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. 1,304 .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. 1,522 .. .. .. Angola 23,753 12,987 756 .. 45 24 Benin 19,802 17,364 1,199 4,272 66 42 Botswana .. 3,477 635 .. 99 .. Burkina Faso .. 25,018 3,341 706 31 .. Burundi 17,212 19,401 .. 1,508 25 80 Cameroon 12,136 13,514 393 .. 60 .. Cape Verde .. 5,848 .. 634 89 .. Central African Republic 26,042 28,571 1,144 .. 44 .. Chad .. 39,524 .. 1,409 16 26 Comoros 8,818 13,514 362 .. 62 .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 15,129 14,493 708 .. 61 59 Congo, Rep. of 3,622 3,984 334 .. 50 .. Côte d'Ivoire 11,403 11,111 1,232 .. 63 .. Djibouti 6,154 7,526 410 .. 61 .. Equatorial Guinea 3,555 4,065 .. .. 65 .. Eritrea .. 33,333 .. .. 28 .. Ethiopia .. 34,988 4,141 .. 6 51 Gabon .. 3,456 319 .. 86 .. Gambia, The .. 28,571 1,637 .. 55 .. Ghana .. 11,111 691 .. 44 25 Guinea 7,446 10,625 1,816 .. 35 45 Guinea-Bissau .. 6,024 727 .. 35 .. Kenya 22,173 7,576 607 .. 41 .. Lesotho 23,256 18,519 .. .. 60 .. Liberia .. 43,478 .. .. 51 .. Madagascar 8,354 11,512 1,068 .. 46 .. Malawi 45,662 88,363 645 746 61 .. Mali 19,455 22,503 .. 4,167 41 .. Mauritania 15,949 7,246 1,532 .. 57 .. Mauritius 1,233 1,176 .. 325 99 99 Mozambique 82,109 41,061 1,153 .. 48 .. Namibia .. 3,390 .. .. 78 .. Niger 54,348 29,907 .. 8,506 16 30 Nigeria .. 3,715 599 .. 35 67 Rwanda .. 53,370 604 .. 31 .. São Tomé and Principe 1,885 2,141 .. 211 79 .. Senegal 18,215 13,333 1,371 2,490 41 40 Seychelles .. 755 .. .. .. 99 Sierra Leone .. 13,699 .. .. 42 .. Somalia .. 25,000 1,327 .. 34 .. South Africa .. 1,445 .. .. 84 .. Sudan .. 6,322 923 .. 86 70 Swaziland 9,276 5,675 .. .. 70 55 Tanzania .. 44,133 976 1,123 36 93 Togo .. 17,683 662 .. 49 .. Uganda .. 21,277 .. 1,164 39 .. Zambia 10,917 14,493 .. .. 43 .. Zimbabwe 7,386 17,439 1,959 .. 73 .. NORTH AFRICA 1,280 1,120 520 620 .. 88 Algeria 1,062 1,182 400 476 92 .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 1,317 472 483 476 69 99 Libya 934 775 239 232 94 100 Morocco .. 2,070 775 1,020 40 62 Tunisia 1,893 1,429 522 588 90 90 ALL AFRICA .. .. 1,133 .. .. .. * Most recent year available. Social Indicators 321 13-14. Literacy rate Percentage of population 15 years of age and above that is literate 1990 1997 2002 Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 50 60 40 59 67 50 65 72 58 excluding South Africa 47 57 36 56 66 47 62 71 54 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 46 57 35 55 65 45 .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin 26 38 15 34 48 21 40 55 26 Botswana 68 66 70 74 72 77 79 76 82 Burkina Faso 16 25 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi 37 48 27 45 54 36 50 58 44 Cameroon 58 69 48 67 76 59 .. .. .. Cape Verde 64 76 54 71 82 63 76 85 68 Central African Republic 33 47 21 43 56 30 .. .. .. Chad 28 37 19 38 47 29 46 55 38 Comoros 54 61 46 55 63 48 56 63 49 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 67 77 58 77 85 70 83 89 77 Côte d'Ivoire 39 51 26 46 57 34 .. .. .. Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 29 37 20 36 44 27 42 49 34 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 58 70 47 68 77 58 74 82 66 Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 71 81 61 79 87 72 84 90 79 Lesotho 78 65 89 82 71 93 .. .. .. Liberia 39 55 23 49 66 32 56 72 39 Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi 52 69 36 58 73 43 62 76 49 Mali 19 28 10 23 33 14 .. .. .. Mauritania 35 46 24 39 49 28 41 51 31 Mauritius 80 85 75 83 87 80 .. .. .. Mozambique 33 49 18 41 57 25 46 62 31 Namibia 75 77 72 80 81 79 83 84 83 Niger 11 18 5 14 22 7 17 25 9 Nigeria 49 59 38 59 69 51 67 74 59 Rwanda 53 63 44 63 71 56 69 75 63 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 28 38 19 35 45 25 39 49 30 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 81 82 80 84 85 83 86 87 85 Sudan 46 60 32 54 66 42 60 71 49 Swaziland 72 74 70 77 79 76 81 82 80 Tanzania 63 76 51 71 81 62 77 85 69 Togo 44 60 29 53 69 38 60 74 45 Uganda 56 69 43 64 75 53 69 79 59 Zambia 68 79 59 75 83 68 80 86 74 Zimbabwe 81 87 75 86 91 82 90 94 86 NORTH AFRICA 48 61 35 .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 53 64 41 63 73 53 69 78 60 Egypt, Arab Rep. 47 60 34 .. .. .. .. .. .. Libya 68 83 51 77 89 63 82 92 71 Morocco 39 53 25 46 59 33 51 63 38 Tunisia 59 72 47 67 78 56 73 83 63 ALL AFRICA 49 60 39 58 68 50 65 73 57 322 Social Indicators 13-15. Primary school gross enrollment ratio Total Males Females 1990 1998 2001-02* 1990 1998 2001-02* 1990 1998 2001-02* SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 72 79 95 82 81 102 67 69 88 excluding South Africa 70 76 94 79 .. 102 63 .. 86 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 64 73 86 72 77 93 59 64 80 Angola 92 97 101 95 .. 118 88 .. 85 Benin 59 83 109 78 100 127 39 65 92 Botswana 103 103 103 109 103 103 117 103 103 Burkina Faso 33 42 46 41 50 53 26 34 39 Burundi 71 63 77 79 55 86 66 45 69 Cameroon 99 88 108 109 96 116 93 79 99 Cape Verde 114 126 121 125 129 124 118 124 118 Central African Republic 66 .. 66 80 .. 78 51 .. 53 Chad 55 67 78 75 85 95 34 49 61 Comoros 75 75 90 87 81 98 63 69 81 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 71 50 .. 81 52 .. 60 47 .. Congo, Rep. of 117 50 80 141 51 83 124 48 77 Côte d'Ivoire 65 73 78 79 84 86 56 62 69 Djibouti 38 38 40 45 45 46 32 32 35 Equatorial Guinea 163 131 126 .. 138 132 .. 125 120 Eritrea 21 53 63 .. 58 70 .. 48 57 Ethiopia 32 50 66 39 62 76 26 38 55 Gabon 142 134 132 .. 134 133 .. 134 132 Gambia, The 61 80 85 76 86 86 52 74 84 Ghana 72 77 79 82 81 81 68 73 77 Guinea 34 58 81 50 71 92 24 45 71 Guinea-Bissau 50 .. .. 72 .. .. 39 .. .. Kenya 94 90 92 97 91 95 93 89 90 Lesotho 112 109 126 100 105 125 123 114 127 Liberia .. 90 .. 35 103 .. 23 76 .. Madagascar 94 96 120 103 97 122 103 94 117 Malawi 68 146 140 74 .. 143 62 .. 137 Mali 25 49 58 34 57 66 19 41 50 Mauritania 50 87 88 56 89 89 41 84 87 Mauritius 109 108 105 109 108 104 109 108 105 Mozambique 64 81 103 77 93 114 57 69 93 Namibia 124 114 105 123 113 105 135 114 106 Niger 28 31 44 37 37 51 21 25 36 Nigeria 92 86 119 104 .. 132 79 .. 107 Rwanda 71 119 122 70 120 122 69 117 122 São Tomé and Principe .. 107 126 .. 109 130 .. 105 122 Senegal 58 69 80 68 74 83 50 64 77 Seychelles .. 113 114 .. 115 115 .. 112 114 Sierra Leone 50 .. .. 60 .. .. 41 .. .. Somalia 11 .. .. 14 .. .. 7 .. .. South Africa 107 114 106 123 116 108 121 113 104 Sudan 52 54 60 60 .. 64 45 .. 56 Swaziland 98 104 98 114 107 102 109 101 94 Tanzania 67 62 84 70 62 86 69 62 83 Togo 110 132 121 132 150 132 86 114 110 Uganda 69 143 141 79 133 142 63 120 139 Zambia 94 81 82 102 84 85 95 78 79 Zimbabwe 104 .. 94 117 .. 95 115 .. 93 NORTH AFRICA 90 100 103 100 105 .. 83 95 .. Algeria 101 107 109 108 111 113 92 102 104 Egypt, Arab Rep. 91 99 97 101 103 .. 86 94 .. Libya 105 116 114 108 117 114 102 115 114 Morocco 65 89 110 79 98 115 54 80 104 Tunisia 114 115 112 120 118 114 107 112 109 ALL AFRICA 75 83 96 85 87 103 70 75 89 * Most recent year available. Social Indicators 323 13-16. Pupil progression Percentage of cohort reaching Progression to secondary school grade 5 (1998-01)* 1993 Total Male Female Total Male Female SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 4 3 4 .. .. .. Benin 68 70 66 .. .. .. Botswana 88 85 90 84 84 85 Burkina Faso 78 68 71 27 27 27 Burundi 68 66 70 11 12 11 Cameroon 65 65 65 .. .. .. Cape Verde 88 88 88 .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad 60 67 51 47 .. .. Comoros .. .. .. 39 .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. 27 25 30 Congo, Rep. of 66 65 67 .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 88 73 65 33 .. .. Djibouti 88 90 85 38 .. .. Equatorial Guinea 33 34 31 .. .. .. Eritrea 86 90 82 80 85 74 Ethiopia 59 62 54 80 82 77 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 63 62 65 .. .. .. Guinea 80 85 73 50 51 47 Guinea-Bissau 38 41 34 .. .. .. Kenya 59 61 57 41 .. .. Lesotho 73 66 81 71 .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 53 52 53 35 35 35 Malawi 49 50 39 15 .. .. Mali 75 78 70 63 64 60 Mauritania 61 61 60 32 34 28 Mauritius 99 98 100 51 49 54 Mozambique 49 53 45 39 39 39 Namibia 94 92 93 74 76 72 Niger 69 70 67 .. .. .. Nigeria .. .. .. 52 .. .. Rwanda 47 45 48 15 .. .. São Tomé and Principe 61 58 65 .. .. .. Senegal 68 70 65 .. .. .. Seychelles 99 100 99 100 .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 86 80 94 90 87 91 Sudan 84 81 88 61 .. .. Swaziland 73 77 69 79 79 79 Tanzania 78 76 80 12 .. .. Togo 69 73 64 38 40 35 Uganda 64 63 64 32 .. .. Zambia 77 79 75 .. .. .. Zimbabwe .. .. .. 66 .. .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 97 96 97 80 77 82 Egypt, Arab Rep. 99 99 99 83 82 85 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 81 82 80 81 79 84 Tunisia 95 95 96 62 62 63 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. Notes: In the Seychelles a policy of automatic promotion is practiced at the primary level of education. Tanzanian figures refer to the mainland only. * Most recent estimate. 324 Social Indicators 13-17. Net primary enrollment ratio Total Males Females 1990 1995 1999-02* 1990 1995 1999-02* 1990 1995 1999-02* SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 54 .. .. 58 .. .. 50 .. .. excluding South Africa 51 .. .. 56 .. .. 47 .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 49 .. 53 53 .. 57 45 .. 49 Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. 60 71 .. 75 84 .. 44 58 Botswana 93 81 81 90 79 79 97 83 83 Burkina Faso 27 .. 36 33 .. 42 21 .. 31 Burundi .. .. 57 .. .. 62 .. .. 52 Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. 99 .. .. 100 .. .. 98 Central African Republic 53 .. .. 64 .. .. 42 .. .. Chad .. 40 63 .. .. 75 .. .. 51 Comoros .. .. 55 .. .. 59 .. .. 50 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 54 .. .. 61 .. .. 48 .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. 54 .. .. 55 .. .. 53 Côte d'Ivoire 47 53 61 .. 61 67 .. 45 54 Djibouti 32 32 34 .. 37 38 .. 28 30 Equatorial Guinea .. .. 85 .. .. 91 .. .. 78 Eritrea .. 31 45 .. 32 49 .. 29 42 Ethiopia .. 28 47 .. 35 52 .. 21 42 Gabon .. .. 78 .. .. 79 .. .. 78 Gambia, The .. 65 79 .. 72 79 .. 57 78 Ghana .. .. 63 .. .. 64 .. .. 62 Guinea .. .. 65 .. .. 73 .. .. 58 Guinea-Bissau .. .. 45 .. .. 53 .. .. 38 Kenya .. .. 66 .. .. 66 .. .. 66 Lesotho 73 71 86 65 65 83 81 76 89 Liberia .. .. 70 .. .. 79 .. .. 61 Madagascar .. 61 79 .. 59 78 .. 62 79 Malawi 50 .. .. 52 .. .. 48 .. .. Mali 21 31 44 27 38 50 16 25 39 Mauritania .. 57 68 .. 61 68 .. 53 67 Mauritius 95 96 90 95 96 90 95 96 91 Mozambique 47 40 55 .. 45 58 .. 34 53 Namibia .. 92 78 .. .. 76 .. .. 81 Niger 25 .. 38 32 .. 45 18 .. 31 Nigeria 60 .. .. 67 .. .. 53 .. .. Rwanda 66 .. 87 66 .. 85 66 .. 88 São Tomé and Principe .. .. 97 .. .. 100 .. .. 94 Senegal .. 54 58 .. 60 61 .. 48 54 Seychelles .. .. 99 .. .. 100 .. .. 99 Sierra Leone 41 .. .. 47 .. .. 35 .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. 89 .. .. 89 .. .. 89 Sudan .. .. 46 .. .. 50 .. .. 42 Swaziland 88 94 75 87 93 75 88 94 75 Tanzania 51 48 69 51 47 69 52 48 68 Togo 75 85 91 87 98 99 62 72 83 Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia .. 75 68 .. 76 69 .. 74 68 Zimbabwe .. .. 80 .. .. 80 .. .. 80 NORTH AFRICA 81 .. 91 88 .. 93 74 .. 89 Algeria 93 95 95 99 99 96 87 91 94 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. 90 .. .. 92 .. .. 87 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 58 72 90 68 81 92 48 63 87 Tunisia 94 98 97 97 100 97 90 95 97 ALL AFRICA 59 .. .. 64 .. .. 54 .. .. Note: Net enrollment ratios exceeding 100 percent indicate discrepancies between estimates of the school-age population and reported enrollment data. * Most recent estimate. Social Indicators 325 13-18. Number of school teachers Primary Secondary Total teaching staff Percentage females Total teaching staff Percentage females 1998 2000 2002 1998 2000 2002 1998 2000 2002 1998 2000 2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. 37 42 44 .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. 34 39 41 .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. 32 36 38 .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. 33,478 .. .. 41 .. 18,035 .. .. 32 .. .. Benin 16,335 19,710 19,836 23 20 19 8,987 .. .. 12 .. .. Botswana 11,654 12,135 12,443 82 81 80 8,469 9,406 .. 46 46 .. Burkina Faso 16,660 19,007 22,664 25 23 27 6,215 .. 7,559 .. .. 11 Burundi 12,218 14,955 17,931 54 54 54 4,230 .. 6,855 .. .. 21 Cameroon 41,142 42,873 49,042 36 36 33 26,356 .. 38,816 28 .. .. Cape Verde 3,190 3,214 3,145 62 64 65 1,665 .. 2,091 .. .. 41 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad 12,373 13,819 16,471 9 10 11 3,619 .. .. 5 .. .. Comoros 2,381 2,648 2,908 26 .. .. .. .. 3,399 .. .. 11 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 154,618 .. .. 21 .. .. 89,461 .. .. 10 .. .. Congo, Rep. of 4,515 8,420 7,818 42 40 43 .. 7,668 .. .. 9 .. Côte d'Ivoire 44,731 44,424 48,308 20 20 24 20,124 .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti 966 1,199 .. 28 28 .. 680 791 .. 22 18 .. Equatorial Guinea .. 1,440 .. .. 37 .. 858 .. 1,388 5 .. 6 Eritrea 5,576 6,668 7,691 35 41 36 2,278 2,710 3,014 12 10 11 Ethiopia .. 121,077 117,017 .. 30 31 .. .. .. .. .. .. Gabon 6,022 5,399 .. 42 48 .. 3,078 .. .. 16 .. .. Gambia, The 4,578 4,186 4,708 29 29 29 1,936 2,207 2,365 15 17 17 Ghana 80,323 75,087 80,459 32 35 33 52,208 55,549 64,419 22 23 22 Guinea 15,512 19,244 23,859 25 25 24 5,756 .. .. 11 .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 192,306 191,068 166,758 42 42 41 44,335 48,019 .. 35 35 .. Lesotho 8,321 8,578 8,908 80 80 80 3,126 .. 3,546 51 .. 54 Liberia 10,047 .. .. 19 .. .. 6,621 .. .. 16 .. .. Madagascar 42,678 46,482 55,309 58 56 60 20,386 .. .. 44 .. .. Malawi 34,375 47,840 45,780 40 38 44 12,066 12,782 11,360 20 20 24 Mali 15,447 17,788 22,577 23 23 24 7,663 .. .. 14 .. .. Mauritania 7,366 8,636 9,606 26 24 25 2,419 2,749 3,237 10 10 12 Mauritius 5,065 5,178 5,256 53 55 57 .. .. 5,934 .. .. 50 Mozambique 31,512 36,187 40,226 24 26 28 .. 11,366 .. .. 17 .. Namibia 11,992 12,327 18,782 67 67 61 5,093 5,164 5,643 47 46 58 Niger 12,901 15,668 20,553 31 33 35 4,303 4,589 4,063 18 17 19 Nigeria .. .. 590,655 .. .. 48 .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda 23,730 28,698 27,319 55 51 50 .. .. 7,058 .. .. 19 São Tomé and Principe 660 649 .. .. 62 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 21,277 22,813 26,325 .. 22 23 .. 11,182 .. .. 12 .. Seychelles 656 684 693 88 86 86 .. 535 540 .. 53 55 Sierra Leone .. 14,875 .. .. 38 .. .. 5,840 .. .. 27 .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 216,040 222,487 211,014 78 75 80 143,804 .. 146,485 50 .. 51 Sudan .. .. 105,142 .. .. 62 .. .. 50,578 .. .. 55 Swaziland 6,425 6,842 6,727 75 75 75 3,416 .. 3,903 46 .. 47 Tanzania 106,329 105,964 112,860 44 45 46 .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo 23,107 27,523 27,504 13 12 12 6,595 .. .. 13 .. .. Uganda 109,733 110,366 139,484 33 33 37 24,982 .. .. 21 .. .. Zambia 34,810 35,348 40,488 47 50 49 10,000 .. 9,875 26 .. 27 Zimbabwe .. 66,440 60,869 .. 48 49 .. 34,162 31,957 .. 48 39 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. 48 49 .. .. .. .. 39 .. .. Algeria 169,519 169,559 167,529 46 47 49 154,628 157,725 170,252 47 48 48 Egypt, Arab Rep. 345,981 352,911 .. 52 53 .. 453,967 490,648 .. 41 40 .. Libya 97,334 .. .. 53 .. .. 90,737 .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 123,021 136,558 145,553 39 41 44 87,932 .. 97,146 33 .. 33 Tunisia 60,470 60,541 .. 50 50 .. 56,466 61,931 .. 39 40 .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. 39 43 44 .. .. .. .. .. .. Note: Figures include both part-time and full-time teachers. 326 Social Indicators 13-19. Pupil/teacher ratio Number of pupils per teacher Primary Secondary 1998 2000 2002 1998 2000 2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. 44 .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. 45 .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 39 45 47 .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. 16 .. .. Benin 53 54 62 24 .. .. Botswana 28 27 27 17 17 .. Burkina Faso 49 47 45 28 .. 29 Burundi 46 50 50 17 .. 17 Cameroon 52 63 57 24 .. 17 Cape Verde 29 28 28 24 .. 23 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad 68 71 68 34 .. .. Comoros 35 37 37 .. .. 11 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 26 .. .. 14 .. .. Congo, Rep. of 61 59 65 .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 43 46 42 29 .. .. Djibouti 40 36 .. 23 24 .. Equatorial Guinea .. 54 .. 23 .. 29 Eritrea 47 45 47 51 52 53 Ethiopia .. 55 65 .. .. .. Gabon 44 49 .. 28 .. .. Gambia, The 33 37 38 24 26 25 Ghana 30 33 31 20 19 18 Guinea 47 44 45 30 .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 28 30 34 26 26 .. Lesotho 44 48 47 23 .. 23 Liberia 39 .. .. 17 .. .. Madagascar 47 50 52 17 .. .. Malawi .. .. 62 .. .. 46 Mali 62 63 57 28 .. .. Mauritania 47 42 41 26 28 25 Mauritius 26 26 25 .. .. 17 Mozambique 62 64 67 .. 31 .. Namibia 32 32 22 22 24 24 Niger 41 42 42 24 24 31 Nigeria .. .. 42 .. .. .. Rwanda 54 51 60 .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe 36 43 .. .. .. .. Senegal 49 51 49 .. 23 .. Seychelles 15 15 14 .. 14 14 Sierra Leone .. 31 .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 37 33 35 30 .. 4 Sudan .. .. 29 .. .. 25 Swaziland 33 31 31 .. .. 16 Tanzania 38 41 53 .. .. .. Togo 41 34 35 35 .. .. Uganda 53 59 53 11 .. .. Zambia 45 45 43 .. .. 35 Zimbabwe .. 37 39 .. 25 26 NORTH AFRICA 23 25 .. 17 18 .. Algeria 28 28 28 18 19 19 Egypt, Arab Rep. 23 22 .. 17 17 .. Libya 8 .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 28 28 28 17 .. 17 Tunisia 24 23 .. 19 18 .. ALL AFRICA .. 37 42 .. .. .. Note: Figures include both part-time and full-time teachers. Social Indicators 327 13-20. Secondary school gross enrollment ratio Total Males Females 1990 1995 1998-02* 1990 1995 1998-02* 1990 1995 1998-02* SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 23 26 .. 26 28 .. 20 23 .. excluding South Africa 19 21 .. 23 24 .. 16 18 .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 18 18 22 21 21 21 14 15 15 Angola 12 12 15 15 15 21 10 10 17 Benin 12 16 22 17 22 38 7 9 17 Botswana 43 63 82 41 60 70 45 66 75 Burkina Faso 7 9 10 9 12 14 5 6 9 Burundi 6 7 7 7 8 13 4 5 9 Cameroon 28 26 20 33 30 34 23 21 28 Cape Verde 21 43 69 21 45 67 20 42 73 Central African Republic 12 10 .. 17 14 .. 7 6 .. Chad 8 9 11 13 15 22 3 4 7 Comoros 18 21 21 21 24 34 14 19 28 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 22 24 18 29 30 24 14 18 13 Congo, Rep. of 53 53 .. 62 62 37 44 45 27 Côte d'Ivoire 22 23 22 30 31 30 14 15 16 Djibouti 12 13 15 14 15 24 9 11 15 Equatorial Guinea .. .. 31 .. .. 67 .. .. 45 Eritrea .. 19 28 .. 22 34 .. 16 22 Ethiopia 14 12 5 16 13 23 13 10 15 Gabon .. .. 54 .. .. 49 .. .. 42 Gambia, The 19 25 27 25 30 41 12 19 28 Ghana 36 34 37 45 39 43 28 28 36 Guinea 10 12 14 15 18 33 5 6 15 Guinea-Bissau 9 11 20 13 15 23 6 7 13 Kenya 24 24 30 28 26 34 21 22 32 Lesotho 25 31 28 20 25 30 30 37 39 Liberia 14 13 23 20 18 37 8 7 24 Madagascar 18 16 14 18 16 15 18 16 14 Malawi 8 17 45 11 21 37 5 12 29 Mali 7 11 15 9 14 25 5 7 14 Mauritania 14 16 18 19 21 25 9 11 20 Mauritius 53 62 107 53 60 80 53 64 82 Mozambique 8 7 14 10 9 19 6 5 13 Namibia 44 62 60 39 57 59 49 68 66 Niger 7 7 7 9 9 8 4 5 6 Nigeria 25 32 .. 29 35 .. 21 29 .. Rwanda 8 14 12 9 16 18 7 12 15 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. 42 .. .. 36 Senegal 16 16 20 21 20 23 11 12 16 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. 111 .. .. 111 Sierra Leone 17 17 24 22 21 .. 13 12 .. Somalia 6 6 .. 8 8 .. 4 4 .. South Africa 74 95 90 69 88 84 80 103 91 Sudan 24 21 29 27 22 38 21 19 32 Swaziland 44 53 60 45 53 45 43 53 46 Tanzania 5 5 5 6 6 6 4 5 5 Togo 24 27 36 35 40 51 12 14 22 Uganda 13 12 .. 17 15 19 10 9 15 Zambia 24 27 25 30 33 30 18 20 25 Zimbabwe 50 47 45 53 52 43 46 43 38 NORTH AFRICA 62 65 69 69 70 73 56 60 70 Algeria 61 62 67 67 66 77 54 59 83 Egypt, Arab Rep. 76 77 84 84 82 88 68 70 82 Libya 86 102 79 85 105 102 87 98 108 Morocco 35 39 39 41 44 49 30 33 41 Tunisia 45 60 75 50 62 78 40 58 81 ALL AFRICA 30 33 .. 34 36 38 27 30 34 Note: Secondary refers to secondary general education. * Most recent estimate. 328 Social Indicators 13-21. Public expenditure on education As percentage of total public expenditure As percentage of GDP 1980 1990 1998-00 1990 1995 2000-02* SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. 3.0 .. 2.8 Benin .. .. .. .. 3.1 3.3 Botswana .. 19.3 .. 6.2 8.1 2.2 Burkina Faso 15.5 18.3 .. 2.7 1.5 .. Burundi .. .. .. 3.4 5.0 3.9 Cameroon .. .. .. 3.2 .. 3.8 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. 7.9 Central African Republic .. .. .. 2.2 .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. 3.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. 5.0 4.2 3.2 Côte d'Ivoire .. 29.7 .. .. 4.7 4.6 Djibouti .. .. .. 3.5 .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. 0.6 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. 4.1 Ethiopia 10.2 10.3 13.8 3.4 4.0 4.6 Gabon .. .. .. .. 2.5 3.9 Gambia, The .. .. .. 3.8 5.5 2.8 Ghana .. .. .. 3.2 4.7 .. Guinea .. .. .. .. 1.9 1.8 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 22.9 23.3 .. 6.7 6.5 7.0 Lesotho .. 17.4 .. 6.2 .. 10.4 Liberia 11.9 .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. 2.1 .. 2.9 Malawi .. .. .. 3.2 5.3 6.0 Mali .. .. .. .. 2.1 .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. 4.8 .. Mauritius .. .. .. 3.8 4.3 4.7 Mozambique .. .. .. 3.1 .. .. Namibia .. .. .. 6.7 8.4 7.2 Niger 18.0 .. .. 3.2 2.8 2.3 Nigeria .. .. .. 0.9 0.6 .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. 2.8 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. .. .. 3.9 3.8 3.2 Seychelles .. .. .. 7.8 7.7 5.2 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. 3.7 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. 5.9 5.9 .. Sudan .. .. .. 6.0 12.1 .. Swaziland 24.6 .. .. 5.9 6.5 7.1 Tanzania 13.3 .. .. 2.8 .. .. Togo .. .. .. 5.5 .. 2.6 Uganda .. .. 27.0 1.5 2.5 .. Zambia .. 8.2 .. 2.4 2.0 2.0 Zimbabwe .. .. .. 7.7 .. 4.7 NORTH AFRICA 15.0 16.9 .. .. .. .. Algeria .. .. .. 5.3 5.4 .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 8.1 14.0 .. 3.9 4.7 .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 17.3 18.2 .. 5.3 5.6 6.5 Tunisia 17.0 17.0 .. 6.0 6.5 6.8 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. * Most recent year available. Social Indicators 329 13-22. Economic opportunities of women Female/male ratio Female as percentage of male in occupational group, 1996* of participation Administrative Professional Clerical in economic activity and and and 1995 managerial technical sales Services SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 73 10 28 .. .. excluding South Africa 74 10 26 .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria 78 .. .. .. .. Angola 87 .. .. .. .. Benin 93 .. .. .. .. Botswana 85 36 61 60 70 Burkina Faso 87 14 26 63 22 Burundi 97 13 30 .. .. Cameroon 60 10 24 37 31 Cape Verde 64 23 48 63 57 Central African Republic 88 9 19 59 12 Chad 80 .. .. .. .. Comoros 74 .. 29 .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 77 9 17 .. .. Congo, Rep. of 77 6 40 .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 49 29 .. .. .. Djibouti .. 2 20 .. .. Equatorial Guinea 55 2 27 .. .. Eritrea 90 17 30 48 43 Ethiopia 69 11 24 .. .. Gabon 80 .. .. .. .. Gambia, The 81 16 24 28 14 Ghana 103 9 36 59 68 Guinea 90 .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 67 .. .. .. .. Kenya 85 .. .. .. .. Lesotho 58 33 57 144 209 Liberia 66 .. .. .. .. Madagascar 81 .. .. .. .. Malawi 96 5 35 33 28 Mali 87 20 19 57 41 Mauritania 77 8 21 25 45 Mauritius 46 23 38 49 28 Mozambique 94 11 20 .. .. Namibia 68 21 41 54 72 Niger 79 9 8 30 0 Nigeria 56 6 26 58 11 Rwanda 93 9 47 48 35 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 74 .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. 29 58 59 59 Sierra Leone 57 8 32 66 15 Somalia 75 .. .. .. .. South Africa 60 17 47 .. 196 Sudan 40 2 29 .. .. Swaziland 60 26 60 42 82 Tanzania 98 .. .. .. .. Togo 67 8 21 .. .. Uganda 91 .. .. .. .. Zambia 83 6 32 58 22 Zimbabwe 80 15 40 34 30 NORTH AFRICA 41 14 30 28 14 Algeria 32 6 28 11 19 Egypt, Arab Rep. 40 12 30 35 10 Libya 26 .. .. .. .. Morocco 53 26 31 28 17 Tunisia 44 13 36 33 17 ALL AFRICA 67 11 28 .. .. * Or most recent year available 330 Social Indicators 13-23. Household and economic participation of women Percentage of Percentage of women in occupational group, 1991-99 households headed Construction, Community, by women Utilities & transport, storage Service social & personal (latest available between 1991-01) Agriculture Mining manufacturing & communications industries services SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S.Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin 21 .. .. .. .. .. .. Botswana .. 2 1 12 9 35 41 Burkina Faso 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 22 .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 21 .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad 22 14 0 14 14 14 43 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 14 .. .. .. .. .. .. Djibouti 17 .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea 31 .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 24 10 0 24 6 10 50 Gabon 26 .. .. .. .. .. .. Gambia, The 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 37 .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea 13 .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 10 .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 32 20 0 8 5 11 57 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 22 .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi 27 73 0 7 2 4 14 Mali 11 .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania 29 .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. 11 0 61 2 9 17 Mozambique 27 .. .. .. .. .. .. Namibia 31 .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 13 5 5 20 25 25 25 Nigeria 17 .. .. .. .. .. .. Rwanda 36 .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 18 .. .. .. .. .. .. Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 42 .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 26 23 1 16 4 20 36 Tanzania 23 .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo 24 .. .. .. .. .. .. Uganda 28 .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 23 .. .. .. .. .. .. Zimbabwe 33 38 1 7 4 9 .. NORTH AFRICA .. 36 0 21 2 8 32 Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 12 47 0 7 2 8 36 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 16 3 0 45 2 11 39 Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Social Indicators 331 Figure 13-1. Life expectancy, 2003 Years 30 40 50 60 70 80 Seychelles Tunisia Libya Mauritius Algeria Cape Verde Egypt, Arab Rep. Morocco São Tomé and Principe Comoros Sudan Madagascar Ghana Gambia, The Gabon Benin Senegal Equatorial Guinea Congo, Rep. of Eritrea Mauritania Togo Chad Cameroon Somalia Liberia Angola Niger Guinea South Africa Guinea-Bissau Kenya Congo, Dem. Rep. of Côte d'Ivoire Nigeria Uganda Djibouti Burkina Faso Tanzania Swaziland Ethiopia Central African Republic Burundi Mozambique Mali Namibia Rwanda Zimbabwe Botswana Malawi Sierra Leone Lesotho Zambia 332 Social Indicators Figure 13-2. GDP per capita based on PPP, 2003 U.S. dollars 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 Mauritius South Africa Botswana Tunisia Gabon Namibia Algeria Cape Verde Swaziland Morocco Egypt, Arab Rep. Lesotho Angola Ghana Cameroon Guinea Djibouti Sudan Gambia, The Mauritania Comoros Togo Senegal Côte d'Ivoire Uganda Rwanda Chad Burkina Faso Mozambique Benin Central African Republic Nigeria Kenya Mali Congo, Rep. of Zambia Eritrea Niger Madagascar Ethiopia Guinea-Bissau Congo, Dem. Rep. of Burundi Tanzania Malawi Sierra Leone Social Indicators 333 Figure 13-3. Urban population as a percentage of total population, 2003* Percentage 0 20 40 60 80 100 Libya Djibouti Gabon Tunisia Congo, Rep. of Seychelles Cape Verde Mauritania South Africa Algeria Morocco Equatorial Guinea Cameroon Botswana Senegal São Tomé and Principe Liberia Nigeria Côte d'Ivoire Benin Egypt, Arab Rep. Central African Republic Mauritius Zambia Sudan Sierra Leone Zimbabwe Ghana Kenya Angola Mozambique Tanzania Togo Comoros Guinea-Bissau Gambia, The Namibia Mali Congo, Dem. Rep. of Madagascar Lesotho Guinea Somalia Swaziland Chad Niger Eritrea Burkina Faso Ethiopia Malawi Uganda Burundi Rwanda * Or most recent year available. 334 Social Indicators Figure 13-4. Primary school gross enrollement ratio, 2002* Percentage 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Uganda Malawi Gabon São Tomé and Principe Lesotho Equatorial Guinea Rwanda Togo Cape Verde Madagascar Nigeria Seychelles Libya Tunisia Morocco Benin Algeria Cameroon South Africa Liberia Namibia Mauritius Mozambique Botswana Angola Swaziland Egypt, Arab Rep. Zimbabwe Kenya Comoros Mauritania Gambia, The Tanzania Zambia Guinea Congo, Rep. of Senegal Sierra Leone Ghana Chad Côte d'Ivoire Burundi Guinea-Bissau Ethiopia Central African Republic Eritrea Sudan Mali Congo, Dem. Rep. of Burkina Faso Niger Djibouti * Or most recent year available. Social Indicators 335 Figure 13-5. Maternal mortality, 1999* Per 100,000 live births 0 250 500 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,750 2,000 2,250 Mauritius Egypt, Arab Rep. Libya Botswana Tunisia Algeria Cape Verde Morocco South Africa Namibia Swaziland Gabon Comoros Congo Gambia, The Ghana Lesotho Madagascar Togo Sudan Eritrea Côte d'Ivoire Senegal Cameroon Djibouti Guinea Zambia Liberia Nigeria Benin Ethiopia Equatorial Guinea Uganda Congo, Dem. Rep. of Burkina Faso Burundi Kenya Mauritania Mozambique Central African Republic Chad Guinea-Bissau Somalia Zimbabwe Mali Rwanda Tanzania Niger Angola Malawi Sierra Leone * Or most recent year available. 336 Social Indicators Technical notes Tables Table 13-3. Income distribution. These data present the share of income held by the richest and poorest Table 13-1. Age and gender structure of the population groups in a country (World Bank data and population. Age and gender structure of the popula- National Household Surveys). tion (UN and World Bank data) is the distribution of the total population according to age and gender. Table 13-4. Urbanization. This table presents the Only the female composition of the population is pre- number of persons living in urban areas as a percent- sented, as the male composition can easily be figured age of the total population. Average annual percent- as the residual. Figures relate to midyear populations age growth rates are shown separately for the urban as estimated from the latest censuses. Age depend- population and the total population. The urban popu- ency ratio is calculated as the ratio of dependents-- lation percentages are based on the number of per- population under age 15 and above age 65--to the sons living in areas defined as "urban" according to working age population--those aged 15 to 64. national definitions of this concept. Since national definitions differ, cross-country comparisons should Table 13-2. Poverty. This table presents selected in- be made with caution (World Bank data). dicators for comparing the incidence and extent of urban and rural poverty. The first two indicators use Table 13-5. Components of population change. purchasing power parities rather than official ex- Three determinants of population change are pre- change rates to calculate GDP per capita and popula- sented here: total fertility rate, crude birth rate, and tion living under US$1.08 a day: a measure of the crude death rate. Crude birth rate is the number of overall mean level of poverty at the national level. The births per 1,000 population in a given year. Crude next indicator is the national poverty head count, death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 popula- which shows the percentage of the population living tion in a given year. Total fertility rate is the average below the poverty line deemed appropriate for the number of children that would be born alive to a country by its authorities. The poverty line is defined woman during her lifetime, if she were to bear chil- as the level below which adequate standards of nutri- dren at each age in accordance with prevailing age- tion, shelter, and personal amenities cannot be as- specific fertility rates (World Bank data). sured. Since these levels are country specific, cross- country comparisons cannot be made. The next Table 13-6. Survival prospects. This table shows indicator, however, uses a relative concept of poverty, four health-related indicators: life expectancy at which does allow such comparisons. It shows the per- birth, infant mortality rate, child mortality rate, and centage of the urban and rural populations living on maternal mortality rate. less than two-thirds of the national mean per capita in- Life expectancy at birth is the number of years a come. Associated with these indicators are the urban newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of and rural Gini coefficients, which describe the level of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same inequality in urban and rural income distributions. throughout his or her life. Infant mortality rate is the The last indicator shows the percentage of household number of deaths of infants under one year of age per income spent on food (UNDP, World Bank, Penn 1,000 live births in a given year. Child mortality rate World Tables, and National Household Surveys). is the number of deaths of children under five years Social Indicators 337 of age per 1,000 live births in a given year. Maternal below the median weight for height of the reference mortality rate is the annual number of deaths of population. Stunting refers to children of ages 24 women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 through 59 months standing two standard deviations live births. below the median height-for-age of the reference population (UNDP various years, WHO, and World Table 13-7. HIV/AIDS estimates and data, end Bank data). 2003. Data reported on this table give the estimated number of people with HIV/AIDS. The data are Table 13-10. Access to sanitation facilities. broken into adults aged 15­49 years and children Table 13-10 shows the percentage of the population 0­14 years. Adult rate is the total estimated number with access to sanitation facilities (WHO data). of adults (men and women) living with HIV/AIDS Urban areas with access to sanitation facilities are divided by the adult population aged 15­49 years. defined as urban populations served by connections Depending on the reliability of the data available, to public sewers or household systems, such as pit there may be more or less uncertainty surrounding privies, pour-flush latrines, septic tanks, communal each estimate. Therefore, plausible bounds have been toilets, and other such facilities. Rural populations presented for adult rate. Orphans are defined as chil- with access were defined as those with adequate dren aged 0­17 years who have lost one or both par- disposal, such as pit privies and pour-flush latrines. ents to AIDS. AIDS deaths are estimated number of Application of these definitions may vary, and com- adults and children who died of AIDS. parisons can therefore be misleading. Table 13-8. Immunization and ORT use. This is the Table 13-11. Access to safe water. This table refers percentage of children aged 12­23 months immu- to the percentage of the population with reasonable nized against tuberculosis, DPT, polio, and measles. access to a safe water supply, which includes treated It also gives the use rate of oral rehydration therapy surface waters or untreated but uncontaminated (ORT) among children under five years of age. DPT water, such as that from springs, sanitary wells, and refers to diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and protected boreholes. In an urban area, this may be a tetanus. ORT use is the percentage of all cases of public fountain or standpost located not more than diarrhea in children under five years of age treated 200 meters away. In rural areas, it implies that mem- with oral rehydration salts or an appropriate house- bers of the household do not have to spend a dispro- hold solution (WHO data). portionate part of the day fetching water. Data are presented separately for total, urban, and rural popu- Table 13-9. Child malnutrition. Data reported in lation (WHO data). this table give the percentage of children and babies suffering from the nutrition-related problems of hav- Table 13-12. Health expenditure. This table shows ing low birthweight and being underweight, or suf- total health expenditure as percentage of GDP and on fering from wasting and stunting. Figures are also a per capita basis--both in U.S. dollars and PPP given on the extent of breastfeeding among nursing terms. The ratio to GDP is also shown for public and mothers. private expenditure. Total expenditure is the sum of Low birthweight refers to babies born weighing public and private health expenditures. It covers the less than 2,500 grams. Underweight refers to children provision of health services (preventive and curative), under the age of five weighing two standard devia- family planning activities, nutrition activities, and tions below the median weight for age of the refer- emergency aid designated for health, but does not in- ence population. Underweight refers to children clude provision of water and sanitation. Public expen- under five years weighing two standard deviations diture consists of recurrent and capital spending from below the median weight for height of the reference government (central and local) budgets, external bor- population. Wasting refers to children of ages 12 rowings and grants (including donations from interna- through 23 months weighing two standard deviations tional agencies and nongovernmental organizations, 338 Social Indicators and social (or compulsory) health insurance funds. includes pupils above and pupils below the primary Private expenditure includes direct household school age, as well as repeaters (UNESCO data). (out-of-pocket) spending, private insurance, charita- ble donations, and direct service payments by private Tables 13-16. Pupil progression. This table provides corporations (WHO, IMF, and World Bank data). two education indicators. Percentage of cohort reach- ing grade 5 shows the percentage of children starting Table 13-13. Health care. Indicators presented here primary school who eventually attain grade 4. The es- are population per physician, population per hospital timate is based on the Reconstructed Cohort Method, bed, the percentage of births attended by trained which uses data on enrollment and repeaters for two health personnel, and the percentage of population consecutive years. Progression to secondary school with access to health services. The figure for physi- (general) is the number of new children in the first cians includes, in addition to the total number of reg- grade of secondary school (general) divided by the istered practitioners in the country, medical assistants number of children enrolled in the final grade of pri- whose medical training is less than that of qualified mary school in the previous year, according to the physicians, but who nevertheless dispense similar country's duration of primary education (UNESCO medical services, including simple surgical opera- and World Bank data. tions. The definition of recognized medical practi- tioners differs among countries. Hospital beds Table 13-17. Net primary enrollment ratio. This is include inpatient beds available in public, private, the ratio of the number of children of official school general, and specialized hospitals and in rehabilita- age enrolled in school to the number of children of tion centers. In most cases acute and chronic care are official school age in the population (UNESCO data). included. Births attended refers to births attended by physicians, nurses, midwives, trained primary health Table 13-18. Number of school teachers. Teachers care workers, or trained traditional birth attendants. in both public and private schools are covered in this Access to health services refers to the percentage of table. Data refer to both full-time and part-time the population that can reach appropriate local health teachers, excluding other instructional personnel services by local transport in no more than one hour without teaching functions. Figures are shown here (WHO and World Bank data). separately for primary and secondary schools. Percentage females means the number of female Table 13-14. Literacy rate. This table shows the teachers expressed as a percentage of total teaching share of literate adults in the total adult population staff (UNESCO data). aged 15 years and over. Literacy is defined as the ability to read and write. A person who can, with un- Table 13-19. Pupil/teacher ratio. This ratio gives derstanding, both read and write a short, simple state- the average number of pupils per teacher. Figures are ment about his everyday life is literate. Persons who given separately for primary and secondary schools. can read, but cannot write, are included with illiter- As teaching staff includes both full-time and part- ates. Figures are shown separately for males, females, time teachers, comparability of this ratio between and both genders combined (UNESCO data). countries may be affected because the proportion of part-time teachers varies greatly from one country to Tables 13-15. Primary school gross enrollment another (UNESCO data). ratio. This is the total number of pupils enrolled at the primary level of education, regardless of age, ex- Table 13-20. Secondary school gross enrollment pressed as a percentage of the population correspon- ratio. This is the secondary school equivalent of the ding to the official school age of primary education in data presented in Table 13-15. It gives the total num- a given country. Data are given separately for males, ber of students enrolled at the secondary level of ed- females, and both genders combined. Figures shown ucation, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage may be more than 100 percent since total enrollment of the population corresponding to the official school Social Indicators 339 age of secondary education. Data are presented sepa- workers. Female as percentage of male in occupa- rately for males, females, and both genders com- tional group shows the breakdown of the first indica- bined. Secondary general education refers to educa- tor for occupational categories (UNDP data). tion in secondary schools that provides general or specialized instruction based upon at least four years Table 13-23. Household and economic participa- of previous instruction at the first or primary level, tion of women. This table presents indicators on but that does not specifically aim at preparing the gender issues in development. Households headed by pupils directly for a given trade or occupation. Such women (World Bank data) refers to families in which schools may be called high schools, middle schools, a woman is acknowledged as the head by the other or lyceums and offer courses of study whose comple- members. The occupational statistics are based on the tion is a minimum condition for admission into uni- UN's Statistical Yearbook. versities. In some countries, some of these schools provide both academic and vocational training. These Figures composite secondary schools are considered as equivalent to the academic type of secondary school The following indicators have been used to derive the and are thus classified as secondary general figures in this chapter. (UNESCO data). Figure 13-1. Life expectancy, 2003 (Table 13-6). Table 13-21. Public expenditure on education. This Figure 13-2. GDP per capita, based on PPP, 2003 table presents public expenditure on education (Table 13-2). (UNESCO) first as a percentage of total public ex- penditure (IMF/GFS) and then as a percentage of Figure 13-3. Urban population as a percentage of current GDP (Table 2-5). total population, 2003 (Table 13-4). Table 13-22. Economic opportunities of women. Figure 13-4. Primary school gross enrollment ratio, This table shows two indicators. Female/male ratio of 2002 (Table 13-15). participation in economic activity shows the number of female workers in relation to the number of male Figure 13-5. Maternal mortality, 1999 (Table 13-6). 340 Social Indicators Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in chapter 13 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (1) (2) (6) (7) (8) (1) (2) 13-1 Columns 1-8 x Columns 9-10 x 13-2 Columns 1, 3 x Columns 4, 5, 8 x Columns 2, 6-7 x 13-3 x 13-4 Columns 1-3 x Columns 4-6 x Columns 7-9 x Columns 10-12 x 13-5 Columns 1-3 x Columns 4-6 x Columns 7-9 x 13-6 x 13-7 x 13-8 x 13-9 x 13-10 x 13-11 x 13-12 Columns 1-4 x Column 5 x 13-13 x 13-14 x 13-15 x 13-16 x 13-17 x 13-18 Columns 1-3, 7-9 x Columns 4-6, 10-12 x 13-19 x 13-20 x 13-21 x 13-22 x 13-23 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. Period averages: (1) arithmetic mean (using the same series as shown in the table; i.e., ratio if the rest of the table is shown as ratio, level if the rest of the table is shown as level, growth rate if the rest is shown as growth rate); (2) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator); (3) least-squares growth rate (using main indicator in constant terms, with the rest of the table in current terms). 14 Environmental Indicators D ata for this chapter were drawn entirely from difficult to prove at the practical level. The fact that the World Resources Institute and reflect industrial wastes generated in one country cross fron- tables published in their World Resources tiers and cause environmental damage to other na- 2002­2004: Decisions for Earth: Balance, Voice, and tions is, however, widely acknowledged. Common Power. The chapter includes data on natural re- interests, therefore, compel the international commu- sources, their use by sector and the trends in their use, nity to jointly work toward a common goal of pre- protected resources and those in danger of extinction, serving the environment. commercial energy production and its components, Increasing emphasis on the links between the envi- globally threatened species and protection, and man- ronment and development, both at the national and agement programs. international levels, is reflected in the growing num- Until the early 1970s, environmental issues were ber of scientific and analytical studies. Challenging mainly focused on problems of industrial countries the hegemony of the SNA national income account- and on such issues as water and air pollution, acid ing convention, numerous scholarly endeavors are rain, and greenhouse gas emissions. Since the publi- under way to integrate environmental consequences cation of the Club of Rome's The Limits to Growth in into national income calculations. The argument is 1972, however, issues of natural resource depletion made that the SNA methodology overstates national and degradation have received considerable attention income levels for two reasons. First, it does not ac- in assessing environmental factors and their impact count for both the direct and indirect costs of drawing on the development prospects of developing nations. down natural resources. Second, it counts expendi- At the national level, environmental concerns revolve ture on resources for environmental protection activ- around population expansion, desertification, defor- ities as income. The changes both in methodology estation, and the by-products of energy consumption. and emphasis have created an urgent demand for Environmental destruction is not, however, con- physical data. The information in this chapter aims to fined by geographic borders. For instance, global meet this growing demand, notwithstanding the limi- warming, said to be caused by greenhouse gas emis- tations in data coverage and reliability. sions, has become a major global environmental con- The rate of deforestation is of particular concern be- cern. The issue of the greenhouse effect may be cause the cost of deforestation goes far beyond the subject to controversy at the theoretical level and losses of forest products, such as timber and fuelwood. 341 342 Environmental Indicators There are equally significant indirect costs, including performance, its potential hydroelectric power, and soil erosion; the substitution of animal and agricul- its population's health conditions. Almost all Sub- tural residues for cooking, which would otherwise be Saharan African countries use a very small fraction of used for fertilizer; and climate changes. Deforestation their internal renewable water resources. For exam- is caused by many factors, including increased de- ple, Ethiopia, a nation that has suffered from repeated mand for settlement area, cultivation, fuelwood, or a droughts, uses only 2 percent of its water resources. combination thereof. The information in this chapter The major problem rests in the uneven geographic provides an empirical framework for assessing policy distribution of water resources with respect to popu- alternatives in reversing the continuing depletion of lation density and the state of freshwater drawing natural resources. technology. The quality of water is as important as Data on roundwood production and consumption the quantity of water available. Water-related disease are important in monitoring the causes of deforesta- accounts for 80 percent of all sicknesses and for tion. In addition, since roundwood is a primary 90 percent of the 15 million deaths in developing source of energy in developing nations, data on countries each year. roundwood consumption is essential in analyzing air Data on energy production are shown because of pollution. For instance, for 1985­87, Africa used related environmental consequences. Biomass fuel, close to 88 percent of its roundwood production for comprising wood fuel and animal and agricultural fuel and charcoal production, while approximately residues, accounts for 40 to 90 percent of total energy 12 percent of roundwood production went to indus- used in Sub-Saharan Africa. trial uses. To put these figures in perspective, the cor- Data on protected areas and endangered species in- responding figures for Europe are 16 and 84 percent. dicate the intentions of countries to safeguard the en- Information on freshwater resources available and vironment and protect the use of natural resources for on the extent and the methods of their uses can pro- future generations. vide a partial basis for analyzing Africa's agricultural Environmental Indicators 343 14-1. Forest resources, 1990­2000 Forest area Total forest Natural forest Plantation Annual % Annual % Annual % Extent (000 ha) change Extent (000 ha) change Extent (000 ha) change 1990 2000 1990-2000 1990 2000 1990-2000 1990 2000 1990-2000 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 70,998 69,756 -0.2 70,858 69,615 -0.2 140 141 0.1 Benin 3,349 2,650 -2.3 3,248 2,538 -2.5 101 112 1.0 Botswana 13,611 12,427 -0.9 13,610 12,426 -0.9 1 1 4.1 Burkina Faso 7,241 7,089 -0.2 7,220 7,023 -0.3 22 67 11.3 Burundi 241 94 -9.0 189 21 -21.9 52 73 3.4 Cameroon 26,076 23,858 -0.9 25,998 23,778 -0.9 78 80 0.3 Cape Verde 35 85 9.3 0 0 .. 35 85 8.9 Central African Republic 23,207 22,907 -0.1 .. 22,903 .. .. .. .. Chad 13,509 12,692 -0.6 13,498 12,678 -0.6 11 14 2.5 Comoros 12 8 -4.3 11 7 -5.3 1 2 3.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 22,235 22,060 -0.4 140,435 135,110 -0.4 96 97 0.1 Congo, Rep. of 140,531 135,207 -0.1 22,209 21,977 -0.1 26 83 11.5 Côte d'Ivoire 9,766 7,117 -3.1 9,629 6,933 -3.3 137 184 2.9 Djibouti 6 6 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea 1,858 1,752 -0.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea 1,639 1,585 -0.3 1,639 1,563 -0.5 0 22 .. Ethiopia 4,996 4,593 -0.8 4,800 4,377 -0.9 196 216 1.0 Gabon 21,927 21,826 0.0 .. 21,790 .. .. 36 .. Gambia, The 436 481 1.0 479 .. .. .. .. Ghana 7,535 6,335 -1.7 7,476 6,259 -1.8 59 76 2.5 Guinea 7,276 6,929 -0.5 7,264 6,904 -0.5 12 25 7.4 Guinea-Bissau 2,403 2,187 -0.9 .. 2,186 .. .. 2 .. Kenya 18,027 17,096 -0.5 17,816 16,865 -0.5 212 232 0.9 Lesotho 14 14 0.0 14 0 .. 0 14 .. Liberia 4,241 3,481 -2.0 4,124 3,363 -2.0 118 119 0.1 Madagascar 12,901 11,727 -0.9 12,608 11,378 -1.0 294 350 1.7 Malawi 3,269 2,562 -2.4 3,173 2,450 -2.6 96 112 1.5 Mali 14,179 13,186 -0.7 13,172 14,172 -0.7 8 15 6.6 Mauritania 415 317 -2.7 415 293 -3.5 0 25 .. Mauritius 17 16 -0.6 4 3 -3.4 13 13 0.2 Mozambique 31,238 30,601 -0.2 31,195 30,551 -0.2 43 50 1.5 Namibia 8,774 8,040 -0.9 .. 8,040 .. .. 0 .. Niger 1,945 1,328 -3.7 1,898 1,256 -4.1 48 73 4.2 Nigeria 17,501 13,517 -2.6 17,038 12,824 -2.8 463 693 4.0 Rwanda 457 307 -3.9 211 46 -15.2 246 261 0.6 São Tomé and Principe 27 27 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 6,655 6,205 -0.7 6,501 5,942 -0.9 154 263 5.3 Seychelles 30 30 0.0 .. 25 .. .. 5 .. Sierra Leone 1,416 1,055 -2.9 .. 1,049 .. .. 6 .. Somalia 8,284 7,515 -1.0 .. 7,512 .. .. 3 .. South Africa 8,997 8,917 -0.1 7,563 7,363 -0.3 1,434 1,554 0.8 Sudan 71,216 61,627 -1.4 70,876 60,987 -1.5 341 641 .. Swaziland 464 522 1.2 .. 362 .. .. 161 .. Tanzania 39,724 38,811 -0.2 .. 38,676 .. .. 135 .. Togo 719 510 -3.4 687 472 -3.8 32 38 1.7 Uganda 5,103 4,190 -2.0 5,073 4,147 -2.0 30 43 3.6 Zambia 39,755 31,246 -2.4 39,699 31,171 -2.4 56 75 2.9 Zimbabwe 22,239 19,040 -1.5 22,120 18,899 -1.6 119 141 1.7 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 1,879 2,145 1.3 1,456 1,427 -0.2 424 718 5.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 52 72 3.3 0 0 0.0 52 72 3.3 Libya 311 358 1.4 190 190 0.0 .. .. .. Morocco 3,037 3,025 0.0 2,599 2,491 -0.4 438 534 2.0 Tunisia 499 510 0.2 436 308 -3.5 63 202 11.7 ALL AFRICA 702,272 649,641 -0.7 586,950 640,826 0.9 5,644 7,856 3.9 Sources: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Notes: 0 = zero or less than half the unit of measure; negative numbers indicate reduction in forest area; .. = not available. 344 Environmental Indicators 14-2. Forest ecosystems, 1990-99 Closed forests Forests as a % of Percent Forest ecosystems (1990-99) Land Original original forest frontier Sparse trees and area Forest as a Current Frontier forests Mangroves Tropical forests Nontropical forests parkland (000 ha) % of land forests b forests c threatened c Area Percent Area Percent Area Percent Area Percent 1998 area a 1996 1996 1996 (000 ha) protected (000 ha) protected (000 ha) protected (000 ha) protected SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 124,670 20 15 0 111 0 0 37,564 3 0 0 0 0 Benin 11,262 16 4 0 0 0 0 1,516 18 0 0 585 2 Botswana 58,173 2 100 0 0 0 0 12,123 2 0 0 0 0 Burkina Faso 27,400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,667 16 Burundi 2,783 46 3 0 0 0 0 219 18 0 0 139 3 Cameroon 47,544 80 42 8 97 227 2 20,009 6 0 0 2,416 22 Cape Verde 403 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 62,298 52 16 4 100 0 0 17,101 20 0 0 1,451 48 Chad 128,400 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,516 4 0 0 2,857 1 Comoros 223 50 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 234,486 83 60 16 70 22 0 135,071 7 0 0 172 40 Congo, Rep. of 34,200 100 68 29 65 19 76 24,321 4 0 0 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire 32,246 75 10 2 100 0 0 2,702 23 0 0 625 18 Djibouti 2,320 2 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 Equatorial Guinea 2,805 96 38 0 0 25 0 1,749 0 0 0 0 0 Eritrea 11,760 .. .. .. .. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia 110,430 25 17 0 0 0 0 11,937 19 0 0 4,804 21 Gabon 26,767 100 90 32 100 147 3 21,481 4 0 0 0 0 Gambia, The 1,130 39 62 0 0 51 5 188 5 0 0 244 2 Ghana 23,854 66 9 0 0 0 0 1,694 7 0 0 336 17 Guinea 24,586 76 5 0 0 316 0 3,073 1 0 0 2,723 1 Guinea-Bissau 3,612 100 34 0 0 317 0 1,141 0 0 0 550 0 Kenya 58,037 17 19 0 0 0 0 3,423 8 0 0 2,754 3 Lesotho 3,035 2 0 0 0 0 0 89 9 0 0 0 0 Liberia 11,137 100 44 0 0 0 0 3,149 3 0 0 1 0 Madagascar 58,704 93 13 0 0 310 0 6,940 6 0 0 0 0 Malawi 11,848 12 0 0 0 0 0 3,830 9 0 0 0 0 Mali 124,019 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,132 2 0 0 336 0 Mauritania 102,552 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius 204 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 80,159 33 14 0 0 565 4 20,863 7 0 0 14,414 7 Namibia 82,429 0 95 0 0 0 0 3,436 11 0 0 0 0 Niger 126,700 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 16 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 92,377 45 11 1 100 1,145 0 11,634 7 0 0 10,588 4 Rwanda 2,634 36 16 0 0 0 0 291 77 0 0 162 2 São Tomé and Principe 96 33 71 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal 19,672 14 16 0 0 158 3 2,076 7 0 0 8,816 13 Seychelles 45 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 7,174 100 10 0 0 176 1 260 20 0 0 104 0 Somalia 63,766 4 0 0 0 0 0 11,800 1 0 0 1,530 1 South Africa 122,104 13 0 0 0 0 0 10,333 5 52 26 0 0 Sudan 250,581 1 0 0 0 0 0 12,288 12 0 0 5,870 9 Swaziland 1,736 22 0 0 0 0 0 286 3 0 0 0 0 Tanzania 94,509 22 9 0 0 323 0 14,356 16 0 0 583 3 Togo 5,679 33 7 0 0 0 0 224 3 0 0 91 9 Uganda 24,104 70 4 0 0 0 0 3,772 17 0 0 1,850 65 Zambia 75,261 7 70 0 0 0 0 21,989 32 0 0 39 14 Zimbabwe 39,076 7 67 0 0 0 0 15,397 12 0 0 0 0 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 238,174 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,694 4 1 83 Egypt, Arab Rep. 100,145 1 0 0 0 0 0 134 0 4 0 0 0 Libya 175,954 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 0 0 0 Morocco 44,655 22 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,862 3 0 0 Tunisia 16,361 18 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 2 0 0 ALL AFRICA 3,004,279 23 34 8 77 3,801 1 448,197 9 8,249 2 69,710 11 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Notes: a. Original forest is that estimated to have covered the planet 8,000 years ago given current climate conditions. b. Includes frontier and nonfrontier forests. c. Frontier forests are large, relatively undisturbed forest ecosystems. 0 = zero or less than half of the unit of measure; .. = not available. Environmental Indicators 345 14-3. Wood production and trade, 2000­02 Average annual roundwood production Average annual forest products production Trade in forest products Total roundwood Wood fuel Industrial roundwood Wood-based panels Paper and paperboard Import Export Cubic Percent Cubic Percent Cubic Percent Cubic Percent Metric Percent Value Value Percent meters change meters change meters change meters change tons change (million (million of total (000) since (000) since (000) since (000) since (000) since US$) US$) exportsa 2002 1990-92 2000-02 1990-92 2000-02 1990-92 2000-02 1990-92 2000-02 1990-92 2000-02 2000-02 2002 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 4,436 33 3320 34 1,116 28 11 0 0 .. 2 1 .. Benin 6,298 6 5,966 6 332 14 .. .. .. .. 14 1 7 Botswana 750 8 645 6 105 21 .. .. .. .. 15 0 1 Burkina Faso 11,994 8 11,400 6 594 45 .. .. .. .. 8 1 3 Burundi 8,428 25 8,095 21 333 553 .. .. .. .. 1 0 3 Cameroon 10,526 -2 9,256 17 1,270 -52 98 23 0 .. 22 314 1 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 0 4 Central African Republic 3,058 -14 2,000 -36 .. .. 4 50 .. .. 0 48 0 Chad 6,880 28 6,119 28 761 29 .. .. .. .. 2 1 1 Comoros 9 .. .. .. 9 .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 70,938 40 67,285 41 3,653 18 3 -90 3 50 1 2 0 Congo, Rep. of 2,437 3 1,186 19 1,251 -9 25 -59 .. .. 2 249 0 Côte d'Ivoire 11,581 8 8,581 9 3,000 7 323 53 .. .. 38 183 1 Djibouti 0 .. 0 .. 0 .. .. .. .. .. 5 0 .. Equatorial Guinea 811 33 447 0 364 121 15 67 .. .. 0 97 0 Eritrea 2,325 .. 2,324 .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. 3 0 6 Ethiopia 92,660 20 90,202 20 2,458 43 22 130 11 100 30 0 7 Gabon 3,104 59 520 13 2,584 73 251 137 .. .. 4 367 0 Gambia, The .. .. 620 29 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Ghana 21,782 52 20,678 60 1,104 -20 391 464 .. .. 20 149 1 Guinea 12,188 23 11,537 24 651 16 0 .. .. .. 5 6 1 Guinea-Bissau 592 4 422 0 170 15 .. .. .. .. 0 1 0 Kenya 21,979 15 20,002 15 1,977 11 52 0 129 8 16 7 1 Lesotho 2,034 54 2,034 54 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Liberia 5,470 23 5,133 49 337 -65 30 275 .. .. 0 289 0 Madagascar 10,299 17 10,202 28 97 -88 5 0 3 -40 0 0 0 Malawi 5,549 -2 5,029 -3 520 18 18 20 .. .. 0 0 0 Mali 5,259 18 4,846 18 413 16 .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Mauritania 1,508 24 1,502 24 6 20 .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Mauritius 17 -15 9 29 8 -38 0 .. .. .. 0 0 0 Mozambique 18,043 12 16,724 11 1,319 39 3 -25 0 .. 0 0 0 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Niger 8,601 8 8,190 6 411 30 .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Nigeria 69,482 15 60,064 15 9,418 14 95 -10 19 -39 0 0 0 Rwanda 7,836 158 7,500 150 336 918 0 .. .. .. 0 0 0 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Senegal 5,972 10 5,178 8 794 21 .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Sierra Leone 5,497 16 5,374 16 124 -2 .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Somalia 9,937 45 9,827 45 110 13 0 .. .. .. 0 0 .. South Africa 30,616 19 12,000 -2 18,616 37 476 40 2,267 17 0 0 0 Sudan 19,241 5 17,068 3 2,173 22 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 Swaziland 890 -42 560 0 330 -66 8 0 .. .. 0 0 0 Tanzania 23,439 11 21,125 10 2,314 12 4 -69 25 0 0 0 0 Togo 5,808 18 5,600 18 208 33 .. .. .. .. 0 0 0 Uganda 38,317 19 35,142 16 3,175 72 5 25 3 0 0 0 0 Zambia 8,053 10 7,219 9 834 14 18 -50 4 100 0 0 0 Zimbabwe 9,108 31 8,115 30 992 43 77 32 .. -7 0 0 0 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 .. Algeria 7,513 21 7,305 24 208 -39 50 0 41 -55 332 0 2 Egypt, Arab Rep. 16,752 15 16,484 14 268 133 131 93 .. .. 622 51 9 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 .. Morocco 926 -87 400 -93 526 -36 35 -38 129 8 0 0 0 Tunisia 2,329 12 2,116 10 214 30 104 5 94 27 0 0 0 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Notes: 0 = zero or less than half of the unit of measure; .. = not available. a. Exports values are from Table 5-1. 346 Environmental Indicators 14-4. Freshwater resources and withdrawals, 1977­2004 Annual internal renewable water resources Annual river flows Annual withdrawals Per capita From other To other Year Total Percentage Per capita Total 2004 countries countries of (cubic of water (cubic Sectoral withdrawals (percent) (cubic km) (cubic meters) (cubic km) (cubic km) data km) resources meters) Domestic Industrial Agricultural SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 184 13,070 .. .. 1987 0.34 0.2 28 22 16 61 Benin 25 3,585 15.5 .. 1994 0.25 2.4 40 15 11 74 Botswana 14 8,022 11.8 .. 1992 0.14 4.8 81 38 19 43 Burkina Faso 13 933 .. .. 1992 0.78 6.2 66 11 0 88 Burundi 4 509 .. .. 1987 0.23 6.5 37 17 1 82 Cameroon 286 17,520 0.0 0.0 1987 0.99 0.4 65 18 8 74 Cape Verde 0 634 .. .. .. 0.03 9.3 64 15 3 83 Central African Republic 144 36,912 .. .. 1987 0.02 0.0 6 77 19 4 Chad 43 4,857 28.0 .. 1990 0.23 1.6 30 19 1 80 Comoros 1 1,519 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1,283 .. 84.0 .. 1994 0.36 0.0 7 52 16 31 Congo, Rep. of 832 217,915 610.0 .. 1987 0.04 0.0 11 59 30 10 Côte d'Ivoire 81 4,794 1.0 .. 1987 0.93 1.2 59 23 12 65 Djibouti 0 421 .. .. .. 0.01 2.6 12 11 0 89 Equatorial Guinea 26 51,282 0.0 .. 1987 0.11 0.4 232 83 16 1 Eritrea 6 1,466 6.0 .. .. 0.30 10.8 82 4 1 95 Ethiopia 110 1,519 0.0 .. 1987 2.65 2.4 40 1 6 93 Gabon 164 121,392 0.0 .. 1987 0.13 0.1 102 48 11 40 Gambia, The 8 5,472 5.0 .. 1990 0.03 1.1 .. .. .. .. Ghana 53 2,489 22.9 .. 1970 0.52 1.7 27 37 15 48 Guinea 226 26,218 0.0 .. 1987 1.52 0.7 187 8 2 90 Guinea-Bissau 31 20,156 11.0 .. 1991 0.11 0.7 81 9 1 91 Kenya 30 932 10.0 .. 1990 1.58 7.8 52 30 6 64 Lesotho 3 1,678 0.0 .. 1987 0.05 1.0 30 40 41 19 Liberia 232 66,533 32.0 .. 1987 0.11 0.1 36 28 15 56 Madagascar 337 18,826 0.0 .. 1990 14.97 4.4 937 3 2 96 Malawi 17 1,401 1.1 .. 1994 1.01 6.2 88 15 5 81 Mali 100 7,458 40.0 .. 1987 6.93 11.5 582 1 0 99 Mauritania 11 3,826 11.0 .. 1990 1.70 424.5 642 9 3 88 Mauritius 2 .. .. .. .. 0.61 27.7 .. 25 14 60 Mozambique 216 11,266 116.0 .. 1992 0.64 0.6 36 11 2 87 Namibia 18 8,921 39.3 .. 1990 0.27 4.4 142 33 5 63 Niger 34 2,710 29.0 .. 1990 2.19 62.5 204 4 1 95 Nigeria 286 2,252 59.0 .. 1990 8.00 3.6 70 21 10 69 Rwanda 5 613 .. .. 1993 0.08 1.5 10 48 14 39 São Tomé and Principe 2 13,212 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 39 3,811 13.0 .. 1990 1.59 6.0 169 6 4 90 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 160 30,960 0.0 .. 1987 0.38 0.2 86 5 2 93 Somalia 14 1,309 9.7 .. 1987 3.30 55.0 378 0 0 100 South Africa 50 1,106 5.2 .. 1990 15.31 34.2 348 17 10 73 Sudan 65 1,879 119.0 .. 1995 37.31 124.4 1187 3 1 97 Swaziland 3 4,164 .. .. .. 0.83 31.4 795 3 6 92 Tanzania 91 2,416 9.0 .. 1994 2.00 2.4 57 6 1 93 Togo 15 2,930 0.5 .. 1987 0.17 1.4 36 45 8 47 Uganda 66 2,472 27.0 .. 1970 0.30 0.8 13 45 15 39 Zambia 105 9,630 35.8 .. 1994 1.74 2.2 167 16 8 76 Zimbabwe 20 1,547 5.9 .. 1987 2.61 18.5 207 10 5 86 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 443 0.4 0.4 1990 6.07 43.7 201 22 13 65 Egypt, Arab Rep. 58 794 56.0 0.0 1993 68.65 3,814.0 1013 8 14 78 Libya 1 106 0.0 0.0 1995 4.81 801.9 919 8 3 89 Morocco 29 934 0.0 0.2 1991 12.76 44.0 438 8 2 90 Tunisia 5 459 0.6 0.0 1996 2.73 65.7 286 16 2 82 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Notes: 0 = zero or less than half of the unit of measure; .. = not available. Environmental Indicators 347 14-5. Marine and freshwater catches, aquaculture, balance of trade, and fish consumption Average annual Average annual Average annual Per capita annual marine catch a freshwater catch b aquaculture production Average annual food supply from (000 % (000 % 1999-01 (metric tons) balance of tradec fish and seafood metric change metric change Dia- Fresh- Mollusks 1995-97 (million US$) Total tons) since tons) since Marine dromous water & Crus- Mollusks & Fish 2002 2000-02 1990-92 2000-02 1990-92 fish fish fish taceans Fish crustaceans meal (kg) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 245 115 6 -14 .. .. .. .. -8 3 .. 17 Benin 8 14 18 -5 .. .. 7 .. -5 2 .. 8 Botswana .. .. 0 -100 .. .. .. .. -5 0 0 5 Burkina Faso .. .. 9 29 .. .. 5 .. -3 0 .. 2 Burundi .. .. 12 -43 .. .. 100 .. 0 0 .. 1 Cameroon 57 16 58 164 .. .. 330 .. -22 2 0 14 Cape Verde 9 29 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23 Central African Republic .. .. 15 15 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. 84 20 .. .. .. .. .. 0 .. 7 Comoros 13 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 5 67 210 25 .. .. .. .. -27 7 .. 6 Congo, Rep. of 23 15 20 -20 .. .. .. .. -50 .. .. .. Côte d'Ivoire 61 -12 14 -22 .. .. 806 .. 35 4 0 15 Djibouti 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Equatorial Guinea 3 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 .. .. Eritrea 10 .. 0 .. .. .. .. .. 0 0 .. 2 Ethiopia 0 .. 14 250 .. .. .. .. 0 .. .. 0 Gabon 34 70 10 400 .. .. 83 .. -9 7 .. 42 Gambia, The 34 79 3 0 .. .. .. .. 1 3 .. 25 Ghana 349 4 75 32 .. .. 6,000 .. 64 2 .. 29 Guinea 96 109 4 0 .. .. .. .. 8 5 0 12 Guinea-Bissau 5 0 0 .. .. .. .. .. 6 3 .. 1 Kenya 7 -13 168 -6 .. 123 675 0 33 5 0 4 Lesotho .. .. 0 .. .. .. 8 .. .. .. .. 0 Liberia 8 100 4 0 .. .. 14 .. -2 0 .. 5 Madagascar 106 43 30 7 .. .. 2,400 5,399 13 77 0 8 Malawi .. .. 42 -39 .. 4 638 .. 0 0 0 4 Mali .. .. 103 49 .. .. 1,008 .. -1 .. .. 8 Mauritania 77 26 5 -17 .. .. .. .. 22 105 .. 10 Mauritius 10 -41 .. .. 2 .. 20 25 .. .. .. 22 Mozambique 25 -14 10 150 .. .. 77 .. -5 74 .. 2 Namibia 586 57 2 100 .. .. 15 .. .. .. .. 14 Niger .. .. 20 567 .. .. 40 .. -1 0 .. 1 Nigeria 300 50 158 80 .. .. 30,663 .. -208 20 .. 7 Rwanda .. .. 7 133 .. .. 612 .. .. .. .. 1 São Tomé and Principe 4 33 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 373 18 23 5 .. .. 22 50 206 73 3 28 Seychelles 50 614 .. .. .. .. .. 282 .. .. .. 62 Sierra Leone 64 28 14 0 .. .. .. .. 13 10 .. 15 Somalia 19 -21 0 .. .. .. .. .. 4 .. .. .. South Africa 719 25 1 0 15 .. .. .. 102 43 -37 .. Sudan 5 150 .. .. .. .. 1,600 .. 0 0 .. 2 Swaziland .. .. 0 .. .. .. .. 6 .. .. .. 6 Tanzania 52 -7 279 -7 .. .. 630 .. 52 9 0 7 Togo 17 113 .. .. .. .. 1,025 .. -23 5 .. 10 Uganda .. .. 221 -9 .. .. 4,915 .. 38 .. .. 7 Zambia .. .. 66 0 .. .. 4,200 .. 0 0 0 7 Zimbabwe .. .. 13 -43 .. .. 2,213 0 -15 -1 -1 1 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 127 43 .. .. 68 33 344 .. -7 2 .. 4 Egypt, Arab Rep. 132 63 241 40 116,023 1 .. 9 -108 0 .. 15 Libya 33 22 .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 0 .. 7 Morocco 957 68 2 100 718 127 520 0 270 437 2 9 Tunisia 96 10 1 .. 1,304 9 558 0 8 77 0 11 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Notes: a. Includes marine fish and diadromous fish caught in marine areas, as well as mollusks and crustaceans. b. Includes freshwater fish and diadromous fish caught in inland waters or low-salinity marine areas, as well as mollusks and crustaceans. c. Exports minus imports. 0 = zero or less than half of the unit of measure; .. = not available. 348 Environmental Indicators 14-6. Energy production by source Energy production From all sources From non-renewable energy sources Total electricity generated Per capita Solid fuels Liquid fuels Gaseous fuels Nuclear fuels Other sources (000 metric % change (kg oil (000 metric (000 metric (000 metric (000 metric (000 metric (000 metric % change toe) a since equivalent) toe)a toe)a toe)a toe)a toe)a toe)a since 1999 1989 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1997 1997 1997 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 43,644 61 3,421 0 37,627 457 0 0 95 37 Benin 1,781 4 292 0 45 0 0 0 4 92 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 12,109 -4 832 0 6,945 0 0 0 269 25 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 14,860 25 300 58 1,075 0 0 0 517 11 Congo, Rep. of 14,079 58 4,805 0 13,500 0 0 0 37 53 Côte d'Ivoire 6,023 82 384 0 493 1,267 0 0 276 55 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea 467 .. 132 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Ethiopia 17,176 26 280 0 0 0 0 0 115 50 Gabon 17,842 60 14,881 0 16,813 68 0 0 87 13 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 5,640 32 299 0 0 0 0 0 529 26 Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 12,051 19 401 0 0 0 0 0 364 60 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 7,067 2 394 11 0 0 0 0 86 199 Namibia 270 .. 156 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 183,796 25 1,658 36 106,759 5,888 0 0 1,305 35 Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 1,684 27 183 0 1 5 0 0 108 52 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 143,993 26 3,368 126,253 348 1,518 3,345 0 17,866 38 Sudan 16,631 93 547 0 3,512 0 0 0 169 43 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 14,267 24 416 3 0 0 0 0 166 52 Togo 1,022 35 233 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 5,770 22 566 112 0 0 0 0 689 -8 Zimbabwe 8,723 11 703 2,983 0 0 0 0 628 15 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 144,363 46 4,852 0 66,870 77,400 0 0 1,865 70 Egypt, Arab Rep. 58,460 10 877 0 42,029 13,816 0 0 4,958 52 Libya 70,462 15 13,616 0 . 66,079 4,246 0 0 1,563 17 Morocco 615 -19 21 72 10 33 0 231 1,129 64 Tunisia 7,120 10 761 0 4,161 1,727 0 0 686 75 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Source: International Energy Agency (IEA). Notes: a. Tons of oil equivalent. See technical notes for more information on toe. 0 = zero or less than half of the unit of measure; .. = not available or indeterminate. Environmental Indicators 349 14-7. Energy consumption by economic sector Energy Consumption by Economic Sector (% of total consumption) Industry Transportation Commercial and All industries Iron and steel Total Air Road Agriculture public services Residential 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 41 12 0 0 41 12 21 5 21 7 1 0 7 5 7 71 Benin 16 3 0 0 67 19 16 2 51 17 0 0 0 8 17 63 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 15 17 0 0 55 11 5 1 50 10 0 0 2 1 22 71 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 24 21 3 0 26 2 9 1 17 1 0 0 0 0 15 75 Congo, Rep. of 12 2 0 0 70 20 13 5 57 16 0 0 0 0 14 79 Côte d'Ivoire 21 8 0 0 49 15 9 2 35 11 6 2 9 13 8 63 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. 4 .. 0 .. 14 .. 2 .. 13 .. 0 .. 12 .. 69 Ethiopia 24 2 0 0 54 3 20 0 34 3 4 0 2 0 7 2 Gabon 22 22 0 0 51 18 18 6 29 10 0 0 4 1 16 54 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ghana 16 12 0 0 13 13 1 1 12 11 1 1 0 0 68 67 Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kenya 26 11 0 0 53 12 13 5 39 7 3 7 1 1 12 69 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 13 23 0 0 28 4 11 0 17 3.6 9 0 35 0 12 72 Namibia .. 6 .. 0 .. 47 .. 5 .. 38 .. 15 .. 0 .. 17 Niger .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nigeria 19 11 1 0 53 7 4 1 48 7 0 0 2 0 21 81 Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 18 18 0 0 61 24 24 8 34 14.1 9 3 1 1 9 55 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 51 46 16 10 21 24 2 3 19 21 3 3 5 4 20 21 Sudan 14 5 0 0 73 12 2 0 72 12 1 0 1 2 6 64 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 21 12 0 0 47 2 11 0 36 2 1 3 4 0 23 79 Togo 8 6 0 0 13 12 2 2 11 10 0 0 1 1 26 23 Uganda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Zambia 41 23 1 0 17 5 3 1 14 4 2 1 6 2 6 65 Zimbabwe 48 12 12 3 22 9 3 1 13 7 12 9 8 3 6 58 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 25 25 4 3 38 21 # 3 2 33 14 0 0 0 0 25 32 Egypt, Arab Rep. 48 44 2 2 21 22 # 2 2 19 20 1 1 0 3 24 24 Libya 37 34 0 0 32 39 3 4 29 36 0 0 0 0 9 10 Morocco 28 27 0 0 13 12 5 4 8 5 1 1 2 2 20 24 Tunisia 39 25 2 1 30 27 6 6 23 22 7 6 7 7 17 32 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Source: International Energy Agency (IEA). Notes: 0 = zero or less than half of the unit of measure; .. = not available or indeterminate. 350 Environmental Indicators 14-8. CO2 emissions from industrial processes, 1999 CO2 emissions (000 metric tons) Per capita Cement carbon dioxide Solid Liquid Gaseous Gas manufact- Total emissions fuels fuels fuels flaring uring Total Total contribution (kilograms) 1999 1999 1999 1998 1998 1990 1998 Since 1950 a 1999 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 0 3,740 1,070 1,738 174 4,650 5,925 145,552 370 Benin 0 1,180 0 0 259 564 732 14,762 190 Botswana .. .. .. 9 0 2,415 3,778 51,505 .. Burkina Faso .. .. .. 0 20 1,008 1,009 14,682 .. Burundi .. .. .. 0 0 194 231 3,975 .. Cameroon 0 2,580 0 0 224 1,488 1,763 86,507 170 Cape Verde .. .. .. 0 0 84 121 .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. 0 0 198 249 5,866 .. Chad .. .. .. 0 0 143 110 5,027 .. Comoros .. .. .. 0 0 66 70 .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 880 1,570 0 0 60 4,096 2,434 142,475 40 Congo, Rep. of 0 370 0 167 0 2,037 1,820 40,161 120 Côte d'Ivoire 0 1,730 2,960 0 324 9,907 13,199 185,109 290 Djibouti .. .. .. 0 0 352 366 .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. 0 0 117 253 2,862 .. Eritrea 0 620 0 .. .. .. 1,990 .. 170 Ethiopia 0 2,930 0 0 411 2,964 2,820 66,509 40 Gabon 0 1,330 160 0 98 6,112 227 135,432 1,240 Gambia, The .. .. .. 0 0 191 4,357 4,481 .. Ghana 0 4,390 0 0 997 3,539 1,225 109,271 230 Guinea .. .. .. 0 130 1,011 231 32,445 .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. 0 0 209 9,131 4,477 .. Kenya 170 7,480 0 0 598 5,822 353 180,020 250 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,251 .. .. Liberia .. .. .. 0 5 465 747 33,189 .. Madagascar .. .. .. 0 60 945 485 37,860 .. Malawi .. .. .. 0 87 601 2,916 18,184 .. Mali .. .. .. 0 5 421 1,726 12,025 .. Mauritania .. .. .. 0 25 2,634 1,332 40,648 .. Mauritius .. .. .. 0 0 1,151 10 .. .. Mozambique 0 1,070 0 0 144 997 1,110 89,149 50 Namibia 10 2,200 0 0 10 .. 78,455 .. 1,280 Niger .. .. .. 0 18 1,048 2,231 20,863 .. Nigeria 140 25,950 12,300 40,203 1,345 88,665 511 1,944,327 340 Rwanda .. .. .. 2 7 528 7 9,167 .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. 0 0 66 77 .. .. Senegal 0 3,270 10 0 498 2,895 3,298 76,142 .. Seychelles .. .. .. 0 0 114 198 .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. 0 50 333 523 19,844 .. Somalia .. .. .. 0 0 18 0 13,747 .. South Africa 316,120 26,640 3,550 0 4,734 291,108 343,716 8,541,575 .. Sudan 0 5,390 0 0 150 3,459 3,597 137,001 .. Swaziland .. .. .. 0 0 425 399 .. .. Tanzania 8 0 7 0 150 2,272 2,227 61,694 .. Togo 0 880 0 0 281 689 882 17,023 .. Uganda .. .. .. 0 105 846 1,281 32,837 .. Zambia 400 1,490 0 0 199 2,444 1,559 111,151 .. Zimbabwe 9,520 4,130 0 0 548 16,646 14,072 369,232 .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 2,040 20,890 45,260 13,332 3,887 80,443 106,613 1,725,913 2,290 Egypt, Arab Rep. 3,140 76,200 30,920 0 9,569 75,434 105,753 1,856,890 .. Libya 0 32,930 8,460 3,520 1,495 37,772 36,448 855,830 .. Morocco 8,590 19,350 80 0 3,588 23,486 32,035 558,859 950 Tunisia 360 10,210 6,150 259 2,287 13,260 22,364 318,035 .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sources: International Energy Agency (IEA), Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC). Notes: Estimates are of the carbon dioxide emitted, 3.664 times the carbon it contains. a. Data are for 1998. 0 = zero or less than half the unit of measure, .. = not available. Environmental Indicators 351 14-9. Globally threatened species: mammals, birds, and higher plants, 1992­2004 Mammals Birds Higher plants Total number of No. of Total number of No. of Total number of No. of known species species known species species known species species All Endemic Threatened per 10,000 Breeding Endemic Threatened per 10,000 All Endemic Threatened per 10,000 species species species km 2 a species species species km 2 a species b/ species species km 2 a SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 296 7 19 56 930 17 15 13 5,185 1,260 19 1,055 Benin 159 0 8 85 485 0 2 1 2,500 .. 11 990 Botswana 169 0 6 43 570 3 7 7 2,151 17 .. 563 Burkina Faso 129 0 7 49 452 0 2 1 1,100 .. 2 369 Burundi 116 0 6 76 597 4 7 6 2,500 .. 2 1,783 Cameroon 322 15 40 114 936 9 15 14 8,260 156 155 2,310 Cape Verde 26 0 3 7 160 4 2 3 774 86 2 .. Central African Republic 187 3 14 53 663 1 3 2 3,602 100 10 921 Chad 104 1 17 27 531 0 5 3 1,600 .. 2 322 Comoros 15 2 2 20 138 19 9 6 721 136 5 .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 450 26 40 74 345 24 28 26 11,007 1,100 55 1,818 Congo, Rep. of 200 3 15 62 130 0 3 3 6,000 1,200 33 1,870 Côte d'Ivoire 229 1 19 73 702 0 12 12 3,660 62 101 1,163 Djibouti 106 0 4 46 312 2 5 3 826 6 2 .. Equatorial Guinea 153 2 16 131 418 4 5 4 3,250 66 23 2,312 Eritrea 70 0 12 50 537 3 7 3 .. .. 3 .. Ethiopia 288 34 35 54 839 24 16 20 6,603 1,000 22 1,398 Gabon 166 3 15 64 632 0 5 4 6,651 .. 71 2,248 Gambia, The 117 0 3 112 535 0 .. 1 .. .. .. 935 Ghana 249 1 14 78 729 0 8 10 3,725 43 115 1,308 Guinea 215 0 12 66 640 0 10 12 3,000 88 21 1,043 Guinea-Bissau 101 0 3 71 459 0 .. 1 1,000 12 4 655 Kenya 407 22 51 94 1,103 17 24 24 6,506 265 98 1,703 Lesotho 59 0 3 23 311 4 7 5 1,591 2 1 1,103 Liberia 183 0 17 87 576 1 11 13 2,200 103 46 993 Madagascar 165 102 50 37 262 111 27 28 9,505 6,500 162 2,479 Malawi 207 0 8 86 658 3 11 9 3,765 49 13 1,665 Mali 134 1 13 28 624 1 4 6 1,741 11 6 355 Mauritania 94 1 10 13 521 0 2 3 1,100 .. .. 239 Mauritius 14 1 3 7 137 42 9 10 750 325 87 .. Mozambique 228 3 14 42 685 2 16 14 5,692 219 36 1,340 Namibia 192 3 15 58 619 5 11 8 3,174 687 5 942 Niger 123 0 11 27 493 0 3 2 1,460 .. 2 238 Nigeria 290 4 27 62 899 4 9 9 4,715 205 119 1,059 Rwanda 206 0 9 110 665 2 9 6 2,288 26 3 1,664 São Tomé and Principe 8 .. 3 17 .. 25 9 9 895 134 27 .. Senegal 191 1 12 72 612 1 4 6 2,086 26 7 780 Seychelles 25 2 4 17 238 22 10 9 250 182 43 .. Sierra Leone 197 0 12 77 626 0 10 12 2,090 74 43 1,091 Somalia 182 9 19 43 642 13 10 8 3,028 500 17 768 South Africa 320 33 42 52 829 27 28 16 23,420 .. 45 4,797 Sudan 302 12 23 43 952 3 6 9 3,137 50 17 507 Swaziland 124 0 4 39 490 4 5 6 2,715 4 3 .. Tanzania 375 16 42 70 1,056 29 33 30 10,008 1,122 235 2,231 Togo 175 .. 9 110 565 0 .. 1 3,085 .. 9 1,739 Uganda 360 .. 20 118 1,015 7 13 10 4,900 .. 33 1,891 Zambia 255 .. 11 56 770 5 11 10 .. .. 8 1,141 Zimbabwe 222 .. 11 81 661 0 10 9 .. .. 14 1,325 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 100 2 13 15 372 1 6 8 3,164 250 2 520 Egypt, Arab Rep. 118 7 13 21 481 4 7 11 2,076 70 2 454 Libya .. .. .. 14 .. .. .. 2 .. .. .. 331 Morocco 129 4 16 30 430 1 9 11 3,675 625 2 1,049 Tunisia 78 .. 11 31 .. 0 5 6 2,196 .. .. 873 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Source: United Nations Environment Programme--World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Notes: a. Values are standardized using a species-area curve. b. Flowering plants only. .. = not available. 352 Environmental Indicators 14-10. Globally threatened species: reptiles, amphibians, and fish, 1992­2004 Reptiles Amphibians Freshwater fish Total number of No. of Total number of No. of Total number of known species species known species species known species All Endemic Threatened per 10,000 All Endemic Threatened per 10,000 All Threatened species species species km 2 a species species species km 2 a species species1b SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 235 20 4 .. 85 22 .. .. 108 .. Benin 99 0 1 .. 12 0 .. .. 84 .. Botswana 133 4 .. 41 28 0 .. 10 1 .. Burkina Faso 44 2 1 .. 11 0 .. .. .. .. Burundi 80 0 .. .. 26 2 .. .. 5 .. Cameroon 211 23 1 51 192 72 1 53 138 27 Cape Verde 20 12 .. 16 .. .. .. 0 132 1 Central African Republic 131 3 1 33 29 3 .. 12 .. .. Chad 53 1 1 1 10 0 .. .. 1 .. Comoros 28 9 2 36 .. .. .. 3 164 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 304 32 2 62 208 53 .. 13 101 1 Congo, Rep. of 149 1 1 .. 51 1 .. .. 79 1 Côte d'Ivoire 131 4 2 .. 54 8 1 .. 111 .. Djibouti 85 0 .. 27 6 0 .. 2 166 1 Equatorial Guinea 92 7 2 .. 31 1 1 .. 83 .. Eritrea 88 4 6 38 9 0 .. 8 102 .. Ethiopia 205 12 1 40 76 29 .. 13 13 .. Gabon 130 3 1 .. 41 4 .. .. 104 1 Gambia, The .. 2 1 45 14 0 .. 29 102 1 Ghana 135 5 2 .. 72 4 .. .. 90 .. Guinea 95 2 1 .. 48 4 1 .. 121 .. Guinea-Bissau 47 4 1 .. 13 1 .. .. 110 1 Kenya 261 22 5 50 76 13 .. 23 314 18 Lesotho 40 0 .. .. 7 0 .. .. 2 1 Liberia 80 1 2 28 42 5 .. 17 86 .. Madagascar 383 332 18 95 226 202 2 47 390 14 Malawi 108 10 .. 55 56 4 .. 31 163 .. Mali 107 2 1 3 32 2 .. .. 2 1 Mauritania 74 4 2 .. 3 0 .. .. 117 .. Mauritius 35 12 4 19 2 0 .. 0 430 1 Mozambique 195 12 5 39 59 0 .. 15 524 4 Namibia 215 36 3 58 40 4 1 12 107 3 Niger 60 2 .. .. 8 0 .. .. 2 .. Nigeria 155 7 2 30 73 2 .. 24 95 2 Rwanda 97 1 .. .. 31 1 .. .. 19 .. São Tomé and Principe 15 .. 1 35 9 8 .. 20 221 .. Senegal 92 3 6 37 32 0 .. 1 150 1 Seychelles 38 16 4 103 12 11 4 33 480 .. Sierra Leone 69 1 3 .. 46 3 .. .. 99 .. Somalia 222 40 2 49 32 4 .. 7 331 3 South Africa 364 106 19 65 119 52 9 22 629 29 Sudan 162 7 2 .. 15 1 .. .. 130 .. Swaziland 111 1 .. 85 41 0 .. 33 1 .. Tanzania 335 74 5 64 132 51 .. 30 331 17 Togo 108 1 2 .. 19 3 .. .. 82 .. Uganda 165 2 .. 52 52 2 .. 17 49 27 Zambia 143 4 .. 35 66 2 .. 16 8 .. Zimbabwe 180 4 .. 46 40 4 .. 36 4 .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 97 3 2 13 13 0 .. 2 100 1 Egypt, Arab Rep. 107 6 6 18 11 1 .. 1 284 .. Libya .. .. .. 10 .. .. .. 1 .. .. Morocco 102 23 2 26 14 1 .. 3 136 1 Tunisia 70 .. 3 25 8 0 .. 3 99 .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Source: United Nations Environment Programme--World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Notes: a. Values are standardized using a species-area curve. b. Threatened species include a few marine species. .. = not available. Environmental Indicators 353 14-11. National protection of natural areas, 2003­2004 All protected areas (IUCN categories I­V) Number of a Percent No. of Areas at least: Marine Protected Areas Area of land 100,000 1 million (IUCN Categories I­VI) Number (000 ha) area ha in size ha in size Total Littoral Marine SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola 13 5,271 4.2 8 2 4 4 3 Benin 2 778 6.7 10 .. .. .. .. Botswana 12 10,499 18.1 31 3 .. .. .. Burkina Faso 12 3,135 11.5 8 1 .. .. .. Burundi 13 146 5.4 .. .. .. 1 1 Cameroon 18 3,456 7 12 .. 2 1 2 Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 .. Central African Republic 13 7,321 11.8 17 4 .. .. .. Chad 9 11,494 9.0 11 2 .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 15 11,868 5 23 7 1 1 0 Congo, Rep. of 9 4,860 14.1 8 2 .. 1 1 Côte d'Ivoire 11 1,953 6.1 12 1 3 3 1 Djibouti .. 10 0.5 .. .. 2 2 .. Equatorial Guinea 0 455 16.8 1 .. 3 4 0 Eritrea 3 501 4 2 .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 21 5,518 4.9 28 3 .. .. .. Gabon 5 80 0.3 3 .. 2 4 1 Gambia, The 6 .. .. .. .. .. 5 3 Ghana 10 1,104 4.6 4 .. .. .. .. Guinea 3 51 0 1 .. .. 0 1 Guinea-Bissau 0 .. .. .. .. .. 2 1 Kenya 50 3,485 6.0 14 1 11 13 10 Lesotho 1 7 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. Liberia 1 129 1.3 5 .. 1 .. .. Madagascar 40 1,404 2 3 .. 7 3 1 Malawi 9 1,059 8.9 4 .. .. .. .. Mali 13 4,532 3.6 8 2 .. .. .. Mauritania 9 250 0.2 1 .. 5 5 2 Mauritius .. 7 29.8 .. .. 16 14 .. Mozambique 11 3,285 4 6 2 6 7 6 Namibia 20 3,214 3.9 5 1 4 4 0 Niger 6 9,694 8.2 4 2 .. .. .. Nigeria 27 3,254 3.6 19 .. .. .. .. Rwanda 6 194 7.7 .. .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal 12 2,096 11 3 .. 7 6 6 Seychelles .. 4 12.0 .. .. 10 15 .. Sierra Leone 2 145 2.0 .. .. .. .. .. Somalia 2 180 0.3 1 .. 1 2 2 South Africa 390 .. .. .. .. .. 17 8 Sudan 11 8,616 3.5 13 4 1 0 2 Swaziland .. 35 2 .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 39 13,787 14.6 69 6 8 8 8 Togo 9 429 7.5 2 .. .. 0 1 Uganda 37 1,763 7.3 12 1 .. .. .. Zambia 35 6,366 8.4 58 4 .. .. .. Zimbabwe 48 3,103 7.9 14 1 .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 18 11,864 5.1 2 2 4 6 3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 16 4,536 4.6 9 1 17 16 6 Libya 8 .. .. .. .. .. 2 3 Morocco 12 326 0.8 2 .. 4 9 3 Tunisia 7 28 0.2 .. .. 2 5 4 ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Source: United Nations Environment Programme--World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Notes: a. Includes areas with substantial terrestrial components that reach the shore. An area can be both, marine and littoral (see technical notes). 0 = zero or less than half the unit of measure, .. = not available or indeterminate. 354 Environmental Indicators 14-12. International protected areas, 2004 International protection systems Biosphere World Wetlands of reserves Heritage sites international importance Area Area Area Number (000 ha) Number (000 ha) Number (000 ha) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. excluding South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. excl. S. Africa & Nigeria .. .. .. .. .. .. Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin 2 2,928 1 0 2 139 Botswana .. .. 1 0 1 6,864 Burkina Faso 2 365 .. .. 3 299 Burundi .. .. .. .. 1 1 Cameroon 3 931 1 1 .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 2 1,640 1 1,740 .. .. Chad .. .. .. .. 2 1,843 Comoros .. .. .. .. 1 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 3 298 5 6,855 2 866 Congo, Rep. of 2 172 .. .. 1 439 Côte d'Ivoire 2 1,480 3 1,484 1 19 Djibouti .. .. .. .. 1 3 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. 1 23 Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. 7 22 .. .. Gabon 1 15 .. .. 3 1,080 Gambia, The .. .. .. 0 1 20 Ghana 1 8 2 0 6 178 Guinea 4 1,065 1 13 12 4,779 Guinea-Bissau 1 110 .. .. 1 39 Kenya 5 1,335 3 305 4 91 Lesotho .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. 1 76 Madagascar 3 1,016 2 152 3 776 Malawi 1 45 1 9 1 225 Mali 1 771 3 400 3 162 Mauritania .. .. 2 1,200 3 1,231 Mauritius 1 4 .. .. 1 0 Mozambique .. .. 1 0 .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. 4 630 Niger 2 8,464 2 7,956 4 715 Nigeria 1 1 1 0 1 58 Rwanda .. 15 .. .. .. .. São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. Senegal .. 1,094 4 929 4 100 Seychelles .. .. 2 35 .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. 1 295 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. 1,901 .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania .. 2,428 6 6,860 3 4,272 Togo .. .. .. .. 2 194 Uganda .. 220 3 132 1 15 Zambia .. .. 1 4 2 333 Zimbabwe .. .. 5 680 2 13 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria 4 7,332 7 8,000 26 2,791 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2 2,577 6 0 2 106 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 2 9,754 7 0 4 14 Tunisia .. 32 8 13 .. .. ALL AFRICA Source: World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC); United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); and Ramsar Convention Bureau, Switzerland. Notes: 0 = zero or less than half the unit of measure, .. = not available or indeterminate. Environmental Indicators 355 Technical notes Tables and ranching) and for other land uses such as settle- ments, other infrastructure, and mining. In tropical These notes are based on the technical notes for each countries, this includes clearing that reduces tree table as presented in World Resources 2002­2004. crown cover to less than 10 percent. Deforestation, as They have been edited and shortened for this volume. defined here, does not reflect changes within the Readers are urged to consult the original source for forest stand or site, such as selective logging (unless details. the forest cover is permanently reduced to less than 10 percent). Table 14-1. Forest resources, 1990­2000. Total for- est comprises all forest area for temperate countries Table 14-2. Forest ecosystems, 1990­99. Closed and the sum of natural forest and plantation area forests exclude some woodlands and wooded categories. savanna. FAO defines a natural forest as a forest composed Original forest as a percentage of land area refers primarily of indigenous (native) tree species. Natural to the estimate of the percentage of land that would forests include closed forest, where trees cover a high have been covered by closed forest about 8,000 years proportion of the ground and where grass does not ago, assuming current climatic conditions, before form a continuous layer on the forest floor (e.g., large-scale disturbance by human society began. broad-leaved forests, coniferous forests, and bamboo Current forests refer to estimated closed forest cover forests), and open forest, which FAO defines as mixed within roughly the past 10 years (this varies by coun- forest/grasslands with at least 10 percent tree cover try). Only closed moist forests are given for Africa. and a continuous grass layer on the forest floor. Nat- Frontier forests are large, relatively intact forest ural forests encompass all stands except plantations ecosystems. They represent undisturbed forest areas and include stands that have been degraded to some that are large enough to maintain all of their biodi- degree by agriculture, fire, logging, and other factors. versity, including viable populations of wide-ranging Plantation refers to a forest stand established artifi- species associated with each forest type. cially by afforestation and reforestation for industrial Percentage of frontier forests threatened refers to and nonindustrial usage. Reforestation does not in- frontier forests where ongoing or planned human clude regeneration of old tree crops (through either activities such as logging, mining, and other large- natural regeneration or forest management), although scale disturbances will eventually degrade the some countries may report regeneration as reforesta- ecosystem through species decline or extinction, tion. Many trees are also planted for nonindustrial drastic changes in the forest's age structure, and so uses, such as village wood lots. Reforestation data forth, and would result, if continued, in the violation often exclude this component. The data presented here of one of the above-mentioned criteria. reflect plantation survival rates as estimated by FAO. Tropical forests include all forests located between Annual percentage change is shown as a percent- the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. All other forests age of the exponential growth rate. If negative, these are put into the nontropical category. figures reflect net deforestation, which is defined as Percentage protected includes forest areas that fall the clearing of forest lands for all forms of agricul- within the protected areas in the world that are listed tural uses (shifting cultivation, permanent agriculture, as the International Union for Conservation of Nature 356 Environmental Indicators and Natural Resources' (IUCN'S) management cate- Table 14-5. Marine and freshwater catches, aqua- gories I­V. culture, balance of trade, and fish consumption. Marine and freshwater catches data refer to marine Table 14-3. Wood production and trade, 2000­02. and freshwater fish, killed, caught, trapped, collected, Total roundwood production refers to all wood in the bred, or cultivated for commercial, industrial, and rough, whether destined for industrial or fuelwood subsistence use (catches from recreational activities uses. are included where available). Crustaceans and Industrial roundwood comprises all roundwood mollusks are included. Statistics for mariculture, products other than fuelwood and charcoal. aquaculture, and other kinds of fish farming are in- Wood based panels includes sawn wood and panels. cluded in the country totals. Figures are the national Paper and paperboard includes newsprint, printing totals averaged over a three-year period; they include and writing paper, and other paper and paperboard. fish caught by a country's fleet anywhere in the Trade in forest products is the percentage of total world. Catches of freshwater species caught in low- exports of forest products to the total merchandise salinity seas are included in the statistics of the ap- exports. propriate marine area. Marine catch includes catches of diadromous (migratory between saltwater and Table 14-4. Freshwater resources and with- freshwater) species. drawals, 1977­2004. Annual internal renewable Data are represented as nominal catches, which are water resources refer to the average annual flow of the landings converted to a live-weight basis, that is, rivers and groundwater generated from endogenous the weight when caught. precipitation. Caution should be used when compar- Landings for some countries are identical to ing different countries because these estimates are catches. based on differing sources and dates. These annual Aquaculture is defined by FAO as "the farming of averages also disguise large seasonal, inter-annual, aquatic organisms, including fish, mollusks, crus- and long-term variations. When data for annual river taceans, and aquatic plants. Farming implies some flows from and to other countries are not shown, the form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance internal renewable water resources figure may in- production, such as regular stocking, feeding, and clude these flows. Per capita annual internal renew- protection from predators, etc. [It] also implies own- able water resource data were calculated using 2004 ership of the stock being cultivated. . . ." Aquatic or- population estimates. ganisms that are exploitable by the public as a Annual withdrawals as a percentage of water re- common property resource are included in the harvest sources refer to total water withdrawals, not counting of fisheries. evaporative losses from storage basins, as a percent- Marine fish include a variety of species groups such age of internal renewable water resources and river as mullets, sea basses, groupers, snappers, tunas, and flows from other countries. Water withdrawals also mackerels. Diadromous fish include sturgeons, river include water from desalination plants in countries eels, salmons, and trouts. Freshwater fish include where that source is a significant part of all water carps, perch, catfish, and tilapias, among others. withdrawals. Mollusks include freshwater mollusks, oysters, mus- Per capita annual withdrawals were calculated sels, scallops, clams, abalones, and cephalopods. using national population data for the year of data Crustaceans include, among others, freshwater crus- shown for withdrawals. taceans, crabs, lobsters, shrimps, and prawns. Data Sectoral withdrawals are classified as domestic on whales and other marine mammals are excluded (drinking water, homes, commercial establishments, from this table. public services [for example, hospitals], and munici- Balance of trade is defined as exports minus im- pal use or provision); industry (including water with- ports. Figures are the national totals averaged over a drawn to cool thermoelectric plants); and agriculture three-year period in millions of U.S. dollars. Imports (irrigation and livestock). are usually on a cost, insurance, and freight basis Environmental Indicators 357 (c.i.f.) (i.e., insurance and freight costs added in). Total electricity generated is the toe equivalent of Exports are generally on a free-on-board basis (f.o.b.) the electrical energy produced by thermal, nuclear, i.e., not including insurance or freight costs. A sur- geothermal, hydropower (excluding pumped storage plus of imports over exports is shown in parentheses. production), and other power plants. Electricity gen- Trade in fish includes fish that is fresh, frozen, erated is not a primary energy source and should not chilled, salted, or smoked, as well as fish products be mistakenly added to the energy production from and preparations. Trade in mollusks and crustaceans primary sources presented in this table. These data includes mollusks and crustaceans that are fresh, were converted from gigawatt-hours to toe using a chilled, smoked, or derived products. Trade in fish conversion rate of 1 Gwh 86 toe. meal includes meals, solubles, and so on. Per capita annual food supply from fish and Table 14-7. Energy consumption by economic seafood is the quantity of both freshwater and marine sector. The industry sector includes energy consump- fish, seafood, and derived products available for tion by the iron and steel industry, chemical industry, human consumption. Data on aquatic plants and nonferrous metals basic industries, nonmetallic min- whale meat are excluded from the totals. The amount eral products (glass, ceramic, cement, etc.), transport of fish and seafood actually consumed may be lower equipment, machinery, mining and quarrying, food than the figures provided, depending on how much is and tobacco, paper, pulp and print, wood and wood lost during storage, preparation, and cooking, and on products, construction, textile and leather, and any how much is discarded. Data are presented in kilo- nonspecified industry. grams per capita.Years shown are three-year averages. Iron and steel consumption is the energy consumed by the iron and steel industry as a percentage of the Table 14-6. Energy production by source. All en- total energy consumed by the country. ergy data are shown in a common unit of 1,000 metric The transportation sector includes all fuel for air, tons of oil equivalent (toe) to facilitate comparisons of road, and water transport except fuel used for inter- energy sourcing, consumption, substitution, and con- national marine bunkers and for ocean, coastal, and servation. A toe is defined as 41.868 gigajoules. inland fishing. Air transportation includes both inter- Energy production from all sources is the amount national and domestic civil aviation. Road transporta- of energy from all sources produced by each country tion includes all human and cargo transport along na- in the year specified. In addition to solid, liquid, and tional road networks. gaseous fuels and nuclear electricity, the total also in- Agriculture refers to all agricultural and forestry cludes hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind, tidal, activity, including ocean, coastal, and inland fishing. wave, combustible renewables and waste, and indige- Commercial and public services refer to service nous heat production from heat pumps. Per capita sectors such as stores, repair shops, and restaurants. shows the amount produced per person for that The residential sector includes household energy country. use. Energy production from solid fuels is the energy The IEA reports that it can be difficult to distin- produced from all types of primary coal (i.e., hard guish accurately between the agriculture, commer- coal or lignite). Peat is also included in the category. cial, and public services sectors and that a figure for Energy production from liquid fuels is energy pro- "total energy use" is more accurate than totals for the duced from liquid fuels such as crude oil or natural individual sectors. gas liquids. Energy production from gaseous fuels is the Table 14-8. CO2 emissions from industrial amount of energy produced from natural gas. processes, 1999. This table includes data on indus- Energy production from nuclear fuels shows the trial additions to the carbon dioxide flux from solid primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced by fuels, liquid fuels, gas fuels, gas flaring, and cement nuclear power plants. Heat-to-electricity conversion manufacturing. The International Energy Agency efficiency is assumed to be 33 percent. (IEA) annually calculates emissions of carbon 358 Environmental Indicators dioxide (CO2) from the burning of fossil fuels for minus exports plus imports. Net stock changes are most of the countries of the world. The IEA presents either added or subtracted. International marine and data in four categories. aviation bunkers (fuel used for international trans- Total carbon dioxide emissions. These data include port) are subtracted from national totals as well, as emissions from combustion of all fossil fuels these figures are accounted for separately. The pro- (whether solid, liquid, or gaseous) used by a country. duction of secondary fuels is not accounted for be- Values are reported in thousand metric tons of CO2. cause the carbon contained in those fuels is already Emissions from solid fuels. This shows the mass of included in the primary fuel. However, imports and CO2 released in the combustion of all coal and coal- exports of secondary fuels are included in calcula- based products. Both primary (hard coal and lignite) tions. Stored carbon from fuels used for non-energy and derived fuels (patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas purposes is subtracted from the total carbon emis- coke, BKB, coke oven gas, gasworks gas, and blast sions. Emissions from biomass fuels are not included furnace gas) are included. Peat is also included in this in these because the IPCC assumes that such emis- category. sions are equal sequestration during regrowth. Liquid fuels. This represents emissions from com- The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center bustion of crude oil, natural gas liquids, motor gaso- (CDIAC) calculates emissions of CO2 from the burn- line, gas/diesel oil, aviation gasoline, jet fuels, ing of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement in kerosene, refinery feedstocks, additives, refinery gas, most of the countries of the world. During cement ethane, LPG, heavy fuel oil, naphtha, white spirit, lu- manufacture, cement is calcined to produce calcium bricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes, petroleum coke oxide. In the process, 0.498 metric tons of CO2 are and other petroleum products. released for each metric ton of cement produced. Gaseous fuels. This shows emissions from com- Combustion of different fossil fuels releases CO2 at bustion of natural gases (excluding natural gas liq- different rates for the same levels of energy production. uids) occurring in underground deposits, consisting Burning oil released 1.5 times the amount of CO2 re- mainly of methane. leased from burning natural gas; burning coal released Per capita CO2 emissions. These are the amounts of about twice as much CO2 as from burning natural gas. CO2 emitted, on average, from all sources for each person living in the specified country. These esti- Table 14-9. Globally threatened species: mam- mates do not include bunker fuels used for interna- mals, birds, and higher plants, 1992­2004. The tional transportation due to the difficulty of appor- total number of known species may include introduc- tioning these fuels among the countries benefiting tions in some instances. Data on mammals exclude from that transport. Emissions are calculated by WRI cetaceans (whales and porpoises), except where oth- using data from the IEA and population data from the erwise indicated. Threatened bird species are listed Population Division of the Department of Economic for countries included within their breeding or winter- and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. ing ranges. Higher plants refer to numbers of native Values for CO2 emissions by source are calculated vascular plant species, as totals are of full species only by the IEA using the methods and emission factors in rather than of species and subspecies. The number of the Revised 1996 IPC Guidelines for National Green- endemic species refers to those species known to be house Gas Inventories (available at www.ipc- found only within the countries listed. Figures are not nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.htm). The figures necessarily comparable among countries because tax- provided here are based on the reference approach, onomic concepts and the extent of knowledge vary which calculates emissions from the carbon content (for the latter reason, country totals of species and en- of fuels supplied to a country's economy. demics may be underestimates). In general, numbers The reference approach captures refining, flaring, of mammals and birds are fairly well known, while and other "fugitive emissions" that do not result di- plants have not been as well inventoried. rectly from end-use fossil fuel combustion. Apparent The World Conservation Union classifies threat- consumption of fuel is calculated as production ened and endangered species in six categories. Environmental Indicators 359 Endangered. "Taxa in danger of extinction and areas in five World Conservation Union (formerly the whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors con- International Union for Conservation of Nature and tinue operating." Natural Resources, [IUCN]) management categories Vulnerable. "Taxa believed likely to move into the (areas at least 1,000 hectares). endangered category in the near future if the causal Totally protected areas are maintained in a natural factors continue operating." state and are closed to extractive uses. They encom- Rare. "Taxa with world populations that are not at pass the following three management categories: cat- present endangered or vulnerable, but are at risk." egory I, scientific reserves and strict nature reserves; Indeterminate. "Taxa known to be endangered, vul- category II, national parks and provincial parks; and nerable, or rare but where there is not enough infor- category III, natural monuments and natural land- mation to say which of the three categories is marks. appropriate." Partially protected areas are areas that may be Out of danger. "Taxa formerly included in one of managed for specific uses, such as recreation or the above categories, but which are now considered tourism, or areas that provide optimum conditions for relatively secure because effective conservation certain species or communities of wildlife. Some ex- measures have been taken or the previous threat to tractive use within these areas is allowed. They en- their survival has been removed." compass two management categories: category IV, Insufficiently known. "Taxa that are suspected but managed nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries; not definitely known to belong to any of the above and category V, protected landscapes and seascapes. categories." Protected areas between at least 100,000 hectares The number of threatened species listed for all and 1 million hectares in size refer to all IUCN cate- countries includes full species that are endangered, gory I­V protected areas that fall within these two vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, and insufficiently classifications. known, but excludes introduced species or those IUCN has an additional management category, cat- known to be extinct. egory VI, which includes areas "managed mainly for Number of species per 10,000 square kilometers the sustainable use of natural ecosystems." These provides a relative estimate for comparing numbers areas contain predominantly unmodified natural sys- of species among countries of differing size. Because tems, managed to ensure long-term protection and the relationship between area and species number is maintenance of biological diversity, while also pro- nonlinear (that is, as the area sampled increases, the viding a sustainable flow of natural products and number of new species located decreases), a species- services to meet community needs. area curve has been used to standardize these species Marine protected areas include protected areas in numbers. any of the IUCN categories (I­VI) that are marine or have a marine component. IUCN defines a "marine Table 14-10. Globally threatened species: reptiles, protected area" as "any area of intertidal or subtidal amphibians, and fish, 1992­2004. Threatened terrain, together with its overlying water and associ- marine turtles and marine fish are excluded from ated flora and fauna, historical and cultural features, country totals. Endangered fish species numbers do which has been reserved by law or other effective not include approximately 250 haplochromine and means to protect part or all of the enclosed environ- 2 tilapiine species of Lake Victoria cichlids, since the ment." Marine protected areas (MPAs) include areas ranges of these species are undetermined. that are fully marine as well as areas that have only a The number of species per 10,000 square kilome- small area of intertidal land. Many of these MPAs ters provides a relative estimate for comparing num- have large terrestrial areas. The extent of the marine bers of species among countries of differing size. portion of most protected areas is rarely documented. The degree of protection varies from one country to Table 14-11. National protection of natural areas, another, and it may bear little relationship to the legal 2003­2004. All protected areas combine natural status of any site. The categories of marine and 360 Environmental Indicators littoral are not exclusive. One protected area can be Biosphere reserves are representative of terrestrial littoral and marine, therefore adding numbers under and coastal environments that have been internation- these two different categories may produce a higher ally recognized under the Man and the Biosphere number than the total for MPAs. Littoral is defined as Programme of UNESCO. any site that is known to incorporate at least some in- World Heritage sites represent areas of "outstanding tertidal area. Such sites can also include marine universal value" for their natural features, their cul- and/or terrestrial elements. All sites with mangrove tural value, or for both natural and cultural values. and saltmarsh communities are recorded as littoral. The table includes only natural and mixed natural and Marine is defined as any site that is known to incor- cultural sites. porate at least some subtidal area permanently sub- Any party to the Convention on Wetlands of Inter- merged under the ocean. Such sites can also include national Importance--especially as it pertains to wa- littoral and terrestrial elements. All sites with coral terfowl habitat--agrees to respect the site's integrity reefs and seagrasses are recorded as marine. and to establish wetland reserves and can designate The values in this table do not include locally or wetlands of international importance. provincially protected sites, or privately owned areas. Marine and coastal protected areas refer to all pro- tected areas greater than 1,000 hectares with littoral, Table 14-12. International protected areas, 2004. coral, island, marine, or estuarine components. The Internationally protected areas usually include sites area given is the whole protected area. that are listed under national protection systems. 15 The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative T he Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) relief mechanisms (such as application of Naples debt initiative was proposed by the World terms under the Paris Club Agreement). Bank and IMF and was agreed to by govern- ments around the world in the fall of 1996. It was the How the HIPC Initiative works first comprehensive approach to reduce the external Under the enhanced framework, countries for which debt of the world's poorest, most heavily indebted existing mechanisms would not achieve debt sustain- countries, and represented an important step forward ability at the decision point will now receive assistance in placing debt relief within an overall framework of under the HIPC Initiative starting at the decision point. poverty reduction. While the initiative yielded signif- In contrast to the original framework, where debt icant early progress, multilateral organizations, bilat- reduction was calculated on projections of debt stock eral creditors, HIPC governments, and civil society at the completion point, relief under the new frame- have been engaged in an intensive dialogue about the work will be committed based on actual data at the strengths and weaknesses of the program. A major decision point. This modification not only adds review in 1999 has resulted in a significant enhance- greater certainty to the calculations, but will in most ment of the original framework, and has produced a cases increase the amount of relief actually provided, HIPC Initiative which is "deeper, broader, and faster." since most countries will reduce their net present value (NPV) debt-to-export and debt-to-revenue ratios Which countries qualify? between the decision and completion points. · The poorest countries, those that are only eligible In short, under the enhanced framework, the bene- for highly concessional assistance from the Inter- fits of export and central government revenue will national Development Association (IDA)--the part accrue fully to the country, allowing for greater in- of the World Bank that lends on highly conces- vestment in poverty reduction strategies. sional terms--and from the IMF's Poverty Reduc- tion and Growth Facility (previously the Enhanced Creditor participation Structural Adjustment Facility). All creditors participate in providing exceptional · Those that also face an unsustainable debt situation assistance beyond current mechanisms as required to even after the full application of traditional debt reach debt sustainability. Creditors share the costs of 361 362 The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative HIPC assistance based on broad and equitable burden Madagascar sharing, and provide relief that is proportional to their Malawi share of the debt after the full application of tradi- Mali tional forms of debt relief; these forms include Mauritania Naples terms from Paris Club creditors, which pro- Mozambique vide a 67 percent NPV reduction on eligible debt. Niger Rwanda HIPC Eligible Countries (38 countries) São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Africa (32 countries) Sierra Leone Benin Somalia Burkina Faso Sudan Burundi Tanzania Cameroon Togo Central African Republic Uganda Chad Zambia Comoros Congo, Republic of Latin America Congo, Democratic Republic of Bolivia Côte d'Ivoire Guyana Ethiopia Honduras The Gambia Nicaragua Ghana Guinea Asia (2 countries) Guinea-Bissau Lao, People's Democratic Republic Liberia Myanmar The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative 363 15-1. HIPC Initiative: flow chart F i r s t S t a g e Eligibility Requirements · Paris Club provides flow rescheduling as per current Naples terms, i.e., rescheduling of debt service on eligible debt falling due during the three-year consolidation period (up to 67% reduction on eligible maturities on a net present value basis). · Other bilateral and commercial creditors provide at least comparable treatment. · Multilateral institutions continue to provide concessional financing in the framework of World Bank and IDMF-supported adjustment program. · Country establishes three-year track record of good performance and develops together with civil society a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP); in early cases, an interim PRSP may be sufficient to reach the decision point. Decision Point EITHER EXIT OR QUALIFICATION FOR ASSISTANCE Paris Club stock-of-debt operation under Naples terms (67% net Hypothetical Paris Club stock-of-debt operation under present value reduction of eligible debt) and comparable Naples terms and comparable treatment by other bilateral and treatment by other bilateral and commercial creditors commercial creditors is adequate is not sufficient for the country to reach sustainability by the decision point. for the country to reach sustainability by the decision point. Countries request additional support under the HIPC Initiative. IMF Sustainability targets: 150% of NPV of debt-to exports ratio; or and World Bank determine eligibility. 250% NPV of debt-to revenue ratio for country reaching qualifying threshold for the fiscal openness window (30% exports- to-GDP ratio and 15% revenue-to-GDP ratio). ====> Decision Point ====> Exit (Country is not eligible for HIPC assistance.) The international community commits sufficient assistance to reach sustainability targets. This relief can be delivered at the decision point and the remainder at the completion point when the country has implemented pre-agreed key structural and social reforms (triggers) provided the macroeconomic program remains on track. S e c o n d S t a g e The Interim Period · Paris Club creditors provide interim relief (Cologne terms flows, i.e., 90% NPV of debt reduction on eligible debt) and other bilateral and commercial creditors provide at least comparable treatment. · Some multilateral institutions, including World Bank and IMF, provide interim assistance (e.g., debt service reduction). · Donors support interim assistance. · Country establishes a second track record by implementing the Bank/IMF-supported programs, including the one-year implementation of a full PRSP (triggers). Length of this stage is determined by the speed by which country implements the triggers. · Country also take steps to strengthen debt management. "Floating" Completion Point · Timing of completion point is tied to the implementation of policies determined at the decision point. · All creditors provide the assistance determined at the decision point; interim debt relief provided between decision and completion points counts toward this assistance. Assistance is provided without further policy conditionality. 364 The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative 15-2. Grouping of African HIPC countries: status as of December 2004 African Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (32)1/ Benin Congo, Rep. of * Madagascar Senegal Burkina Faso Côte d'Ivoire Malawi Sierra Leone* Burundi * Ethiopia Mali Somalia * Cameroon The Gambia Mauritania Sudan * Central African Republic* Ghana Mozambique Tanzania Chad Guinea Niger Togo Comoros Guinea-Bissau * Rwanda* Uganda Congo, Dem. Rep. of Liberia * São Tomé and Principe Zambia COUNTRIES THAT HAVE HIPC RELIEF APPROVED AT DECISION REACHED COMPLETION POINT COUNTRIES TO BE CONSIDERED (9) POINT (11) (12) Benin Cameroon Burundi Burkina Faso Chad Central African Republiic Ethiopia Congo, Dem. Rep. of Comoros Ghana The Gambia Congo, Rep. of Madagascar Guinea Côte d'Ivoire Mali Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mauritania Malawi Somalia Mozambique Rwanda Sudan Niger São Tomé and Principe Togo Senegal Sierra Leone Tanzania Zambia Uganda Sources: HIPC documents; and IMF and World Bank staff estimates. * Conflict-affected countries. 1. Comoros has been added to the group as a preliminary assessment of its debt situation showed a potential need for HIPC debt. The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative 365 15-3. External debt service for individual African HIPCs that reached decision points, by country, 1998­2007 (In millions of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise indicated) 1998­99 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Actual Preliminary Projections Benin Debt service paid 65 55 36 33 31 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 28 38 35 41 Debt service/exports (in percent) 17 16 10 9 6 5 6 5 5 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 17 15 9 7 5 4 5 4 4 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Burkina Faso Debt service paid 59 57 35 43 46 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 41 44 50 55 Debt service/exports (in percent) 21 23 13 14 11 8 8 8 8 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 16 18 11 10 8 6 6 6 6 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cameroon2 3 Debt service paid 401 340 261 240 285 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 259 393 389 401 Debt service/exports (in percent) 16 12 10 9 9 7 10 9 9 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 26 22 18 12 13 11 14 13 13 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 Chad3 Debt service paid 28 33 11 33 37 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 47 62 50 47 Debt service/exports (in percent) 10 14 5 13 7 2 2 2 2 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 22 29 9 19 15 12 11 9 8 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. of Debt service paid 2 .. .. 34 126 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 84 129 179 220 Debt service/exports (in percent) 0 .. .. 3 8 4 6 8 9 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 1 .. .. 8 21 11 9 12 13 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 0 .. .. 1 2 1 2 2 2 Ethiopia2 3 Debt service paid 114 119 189 108 83 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 90 69 91 103 Debt service/exports (in percent) 12 12 19 11 7 6 4 6 6 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 10 10 16 9 6 6 4 5 5 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 Gambia, The3 4 Debt service paid 23 21 17 26 12 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 25 25 14 16 Debt service/exports (in percent) 14 19 16 24 11 21 19 10 11 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 19 27 27 44 21 31 28 15 17 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 5 5 4 7 3 6 5 3 3 Ghana3 Debt service paid 541 533 243 267 161 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 141 135 133 145 Debt service/exports (in percent) 22 22 10 10 5 4 4 3 3 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 47 78 26 39 17 14 9 6 6 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 7 11 5 4 2 2 1 1 1 Guinea3 Debt service paid 130 104 63 76 68 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 108 103 96 119 Debt service/exports (in percent) 17 14 8 10 9 13 12 10 12 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 34 33 19 20 18 30 23 23 24 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 Guinea-Bissau3 Debt service paid 7 13 0 2 5 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 8 8 9 9 Debt service/exports (in percent) 17 21 1 4 6 9 8 9 9 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 39 31 1 7 13 15 14 15 15 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 3 6 0 1 2 3 3 3 3 Madagascar3 Debt service paid 136 65 45 50 54 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 60 55 70 81 Debt service/exports (in percent) 16 5 3 7 4 5 4 4 5 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 33 14 10 14 9 11 10 11 11 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Malawi3 Debt service paid 77 92 83 57 108 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 64 71 80 61 Debt service/exports (in percent) 14 21 17 12 22 11 12 13 10 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 21 32 29 19 29 16 14 15 11 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 4 5 5 3 6 3 3 4 3 Sources : HIPC country document and staff estimates. Note: the footnotes for this table are in the technical notes at the end of this chapter. (Table continues on the following page.) 366 The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative 15-3. External debt service for individual African HIPCs that reached decision points, by country, 1998­2007 (continued) (In millions of U.S. dollars, unless otherwise indicated) 1998­99 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Actual Preliminary Projections Mali Debt service paid 79 77 55 67 66 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 84 81 83 99 Debt service/exports (in percent) 12 12 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 19 21 13 11 8 9 8 7 8 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 Mauritania Debt service paid 85 87 74 74 50 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 38 49 56 60 Debt service/exports (in percent) 22 23 19 19 14 8 8 3 4 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 33 36 40 21 16 9 10 8 8 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 9 8 7 7 4 2 3 3 2 Mozambique Debt service paid 82 18 27 62 72 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 69 77 74 81 Debt service/exports (in percent) 25 2 3 5 5 4 4 4 3 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 18 4 7 12 12 8 7 6 6 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 2 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 Niger3 Debt service paid 18 22 34 53 27 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 23 26 31 36 Debt service/exports (in percent) 5 8 12 17 6 5 5 6 7 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 10 14 19 23 9 7 7 8 8 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 Rwanda3 Debt service paid 28 37 22 16 16 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 10 8 9 10 Debt service/exports (in percent) 35 25 14 12 11 5 4 4 5 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 20 23 11 7 5 3 2 2 2 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 São Tomé and Príncipe 3 Debt service paid 4 4 5 5 6 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 6 8 7 3 Debt service/exports (in percent) 33 25 30 25 24 22 30 26 11 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 53 39 46 39 37 33 43 35 14 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 10 8 10 9 9 9 12 10 4 Senegal Debt service paid 193 197 191 199 220 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 165 151 167 182 Debt service/exports (in percent) 14 14 14 13 12 8 6 7 7 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 24 25 23 21 18 11 9 9 9 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 Sierra Leone Debt service paid 23 53 94 21 0 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 15 24 10 12 Debt service/exports (in percent) 24 48 82 15 0 6 8 3 3 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 48 58 98 19 0 12 16 6 6 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 3 8 12 2 0 1 2 1 1 Tanzania2 Debt service paid 209 154 92 90 83 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 97 88 109 120 Debt service/exports (in percent) 18 12 7 6 5 5 4 5 5 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 24 16 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Uganda2 Debt service paid 104 103 61 56 61 37 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 97 102 115 119 Debt service/exports (in percent) 13 16 9 8 8 10 10 10 10 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 14 15 9 8 8 10 10 11 10 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Zambia3 Debt service paid 137 139 142 123 187 Debt service due after enhanced HIPC Initiative relief 1 430 119 86 117 Debt service/exports (in percent) 15 16 13 11 15 23 6 4 6 Debt service/government revenue (in percent) 24 22 20 18 24 43 10 7 9 Debt service/GDP (in percent) 4 4 4 3 4 8 2 1 2 Sources : HIPC country document; and staff estimates. Note: The footnotes for this table are in the technical notes at the end of this chapter. The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative 367 15-4. Committed debt relief and outlook for African HIPCs, status as of December 2004 (In millions of U.S. dollars) 1 Reduction in NPV terms Nominal debt service relief Original Enhanced Original Enhanced Date of HIPC HIPC Total HIPC HIPC Total approval Initiative Initiative Initiative Initiative AFRICAN COUNTRIES THAT HAVE REACHED THEIR COMPLETION POINTS (12) TOTAL 2,413 4,616 7,030 4,970 7,665 12,635 Benin 0 265 265 0 460 460 Mar-03 Burkina Faso 2 229 324 553 400 530 930 Apr-02 Ethiopia 0 1,982 1,982 0 3,275 3,275 Apr-04 Ghana 0 2,186 2,186 0 3,500 3,500 Jul-04 Madagascar .. 814 814 .. 1,500 1,500 Oct-04 Mali 121 417 539 220 675 895 Mar-03 Mauritania 0 622 622 0 1,100 1,100 Jun-02 Mozambique 1,716 306 2,022 3,700 600 4,300 Sep-01 Niger 0 664 664 0 1,190 1,190 Apr-04 Senegal 0 488 488 0 850 850 Apr-04 Tanzania 0 2,026 2,026 0 3,000 3,000 Nov-01 Uganda 347 656 1,003 650 1,300 1,950 May-00 AFRICAN COUNTRIES THAT HAVE REACHED THEIR DECISION POINTS (11) TOTAL 18,344 18,344 30,009 30,009 Cameroon .. 1,260 1,260 .. 2,000 2,000 Oct-00 Chad .. 170 170 .. 260 260 May-01 Congo, Dem. Rep. of .. 6,311 6,311 .. 10,389 10,389 Jul-03 Gambia, The .. 67 67 .. 90 90 Dec-00 Guinea .. 545 545 .. 800 800 Dec-00 Guinea-Bissau .. 416 416 .. 790 790 Dec-00 Malawi .. 643 643 .. 1,000 1,000 Dec-00 Rwanda .. 452 452 .. 800 800 Dec-00 São Tomé and Principe .. 97 97 .. 200 200 Dec-00 Sierra Leone 0 600 600 0 950 950 Mar-02 Zambia .. 2,499 2,499 .. 3,850 3,850 Dec-00 AFRICAN COUNTRIES STILL TO BE CONSIDERED (9) Côte d'Ivoire 3 345 .. 345 800 .. 800 Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of .. .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. Togo .. .. .. .. .. .. Memorandum item: Debt relief committed 2,758 22,960 25,718 5,770 37,674 43,444 Sources: HIPC documents; and IMF and World Bank staff estimates. 1. Committed debt relief under the assumption of full participation of the creditors. 2. The assistance under the enhanced HIPC Initiative includes the topping up with the NPV calculated in the year of the completion point. 3. Preliminary document issued. 368 The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative 15-5. Poverty-reducing expenditure for African HIPCs that reached decision points1 (In millions of U.S. dollars) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Actual Preliminary Projections Benin Poverty-reducing expenditure 115 110 161 162 155 154 197 251 301 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 30 29 42 35 24 22 20 18 16 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 5 5 7 6 4 4 3 3 3 Burkina Faso Poverty-reducing expenditure2 114 99 109 174 219 322 329 358 376 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 30 32 35 42 39 46 43 43 38 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 Cameroon3 Poverty-reducing expenditure 264 287 336 365 489 507 559 612 665 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 16 19 23 19 22 21 19 20 20 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 Chad3 Poverty-reducing expenditure4 63 62 64 85 113 186 319 256 282 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 50 55 52 48 45 45 54 47 49 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 5 3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of Poverty-reducing expenditure5 .. .. .. 26 96 399 419 440 462 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) .. .. .. 6 16 51 30 29 28 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) .. .. .. 0 2 6 6 5 5 Ethiopia3 Poverty-reducing expenditure6 710 534 733 884 1001 1174 1436 1548 1674 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 61 46 61 73 77 77 84 83 84 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 11 8 11 15 15 14 16 16 16 Gambia, The3 Poverty-reducing expenditure7 24 21 23 21 18 20 23 25 26 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 30 27 36 35 33 25 26 27 27 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 5 5 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 Ghana3 Poverty-reducing expenditure8 345 189 236 276 483 604 755 815 880 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 35 28 25 26 31 29 30 30 30 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 4 4 4 4 6 7 7 7 7 Guinea3 Poverty-reducing expenditure9 85 80 103 105 85 85 122 124 144 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 23 25 30 27 23 23 28 30 28 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 Guinea-Bissau3 Poverty-reducing expenditure10 .. .. .. 6 7 12 15 16 18 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) .. .. .. 20 20 22 27 28 30 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) .. .. .. 3 3 4 5 5 5 Madagascar3 Poverty-reducing expenditure11 156 185 226 265 255 223 206 216 224 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 37 40 50 75 44 42 36 33 31 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 4 5 5 6 5 5 4 4 4 Malawi3 Poverty-reducing expenditure12 208 161 135 190 194 219 269 321 334 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 66 57 48 64 52 55 54 60 59 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 12 9 8 10 11 12 13 15 14 Sources: HIPC country documents; and World Bank and IMF staff estimates. (Table continues on the following page.) Note: The footnotes for this table are in the technical notes at the end of this chapter. The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative 369 15-5. Poverty-reducing expenditure for African HIPCs that reached decision points1 (In millions of U.S. dollars) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Actual Preliminary Projections Mali Poverty-reducing expenditure13 103 150 135 184 281 310 354 380 421 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 24 40 32 31 35 35 35 33 33 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 4 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 Mauritania Poverty-reducing expenditure14 85 70 79 105 214 179 151 235 265 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 35 29 43 30 67 42 32 32 36 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 9 6 7 9 16 12 8 11 11 Mozambique Poverty-Reducing Expenditure15 543 688 665 647 765 934 1502 1509 1412 Poverty-Reducing Expenditure/Government Revenue (in percent) 53 157 164 128 124 107 133 123 103 Poverty-Reducing Expenditure/GDP (in percent) 6 19 19 18 18 17 19 18 16 Niger3 Poverty-reducing expenditure16 104 104 97 126 142 145 152 155 164 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 58 67 54 55 49 44 41 38 36 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 5 6 5 6 5 5 5 4 4 Rwanda3 Poverty-reducing expenditure17 75 72 91 108 115 137 193 236 261 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 40 45 45 46 41 40 51 57 57 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 4 4 5 6 7 7 9 11 11 São Tomé and Principe3 Poverty-reducing expenditure 8 8 12 10 16 14 19 0 0 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 88 80 118 83 105 85 102 0 0 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 17 17 25 19 27 22 28 0 0 Senegal Poverty-reducing expenditure 254 227 243 305 517 596 0 0 0 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 31 29 29 32 42 41 0 0 0 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 5 5 5 6 8 8 0 0 0 Sierre Leone3 Poverty-reducing expenditure18 .. 23 37 57 64 67 72 79 86 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) .. 26 38 53 57 52 50 45 41 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) .. 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 Tanzania Poverty-reducing expenditure19 412 525 599 825 977 1161 1615 1669 1858 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 43 55 54 73 80 86 106 97 96 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 5 6 7 9 10 11 15 14 14 Uganda Poverty-reducing expenditure20 306 403 445 553 725 653 1000 959 972 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 40 60 68 79 101 70 97 87 83 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 5 7 8 10 12 9 13 11 11 Zambia3 Poverty-reducing expenditure21 166 149 52 36 45 110 634 686 787 Poverty-reducing expenditure/government revenue (in percent) 30 24 7 5 6 11 55 57 62 Poverty-reducing expenditure/GDP (in percent) 5 5 1 1 1 2 10 10 11 Sources: HIPC country documents; and World Bank and IMF staff estimates. Note:The footnotes for this table are in the technical notes at the end of this chapter. 370 The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative Figure 15-1. Nominal debt service relief for African decision point countries* Millions of U.S. dollars 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 Congo, Dem. Rep. of Zambia Cameroon Malawi Sierra Leone Guinea Rwanda Guinea-Bissau Chad São Tomé and Principe Gambia, The Source: HIPC decision point documents. * Status as of December 2004. The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative 371 Technical notes Tables 1. The coverage of poverty-reducing expenditures varies across countries, but is generally consistent Table 15.3. Debt service for individual African with the definition in the PRSP and the budget. In HIPCs that reached decision points, by country, some countries, the definition of poverty-reducing 1998­2007 expenditures has evolved over time to include more sectors; therefore, some of the increase in such 1. Debt service due after the full use of traditional spending over the 1999­2003 period may reflect debt relief mechanism and assistance under the en- changes in the definition. hanced HIPC Initiative. For the completion point 2. Data refer to health and education spending. countries, these figures are also after additional bilat- 3. Refers to poverty-related spending by the public eral assistance beyond HIPC. sector. Includes spending on health, education, basic 2. On fiscal year basis, i.e., 2000 column shows FY sanitation, and selected urban and rural development, 1999/2000. For Cameroon, data on calendar year both current and capital. Excludes education spend- basis from 2002 onward. ing at the university level, pension contributions, and 3. The debt service figures for 2000 largely reflect health and education spending by the Ministry of pre-HIPC relief debt service because these countries Defense. did not reach their decision point until late in 2000 or 4. Spending on health, education, roads, youth and later. Thus, the full impact of relief for did not take employment, promotion of women, agriculture, envi- effect until 2001 and thereafter. ronment, and justice. 4. Debt service reflects some payments to commer- 5. There have been recent revisions in classification. cial creditors and payments on moratorium interest 6. Spending on health, education, reintegration of not reflected in the completion point document. demobilized soldiers, forestry and agriculture, water The sources for this table are HIPC country docu- and sanitation, infrastructure and rural development, ments and World Bank and IMF staff estimates. and community facilities; for 2005­2006, amount es- timated based on HIPC assistance projected. Table 15.5. Poverty-reducing expenditure for 7. Spending on health, education, rural infra- African HIPCs that reached decision points structure. Poverty-reducing spending refers exclusively to pub- 8. Spending on education, health and agriculture. lic expenditure on health and education. In addition, 9. Basic education, primary health care, poverty- poverty-reducing spending includes new programs to focused agriculture and infrastructure spending. be financed partly with HIPC assistance in Benin, 10. Spending on justice, agriculture, fisheries and rural development and water supply in Burkina Faso, aquaculture, public works, urbanization, health, so- poverty-reducing affairs in Chad, poverty-related ac- cial affairs, primary education, professional and tech- tivities such as de-mining and rural development in nical education. Guinea-Bissau, poverty reduction programs in Mau- 11. For 2003 and 2004, social expenditure defini- ritania, other spending, including promotion of tion reflects the I-PRSP objectives and uses the new women in Senegal, water supply in both Tanzania and pro-poor definition, which includes infrastructures. Uganda, and poverty-reducing safety nets, water and Projections for 2005­2007 are minimum estimated sanitation and disaster relief in Zambia. amounts based on expected HIPC assistance. 372 The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative 12. Spending on education, health, water and sani- 22. Spending on education, health, water, agricul- tation, rural infrastructure, and social safety projects. tural research and extension, lands, roads, and the 13. Spending on health, education and water. judiciary. 14. Spending on education, health, social security, 23. Spending on health, education, Poverty Action welfare, housing, community and social develop- Fund, and some donor funded and administered ment, publishing and broadcasting services. projects. 15. Spending on education, health, and social 24. Beginning with 2005, the definition of PRSPs safety nets. was broadened to include spending on basic health 16. Spending on education, health, and poverty re- and education. For 2001-04 figures reflect PRSPs duction programs. (mostly investment projects) financed by HIPC relief. 17. Includes expenditures on health, education, 25. Level of government includes central, local, HIV, roads, sanitation, public works, governance and and public enterprises. judicial system, agriculture and rural development, 26. Level of government includes central and local. and other. 27. For countries without projections, the last avail- 18. Education, health, rural infrastructure and food able data are used in the aggregate total for future assistance. years, thus understating the likely level of social 19. Includes health and education expenditure. Se- spending. ries revised from 2002 to include relevant capital ex- penditures, and from 2005 to include spending on en- Sources: HIPC country documents and IMF staff ergy development. estimates. 20. Health, education and promotion of women. Note: The coverage of poverty-reducing expenditure 21. Spending on health, education, social welfare, varies across countries. All poverty-reducing data and some economic services and security-related includes spending on health and education. services. 16 Household Welfare W hile macroeconomic data about many Databank, and performs consistency checks prior to African countries are published often, harmonizing the data, using a common dictionary. more disaggregated data are not fre- This process may include the computation of expen- quently reported in statistical abstracts such as the diture aggregates when they are not available to the African Development Indicators. This chapter ad- unit. For more information on this project, please see dresses that issue by presenting statistics on poverty the technical notes at the end of the chapter. and some of its correlates at a sub-national level. The definitions presented may diverge from those These statistics are based upon household surveys used in other publications, whether by the World rather than ministry-level data. The presentation of Bank or a country's national statistical organization. indicators is linked to the Millennium Development This means that certain statistics may differ from Goals to help in understanding the statistics. The those previously published. An example of this is en- tables that follow contain data for fourteen countries rollment rates; if the country bases them upon one of Sub-Saharan Africa: Burundi, Burkina Faso, Côte definition of the age at which children should attend d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Ghana, primary school while this report uses another, it is un- Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Malawi, São likely that the two statistics will be identical. Neither Tomé and Principe, Uganda, and Zambia. statistic is wrong; they are just different metrics and This chapter is similar to the one published in the cannot be necessarily compared. 2000 Africa Development Indicators, but the under- lying set of definitions and variables has changed. In Selected definitions addition, the presentation of this new set of indicators National definitions of households are used, although has been organized along the Millennium Develop- most definitions do not differ markedly from those ment Goals. The definitions used in this presentation set forth by the United Nations. Additional informa- (see below) reflect the work of an ongoing project in tion is available in the technical notes. the Africa Region's Operational Quality and Knowl- Expenditure quintiles are derived by ranking edge Services Unit: the Standardized Files and Stan- weighted sample individuals according to annual de- dardized Indicators. The project, which builds upon flated per capita expenditure. When regional defla- earlier work, takes national statistical agencies' raw tors are available, they are used; otherwise nominal data files, as stored in the Africa Household Survey expenditure is used. Individuals are used as the basis 373 374 Household Welfare for estimating quintiles. Quintiles are constructed such households are defined. Please consult the technical that the first quintile represents the poorest 20 percent notes for details on each country's definition of a of the population, the second quintile the next poor- household. est 20 percent (less poor), and so on; the fifth quintile De facto female-headed is defined as either (a) a represents the richest 20 percent of the population. household without a resident male head or where the The definition of expenditure varies from survey to husband is not present and the wife is the head by de- survey. Please consult the technical notes for each fault and the main decision-maker in his absence; or survey for more details. The following surveys' data (b) a household where the resident male head has lost are presented with deflated expenditure quintiles: most of his functions as the economic provider due to Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, infirmity, inability to work, and so forth. Mozambique, and Malawi. De jure female-headed refers to a single female- headed household where the household head has Demographic indicators never been married, or is divorced or separated or Number of households in each quintile varies because widowed. of differences in household size, although the total number of individuals in each quintile is the same. Household expenditure indicators Total population is a sampled population weighted These indicators provide information on per capita by the cluster weights to give an estimate of the ac- expenditure in local currency (including the value of tual population size. own-produced food consumed in the household and the imputed rent of homeowners when possible) and Education and literacy indicators (drawn from the share of food in household expenditures. These UNESCO definitions) are computed as weighted averages of each house- Net primary enrollment rate is the total number of hold's per-capita expenditure, or as weighted ratios in children of primary school age enrolled in primary the case of the shares. school as a proportion of the total number of children of primary school age. The age range varies by coun- Employment indicators try. Please consult the technical notes for details. The employment ratio includes only persons who are Net secondary enrollment rate is the total number employed and the unemployed aged 15­64 (inclusive), of children of secondary school age enrolled in sec- excluding the following categories: homemakers, ondary school as a proportion of the total number of retired, dependent, student, and other. children of secondary school age. The age range Formal employment is defined as wage employees varies by country. Please consult the technical notes in the government or formal private sector. for details. Informal employment is defined as those whose Literacy (adult) means the percentage of people employment status is "informal" or "self-employed." aged 15 and above who can read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday life. The survey Anthropometric indicators may have tested individuals to verify this, or may All three indicators are calculated for children who have used other methods. Please consult the technical are less than 60 months old. Z-scores two standard notes for details. deviations below the mean of reference population indicate that a child is stunted (height-for-age), Head of household indicators wasted (weight-for-height), or underweight (weight- Polygamous male-headed refers to male-headed for-age). The reference is defined jointly by the Na- household with more than one spouse. However, dif- tional Center for Health Statistics and the Centers for ferences exist in the way in which polygamous Disease Control (both United States). Household Welfare 375 16-1. Burundi Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban National Unit of measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 6,668 3,908 740 649 723 817 979 2,760 473 494 562 541 690 Total population 000s 6,026 5,717 1,143 1,153 1,135 1,143 1,144 309 62 62 62 62 62 Age dependency ratio Number 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 Average household size Number 4.9 4.9 5.5 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.0 4.8 6.4 6.1 5.0 4.7 3.3 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 68 68 57 67 71 71 74 66 62 72 68 68 61 Polygamous male Percent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. Single male Percent 5 5 4 4 4 6 6 14 5 5 10 14 25 De facto female Percent 3 3 2 1 5 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 De jure female Percent 23 23 37 27 20 20 17 17 29 19 18 13 11 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Burundi francs 6,574 5,438 1,438 2,925 4,221 5,910 10,765 27,314 4,454 9,137 15,444 26,007 58,137 Mean monthly share on food Percent 74 75 69 77 77 77 75 48 59 58 52 44 37 Mean monthly share on health Percent 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 Mean monthly share on education Percent 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 3 4 2 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent 72 70 63 73 70 73 73 97 94 96 98 99 98 Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 56 55 40 50 59 63 66 83 67 84 90 93 94 Male Percent 60 59 44 56 62 69 67 83 67 84 89 93 94 Female Percent 51 50 36 44 55 57 65 83 66 83 91 93 94 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 9 7 2 4 7 13 11 48 14 34 56 74 74 Male Percent 10 8 3 6 6 15 11 48 16 33 56 71 73 Female Percent 9 7 1 3 8 12 11 48 13 35 56 76 74 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 11 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 49 47 33 45 47 52 54 84 58 76 87 95 97 Male Percent 58 56 43 55 55 61 62 90 70 85 90 97 98 Female Percent 42 39 26 37 40 44 47 79 50 68 83 93 97 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 71 70 55 71 66 77 77 90 72 88 91 98 99 Male Percent 72 71 56 72 66 78 79 92 75 91 93 99 98 Female Percent 71 70 55 70 66 77 76 89 69 86 90 97 100 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent 77 76 76 80 72 77 76 100 100 100 100 100 100 Morbidity Percent 21 21 22 18 19 21 25 15 18 17 17 13 11 Action taken when sick Percent 60 59 51 54 59 62 69 72 52 69 77 86 87 Health provider ownership Public Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Private - modern medicine Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Private - traditional healers Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Other Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunization coverage Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 56 59 62 64 56 59 52 30 47 31 23 22 23 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 7 5 6 6 5 11 Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 44 47 48 50 54 44 38 15 25 19 12 9 9 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to water source less than 1 hour Percent 88 87 84 88 87 87 89 97 98 96 98 97 96 Proportion with time to market less than 1 hour Percent 77 76 76 80 72 77 76 100 100 100 100 100 100 Access to improved water source Total Percent 85 84 80 83 85 84 87 98 94 96 98 99 100 Pipe (own tap) Percent 4 1 1 1 0 1 2 57 11 28 50 76 88 Pipe borne Percent 16 14 14 17 14 12 14 40 80 66 48 23 11 Well (Protected) Percent 66 69 65 66 71 71 71 1 3 2 1 0 1 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 99 99 100 100 98 100 98 97 99 100 99 98 93 Firewood Percent 94 98 99 100 98 100 95 15 54 23 11 4 2 Charcoal Percent 5 1 0 .. 0 0 4 82 46 77 88 94 91 Étude Nationale sur les Conditions de Vie au Burundi, 1998. 376 Household Welfare 16-2. Burkina Faso Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban Unit of National measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 8,494 5,894 616 830 982 1,195 2,271 2,600 253 290 455 587 1,015 Total population 000s 11,385 9,317 1,397 1,639 1,758 1,914 2,609 2,068 309 338 414 459 549 Age dependency ratio Number 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 Average household size Number 6.4 6.6 9.7 8.5 7.7 6.8 4.6 5.6 8.3 7.9 6.3 5.5 3.9 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 4 3 1 1 1 2 5 10 2 2 4 6 21 Polygamous male Percent 60 59 44 50 55 61 68 63 59 58 67 69 60 Single male Percent 29 33 50 46 40 33 21 13 23 29 15 12 6 De facto female Percent 0 0 0 .. 0 .. 0 0 .. .. .. .. 0 De jure female Percent 7 5 5 4 3 5 6 13 16 11 14 13 13 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure CFA francs 13,918 11,393 3,225 5,016 6,516 8,617 19,034 23,534 4,797 7,265 10,274 15,531 44,417 Mean monthly share on food Percent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mean monthly share on health Percent 33 28 12 22 20 27 39 51 19 23 42 53 71 Mean monthly share on education Percent 18 8 13 10 10 9 6 54 40 51 50 54 62 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent 63 55 62 59 54 54 53 91 87 85 91 92 93 Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 93 91 86 93 91 93 91 96 94 96 94 97 97 Male Percent 93 91 88 93 91 92 91 96 94 95 95 97 98 Female Percent 92 91 82 92 92 93 91 95 94 97 92 98 95 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 34 21 16 19 21 20 27 48 29 36 43 52 67 Male Percent 32 21 18 17 19 22 29 47 29 35 43 50 68 Female Percent 36 21 11 22 24 17 24 48 29 38 42 54 65 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 22 13 9 11 11 12 16 56 37 45 48 58 75 Male Percent 29 19 16 17 17 18 22 66 48 56 57 68 82 Female Percent 15 7 5 6 6 7 10 47 27 34 39 49 67 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 31 19 17 18 20 19 20 71 59 68 68 75 79 Male Percent 38 26 23 25 27 24 28 78 64 75 74 83 89 Female Percent 25 13 10 12 13 13 13 65 54 61 62 68 71 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent 83 80 84 83 81 81 77 97 94 96 97 97 97 Morbidity Percent 6 6 3 5 5 6 8 7 4 4 6 7 10 Action taken when sick Percent 64 62 41 48 59 68 69 71 61 55 67 75 78 Health provider ownership Public Percent 70 72 47 74 65 72 77 62 60 66 65 62 60 Private - modern medicine Percent 7 2 3 .. 1 2 2 25 11 10 24 25 31 Private - traditional healers Percent 17 20 45 20 26 18 15 8 21 21 7 7 3 Other Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent 52 43 32 43 46 45 47 94 91 92 94 94 98 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 43 46 47 45 46 43 47 33 29 32 36 36 31 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 31 32 37 32 34 30 30 28 26 36 28 28 23 Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 47 50 53 51 50 48 50 35 30 43 38 39 28 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 35 20 14 17 20 19 24 92 79 84 91 93 96 Proportion with time to Water Source less than 1 hour Percent 90 88 92 90 90 88 85 98 98 97 97 97 98 Proportion with time to Market less than 1 hour Percent 83 80 84 83 81 81 77 97 94 96 97 97 97 Access to improved water source Total Percent 27 15 16 15 15 16 15 72 61 65 73 75 76 Pipe (own tap) Percent 19 5 5 5 4 6 5 70 55 59 69 73 74 Pipe borne Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Well (Protected) Percent 9 10 11 10 11 10 10 3 5 5 4 2 1 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 95 98 99 99 99 99 96 85 99 99 97 93 66 Firewood Percent 91 96 97 98 97 97 94 73 98 94 91 80 47 Charcoal Percent 4 2 2 1 2 2 2 12 1 5 6 13 19 Enquête Burkinabé sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages, 2003. Household Welfare 377 16-3. Cameroon Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban Unit of National measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 10,992 6,017 646 764 1,026 1,217 2,364 4,975 759 786 886 1,061 1,483 Total population 000s 15,473 10,089 2,019 2,016 2,019 2,018 2,018 5,383 1,077 1,076 1,076 1,076 1,078 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 Average household size Number 5.0 5.0 7.2 6.8 5.5 5.0 3.0 4.9 7.3 6.3 5.7 4.5 3.1 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 44 46 50 50 50 48 40 40 47 49 46 38 32 Polygamous male Percent 14 16 22 22 16 17 11 9 16 11 10 9 6 Single male Percent 18 15 5 6 11 11 26 25 15 15 17 26 38 De facto female Percent 4 4 5 5 5 4 3 4 5 4 5 4 4 De jure female Percent 19 19 18 17 18 20 20 21 17 20 22 23 21 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure CFA francs 30,619 22,063 6,609 10,217 13,705 18,951 40,025 46,540 11,847 18,846 25,889 37,099 93,334 Mean monthly share on food Percent 59 69 68 71 70 69 68 42 48 45 44 42 36 Mean monthly share on health Percent 7 7 7 6 7 7 8 7 6 6 7 7 8 Mean monthly share on education Percent 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 7 7 6 5 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent 85 79 75 77 79 77 83 96 96 96 96 95 96 Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 93 92 92 91 93 93 92 94 94 95 95 93 89 Male Percent 93 93 93 92 94 93 90 94 94 95 95 94 91 Female Percent 92 92 90 90 93 93 93 93 94 96 95 92 87 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 40 29 14 22 28 33 48 57 38 53 59 64 72 Male Percent 39 29 15 22 28 33 49 55 35 49 59 64 73 Female Percent 41 28 12 21 27 33 47 58 40 57 59 64 71 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 89 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 68 56 50 50 55 58 62 88 76 85 89 92 94 Male Percent 77 67 61 60 66 69 72 92 83 91 94 96 96 Female Percent 60 47 42 42 46 49 51 83 70 80 84 88 92 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 82 73 69 69 76 74 78 94 89 93 95 96 97 Male Percent 88 82 76 78 85 84 85 96 90 95 97 97 98 Female Percent 77 66 62 61 69 67 71 93 87 91 93 95 95 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent 90 85 82 85 84 86 88 99 99 99 99 100 99 Morbidity Percent 31 31 28 29 31 33 35 31 30 31 31 30 33 Action taken when sick Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Health provider ownership Public Percent 53 55 53 53 53 59 58 48 44 49 51 49 48 Private - modern medicine Percent 13 7 6 5 7 8 9 23 19 20 20 24 31 Private - traditional healers Percent 15 18 18 21 21 15 14 11 18 12 9 7 6 Other Percent 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 1 1 0 1 1 1 Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Stunting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wasting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Underweight (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 43 26 13 15 21 29 36 75 58 68 75 79 84 Proportion with time to Water Source less than 1 hour Percent 68 75 71 80 73 74 76 56 56 59 61 57 50 Proportion with time to Market less than 1 hour Percent 90 85 82 85 84 86 88 99 99 99 99 100 99 Access to improved water source Total Percent 66 50 47 44 47 48 58 96 88 94 97 97 98 Pipe (own tap) Percent 15 6 3 4 4 5 10 32 11 17 24 35 49 Pipe borne Percent 27 14 12 11 11 13 17 52 58 62 59 51 41 Well (Protected) Percent 24 31 32 30 32 30 31 12 19 15 14 10 8 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 75 94 99 99 97 96 86 41 75 58 51 34 17 Firewood Percent 75 93 99 99 96 96 85 40 75 58 49 33 16 Charcoal Percent 0 0 .. .. 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 1 Enquête Camerounaise auprès des Ménages 2001 378 Household Welfare 16-4. Côte d'Ivoire Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban Unit of National measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 4,200 2,280 445 403 459 475 498 1,920 154 270 307 427 762 Total population 000s 16,816 9,225 2,724 2,173 1,880 1,470 978 7,590 578 1,143 1,471 1,889 2,509 Age dependency ratio Number 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 Average household size Number 5.7 5.9 8.3 6.9 6.1 5.0 3.6 5.6 8.5 7.7 6.7 5.7 3.9 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 58 58 49 63 62 57 59 58 51 52 65 66 55 Polygamous male Percent 13 18 30 18 18 19 7 7 22 14 9 5 2 Single male Percent 14 12 7 8 9 12 20 16 6 10 9 11 25 De facto female Percent 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 5 7 5 5 4 4 De jure female Percent 12 10 12 8 7 10 12 14 14 19 12 13 14 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure CFA francs 35,406 28,573 7,452 12,962 18,475 27,084 69,649 43,455 8,148 13,222 18,741 27,490 78,858 Mean monthly share on food Percent 57 65 68 65 66 65 63 47 56 54 51 49 41 Mean monthly share on health Percent 6 6 4 6 5 6 7 7 5 6 6 7 7 Mean monthly share on education Percent 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 3 4 4 3 3 3 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 52 43 32 43 45 50 59 64 55 56 61 65 79 Male Percent 55 47 37 45 51 52 65 67 58 59 66 68 84 Female Percent 49 40 27 42 40 48 54 61 52 52 54 64 75 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 21 10 5 8 13 16 13 31 15 20 34 36 39 Male Percent 26 14 7 10 18 21 20 40 20 23 45 48 51 Female Percent 16 6 2 7 7 10 7 24 10 18 23 25 31 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 62 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 48 33 24 31 34 38 43 64 44 56 61 64 76 Male Percent 61 46 36 45 48 52 54 77 57 69 76 79 86 Female Percent 35 21 14 18 21 24 31 51 32 44 45 52 65 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 61 47 38 46 50 51 55 73 60 70 75 71 79 Male Percent 72 59 48 59 61 64 65 86 71 79 88 89 91 Female Percent 50 36 29 32 38 39 46 61 50 62 61 58 68 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morbidity Percent 15 14 11 11 14 17 17 16 13 14 14 17 20 Action taken when sick Percent 54 48 35 51 48 51 58 60 43 55 58 65 65 Health provider ownership Public Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Private - modern medicine Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Private - traditional healers Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Other Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunization coverage Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Stunting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wasting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Underweight (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 67 42 33 41 41 41 51 96 94 92 95 96 97 Proportion with time to water source less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to market less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Access to improved water source Total Percent 78 82 84 83 82 77 84 72 79 72 72 69 74 Pipe (own tap) Percent 19 6 4 4 4 8 11 35 18 24 30 34 44 Pipe borne Percent 7 2 1 2 3 2 3 13 3 11 9 14 16 Well (protected) Percent 51 73 79 77 76 68 69 25 58 37 33 22 14 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 89 93 96 98 96 93 86 83 94 92 94 90 69 Firewood Percent 64 90 96 97 95 88 79 32 75 57 44 29 13 Charcoal Percent 25 3 0 1 2 4 7 51 19 35 50 60 56 Enquête Niveau de Vie des Ménages en Côte d'Ivoire 1998. Household Welfare 379 16-5. Ethiopia Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban Unit of National measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 16,672 8,459 1,469 1,382 1,519 1,678 2,411 8,213 1,118 1,358 1,506 1,883 2,348 Total population 000s 54,756 47,531 9,502 9,513 9,504 9,507 9,505 7,225 1,446 1,443 1,446 1,445 1,445 Age dependency ratio Number 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 Average household size Number 4.9 4.9 5.9 5.4 5.2 4.8 3.8 4.5 5.6 5.1 4.7 4.3 3.5 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 68 71 75 72 74 74 64 48 53 50 50 49 41 Polygamous male Percent 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Single male Percent 6 5 3 4 3 4 8 11 6 4 7 10 23 De facto female Percent 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 3 2 4 4 3 2 De jure female Percent 25 23 20 22 21 22 27 38 39 42 39 38 34 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Ethiopian birr 103 93 42 60 75 95 161 162 49 76 103 147 346 Mean monthly share on food Percent 66 68 72 71 69 68 62 55 66 62 59 53 43 Mean monthly share on health Percent 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mean monthly share on education Percent 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 2 2 2 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 30 25 19 23 29 25 32 75 66 70 76 84 85 Male Percent 32 27 20 25 30 27 35 75 68 68 75 85 86 Female Percent 29 22 18 20 28 21 29 75 64 71 77 82 84 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 9 3 2 3 3 3 5 40 30 36 41 50 47 Male Percent 10 4 4 3 3 5 7 43 29 38 47 54 54 Female Percent 8 2 1 2 2 2 3 38 30 35 36 46 42 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 10 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 28 21 15 19 20 23 25 67 54 59 66 71 79 Male Percent 41 34 26 32 33 39 39 81 70 75 80 86 91 Female Percent 17 9 6 8 8 9 11 56 43 47 56 61 69 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 39 29 24 32 29 30 31 84 80 81 86 87 86 Male Percent 50 43 35 47 43 45 42 90 84 86 91 95 95 Female Percent 28 17 12 17 16 16 20 80 76 78 82 81 81 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morbidity Percent 26 27 27 27 27 26 31 20 20 20 20 19 20 Action taken when sick Percent 41 39 30 36 40 41 46 67 60 65 68 70 71 Health provider ownership Public Percent 45 44 44 49 45 42 41 52 56 59 52 49 43 Private - modern medicine Percent 45 45 46 40 46 46 48 42 36 36 41 43 51 Private - traditional healers Percent 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 Other Percent 6 7 6 7 5 9 7 4 4 3 4 3 4 Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunization coverage Percent 45 41 35 48 42 38 45 85 81 81 84 96 88 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent 51 47 44 50 47 49 46 90 84 88 90 98 94 Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 59 61 64 60 61 61 55 47 56 51 49 43 29 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 11 11 12 11 11 9 11 7 8 9 6 4 7 Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 45 46 53 46 48 41 43 27 36 30 27 22 14 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 18 9 8 8 8 10 11 73 49 64 74 80 87 Proportion with time to water source less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to market less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Access to improved water source Total Percent 29 19 15 18 18 19 21 92 83 91 93 92 96 Pipe (own tap) Percent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 Pipe borne Percent 17 7 7 7 6 6 8 82 74 79 84 83 88 Well (protected) Percent 11 12 8 11 12 13 13 8 9 11 8 7 6 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 77 78 82 78 77 78 77 66 80 74 70 65 51 Firewood Percent 75 78 82 78 77 78 77 58 75 67 61 57 40 Charcoal Percent 1 0 0 .. .. .. 0 8 5 7 9 8 11 Welfare Monitoring Survey, 2000. 380 Household Welfare 16-6. Gambia, The Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban National Unit of measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 1,958 933 138 158 166 191 280 1,025 119 148 177 230 351 Total population 000s 1,699 942 190 189 188 187 188 757 151 152 151 151 153 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 Average household size Number 7.8 9.2 13.6 11.2 10.2 8.6 6.1 6.5 11.3 8.8 7.4 5.8 3.9 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 50 49 36 39 46 57 58 51 43 48 57 55 48 Polygamous male Percent 27 38 55 48 42 31 28 17 38 27 17 14 8 Single male Percent 7 4 4 4 2 2 6 10 6 3 6 8 18 De facto female Percent 9 5 5 5 6 6 4 12 9 12 13 12 11 De jure female Percent 7 3 1 3 4 4 4 10 4 9 7 10 14 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Gambian dalasis 393 203 51 85 119 166 415 560 121 196 284 423 1,111 Mean monthly share on food Percent 66 73 70 71 73 75 74 60 68 65 65 61 52 Mean monthly share on health Percent 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mean monthly share on education Percent 3 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 4 4 4 3 3 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 49 44 30 49 44 50 48 57 44 49 56 64 75 Male Percent 51 47 37 50 45 50 53 59 46 58 57 62 75 Female Percent 46 41 23 47 42 50 44 54 42 42 54 67 75 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 18 8 1 8 10 10 14 30 16 20 31 35 54 Male Percent 22 11 1 11 15 12 18 36 21 28 34 40 57 Female Percent 14 5 .. 4 3 7 9 24 12 12 27 30 50 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Male Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Female Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Youth literacy rate Total Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Male Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Female Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morbidity Percent 7 8 8 7 8 9 9 6 4 5 6 7 5 Action taken when sick Percent 75 72 72 69 79 75 65 81 78 85 86 81 78 Health provider ownership Public Percent 82 82 84 80 82 80 87 82 77 88 90 78 75 Private - modern medicine Percent 14 13 10 18 18 15 6 16 17 9 9 21 24 Private - traditional healers Percent 3 4 6 2 1 6 7 2 6 3 1 1 1 Other Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunization coverage Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 24 28 34 21 27 29 31 17 27 21 15 10 12 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 7 8 8 6 9 7 8 7 3 7 5 10 13 Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 21 26 33 22 23 26 27 13 14 14 17 11 9 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 96 93 96 93 92 94 91 99 99 99 97 99 99 Proportion with time to water source less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to market less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Access to improved water source Total Percent 79 66 74 74 73 56 63 90 78 85 89 92 96 Pipe (own tap) Percent 21 2 1 .. 1 2 3 39 15 16 26 39 64 Pipe borne Percent 38 25 19 23 32 24 25 50 60 65 63 52 31 Well (protected) Percent 20 40 54 51 40 31 34 2 4 4 1 1 1 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Firewood Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Charcoal Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. The Gambia 1998 Household Poverty Survey. Household Welfare 381 16-7. Ghana Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban National Unit of measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 5,998 3,799 568 625 665 776 1,165 2,199 310 343 403 435 708 Total population 000s 18,239 11,493 2,295 2,191 2,267 2,241 2,500 6,746 1,150 1,265 1,331 1,440 1,559 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 Average household size Number 4.4 4.7 6.3 5.7 5.3 4.7 3.1 4.0 5.7 5.2 4.5 4.3 2.6 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 53 56 63 57 63 57 48 48 49 54 54 57 37 Polygamous male Percent 3 4 7 5 3 4 2 1 4 2 1 1 0 Single male Percent 12 10 5 6 4 8 17 15 6 7 7 11 28 De facto female Percent 12 10 8 10 13 9 10 14 20 12 15 14 12 De jure female Percent 21 20 16 21 16 22 23 22 21 25 23 17 24 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Ghanaian cedis 119,877 91,524 23,107 39,132 55,065 77,592 176,149 161,067 38,436 66,819 96,992 136,526 286,033 Mean monthly share on food Percent 59 62 63 64 63 62 61 55 59 56 55 53 53 Mean monthly share on health Percent 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 Mean monthly share on education Percent 4 3 3 4 4 3 2 5 6 5 5 7 4 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 61 54 39 48 53 68 68 74 67 70 73 81 79 Male Percent 61 53 38 50 50 70 64 77 68 76 73 87 79 Female Percent 61 56 40 46 58 67 71 71 65 65 74 75 80 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 10 7 3 6 6 8 12 16 7 12 19 21 19 Male Percent 11 8 3 6 10 10 12 16 5 10 22 21 23 Female Percent 10 6 3 6 3 7 12 15 9 13 17 21 16 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 13 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 53 43 24 35 44 50 55 67 45 59 64 75 82 Male Percent 67 59 36 50 63 66 72 79 60 75 76 84 91 Female Percent 40 29 13 23 28 36 39 57 34 47 54 67 73 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 66 57 42 48 56 66 68 78 67 74 79 80 86 Male Percent 73 65 47 56 69 77 77 85 74 80 86 87 91 Female Percent 59 47 34 39 42 55 58 72 59 67 70 75 81 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Morbidity Percent 26 28 24 26 27 28 34 23 23 22 21 22 27 Action taken when sick Percent 44 40 33 37 39 39 47 53 42 49 53 56 62 Health provider ownership Public Percent 47 47 47 39 59 47 45 46 50 49 38 52 45 Private - modern medicine Percent 44 42 43 52 33 42 44 45 35 37 51 42 52 Private - traditional healers Percent 5 6 8 6 4 7 5 5 9 6 7 3 2 Other Percent 4 4 2 3 4 4 6 4 6 7 4 3 2 Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunization coverage Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Stunting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wasting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Underweight (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 79 70 37 63 74 81 81 91 78 87 91 94 95 Proportion with time to water source less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to market less than 1 hour Percent 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Access to improved water source Total Percent 61 48 44 43 47 48 54 79 62 74 77 81 86 Pipe (own tap) Percent 4 1 .. .. 0 1 2 8 0 2 4 8 14 Pipe borne Percent 40 19 7 15 15 19 29 70 60 70 71 72 72 Well (protected) Percent 17 28 38 28 32 29 22 1 2 3 2 2 1 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 92 97 95 98 99 99 96 85 99 98 89 83 74 Firewood Percent 57 81 93 91 89 83 65 23 64 37 24 17 6 Charcoal Percent 35 16 2 7 10 16 31 62 35 61 65 66 68 Ghana Living Standards Survey 4 1998/1999. 382 Household Welfare 16-8. Kenya Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban Unit National of total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 10,874 8,963 1,339 1,521 1,646 1,813 2,644 1,911 273 262 327 514 535 Total population 000s 25,468 21,490 4,298 4,299 4,293 4,303 4,298 3,978 797 793 798 795 795 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3 Average household size Number 4.6 4.9 6.4 5.8 5.4 4.8 3.3 3.5 5.3 4.3 3.8 2.9 2.5 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 58 56 57 55 57 59 53 66 76 63 58 64 68 Polygamous male Percent 7 8 11 12 7 8 5 4 6 6 4 2 2 Single male Percent 7 6 2 3 4 4 11 10 2 2 12 12 16 De facto female Percent 12 14 16 14 14 15 11 4 6 3 5 4 2 De jure female Percent 17 17 14 15 17 15 19 17 10 27 20 17 12 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Kshs. 2,244 1,716 455 711 998 1,431 3,569 4,299 1,048 1,637 2,255 3,541 9,396 Mean monthly share on food Percent 70 74 77 76 77 75 69 57 65 64 58 57 48 Mean monthly share on health Percent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mean monthly share on education Percent 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 2 4 4 4 5 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent 69 63 57 63 62 64 66 91 88 89 93 90 95 Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 73 73 65 73 72 77 82 78 69 81 83 82 80 Male Percent 72 71 64 71 69 77 82 77 66 87 81 78 74 Female Percent 75 74 66 74 74 78 81 78 72 74 85 85 86 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 12 10 4 6 9 13 18 29 10 14 22 38 62 Male Percent 12 9 3 5 8 13 19 36 18 13 34 42 73 Female Percent 11 10 4 7 10 13 17 22 3 14 14 33 49 Tertiary enrollment rate r 10,000 28 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 78 75 67 72 74 78 79 92 87 91 94 93 95 Male Percent 86 83 77 80 82 86 88 96 92 93 98 96 98 Female Percent 71 67 59 64 67 71 71 89 83 89 89 90 91 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 94 93 91 91 94 94 95 95 92 98 95 95 96 Male Percent 95 94 92 93 96 95 96 98 95 99 99 98 98 Female Percent 92 92 90 90 92 93 94 93 90 98 90 93 93 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent 82 78 77 79 78 77 79 99 99 98 99 99 100 Morbidity Percent 16 15 12 15 14 17 18 17 14 13 22 17 21 Action taken when sick Percent 90 90 86 89 87 93 92 92 88 93 96 96 88 Health provider ownership Public Percent 32 31 34 30 38 28 27 36 54 35 31 39 28 Private - modern medicine Percent 51 49 48 46 41 53 55 59 41 56 65 54 69 Private - traditional healers Percent 3 3 3 4 4 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 0 Other Percent 7 8 7 12 11 7 6 1 0 1 2 2 1 Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent 47 42 30 37 40 50 61 75 62 71 76 88 94 1-year-olds immunization coverage Percent 72 68 52 74 69 72 80 86 73 96 83 97 92 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent 83 80 69 80 83 83 91 92 87 96 91 100 92 Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 38 40 50 40 34 35 35 32 44 31 26 28 21 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 6 6 7 5 8 6 6 5 5 7 8 2 2 Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 22 24 32 26 21 19 19 13 20 12 14 7 8 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 86 83 73 80 82 86 89 95 88 89 95 99 97 Proportion with time to water source less than 1 hour Percent 68 62 53 59 61 61 68 92 89 96 90 92 94 Proportion with time to market less than 1 hour Percent 82 78 77 79 78 77 79 99 99 98 99 99 100 Access to improved water source Total Percent 49 39 29 39 34 41 46 86 81 82 83 91 90 Pipe (own tap) Percent 17 10 3 6 8 9 17 44 32 33 38 45 59 Pipe borne Percent 19 14 10 15 10 14 17 40 42 46 44 45 30 Well (protected) Percent 13 16 16 18 17 18 12 2 6 3 1 1 1 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 82 96 100 99 99 97 89 26 48 26 28 26 13 Firewood Percent 73 91 99 97 97 93 78 5 16 5 2 4 2 Charcoal Percent 8 5 1 2 2 4 11 21 32 21 26 22 12 Kenya Welfare Monitoring Survey III 1997. Household Welfare 383 16-9. Madagascar Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban National Unit of measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 5,120 2,880 452 495 554 622 757 2,240 298 367 415 487 673 Total population 000s 14,631 11,377 2,277 2,275 2,277 2,272 2,275 3,254 652 649 651 650 651 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 Average household size Number 5.1 5.2 6.7 6.1 5.4 4.9 3.8 4.9 6.8 5.5 5.1 4.5 3.5 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 76 77 77 81 81 80 69 72 74 73 73 73 67 Polygamous male Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Single male Percent 7 7 5 4 4 6 12 6 3 5 3 7 12 De facto female Percent 8 8 10 7 8 7 8 8 10 11 7 8 5 De jure female Percent 10 9 8 8 7 8 11 14 13 11 17 12 16 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Malagasy francs 67,747 54,210 15,780 26,142 36,507 51,866 108,173 112,001 26,008 47,759 72,121 107,535 226,090 Mean monthly share on food Percent 72 75 75 77 76 77 73 63 68 65 63 62 60 Mean monthly share on health Percent 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 Mean monthly share on education Percent 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 4 4 3 2 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 67 64 52 66 64 64 77 82 67 78 84 94 97 Male Percent 67 63 55 63 65 63 74 82 66 74 91 97 95 Female Percent 68 64 50 68 64 65 81 82 68 81 79 92 98 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 10 6 2 4 4 6 16 24 6 18 24 34 46 Male Percent 9 6 1 3 3 8 14 23 5 20 18 30 53 Female Percent 11 6 2 4 5 4 19 25 8 16 28 37 40 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 67 61 44 58 58 66 74 84 66 81 85 90 94 Male Percent 71 66 49 64 62 71 77 87 68 86 87 93 95 Female Percent 63 57 40 52 54 61 70 82 63 76 83 87 93 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 70 64 47 60 63 72 78 87 69 89 91 91 95 Male Percent 70 65 47 62 64 74 76 87 66 92 89 92 96 Female Percent 70 64 48 58 63 71 79 88 72 86 93 91 94 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morbidity Percent 11 11 10 10 11 12 13 9 9 11 8 9 9 Action taken when sick Percent 46 42 29 39 41 48 52 61 56 58 61 64 68 Health provider ownership Public Percent 59 61 76 69 68 59 47 53 62 70 56 39 39 Private - modern medicine Percent 32 30 20 22 23 32 42 36 23 21 36 48 53 Private - traditional healers Percent 4 4 3 6 6 2 5 4 4 5 4 5 2 Other Percent 2 3 1 2 2 3 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunization coverage Percent 61 57 45 57 51 63 76 76 70 78 63 84 91 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 49 50 50 48 50 52 49 44 48 51 44 42 32 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 14 15 16 15 16 13 10 14 17 17 11 15 11 Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 35 35 40 33 40 33 29 31 36 36 27 34 18 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 52 43 32 36 39 46 54 80 60 70 81 84 93 Proportion with time to water source less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to market less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Access to improved water source Total Percent 24 10 3 6 6 10 19 70 43 57 71 76 85 Pipe (own tap) Percent 4 1 .. .. .. 1 2 15 1 3 7 16 32 Pipe borne Percent 19 8 3 5 6 8 15 52 40 51 60 54 51 Well (protected) Percent 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 3 2 3 4 6 2 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 98 99 99 99 99 98 98 95 98 98 97 96 89 Firewood Percent 80 92 99 98 96 92 80 40 84 63 39 28 14 Charcoal Percent 18 7 0 1 3 6 18 55 14 35 59 69 75 Enquête Prioritaire 1999. 384 Household Welfare 16-10. Malawi Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban National Unit of measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 6,586 5,657 902 1,024 1,106 1,198 1,427 929 200 184 174 194 177 Total population 000s 9,795 8,795 1,760 1,759 1,758 1,759 1,759 1,000 200 200 200 200 200 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 Average household size Number 4.4 4.4 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.2 3.6 4.1 5.4 4.5 4.2 3.5 3.6 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 68 68 65 68 71 70 66 70 78 80 75 65 56 Polygamous male Percent 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. Single male Percent 6 5 2 3 3 6 11 14 4 4 9 21 24 De facto female Percent 7 8 10 8 8 6 7 3 5 3 2 2 4 De jure female Percent 18 18 23 20 18 18 15 13 13 13 13 11 17 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Malawi kwacha 431 308 91 155 218 310 637 1,456 298 510 759 1,212 3,820 Mean monthly share on food Percent 71 74 78 77 77 75 67 42 56 52 46 40 26 Mean monthly share on health Percent 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 Mean monthly share on education Percent 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 1 4 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 62 61 60 58 59 61 68 70 70 63 76 75 68 Male Percent 61 60 58 59 55 59 70 70 62 66 80 76 71 Female Percent 63 62 63 57 62 63 66 70 80 60 72 73 65 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 5 3 1 3 2 3 6 20 11 13 21 20 34 Male Percent 5 3 1 4 2 3 7 21 12 11 25 20 36 Female Percent 5 3 .. 3 2 3 5 19 9 15 16 19 33 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 51 47 35 44 44 50 58 85 74 80 93 91 86 Male Percent 62 58 47 55 55 61 68 89 83 88 96 90 86 Female Percent 41 37 26 33 35 40 48 82 65 73 90 92 87 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 63 59 50 57 57 63 66 88 79 84 96 94 87 Male Percent 69 66 58 62 64 68 73 90 85 88 98 93 87 Female Percent 58 54 42 53 51 58 61 87 75 81 95 95 87 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent 68 64 63 63 63 65 66 98 96 98 99 98 99 Morbidity Percent 28 29 24 27 30 31 34 15 16 18 15 15 13 Action taken when sick Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Health provider ownership Public Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Private - modern medicine Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Private - traditional healers Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Other Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunization coverage Percent 87 86 89 85 83 90 84 97 91 100 100 100 100 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent 89 89 91 89 87 91 85 99 96 100 100 100 100 Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 56 56 58 56 57 58 51 57 54 47 67 68 55 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 11 11 11 12 11 9 11 10 14 17 7 4 .. Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 25 26 33 22 27 23 25 17 27 18 11 3 5 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to water source less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to market less than 1 hour Percent 68 64 63 63 63 65 66 98 96 98 99 98 99 Access to improved water source Total Percent 50 45 47 46 43 43 46 89 79 83 92 96 93 Pipe (own tap) Percent 6 1 0 0 1 1 3 43 13 22 44 49 72 Pipe borne Percent 21 19 20 21 18 18 20 39 52 51 45 35 19 Well (protected) Percent 23 25 27 24 25 25 24 8 14 11 3 11 2 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 94 98 99 99 97 97 96 67 94 88 78 59 29 Firewood Percent 92 97 99 99 97 97 96 49 76 68 56 40 18 Charcoal Percent 2 0 0 0 .. 1 1 18 18 20 22 18 12 Malawi Integrated Household Survey 1997/1998. Household Welfare 385 16-11. Mozambique Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban National Unit of measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 8,250 5,811 987 948 1,059 1,215 1,602 2,439 337 383 463 519 737 Total population 000s 15,867 12,634 2,527 2,518 2,536 2,527 2,527 3,233 646 647 647 647 646 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.6 Average household size Number 4.8 4.7 6.6 5.8 5.1 4.3 3.2 5.5 6.2 6.1 5.7 5.2 4.5 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 65 65 66 68 67 66 60 66 63 71 67 65 65 Polygamous male Percent 8 9 15 10 10 8 7 3 2 5 5 4 2 Single male Percent 5 5 2 2 4 4 9 8 2 6 6 10 14 De facto female Percent 6 6 5 9 6 6 7 5 7 4 5 5 6 De jure female Percent 15 15 13 12 14 16 17 17 25 15 18 16 13 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Mozambican meticais 192,481 182,572 53,118 86,604 119,027 164,442 350,674 237,861 52,180 93,179 132,226 203,191 592,973 Mean monthly share on food Percent 68 70 68 71 72 71 69 59 63 65 61 60 51 Mean monthly share on health Percent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Mean monthly share on education Percent 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 36 32 25 30 33 36 39 54 34 48 60 68 71 Male Percent 38 35 27 32 36 39 42 54 34 53 63 70 66 Female Percent 33 29 22 27 31 33 35 53 34 43 57 67 76 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 10 5 3 3 6 7 7 26 11 15 23 34 44 Male Percent 10 6 4 3 7 8 9 26 14 19 22 37 40 Female Percent 9 4 2 3 4 5 5 25 8 11 24 31 47 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 41 33 28 33 35 33 35 72 52 62 73 79 86 Male Percent 58 51 44 51 53 52 53 84 70 80 84 88 94 Female Percent 25 17 14 16 19 16 20 60 36 45 63 70 78 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 51 42 35 42 47 39 45 82 71 75 83 86 90 Male Percent 64 56 42 56 61 57 63 88 79 87 89 91 93 Female Percent 40 29 28 28 34 25 32 76 61 65 78 82 88 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morbidity Percent 11 12 9 10 11 13 15 11 11 10 10 12 11 Action taken when sick Percent 60 57 54 58 55 59 59 74 64 71 73 83 76 Health provider ownership Public Percent 78 74 68 76 73 82 72 88 90 83 94 85 89 Private - modern medicine Percent 6 5 3 6 6 4 6 9 10 13 4 13 7 Private - traditional healers Percent 14 18 23 16 18 13 21 2 0 4 2 2 4 Other Percent 2 2 6 2 2 1 1 0 .. 0 0 0 0 Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunization coverage Percent 43 35 30 32 36 38 41 76 82 53 86 85 80 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent 57 50 42 56 46 48 56 88 84 84 93 92 91 Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 55 61 61 62 62 59 58 34 49 36 30 27 24 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 9 9 11 7 7 11 8 9 13 11 6 6 7 Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 37 40 49 38 39 36 37 25 38 27 20 18 19 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 35 29 26 29 28 29 29 67 44 55 70 76 81 Proportion with time to water source less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to market less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Access to improved water source Total Percent 18 11 9 8 10 10 14 51 42 40 48 53 65 Pipe (own tap) Percent 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 0 2 5 9 25 Pipe borne Percent 16 11 9 8 10 10 14 41 41 38 43 44 40 Well (protected) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 97 99 99 99 99 98 99 87 97 96 94 86 70 Firewood Percent 90 99 99 99 99 98 98 50 70 66 51 41 31 Charcoal Percent 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 37 27 30 44 45 38 Inquérito Nacional aos Agregados Familiares Sobre as Condições de Vida 1996. 386 Household Welfare 16-12. São Tomé and Principe Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban National Unit of measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 2,416 1,173 179 197 215 244 338 1,243 187 202 242 264 348 Total population 000s 128 57 11 11 11 11 11 71 14 14 14 14 14 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.6 Average household size Number 4.6 4.5 6.3 5.7 4.9 4.2 3.0 4.6 6.2 5.5 4.9 4.4 3.3 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 51 53 62 66 66 48 37 50 51 50 46 56 46 Polygamous male Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Single male Percent 16 18 9 5 10 16 36 15 4 9 12 14 26 De facto female Percent 7 6 5 5 5 8 7 8 7 11 12 5 8 De jure female Percent 25 23 25 24 19 27 20 27 37 29 30 25 20 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure dobra 451,490 318,313 80,362 128,371 175,196 243,054 679,373 560,829 108,471 179,366 252,850 359,041 1,403,366 Mean monthly share on food Percent 72 75 78 77 78 76 71 69 76 74 69 68 62 Mean monthly share on health Percent 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 5 Mean monthly share on education Percent 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 3 3 3 2 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent 34 33 46 44 37 35 16 35 51 39 35 38 23 Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 70 67 68 68 63 68 67 73 71 73 78 73 74 Male Percent 71 70 67 75 62 71 70 73 72 71 75 80 66 Female Percent 69 64 68 60 63 64 63 73 69 75 81 65 79 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 43 29 13 26 23 34 50 52 32 39 64 62 64 Male Percent 43 29 15 24 24 42 47 52 30 41 65 66 66 Female Percent 42 28 11 28 22 25 51 52 35 37 62 59 63 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 83 80 76 82 79 77 85 86 78 83 85 89 91 Male Percent 92 89 87 89 89 87 92 94 90 92 92 95 97 Female Percent 76 72 67 76 70 69 77 79 68 75 80 84 84 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 94 92 90 92 91 91 95 96 91 94 98 98 96 Male Percent 95 93 95 91 90 94 96 96 94 96 97 98 98 Female Percent 93 91 86 92 92 88 95 95 88 92 98 98 95 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent 87 81 74 73 80 86 86 92 90 88 91 93 94 Morbidity Percent 18 15 12 14 14 17 20 19 12 19 19 22 24 Action taken when sick Percent 48 45 41 45 40 50 47 50 38 44 50 56 57 Health provider ownership Public Percent 70 81 94 88 78 83 68 64 80 78 68 62 53 Private - modern medicine Percent 25 14 4 9 16 10 27 31 15 18 29 32 43 Private - traditional healers Percent 3 2 .. 3 .. 3 4 4 5 1 3 6 2 Other Percent 1 2 2 .. 6 3 1 1 .. 3 .. .. 2 Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunization coverage Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Stunting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wasting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Underweight (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 31 23 21 16 23 21 30 37 15 30 38 42 49 Proportion with time to water source less than 1 hour Percent 88 93 93 94 93 95 92 84 82 80 87 86 85 Proportion with time to market less than 1 hour Percent 87 81 74 73 80 86 86 92 90 88 91 93 94 Access to improved water source Total Percent 77 67 74 70 64 70 63 84 82 79 81 89 88 Pipe (own tap) Percent 20 10 7 9 7 13 12 27 12 20 26 29 40 Pipe borne Percent 8 13 19 15 15 11 10 4 4 3 5 5 4 Well (protected) Percent 49 44 48 46 42 46 41 53 65 56 49 56 43 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 84 95 100 98 99 94 88 75 96 83 81 72 57 Firewood Percent 73 91 98 96 97 90 82 59 88 74 63 50 36 Charcoal Percent 11 4 1 2 2 4 6 16 8 9 18 22 20 Enquête Nationale sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages, 2000. Household Welfare 387 16-13. Sierra Leone Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban Unit of National Measure Total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 3,713 2,396 412 451 453 511 569 1,317 223 246 277 276 295 Total Population 000s 5,337 3,440 688 689 688 688 688 1,897 379 379 380 379 380 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 Average household size Number 7.4 7.3 8.2 7.6 7.5 6.8 6.3 7.5 8.4 7.6 7.1 7.2 7.4 Head Of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 61.1 59.9 51.5 56.1 60.9 65.0 63.8 63.2 55.6 61.6 66.4 67.2 63.7 Polygamous male Percent 18.7 23.3 31.2 27.9 26.2 19.1 15.5 10.3 13.4 12.9 12.8 8.0 5.5 Single male Percent 4.0 2.8 2.3 2.1 2.5 3.1 3.8 6.2 2.3 3.4 3.0 6.6 13.8 De facto female Percent 1.8 1.8 2.8 1.4 0.7 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.4 3.0 1.9 1.8 0.7 De jure female Percent 14.4 12.1 12.3 12.6 9.7 10.7 14.9 18.6 27.3 19.0 15.8 16.4 16.3 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Le 327,174 252,198 109,920 165,023 218,474 266,308 501,350 463,140 157,644 235,629 316,300 482,691 1,121,278 Mean monthly share on food Percent 54.7 60.3 61.9 62.9 63.3 60.0 53.4 44.5 54.3 50.9 48.2 40.1 29.0 Mean monthly share on health Percent 4.2 2.5 3.4 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.0 7.4 7.5 5.9 6.0 8.5 9.2 Mean monthly share on education Percent 12.3 11.3 6.7 8.4 9.0 12.1 20.3 14.3 7.9 11.1 12.3 16.9 23.1 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 73.3 67.1 62.0 64.1 66.9 68.6 74.7 85.6 77.7 84.8 89.0 87.3 90.6 Male Percent 72.3 66.2 58.5 65.2 66.1 70.0 72.4 85.2 77.5 82.6 88.4 87.9 93.3 Female Percent 74.2 68.1 66.1 62.8 67.7 67.1 77.1 85.9 77.8 87.3 89.7 86.8 88.5 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 19.3 10.3 6.5 6.6 10.7 10.3 17.8 33.0 27.1 22.9 23.9 37.1 51.5 Male Percent 21.7 13.1 8.9 9.9 12.1 13.3 21.9 35.7 30.7 28.1 24.2 46.9 48.3 Female Percent 16.7 7.2 3.7 2.9 8.7 7.2 13.4 30.2 23.4 17.9 23.5 26.8 54.4 Tertiary enrolment rate per 10,000 Total per 10,000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 26.6 13.5 10.7 10.3 10.9 14.4 20.4 48.6 32.2 37.0 40.6 52.2 74.7 Male Percent 35.0 20.4 17.4 16.7 17.5 21.4 27.5 58.3 43.4 49.7 49.1 58.9 80.6 Female Percent 19.4 7.9 5.7 5.3 5.6 8.3 14.1 39.9 23.6 26.5 33.1 45.8 68.4 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 39.9 23.2 17.9 17.3 17.4 27.8 34.5 61.5 49.1 50.8 56.2 62.4 81.4 Male Percent 47.2 30.7 25.6 23.5 24.5 35.6 42.4 68.1 58.8 61.6 64.2 65.2 84.8 Female Percent 33.0 16.2 11.5 11.4 11.0 20.0 26.8 55.2 39.2 41.8 48.1 59.6 78.1 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with distance to Health Center less than 5 km Percent Morbidity Percent 43.8 41.6 33.7 40.5 41.8 42.4 49.3 45.0 36.8 43.6 45.4 45.5 53.7 Action taken when sick Percent 59.1 65.4 48.6 63.5 66.9 67.5 75.3 55.9 40.8 49.7 49.2 58.5 74.8 Health provider ownership Public Percent 53.4 54.7 50.0 38.8 52.9 51.0 61.3 51.4 51.5 51.6 48.8 54.5 50.7 Private - Modern Medicine Percent 30.2 26.9 15.7 30.9 27.3 32.5 24.8 35.9 17.6 31.9 27.9 30.5 47.7 Private - Traditional Healers Percent 8.6 11.0 22.9 16.4 11.8 7.8 9.3 4.3 5.9 5.5 11.6 5.2 Missonary/NGO Percent 7.8 7.4 11.4 13.9 8.0 8.6 4.6 8.4 25.0 11.0 11.6 9.7 1.7 Other MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent 72.1 71.9 73.8 57.1 64.0 71.2 95.7 72.6 69.7 75.0 71.1 62.5 87.0 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent 16.4 15.7 16.4 24.1 15.4 13.2 8.0 17.8 19.4 16.7 20.5 20.8 8.7 Stunting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wasting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Underweight (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 4.2 2.4 1.9 2.2 1.3 2.0 4.2 7.5 0.9 2.0 4.0 4.7 22.8 Proportion with distance to Water Source less than 2 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with distance distance to Market less than 5 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Access to improved water source Total Percent 37.2 25.3 23.8 25.5 22.7 22.5 30.8 58.9 39.9 50.6 52.0 67.0 79.3 Pipe (own tap) Percent 7.3 1.4 0.2 1.3 0.9 0.4 3.5 17.9 0.4 3.3 10.5 19.6 49.0 Pipe borne Percent 11.7 5.1 5.8 7.5 5.3 2.6 4.7 23.6 18.8 23.3 19.5 32.6 22.8 Well (Protected) Percent 18.3 18.8 17.7 16.6 16.6 19.5 22.5 17.4 20.6 24.1 22.0 14.9 7.5 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 97.4 98.7 99.0 98.7 99.1 98.8 98.2 95.1 99.1 98.4 97.8 95.3 86.4 Firewood Percent 92.7 97.9 98.3 98.0 98.0 98.4 96.8 83.4 97.8 96.3 91.0 83.3 54.8 Charcoal Percent 4.7 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.4 1.4 11.6 1.3 2.0 6.9 12.0 31.6 Sierra Leone LSMS 2002/2003. 388 Household Welfare 16-14. Uganda Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban Unit of National Measure Total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 9,710 5,648 937 1,019 1,036 1,182 1,474 4,062 894 877 766 701 824 Total Population '000s 25,273 21,795 4,359 4,358 4,358 4,363 4,357 3,477 695 696 696 696 695 Age dependency ratio Number 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.8 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.4 Average household size Number 5.1 5.3 6.4 5.9 5.8 5.3 4.0 4.1 5.7 4.6 4.3 4.0 3.0 Head Of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 54.4 56.3 56.1 61.4 59.7 57.1 50.0 45.2 52.2 53.0 45.4 44.9 36.5 Polygamous male Percent 11.8 12.9 13.1 12.4 14.1 13.8 11.5 6.5 8.8 8.0 7.1 7.7 3.1 Single male Percent 7.7 6.8 3.0 2.5 3.9 6.0 14.6 12.3 5.2 6.4 12.9 14.0 18.3 De facto female Percent 8.3 8.2 9.6 9.1 7.8 7.9 7.3 8.6 8.4 7.6 6.5 6.9 12.3 De jure female Percent 17.8 15.8 18.2 14.6 14.4 15.2 16.6 27.3 25.5 24.9 28.1 26.5 29.7 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Ushs. 1,523 1,322 593 854 1,121 1,393 2,175 2,499 864 1,208 1,689 2,281 4,926 Mean monthly share on food Percent 55.5 58.2 60.3 61.6 60.8 58.7 52.4 42.9 51.6 48.5 45.5 41.7 33.8 Mean monthly share on health Percent 4.1 3.6 1.8 2.5 3.0 3.7 5.6 6.8 4.5 5.9 6.3 6.3 9.2 Mean monthly share on education Percent 3.9 4.0 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.9 4.9 3.6 3.4 3.3 4.6 3.7 3.2 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 63.0 61.8 50.5 59.0 63.2 66.9 73.1 72.8 63.6 68.9 79.7 75.0 81.9 Male Percent 62.0 60.8 51.0 57.9 62.7 65.4 72.0 70.6 62.8 65.5 77.0 74.7 77.9 Female Percent 64.1 62.7 49.9 60.0 63.7 68.2 74.0 75.0 64.3 72.6 81.9 75.2 86.0 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 13.4 11.3 1.5 4.7 10.5 14.9 22.2 26.2 15.0 19.1 27.0 30.3 39.9 Male Percent 13.0 11.0 1.2 4.1 7.1 19.1 21.2 25.7 13.3 23.4 25.7 29.1 39.1 Female Percent 13.9 11.5 1.9 5.5 13.9 10.5 23.2 26.7 16.8 15.7 28.2 31.2 40.6 Tertiary enrolment rate per 10,000 Number 3.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent 69.7 66.4 49.2 60.9 65.7 71.2 78.9 86.8 71.7 82.9 85.6 92.4 94.7 Male Percent 79.5 77.5 66.1 75.3 75.2 81.4 84.7 90.7 80.5 90.6 90.0 93.2 95.3 Female Percent 60.9 56.3 34.5 48.1 57.5 61.6 73.2 83.5 64.8 76.6 81.7 91.8 94.2 Youth literacy rate Total Percent 79.9 77.6 62.5 72.7 79.0 81.4 85.7 89.8 78.2 88.7 88.2 93.6 95.4 Male Percent 84.6 83.4 72.4 83.7 83.1 86.3 87.7 90.7 79.6 92.4 88.3 93.5 96.4 Female Percent 75.8 72.6 52.1 62.8 76.2 76.8 83.8 89.0 77.1 85.9 88.0 93.8 94.6 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with distance to Health Center less than 5 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morbidity Percent 29.1 29.3 27.7 28.5 28.4 29.3 32.6 27.9 25.3 28.9 28.7 28.2 28.2 Action taken when sick Percent 92.6 92.3 86.8 90.9 94.3 93.6 95.4 94.3 91.3 90.5 95.9 96.1 97.4 Health provider ownership Public Percent 29.7 31.5 44.1 35.9 29.4 25.3 26.2 18.3 28.1 23.2 17.8 14.7 9.9 Private - Modern Medicine Percent 63.6 61.6 50.8 59.1 63.4 67.4 64.9 76.0 66.0 72.3 77.1 78.2 84.1 Private - Traditional Healers Percent 1.2 1.3 1.4 0.9 1.7 1.1 1.1 0.7 2.0 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.2 Missonary/NGO Percent 5.1 5.2 3.6 3.4 5.3 5.9 6.9 4.5 3.8 3.3 4.5 6.9 3.9 Other Percent 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.2 .. 1.8 MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunisation coverage Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Stunting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wasting (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Underweight (6-59 months) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 76.2 72.2 50.2 66.6 74.1 77.4 84.5 95.2 85.8 94.0 95.9 97.6 98.7 Proportion with distance to Water Source less than 2 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with distance distance to Market less than 5 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Access to improved water source Total Percent 60.1 56.1 57.4 54.8 54.9 56.1 57.2 81.5 77.5 79.0 81.0 82.1 85.5 Pipe (own tap) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Pipe borne Percent 9.5 2.4 1.2 1.0 1.0 2.4 5.2 47.8 22.4 34.2 46.3 58.0 65.0 Well (Protected) Percent 50.6 53.7 56.2 53.8 53.8 53.7 52.0 33.7 55.0 44.8 34.7 24.0 20.4 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 96.8 98.4 98.7 99.0 99.3 99.2 96.5 89.0 99.0 96.6 93.0 92.6 72.9 Firewood Percent 78.7 90.2 97.2 96.4 96.6 91.6 76.2 21.6 53.6 32.7 18.7 11.9 6.6 Charcoal Percent 18.1 8.1 1.5 2.6 2.7 7.6 20.3 67.4 45.4 63.9 74.3 80.7 66.3 Uganda National Household Survey 2002/2003. Household Welfare 389 16-15. Zambia Expenditure Quintile Rural Urban National Unit of measure total All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Indicators Demographic Indicators Sample size (households) Number 16,422 8,317 1,414 1,461 1,561 1,655 2,226 8,105 1,298 1,384 1,518 1,752 2,153 Total population 000s 9,989 6,276 1,239 1,252 1,265 1,260 1,260 3,712 712 743 752 752 753 Age dependency ratio Number 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 Average household size Number 5.4 5.3 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.2 4.3 5.5 6.9 6.3 6.0 5.2 4.2 Head of Household Characteristics Marital Status of head Monogamous male Percent 70 70 66 69 75 73 67 70 68 74 76 72 62 Polygamous male Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Single male Percent 7 6 3 5 4 7 11 10 6 6 7 9 17 De facto female Percent 3 4 4 5 4 3 4 2 2 2 2 3 2 De jure female Percent 19 19 26 21 17 17 18 18 23 18 16 16 19 MDG1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Mean monthly expenditure Zambian kwacha 46,798 32,948 5,268 11,113 17,218 27,740 85,708 71,512 13,061 25,361 37,361 56,295 174,264 Mean monthly share on food Percent 68 74 76 77 75 72 70 57 67 63 59 56 45 Mean monthly share on health Percent 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 Mean monthly share on education Percent 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 4 4 4 4 3 3 MDG2: Education and Literacy; MDG3: Promote Gender Equality Access to primary school (within 30 minutes) Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Net primary enrollment rate Total Percent 66 59 46 55 60 67 70 77 65 75 78 84 86 Male Percent 65 59 49 56 59 66 70 77 64 77 77 82 87 Female Percent 66 59 44 55 60 68 69 77 65 73 79 84 86 Net secondary enrollment rate Total Percent 23 14 8 10 14 18 21 38 21 31 36 45 55 Male Percent 25 16 10 11 16 20 24 40 21 33 38 52 58 Female Percent 22 12 5 8 12 17 18 36 21 28 34 40 53 Tertiary enrollment rate per 10,000 34 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Adult literacy rate Total Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Male Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Female Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Youth literacy rate Total Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Male Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Female Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. MDG4: Reduce Child Mortality; MDG5: Improve Maternal Health Proportion with time to market less than 5 km Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morbidity Percent 11 12 9 12 12 14 15 10 10 9 8 10 11 Action taken when sick Percent 37 33 30 31 31 34 38 46 38 43 43 45 56 Health provider ownership Public Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Private - modern medicine Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Private - traditional healers Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Other Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Child survival and malnutrition Birth assisted by trained staff Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-year-olds immunization coverage Percent 59 56 46 54 56 57 67 64 64 68 58 61 70 1-year-olds immunized against measles Percent 89 87 79 88 88 90 92 94 95 92 93 92 95 Stunting (6-59 months) Percent 62 66 70 65 65 62 65 57 64 64 55 54 45 Wasting (6-59 months) Percent 6 6 8 5 6 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 Underweight (6-59 months) Percent 27 30 37 30 32 26 24 23 31 27 20 20 14 MDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Access to sanitation facilities Percent 81 71 61 68 72 73 77 99 98 99 100 99 100 Proportion with time to water source less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Proportion with time to market less than 1 hour Percent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Access to improved water source Total Percent 56 37 33 35 38 36 42 89 79 87 91 91 93 Pipe (own tap) Percent 16 1 0 0 1 1 4 41 27 35 39 42 55 Pipe borne Percent 17 4 3 3 3 4 5 40 41 42 43 43 32 Well (protected) Percent 23 32 29 31 34 31 33 8 11 9 8 7 6 Traditional Fuel Use Total Percent 85 99 100 100 99 99 97 60 85 74 65 54 37 Firewood Percent 62 90 95 93 91 89 84 12 29 11 9 6 8 Charcoal Percent 23 9 5 7 9 9 13 48 57 63 56 47 29 Zambia Living Conditions Monitoring Survey II, 1998. 390 Household Welfare Technical notes Burkina Faso The survey had no information on the following Data source. Burkina Faso's Institut National de la topics: birth assistance, health provider ownership, Statistique et de la Démographie carried out the and immunizations. "Enquête Burkinabé sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages." Data were collected between 10 May Cameroon 2003 and 15 July 2003. The project was funded by Data source. Cameroon's Bureau Central des Re- the government of Burkina Faso, the World Bank, censements et des Enquêtes of the Direction de la and the United Nations through the UNDP. Statistique et de la Comptabilité carried out the Household was defined as the basic socio- Enquête Camerounaise auprès des Ménages. economic unit in which the different members-- Household. Defined by the survey to be those peo- related or living in the same house or property--put ple who live under the same roof, take their meals to- together their resources and jointly meet their basic gether or in little groups, put some or all of their needs, including food, under the authority of one per- incomes together for the group's spending purposes, son who is recognized as the head. at the head of household's discretion. Literacy. Household members aged five and up Literacy. Household members aged five and up who who could both read and write a simple sentence in could both read and write were considered literate. any language were considered literate. The survey had no information on the following Net enrolments. Those who were in the age ranges topic: access to primary services. (7-12 for primary, 13-18 for secondary) and attending the relevant grades at the time of the survey were Côte d'Ivoire used for the numerator. Data source. The Institut National de la Statistique Nutritional indicators. The 2000 Center for Dis- carried out the "Enquête Niveau de Vie," a priority ease Control growth chart references were used for survey, in 1998. children between the ages of zero and 59 months. Household. This was defined as a person or a group The survey had no information on the following of people who live under the same roof, share the topics: birth assistance and immunization. same meals, and recognize one person as the head. These are provisional estimates. Literacy. Household members aged five and up who could both read and write a simple sentence in Burundi any language were considered literate. Data source. The Institut de Statistiques et d'Études The survey had no information on the following Economiques of Burundi, in conjunction with the topics: access to primary services, child survival and UNDP, carried out the "Enquête Prioritaire--Étude malnutrition, employment categories and job types, nationale sur les conditions de vie des populations." and health provider ownership. Household was defined as those people who habit- ually live and eat their meals in the same compound. Ethiopia One member is recognized as the head. Data source. The 1999/2000 Household Income, Literacy. Household members aged five and up who Consumption, and Expenditure Survey (HICES) was could both read and write were considered literate. carried out by the Central Statistical Office. The data Household Welfare 391 collection process was carried out between June 1999 Kenya to February 2000. Data source. The Kenya Central Bureau of Statistics Household. This was defined as a person or a group carried out data collection for the 1997 Welfare Mon- of people who live under the same roof, share the itoring Survey III, a priority survey, in March and same meals, and recognize one person as the head. April 1997. Literacy. Persons were considered as literate if they Sample. Due to logistical and financial constraints, could read and write a sentence in the national the survey did not adequately cover the North Eastern language. and parts of the Eastern provinces. The survey had no information on the following Household. This was defined as the set of people topics: access to primary school and birth assisted by who normally ate and lived together for six out of the trained staff. twelve months prior to the survey. Literacy. Literacy was defined as the ability to read The Gambia and write. Data source. The Central Department of Statistics of the Ministry of Economic Planning and Industrial Madagascar Development of Ghana carried out the "1998 Na- Data source. The Institut National de la Statistiques tional Household Poverty Survey," an integrated sur- carried out the "Enquête Prioritaire Auprès des vey. Data was collected between April 1998 and May Ménages" in 1999. The project was funded by the gov- 1998. ernment of Madagascar and the World Bank (IDA). Household. This was defined as the set of people Household. This was defined as the set of people who normally ate and lived together for six out of the who have or do not have family links between them, twelve months prior to the survey. who live and sleep in the same housing, and take their Literacy. Such information is not reliably available meals together regularly. The housing may be an in- for this survey; less than one in 1,100 who could have dividual house, an apartment, or one or more rooms answered this question did so. in a larger building. The household is headed by one The survey had no information on the following individual whose authority is recognized by all in the topics: access to primary services, birth assisted by household. trained staff, cooking fuel, and immunization. Literacy. Household members aged five and up who had completed at least four years of primary Ghana school or could read and write were considered to be Data source. The Ghana Statistical Service carried literate. out the Ghana Living Standards Survey IV, an inte- The survey had no information on the following grated survey. Data collection was done between topics: access to primary services, birth assisted by April 1988 and March 1989. trained staff, immunization against measles, and Household. In this survey, a household was defined owner occupancy rates. as a group of people who have usually slept in the same dwelling and have taken their meals together Malawi for at least nine of the twelve months preceding the Data source. The Malawi National Statistics Office interview. carried out the Integrated Household Survey from Literacy. Household members aged five and up November 1997 to October 1998. who could both read and write a simple sentence in Household. This survey defined household as ei- English or any local language were considered ther a person living alone or a group of people, either literate. related or unrelated, who lived together as a single The survey had no information on the following unit in the sense that they have common housekeep- topics: access to health center and primary school, ing arrangements (that is, shared or were supported and child survival and malnutrition. by a common budget). Someone who did not live 392 Household Welfare with the household during the survey period was not Literacy. Defined as the ability to read and write a counted as a current member of the household. simple sentence. Literacy was defined as the ability to read and write The survey had no information on the following a simple sentence for those who had not attended topics: child survival and malnutrition, and self- school in the past two months, and was defined based employment. upon educational attainment for those who had at- tended school in the past two months. Sierra Leone The survey had no information on the following Data source. The Statistics Sierra Leone carried out topics: access to primary school, access to a water the National Household Living Standards Measure- source, access to sanitation facilities, birth assisted by ment Survey. Data collection occurred between April trained staff, and health provider ownership. 2003 and March 2004. Sample. Sample was self-weighted. Mozambique Household. Defined by the survey as the set of Data source. The Instituto Nacional de Estatistiqua people, related or not, who live together under the carried out the Inquérito Nacional aos Agregados Fa- same roof, put their resources together, and address miliares sobre as Condições de Vida, an integrated as a unit their primary needs, under the authority of survey. one person whom they recognize as the head of the Household was defined as the set of people who household. partly or totally shared their expenditures, had not Literacy. Defined as the ability to read and write a been absent for more than six months out of the pre- simple sentence in any language. vious year, and were not domestic help. In the case of These are provisional estimates. polygamous households, each wife and her children were considered to be a separate household. Uganda Literacy. Literacy was defined as their ability to Data source. The Uganda Bureau of Statistics carried read and write in Portuguese. out the National Household Survey. Data collection The survey had no information on the following occurred between May 2002 and April 2003. The topics: access to a health center, access to market, ac- project was funded by the Government of Uganda and cess to primary school, birth assisted by trained staff, the World Bank. Statistics Denmark and the World immunization coverage, and expenditure on health or Bank provided consultants for technical support. education. Sample. The survey did not collect data in the Kitgum, Gulu, Kasese, and Bundibugio districts. São Tomé and Principe Household. Defined by the survey as those individ- Data source. The Instituto Nacional de Estatistica of uals who normally eat and live together while house- the Ministério de Planomento, Finanças e Cooper- hold member was defined as one who had not been açao carried out the Enquête sur les Conditions de absent from the household for more than 6 months. Vie des Ménages in 2000. The project was financed Literacy. If individuals had answered questions by the Government of São Tomé and Principe with about the ability to read and write, they were con- assistance from the African Development Bank and sidered to be literate if they could do both. Other- the United Nations Development Program. Technical wise, the level of education was used to make this assistance was provided by the International Labour determination. Organization. The survey had no information on the following Household. Defined by the survey as the set of peo- topics: access to primary school, access to a health cen- ple, related or not, who live together under the same ter, access to market, and birth assisted by trained staff. roof, put their resources together, and address as a unit their primary needs, under the authority of one Zambia person whom they recognize as the head of the Data source. The Zambian Central Statistical Office household. carried out the "Living Conditions Monitoring Household Welfare 393 Survey II." Data collection was done between No- tials for living, and they have one person whom they vember and December 1998. all regarded as the head of the household. Household. A household was defined as a group Literacy. No information on literacy is available in of persons who normally cooked, ate, and lived the survey. together. The survey had no information on the following These people may or may not be related by blood, topics: access to primary school, health provider but make common provision for food or other essen- ownership, and birth assisted by trained staff. 17 Privatization of Public Enterprises I n the past, the dominance of the public enterprise ministries and other agencies to become redefined as sector in most African economies warranted the "commercial enterprises." These include, for exam- collection and publication of the sector's perform- ple, business centers, media, and some training insti- ance. With its diminishing size and importance due to tutes. So, the public enterprise sector, as defined privatization, it is no longer informative to produce several years ago, has changed. Nevertheless, the such data. Instead, as privatization programs ad- well over 3,500 privatization transactions that were vance to maturity, it will become important to track reported across Africa up to the end of 2002 have the performance of private sector businesses. In the brought about fundamental changes: meantime, measurement of the level of privatization · The fiscal burden of public enterprises has activity is a useful gauge of the decreasing role of been reduced or eliminated. governments in commercial business; conversely, it · Privatization receipts have contributed to a indicates how much of state-owned commercial ac- reduction in fiscal deficits. tivity has been transferred to the private sector. To the · Privatization has attracted foreign direct in- extent that data are available, it is also possible to vestment both to acquire enterprises and for post- measure how privatization has, over time, contributed privatization investment in those businesses. to government revenues and mobilized savings and · The process has stimulated private sector de- investment. velopment by making investment opportunities However, this measurement is by no means precise available, spurring capital market development, or easy to obtain, partly because of incomplete and and contributing to a more competitive business inconsistent data but also because of redefinitions of environment. the public enterprise sector. For example, some en- · Because it is a politically sensitive subject, terprises, notably those formerly in a monopolistic the process has highlighted the need for trans- position, are being split in order to separate their parency and public accountability. commercial, social, developmental, and regulatory activities. In some cases, separate operating divisions The tables presented in this chapter summarize data or geographically distinct assets are sold separately. contained in the World Bank's Africa Privatization In yet other cases, commercial and semi-commercial Database, which is accessible through the Internet: activities are being separated out from government www4.worldbank.org/afr/database/afrpriv/p1query.cfm 394 Privatization of Public Enterprises 395 17-1. Summary of privatization of public enterprises Total Total Transactions completed Transactions by sector number of sales Agriculture trans- value Before production & Manu- actions (US$m) 1998 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 process Financial facturing Services SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 3,486 6,686 2,777 141 76 72 7 7 826 180 1,603 877 excluding South Africa 3,475 4,477 2,771 140 76 70 7 7 826 180 1,598 871 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 3,394 4,270 2,690 141 76 72 7 7 826 180 1,575 860 Angola 57 .. 56 .. .. 1 .. .. 20 1 35 1 Benin 57 63 43 .. 3 1 .. .. 8 1 27 21 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso 31 9 15 .. 5 1 .. .. 7 3 9 12 Burundi 46 12 44 .. .. .. .. .. 24 4 8 10 Cameroon 58 72 44 3 .. .. .. .. 26 4 9 19 Cape Verde 70 172 43 3 5 9 2 2 8 4 27 31 Central African Republic 52 .. 34 1 1 .. .. .. 13 8 13 18 Chad 44 6 30 .. 2 2 .. .. 12 7 9 16 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 21 .. 21 .. .. .. .. .. 3 1 7 10 Congo, Rep. of 105 50 61 .. .. 3 .. .. 28 9 32 36 Côte d'Ivoire 134 810 83 11 6 3 .. .. 46 5 41 42 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 164 .. 125 18 10 11 .. .. 23 .. 118 23 Gabon 29 .. 1 1 1 2 2 2 8 1 8 12 Gambia, The 39 10 30 1 .. 1 .. .. 8 6 14 11 Ghana 233 667 216 4 8 4 .. .. 44 8 146 35 Guinea 122 9 115 .. .. .. .. .. 11 7 91 13 Guinea-Bissau 58 1 30 1 .. .. 1 1 14 1 21 22 Kenya 188 248 184 4 .. .. .. .. 72 12 66 38 Lesotho 24 128 9 4 5 1 2 2 3 4 8 9 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 138 43 83 .. 1 1 .. .. 51 4 49 34 Malawi 91 57 44 1 .. 1 .. .. 34 13 25 19 Mali 87 32 59 1 1 8 .. .. 13 5 36 33 Mauritania 56 10 35 .. 2 6 .. .. 21 6 14 15 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 579 217 579 .. .. .. .. .. 75 2 389 113 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 41 3 34 .. .. .. .. .. 2 3 29 7 Nigeria 81 207 81 .. .. .. .. .. 23 24 23 11 Rwanda 21 .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. 9 1 6 5 São Tomé and Principe 9 .. 9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 2 Senegal 71 326 51 4 1 1 .. .. 7 11 18 35 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone 9 .. 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 6 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 11 2,209 6 1 .. 2 .. .. .. .. 5 6 Sudan 32 .. 32 .. .. .. .. .. 11 1 9 11 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 283 246 194 64 23 1 .. .. 98 3 149 33 Togo 78 39 53 3 1 3 .. .. 11 9 26 32 Uganda 108 198 82 .. .. 10 .. .. 20 5 44 39 Zambia 253 686 236 16 1 .. .. .. 69 6 81 97 Zimbabwe 6 156 6 .. .. .. .. .. 4 1 1 .. NORTH AFRICA 186 595 27 30 40 1 .. .. 13 .. 58 53 Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 59 307 10 8 31 .. .. .. 5 .. 34 8 Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco 64 259 17 16 6 1 .. .. 4 .. 10 28 Tunisia 63 29 .. 6 3 .. .. .. 4 .. 14 17 ALL AFRICA 3,672 7,280 2,804 171 116 73 .. .. 839 .. 1,661 930 396 Privatization of Public Enterprises 17-2. Divestiture methods employed (to end 2002) Sales of shares Sale of assets Other methods Com- Pre- Compet- Debt/ Mgmt./ Mgmt. petitive Direct emption Public Liqui- itive direct Equity Joint employee con- Restit- sale Sale rights flotation dation sale sale swaps Leases ventures buyouts tracts Trustees ution Other SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 931 82 176 100 628 634 39 11 130 42 81 57 20 48 121 excluding South Africa 925 82 176 100 628 634 39 11 130 42 81 57 20 48 121 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 920 82 176 100 628 634 39 11 130 42 81 57 20 48 121 Angola .. .. .. .. .. 56 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin 1 2 .. .. 22 12 3 .. 2 .. .. 2 .. 1 4 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso 8 3 .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 .. 4 Burundi 12 3 .. .. 13 7 .. .. .. .. 1 10 .. .. .. Cameroon 20 .. .. .. 17 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 Cape Verde 20 2 5 .. 11 1 1 .. .. 7 6 1 1 .. 6 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. 26 .. .. .. 1 1 .. 1 .. .. 7 Chad 13 2 .. .. 11 .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 .. .. 4 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1 .. .. .. 15 .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 .. .. .. Congo, Rep. of 1 .. .. .. 53 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. 8 Côte d'Ivoire 15 2 23 22 2 23 8 .. 3 1 .. .. .. .. 4 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. 118 .. .. .. .. 45 .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. .. 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. 6 Gambia, The 13 7 .. .. 3 1 .. .. 5 .. 1 .. .. .. 1 Ghana 8 11 19 13 56 76 12 2 5 13 .. 1 .. 12 5 Guinea 41 1 .. .. 67 1 .. .. 3 .. .. 2 .. .. 1 Guinea-Bissau 8 2 .. .. 9 2 .. .. 2 1 .. 7 .. .. .. Kenya 13 .. 96 16 36 17 4 1 .. .. 1 1 .. .. 3 Lesotho 6 2 .. .. 7 1 .. .. 1 .. .. 1 .. .. 3 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 6 14 .. .. 29 16 6 .. 1 1 .. 3 .. 7 3 Malawi 22 5 .. 2 .. 13 .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 .. 1 Mali 14 1 .. .. 31 10 .. .. 1 .. .. 1 3 .. 13 Mauritania 25 .. .. .. 17 3 .. .. .. .. .. 1 3 .. 7 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 509 .. .. .. .. 22 .. .. 37 10 .. 1 .. .. .. Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 13 .. .. .. 17 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. 3 Nigeria 5 5 .. 37 2 29 .. .. .. .. 1 .. 2 .. .. Rwanda .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 São Tomé and Principe .. 1 .. .. 6 .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 .. .. .. Senegal 25 1 1 1 23 1 .. 1 3 1 .. 1 .. .. 2 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 6 .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sudan 7 .. .. .. .. 15 .. 5 1 .. .. .. .. .. 4 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 61 4 13 1 84 70 3 1 25 3 6 3 2 2 5 Togo 8 7 .. .. 20 13 1 .. 6 .. .. 3 .. .. 2 Uganda 13 .. 5 1 21 23 .. 1 1 3 2 .. 5 10 12 Zambia 35 6 14 4 22 103 1 .. 33 1 17 .. .. 16 1 Zimbabwe 2 1 .. 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab. Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA 931 82 176 100 628 634 39 11 130 42 81 57 20 48 121 Privatization of Public Enterprises 397 17-3. Progress in privatization: ownership and control changes* Transfer of Government Government Sales Total majority owner- retention of retention of of minority Total asset Total ship to private majority minority government share sales and Other trans- shareholders ownership interest interest transactions liquidation transactions actions SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2,300 211 381 387 1,289 1,301 510 3,486 excluding South Africa 2,297 209 381 387 1,283 1,300 510 3,475 excl. S. Africa & Nigeria 2,242 208 381 387 1,236 1,269 510 3,394 Angola 57 .. 1 .. .. 56 .. 57 Benin 42 3 2 1 3 37 9 57 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Burkina Faso 11 .. 11 2 11 2 6 31 Burundi 33 .. 1 11 15 20 11 46 Cameroon 45 1 1 .. 20 17 9 58 Cape Verde 33 2 20 14 27 13 21 70 Central African Republic 28 2 2 1 .. 26 10 52 Chad 18 5 6 4 15 11 10 44 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. of 16 5 .. .. 1 15 5 21 Congo, Rep. of 60 1 1 .. 1 53 10 105 Côte d'Ivoire 51 9 29 29 62 33 8 134 Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ethiopia 10 .. .. 154 .. 118 45 164 Gabon 1 1 .. .. .. 3 7 29 Gambia, The 16 5 .. 6 20 4 7 39 Ghana 183 12 27 24 51 144 38 233 Guinea 107 9 18 .. 42 68 6 122 Guinea-Bissau 22 8 1 .. 10 11 10 58 Kenya 77 3 53 61 125 57 6 188 Lesotho 13 3 2 1 8 8 5 24 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Madagascar 81 4 17 .. 20 51 15 138 Malawi 39 .. 7 5 29 13 4 91 Mali 55 1 9 3 15 41 18 87 Mauritania 29 3 7 18 25 20 11 56 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mozambique 536 42 75 .. 509 22 48 579 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Niger 29 2 3 2 13 17 5 41 Nigeria 55 1 8 23 47 31 3 81 Rwanda .. .. .. .. .. 2 3 21 São Tomé and Principe 8 1 .. .. 1 6 2 9 Senegal 39 8 11 5 28 24 8 71 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sierra Leone .. 9 .. .. .. 1 .. 9 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 3 2 .. .. 6 1 .. 11 Sudan 31 1 3 .. 7 15 10 32 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 235 29 35 3 79 157 47 283 Togo 39 8 1 9 15 34 11 78 Uganda 78 1 5 7 19 44 34 108 Zambia 215 30 21 4 59 126 68 253 Zimbabwe 5 .. 4 .. 6 .. .. 6 NORTH AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Algeria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Morocco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tunisia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ALL AFRICA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. * Data reflected to end-2002. 398 Privatization of Public Enterprises Technical notes Tables noted that (a) in the cases of some subsidiary compa- nies, the cash proceeds are not paid to government Table 17-1. Summary of privatization of public but instead go to the parent company; and (b) for enterprises. For purposes of monitoring and reporting official liquidations, the proceeds are paid to the liq- on privatization activity, all reported transactions in- uidator who first applies them toward settling enter- volving a sale of assets or shares (however small) or prise debts. the formal yielding of management control (as During the revision of theAfrica Privatization Data- through a management contract) are included in the base, the data in the category "Other" from previous World Bank'sAfrica Privatization Database. Hence, in ADI versions were reallocated across the financial, the table, privatization is used generically to include: manufacturing, and services sectors. Simultaneously, · the sale or disposal of some or all of the as- data in "Trade" were incorporated into "Industry." sets of public enterprises The improvement resulted in a lower total number of · the sale of government-owned shares in transactions, but the data quality is improved. enterprises, · the reduction in equity percentage held by a Table 17-2. Divestiture methods employed (to end government through share dilutions or through 2002). The table shows the various privatization transfer of enterprise assets to a new joint venture methods employed in each country. The methods em- · liquidations ployed could not be confirmed for all transactions. · leases Direct sales refers to a transaction that was negoti- · management contracts. ated directly with one party and that was not the out- come of a competitive bidding process. However, in Sometimes, the process of privatizing an enterprise some cases a direct sale was concluded (on a non- involves several consecutive transactions (for exam- competitive basis) as a result of a failure of an earlier ple, a sale of a block of shares to a core investor and competitive bidding process. Preemptive right refers a subsequent initial public offering). The table sum- to transactions whereby a government has sold shares marizes the data contained in the Africa Privatization to an existing private shareholder (or shareholders) Database, which originate from national privatization who exercised preemptive rights to acquire those agencies and other sources. The data are frequently shares in accordance with specific provisions of the updated, and changes to previous entries occur as company's charter (Articles of Association). In some more information becomes available. There are a few cases, the charter specified the amount to be paid per instances where previously reported privatizations share or the formula for calculating that amount; in are removed from the database because a transaction other cases, it has been the subject of negotiation. has been nullified on account of non-fulfillment of Joint ventures refer to the type of transaction contractual conditions on the part of one of the par- whereby a government concluded a deal (usually ties. For financial data, the term sale value is pre- with a foreign investor) involving the formation of a ferred since the use of the term proceeds might imply new company in which the government's equity con- the value of amounts actually paid. In practice, some tribution was in the form of the major assets or all as- deals are structured so that new investors may acquire sets of a public enterprise. The remaining shell com- assets or shares on deferred terms. Also, it should be pany would then be maintained only as a book Privatization of Public Enterprises 399 company or would be liquidated; if it were liquidated, a government's willingness and/or ability to exit from it would not be included as a liquidation since this equity participation in commercial activity. Although would be double counting. Transactions labeled a government's influence is not necessarily restricted Trustees refer to privatizations achieved by transfer- by its equity participation, it is generally assumed ence of shares of a public enterprise to a trustee for that once a government owns less than 50 percent of onward sale--at a later date or over a period--to the the voting shares of a company, that company is public or to selected segments of the public. Restitu- "private" and the private shareholders (except in the tions are those transactions whereby a company has instance of exercise of golden share rights) have man- been handed back to a previous owner from whom agement control of the company. Ownership control the company had been expropriated. Other sales in- is usually unaffected when government continues to cludes sundry methods, such as enterprises donated be a majority shareholder or sells a minority interest. by governments to local communities, but principally Concessions, leases, and management contracts are comprises transactions where the method of privati- assumed not to have affected ownership rights but to zation was not reported. have transferred management control to the private sector for a defined period. The table shows the num- Table 17-3. Progress in privatization: ownership ber of reported transactions where governments have and control changes (2002). This table presents the (a) fully sold wholly- or majority-owned enterprises, inferred outcome of privatization transactions on the (b) sold shares and transferred ownership control but ownership and control of enterprises or their assets. retained a minority equity interest, (c) sold shares but Ownership changes are important in indicating the retained ownership control, (d) sold a proportion of a effect that privatization transactions may or may not minority stake, and (e) conducted other transactions have on the enterprises and in indicating the extent of where management control has been ceded. 400 Privatization of Public Enterprises Methodology used for regional aggregations and period averages in Chapter 17 Aggregations a Period averages b Table (1) (2) (1) 17-1 x 17-2 x 17-3 x Note: Regional aggregations are shown in the rows for Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, and All Africa. Period averages are shown in the last three columns. This table shows only the methodologies used in this chapter. a. Regional aggregations: (1) simple total; (2) simple total of the first indicator divided by the simple total of the second indicator (same country coverage); (3) simple total of the gap-filled indicator; (4) simple total of the gap-filled main indicator divided by the simple total of the gap-filled secondary indicator; (5) simple total of the first gap-filled main indicator less the simple total of the second gap-filled main indicator, all divided by the simple total of the secondary indicator; (6) weighted total (by population); (7) median; (8) no aggregation; (9) simple arithmetic mean. b. 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Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits Statement The World Bank is committed to preserving endangered forests and natural resources. We have chosen to print African Development Indicators 2005 on 30% post-consumer recycled fiber paper, processed chlorine free. The World Bank has formally agreed to follow the recommended standards for paper usage set by the Green Press Initiative--a nonprofit program supporting publishers in using fiber that is not sourced from endangered forests. For more information, visit www.greenpressinitiative.org. The printing of these books on recycled paper saved the following: Trees* Solid Waste Water Net Greenhouse Gases Electricity 39 1835 16,638 3603 6691 *40' in pounds gallons pounds kilowatt hours height and 6­8" in diameter 406 African Development Indicators 2005 African Development Indicators 2005 provides the most detailed collection of data on Africa available in one volume. It contains more than 500 macroeconomic, sectoral, and social indicators, covering 53 African countries. Additional data may be found on the companion CD-ROM, World Bank Africa Database 2005, containing almost 1,200 indicators from 1965 to 2003. ISBN 0-8213-6078-7