Marlaine E. Lockheed is a visiting lecturer in the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Policy at Princeton University and has four decades of experience advising governments, donor agencies, and private organizations on reforms for education quality, gender equity, and school effectiveness. At the World Bank for 19 years, she held various research and senior management positions, including responsibilities for education policy and lending for the 14 countries of the Bank’s Middle East and North Africa Region. She has also served as vice president of the American Educational Research Association; on the U.S. National Academy of Science's National Research Council's Board on International and Comparative Studies in Education; as associate editor of Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis; and on the boards of numerous other professional associations and scientific journals. She is author of more than 100 journal articles and book chapters and of several books, including Improving Primary Education in Developing Countries; Effective Schools in Developing Countries; and Exclusion, Gender and Education: Case Studies from the Developing World. She holds a bachelor’s degree from Reed College and a doctorate from Stanford University.